question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
What was invented by Karl Dahlman , in 1963 , to aid gardeners ? | I will now elaborate on my answer from
Exercise 1
. I'm doing this because my internet search revealed more than I've written in the above answer, and to show that the invention of the telephone and its use by consumers is not as plain and simple as you may think. You were not expected to provide the kind of detail below and my search took much more than 1 hour.
4.2 When and where was the telephone invented?
I'd read in the past that the telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. However when I looked more closely at the history it turns out that the idea had been ‘in the air’ for almost half a century.
The distance communication technology of the time, the telegraph, was based on sending pulses of electricity along a wire to control an electromagnet at the receiving end. The sender completed an electric circuit by pressing a key and the receiver's electromagnet controlled a pen that made marks on a moving paper tape. Samuel Morse devised a code whereby the letters of the alphabet could be represented by different combinations of dots and dashes. Later, telegraph operators learned to interpret the Morse code from the sound made by the electromagnet and the paper tape became redundant.
In 1854 Charles Bourseul suggested that speaking close to a diaphragm would cause it to vibrate and that these vibrations could be used to make or break an electrical circuit, as in the telegraph. The process could then be reversed by a receiving diaphragm turning the signal back into speech. Bourseul didn't pursue this idea himself but it was taken up by other inventors. A self-taught German physicist and schoolteacher, Philipp Reis, demonstrated a form of telephone based on these ideas in 1861. Although it could transmit music and certain other sounds along a wire his ‘telephon’ could not transmit intelligible speech. Moreover Reis suffered from ill health and lack of resources so did not patent or develop his prototype.
In Italy, Innocenzo Manzetti had been working on an automaton since 1849. His attempts to make his robot speak led him to develop a prototype telephone that was demonstrated to the Italian press in 1865. It is said that his humble nature and lack of finance meant he didn't try to commercialise his prototype.
In 1871 an Italian immigrant to the USA, Antonio Meucci, filed a caveat for his ‘teletrofono’ invention based on a communication link he had rigged up between his basement lab and his second-floor bedroom to keep in touch with his ailing wife. (A caveat is a warning to others that he was in the process of inventing a device and has a general description of the invention not yet perfected.) Once again though, like Reis, Meucci suffered from illness and lack of resources. Not only could he not afford to convert his caveat into a full patent application, he couldn't afford the annual renewal fee and allowed his caveat to expire. In 2001 in a resolution acknowledging Meucci's contribution to the invention of the telephone, the US Congress said, ‘if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell’.
Bell was an elocution teacher of deaf pupils who was working on a device to translate sound into visible patterns that would allow deaf people to ‘see’ speech. While working on this device he realised the potential for improving the telegraph if a wave of undulating current could be transmitted along the wires instead of the existing intermittent pulses. This would allow a larger number of signals to be transmitted on the same telegraph circuit – each signal using a different musical note. This would make the system more efficient and reduce the need to erect many more new lines to cope with the growth in traffic.
Bell was among a number of inventors racing to be the first to produce a working prototype of what became known as the musical or harmonic telegraph. On 3 June 1875, while working on a prototype of the harmonic telegraph, Bell heard the sound of his assistant Watson plucking a metal reed on the sending device. After further experimentation Bell filed an application for a patent – said to be the single most valuable patent in history – on 14 February 1876 for an ‘improvement to telegraphy’ in which the transmission of ‘noises or sounds’ was merely one of the ‘other uses to which these instruments may be put’. There was no mention of speech. Amazingly, however, only a few hours later another inventor, Elisha Gray, filed a caveat at the US Patent Office for a similar device. In other words, to say the telephone was invented in 1876 doesn't tell the whole story – invention is an ongoing process not a one-off event.
4.3 Who invented the telephone?
The popular image of Bell inventing the telephone, while it has some truth, is by no means the whole story. The two most significant players in the invention of a practical working telephone were Bell and Elisha Gray.
Gray was the co-owner and chief scientist of a company that manufactured telegraphic equipment. Bell's patent description had sound transmission as a minor purpose. But Gray's caveat declared that the main purpose of his device was ‘to transmit the tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit and reproduce them at the receiving end of the line, so that actual conversations can be carried on by persons at long distances apart’. Although Bell had built a prototype, it wasn't a working telephone system, and while his early devices worked as receivers they never worked well as transmitters. In fact Gray's idea was sounder in concept than Bell's (including using liquid in the transmitter, an idea that Bell later adopted, some say copied), and Gray's intentions were clearer, but he hadn't built a working prototype either. The US patent system of the time didn't require inventors to produce a working prototype.
Gray chose to register his detailed specification as an incomplete invention, while Bell registered his partial specification as a complete invention. On the one hand, it could be said that Bell was displaying the self-confidence needed by any inventor. However, it was discovered in a Congressional inquiry 10 years later that an official from the Patent Office had informed Bell's lawyers of the content of Gray's caveat rather than just of its existence. Therefore when, a few weeks later, Bell was called to explain the similarities of his patent to one he had been granted a year earlier for a harmonic telegraph, it is suggested that he was able to use inside information to persuade the examiner that his was a new device – the telephone. A patent was granted to Bell in March 1876.
When doubts finally emerged about the propriety of Bell's original patent, the US government brought a case in 1887 to annul the Bell patent on the grounds of ‘fraud and misrepresentation’. However, the claims could not be substantiated, most of the rival claimants had died or been bought off and the Bell patent was due to expire in 1893. To quote Congress, ‘the case was discontinued as moot without ever reaching the underlying issue of the true inventor of the telephone entitled to the patent’.
To be fair, Gray never claimed to be the sole inventor of the telephone but seemed to believe it was a case of ‘simultaneous invention’. However, with both men intent on exploiting the invention commercially it was inevitable that there would be a patent dispute. Gray lined up with Western Union, which funded his research, and which had obtained control of Thomas Edison's patent for a carbon transmitter. The giant telegraph company had set up a subsidiary, the American Speaking Telephone Company, to exploit the emerging technology that was being greeted enthusiastically by some of their best telegraph customers, the New York stockbrokers. Bell had a growing organisation on his side to exploit his invention – the Bell Telephone Company had become National Bell.
When Western Union started to use a system incorporating Edison's transmitter but Bell's receiver, National Bell resorted to the courts to stop it. At the same time Bell had Emile Berliner (later the inventor of the gramophone) working to produce a rival transmitter to go with Bell's superior receiver – and to bypass Edison's patent.
In 1879 an agreement was finally reached that saw Western Union agree to drop its counter-suits and sign over its own telephone patents. Apparently Western Union thought the telephone would only ever be a rival to the telegraph over short distances. In exchange National Bell agreed to drop its cases, buy out its rival's subscribers and equipment and pay Western Union a 20 per cent commission on each telephone rental for the remaining 15 years of the patents (this eventually totalled $7m). In addition Gray was paid $100 000 and Western Electric (Gray's company) was contracted as Bell's sole equipment supplier – an arrangement that lasted for almost 100 years.
Although there were many more patent cases brought both by and against Bell, Gray's had been the most significant. From this point on it was Bell's name and company that were associated with the invention and development of the telephone.
So the identification of a particular individual as the inventor of a new technology is not necessarily straightforward. Boldness and determination, allied with sufficient resources and a good support team – especially good patent lawyers – seem to be just as important as technical ingenuity. There also seems to be an element of history being written by the winners.
4.4 What was innovative about the telephone?
The most obvious innovative aspect was that speech was being transmitted, so in principle anyone could use a telephone for communication. The use of the telegraph required skilled operatives. A message had to be translated into the dots and dashes of Morse code and transmitted using a single keypad making and breaking the connection in an electrical circuit. At the other end of the wire another Morse operator translated the received clicks into the words of the message. With the telephone no specialised skills or training were needed to use it and the efficiency of communication was not limited by the speed and translating ability of the Morse operators. As a means of communicating across distance the telephone was easier to use and more efficient. Quite a competitive advantage.
However, for early versions of the telephone much of this advantage was merely potential. It needed improvements in performance and a considerable growth in the telephone network before significant numbers of people were prepared to switch from the telegraph. Subsequent innovations, such as the manual exchange, pay phones, the automatic exchange, metering, trunk dialling and the more recent introduction of digital systems, have all contributed to the spread of the telephone as a technological product.
4.5 Was the telephone invented in response to a need or because of developments in technology?
As with many truly innovative technologies it's difficult to claim that people were demanding its invention. Most people were satisfied with the existing means of communicating across distances. It took a great deal of imagination to foresee that the ability to speak to others at a distance would eventually replace the telegraph in business and the letter in personal communications. People weren't expressing a need to be able to communicate more rapidly but once the means became available to do so they steadily took advantage of the new technology. Then positive feedback took over and the better the technology became the more people got used to its benefits and the greater their need became for more innovation.
Developments in technology can create a need that provides a ready market for improved versions of the technology. And so it goes on.
4.6 Was the telephone an immediate success?
By the end of 1876 Bell had managed to build an experimental device that could carry a conversation across 2 miles of wire. The following year the first operational telephone line was erected over the 5 miles between Charles Williams’ factory in Boston and his home in Somerville. It was done there because Bell had conducted some of his experimental work in Williams’ electrical workshops a couple of years earlier. These first telephones were still fairly crude devices and arranged in pairs to connect two particular sites – there was no network. The sound they produced was weak and indistinct, and deteriorated with distance.
There was immediate scepticism expressed about the telephone from the telegraph companies and others. It wasn't so much that the telegraph companies saw the telephone as a threat, at least not in the early days. It was more that they had their own well-established technology, employed most of the people with any expertise in this area and saw no need to change.
Furthermore not everyone can appreciate the potential of a very new technology. Even Bell might not have realised the significance of the invention to start with. Later in the same year, after he was granted his patent, he and his financial backer offered to sell the patent to the Telegraph Company, which was the forerunner of Western Union. The offer was turned down, allegedly with the new invention being dismissed as ‘hardly more than a toy’.
New technologies can encounter resistance from people with a stake in established technologies. For a new technology to succeed it must be clear what advantage it has to offer over existing technology, and it has to capture enough users to make itself economically viable. For a decade or more after its invention there was still some uncertainty about the best use for the telephone. A London company offered multiple headsets for connecting telephone subscribers and their friends and family to theatres, concerts and church services. In Paris and Budapest an all-day telephone news service was offered – this actually continued for 30 or 40 years. But any potential for high-quality sound from the telephone had been sacrificed in the interest of maximising the number of conversations that could be carried along a single wire. In other words it was designed for one-to-one conversation and that became its main function.
The first significant users of the telegraph had been the stock market and newspapers who contributed to its widespread diffusion. These two groups were also among the early users of the telephone and Bell's marketing was almost exclusively aimed at commercial users. Even in the USA the telephone was mostly a business tool for the first 50 years of its development. It wasn't until after the Second World War that a majority of US households had a private telephone.
So the telephone was by no means an immediate success but rather experienced a steady growth, starting with a small number of specialised users and gradually diffusing into more general and widespread use.
4.7 Has telephone design changed over time?
As you can see from
Figure 5
the design of the telephone has changed considerably over its lifetime, reflecting the improvements in technology, materials, components and manufacturing processes. Figures 1(a) to (f) show some of the early progress.
Figure 5
(a) is a replica of Bell's ‘liquid transmitter’ of 1876 and
Figure 5
(b) is a Bell telephone and terminal panel from 1877 showing the adaptation for two-way conversation. Edison's wall telephone (
Figure 5
c) was developed by 1880 and the classic ‘candlestick’ table top phone (
Figure 5
d) by 1900. As the technology improved both transmitter and receiver were incorporated into a single handset (
Figure 5
e), and once automatic exchanges had been invented room had to be found for a dial (
Figure 5
f, the Strowger automatic dial telephone, 1905). The appearance of synthetic plastics, starting with Bakelite in the 1920s, permitted new shapes (
Figure 5
g, Bakelite handset), and later developments led to colour being used in telephones for the first time (
Figure 5
h, plastic handset from the 1960s;
Figure 5
i, Trimphone, 1970s). Dials were gradually superseded by push buttons (
Figure 5
j, Keyphone, 1972). Finally digitalisation and miniaturisation have challenged designers to fit an increasing number of functions into ever-smaller handsets.
Figure 6
(k) shows Motorola's MicroTAC personal cellular phone, which was the smallest and lightest on the market in 1989, and
Figure 5
(l) is Samsung's A800 ‘hinged’ mobile phone of 2004.
Figure 5 Since its invention the design of the telephone has evolved (Sources: (a) to (g) Science & Society Picture Library; (h) Science Photo Library; (i) Sam Hallas; (k) Northwood Images)
Figure 5
4.8 Has the telephone led to any related or spin-off products?
There have been a number of branches of the telegraph and the telephone family tree where research and experiment into one technology have contributed to the development of another.
An early example was Edison inventing the phonograph. He'd been working on a telegraph repeater to record telegraph signals using a stylus to vibrate onto and indent a sheet of paper. The idea was that when the indented paper passed across the stylus again the indentations would cause identical vibrations and the telegraph message would be repeated exactly. Edison was also experimenting to improve the telephone.
When feeling the vibrations caused when sound passed through the diaphragm in a telephone mouthpiece, Edison realised that the repeater idea could be applied to the human voice being transmitted by the telephone. His first working prototype of the phonograph was hand-cranked and used tinfoil as the recording medium. Though there was something almost miraculous about hearing the human voice reproduced by this simple mechanical device there was no obvious use for it, particularly when the quality of recording was so poor. One of Edison's first ideas was to use it to record telephone conversations for posterity. After the initial excitement Edison abandoned the phonograph to work on the electric light.
Ten years later, under pressure from Bell who was developing an improved version of the phonograph, Edison finally produced a commercial phonograph using an electric motor and hard wax-coated cylinders that delivered much better sound quality. Around the same time Emile Berliner was inventing a means of recording onto a flat wax-coated zinc disk. Even this was initially regarded and marketed as a toy, but eventually the gramophone formed the basis of a huge industry for selling recorded music.
Another of the branches led to radio and then mobile telephony. The work of Bell, Edison and others on improving the telegraph and transmitting sound along wires led eventually to wireless transmission – Marconi was transmitting Morse code messages from ship to shore in 1897 and eventually across the Atlantic in 1901. The first commercial transatlantic radio voice service began in 1927. The first radiotelephone service for vehicles was introduced in the US in 1946.
In 1947 microwave radio transmissions started to be used for long-distance telephony and by the early 1960s telecommunications satellites were being used for round-the-world contact. The first portable cellular phone appeared in 1979. Today's mobile phones might seem like a different product from Bell's early prototypes but there's a continuous line of scientific discoveries and developments in technology and materials connecting the two (
Figure 6
).
Figure 6 A family tree showing the development of telephone technology. It shows a progression but does not try to show every kind of product developed
Figure 6
4.9 A consumer's experience of innovation
First phone in 1968
As I mentioned earlier my parents first acquired a domestic telephone in 1968 – more than 90 years after its invention.
Before then other ways of communicating seemed good enough. In the early 1950s in our street of around 100 houses only one family had a private telephone. My family used public call boxes occasionally but we didn't know many people with their own phone so not many calls needed to be made. When we needed to communicate with people at a distance we sent a letter. In emergencies or for urgent communications we sent or received telegrams – but these were usually reserved for bad news.
Product awareness
My parents and I had been aware of the telephone all our lives but it seemed like a luxury item and was lower in our priorities than, say, a car (that we bought in 1956) or a television (1958). Even by 1970 only around 30 per cent of households in the UK had a home telephone – this had risen to 95 per cent by the year 2000.
New but familiar
There didn't seem to be anything particularly novel about our first telephone. On the surface the design had not changed significantly for 40 years, consisting of a dial on the front and a large handset sitting on a cradle on top. The most obvious changes were in the materials used – moulded plastic had replaced Bakelite and metal. These material changes in our 1968 telephone had been introduced in 1959 with the launch of the 700-series telephone (
Figure 7
diffusion and suppression
intellectual property and patents.
Although innovation is the term applied to one particular stage, it is also common to talk about the whole process from invention to diffusion as the innovation process.
To illustrate these concepts I will use the example of a significant invention with which you are familiar and that has come to symbolise the inspired moment at the heart of invention – the electric light. This example also illustrates the range of factors behind the success of one of the most famous inventors of all time, Thomas Edison. The irony, as you will discover, is that there was no clear ‘Eureka!’ moment in this invention. It was the product of sheer hard work and demonstrated Edison's famous saying in a newspaper interview, ‘Genius is 1 per cent inspiration and 99 per cent perspiration’.
5.2 Inventors and inventions
An inventor is an individual or group able to generate an idea for a new or improved device, product or process. The idea must then be transformed into concrete information in the form of a description, sketch or model.
An invention is an idea, concept or design for a new or improved device, product or process that is available as concrete information in the form of a description, sketch or model.
So an inventor may have many ideas for new products or improvements to existing processes, say, but these do not constitute an invention until the ideas have been transformed into something real, such as drawings or a prototype with the potential for practical application. As you will see later on, the conditions for granting a patent to protect an invention from being copied are that the invention must be new, must not be obvious to someone who knows about the subject and must be capable of industrial application.
Given that the process of invention takes place over time it is often not possible to be precise about the exact moment that an inventive idea becomes an invention. For example in 1878 the prolific US inventor, Thomas Edison, began work on inventing an incandescent lamp powered by electricity. He was enthused by a new kind of generator that had been developed to power a small arc-light system and realised the commercial possibilities of being the first to provide a large-scale electric lighting system. He had a vision of lighting up an entire city district with such a generator.
However the arc-light (bright light produced by a continuous electric arc leaping between two electrodes) suffered from two problems: burnout of the tips of its electrodes meant regular replacement, and the problem of controlling the gap between the electrodes when they were constantly being burned up by the arc. Edison saw the need for inventing an electric lamp that would be effective and long lasting. He thought that the solution might lie in the incandescent lamp – that is, a lamp in which light is produced by using electricity to heat some substance to a high temperature, causing it to glow.
Others had been trying for years to achieve this goal, and in fact the first patent on an incandescent lamp was taken out in Britain in 1841. The situation of many people working towards solving the same technological problem is common and often results in simultaneous invention – as you saw with the invention of the telephone. The most notable of these other inventors was Joseph Swan, an Englishman who had produced a design that featured a carbonised paper filament that glowed inside a glass when electricity was passed through it (
Figure 8
). The air was evacuated from the inside of the bulb so that oxygen would not cause the filament to burn up. However no one, including Swan, had managed to produce a filament that would glow for a useful length of time before being destroyed.
Figure 8 On the left is Swan's experimental carbon pencil lamp, 1878–9. On the right is the first prototype of Edison's incandescent lamp, 1879. (Source: Science & Society Picture Library)
Figure 8
Edison's challenge was to find a suitable material for the filament that would permit a bright glow without burning up too quickly. He had ideas about how it might be done but it took a year of searching for and experimenting with thousands of different filament materials. He also searched for a method of achieving the necessary vacuum inside the light bulb. Eventually he produced a working prototype of his carbon filament lamp in October 1879. This consisted of a thread of carbonised cotton bent into the shape of a horseshoe and mounted inside a glass bulb (
Figure 8
, right) that had the air sucked out of it(
Figure 9
). When connected to an electric current the new ‘electric candle’ burned for almost 2 days.
Figure 9 Light bulb evacuation pumps
Figure 9
This apparatus was a combination of several existing technologies – Geissler and Sprengel's mercury pumps and McLeod's vacuum gauge. After only a few weeks of improvements in late 1879, Edison's team could evacuate a bulb to a millionth of an atmosphere in 20 minutes.
This first reliable working prototype could be said to be the invention. However before the electric light could be offered for sale to customers there was still a great deal of work to be done by Edison and his team of workers at his Menlo Park laboratory in north-east USA (
Figure 10
).
Figure 10 Edison's Menlo Park laboratory with experimental light bulb apparatus on the left, in front of a table of batteries
Figure 10
Activity 2
Can you think of an inventor other than those named previously in this unit?
I thought of Owen MacLaren, the retired engineer and grandfather who invented the lightweight, foldable baby buggy in the 1960s.
Activity 3
Can you think of a recent invention other than those mentioned previously in this unit?
The proximity card is fairly new. It gives access to secure buildings when it is held near to an electronic sensor that is connected to an electric door lock.
5.3 Designs
A design comprises drawings, instructions or models that contain all the information for the manufacture of a product or the introduction of a process or system.
So Edison's early prototypes were different designs that physically embodied the new ideas on which his invention was based. But developing an invention in a laboratory or workshop is one thing, manufacturing an innovation to sell to others is a different matter.
Edison quickly realised that he needed to develop a complete electric lighting system, not just the electric lamp. Further, Edison had to ensure that his electric light and its related subsystems could be reproduced on the large scale that would be required to achieve commercial success. This involved producing designs of every component of his electric lighting system, in other words specific plans, drawings and instructions to enable the manufacture of products, processes or systems related to his invention (
Figure 11
). So design has a vital role to play in the commercial manufacture of new inventions, to specify and communicate what is to be made.
Figure 11 Design for screw socket, September 1880 (Source: Edison National Historic Site)
Figure 11
Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson and John Ott, were principally responsible for designing fixtures in the autumn of 1880. Their work resulted in the screw socket and base very much like those widely used today.
Edison and his team continued to develop and improve the lamp itself and the related devices necessary for reliable, large-scale lighting systems. They worked on techniques for creating better vacuums inside glass bulbs, improvements to the design of generators and distribution systems, and so on.
5.4 Product champion
Throughout the development of this innovation Edison endeavoured, by means of persuasive argument and demonstrations of progress, to convince those people who were in a position to help further the success of the electric light that it had great potential. These people included financiers who could provide capital for more research and development, industrialists who might install it in their factories, and politicians who might agree to the large-scale city installation of a lighting system.
This is a key role in the development of any invention; it needs a product champion. This will be an individual or group committed to promoting the development of a certain product, process or system.
Usually such championing takes place in an institutional context where the champion is trying to persuade the organisation that it is worth investing in a particular new product, or is prepared to defend an innovative product from attack once the process of development is under way. Sometimes, however, this takes place outside an organisation, where a sympathetic supporter will promote the qualities of an invention to those who might be willing to finance its development. If no outside support is forthcoming, or if even more support is needed to give momentum to the innovation process, the original inventor will need to take on the additional role of champion, as did Edison.
5.5 Entrepreneur
From this it is clear that money is a key requirement for transforming an invention into an innovation. Money pays for the people and equipment needed to refine the invention into a practical working prototype, and money pays for manufacturing it.
A key role in providing this vital monetary support is played by the entrepreneur. This is a persuasive individual or group providing the resources and organisation necessary to turn the invention into an innovation.
Entrepreneurs are likely to be involved at an early stage of an innovation's development, either taking the risk of investing their own money or raising money for a project from others. Most people with money to invest will be inclined to wait until it is clearer whether an innovation is going to be successful before investing. Part of the task of the entrepreneur is to persuade them to take a risk. It is often the case that at the early stage of the innovation process an individual inventor or entrepreneur is unable to persuade people to risk investing in a new and untried invention. In the absence of the necessary financial support an inventor can either give up or take on the entrepreneurial role themselves.
Edison was one such inventor-entrepreneur. He used earnings from the commercial success of his earlier inventions – mainly related to improvements to the telegraph – together with some outside investment to build his Menlo Park workshops in 1876 (
Figure 12
). Edison and his team of technicians and mechanics at Menlo Park produced 400 patented inventions over the next 6 years including the microphone, the phonograph and the vacuum tube, which was later used in wireless telegraphy. This innovative laboratory therefore provided Edison with a firm technical base from which to develop the electric light, and freedom from the monetary pressures that bring down many inventors if they are unable to secure a quick return on investment in their invention. However, Edison was not typical of inventor-entrepreneurs. His reputation for commercially successful inventions was so high that within a few weeks of announcing his intention to develop electric lighting, financiers were queuing up to invest in the Edison Electric Light Company – a situation the majority of inventors can only dream about.
Even Edison, though, could not combine perfectly the creative skills of invention and innovation with the business and managerial skills of the entrepreneur. It is said, ‘he so totally mismanaged the businesses he started that he had to be removed from every one of them to save it’ (Drucker, 1985).
Figure 12 Menlo Park laboratory staff, 1880. Edison is seated third from the left, second row from the top, holding a straw hat (Source: Edison National Historic Site)
Figure 12
5.6 Improver
At different stages of the process of invention, design and innovation there's a role that can be played by improvers. The improver is an individual or group whose concern is to do things better by making improvements to existing products or processes.
Such people can help transform an inventor's first prototype and early design into a commercial product. Edison's team at Menlo Park included a number of engineers, chemists and mathematicians who contributed to the improvement of the electric light, as well as other inventions.
Another contribution of improvers is at a slightly later stage in the innovation process when they can make incremental improvements to other people's inventions. For example, in 1877 Edison developed a carbon transmitter that helped improve Bell's recently invented telephone.
5.7 Innovation
The point at which the electric light first became available on the market was the moment the invention became an innovation. So an innovation is a new or improved product, process or system that has reached the point of first commercial introduction.
Even this moment of achieving innovation is sometimes difficult to pinpoint in a particular case. The first full-scale use of the electric lamp outside of the laboratory was in May 1880 when Edison installed 115 of them on the new steamship Columbia at the suggestion of its owner, Henry Villard, who had become an enthusiast for the electric light after seeing a demonstration at Menlo Park (
Figure 13
). The electric system was more suitable than open-flame lighting in the confined spaces of a ship. It was so effective that it was 15 years before it was replaced with more modern equipment. However it could be argued that this was not the moment of innovation as there was an element of personal favour rather than it being a purely commercial transaction.
Figure 13 The first installation of the Edison system outside of Menlo Park was aboard the steamship, Columbia in 1880, shown here in a Scientific American engraving (Source: Smithsonian Institute)
Figure 13
It gave Edison an opportunity to put his light into operation under carefully managed conditions, as well as offering the chance for a public demonstration
One of the first commercial installations of Edison's complete electric light system (generators, distributing circuits and the bulbs) was for the lithography factory of Hinds, Ketcham & Company, New York, in early 1881. Electric lighting allowed the factory to operate at night without difficulty in distinguishing colours.
The first full-scale public demonstration of Edison's urban lighting system was along the Holborn Viaduct in London (
Figures 14
and
15
). The first generator started up in January 1882 and the Holborn installation was a testing ground for a number of key elements of his more famous installation at Pearl Street Station in New York, which began service later that year.
Figure 14 Plan for lighting the Holborn Viaduct, London (Source: Smithsonian Institute)
Figure 14
Figure 15 Edison's Jumbo dynamo. Site unknown but probably the Holborn Viaduct station, London, 1882 (Source: Edison National Historic Site)
Figure 15
The Holborn Viaduct project was intended as a temporary demonstration, not a permanent commercial station. By choosing the viaduct, Edison's London agents were able to install the system quickly and with minimal cost because the electrical conduits could be hung underneath without excavations or the need for permits. The viaduct was a testing ground for several key elements of Edison's system.
5.8 Dominant design
In most examples of evolving technological innovation there is a period when rival designs are competing to outperform each other, both in what they do and how well they appeal to the consumer. Certain features of a product or process come to be recognised as meeting key needs and they are incorporated in subsequent improved versions of the design. Other features might meet too narrow a set of needs to be economical and are dropped.
Gradually what emerges is a dominant design, which is the product whose form and function have evolved to become the accepted market standard.
The dominant design defines the expected appearance of a particular innovation and how it is meant to work. A dominant design is not necessarily the one with the best performance but its performance will be good enough so that, together with its other desirable features, it will meet the needs of many different types of user (
Figure 16
).
Figure 16 The Ediswan carbon-filament lamp, 1884 became a dominant design (Source: Science & Society Picture Library)
Figure 16
Activity 4
Can you think of a dominant design other than those named previously in this unit?
Examples I thought of were the office stapler, the briefcase and the wheelbarrow. Different manufacturers’ versions of these products have common design features and similar overall appearance.
5.9 Robust design and lean design
In the case of the incandescent lamp the first dominant design had emerged by 1884, only 4 years after the first lamps had gone on public display around Menlo Park. It consisted of a screw-in metal base, a carbonised bamboo filament with platinum electrical wiring attached to a glass stem, all of which was sealed into a pear-shaped glass bulb that had been evacuated. This design was so successful that competitors did not try to devise a different design but merely copied Edison's; the company spent the next 7 years repeatedly suing rivals for infringement of the patents until its dominance was clearly established.
Further, a new product is more likely to be commercially successful if it is a robust design and suitable for different uses. A new product is likely to be less successful it if is a lean design, too highly optimised and only suitable for specific uses. So Edison's lamp was a robust design because it could fit into existing gas lamp brackets, and this increased its chances of catching on because it could make use of some of the existing infrastructure in homes and offices.
5.10 Radical innovation and incremental innovation
The electric light might be said to be an example of a radical innovation – a new product, process or system resulting from a technological breakthrough, or an application of a technology having a far-reaching impact.
Radical innovations can have a widespread and sometimes revolutionary impact on our lives and are said by some to account for technological progress. However, as you saw with the example of the telephone, most radical innovations are actually an accumulation of much smaller improvements, often carried out by many different individuals and organisations over time. The notion of the electric light might seem like a radical idea but it was actually the product of an attempt to provide a form of lighting that improved on existing methods. Apart from candles and oil lamps, these were mainly the gas light (increasingly used in urban homes but with an associated fire hazard and impact on air quality) and existing electric arc-lighting (too dazzling for domestic use and suffering from control and maintenance problems).
Furthermore the provision of an effective system of electric lighting depended upon the steady incremental improvement in a range of associated technologies – glass blowing, vacuum pumping, electricity distribution, and so on.
Therefore the application of the label radical innovation depends on the context and the time scale. Radical innovations are often incremental in terms of their scientific and technological development but radical in their application and ultimate impact on society. Also the early, often unreliable, examples of an innovation might not seem to be a significant improvement on existing technology until improvements in performance encourage more people to buy the innovation, which increases its impact.
Activity 5
Can you think of another example of a radical innovation?
I think the passenger aeroplane and man-made fibres used in clothing were radical innovations when they first appeared. They have had an impact on people's lives, for example the aeroplane brought tourism to remote communities.
So an apparently radical innovation actually involves much incremental innovation – technical modifications to an existing product, process or system and sometimes known as evolutionary innovation. The analogy with biological evolution is not precise, however, because technological evolution involves conscious and deliberate choice.
Activity 6
Can you think of an incremental innovation?
There are kitchen utensils sold under the brand name of Good Grips. They are designed to be easy for disabled people to use. I also thought online ticket booking could be considered to be an incremental innovation, although it also has some features of a disruptive innovation.
5.11 Sustaining innovation and disruptive innovation
As it's sometimes difficult to say whether a particular innovation is radical or incremental, a useful distinction made recently is between sustaining innovations and those that are disruptive. You'll read more about these ideas in Part 3.
Briefly, a sustaining innovation is a new or improved product that meets the needs of most current customers and serves to sustain leading firms in their market position. So in this context improvements to gas lighting, say, would be sustaining innovations.
By contrast, a disruptive innovation is a new or improved product or technology that challenges existing companies to ignore or embrace technical change.
Often new companies emerge to exploit a disruptive innovation. Such innovations can seem unpromising in the early stages of their development. However if they go on to become successful they can form new markets in which established companies lose their market leadership. Edison's electric light led to the creation of a whole new system for the generation and supply of electricity and its conversion into lighting. This in turn required a whole infrastructure of companies to supply raw materials and components for what became a new industry. It had a disruptive effect on the existing market for lighting.
5.12 Process innovation
Once a product innovation is well established creative energies tend to turn towards incremental improvements and process innovation, which is an improvement in the organisation and/or method of manufacture that often leads to reduced supply costs.
These two factors typically result in a better-performing product yet one that can be manufactured in less time, possibly using fewer components and possibly using machinery operated by less skilled, less costly workers. For example incremental improvements in the type of filaments used, tungsten gradually replacing carbon, led to a threefold increase in the efficiency of the electric light. And process innovations made the manufacturing more efficient – for example hand blowing of bulbs was replaced by a semi-automated machine in 1894.
All of these process innovations can lead to a dramatic fall in the production costs, and therefore the sales price, of an innovation in the early years of its use. For example, after 15 years of production, the number of steps involved in producing an electric lamp had been reduced from 200 to 20 and the labour time from nearly an hour to 20 seconds. Not surprisingly the price of a carbon filament electric lamp over this period fell to less than 20 per cent of its original price.
5.13 Diffusion and suppression
As an innovation becomes accepted by an increasing number of individual and organisational users it goes through the process of diffusion, which is the process of adoption of an innovation over time from limited use to widespread use in the market.
From its original installation within the grounds of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory in late 1879, his system of electric lighting was installed in increasing numbers of individual factory and textile mill installations, and urban street lighting. This included the fulfilment of one of his visions when his electric light system started operating in the Pearl Street district of lower Manhattan in 1882 (
Figure 17
). His system gradually eclipsed its rivals and diffused into widespread use in commercial, civic and domestic situations.
Figure 17 Interior of the Pearl Street generating station, 1882 (Source: Smithsonian Institute)
Figure 17
As you saw earlier with the example of the telephone there are also factors that can lead to suppression or delayed adoption of an innovation in the early years of its availability when it may compete with a dominate design.
First of all there may be patent disputes over the ownership of the invention. These can delay widespread sales until it becomes clear who has the right to market the innovation. Then for the duration of the patent other inventors are discouraged from devising improvements when they can't benefit from them.
There are also those individuals and companies currently providing technology and products that might be threatened by a newcomer, like telegraph companies faced with the telephone. They can sometimes use their power and influence to make it difficult for the new product to succeed – from influencing government legislation to outright sabotage. Then there's also a certain degree of protective inertia in business and institutional structures that tends to resist change in order to allow innovation to be absorbed in a steady evolutionary way rather than a more disruptive revolution.
Once an innovation has achieved widespread diffusion so that most of its market has been captured and the dominant design has had incremental improvement until it is relatively stable or mature, then one of two things usually happens. Either the mature innovation continues to sell with only minor modifications, unchallenged by any serious competition, or a radical new invention is devised that sets off another cycle of the innovation process to challenge what already exists.
5.14 Compact fluorescents and new developments
In the case of the electric light there were a series of incremental product innovations (metal filaments, gas filled bulbs, frosted bulbs) as well as process innovations (some of which were mentioned above), which steadily improved performance and reduced price until, by the 1930s, the incandescent light was mature and diffused in many nations.
Then in the mid-1930s a new invention appeared that was to challenge the incandescent lamp – the fluorescent lamp. This was the culmination of around 70 years’ research into fluorescence (the conversion of one kind of light into another). In the modern fluorescent light a heated electrode emits electrons into a tube of mercury vapour causing the vapour to emit ultraviolet light, which is invisible to the human eye. This causes the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube to emit visible white light. Another cycle of innovation was under way when the new lamp was first introduced commercially in 1938.
Gradually the fluorescent light began to encroach on the market captured by the incandescent lamp, first in the workplace and then increasingly in the home, especially after the introduction of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) onto the domestic market in the 1980s (
Figure 18
). Compact fluorescents last 10 times as long as incandescents and use 20 per cent of the electricity. By 2004, with the unit cost falling, CFLs had broken through the 10 per cent barrier achieving the status of having a substantial market share (10–20 per cent) rather than being a niche market (over 1 per cent). Some projections expect them to achieve a 15 per cent share by 2010. This would still not be sufficient for CFLs to achieve the ultimate status of becoming the industry norm or the dominant brand.
Figure 18 Domestic compact fluorescent lamp, 2005
Figure 18
Box 1 Race for the future of lighting
The problem with filament bulbs like those made by Edison and his successors is that they generate more heat than light – only about 10 per cent of the electricity becomes light – and turning them on and off shortens their life. The next generation of electric light is under development at the moment, based on more recent scientific discoveries and more advanced technological applications. But will it be one technology that wins or will several find their own niches in the lighting market? Along with fluorescent lighting there are currently (2005) at least two other competing technologies.
Electrodeless induction lamps
In the early 1990s an invention was revealed that might be the subject of the next cycle of lighting innovation – electrodeless induction lamps. The device, from a small Californian firm, Intersource Technologies, used a magnetic coil to generate radio waves that excited gases in the lamp, causing the phosphorous-coated interior surface of the glass cover to glow. The company estimated that the operational life of the lamp would be 15 000 to 20 000 operating hours, compared with 750 to 1000 hours for a conventional incandescent lamp. Without a filament or electrode, lamp failure is most likely to be due to the gradual degradation of the gas. Repair would then require the replacement of the glass cover only, rather than the expensive base and electronic components, making the system even cheaper to run.
Further electrodeless lamps were subsequently developed by Philips (QL system,
Figure 19
), General Electric (Genura) and Fusion Lighting (Solar 1000 sulfur lamp).
Figure 19 Philips QL 85-watt electrodeless induction lamp system (Source: Philips Lighting BV)
Figure 19
Although all of these lamps have proved significantly longer lasting than incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps (for example Philips claims 100 000 hours for the QL), there are several factors that explain why we aren't all using them in our homes at the moment. They are all being tested in different environments and technical improvements made in response to the users’ feedback – in other words the technology is still being developed and hasn't reached a stable enough state for mass manufacture. Current small-scale manufacture also means that the unit cost of existing versions of these lamps is high. In fact Philips’ QL and Fusion's lamp are complete systems rather than replacement bulbs and are expensive on first installation. High purchase prices mean the product isn't taken up by consumers on a large enough scale to ensure its commercial success and to enable manufacturers to reduce prices.
So this technology is stuck in the vicious circle common to many innovations. Some of the companies developing these new lamps are hoping for assistance from government legislation on energy efficiency. Pierre Villere, chairman of Intersource, hopes the US government's Energy Policy Act will provide the incentive needed to interest buyers. Villere thinks, ‘We will see … the same thing happen in high-efficiency lighting that we saw in terms of safety and emission control in the automobile industry’ (quoted in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1998).
White LEDs
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are devices that generate light when electrons pass between two kinds of semiconducting material. Normally the diodes emit a single colour depending on the amount of energy an electron is losing during its transition. You will be familiar with LEDs used in the displays of digital clocks, watches, and electrical appliances. They're also used in remote controls (emitting infrared light) and increasingly in car brake lights, traffic lights and giant TV screens. They convert about 90 per cent of their energy input into light and are very hard-wearing.
The challenge has been to find a way of getting LEDs to make white light for general-purpose use. One approach, first adopted by the Nichia Corporation of Japan in 1996, has been to coat the inside of the light bulb with a phosphorescent coating that gives off white light when hit by the LED's particular wavelength. But the phosphor wears over time – present (2005) estimates are for a 100 000-hour life. Another solution is to try to mix the appropriate primary colours but it's more difficult to make blue light than red and getting the balance right is difficult. However solutions have been found and the devices are being improved. White LEDs are being used in some specialised products such as torches and cave lamps.
As with the electrodeless lamps above, the technical performance of white LEDs is steadily improving and their cost is coming down as the price of semiconductor devices has fallen. However they are still much more expensive than incandescent and fluorescent lights, although arguably cheaper over the lifetime of a typical bulb. In 2003 the UK gadgets company EFX launched a range of white LED downlighters to replace halogen lighting for domestic and commercial use. EFX is using the slogan ‘Global lighting to halt global warming’.
By the time you read this the situation will have moved on and its outcome may be clearer. Or maybe a completely different technical solution will have emerged – that's the nature of the innovation process.
5.15 Intellectual property and patents
At any stage of the innovation process, from invention to diffusion, a bright idea with market potential can be a target for unscrupulous copying. Or, as you've seen with simultaneous invention, people might be working on similar ideas in parallel and the origins of inventive ideas might be difficult to identify with precision. So it is sensible for inventors to establish their claim to a particular invention and to protect it against unauthorised exploitation by others.
There are different forms of legal protection to guard against the copying of intellectual property. The concept of intellectual property allows people to own and control the results of their creativity and ingenuity in the same way they own physical property. The most well known of these is the patent, which is an intellectual property right relating to inventions. It gives a right to stop others from exploiting the invention without permission.
Patents are a means by which inventors are granted, by the state, exclusive rights to make, use or sell a new invention for a limited period (16–20 years in most countries) in exchange for agreeing to make public the details of their invention. The word patent comes from the Latin litterae patentes, meaning open letters, as in an official document that was open to inspection by all. The patent secures for the inventor a temporary monopoly protected by law and the state secures an addition to the body of technological knowledge that encourages further invention, technological progress and wealth creation.
A patent application is required to contain a description of the invention and the reasoning that led to it in sufficient detail to enable it to be reproduced by a third party. It often contains background information on previous related technology (known as prior art). Therefore patents provide an enormous amount of technical information that is used by many individuals and companies (
Figure 20
).
Figure 20 Extracts from the patent for the novel features of the Workmate portable workbench (Source: Patent Specification 1267032 ‘A Workbench’)
Figure 20
Once granted a patent gives an invention the legal status of personal property that can be sold or bequeathed to heirs of the inventor. In addition the owner of a patent may authorise others to make, use or sell the invention in exchange for royalties or other compensation.
According to the UK Patent Office , to be granted a patent an inventor's product or process must satisfy four criteria.
It must be new – the idea must never have been disclosed publicly in any way, anywhere, prior to the claim being filed.
It must involve an inventive step – the idea must not be obvious to someone with a good knowledge and experience of the subject.
It must be capable of industrial application – it must take the physical form of a substance, product or apparatus, or of an industrial type of process.
It must not be excluded – an invention is not patentable if it is of a type listed as specifically excluded, although such lists vary in different countries.
In 2005 the UK exclusions were:
a discovery
(d) Edison's bamboo-filament light bulb.
(a) BIC ballpoint pen – innovation.
It is an innovation that not only reached the market – initially the military then the civilian market – but also went on to achieve great commercial success and become widely diffused throughout society.
(b) Flettner's rotor ship – between invention and innovation.
This example is on the boundary between an invention and an innovation. It reached the working prototype stage but arguably not quite the point of first commercial use, with only one ship being commissioned by a third party.
(c) Edison's tinfoil phonograph – invention.
It was the wax cylinder version that went on to be sold as an innovation.
(d) Edison's bamboo-filament light bulb – innovation.
It was the dominant design used in the early commercialisation of the light bulb, compared with the carbonised cotton used in the initial invention.
SAQ 2
desire to help others.
10.2 Scientific or technical curiosity
Some inventors understand a scientific phenomenon and set about inventing a technological device to exploit the phenomenon.
The invention of the laser grew from the interest of two researchers in studying the structure and characteristics of a variety of molecules. During the Second World War, Charles H. Townes worked on developing radar navigation bombing systems. After the war he had the idea of modifying the radar techniques and using microwaves to study molecular structure. Subsequently he and Arthur L. Schawlow collaborated at Bell Labs in the USA on using the shorter wavelengths of infrared and optical light to develop an even more powerful tool – the laser (short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). They were granted a patent in 1960. However they had no thoughts about any applications of their invention other than its use in their scientific research. Schawlow recalled:
We thought it might have some communications and scientific uses, but we had no application in mind. If we had, it might have hampered us and not worked out as well.
(Bell Labs, 1998)
It was left to others to devise ways of exploiting this invention in a commercial product. Although initially perceived by some as a weapon (a death ray), one of the first practical applications was in medicine for eye surgery. Lasers have gone on to have widespread use in industry for cutting and welding, in commerce for bar code readers, at home for entertainment (CD players, DVD players), in data storage and retrieval in computers, and so on (
Figure 23
). The world market for laser technology is now over $100 billion a year.
Figure 23 Originally developed for scientific research into the structure of molecules, the laser now has a huge range of applications. (a) Laser surgery to correct short-sightedness Source: Science Photo Library. (b) Laser heart surgery Source: Science Photo Library. (c) Industrial carbon dioxide laser cutting metal Source: Science Photo Library. (d) Bar-code reader at supermarket checkout Source: Science Photo Library. (e) A laser beam is creating a digital track of information on a master disc. The master disc is then used to mass-produce CDs. The information will be read off a CD in a domestic player by using a similar laser beam (Source: Science Photo Library)
Figure 23
Inventions can arise from the technical curiosity of creative individuals rather than to meet a clear need. There are many examples, particularly in the past but still occasionally nowadays, of so-called talented tinkerers. Read
Box 2
for an account of what talented tinkering can produce.
Box 2 Talented tinkering and the hovercraft
Christopher Cockerell was an electrical engineer who left the Marconi company to become a boat builder in Norfolk. He developed an interest in increasing boat speed by reducing friction between the hull and the water. He had the idea of supporting a craft on a low-pressure cushion of air contained within a high-pressure curtain of air (
Figure 24
). He built a mock-up to test his idea using a cat food tin inside a coffee tin connected to a vacuum cleaner reversed to blow, all mounted above a set of kitchen scales to measure the pressure exerted (
Figure 25
). It was three times the pressure of the blower without the tins and confirmed his theory. There had been previous attempts to build a vehicle that floated on air but Cockerell was the first to devise a way of containing the air cushion. Next he constructed a radio-controlled balsa wood model of his hovercraft to prove the hover principle would work in practice (
Figure 26
Although there are still commercial and military hovercraft in operation (
Figure 29
), high development costs, technical problems and cheaper competing technologies have meant they did not go on to become widely used. Rather they are used in specific situations where their ability to cross varied surfaces inaccessible to conventional vehicles gives them an advantage.
Figure 29 US naval hovercraft are still in use (Source: Textron Systems)
Figure 29
Cockerell resigned from Hovercraft Development Ltd after a dispute and the UK government persuaded him to sell his patent for £150 000 in 1971. He continued to work as an inventor, including designing a system of rafts to generate electricity from waves, but never really profited from his inventions. He had devised 36 inventions worth millions of pounds for Marconi and was paid £10 for each one. The money he received for his hovercraft patent didn't cover his development costs. Unsurprisingly he remained bitter at what is characterised as the UK's repeated failure to capitalise on the inventive ideas of creative individuals.
10.3 Constructive discontent
Inventive ideas often arise because existing technology or design proves to be unsatisfactory in some way – perhaps too costly, too inefficient or too dangerous. Using a product or process for a while can reveal inadequacies in its performance and is often vital preparation for producing ideas for improvements. You may have become dissatisfied either with an existing product or process or with the fact that something doesn't exist to meet a need you've identified. But creative individuals go further than this unfocused dissatisfaction and actually try to do something about it.
James Dyson became dissatisfied with the wheel of a conventional wheelbarrow sinking into sand and soft soil so in 1974 he re-invented the wheel. His Ballbarrow is designed with a ball-shaped wheel to ride over soft ground without sinking and to absorb the shock when used on rough ground (
Figure 30
). It also has feet that don't sink in the mud and a plastic bin that doesn't rust – both drawbacks of previous wheelbarrows he'd used.
Figure 30 Dyson's Ballbarrow. The ball-shaped wheel improves the ride over rough or soft ground (Source: courtesy of Dyson Ltd)
Figure 30
Box 4 Constructive discontent and the invention of photocopying
In the early 1930s, US patent lawyer Chester Carlson began to be dissatisfied with existing methods of copying patents that he required for his work. He was determined to find a better means than the existing photographic methods, which were slow and inefficient.
After an extensive search through patents and other literature he identified some promising ideas. He began experimenting and in 1938 produced the first print using a process that eventually was to become the basis of the modern photocopier (
Figure 31
).
Figure 31 Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, with his first xerographic apparatus (Source: Rank Xerox UK Ltd)
Figure 31
Static electricity was the key to his invention. Carlson started with a sulfur-coated plate, though later this was developed into a selenium drum, which was given an overall negative electrical charge. An image of a document was then projected or reflected onto the charged surface. The charge was removed where the light struck the surface, leaving only the dark part of the image, such as text characters, negatively charged. Positively charged particles of dry powder were then applied that stuck to the negatively charged portions of the plate or drum. The powder was then transferred to paper and fused on to it by heating, leaving a permanent image.
In his 1939 patent Carlson called this process electrophotography (
Figure 32
). But he soon came to call it xerography – from the Greek xeros, meaning dry, and graphein, meaning to write.
Figure 32 Extract from Chester Carlson's 1939 patent application on electrophotography, which established the essential principles of photocopying (Source: van Dulken, 2002)
Figure 32
His invention was a radical departure from existing technology, however, and it took many years both to develop and improve the invention and to persuade a company to invest in it. In 1944 the Battelle Memorial Institute, a non-profit-making organisation, agreed to finance the invention and after a few years of development signed an agreement with a small photographic materials company, the Haloid Corporation, to market the invention.
The first electrostatic copier, the Haloid 1385, came onto the market in the late 1940s. It was manually operated and took several minutes to make each copy. Not surprisingly it was not successful at first because it did not offer an advantage over existing methods of copying, which by this time were a combination of carbon paper for a small number of copies and electromechanical stencil duplicators for a larger volume. Finally, after another decade of effort at improving the technology, the first automatic, plain-paper photocopier, the Xerox 914, was launched onto the market in 1959 – Haloid had changed its name to Xerox. This was an automatic machine that operated at the push of a button and could produce seven copies a minute. It was the foundation for a huge multibillion dollar business in which Xerox, thanks to its patents, had a monopoly until the late 1980s.
When the patent protection expired, rivals, mainly Japanese, began to enter this lucrative market in competition with Xerox. The original fairly straightforward need has been cultivated by what the ever-improving technology has made possible – monochrome copiers producing a hundred copies a minute and capable of collating, stapling, enlarging and reducing. The colour photocopier was brought out in 1973 and the laser colour copier in 1986.
Now it is impossible to imagine a modern office without photocopying facilities. Xerox also took advantage of the increasing use of computing in the office to diversify into computer printers, scanners, fax machines and multifunction machines. Many people predicted that the spread of computers would lead to the paperless office. However recent estimates suggest people are making 500 billion photocopies each year, and 15 trillion (15 000 000 000 000) copies on photocopiers, computer printers and multifunction machines combined in the USA alone (Lyman, 2003).
10.3.1 Cats eyes and road conditions
Sometimes the discontent comes from the fact that there isn't a product to satisfy a particular need. Percy Shaw was a road mender who was aware of the dangers of driving along unlit, often fog-bound, roads. One night in 1933 he was driving his car near his home in the north of England when his headlights were reflected in the eyes of a cat. This inspired him to invent the cat's-eye reflector that, when embedded at intervals in the centre of the road, reflected a vehicle's headlights and made it easier to pick out and follow the course of the road (
Figure 33
).
Figure 37 Extract from the patent for cat's-eyes – an example of a highly successful patent for a simple but ingenious idea. ‘FIG.6.’ shows how a rubber insert (part ‘F’) cleans the lenses when they are depressed by a passing vehicle (Source: van Dulken, 2002)
Figure 37
With hindsight the need and the solution seem self-evident – like many ingenious ideas. But Shaw's act of insight was to recognise the need and work out a means by which it could be met.
Seventy years after Shaw's invention a new generation of cat's-eyes have been developed and have been tested in sites around the UK and several other countries. Called intelligent road studs, they have a built-in microprocessor and sensors that can detect different weather conditions as well as the speed of passing traffic (
Figure 34
). They are powered by a solar cell feeding a rechargeable battery.
Figure 34 (a) These intelligent road studs not only reflect but can also actively project light of different colours. (b) Intelligent road studs being tested on a public road (Source: courtesy of Reflecto Ltd)
Figure 34
In addition to passively reflecting light up to 80 metres, the studs can actively project light of different colours that is detectable at up to 1000 metres. When a stud detects fog it can emit a flashing white light. When it detects a significant drop in temperature it can emit blue light to indicate the possibility of ice. In a hazardous situation studs can leave a trail of orange lights behind passing vehicles to warn against following too closely. Studs can even communicate with each other so that, for instance, a vehicle detected on the wrong side of the road can trigger red warning lights in studs on the other side of a blind hill or corner.
10.4 Desire to make money
While most inventors might dream of growing rich from their inventions few invent for that reason alone. There are some exceptions though.
Take the case of the safety razor. One person, a travelling salesman named King Camp Gillette, was primarily responsible for the original invention and prototype. Unlike many lone inventors Gillette was not inventing something arising from a hobby or a field of technology with which he was already familiar. He was deliberately searching for a winner. He'd been advised by William Painter, the inventor of the disposable crown cork bottle cap, to try to invent a disposable product for which the consumer would develop a continuing need, guaranteeing a steady market for the innovation.
In 1895 while shaving with his cut-throat razor Gillette realised that the edge of the razor was the key to shaving. He had the bright idea of dividing the components into a handle and holder for a disposable blade. The blade could then be thrown away when blunt, avoiding the need for regular sharpening. However his limited practical skills could take the invention no further than the prototype stage. To make further progress Gillette obtained the help of William Nickerson, the inventor of the pushbutton elevator control mechanism. Nickerson worked on refining the razor and on improving the process of sharpening the steel blades.
Gillette's safety razor finally went on sale in 1903. With only the very edge of the blade exposed to the skin it was far safer than the old cutthroat razor. Furthermore, beards were becoming less popular so Gillette anticipated large sales. At first he was disappointed – in the first year he sold only 51 safety razors and 168 blades. In the following year though, sales took off – 90 000 razors and 12.5 million blades.
The Gillette company, based around the safety razor, went from strength to strength. It's a familiar and successful company 100 years on (
Figure 35
). Though still largely based around razors it has diversified slightly into so-called grooming products, toothbrushes and oral care, and into batteries. The concept of disposability still applies to many of its products. In 2002 it was the largest razor manufacturer in the world and its net sales were $8.45 billion.
Figure 35 Recent Gillette safety razors with disposable blades
Figure 35
10.5 Desire to help others
This is a less common motivation but it shows not everyone is driven by money.
In 1991 the inventor Trevor Baylis saw a BBC documentary about the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa. What was needed was a way of broadcasting the safe-sex message to people in areas without electricity and where batteries for a radio could cost a month's wages. Solar power wouldn't necessarily help as most people who could get to a radio listened in the evening after work. While absorbing this information he imagined himself as a colonial administrator in the Sudan, sipping gin and listening to an old-fashioned wind-up gramophone.
Then Baylis had the inspired thought that if a simple clockwork spring could power a gramophone then it could be applied to a spring-driven radio. Months of experimentation eventually produced a prototype of a hand-cranked clockwork mechanism that drove a tiny generator that powered a radio for 14 minutes on a 30-second wind. After a 4-year period of fund-raising, market research, design and development, the first Freeplay radio was launched in 1995.
For a number of years the radio was made by disabled workers in a factory in South Africa. Subsequently the manufacture of Freeplay products was transferred to China. However the spirit behind Trevor Baylis's invention has found an outlet in the Freeplay Foundation that, since 2000, has complemented the work of various agencies by distributing self-powered radios free as part of a range of humanitarian initiatives.
10.6 What drives invention in organisations?
Much invention and nearly all innovation nowadays take place inside organisations – from small start-up companies to well-established multinationals. This is mainly because increasingly invention and innovation require access to technology and resources beyond the scope of most individuals. But it is also because competitiveness and survival depend on the continual improvement of a company's products and processes. This provides a strong incentive for companies to invest in both the incremental improvement of existing products and the invention of new products.
Invention in organisations is usually driven by one or more of these:
business strategy
need to improve product or process
opportunity offered by a new material, technology or manufacturing process
government policy, legislation and regulations.
10.7 Business strategy
Invention can be driven by a company's business strategy. In descending order of inventiveness the main strategies are first to market, follow the leader, and opportunist.
10.7.1 First to market
Some companies have an offensive strategy in which they aim to be first to market with a new product. Such companies can be a major source of new products. This is risky as it requires a large investment in developing the product and cultivating the market before any return can be expected from sales. However it can be the most rewarding strategy, especially if the market can be sustained by continual incremental improvements to the product and the market share defended against competitors.
In the 1970s and 1980s Clive Sinclair's company Sinclair Research was first to market in the UK with a series of inventive products including pocket calculators, digital watches and home computers. For example the Sinclair ZX80 microcomputer, launched in 1980, was the first computer made to appeal to the mass market. Developed as a build-it-yourself programmable computer, it was designed to connect to a television set and to a cassette recorder for loading programs. It was small and lightweight, weighing just 340 grams and was accessible to a wide sector of the population, being priced at just £99. All these characteristics made the Sinclair ZX80 the forerunner of a whole generation of personal computers. Its successor, the ZX81, had a better programming language called BASIC, fewer components, a simpler design and was £30 cheaper.
In 1982 the ZX Spectrum added colour, became the company's most significant commercial success and enabled Sinclair Research to achieve market dominance in the UK in the early 1980s. However the company was eventually out-performed by a number of companies that had followed it into the microcomputer market that Sinclair Research had helped to establish.
10.7.2 Follow the leader
Some companies have a defensive strategy and aim to follow the leader. Such companies hope to profit from the mistakes of the first-to-market company by devising incremental design and performance improvements and cost reductions compared with the original product. In addition they hope to exploit the new market that has started to grow, so timing is important. In the area of consumer electronics, for example, most of the inventions (radio, television, audio and video tape recording) were first brought to the market by European and US companies. But it was the major Japanese companies (such as Sony, JVC, Toshiba) that captured a large share of the mass market through reducing the cost of these devices and improving their performance.
The best of these companies were able to use the resources gained from being successful followers to then adopt a more offensive strategy and invent new products, such as Sony with the Walkman. Sony was first to market with this innovative product, which quickly became an important contributor to the company's profits. A number of companies followed Sony into this market with variations on the Walkman. However Sony had sufficient a head start to the extent that almost 25 years later it still had the largest market share in most areas of personal audio.
Interestingly the area it isn't performing in as well yet is the newest, the market for digital music players. Here it wasn't first to market and currently (2005) this market is dominated by a mixture of smaller companies and a few big companies that developed players before Sony.
10.7.3 Opportunist
Some companies have an opportunist strategy and aim to identify new market opportunities, needs and demands. Rather than developing new products though, the inventiveness of such companies lies in finding new outlets for existing products. UK examples include Sock Shop and Tie Rack from the 1980s, and more recently the small companies that have made a profit selling a variety of ring tones for mobile phones.
10.8 Need to improve product or process
Even though an invention will have been thoroughly tested before launch it's not possible for a company to test its performance in every situation in which it will be used. Real users are likely to discover how the product might not perform well or how it doesn't meet their needs. Once a company learns about these deficiencies it can address them through redesign. There are a number of incentives to do this: improve the product's performance in order to increase its appeal to larger numbers of buyers; further reduce materials and manufacturing costs to the company to increase profit; reduce the purchase price to promote sales.
This invention driver accounts for much incremental invention. You've already seen an example of this process in the development of the telephone – new components, new features, and spin-off inventions are all the result of attempts to improve existing technology.
An extreme example of this process was Sinclair Research, mentioned earlier. In the early 1970s it launched a range of electronic calculators that were designed to be small and light enough to fit in the pocket. For example the Cambridge calculator was sold both as a kit and fully built. Although at £29.95 it was expensive when first introduced, a year later the price had fallen to below £15. The Cambridge calculator was small, even by modern standards, weighing only 100 grams. However it suffered from a design flaw; after a certain amount of use the calculator was impossible to turn off due to oxidation of cheap components used in the switch contacts. Some critics say that Sinclair Research's innovative products were often launched prematurely and early buyers used as developmental testers. Feedback from these buyers was then used to make improvements to the products. While this undoubtedly led to improved products, arguably it damaged the company's reputation as a supplier of reliable products and it was eventually edged out of the market by companies with more conventional business strategies.
I've already mentioned another, more conventional, example of incremental improvement. This was when Marcel Bich invented an improved manufacturing and assembly process to enable the BIC ballpoint pen to be manufactured on a large scale and for a significantly lower unit cost.
10.9 Opportunity offered by a new material, technology or manufacturing process
More often when new materials or technologies appear they are used to improve the performance of existing products. But in an increasing number of cases their appearance can make it possible to create new products.
10.9.1 New materials
The discovery of new materials, exploration of their properties and the invention of new industrial processes is a huge field of study in its own right. The potential rewards for a company discovering a successful application of a new material are great.
An example of this is shape memory alloys (SMAs). SMAs are mixtures of metals that, after being stress treated, can be deformed significantly but then triggered to return to their original shape. Some display unusual elastic properties and immediately spring back into shape, others recover their shape when heated. Originally made from an equal combination of nickel and titanium – still the most common SMA – further experiments have led to many more SMAs combining two or more different metals. These remarkable memory properties have been applied to an increasing number of new or improved products. One of the most visible applications is in superelastic spectacles that can regain their shape after you've sat on them.
There are currently dozens of other applications, particularly in the area of medical instruments. A stent is a tiny wire mesh tube used to reinforce weak arteries or to widen arteries narrowed by coronary heart disease (
Figure 36
). These are delivered to the heart in a catheter on the end of a wire usually inserted into an artery in the groin. Once in place they are expanded to their full size by inflating a balloon positioned inside the stent. However stents can now be made from SMAs and are stressed into a smaller diameter. When delivered by the catheter the stent expands to its intended size due to the heat of the body.
Figure 36 SMA stent that expands to its intended size when subjected to body temperature. These are predicted to replace stainless steel stents expanded with a balloon (Source: Nitinol Devices & Components Inc)
Figure 36
10.9.2 New technology
The appearance of a new technology often results in the possibility of developing a whole range of new products. The invention of the transistor in the USA by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley in 1947 led to a vast market of improved consumer electronics goods such as portable radios, hi-fi and television. Later on, the related inventions of the integrated circuit in 1959 (by Jack St Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments) and the microprocessor in 1971 (by Marcian E. Hoff at Intel) allowed the development of personal computers.
Increasing miniaturisation and the improved computing capacity of microprocessors has permitted the addition of electronic components to many new products and processes. Examples are all around: palm-size mobile phones, programmable timing devices in electrical equipment, TV and video remote controllers. This trend is heading towards the invention of a growing range of new intelligent products that can store information about themselves and communicate with their environment (see
Box 4
Collecting information to help understand the problem better and produce initial solutions.
Step 3 – incubation
Periods of relaxation allow subconscious thought.
Step 4 – act of insight
A solution suddenly appears by a mental act that goes beyond the act of skill normally expected of a trained professional in that field.
Step 5 – critical revision
The solution is fully explored, tested and revised into a workable solution, possibly involving further acts of insight.
I will examine these key steps a little further. I've already covered the first two stages to some extent in looking at where inventions come from. Therefore I'll only deal briefly with steps 1 and 2 and look in more detail at the others.
11.2 Step 1 – identification of the problem
The activity of identifying a problem to be solved or a need to be met is a key step for the start of the innovation process. As you saw earlier there's a range of possible starting points. You've already seen examples where curiosity drives people to look for applications of certain scientific or technical principles such as Cockerell and air-cushion transport. Sometimes people identify an unsolved need, such as Percy Shaw and unlit roads. Sometimes people identify a need with an unsatisfactory current solution, such as James Dyson and his dissatisfaction with conventional wheelbarrows.
Another such starting point for invention is identifying possible new uses for existing products or processes. In such cases a key first step is the imagination to appreciate the technological possibilities and the market opportunities. Nowadays many organisations spend time actively seeking out new uses to which existing products and processes might be put as well as problems that need to be solved with new inventions. In the case of the Post-it note the challenge for the 3M company was to find a use for a new type of adhesive – a glue that wasn't very sticky. In this case the ‘problem’ was one of an existing product in search of a market need rather than an established need requiring a new technological solution.
11.3 Step 2 – exploration
This is the period when, following the identification of the problem, attempts are made to understand it better and to make a stab at designing a solution. This might be a short process or it could take years and involve a detailed search for information, experimenting with different designs, even redefining the problem as a result of this activity.
Alexander Graham Bell adopted a problem-focused strategy when exploring the problem of designing a working telephone. This strategy is one typically used by scientists and engineers and involves exploring and redefining the problem exhaustively before coming up with a solution. A different approach, often adopted by designers, is to move quickly towards an outline solution based on their own experiences and preferences, which is then tested against the problem and modified as necessary to solve the problem more effectively. This more directed approach, known as a solution-focused strategy, was often used by Thomas Edison.
In the case of Edison's incandescent electric light discussed earlier this process of exploration took more than 12 months. Before he finally achieved his first working prototype Edison systematically experimented with thousands of different materials that might be used for a filament. His first patent was for a bulb with a platinum filament that, although it worked, was a complicated construction compared with the bulbs that were in mass production less than 2 years later. These used a carbonised bamboo filament, itself later replaced by other materials (
Figure 42
). The point is that this experimentation led to a better understanding of the problem and its possible solution, which resulted in the eventual design being more reliable.
Figure 42 Page from one of Thomas Edison's notebooks showing the results of experiments on a carbonised filament electric lamp (Source: Edison National Historic Site)
Figure 42
11.4 Step 3 – incubation
Incubation is a period when the inventor, having been working on the problem for some time during identification and exploration, is no longer giving it conscious attention. The problem and its solution have been put to one side, on purpose or not, but the subconscious mind is capable of holding on to the problem. During this time, according to Roy (Open University, 2004, p. 34), ‘the relaxed brain [is] repatterning information absorbed during the period of preparation often after receiving a new piece of information that is perceived as relevant’. I think what Roy means about repatterning is that the brain can make links between information – a new piece of information can cause a new link to be made and a new insight achieved. Although it's not often possible to demonstrate incubation taking place, there are numerous examples of inventors doing something unrelated to their invention when a breakthrough insight is triggered.
11.5 Step 4 – act of insight
Suddenly an insight suggests a solution, or the means of achieving a solution, to the inventor. Legendary examples include Newton observing an apple falling from a tree and having his insight into the laws of gravitation or Archimedes leaping from his bath and running naked through the streets shouting ‘Eureka!’ (‘I've found it!’). These vivid images point to the fact that creative ideas can occur when someone is not consciously trying to solve a problem.
These acts of insight are not only dependent upon the state of mind of the inventor, however, but also on the circumstances in which they occur. The image of Archimedes’ moment of insight is familiar. Archimedes realised, allegedly as he lowered himself into his bath, that there was a relationship between his weight and the volume of water displaced.
Archimedes became excited because he realised this could provide him with a solution to a problem set for him by Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse on the island of Sicily. Hiero had had a new crown made but suspected that his metal workers had stolen some of the gold and substituted it with a gold-silver alloy; so he wanted to know if the crown was pure gold or partly silver. Archimedes, a Syracusian mathematician and specialist in applied mechanics, realised that if the crown was partly silver it would be less dense than pure gold, would be bulkier for its weight and therefore would displace more water when immersed. As a consequence he had discovered a principle that would help him to determine whether the king's crown was pure gold or a mixture of gold and silver.
In his book The Act of Creation, Arthur Koestler (1989) points out that at the critical moment Archimedes was able to make the connection between two previously unconnected trains of thought that his mind was processing (incubating) simultaneously. Nobody before Archimedes had brought together those separate ideas and if those particular circumstances had not pertained – thinking about the crown problem while taking a bath – that particular eureka moment would not have occurred. It might have occurred to someone else on another occasion because the history of invention shows that many minds are often working on the same problem (remember Edison and Swan on the electric light), but it is possible that many such moments have passed unnoticed for want of the necessary conjunction of inventive mind and propitious circumstances.
Koestler comments that rather than the mental achievement being to draw that particular conclusion, the achievement was actually in bringing together the two apparently unconnected ideas – a process he calls bisociation. Bisociation is one example of what is called associative thinking, which can lead to inventive solutions to problems. There are other ways of bringing together associations of ideas, knowledge and techniques from different areas: adaptation, transfer, combination, and analogy.
11.5.1 Adaptation
Adaptation is where a solution to a problem in one field is found by adapting an existing solution or a technical principle from another. For example Karl Dahlman adapted the hovercraft principle embodied in land and sea vehicles for use in the first hover lawn mower, the Flymo, in 1963 (
Figure 43
What are the four main factors that motivate individuals to invent?
Individuals are motivated to invent by one or more factors:
(a) scientific or technical curiosity;
(b) constructive discontent about the way a technological product performs;
(c) desire to help others;
(d) desire to make money.
SAQ 5
What are the four main factors that motivate organisations to invent?
Organisations are motivated to invent by one or more factors:
(a) as part of a chosen business strategy;
(b) the need to improve existing products and processes;
(c) the appearance of new materials, technologies and manufacturing processes;
(d) government policy, legislation and regulations.
SAQ 6
From the brief description of Carlson's invention of xerography given earlier, how do the five key steps of the Usher-Lawson model fit that particular example?
(a) Identification of the problem. Carlson was dissatisfied with existing methods of copying documents by photography and by hand.
(b) Exploration. Carlson consulted existing patents and other information in a search for a solution to the problem.
(c) Incubation. The brief account above doesn't give any detail about the precise creative process involved in this invention.
(d) Act of insight. Carlson's act of insight involved the ‘transfer’ of techniques quite different from conventional photography and not previously used for copying. This is an example that shows that insight doesn't always come in a flash.
(e) Critical revision. Carlson's first electrostatic copier was the outcome of almost 10 years of developing and refining the technology. This process of critical revision is still going on more than 50 years after the launch of the innovation.
SAQ 7
To what extent would you describe the following inventions as predominantly arising from technology push or from market pull?
(a) early motor cars
clocks that should announce in articulate speech the time for going home or going to meals;
the preservation of languages by exact reproduction of the manner of pronouncing;
educational purposes, such as preserving the explanations made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, and spelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for convenience in committing to memory;
connection with the telephone, so as to make that instrument an auxiliary in the transmission of permanent and invaluable records, instead of being the recipient of momentary and fleeting communication.
Music reproduction was ranked fourth because Edison thought this was a relatively trivial use of his invention. Even when he started production of phonographs on a commercial basis – after a 10-year diversion into developing and improving the electric light – he concentrated on selling it as a dictation machine, resisting efforts to market it for playing music. Other people saw and exploited the entertainment potential of Edison's invention and carried out improvements to the technology to make it an effective and attractive product. It was not until the mid-1890s, however, that the inventor himself came to accept that the primary use of this invention was for entertainment rather than as a useful piece of office equipment.
Sometimes the take-up of an invention is delayed by the non-availability of suitable materials to enable the invention to perform effectively or by the lack of development of a process technology to enable the efficient and cost-effective manufacture of the invention. For example Frank Whittle's turbojet engine patented in 1930 did not work efficiently until manufacturers developed a new nickel-chrome alloy to enable the turbine blades to withstand the high temperatures and stresses involved. And it could not be manufactured on an industrial scale until improvements had been made in metal processing and manufacture. This was not achieved on any significant scale until after the Second World War, more than 10 years after patenting. By this time Whittle had long since allowed his basic patent to lapse because his employers, the RAF, had little faith in the feasibility or potential of his invention in the early stages of its development.
Sometimes the obstacle is that the most appropriate application for a new technology hasn't yet been found. There are often a number of different uses to which any invention can be put. The first uses are not necessarily those for which an invention will eventually become known. The first steam engines were not for transportation but were used to pump water from mines. The most widespread application of the hovercraft principle is in hovering lawn mowers. Soft paper tissue was developed by Kimberley-Clark as a substitute for cotton wool as a medical dressing during the First World War. As a result of looking for new applications it was marketed as a make-up remover from 1924. It was only when users reported on its qualities for nose blowing that it was relaunched as Kleenex tissue handkerchief (
Figure 62
).
Figure 62 Originally used for medical dressings during the First World War, then for sanitary towels and then makeup removers, the use of paper tissue as a handkerchief took some time to evolve (Source: John Frost Newspaper Service)
Figure 62
17.2 Getting finance and organisational backing
Like talk, ideas are cheap. Even generating a prototype of an invention can be cheap compared with the resources needed to produce and market an innovation. The independent inventor or designer is likely to have to rely on family and friends for financial backing, particularly in the early stages. Seed capital is sometimes available in the form of innovation grants from government bodies, such as the Department for Trade and Industry in the UK, which offers development funding to individuals and small businesses. Eventually, however, most inventors need to access the sort of funds only a company or a venture capitalist can provide.
Some inventors decide to go into business for themselves because they distrust organisations or because they failed to persuade an organisation to take up their invention. The inventor of the Workmate portable workbench, Ron Hickman, was one such inventor-entrepreneur. Hickman had developed craft skills through 10 years of practical experience as a designer with Lotus cars. As mentioned in Part 1 he was also a do-it-yourself enthusiast who became dissatisfied with existing devices after damaging a chair that was being used to support a piece of wood he was sawing.
He designed and built a prototype of a combined workbench and sawhorse. After he found it to be unexpectedly useful, he developed it further and by 1968 he had the mark 1 Workmate design (
Figure 63
). Next he tried to persuade relevant organisations in the DIY field of the commercial potential of his idea. However none of them was willing to risk investing in a completely new product for which there was no clear demand, being an unusual hybrid of sawhorse, vice and workbench. In 1968 Stanley Tools estimated potential sales could be measured in ‘dozens rather than in hundreds’ – by 1981 the 10 millionth Workmate had been sold.
Figure 63 Mark 1 Workmate manufactured by Ron Hickman, 1968 (Source: Science & Society Picture Library)
Figure 63
Hickman, however, had confidence in his invention and decided to manufacture the product himself. By 1972 he had sold 25 000 Workmate benches by mail order. Existing manufacturers of DIY products began to take an interest, including Black & Decker, which had been among the companies offered a licence in 1968. In 1972 Black & Decker finally took a licence on the Workmate. Even then the story was not straightforward.
It still required the efforts of a key individual within Black & Decker (Walter Goldsmith, general manager) to champion the product and persuade others that investing in the Workmate was an economically sound idea. He was helped in this by Hickman's success up to that point, which demonstrated the existence of a market for this unique product. Hickman would certainly not have been able to achieve sales of 10 million units over that period had he continued on his own. It was only by handing over control of his innovation to a large organisation for production and further product development that mass-market sales were achieved for the Workmate (
Figures 64
Figure 64 Workmate 2, manufactured by Black & Decker (Source: DIY Photo Library)
Figure 64
Figure 65 Black & Decker's Wm675 Workmate, 2004 (Source: © Copyright Black and Decker Inc, Workbench, 2004; reproduced with permission)
Figure 65
To be fair, potential investors often have to make judgements about whether to support an invention on the evidence of early prototypes. Perhaps it is not surprising there are many examples of companies that have turned down what became highly successful and profitable inventions. With hindsight it is easy to scoff at such apparent blunders but the decisions were often made for entirely sensible reasons. The invention might have been outside the company's existing product range at a time when their existing products were selling well and profitably. Some organisations resist investing in ‘outside’ inventions but rather prefer to develop their own in-house ideas – this is known as the not-invented-here attitude. The production, marketing and commercialisation of an unproven new idea are likely to be costly and run the risk of failure.
It takes a certain amount of courage to decide that an invention does have potential, particularly on the evidence of a partially developed prototype. Sometimes it takes a small, new company with an informal organisational structure, entrepreneurial values and little to lose to risk bringing a new technology to the market place. I will say more on this when I deal with sustaining and disruptive innovations later in Part 3.
As writer Arthur C. Clarke said,
Every revolutionary idea … seems to evoke three stages of reaction. They may be summed up by the phrases:
It's completely impossible – don't waste my time.
It's possible, but it's not worth doing.
I said it was a good idea all along.
(Clarke, 1968)
17.3 Choosing appropriate materials and manufacturing process
The choice of materials and manufacturing process for a particular new product is an important aspect of the innovation process. It is not necessarily the case that the materials chosen for the early prototypes of an invention are those best suited for the larger-scale manufacture of the innovation. Choice of materials can affect the performance, quality and economic manufacture of most new products, so it's important to choose wisely.
While inventors and designers usually need to seek specialist assistance when it comes to choosing materials, it helps to inform their choices if they have a broad overview of the main types of material and their properties. Designers need to consider a range of materials properties:
performance – behaviour of the material in the finished product;
processing – behaviour of the material during manufacture;
economic – cost and availability of material;
aesthetic – appearance and texture of processed material.
Increasingly environmental impacts are playing a part in the choice of materials. These impacts include the energy consumed and pollution produced in the extraction and preprocessing of raw materials as well as their final processing into a product; and the effect of chosen materials on the life of the product; the potential for recycling and environmentally sound disposal at the end of the product's life. With all these factors to consider it's not surprising the final choice of materials for a new product is often a compromise, strongly influenced by the costs both of the material itself and of processing it.
Now watch the video The total beauty of sustainable products by clicking the link below.
Total beauty of sustainable products (10 minutes)
Beauty Video
Edwin Datschefski
This is the legacy that designers have left us with: a huge mish-mash of different types of materials and objects. We've got PVC, we've got metal, we've got concrete, we've got engine oil, we got vinyl from the backs of car seats. You couldn't make this up. It's a weird concoction and somewhere a designer hasn't specified what happens at the end of the life.
Narrator
There are millions of different products on the world market. But few, if any, have been designed to be truly sustainable.
Edwin Datschefski
What do we mean by sustainability? It's about people, planet and profits. People means we've got to have good communities and we've got to have good conditions for the workforce. It's about the planet, it's about environment and we've got to have environmental sustainability. And it's also about profits. None of this is any good if we go out of business. And designers have a big role to play.
Narrator
Edwin advocates the concept of Total Beauty, where products are designed to minimise negative environmental and social impacts. The concept is based on a set of five key principles.
Edwin Datschefski
So, why are sustainable products hard to find?
Edwin Datschefski
Companies would like to say: ‘Yes, we'll make a super-green product and consumers will buy it in their droves'.
Unfortunately, they rarely do because, to get a product like that, you're going to have some kind of performance change. And I say change with good reason: it's going to perform in a slightly different way at a slightly different price point to the products that the consumers are used to. So, unless they see a real clear benefit for themselves, green by itself is not enough to sell more product. This makes the designer's job especially hard so they have to make the product better, and better for the environment: better in terms of performance, price and environment all at the same time. Hey, well that's why we pay designers — they've got to do something for their money!
In the same way that inventors and designers need knowledge of the range of materials available, they equally need to know the strengths and limitations of a range of manufacturing processes. As with the choice of suitable materials for a product there will often be a number of feasible processes. The following are the different criteria that can be applied to identify an optimum process in a particular case.
Cost – the capital cost of new equipment, the cost of dedicated tools such as moulds, the labour costs of setting up and operating the process, and the assumed rate of depreciation for tools and equipment.
Cycle time – how long it takes to process one item (part, component or product).
Product quality – the standards required in terms of performance properties, surface finish and dimensional tolerances, and maintaining quality over time.
Flexibility – how easy it is to produce different designs on the same equipment.
Materials utilisation – the amount of waste material generated during processing.
The relative importance of these criteria will vary depending on the volume to be produced and on whether the products will be identical or the same equipment will be used to manufacture different designs.
The ability to design and make a new product to the optimum quality specifications at the lowest cost and in the shortest time has been the general goal of manufacturers since the start of the industrial revolution. The means by which this goal has been achieved have developed as materials, techniques and the organisation of production have evolved. Not only has the transformation of the manufacturing process enabled many inventions of increasing complexity to reach the market and become successful innovations, the manufacturing process itself has been the subject of much innovation.
In a number of the examples earlier in this unit you've seen that the development of most innovations includes significant reductions in cost, which make the product affordable by larger numbers of customers. (Examples include the BIC ballpoint pen, Edison's electric light and the electronic tagging of products.) Often this cost breakthrough is due to decisions made in the area of materials and manufacture. A new material might be used in the product that makes it easier and cheaper to manufacture (the use of plastic for the bodies of ballpoint pens); a new assembly process might be more efficient with fewer components and fewer stages (recall that the assembly of Edison's electric light was reduced from 200 to 20 steps and the labour time from 1 hour to 20 seconds); a new manufacturing process might become applicable to the production of an innovation (fluidic self-assembly allowing production of RFID tags on an industrial scale).
Further savings might be achieved by regularly reviewing the design and manufacturing process for a product and aiming where possible for simplification and integration. Can the product be redesigned with fewer parts? Can parts be designed to serve more than one function? Can a new or different principle be used? Can parts be redesigned for ease of fabrication? Can fasteners be eliminated or reduced by using tabs or snap-fits? Can a product be designed to use standard components?
The basis of mass production is the complete interchangeability of components and the simplicity of attaching them to each other. With this increasing reliance on interchangeability in a world dependent on mass-produced products, it becomes more important than ever to know that products are being manufactured accurately to common standards and that their performance can be relied on.
Standards are another key component of the innovation process, providing guidance to the manufacturer on the expected quality and performance of a new product or process. And standards reassure the user that the product has been well tested before being launched onto the market. (See
Section 3: 1.4
.)
17.4 Standards and their role in innovation
Standards were originally related to units of measurement. The first ‘standard’ was the Egyptian royal cubit, which was made of black granite and was said to be equivalent to the length of the Pharoah's forearm and hand. This was also subdivided into finger, palm and hand widths – one ‘small cubit’ was equivalent to six palms. But because the human forearm was the master reference this meant that the cubit varied in different parts of the world. Over thousands of years agreement over units of measurement gradually spread. It was really industrialisation that brought a pressing need for better standards of measurement, both for parts of products and for manufacturing processes.
Essentially the incentive to standardise was economic. Standardised parts and methods of production meant that products could be made more accurately and efficiently, and the user could rely on their quality and performance with greater confidence. Furthermore maintenance and repair could be carried out more easily and cheaply by the replacement of one standardised part with another.
An early set of standards for the manufacture of a product were established in connection with steam boilers. Victorian engineers produced boilers of various shapes and sizes and therefore different performance characteristics. This resulted in uncertainty over how a particular boiler would perform and there were many boiler explosions and some deaths. There was pressure from insurance companies to reduce such risks by persuading engineers to conform to given standards for the manufacture of boilers and insurance cover was made conditional on compliance with manufacturing standards.
In 1901 the institutes for civil engineers, mechanical engineers, naval architects and the iron and steel industries formed a committee with the remit to standardise iron and steel sections for bridges, railways and shipping. One of the first standards was for tram rails, which led to a reduction in the number of different rails manufactured from 75 to 5. During the First World War standards were established that enabled aircraft to be made faster and that resulted in more reliable aircraft. In 1929 the standards committee became the British Engineering Standards Association and was granted a royal charter. Then in 1930 the association became the British Standards Institution (BSI) with a brief to oversee the establishing of national standards for the manufacture of a range of products. During the Second World War the standards for the manufacture of tins saved 40 000 tonnes of steel a year.
In 1947 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded to establish international standards for a wide range of industrial products.
Nowadays standards are agreed by committees drawn from government departments, research organisations, manufacturers and users. And standards aren't fixed but evolve to reflect changes in technology and society. By 2003 there were more than 14 000 international standards applying to film speeds, paper sizes, the dimensions of credit cards and the symbols on car dashboards. In the same year there were over 20 000 active British standards (1400 new standards were agreed in 2002 alone). As well as products, standards are developed to apply to ways of doing things – for example, the ISO 14000 series of international environmental management standards. Along with the information contained in patents, standards also represent a repository of know-how collected from wide experience of using products and processes. Some products in different countries nowadays are required by law to be tested against particular safety and performance standards before they can be offered for sale to the market. In the UK these include smoke alarms, emergency lighting, baby's dummies, fire extinguishers and fireworks. There are also many voluntary standards agreed upon by industries and trade associations because such standards can lead to more cost-effective production and maintenance, as well as greater customer confidence in the products concerned. For example the British Standard document (BS 1363:1995) for 13-amp fused plugs, socket-outlets, adaptors and connection units consists of four separate documents that specify the design, construction and performance characteristics of each product's components and details on how to test a new product design for compliance with the standard (
Figure 66
). The BSI Kitemark (itself a trade mark) shows that a product was initially tested and is regularly tested against appropriate standards. It has become a symbol of safety and quality for any product that carries it. Recently much effort has been devoted to agreeing standards for Europe's electrical plugs and sockets, so far without success.
Figure 66 Extracts from British Standard BS 1363:Part 2:1995 (Source: BSI)
Figure 66
Increasingly the acceptance of certain standards, such as for the audio cassette in the 1960s and the compact disc in the 1980s, has helped manufacturers to avoid wasteful duplication. But in the past any agreement on standards has usually come only after a period of intense rivalry between manufacturers striving to have their technology accepted as the standard. Such confrontations have sometimes been so intense that they have been labelled ‘format wars’. A classic example was the struggle between consumer electronics companies Sony and JVC for the video recording standard – Sony promoted the Betamax format and JVC the VHS format. Such battles can be fierce because the economic rewards of having a company's technology established as the international standard are enormous – just as the wasted production, development and marketing costs for the loser might be financially disastrous. Increasingly nowadays, however, much effort is devoted by groups of manufacturers, before expenditure on innovation has gone too far, to agree international standards and save themselves the expense of a format struggle. However innovation history has a habit of repeating itself. In 2003 two major groups of companies were lined up behind different standards for recordable DVDs. Hitachi, Panasonic, and Samsung supported DVD- (DVD minus) while Sony and Philips were behind the DVD+ (DVD plus) format. By the time you read this a common standard may (or may not) have been agreed. You may well be aware of more recent examples of such conflicts.
For more information on British and international standards you could visit the BSI and ISO websites.
Activity 13
Figure 69 Hoover Keymatic washing machine, 1963 (Source: Science & Society Picture Library)
Figure 69
18.2.2 Compatibility
An innovation that is compatible with the experiences, values and needs of its potential buyers will be adopted more rapidly than one that isn't compatible. For example mobile phones have spread rapidly because they are compatible with social and cultural trends towards faster communications, increased personal mobility and the desirability of high-tech gadgets. However the car seat belt, patented in 1903, wasn't adopted on any significant scale until the 1970s (
Figure 70
). It took decades of increasing traffic and growing casualties in road accidents for safety to become a pressing concern, government to pass legislation and the seat belt to become a newly compatible innovation.
Figure 70 Motor magazine in 1960 advertises the car seat belt (Source: John Frost Historical Newspaper Service)
Figure 70
18.2.3 Complexity
If an innovation is perceived as difficult to use it will diffuse more slowly than one that is easy to understand. For example users of early personal computers needed an understanding of a programming language in order to use their machines. For most potential PC users this made the innovation too complex to consider buying. Then a graphical user interface was developed and incorporated by Apple Computer into the Lisa computer in 1983 (
Figure 71
) and more successfully into the Macintosh computer in 1984. Users could control their computer by using a mouse to point at visible icons on a virtual desktop and software became simpler to use. This approach was taken up by newly emerging PC manufacturers and the rate of diffusion of the personal computer increased. Of course, other factors contributed to the spread of the PC, such as falling cost, improved performance and more powerful software, but reduced complexity for users was a significant factor.
Figure 71 Apple Lisa launched in 1983 with the screen showing the graphical user interface (Source: courtesy of Apple Computer Inc)
Figure 71
18.2.4 Observability
The easier it is for people to see an innovation being used the more likely they are to consider buying it themselves. Examples include types of motor car, mobile phones and computers. Less obviously, products such as solar panels in domestic housing can sometimes be found in clusters on a housing estate (
Figure 72
). Innovations that are harder to see tend to diffuse more slowly, though there may well be other factors involved.
Figure 72 Making solar energy more observable – solar panels on the roof of terraced houses (Source: Science Photo Library)
Figure 72
18.2.5 Trialability
It helps to be able to try innovations before buying. While this isn't common for most innovations it can reduce any uncertainty the buyer might have about committing to a purchase and can increase the speed of diffusion. Buying a car usually involves a test drive that, although it probably isn't a fair reflection of the range of conditions under which the product will eventually be used, is better than nothing.
18.2.6 Encouraging diffusion
In general, innovations that are perceived as having relative advantages, being more compatible, less complex, observable, and trialable will diffuse more rapidly than other innovations.
18.3 Characteristics of consumers and the market
As well as the characteristics of an innovation affecting the extent of its take-up, the nature of the market and the purchasing behaviour of consumers can influence success. Some people will always try to be among the first to buy a new product – Rogers (2003) calls people in this group innovators (
Figure 73
). They are typically young, affluent, well-informed, receptive to new ideas and willing to take risks. You probably know people who always seem to buy the latest gadget – it might even apply to you.
Figure 73 Rogers’ diffusion curve showing five groups of consumer in relation to product diffusion
Figure 73
The innovator group and the next group, called early adopters, are often targeted by a company's launch publicity. However these first two groups are more often influenced by information gathered from friends and colleagues and from reviews of new products in the technical press, specialised publications and the internet.
To the frustration of everyone involved with producing innovations, the majority of consumers are more cautious and inclined to wait to see a product established with any performance problems solved. Rogers calls this group the early majority and it is the target of intensive advertising campaigns to increase the rate of a new product's diffusion.
People's reticence is understandable, particularly with rapidly changing high-tech products. Who wants to be stuck with the latest equivalent of an eight-track audio cartridge or a Betamax video recorder?
Even more cautious consumers make up the group called the late majority, which tends to wait for the fall in price typical of mature products. The early and late majority tend to rely on the media and advertising for picking up information about a product.
Finally those in the laggards group buy a product close to the end of its life cycle, often shortly before it is replaced by a new, improved version of itself, or by something quite different. These last two consumer groups can also have economic reasons for delaying purchase.
There is also the question of timing. You saw above that some inventions can emerge before their time when the technology isn't sufficiently developed to deliver a reliable product. In other cases though, the inventive idea itself is okay and early products are satisfactory but it doesn't take off because the need for it is not yet established.
There have been a number of attempts to establish a market for the videophone over the last 50 years, with ever-increasing amounts of resources involved. In 2002 a few companies paid a staggering amount of money to acquire the operating licences for the so-called third generation of mobile telephony including video (£22 billion in the UK alone). Despite an intensive marketing campaign some mobile phone companies had only achieved around a tenth of their targeted market by 2004 and were nowhere near recouping the cost of the operating licence. (See
Box 8
.) Compared with the videophone, the relatively simple second generation technology of short message service (text messaging) clearly tapped into a need that mobile users had. By May 2002, 24 billion text messages were being sent each month and operators were getting from 10–20 per cent of their profits from text messaging.
Box 8 Diffusion of the videophone
The first experimental two-way videophone system was demonstrated in 1930 and linked the AT&T head office with its research department, which was called Bell Labs. In 1956 Bell Labs demonstrated its Picturephone system, which needed to use up to 125 telephone lines to achieve a reasonable picture. By 1968 Bell had improved the technology so that it would work with a relatively narrow bandwidth and finally the Picturephone video telephone was introduced by Bell Labs as a commercial product in 1971.
The Picturephone was thought by many inside Bell Labs to be an example of a perfect innovation. It had overcome significant technical obstacles yet still met its production schedule and cost objectives. Market research had predicted slow acceptance followed by rapid growth. It was, however, a costly flop. Reasons suggested for its failure include high cost (rental of $125 per month) or that it was black and white at a time when consumers in the US were getting used to colour TV. Fundamentally though it failed because the market was not ready for it – some said it didn't offer enough of a competitive advantage over the telephone to justify its intrusiveness.
Meanwhile further technical developments in the videophone continued, particularly in Japan (
Figure 74
). By the mid-1990s videophones had been made more efficient by the development of data compression technology and once more were being offered for sale. Also at that time video links between personal computers were starting to become more common, exposing an increasing number of people to the idea of two-way visual communication. A new need was in the process of being cultivated, with huge rewards for the leading producers once a mass market could be established.
Figure 74Different generations of videophone. (a) Japanese TV telephone, the model 500 Viewphone, 1954 Source: Hulton Archive. (b) Post Office video telephone, 1967 Source: courtesy of BT Archives. (c) British Telecom videophone, 2002 Source: courtesy of BT (UK) Ltd. (d) NEC third generation video mobile phone, 2003 Source: NEC 2001–2004, courtesy of NEC (UK) Ltd.
Figure 74
In recent years it seemed the mass market would be established with so-called third generation mobile telephony (
Figure 74
). This technology included the capacity for high-speed data exchange, mobile internet access and video streaming. The first licences for such services were awarded in 2002 but once again the market has been relatively slow to take up video telephony.
Of course in terms of the innovation process for third generation mobile telephony it's early days to be passing a judgement that the need doesn't exist on a sufficiently large scale or can't be encouraged to grow. Operators have had to cope with the teething troubles of an untried technology standard (imposed by European governments to ensure cross-border compatibility); colour screens and more ambitious operating requirements mean shorter battery lives; and purchase and service rental costs have been high, as they always are with a new technology and a small initial market. A common pattern would be for some of the early operators to withdraw from the market before the technology is improved, the need increases and the product becomes profitable and diffuses.
The diffusion of some innovations is encouraged by an existing infrastructure. The rapid spread of the telegraph was made possible because it was easy to string its wires alongside railway tracks, which provided a ready-made link between towns and cities. The telephone in turn was able to start by making use of the telegraph network, although it had to add many extra elements such as links to individual homes. You saw in Part 1 how the development of the modern business corporation created the need for inventions such as the typewriter and the telephone to improve the speed and efficiency of communications.
Some inventions rely for their diffusion on developments in related technological innovations or systems. A method of audio compression known as MP3 was originally developed as part of the system used for high-definition TV transmission and digital satellite systems. MP3 is a standard (see
Section 3: 1.4
) that is part of a set published by the Motion Picture Experts Group. By ignoring audio content outside of the range of frequencies normally audible to humans, MPEG compression produces sound quality that is good enough and it results in a file of digital audio that is much smaller than previous sound files.
MP3 players started appearing in the early 1990s as separate audio players but didn't arouse much interest. The need for personal, portable audio was met at the time by cassette players and, increasingly through the 1990s, CD players. It took innovation in other areas to create the conditions that led to a growing interest in MP3 innovations. These areas included the increasing access to personal computers, the growth of the internet, the improvement in storage capacity of digital devices and the development of file-sharing software (see
Section 3: 2.4
of this unit. What is it?
Section 1: 1.1
notes that the early ballpoint pens were on sale for approximately half the weekly wage of the time. A key contribution to this product made by Baron Bich was to develop a manufacturing process capable of reducing production costs and sales price significantly. The BIC disposable ballpoint pen now costs a few pence.
SAQ 9
Rogers gives five characteristics of an innovation that affect how well it will sell and how quickly it will diffuse. Briefly use these characteristics to explain the rapid diffusion of the mobile phone.
Relative advantage. The main competitive advantage of the mobile phone is its very mobility. It freed people from having to find a public phone if they needed to make a call when travelling. This proved an attractive feature to business people and also for use in emergencies. As the network spread to near universal coverage (in the UK) the relative advantage increased. For some people cost, compared with landline telephones, is a factor preventing even more rapid diffusion.
Compatibility. Mobile phones fulfilled people's need for rapid and instant communication, at first for business then increasingly for social purposes. They were also compatible with the image of the use of technical gadgets reflecting the modernity of the user. Resistance to purchase comes from those who don't find this image attractive and find the mobile phone intrusive – they'd rather keep the world at bay.
Complexity. Mobile phones are relatively easy to understand and use for those who are familiar with and confident users of technological gadgets. This explains the high take up among young users. As the technology has developed some mobiles are getting more complex in terms of their functions, but with the aid of good design they are easy enough to operate. Some people won't buy a mobile because they see them as complex devices.
Observability. The extent to which mobile phones can be seen being used by others has certainly been a factor in their diffusion. They are observable products, being used in public more often than most innovations. Once again this very observability has probably led to some resistance from potential buyers.
Trialability. As with many new products, the extent to which mobile phones can be tried out before purchase is limited. Apart from an in-store demonstration, borrowing someone's mobile for a call might be the only opportunity to try the product before purchase. Once tied into a contract users can change to a different mobile handset, but trialability doesn't seem to have been a significant factor in the diffusion of the mobile phone.
SAQ 10
| Lawn mower |
Which actress was married to Orson Welles from 1943 to 1948 ? | ��ࡱ� > �� & ���� B � ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������) ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A C ����D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � R �������� � F }�s���' � W o r k b o o k �������� 2B S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� � D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ � >� � �� � \ p Philippe LeBel B �a = � � � = T� �;(#8 � @ � " � � 1 � �� H e l v 1 � �� H e l v 1 � �� H e l v 1 � �� H e l v 1 � �� H e l v 1 � � H e l v 1 � � H e l v "$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\) ! "$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\) " "$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\) ' " "$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\) 7 * 2 _("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_) . ) ) _(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_) ? , : _("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_) 6 + 1 _(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)� �� � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � + �� � � � ) �� � � � , �� � � � * �� � � � �� � � � # � � " � � @ @ � � # 0@ @ � � ! � � # � � ! � � ! � � (" � � # 8 " � � " 8 " � � @ � � # 0@ � � " 8"@ @ � � " 8" @ � � " � � � � " @ � � # 0!@ @ � � "@ @ � � # 0!@ � � "@ @ � � # 0!@ @ � � ("@ @ � � ("@ @ � � # 8 " � � # 8@ @ � � "@ � � ��� ��� ��� ��� � �� ��` � �L Sheet1� 8@ Sheet2� 5A Sheet3� � � O This discovery caused Albert Einstein to encourage the U.S. to develop its own. Nuclear reactor Enrico Fermif Fermi's development of a nuclear reactor as part of the "Manhattan project" was crucial to war efforts Ball point pen Lazlo Biro Argentina- Can't believe we ever got along without this. Quantum mechanics# Werner Heisenberg, Erin Schrodinger< The foundation for practical advances in nuclear technology Quarks. Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard TaylorH Quarks (from James Joyce) represent a building block in particle physics Quasars Marten SchmidtK Quasars represented a major advance in our understanding of energy in space Sir Robert Watson-Watt` Watson-Watt's innovation helped England to maintain the edge in the air war with Germany in 1940 AM radio Edwin H. Armstrongg Armstrong's regenerative circuit build on Lee de Forest's triode tube, and Fleming's vacuum tube (U.K.) FM radio EdwinH. ArmstrongS FM radio became popular in the U.S. only after WW II, first in homes, then in cars. Radio carbon dating Willard F. Libby, et.al.Y Radio carbon dating became an important advance in adding precision to fossil measurement! Alpha and bedta particle radition3 This built on Roentgen's (1895) discovery of x-rays Pierre Curie Gamma particle radiation Paul Ulrich VillardI Gamma radiation added further to completing the spectrum of radioactivity Electric compressor refrigerator The Domelse[ Electric refrigeration first arose for storage and transporting meat products from Chicago. Richter scale Charles F. Richter Liquid fuel rocket Robert Goddard\ Goddard's advances were later surpassed by the Germans under Werner von Braun in the 1930's. Sulfa anti-bacterial drugs Gerhard Domagk% The basis of modern anti-biotic drugs Superconductivity Bardeen, Cooper, ScheifferN At this stage just a concept, but which would translate into later experiments Symbolic logic( Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell7 Modern mathematics would never have gone far without it Motorized armored tank Sir Ernest Swintonc Tank warfare emerged in WWI, but changed rapidly in WWII with advances in motors, mounts, and armor Dupont Corporationg Dupont's invention would later become useful in developing bullet-proof vests, cooking utensils, et.al. Tractor Benjamin Holt\ Early tractors were often steam,then came gasoline and diesel models that were more reliable Video disk technologyk Phillips' innovation did not succeed well, especially as VCR technology took hold; 1990's laserdisks return XerographyJ Carlson's invention would take several years to reach commercial viability Gen. Theory of Emp.,Int.,&Money Srce:< Inventions, Innovations, and Events of the Twentieth CenturyI Scotland medical specialist produces first animal clone, Dolly the sheep." South Africa accepts majority rule Patrice Lumumba assassinated Zinjanthropus discovered Tanzania Mary LeakeyR At 1,950,000 years, Zinjanthropus represented an important link in human evolution# The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show Homo Habilis6 New discovery dates human fossils at 2.4 million years Nikita Khruschev; JF Kennedy Louis Leakey Discovery of "Lucy" Donald Johansen U.S., EthiopiaG Discovery of "Lucy" fossil places human record at over 3 million years.# Union Carbide toxic deaths in India Ardipithecus ramidus Ethiopia] Oldest known human ancestor, with chipanzee-like skull, estimated to be 4.4 million years old$ Compact Digital recording technology RCA Corporation" Falling Water house, Bear Run, Pa. Air conditioning Willis CarrierV For many years too expensive for widespread use; greater household adoption after WWII Aqualung# Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile GagnanO Developed first for naval frogmen forces, later for civilian and commercial use Car radio3 William Lear, Elmer Wavering, "Motorola" Galbin Co.R Only a.m. in the early versions, and even then there were not that many stations. Oral contraceptive; Gregory Pincus, Min Church Change, John Rock, Carl DjerassiS The "pill" did not yet bring on the sexual revolution; the 1960s took care of that.g Nov. 1, 1952, "Mike" Enewetok Atoll explosion in the Marshall Islands, 10.4 Mtons, 700 times Hiroshima Fiber optics Narinder Kapanyf Fiber optics would later become critical to the spread of digital computer technology and the internet Human gene transfer7 Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French AndersonX Gene transfer becomes a critical link in establishing new therapies against old diseases Gyrocompass Elmer A. SperryH Gyrocompass technology becomes critical to aviation and ship navigation. Double rotor helicopter Heinrich Focke\ Double rotor helicopter technology becomes important later, with little application in WWII. Single rotor helicopter Holograph Dennis GaborO Holography has slowly made its way in commercial products, mostly as a novelty. Interferon Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann U.K., Switzerland> Interferon becomes a major tool in treating infectious disease Isotope Frederick Soddy_ Soddy was the first to conceive of isotopes; Francis Ashton proved them by spectography in 1919T Whittle's invention was first applied by the Germans with the Henkel HE 178 in 1939. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Hoffmann-La RocheK LCD technology would later surpass LED technology as far cheaper to produce Measles vaccine John F. Enders, Thomas PeeblesR Measles vacinations have made dramatic reductions in the incidence of this disease+ John Randall and H.A.H. Boot; Percy Spencer U.K., U.S.. Al Jolson, in the Jazz Singer, Warner Brothers Neutron James ChadwickE Neutrons became crucial to the development of nuclear bomb technology Nuclear fission Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmannl Videotape shows police beating of minority motorist in Los Angeles, generating racial tensions and inquiries Iraq accepts weapons monitoring Iraq, UNO Iraqi acceptance of UN terms begins arms inspections, some movement on autonomy Maastricht Treatyc Maastricht Treaty of 1992 ratified, replacing Common Market with European Community, new governance_ South Africa ratifies majority rule constitution in further step toward multi-racial governance# Nelson Mandela becomes SA Presidentb Nelson Mandela elected president of new South Africa with broad popular support at home and abroad O.J. Simpson arrestedo O.J.Simpson arrested in death of wife, family friend, eventually tried, freed on criminal but not civil charges Israel and Jordan make peace Israel, Jordane Israel and Jordan sign peace treaty, establish diplomatic relations following accords on Palestinians Reagan speech on Alzheimer's\ Former President Ronald Reagan makes retirement speech announcing he has Alzheimer's disease$ Russian army attacks Chechnia forces Russian federation1 Russian military opposes independence of Chechnya" U.S. $20 billion bailout to Mexico U.S., Mexicoe Mexican financial crisisof 1994 produces devaluation, inflation, and U.S. intervenes with aid package% Cult leader kills Tokyo subway ridersT Japanese cult leader kills 8 in sarin gas attack on Tokyo subway, thousands injured.# Blast kills dozens in Oklahoma Citye Timothy McVeigh arrested following explosion killing dozens at U.S. federal building in Oklahoma City" Super 301 trade sanctions on Japan U.S., Japan\ Rising U.S. dollar and decline in Japanese economy feed trade deficit, leading to sanctions. Death toll at 2,000 in Rwanda Rwandao Hutu and Tutsi involved in massacres as part of erupting civil war, anticipating invasion of Zaire after Mobutu Million Man March in Washington Louis Farrakhane Louis Farrakhan organizes march of over 100,000 African-American men in Washington to reclaim dignity% Israeli Primary Minister Rabin killedB Jewish extremist assassinates Israeli Prime Minister Yithzak Rabin Nigeria hangs rights advocatesf Nigerian hanging brings world protests as military government continues in power accused of corruption# Bosnia Peace Treaty on independence BosniaP Bosnia signs peace treaty with Yugos< lav forces, achieving political independence France ends nuclear testsE Following Pacific atoll test, France announces end of nuclear testing Suicide bombers in Israel[ Suicide bombers kill 59 in Israel, stiffening opposition to reform by PM Benyamin Netanyahu# Truck bomb kills 19 in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia1 Truck bomb kills 19 U.S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia" TWA flight 800 crashes in AtlanticT TWA flight 800 explosion kills 230, terrorism suspected by later debated via inquiry Iraqis attack Kurds Iraq@ Iraqi attack on Kurds leads to U.S. airstrikes over no-fly zone. Fundamentalists take Afghanistan AfghanistanO Fundamentalists overthrow former Communist regime in Kabul, proclaim Sharia law Dow Jones passes 6,000 level4 Fundamentals continue to drive the U.S. stock market" U.S. supports relief plan on HutusZ U.S. supports Canadian relief plan for UN support of Hutu refugees living in eastern Zaire# Koffi Annan selected as UN Sec.Gen. UNK Ghanaian Koffi Anan replaces Boutros Boutros Ghali as UN Secretary General. Ella Fitzgerald diesJ Jazz Singer Ella Fitzgerald defined much of 20th century jazz vocal style. Genetically engineered sheepi Gorbachev becomes USSR president, following political reform, pursuit of glasnost and perestroika reformsI Q V a ! Exxon Valdez spills oil in Alaskaf 11 million gallons of crude oil spill into Prince William sound, killing wildlife, cleanup takes years# Oliver North sentence inIran-Contra: Oliver North convicted and sentenced in Iran-Contra affaira Chinese leaders kill thousands involved in protests, all while continuing market oriented reforms$ P.W. Botha quits S.Africa presidencyf This marks the first step in a political transition involving the bringing of Nelson Mandela to power. Sharpeville massacreq Police kill 12 protesters in Sharpeville, South Africa in effort to maintain apartheid, precipitating ANC warfare Nelson Mandela arrestedP Nelson Mandela arrested, sentenced to prison in Robbin Island, eventually freed. Berlin wall is taken down` Thismarks the end of the Soviet Union and the subsequent re-unification of East and West Germany" Czech and Romanian revolts succeed Czechoslovakia,RomaniaU Czechoslovakia and Romania overturn their Communist governments and engage in reforms U.S. invades Panama U.S., Panamaa U.S. invades Panama seeking dictator Manuel Noriega, who turns himself in to U.S. forces in 1990. Yugoslavia rejects communism$ Soviet Union ends Communist monopoly Yugoslaviab Yugoslavia ends communist rule, sets stage for re-Balkanization, re-emergence of ethnicl conflicts4 A critical turning point in ending the Soviet Union. Official end of the Cold War USSR, US^ USSR and US consider ways of establishing military cooperation for continental security issues Iraq invades Kuwait Iraq, Kuwait` Iraq lays claim to Kuwait, sends in military force to take over country, sets stage for Gulf War Germany re-unitedT Folllowing dismantling of Berlin Wall, end of Cold War, East and West Germany unite. Persian Gulf war Iraq, UN forcesg UN force defeats Iraqi forces, begins process of airspace control, embargo on Iraq, weapons inspections Albania rejects communism Albania> Albania rejects communist government, begins political reforms Jiang Qing commits suicided Mao Tse Tung's widow commits suicide in Beijing following continuing accusations regarding Gang of 4 South Africa rejects apartheidW South African parliament repeals apartheid laws, sets stage for multi-racial government Boris Yeltsin elected Russian RepublicE Boris Yeltsin elected first president of post-Soviet Russian Republic Baltic states become independent Estonia,Latvia,Lithuaniab Baltic states, taken over by Stalin in 1940, become independent once again as non-communist states Collapse of Soviet Union2 Mikhael Gorbachev resigns, Soviet Union dissolves. NAFTA established Canada,Mexico,U.S.Z NorthAmerican Free Trade Association established with goal of greater economic integration U.S. signs SALT II treaty U.S., Russian FederationJ SALT II ratification sets stage for continuing arms reduction negotiations U.S. military leaves Philippines Philippines, U.S.m U.S. military leaves Philippines, ending nearly 100 years of military presence, following 1898 war with Spain Czechoslovakia votes to split Czech and Slovak Republics\ Split of Czechoslovakia is a peaceful separation, based partly on leadership of Vaclav Havel US provides relief to Bosnia U.S., Bosniag Bosnia secessionist move from Yugoslva meets strong Serbian resistance, leading to outside intervention L.A. police beat Rodney King( Italy ends Catholicism as state religionQ Italy signs agreement with Vatican ending Catholicism as official state religion. Assassination of Indira Gandhi Sikh bodyguardsP Assassination of Indira Gandhi results in riots, succession by son Rajiv Gandhi. Union CarbideG Union Carbide's plant leak in Bhopal kills 2000, injures 150,000 others Death of Constantin ChernenkoX Chernenko's death results in assumption of power by Mikhael Gorbachev, Russian reformer.$ PLO hijack Achille Lauro cruise ship PLOi PLO hijack cruise ship Achille Lauro, kill American Leon Klinghoffer because he is Jewish, outrage ensues Spain & Portugal join EU9 Common Market expands with addition of Spain and Portugal Shi'ite hijacking in Athens Hezbollah- Shi'ite militants hijack TWA plane in Athens. Voyager 2 photos of Uranus= U.S. unmanned space program continues to explore solar system Marcos, Duvalier flee Philippines, Haitif In unrelated events, Ferdinand Marcos steps down in Philippines, as does Jean Claude Duvalier in Haiti Swedish P.M. Olof Palme killed_ Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme of Sweden is assassinated in Stockholm, no one ever arrested." Kurt Waldheim's Nazi past revealed\ UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim's Nazi past revealed by investigators, resignation ensues% Jonathan Pollard sentenced for spying[ Jonathan Pollard charged, sentenced, and imprisoned on charges of spying for Israel in U.S. Iraq-Iran war Iraq, Irank War breaks out between Iraq and Iran over control of the Persian Gulf, Shi'ite versus Sunni Islam in region# Iraqi missiles kill 37 on USS Stark Iraq, U.S.m Iraqi French-built exocet missiles,kind used by Argentina in Falklands, kills 37 on USS Stark in Persian Gulf Klaus Barbie sentence in FranceD Former Nazi Gestapo chief in Lyons sentenced to life for war crimes. Reagan accepts Iran-Contra roled President Reagan accepts responsibility for arms deal designed to support Contra forces in Nicaragua! U.S. shoots down Iranian airliner` U.S. kills 290 Iranians in mistaken shooting of an Iranian civilian airliner, offer reparations. Pakistani President killed Pakistana Bomb explodes on plane, killing Pakistani President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq; Benazir Bhutto appointed Toni Morrison wins Pulizter[ Toni Morrison wins Pulitzer Prize for novel Beloved, later made into less successful movie., 3 ' Pan Am Flight 103 explodes in Lockerbie Scotland\ Pan Am flight 103 explodes in Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 103; Libyan terrorists suspected. Halley's Comet flies by worldS Halley's comet, last seen in 1910, flies by and is inspected closely by scientists. Death of Emperor HirohitoC Japanese Emperor Hirohito dies, is succeeded by son Prince Akihito. June 4 Tiananmen massacre Fatwah placed on Salman Rushdief Ayatollah Khomeini issues fatwah, calling for death of Salman Rushdie, for his book The Satanic VersesT U.S. planes attack Libyaj U.S. planes attack suspected terrorist sites in Libya, incident later linked to Lockerbie Pan Am explosion# Mikhael Gorbachev becomes President_ Israeli commandos liberate 103 prisoners hijacked on Air France flight by Arab terrorist group.! Israeli commandos move on Entebbe" Junta abolishes monarchy in Greece Greece Papadopoulosj G r e e k m i l i t a r y a b o l i s h e s m o n a r c h y , e s t a b l i s h e s r e p u b l i c , m a i n t a i n s m i l i t a r y p o w e r b e h i n d r e p u b l i c a n < fa�ade Bombing in Cambodia ends_ U.S. air force ends bombing of Cambodia after efforts to interdict Vietcong supply routes fail. Tet offensive Ho Chi Minh, Ngo Giap Vietnama Vietcong offensive compares to Dien Bien Phu in terms of demoralizing U.S. & S.Vietnam resistance# Gt. Britain, Ireland, Denmark in EU U.K.,Ireland,Denmarke U.K.,Ireland,and Denmark entry into Common Market symbolizes decline of EFTA, growth of European Mkt.h October war between Israel and Arabs on Yom Kippur produces OPEC oil embargo, quadrupling of oil prices.# Outbreak of "Legionnaire's Disease"l Outbreak in Philadelphia eventually kills 29 legionnaires, cause of which eventually identified as bacteria. Death of Mao Tse Tungi Death of Mao Tse Tung in Beijing results in purge of "gang of 4", rise to power of Deng Xiaoping, reforms Ian D.Smith, et.al. Abduction, death of Aldo Moro Italian terrorists= Terrorists abduct then kill Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. Panama Canal resolutionL U.S. agrees to turn over to Panama sovereignty of Panama Canal by year 2000. Camp David Accord Signed) Anwar Sadat, Menachim Begin, Jimmy Carter Egypt, Israel, U.S.b Egypt and Israel sign accord paving way for diplomatic relations, return of Sinai, related issues. Ayatollah Khomeini assumes power Ruhollah Khomeini Iranh Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini takes over Iran as Shah resigns due to ill health, begins Iranian revolution SALT II agreement signed Jimmy Carter, Leonid Brezhnev^ SALT II accords provide for mutual reductions in nuclear weapons, basis for later negotiations" Sandanistas take over in Nicaragua Nicaraguah Sandanista government takes over in Nicaragua, allies with Cuba in opposition to U.S. presence in region$ Iranian militants seize U.S. embassy Ayatollah Khomeinii Militants' seizure of U.S. embassy and personnel marks rapid decline in U.S.-Iran relations for two years Russian invasion in AfghanistanU Russian invasion in Afghanistan produces U.S. embargo, decline in U.S.-USSR relations John Lennon assassinatedf Beatle singer John Lennon's death marks end of an era, fission in music styles already well under way.# Helicopter mission in Teheran failsZ Jimmy Carter's authorization of a helicopter lift to release U.S. embassy personnel fails.& British defeat Argentines in Falklands Margaret Thatcher, et.al.` British forces thwart Argentine armed occupation of Falklands/Malvinas, restore U.K. sovereignty Israeli forces invade Lebanon Ariel Sharon_ Israeli forces invade Lebanon; Lebanese Christian Phalangists massacre hundreds of Palestinians Leonid Brezhnev diesb Death of Brezhnev later results in rise of Mikhael Gorbachev, who begins reform that ends the USSR Space shuttle ChallengerN Space shuttle provides savings on manned space flights, later brings disaster. Astronaut Sally Ride; Sally Ride becomes first woman astronaut to ride in shuttle% Russians shoot down S.Korean airliner_ Suspecting airspace violation, Russians shoot down KAL 007, killing 269, including 61 Americans Bell System broken up Harold GreeneR Judge Harold Greene presides over breakup of AT&T into parent company,7 baby bells[ U.S. Supreme Court authorizes use of busing to achieve racial desegration in public schools Rosa Parks bus protest Rosa Parks` Rosa Parks refuses to change seat on bus because she is Black, spurs civil rights demonstrations Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Tennessee Williams. Tennessee Williams' play wins a Pulitzer prize' Hillary & Torgay at Mt. Everest summit! Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay? The first known human ascent to the top of Mt. Everest in Nepal New Zealand, Nepal Cease fire in Palestine Israel, Egypt, Jordand Cease fire ends war against Israel, thousands of Palestinians go into exile in Gaza strip, West Bank Korean armistice N.,S.Korea,U.S.j Armistice ends war between North and South Korea; no peace treaty signed; tensions continue over the years! U-2 spyplane shot down by Sovietsh U.S. spy pilot Gary Francis Powers is captured by Russians, Cold War deepens, is freed later on exchange SEATO created U.S., et.al.X Eight-nation mutual defense pact created as counterweight to mainland China, North Korea! Bergman produces The Seventh Seal Ingmar BergmanZ Ingmar Bergman produces a series of brooding and lyrical films through parable and reality Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated CIAl U.S. sponsors assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem in effort to create stronger anti-communist regime in S.Vietnam Overthrow of Mossadegh regime U.S., Iran` U.S. CIA sponsors overthrow of regime of Mohamed Mossadegh of Iran,brings Shah of Iran to power. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution U.S. Congressh U.S. Congress passes resolution authorizing use of force to counter "attacks" on U.S. navy in S. Vietnam' National Guard in Little Rock, Arkansas! Orville Faubus, Dwight Eisenhowere President Eisenhower authorizes National Guard to protect school desegration in Little Rock, Arkansas "This Land is Your Land" song Woodie GuthrieX Woody Guthrie's song symbolizes civil rights equality, later kept popular by Pete Seeger CIA, Belgian forces U.S., Belgium] Leftist premier Patrice Lumumba is assassinated, precipitating further civil war in the Congo Coup d'�tat in Congo Joseph D. Mobutu U.S.,Belgium,Congoh Western forces support coup by Joseph Mobutu, who ends civil war, renames Congo Zaire, builds corruption Nixon visits China9 Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, Chou en Lai, Mao Tse Tungm President Nixon goes to China, begins end of two-China policy, lays foundation for later diplomatic relations Vietcong forces occupy Saigon Ho Chi Minh,U.S. Vietnam, U.S.U Vietcong forces take over U.S. embassy, Saigon, bringing end to South Vietnam regime.$ Death penalty ruled unconstitutionali U.S. Supreme Court rules that death penalty is unconstitutional, later overturned, letting states resume.! ENIAC electronic digital computer VP Spiro Agnew resigns Spiro Agnewd Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, pleads guilty to tax evasion charges, is fined, put on probation Cambodians capture Mayaguez ship Cambodia5 U.S. marines rescue crew captured by Cambodian forces" Apollo and Soyuz space rendez-vous U.S., USSR U.S.,USSR_ Spacecraft linkup symboizes closer cooperation between USSR and U.S., though Cold War still on.) Arabs kills 11 Israeli athletes in Munichh Arab terrorists assassinate 11 Israeli athletes at Olympics in Munich, Germany, 5 guerillas later killed Israeli intelligence forces Israel] Nazi holocaust leader Adolf Eichmann captured in Argentina, tried in Israel, executed in 1962 Yuri Gagarin orbits earth Yuri GagarinZ Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin is the first to make a spacecraft circumnavigation of earth. Bay of Pigs invasion Cuban exiles, U.S. CIAi JF Kennedy authorizes CIA sponsored ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Castro, relations decline Cuban missile crisis USSR, U.S.c Khruschev's authorization of missiles to Cuba precipates near outbreak of war with U.S. in October. Erection of Berlin Wall& Nikita Khruschev, Erik Honeker, et.al.h Khruschev decides to build Berlin Wall to separate East Europe from West, accelerating Cold War tensions Ed Sullivan, The Beatles\ 1960s rock takes new direction with rising popularity of The Beatles from Liverpool, England! Cheney, Goodman, Schwerner deathsg Death of 3 civil rights workers highlights growing violence as U.S. civil rights movement makes inroads Martin Luther King, Jr., et.al.[ Martin Luther King symbolizes non-violent civil rights leadership through expanded protests Assassination of Malcolm X Malcolm (Little) Xd Malcolm X, symbol of militant Black nationalism, is assassinated in Apollo Theater, Harlem, New Yorke Racial tensions result in riot in Los Angeles; others follow later in Detroit, Newark, and elsewhere Racial riot in Watts, California$ Civil rights march on Selma, Alabama Artifical heart implant Dr. Michael DeBakeyC DeBakey makes successful artificial heart implant in Houston, Texas Mid-East Six Day War Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel Middle EastM Six-Day war re< sults in Israeli occupation of Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank.( Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination of BobbyKennedy James Earl Ray Sirhan Sirhanj Assassination of King brings rising frustration with non-violent approach to civil rights movement in U.S.e Assassination of Bobby Kennedy anticipates shift in political power and Nixon is elected in November. North Korea captures Pueblo North Korea, U.S.O North Korea seizes U.S. warshipPueblo on grounds of spying, holds 83 prisoners Russian tanks in Prague Leonid Brezhnevg Brezhnev uses military to put down liberalizing regime of Alexander Dubcek, keeping hardliners in power Hungarian revolt failse Hungarian uprising against Russian-backed regime fails, many go into exile as hardliners retain power East Berlin revolt fails USSR, E.GermanyC Russian military puts down E.Berlin revolt against Communist regime Ted Kennedy at Chappaquiddick Ted Kennedy_ Mass.Senator Ted Kennedy abandons Mary Jo Kopechne, who drowns at Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts Biafran independence declaration Nigeria OjokwuM Biafran secessionist movement results in Nigerian civil war, lasts 32 months. UDI in Rhodesia Southern Rhodesiaa White separatists declare independence from U.K. rather than cede power to Black African majority# Kent State Univrsity student deathsl 4 students are killed by National Guard soldiers firing on student antiwar protesters at Kent State U., Ohio Supreme Court authorizes busing W.E.B. DuBoish W.E.B. DuBois' publication increases awareness of racial inequality, lays foundation for NAACP, activism Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring Igor Stravinsky Russia_ Stravinsky's Rite of Spring spurs impressionism in music, building on developments in painting. ( Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band Irving Berlin g Ragtime sets the stage for jazz of the 1920's; Noble, Sissle, and Blake produce memorable ragtime music Assassination of Roxa Luxemburg_ German Communist Rosa Luxemburg's assassination reflects deep social tensions in Weimar Germany James Joyce's Ulysses published Ireland] Joyce's work, a major 20th century work, provokes initial censorship, later broad celebration Execution of Rosenbergs U.S. governmentZ Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted of spying for USSR, condemned to death, and executed. Mao Tse Tung victory in China# Nuclear submarine Nautilus launched U.S. navyj Cold War generates accelerated development of nuclear technology for weapons, navy, electricity generation West Germany joins NATO NATO, Konrad Adenauera German sovereignty coincides with evolving economic "miracle" under Adenauer, later Ludwig Erhard Salk vaccination program beginsT The Salk vaccination program makes major inroads in reducing polio rates in the U.S. Death of Stalin USSRN Stalin's death lays foundation for eventual thaw and collapse of Soviet Union. Pablo Picasso (1880-1973) Spainh Picasso's painting involves African themes, fosters cubism, and later 20th century artistic developments# Picasso's Les demoiselles d'Avignon Nude Descending a Staircase Marcel Duchamp? Duchamp's painting moves cubism closer to ever more abstractiong Culminating a decade of exploration, July 20 moonwalk by Neil Armstrong is "one giant step for mankind" Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye Le CorbusierW Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, in Poissy, France, is a classic in the international style Frank Lloyd WrightY Wright provides his interpretation of an international style house that becomes a classic Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) James Joyce Castro ousts Batista in Cuba Fidel Castro Cubak Fidel Castro's 1953 guerilla campaign pays off with defeat of Batista, sets decades of dictatorship in Cuba" Opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway U.S., CanadaN Seaway lock system opens up midwest region to trans-atlantic seaborne commerce! DeGaulle inaugurates 5th RepublicO Charles DeGaulle creates new constitution with strong presidential model system End of French Third Republic> French Third Republic falls with German invasion in June 1940. Death of George VIK With death of British King George VI, Elizabeth II becomes Queen of England Independence of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah Ghana, U.K.h Ghana's independence from England spurs wave of independence declarations over the next 4 years inAfrica Capture of Adolf Eichmann! Egypt, France, U.K., Israel, U.S.g Egyptian nationalization of Suez canal leads to Anglo-French-Israeli invasion, U.S. intervenes to stop. Mideast war, energy crisis Medicaid, Medicare adopted Lyndon Johnson` Lyndon Johnson persuades Congress to adopt Medicaid&Medicare, foundation for later budget crises Assassination of J.F.Kennedy Lee Harvey Oswaldd Oswald assassination of JFK followed by assassination by Jack Ruby, later political violence in U.S. U.S. Peace Corps established John F. Kennedy, Sargent Shriverf Peace Corps created as part of U.S. expanded participation in global policy, anticommunist initiatives Algerian independence Charles DeGaulle Franceh After prolonged civil war, 1954-1962, France's President succeeds in transition to Algerian independence French defeat at Dien Bien Phu French military forcesf French defeat by Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh leads to withdrawal, replacement by U.S. efforts in South Cultural Revolution in Chinak Mao seeks to re-energize Chinese Communist revolution by purge of intellectuals, basis of Cambodia in 1970s Common Market Treaty of Rome Jean Monnet, et.al. EuropeR Common Market creates customs union, lays foundation for European Community, Euro. Chrysler bailout John Riccardof Chrysler bailout by U.S. government sets stage for firm's revival, basis for later merger with Daimler Watergate break-in Richard Nixonb President Nixon authorizes break-in� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � operation of DNC headquarters, foundation for 1974 resignation Nixon resignsd Watergate hearings produce trail of evidence implicating President, who resigns to avoid impeachment CAB begins countdown Alfred KahnT Economist Alfred Kahn leads charge on deregulation, beginning with airline industry. Beginning of S&L Crisis Deregulation, inflation] Savings and Loan banks undergo liquidity crisis, Federal loan guarantees to restore solvency. Dow Jones crashd Dow Jones drops by larger percent than in 1929, bringing temporary end to speculative bubble in U.S. Chinese protestors, military Roe v Wade abortion decision U.S. Supreme CourtM Supreme Court provides constitutional guarantee of right of women to abortion$ Brown v. Board of Topeka desegrationb Supreme Court overturns 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal segregation in education policy Dow Jones breaks 7000 level$ Dow Jones continues upward expansion U.S. GDP exceeds $1 trillion0 U.S. GDP exceeds $1 trillion for the first time. Galveston, Texas hurricaneW 6,000 drown in major hurricane, but Americans build increasingly along shoreline areas. Freud's Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) Austriaa Freud creates psychoanalysis with publication of his book, sets stage for 20th century psychology$ Theodore Roosevelt becomes President" Assassination of Theodore McKinley_ Anarchist Leon Czolgosz assassinates Theodore McKinley, bringing T.Roosevelt to the Presidency Russo-Japanese war Japan, Russiag Japan wins fight with Russia over Far East, gradually occupies Korean peninsula, basis for later WW II.& Publication of The Souls of Black Folk Tim Berners-Lee CERN,Switzerland Stock ticker Thomas Alva EdisonU Central to stock tracking, newspaper summaries, and electronic bulletin boards today.l Emile Berliner's Nipper dog,and RCA used a wax disk for Victor records at 78 rpm,built on Edison's original. Polio vaccine Jonas SalkW Major breakthrough in defeating polio, the disease that afflicted Franklin D. Roosevelt Oral polio vaccine Albert Savin Refinement of Salk's discovery Penicillin Alexander Fleming Scotland, U.K.[ Mold spores from staphylococcus bacteria created the first vaccine against major< infections X-ray tube William D. Coolidgeg Built on German Wilhelm Roentgen's 1895 discovery of x-rays, Coolidge's invention was used in medicine. Chemotherapyf Vincristine, vinblastine, and other drugs reduce cancers and have raised survival rates significantly. Assembly line manufacturing Electrocardiograph Willem Einthoven+ Major advance to analyze circulatory system Margaret Sanger VisiCalc SpreadsheetU First computer spreadsheet, designed for the Apple II, creates a major business tool. Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet Mitch Kapor Lotus CorporationQ Lotus enhances VisiCalc functions and builds the first IBM compatible spreadsheet" Apple II Desktop personal computer Intel 80386 microprocessor Andrew Grove and engineers Intel Corporationc Intel's 386 microprocessor greatly improves Microsoft Windows 3.1 performance, increases mkt. Share MS Word and Excel introduced Bill Gates' engineersl Word and Excel form the core of the eventual Microsoft Office package, competing against Word Perfect,et.al. JVC introduces home VCR Japan Victor Corporation_ As Japanese introduce home VCR's, a battle ensues between Betamax and VHS technology. VHS wins. Home Laserdisc players Phillips Corporation, N.V.j Dutch pioneering of laserdisc loses initially to VCR's, whose costs decline dramatically as titles expand. Antitrust lawsuits on IBM, AT&Td Suit against IBM later dropped as IBM falters; AT&T suit leads to consent decree divestiture in 1984# FDR assumes office, begins New Deala Unemployment rate of 25% precipitates New Deal and Keynesian style fiscal deficit interventionisml U.S. 10/24/29 stock market crash results in loss of $26 billion, Great Depression ensues, ends only in 1941. OASDI Social Security introducedi Though pioneered in Wilhemine Germany, U.S. implements a system that is later costly and resisting change John Maynard Keynesi Keynes provides a theoretical justification for activist fiscal policy, downgraded only during the 1980s. Volkswagen Beetle developed Ferdnand Porsche] Hitler's call for a "people's car" interrupted by war; postwar models become globally populark 183 lb,basketball-size,launched 10/14/57,sets stage for Cold War space race, telecommunications revolution. "100 Flowers Bloom Campaign" Mao Tse Tung ChinaS China seeks to stimulate rural production as basis for Chinese economic development "Great Leap Forward"_ Mao transforms 100 Flowers campaign into rural industrialization model that eventually falters.Z North Korean forces invade south on 12/25/50; U.S. rushes in reserves and pushes to north. McCarthy hearings^ Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy begins extensive hearings against alleged Communists in U.S. Suez Crisis precipitates ware Al Jolson's voice in The Jazz Singer changed feature-length movies on a path to expanding prosperity. $ Color and Sound feature movies_ Pioneered by Sergei Eisenstein's Ivan the Terrible (1935), The Wizard of Oz shaped U.S.markets.! 2 ; K g Pioneered by Robert Goddard in the 1926, Germans perfected liquid-fueled rockets,12 tons each,1,000 mph Microwave Oven Percy L. Spencer Pathfinder Mission to MarsS First unmanned mission to Mars, $265 million, with $25 million for Sojourner rover.d 20 day global circumnavigation, 1/4 the time in Jules Verne's 1880 novel Around the World in 80 DaysI Hydrogen bomb# 3 Mile Island Nuclear Plant Failure GPU Harrisburg,Pa,U.S.g April, 1979 failure signalled limitations in nuclear plant safety as reactor went through core meltdown Hoover/Boulder Dam Colorado,U.S.T 1,244 feet long, 660 ft. wide, 45 feet thick, 3,250,000 cubic yards, 96 workers died Leaded gasoline Ethyl Corporation GM,Esso, U.S.U Ignorant of health hazards, leaded gasoline first promised smoother engine combustion Cigarettes labeled hazardousa U.S. Surgeon General declares cigarette smoking a health hazard, setting stage for later lawsuits Medicare beginsd Medical insurance for the elderly begins, which with Medicaid, adds to later spiraling medical costs In Vitro Fertilization Patrick Steptoe9 Test-tube babies begin, designed to overcome infertility. Discovery of Double Helix DNAe Discovery of DNA structure leads to genetic engineering, sheep cloning in 1997, mapping human genome. Synthetic insulin developed Genentech= Synthetic insulin promises a wave of genetic engineered drugs Eradication of smallpox WHO Geneva, Switzerland Viagra drug for impotencea First anti-impotence drug by major firm leads to jokes, promised version for women, hope for men. Ban on DDTb Following Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring, restrictions on pesticides restore some species$ 1 U.S.,U.K.= James Watson, Francis Crick,Maurice Wilkins,Rosalind Franklinc Heat and shock resistant glass, kitchenware, microwave cooking(1970s), and glass storage technology^ Reginal Fessenden's Christmas broadcast (1906)of music,poem,talk,in Brant Rock,Mass,KDKA began` World Health Organization sounds positive note; in 1999 U.S. and Russia hold stocks as insuranceZ Partial meltdown at Chernobyl, Ukraine, radioactive emissions reach Sweden and Netherlandsh India detonates 3 underground explosions, Pakistan does likewise, raising stakes in South Asia stalemate Chernobyl Reactor meltdown Gasoline powered airplane flight Triode vacuum tube Elmo Roper, George Gallup Conn.,N.J. Suburban housing development Raytheon, U.S.Y Raytheon pioneered microwave transmitters,Japanese companies made them kitchen appliances Refrigeratord First developed for railroad freight, GM and DuPont developed Frigidaires by 1937,first using freon. Abraham LevittY Levitt developed Long Island's Levittown to respond to pent-up housing demand after WWII. Magnetic tape recording Ampex CorporationJ Crucial development in audio and video technology, first made as 8mm size. VCR, videocassette recording JVC, or Japan Victor Corporationc JVC launched the VHS cassette system, then rivaled by Sony's betamax, but won out through marketing Walkman Sony Corporationi Portable audiocassette technology, followed by Discman systems in the late 1980s, created new flexibility Video games Nintendo, Segag Adapted from electronic game machines, video games first operated via computers, then hand held models. Apollo 17 mission Radark Radio Detection and Ranging,U.K. air defense in 1940, later weather tracking, air-traffic control,astronomy Last Manned Mission to Moon Magnetic program calculator! Digital electronic microprocessor Padded automobile dashboards Ford Motor Company2 Early safety device, largely unpopular with public Explosion of Shuttle Challenger NASAC All seven members, including teacher Christa McAuliffe, are killed.P Synthesized fluoxetine, first introduced in Belgium(1986), US(19888),U.K.(1989). Satellite based cell telephone Iridium Corp., U.S.B Global satellite cellular telephone service capability inaugurated Balloon global circumnavigation Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones France, U.K.e Major application of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, invoked once again against Microsoft in 1997. Sputnik geostationary satellite Soviet Union Ford Model T carH First birth control clinic that developed abortion for adverse pregnancy Cervical Cancer Test George Papanicolaou2 Pap smear did much to detect early cancer in women Baby Care Book Guidance Dr. Benjamin SpockX Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care created more child-centered view of child care.( Heart Transplant Operation Dr. Christiaan N. Barnard South Africa; Pioneering work that is now widespread throughout the world Artificial Heart Robert Jarvik< First mechanical heart had setbacks, more refinements since. Heart Pacemaker implantE Major advance in stabilizing heart functions and warding off attacks. Creation of EPA] Following Earth Day, Environmental Protection Agency develops guidelines, performance indices India Underground Nuclear Tests India Laser Theodore H. Maimann Critical to fiber optics, lasers wel cars, guid smart bombs, trim concrete,scan groc< eries,do cataract surgery. Ernest O. Lawrenceb Sandia Nat.Lab in New Mexico accelerator analyzes nuclear reactions,aid in cancer therapy,plastics Electron scanner, picture tube Philo T. Farnsworth; Critical precursors to development of television technology Television broadcast Vladimir Zworykin, RCAh First broadcast by Franklin D. Roosevelt at 1939 New York World's Fair, U.S. households now have 2.3 TVs Commercial Radio Broadcast Westinghouse Station KDKA Pittsburgh,PA,U.S. Victrola RCAC Motorcycles used in WWI and WWII, become more popular in the 1950'sl Phenol and formaldehyde under heat and pressure created hardened resin, basis for billiard balls, fibreglassf Allowed radio loudspeakers to replace earphones, permitted reliable transcontinental telephone in 1915 Long Playing RecordL 33 rpm vinyl records introduced; high fidelity and stereo developed in 1950s Audiocassette tapef First developed as 8 inch, then smaller cassette versions, crucial to early digital personal computersb Critical innovation to high quality music, then to the development of CD's for music and computers Crayons Edwin Binney Easton, Pa., U.S.` Crayola Corporation sets the stage for educating generations of children in color drawing skills Pyrex glass Owens Corning Glass Company Ithaca, NY,U.S. Public Opinion PollingP Critical step in marketing, public relations, and in shaping political elections Sound based motion pictures Hollywood,U.S.h Made by Bayer in 1910, DuPont's Neoprene in 1931 cost $1.05 a pound; E. Asia natural rubber:$.05 a pound Bakelite Belgium/U.S. Xerox copier Chester CarlsonR First patented in 1935, "dry writing" first commercialized by Haloid Xerox in 1960 Selectric electronic typewriterK Interchangeable font ball typewriter, critical to computer font development Lee De Forest3 William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen Electronic transistor] The first mainframe programmable computer,no memory,30 tons,17,468 vacuum tubes,400 mults/sec Solid state electronic computer Robotic manufacturing Internet browser Marc Andreesen Mosaic,U.Illinois,U.S.. First internet browser, forerunner of Netscape! Microsoft Corporation goes public Bill Gates Microsoft Corp,U.S.1 And later to be charged with antitrust violations Standard Oil Company CaseJ HP-65 could execute programmable functions, had LED display, sold for $395f HP-67 had pre-packaged programs on plastic strips,authored programs recorded on strips, sold for $395 Controlled Nuclear Fission Manhattan Project Chicago, Illinoisl 1942 test critical to first atomic bomb test, 7/16/45, then the 9/6/45 Hiroshima and 9/9/45 Nagasaki bombingf Called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, it was the first electronic programmable computer End of World War Id Nov. 11, 1918 armistice at Compiegne, France anticipated Treaty of Versailles in 1919, presaged WWII Solar cellsk Solar energy equals 200,000 times world electric capacity; solar cells tap rising fraction as costs decline Prudhoe Bay oil discovery Arco,BP Valdez,Alaska Oil refining William M. Burton, Eugene Houdry U.S.,FranceC Developed for cleaning aluminum cookware, then applied more broadlyk Thermal-cracking(Burton), catalytic-cracking(Houdry) in late 1920s, lead additive in 1920s, fueled auto age Electro-mechanical tabulatingK Competed with mechanical tabulators, then gave way to all electric machines Offshore Drilling Kerr-McGeel Early experience by U.S. drillers critical to success of European North Sea oil and gas development in 1960s Werner Von Braun V-2 Rocket bombm Last major discovery before energy crisis of 1970s, set stage for 1989 Exxon Valdez 240,000 barrel oil spill. End of Supercollider Projecte U.S. ends support for superconductor supercollider research, leaving Swiss CERN group as sole projectg First by F.DeLesseps, then by U.S., completed in 1914,$352 million,61 Mlbs dynamite, 232.4 Mcubic yards U.K., FranceX 31 mile long,opened in 1996, in 1998 moved 20 million people, 11 million tons of freight The Eurotunnelj First to use Xerox's desktop flexible operating system, 128K original machine used first 3.5" floppy disks Jet engine Frank Whittled Tested in Germany in 1939, U.K.in 1941, Messerchmidt ME-262 in 1944,U.K. commercial aviation in 1952 Supersonic transport Concorde British Airways-Aerospatiale U.K.,Francea First commercial supersonic transport, 100 passengers,1,350 mph,rival Russian TU-144 discontinued Stealth bomber Lockheed CorporationP First radar eluding bomber, the F-117A first saw combat in the Gulf War in 1991. Rotary piston engine Felix Wankel3 Wankel's design tried out by Mazda, then abandoned. High Speed "Bullet" train Japan Railways Japan[ First models achieved 130 mph, later ones exceed 190 mph, France inaugurates TGV soon aftern Critical step in the development of artifical intelligence, British agents foiled Nazi German Enigma machines. Electronic Totaliser b. bz Peggy Kidwell and Paul E. Ceruzzi, Landmarks in Digital Computing (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994)! # A Howard Aiken IBM, Harvard U. Bell Labs, U.S.] Displaced the need for vacuum tube relay technology, increased speed and reliability by 1000% electro-mechanical computer" Herbert Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert U.PennsylvaniaC First programmable, memory storage transistor programmable computer Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Texas Inst.,Fairchild,U.S. Integrated circuitX Placing transistors in sequence on silicon boards greatly increased speed, lowered costs Black box navigation recordern Critical step in improving flight safety, "black" boxes sit in bright orange boxes to aid post-crash retrieval Gemini Guidance Computer^ Using integrated circuits, this computer was critical in the Gemini space program of the 1960s Bowmar, U.S.a LED display model, sold for $240 in 1971, performed 4 functions, no storage, numeric only display Programmable calculator Chung TungW 1908-1927, Ford applied assembly line manufacturing in 1913, reduced costs dramatically Rausch & Lang electric car Raush and Langh Electric cars (1,575) outnumber gasoline models, but fewer than the 1,681 steam-powered cars on the road Transatlantic cable signal Giuliani Marconi\ Cornwall, U.K. to Newfoundland, electronic code message anticipates transatlantic telephonesc In Schenectady, NY, a pioneer in x-ray equipment, lighting, and the development of radio technology Harley-Davidson motorcycle Milwaukee, Wisc.,U.S.- William Harley and Arthur and Walter Davidson Titanic sinks White Star Line, U.K.` Inspired by chopped cooked meat from Hamburg, Germany, it is the dominant U.S. fast food productR Improving on earlier designs, Hoover competes with Miele and other brands globally Interstate Highway System begun U.S. Govt.,U.S.d First developed for military purposes, now has 46,000 miles of total 158,000 national highway system Motorway/Freeway/Autobahn Transatlantic telephone callb Two-way radio system used, it first cost $75, 3 times average weekly earnings of production worker Transatlantic submarine cable AT&T, U.S.` TAT-1, improved service via wrapped copper-zinc cable, replaced by fiber optic cable after 1970 Fiber-Optic Cable Owens-Corning,U.S.d 90% of US. Long distance traffic, installed capacity = 350 round trips to the moon =84,000,000 miles Igor Sikorskyl First developed as military transport, then civilian versions developed for short hauls, medical evacuationsT September 1,1939, Hitler invades Poland, starting World War II; over 25,000,000 dead Two-Way "Walkie Talkie" Radio Motorola Corporation U.S. Army, U.S.T First used in South Pacific, precursur of cellular telephone technology in the 1980s Fax machine` First developed for government security, Japanese firms miniaturized and commercialized in 1980s France,U.S.k Stephen B. Shephard, editor in chief, 100 Years of Innovation, Business Week Collector edition, Summer 1999 & = Industrial Research Laboratory Charles P. Steinmetz General Electric,< U.S.' Can you imagine an office without them?K First developed in 1934, sold first in 1940, produced at DuPont N.J. plant. Synthetic rubber Bayer, DuPont Germany, U.S. David and Eric Aylott< First developed Eylure, then they created false fingernails.' 1946 Raytheon patented cooking version. Dave Garroway NBC,New YorkR Followed by Edward R. Murrow, Jack Paar, Johnny Carson, Phil Donahue, ad infinitum= Trademark name bought by Ray Kroc, who began business in 1955 George Borg Borg Warner, WisconsinH Later DuPont developed Orlon, which can now be reproduced in any pattern Glidden Paints,U.S.k "Spred Satin", first soybean-oil extract became lecithin, in margarine, rubber, sweets, and pharmaceuticals Adolf and Rudolf DasslerY Adi developed Nike, and Rudi developed Puma, with New Balance(U.S.) and others soon after Kiquinet Co., U.S.D First used shellac, highly flammable, then replaced by synthetic PVP J.AllenRubberCo.,U.K._ Thomas Hancock(U.K.19thC),pioneered hard rubber gloves, Playtex became a major producer in U.S. Ruben Rausing SwedenO Tetra Pak in 1952, expanded later to other liquid foodstuffs from soup to wine. Mum, U.K.G "Ban Roll-On" first product, followed by Old Spice, and a myriad others Birdseye Foods, U.K. LCD Programmable calculator0 Alpha-numeric display,programmable,sold for $300 Intel, U.S.J The 8080 became critical to the development of desktop computer technology Desktop personal computer kit Forrest Mims ALTAIR, U.S.i No keyboard, no video terminal,no paper tape reader, binary code, 256 k of memory, sold as kit for $395. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak Apple Computer, Cal.j The Apple II sold for $1,200,had a built-in keyboard,separate video and 5.25" external drive,64K of memory IBM Personal Computer Don Estridge teamd The first to use Bill Gates fledgling Microsoft operating system since IBM did not have one in place TRS-80 Model 100 Tandy Radio Shack,U.S.c The first successful notebook computer, building on 1977 TRS-80 model,Bill Gates wrote the software Macintosh personal computer CRAY-1 Supercomputer Seymour Cray Cray Computer,USQ The first electronic digital supercomputer, 85 units were sold at $5 million each Sun SPARC workstation Sun Computers, U.S.b Using Motorola 68000 microprocessor,built on 1985 Workstation model,used UNIX and RISC programming Bowmar "Brain" calculator Orville and Wilbur Wrighta At Kill Devil Hills, N.C., their plane flew less than 1 mile at an average of 6.8 miles per hour. World Wide Webe J.C.R. Licklider, of DARPA, predicted in the 1960s a network of multi-access computers for common use c. Manned flight to the moon Henry Ford Ford Motor Co., U.S.b Ford coupled mass assembly of the Model-T,workers paid $5.00 a day, cost dropped from $750 to $290g First developed in the U.S., then applied widely in Japan to achieve cost savings, quality improvements cP 8:01 a.m., 26 June, 1974, Wrigley's chewing gum at Marsh Supermarket, Troy, Ohio Milton GlaserM First developed for New York tourism in 1977, now in foreign languages abroad Spencer Silver 3M, MinnesotaI An accidental discovery, it now even has electronic versions on computers G.H.Vlutters and A.J.Vlutters NetherlandsM First used in restoration of Cologne, Germany church to reduce debris scatter Eli Lilly Co., U.S. Computing Tabulating Herman HollerithY First developed for use in 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith founded CTR to expand commercially Thomas J. Watson Enigma encryption machine Netherlands, GermanyM Automatic reflectors on highway roadbeds and barriers, require no maintenance Coco Chanel_ L'Or�al came out with Ambre Solaire in 1936; replaced blood system of George Hamilton in 1960's Sylvan Goldman 6/4/37,Oklahoma City,OkS Increasingly universal, only Smarte Carte in U.S. charges for their use in airports Nestl�, Switzerlandb Marketed first in 1938 as "Nescaf�", method first suggested by Brazilian Institute of Coffee(1930) Roy Plunkett Dupont,Jackson,N.J.[ Jack Rebok opened gas cylinder of freon (tetrafluroethylene) and found greasy white powder. Ladislao Jos� Biro Budapest, Hungaryf Biro fled Nazis in 1940, sold to U.K. H.G.Maretin,then Marcel Bich bought in 1958, then made Bic pens. Dr. Wallace Carothers Dupont,Seaford,Del. U.S. NavyA What was the world like before them, and before printed t-shirts? St.Andrews paper,London Jacques Heim France/U.S.B Scott Paper followed up in 1955, and others made up the difference. David Hillman & David Gibbs, Century Makers: Sources: Year1 Harry Brearley, Brown Firth Research Laboratories Sheffield, England Gideon Sundback Sweden/U.S. Hewlett-Packard, U.S. Raphael Esposito - Tom MonaghanX Pizza margherita(1889) first by R.Esposito, then to U.S. after WWII,then Pizza Hut, etc. Nils Bohlin Volvo, Goteborg,Sweden. First put on Volvo P544 in 1959, now standard. DuPont,U.S.9 First in girdles, then in swimwear(1965),sportwear(1970s)g First developed in 1933, film in 1954, then to supermarkets. Now an environmental water and land hazard Alcoah Canned beer first sold in 1950s with separate openers; pull tops in 1962, replaced by snap tops in 1970s Earl Warrick and R.R. McGregor Dow Corning, U.S.b First patented in 1947,then Dow Corning improved in 1951, first implant in 1962, lawsuits in 1980. Karl Dahlman Sweden,U.K.d First no-wheel mower, 1963 Flymo became Hovercraft for English Channel, undermined by Chunnel (1996) Robert MoogU With Herbert Deutch, in 1964, first model in 1964, basis for Switched on Bach in 1968= M Andr� Courr�ges Paris, FranceB Skirt lengths have correlated well with the stock market over time Owen Maclaren ICI,U.K.V Origin of "rugged rubber baby buggy bumpers", as used in aircraft wheel design as well Ron Hickman Lotus Cars, U.K.9 Minibench, 1968, Black and Decker began Workmate in 1972. Dupont, Francek Dupont created the Cricket, sold to Gillette(1970), competed with Bic (1984), sold Cricket to Swedish Match Owens-Brockway,U.S.c Click-Lok became the world safety standard, but innovations added after Tylenol poisonings in 1985. Canon,Japan,Sinclair,UKg First model 4/15/70,then Sinclair(1972),TA(1967),HP(1973); LED replaced by LCD displays,solar batteries LCD Hoffman LaRoche,Basle,Sw_ First produced in 1970, became the basis for today's passive and active matrix computer screens IBM, U.S.j U.S.WWII order to conserve fabric in women's swimwear, led to two-piece bathing suit, bikini by Luis R�ard Achille Gaggia: Home models likely to raise ownership rates significantly. Flatbush N.Bank,NY` First card was "Charg-It",then American Express in 1958, then BOFA 1959 becoming Visa in 1976-77 Edwin H. Land Cambridge, Mass.^ Founded in 1937,followed by Polaroid sunglasses, 1943 instant camera, 1963 first color version Adolph RickenbacherZ Lloyd Lear pioneer,first direct amplification model by Paul Bigsby(1947),Leo Fender(1948). Reynolds Aluminum,U.S.A "Tin foil" still the popular term, after the first material used. Dr. Archibald Huntsman Paperclip Safety razor Teamaker Vacuum cleaner Teddy bear Hamburger Electric Washing Machine Washing Powder Paper cur/Dixie cup Brassiere Neon lighting Formica Crossword Puzzle Brillo pad Stainless steel Zipper Traffic light Motor scooter Lipstick Rawlplug/molly Tea bag Food mixer Hair dryer Band Aid Jubilee clip Popsicle Cotton swabs Pop-up toaster Aerosol Steam iron Sliced bread Electric razor Frozen food Scotchtape Scrabble Soap opera Mars bar Coat shirt Polythene Tampons Fluorescent lighting Monopoly game Parking meter Suntan lotion Supermarket cart Instant coffee Teflon Ballpoint pen Nylon stockings T-shirt Soft toilet paper Bikini Espresso machine Credit card Polaroid camera Electric guitar Aluminum foil False eyelashes Microwave oven TV talk show Fake fur Latex paint Training shoes/sneakers Hairspraya Followed by every other kind of fast food, then home delivery service: Burger King, ad< infinitum Becton Dickinson,U.S. Clarence BirdseyeZ A wild success in the U.K., only a sample of frozen, and later microwave, products to come Dr. Gregory Pincus Planned Parenthood,U.S.O It hasn't stopped re-use among drug addicts, contributing to the spread of AIDS[ First developed in 1950, then marketed commercially in 1960, approved by Japan only in 1999 George de Mestral SwitzerlandZ Name combined from velours and crochet, now found in clothing, travel luggage of all sorts Procter&Gamble,U.S.V First marketed in Dallas, Texas, known as Pampers in U.S.,"disposable nappies" in U.K. Dr. Vernon Krieble Hartford, Conn.,U.S.5 Loctite was first brand, followed by numerous others. Dr. Jacques Brandenberger Zurich, Switzerlandc Started in 1908, called Cellophane,first in Paris in 1912,improved by DuPont,then called Saran Wrap Naples, Italy Halifax, Nova Scotia,Canada* Clarence Birdseye(1924)in Gloucester,Mass. Richard G. Drew 3M,Racine,WisconsinH 9/8/30, first roll of Scitchtape produced, based on Drew's 1929 research Alred Mosher Butts Rhinebeck, New Yorkb First called Criss-Cross, changed to Lexico(1946), then Selchow & Righter began "Scrabble" in 1948 Architect's lamp George Carwardine( Called "Anglepoise"or"Luxo" lamp in U.K.5 First began as washing powder sponsored radio dramas. Forrest E. MarsV Also the producer of M&M's. Basic ingredients: cocoa, milk, sugar, and vegetable fats. Hackettstown,NJ,U.S./U.K. Cecil Gee@ Before these came along, you had to pull a shirt over your head. R.O. Gibson ICI, U.K.J Took offer after DuPont Chemist Silas Tupper invented plastic kitchen ware Tampax, Co, U.S.& Dr. Earle Haas, Dr. Gertrude TenderichX Early Church criticisms said it destroyed evidence of virginity, encouraged masturbation General Electric,Cincinnati,Ohio. Without it, Star Wars could not have been made, Elizabeth Phillips(Virginia), Charles Darrow Germantown,Pa.; Parker Brothers began production in 1934, marketing in 1935 Carlton Magee Oklahoma City,7/16/35S Pay and Display(U.K.), Horodateur(France) are likely to replace stand-alone meters. Catseyes Road Stud Percy Shaw Yorkshire, U.K.h Following Russian defeats in Russo-Japanese war, pressure for reform anticipates October 1917 revolution Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin Enrico Caruso's first recordingX Thomas Edison's gramophone takes on a new dimension with the first gramophone recordings San Francisco earthquakeh Three day fire leaves 500 dead as a reminder to the geologic fragility of communities, with more to come# Exloration Team reaches North Poleb Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson build on exploration efforts of Roald Amundsen of Norway (1906) W.E.B. Dubois establishes NAACPe Following his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk, Dubois looks to activism to combat racism in America / Amundsen reaches South Poleb Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole, following Peary/Hensen's North Pole trip# Sun Yat Sen becomes China President` Overthrow of Manchu dynasty marks step in Chinese government, basis for civil war in the 1930's.D Titanic sinks off Newfoundland on April maiden voyage , 1,500 perish Balkan wars\ Balkan wars symbolize collapse of Ottoman empire, lay foundation for World War I (1914-1918)$ Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in New Yorki 145 workers die in unsafe building, creating groundswell for protective labor legislation, rise of unions1 Name coined by B.G. Work of B.F. Goodrich in 1923 Saturation Rate Comments) Likely descendant of 19th century bustier> Although it sounds French, the French call them soutien gorge.0 = Cleveland, Ohio Car Squeegee "Service" New York City, most likely# Since banned by most municipalities New York City Motor scooter (2) Piaggio Vespa Italy7 In the U.K., a "mod", as opposed to a bike, or "rocker"P Had to wait until after the Second World war for Italian Vespa to become popular Maurice Levy0 Before then, women were probably more expressive John J. Rawlings U.K., British Museum2 How it became known as a "molly" is anyone's guess Joseph Krieger San Francisco= Tetley didn't begin selling them in the U.K. until after WWII Herbert Johnson Troy, New York` Offshoot of baker's mixer in 1908, Hamtilton Beach in 1910, Hobart in 1917, Kitchen Aid in 1920s Chester BeachI Beach's first model made in 1905, joined by Fred Osius and L.H. Hamilton. S.j Avus Autobahn in Berlin in 1909 as test track, opened 9/10/21 (9.5 km), then Third Reich, then Italy, U.S. Earle E. Dickson Johnson & Johnson, U.S.M "Band-Aid" so named by W. Johnson Kenyon, super of the company's textile mill Commander Lumley-Robinson# L.Robinson&Co,,Gillingham,Kent,U.K.9 Known in most of the world as adjustable hose clamp rings Frank Epperson Oakland, California# Known in the U.K. as an "ice lolly" Paper tissues Wisconsin, U.S.c First called "celluwipes", Kimberly-Clark gradually switched to "Kleenex", others with "handiwipes" Leo Gerstenzang Poland/U.S.% Known to most in the U.S. as "Q-tips" Charles Strite Stillwater, Minnesota' Known in the U.S. simply as a "toaster" Erik Rothheim NorwayL L.D. Goodhue(U.S.) produced "bug bombs" for the U.S. in 1942 against insects Eldec Co., New York 1952 Hoover automatic. Emil Lerp Mt. Dolmar, Thuringia,Germany7 1929 Stihl gas engine model eventually became standard. Electric Chainsaw Otto Frederick RohwedderO First began in 1912, first commercially produced for Continentaly Bakery in NYC New York, U.S. Jacob Schick New York\ Braun(1930s,Germany),Philips(1930s, NL); Remington Duchess in 1940, Philips Ladyshave(1950).h Hard to innovate when being bombed or invaded. British radar held off the Luftwaffe, though not U-boats Hitler invades Russiai Hitler committed Napoleon's folly, set the stage for his own defeat, and wreaked vengeance on his victims Lindbergh defends isolationism` 1927 Transatlantic aviation hero Charles Lindberg defends isolationism against Nazi expansionismg Charles Lindberg(1902-1974) makes 33 hour solo flight from New York to Paris, becomes instant celebrity Fordney-McCumber tariffd A dangerous move to protectionism, anticipates Smoot-Hawley tariff of 1931, and the Great Depression 16th and 17th amendments passedT 16th amendment establishes income tax; 17th establishes direct election of senators.' Einstein's special theory of relativityg Albert Einstein(1879-1955) lays foundations for new physics, nuclear fission, and planetary exploration# Edison Electric Company establisheda Thomas Edison's new company hopes to use direct current until Nicolas Tesla's AC proves superior. New York City subway openso Still one of the world's largest, its stations reflect the architectural technology of the early 20th century. Ford Motor Company established] Henry Ford wants to build cars for the common man, anticipates 1913 assembly line technology." Amundsen fixes north magnetic poled Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen fixes north magnetic pole, anticipating Peary-Hensen trip of 1909.! U.S. Federal Reserve Bank createdZ Following bank panics of recent years, Congress authorizes creation of a new central bank. World War I begins Domestic rubber gloves Milk carton Roll-on deodorant Fish sticks Disposable syringe The pill Velcro Disposable diapers Superglue Cling wrap Pizza delivery Car set belt Lycra Plastic garbage bag Beverage ring pull top Silicone implants Hover mower Moog synthesizer Miniskirt Maclaren baby buggy Workmate Disposable lighter Child-resistant cap Pocket calculator Bar code I Love NY Post-it Note Builders' chute Prozac Item Inventor Country Johann Vaaler Norwegian King Camp Gillette U.S. Frank Clarke U.K. 3? Hubert Cecil Booth Portable electric vacuum cleaner W.H. Hoover Chapman & Skinner Morris Michtom Russian/German/U.S. Theodore Roosevelt? Thermos bottle Rheinhold Burger Germany 50? St.Louis, Missouri Expo McDonalds Richard &Maurice McDonald San Bernardino, California McDonalds(2)< Ray Kroc Des Plaines, Illinois Alva J. Fisher Henkel & Company Dusseldorf, Germany Hugh Moore, Lawrence Luellan American Vogue Magazine Brassiere(2)! Mary Phelps Jacob, Caresse Crosby Georges Claude Paris, France Motor Show1 Leo Baekeland, Herbet A. Faber, Daniel J. O'Conor Arthur Wynne 12/21/13,New York World Milton B. Loeb a. aj One Hundred Clever Things We Take for Granted Which Have Changed Our Lives Over the Last One Hundred Years' (New York: Welcome Rain Press, 1999). d.m Borgna Brunner, editor, 1999 Information Please Almanac (Wilmington, Mass.: Houghton-Mifflin, Company, 1999) 7 d Death of Queen Victoria\ Queen Victoria, House of Saxe Coburg-Gotha (1818-1901), symbolized much of the 19th centuryk Collapse of Tsar Nicholas II's regime leds to initial Menshevik, then Bolshevik revolution in October, 1917 Outbreak of Russian civil ward Russian civil war erupts between Bolshevik Reds and Menshevik Whites. U.S.support for Whites fails. Great influenza epidemich Influenza outbreak begins, killing by 1920 almost 20 million people worldwide. Last plague before AIDS.h August 1914 assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, setting off World War I, 10 million fatalities.# James Joyce publishes The Dubliners R James Joyce (1882-1941) sets the stage as one of the 20th centuries great writers. Matisse paints The Piano Lesson V Henri Matisse (1869-1954) creates some of the most colorful works of 20th century art." Spengler's The Decline of the West d Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) paints a gloomy portrait of the West, reflecting the destruction of WWI.% Third International directs CommunismZ Russian Comintern shapes the future of Communism in Russia and abroad for decades to come. League of Nations 1st meetinga League of Nations holds 1st meeting in Geneva, seeks to implement charter and Wilson's 14 points. Arrest of Sacco and Vanzetti^ Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti convicted of murder, executed in 1927." Mussolini forms Fascist governmentn Mussolini's black shirts march on Rome, form fascist government, later allied to Hitler's Nazi Germany to 1943c Adolf Hitler fails to topple Weimar German government, in prison he writes anti-semitic Mein Kampf.X b Vladimir Lenin dies in Russiao Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924), first Soviet dictator, dies in Moscow, struggle ensues, with Stalin victorious(1928)[ George Gershwin(1898-1937) sets tone for 20th century Broadway music with his compositions." Gershwin composes Rhapsony in Blue $ Failed beer hall 'putsch' in Germany Teapot Dome scandal in U.S.n Albert B. Fall, Harry Sinclair, Edward Doheny sentenced to prison for manipulating naval oil reserve contracts Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S.i Anti-black sentiment in U.S. south leads to Klan violence, vigilante hangings and intimidation of Blacks.! D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation 3 As a result, beards became less popular for a while There will always be an EnglandV With everything being sucked up, some houses are designed with cental vacuum cleaners.[ Few names have stayed as long as this, even though TR loved to shoot them most of the time.V Great for tea, coffee, and cocoa, basically useless with the bottled/canned soda crowdk Next step to those central vacuum cleaners in houses, slowed only by smaller portable units in recent yearsX Commercial models of teddy bears hit the market, anticipating market hype of later yearsc Major advance over mechanical ones, many of which became plant and flower pots on farms for a while[ This came before liquid soap, and was critical to the success of electric washing machines.e A sanitary innovation to be sure, later rivaled by styrofoam cups that had greater insulation qualityo Can you imagine what Las Vegas would be like without this stuff? Citroen once used it on an Eiffel Tower sign.i Major innovation in kitchen design, as faux bois and other styles evolved from early soda fountain marbleV Good mental gymnastics, but early versions in Latin and Greek are no longer available.j Great for tableware and pots, even more brilliant for boats, though nothing can resist ultimate corrosion.b A good idea that later inspired even more traffic cops on the scene to slow down things even more.j Initial demand arose from racetrack betting parlors to define odds, but critical to evolution of computers Hitler invades the westZ U.S. sets up detention camps for Japanese-Americans following declaration of war on Japan.m D.W. Griffith(1875-1948) makes a feature length film sympathetic to the Ku Klux Klan in the U.S.,furor ensues Scopes trial in Tennessee_ John T. Scopes teaches evolution,put on trial, defended by Clarence Darrow, sentence put aside.$ Gertrude Ederle swims EnglishChannela Gertrude Ederle becomes first woman to swim the English Channel, lionized in the U.S. and abroad.R Hemingway's first major novel sets the tone for a form of modern American fiction. Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises # T.S. Eliot publishes The Waste Land a American poet T.S.Eliot(1888-1965) publishes a major and brooding meditation on the 20th century. U.S. marines occupy Nicaragual U.S. marines put down revolt in Nicaragua, govern country from 1926 to 1933, stirring nationalist opposition$ Lindbergh flies solo across Atlantic Kellogg-Briand Peace Pactj Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact signed by 65 country representatives,outlawing war, repudiated by Hitler in 1939 Trotsky expelled from Russiak Leon Trotsky(1879-1940),a founder of the Russian revolution,is exiled,tracked down,killed in Mexico in 1940( Stalin begins collectivization in Russiae Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) begins brutal collectivization in Russia, some 15 million perish in Gulags. Bessie Smith's first recordingY Bessie Smith(1894-1937) defines the blues music art form for America in the 20th century." October 1929 Stock Market collapse Cyclotron Accelerator Naval Disarmament Treatyh Major powers sign naval disarmament treaty limiting warship construction tonnage,abrogated by 1935-1936. Spanish civil war begins Japanese forces occupy Manchuriah Japanese forces occupy Manchuria, adding to Chinese civil war, creating background for WWII,Pearl Harbor Japanese forces occupy Koreaj After defeat of Russian forces in war of 1904-1905, Japan occupies Korean peninsula,setting stage for WWIIk Berlin Reichstag fire creates crisis,Hindenberg calls Hitler to form government,Hitler sets up Nazi regime.g FDR's win over Herbert Hoover in 1932 election sets stage for New Deal;unemployment rate at 25% in 3/33 WWI veterans stage D.C. protest` Denying promised bonus, Douglas McArthur leads troops to put down protest march by WWI veterans.' Amelia Earhart flies solo transatlanticb Amerlia Earhart(1898-1937) sets first of many records; lost over Howland Island in Pacific in 1937 Lindbergh baby kidnapped, diese Charles Lindbergh's son kidnapped in New Jersey, later found dead,Bruno Hauptman accused,executed '36g Withdrawal from League of Nations begins gradual process of dissolution of international body in 1930s. Reichstag helps Hitler" Germany,Japan withdraw from League F.D. Roosevelt elected U.S.Pres. Hitler purges the SA Germans sink the Lusitania j German u-boat sinks the Lusitania off England, sets stage for U.S. intervention supporting U.K. and France ! Panama Canal opens Passage of Clayton Act\ Forbidding interlocking directorates, Clayton Act seeks to shore up the Sherman Act of 1890. Easter Rebellion in Irelandj British troops put down Irish rebellion, setting stage for Irish independence,conflict in Northern Ireland& Margaret Sanger's Birth Control Clinic U.S. enters WWIB Woodrow Wilson persuades Congress to enter the war against Germany Balfour Declarationh England's Lord Balfour sets declaration of a homeland for the Jewish people, foundation for Israel(1948) Russian revolution beginso Russian Berlin blockade defeated by air lift of supplies to Berlin population in western sector,Stalin concedes Communist regimes in E.Europeb Communist regimes established in Poland, E.Germ< E any,Romania,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Yugosl. India becomes independent3 Mahatma Gandhi leads independence movement in India Assassination of Mahatma Gandhik Gandhi assassinated in India, replaced by Jawaharlal Nehru and beginning of third world neutrality movement U.S. occupation of Japanj Douglas MacArthur leads occupation of Japan, limits imperial authority, creates western-style constitutionh Hitler purges rival Ernst Roehm's SA, sets stage for persecution of Jews and other minorities in Germany U.S. recognizes U.S.S.R.l U.S. extends diplomatic recognition to U.S.S.R.; Stalin continues to consolidate through collectives/purges. Hitler becomes Fuhrer^ Hitler scraps last elements of German constitution, sets up Nazi dictatorship, stage for WWII.! Nazis assassinate Austrian leaderc Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss assassinated by Nazis, setting stage for Anchluss of 1938 with Germany% Saarland plebiscite votes for Germany` Plebiscite in Saarland results in union of Saar with Germany, adding to Germany's coal reserves.$ Germany repudiates Versailles Treatyd Germany repudiates 1919 Treaty of Versailles, setting stage for re-armament, end of any reparations." German troops occupy the Rhinelandd Lack of opposition to German re-occupation of Rhineland emboldens Hitler's war plans for the future. Italy invades Ethiopiaj Italian Fascist forces invade Ethiopia over Ogaden WalWal incident; Haile Selassie flees to U.K.,protests. Spanish Republic declaredh Overthrow of King Alphonso XIII sets stage for Spanish civil war in 1936, and rise of Franco's fascists.c Francisco Franco's(1892-1975) fascists invade Spain, bring down Republic in 1939 with Nazi support.Y Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) paints evocative portrait of Spanish village bombed by fascists Pablo Picasso creates Guernica $ George V dies, Edward VIII abdicatesg After George V dies, Edward VIII abdicates to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson; George VI is crowned king. Japan invades Chinae Japan invades China from Manchuria, rape of Nanking, bombs in Shanghai, Chinese civil war vacillates. Germany occupies Austrial Germany unifies Austria into Germany, U.K.'s Neville Chamberlain meets Hitler to declare "Peace in Our Time"% Amelia Earharts disappears in Pacificl U.S. pilot Amelia Earhart disappears with Fred Noonan near Howland Island in ill-fated round the world trip. Germany annexes Sudetenlande Hitler annexes German speaking Bohemia and Moravia into the German Reich; Czechs protest to no avail. Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact_ Molotiv and von Ribbentrop sign August 22, 1939 non-aggression pact, sealing the fate of Poland Hitler invades Poland% Churchill becomes U.K. Prime MinisterT U.K. government formed under Churchill; Luftwaffe bombs England but does not invade. Russo-Finnish warj Stalin invades Finland, is held to a stalemate, emboldening Hitler to consider invasion of Russia by 1941. Stalin annexes Baltic Stateso Stalin annexes Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, renews attack on Finland, who loses 1/5 territory in 1940 treaty Japanese bomb Pearl HarborU Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941; U.S. declares war on Japan, then Germany! U.S. Lend-Lease Pact with Englandg U.S. signs Lend-Lease Pact with England, providing used destroyers and transport ships against Germany. UN Washington DeclarationS Nations sign UN declaration in Washington, foundation to replace League of Nations. U.S. interns Japanese-Americans# Burma and Ceylon become independent1 England grants independence to two more colonies. State of Israel established.Y State of Israel established as homeland for exiled Jews; series of Middle East wars ensue Two-State Korea establisheda Withdrawal of Japanese forces after WWII leads to two Koreas, based on postwar occupation forces. Indonesia becomes independent0 Dutch grant political independence to Indonesia.d Mao defeats forces of Chiang Kai Shek, who retreat to Taiwan, and sets up Marxist regime in Beijing. Outbreak of Korean war Alger Hiss convictedf State Department official Alger Hiss convicted on spying for the Soviets, sentenced to life in prison.= NASA space budget is reduced, non-manned exploration planned. U.S. imposes wage-price controlsO Wage-price controls, and rationing imposed to facilitate U.S. military build-up Operation Torch in North Africai U.S. forces land in Morocco and Algeria to begin offensive against Rommel, German forces in North Africa. Battle of El Alameink Field Marshal Montgomery brings English victory over Rommel's Afrika Korps, setting stage for their defeat. Japanese move toward Philippinesa Japanese move forces toward Philippines against residual U.S. army forces under Douglas MacArthur Philippines fall to Japaneseh MacArthur flees Philippines for Australia as Japanese forces defeat remaining U.S. at Corregidor;Bataan. Japanese defeat at Midwayl U.S. carrier force sinks 4 Japanese carriers for loss of 1 U.S. carrier, puts Japan thereafter on defensive. U.S. forces expand on Japaneseg U.S. forces occupy more islands in Pacific, consider direct invasion of Japan, which MacArthur opposes. Bretton Woods Conferencef Bretton Woods, N.H. conference creates the IMF and World Bank, structure of postwar currency standards Dumbarton Oaks Conferenced Washington, D.C. Dumbarton Oaks conference leads to declaration favoring creation of United Nations. Yalta conferencei Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt agree to plan to defeat Germany; DeGaulle angered at French lesser role. Potsdam conference# Nuclear bombs on Hiroshima,Nagasakid August 6 and August 9 nuclear bombs create more than 40,000 deaths; Japan sues for peace on Sept. 2.c Roosevelt dies 4/12/1945; Stalin, Churchill, Truman agree on partioning of Germany by allied forces# First UN General Assembly in LondonZ First General Assembly meeting on Jan.10, later dissolution of League of Nations in April.% Nuremburg war crimes trial in Germanyj Telford Taylor presides over trial of Nazis; Goering commits suicide; Hess in Spandau prison for 20 years.l Adolf Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945; Karl Doenitz leads interim government, signs peace on 5/7/45" Hitler commits suicide, ending war Normandy invasionl June 6, 1944 allies lead invasion forces that quickly defeat German defenders, beginning of end of 3rd Reich Failed Assassination on Hitlerl July 1944 failed assassination attempt on Hitler produces more fanatical efforts of war, extermination camps Holocaust revealede Though known about before, allies discover extent of Nazi holocaust in which 6,000,000 Jews perished.! Churchill's 'iron curtain' speechi In Fulton, Missouri, ousted Prime Minister Winston Churchill declares that Russia has created a cold war. Cold War containment policyj George F. Kennan writes article as "X" in Foreign Affairs, outlining policy of containment of Soviet Union* 9 Berlin airlift� � h �� @m � , ��� 1 �� � �� n p0 ��� ��J � \ ��" wm�% A �( 1 0_+ �\(6. � �1 �%4 � ;_�6 0�,9 ��< ���> ��A A��D ` �G @ �J T �M �P �S ( �lV � ��X G��[ �Y^ � a l��c ���f + �Vi � �l S �n ���q ��t T ��v 3 ;y t�{ ���~ ��2� k�҃ �� � ��� � ��� �9� N � 8� M �� � ��� ��9� N E� Z�� � � 2�?� T ��� � � �ce�� � � ��� � � �T� E�r� c�ּ � ־ ���� ���� ���� t ��� � ��� W �� ��q� >��� � �^� + ��� e��� ���� |�v� C � � �� � �� � ��� � �p� = eJ� � �� ; e<� ��h� ��� q�!� � ��� � es� ��� A��� i �� -� O�Z � J � < �8 � �E � �� - � � � � m � + � f� ! �� % ���' ~ ��+ �Z/ ��3 � �6 �9 � S= ���@ Z��D 8��p���o ��t��t�oD �oD���,��x� �D���y������,��x� �D �u� �o, �oD ���:8 ����Ŝ � ���:����� �� ����� �/� �� �;� 4t @ ` �x Sheet3 vented That]Sheet3 H �8 �P �$@���`� �@%�� � �B H@&AX �� 7��� @$ɜ T�� N�B�8�� �x�� ��D"BD���� �@��� ��#� E�p ����@$�d�( 7����"" � %�� d��� BF � �t < �t����0�����y������,��x� 5�����M���#��� �=��:��:� ���xH B(@ c� Y #� :H �� !�#�� ̈�� H � #��� �t ��@%�� H g9���� �@$5� 4t�} 7��T �P���b��R �� any,Romania,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Yugosl. India becomes independent3 Mahatma Gandhi leads independence movement in India Assassination of Mahatma Gandhik Gandhi assassinated in India, r >� ` e qN �[ �h mu � �� �� /� U� O� �� � � � � � � �' 4 �> �? d ����MbP?_ * + � � % � � � &C- &P -� � & H�z�G�?' H�z�G�?( ffffff�?) ffffff�?M z ,, ` P���� � � !)� ,, ` P, -�^� & ' ��� � " C ���� �? �? U } f } f } �+ } f } f } X } 3 } � } f } � e � x� i , � .& � : W� � � �� � �� �o � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � �� � � � � � �| � � � � 9G � � � � �� 0B � � � � �O � � � L3 @ � \0 � � p � � � h ܁ � � 0B � ܁ � @ � % % % % % % % % � � A � . $ % % % % % % % % � % % % % % % % % � @ � " c � " � � " � � " � � " % � " ' � % % % % % % % % � # # # # � # & � & % % % % % % % % � � ~ ��@� ! � � ! � � ! � ~ ' Y@� ( � � ! 8 � ! 9 � ! � ) � 0 : � ! � ! � ! ` ) � 0 � ! � ! � ! ` ) � 0 ! � : � ! � � ! � � ! ` ) � * � � : � ! � � ! � � ! � ) � * � � ! � � ! ! ) � * � � ! � � ! � � ! � ) � * � � � ~ ��@� � � � � � ~ + X@� * � � : � � � � � � ~ + V@� * l � : � � � � � 1 + � * � � : � W � X � � + � * � � : � a � b � c + � * d � � � � � + � * � � � � � � � + � * � � � ~ ��@� � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � * � � � � � � � � � + � * � � � � � + � * � � � p � + � * q � � � t � + � * u � : ~ ��@� � 0 � � + � * 1 � : � � � � � � + � * Y � : � � � � � B + � * � � � � � � + � * � � ~ ��@� � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � ~ + Y@� * � � D � l < | > b L L L Z Z 6 L b ^ Z Z Z D L b Z Z D D D ^ Z Z L b � x� i ! � � . " � : W� # � � �� $ � �� �O % � � "B & � � � ' � � ( � � ) � � * � � + � � , � H 8 - � �� . � � / � � 0 � �| 1 � � 2 � � 9G 3 � � � 4 � �� 0B 5 � � 6 � � �O 7 � � 8 � L3 @ 9 � \0 � : � p ; � � < � h ܁ = � � 0B > � ܁ ? � @ � � � r � + � * s ! � ! � ! � ! � ! + � ! * � � " � ~ " ĝ@� " � � " � � " � " + � " * � # � # l � # m � # � # + � # * n � $ � $ � $ � $ + � $ * � % � % � % n � % + � % * o � & � ~ & ȝ@� & � � & � � & � ~ & + @P@� & * � � ' � ' � ' � ' + � ' * � ( � ( � ( v � ( + � ( * w � ) � ~ ) ̝@� ) � � ) � � ) � ~ ) + �V@� ) * � � * � * � * � � * � � * � ~ * + �W@� * * � � + � + � + � � + � � + � ~ + + Y@� + * � � , : , � , m � , � � , n ~ , + �X@� , * Z � - : - � - � - t � - � - + � - * [ . � . 4 � . 1 � . 2 . + � . * 3 � / � ~ / Н@� / � � / � � / � ~ / + �X@� / * � � 0 : 0 � 0 4 � 0 6 � 0 � 0 + � 0 * � � 1 � ~ 1 ԝ@� 1 � 1 � 1 � 1 + � 1 * ( � 2 � 2 � 2 � 2 + � 2 * � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 + � 3 * � 4 � ~ 4 ؝@� 4 � � 4 � � 4 � ~ 4 + Y@� 4 * � 5 � 5 0 � 5 1 � 5 � 5 + � 5 * 2 � 6 � 6 � 6 � 6 + � 6 * � 7 � ~ 7 ܝ@� 7 � � 7 � � 7 � 7 + � 7 * � � 8 � 8 � 8 E � 8 F � 8 � 8 + � 8 * G 9 � 9 Y � 9 Z � 9 � 9 + � 9 * [ � : : : � : � : � : � : + � : * 1 � ; � ; � ; � ; + � ; * � < � < � < � < + � < * � = � = � = " � = + � = * # > � > � > � > � > + � > * � ? : ~ ? ��@� ? � ? � ? � ? + � ? * � D � lD H ^ L D D b D D b ^ ^ ^ Z L b Z Z D D b L D ^ Z L V D D D L @ � x� i A � � . B � : W� C � � �� D � �� �O E � � "B F � � � G � � H � � I � � J � � K � � L � H 8 M � �� N � � O � � P � �| Q � � R � � 9G S � � � T � �� 0B U � � V � � �O W � � X � L3 @ Y � \0 � Z � p [ � � \ � h ܁ ] � � 0B ^ � ܁ _ � @ @ � @ � @ � @ � @ + � @ * A � A z � A { � A � A + � A * | � B � B � B � B + � B * ! � C � ~ C �@� C � � C � � C � C + � C * � D � D " � D # � D � D + � D * $ � E : E � E � � E 6 � E 7 E + � E * 8 � F � F � F � � F � � F � F + � F * � � G � G � G � � G d � G e ~ G + Y@� G * � � H : H � H � � H � � H � H + � H * � � I : I � I � � I � � I � I + � I * � � J � J � J l � J + � J * m � K � K � K x � K + � K * y L � L � L � L L + � L * M � M / 5 � M 6 � M ` M + � M * 7 � N � ~ N �@� N � � N f � N g ~ N + Y@� N * $ � O � O � O z � O + � O * � P � P 3 � P 4 � P � P + � P * 5 � Q � Q � Q � � Q � � Q � ~ Q + �V@� Q * ) � R � R � R � R � R * ~ R + �X@� R * � � S : S � S ' S � S � S + � S * � � T � T � T ( � T + � T * ) � U � U � U � � U + � U * � � V � ~ V �@� V � V � V . V + � V * 3 � W � W � W � � W 4 � W � W + � W * 5 � X : X � X e � X f � X g X + � X * � Y � Y � Y % � Y + � Y * & � Z � Z � Z � � Z + � Z * � � [ : ~ [ �@� [ , � [ � � [ � [ + � [ * 5 � \ � \ � \ * � \ + � \ * + � ] � ] � ] � � ] + � ] * � � ^ � ~ ^ ��@� ^ I ^ � ^ J ^ + � ^ * � � _ � _ � _ - � _ + � _ * . � D � lL L D ^ L Z Z ^ Z Z D D L L b D L ^ Z V D D Z Z Z D D ^ D D Z ` � x� i a � � . b � : W� c � � �� d � �� �O e � � "B f � � � g � � h � � i � � j � � k � � l � H 8 m � �� n � � o � � p � �| q � � r � � 9G s � � � t � �� 0B u � � v � � �O w � � x � L3 @ y � \0 � z � p { � � | � h ܁ } � � 0B ~ � ܁ � @ � ` � ` � ` / � ` + � ` * 0 � a � a � a 1 � a + � a * � � b : ~ b ��@� b � � b + � b * � � c � c � c � � c + � c * � � d � d � d � � d + � d * � � e � e � e � � e + � e * � � f � ~ f ��@� f � � f 6 � f 7 ~ f + N@� f * 8 � g � g � g � � g 9 � g : ~ g + �W@� g * ; � h � h � h � � h < � h = h + � h * > � i � i � i � � i + � i * � j � j � j + � j * � k � ~ k �@� k � � k ? k ~ k + @U@� k * @ � l : l � l T � l U � l V ~ l + �X@� l * � m � m � m � � m + � m * � � n � ~ n �@� n � n � n � � n + A � n * B � o � o � o � � o C � o D ~ o + �X@� o * E � p � p � p � � p F � p G ~ p + �X@� p * H � q � q � q � � q + � q * � � r : ~ r �@� r � � r � � r � r + � r * � � s � s � s j � s + � s * k � t � t � t � � t > � t + � t * � � u � u � u � u + � u * v � v � v ? � v v + � v * ! � w � ~ w �@� w � � w I � w J ~ w + �X@� w * K � x : x � x x � x � x + � x * � ! " # $ % ��������( ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� y � y � y � � y + � y * � � z � z � z � � z + � z * � � { � { � { � � { + � { * � � | � | � | � � | + � | * � � } � } � } � } + � } * � ~ � ~ ~ �@� ~ L ~ � ~ M ~ ~ + Y@� ~ * N � � � � � H � � + � * � � D T lD D H D D D b ^ Z D 6 ^ ^ D ^ ^ ^ D ^ D P D L b V D D D D D ^ � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � �@� � � � � O � � P ~ � + Y@� � * Q � � � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � �@� � � � � R � � S ~ � + �X@� � * T � � � ' � � ( � � � � + � � * ) � � � � � � � � � U � � V ~ � + �X@� � * W � � � � � � � � � � X ~ � + T@� � * Y � � : � � � N � � O � � � � + � � * P � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � �@� � ] � � Z � � [ ~ � + 4@� � * \ � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � j � � � � � k � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * i � � � ~ � �@� � � � � ^ � � ` ~ � + �X@� � * _ � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � 6 � � 7 � � + � � * 8 � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � $�@� � � � � a � � b ~ � + �A@� � * c � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � _ � � ` � � � � + � � * a � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � 9 � � : � � ` � + � � * ; � � � ~ � (�@� � � � � � � � � ~ � + �X@� � * � � � : � � � � � L � � � � + � � * M � � � � � � � � + � � * � D � lZ D b ^ L D D b L ^ Z Z D D b V Z D b Z P D D b D L D D L b Z � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � ~ � ,�@� � � � � � � � � ~ � + �R@� � * � � � � � � � J � � + � � * K � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � 0�@� � � � � � � � � ~ � + N@� � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + @U@� � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + @U@� � * � � � � � � � # � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � 4�@� � � � � � � ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � ! � � + � � * � � � � � � " � � + � � * � � � � � � < � � + � � * = � � � ~ � 8�@� � � � � � � ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � � � $ � � + � � * ; � � � � � � > � � + � � * ? � � � � � � @ � � + � � * A � � � ~ � <�@� � � � � � ~ � + �V@� � * � � � * � � + � � � � + � � * , � � � % � � & � � � � � + * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + �V@� � * � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + �X@� � * � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + Y@� � * K � � : � � � h � � � � � + � � * i � � � � � � B � � + � � * C � D ^ lb D D b L V ^ ^ D D D D b L 6 V D D D b D D D ^ L B L ^ ^ ^ Z � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � � � � D � � + � � * E � � � � � � H � � + � � * I � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � / X � � < � � � � + � � * = � � � ~ � @�@� � � � � L � � � ~ � + Y@� � * M � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * } � � � o � � p � � � � + � � * q � � � � � � F � � + � � * G � � � � � � � � + � � * L � � � � � � O � � + � � * P � � � / ? � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � D�@� � � � � N � � O ~ � + Y@� � * P � � � � � � � � � � Q ~ � + �X@� � * R � � : � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + �V@� � * � � � � � � � N � � + � � * M � � � � � � Q � � + � � * R � � � � � � U � � + � � * V � � � ~ � H�@� � � � � S � � T ~ � + �W@� � * U � � � = � � p � � � � + � � * > � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � V � � W ~ � + Y@� � * X � � � � � � S � � + � � * T � � � ~ � L�@� � � � � Y � � Z ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � � � � W � � + � � * X � � : � � � r � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � Q � � R � � ` � + � � * S � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � Y � � + � � * Z � � : � � � [ � � + � � * � � � � � � � ^ � � + � � * _ � D F lD D H L b V L L D D D L b Z ^ D D D b L L ^ D b D Z D Z V D D � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � P�@� � � � � + � � * d � � � � � � g � � + � � * h � � � � � � \ � � + � � * ] � � � � � � ` � � + � � * a � � � I � � � ` � + � � * J � � � ~ � T�@� � e � � + � � * f � � � � � � d � � + � � * e � � � � � � b � � + � � * c � � � � � � | � � + � � * } � � � ~ � X�@� � � � � [ � � � ~ � + Y@� � * \ � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � z � � + � � * { � � � � � � f � � + � � * g � � � � � � h � � + � � * � � � � � � � ~ � � + � � * � � : � � � o � � p � � � � + � � * q � � � � � � � � � � ] ~ � + Y@� � * ` � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � x � � + � � * y � � � ~ � \�@� � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � 6 � � � � + � � * 7 � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � \ � � ] � � ` � + � � * ^ � � � � � � v � � + � � * w � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : ~ � `�@� � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � D � lL H D D D H H D D D b L D D D D Z Z D Z D D ^ L Z L D D ^ L D � x� i � � . � : W� � � �� � �� �O � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � �� � � � � � �| � � � � 9G � � � � �� 0B � � � � �O � � � L3 @ � \0 � � p � � � h ܁ � � 0B � ܁ � @ � � � � � + � * � � � � � � + � * � � : ~ d�@� � � � � + � * � : � 9 � : � � + � , ; � � � � � + � - � � � � � � + � - � � � � � � + � - � � � � � � + � - � � � � � � + � - � � � ~ h�@� � � ^ � _ ~ + �Q@� * � � � � � � + � * � � � � � � + � * � � � � � � � � � + � * w � � � / � 0 � 1 ~ + $@� * 2 � � � � � � � 1 ~ + .@� * � � � � � � � ~ + @U@� * � � � � � � + � * � � � � 9 � + � * : � � ~ l�@� � � � � � ~ + D@� * � � s � t � � + � * u � � � � � � � � ~ + �X@� * � � � � v � u � � ~ + Y@� * � � � � � � � ~ + �X@� * � � � � � � � � � ~ + >@� * � � � � � � � � � ~ + N@� * � : � � � � � � + � * � � : � � � � + � * � � � � � + � * � � � � 5 � + � * 6 � � ~ p�@� � � � ~ + �X@� * � � � � � + � * 2 � � � � � � � � + � * � D � lD D ^ Z D D D D D b D D Z ^ ^ Z D D b L ^ ^ Z ^ ^ Z Z D D b D � x� i ! � � . " � : W� # � � �� $ � �� �O % � � "B & � � � ' � � ( � � ) � � * � � + � � , � H 8 - � �� . � � / � � 0 � �| 1 � � 2 � � 9G 3 � � � 4 � �� 0B 5 � � 6 � � �O 7 � � 8 � L3 @ 9 � \0 � : � p ; � � < � h ܁ = � � 0B > � ܁ ? � @ � � � � � � ~ + D@� * � ! : ! � ! \ � ! X � ! � ! + � ! * ] � " � " � " 3 � " + � " * 4 � # � # � # 7 � # + � # * 8 � $ � $ � $ i � $ + � $ * j � % � % � % k � % + � % * l � & � & � & m � & + � & * n � ' � ' � ' o � ' + � ' * p � ( � ( � ( s � ( + � ( * t � ) � ~ ) t�@� ) � ) � ) ~ ) + �Q@� ) * � * � * � * � � * � * � ~ * + X@� * * � + � + � + � + � + ~ + + @U@� + * � , � , � , % � , + � , * q - � - � - � - � - + � - * � � . � ~ . x�@� . { . � . ~ . + @U@� . * � / � / � / r � / + � / * � � 0 � ~ 0 |�@� 0 | � 0 � 0 ~ 0 + �X@� 0 * 1 � 1 b � 1 c � 1 � 1 + � 1 * d 2 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 2 + � 2 * � 3 � 3 " � 3 # � 3 � 3 + � 3 * $ � 4 : ~ 4 ��@� 4 � 4 � 4 � 4 + � 4 * e 5 � 5 K 5 � 5 � 5 + � 5 * L � 6 : ~ 6 ��@� 6 � � 6 � 6 � 6 + � 6 * � 7 � 7 � � 7 � � 7 � 7 + � 7 * � 8 � 8 . 8 � 8 / 8 + � 8 * 0 9 � 9 9 � 9 9 + � 9 * : � : � � : � � : � : + � : * � ; � ; � ; � ; � ; + � ; * � < � < � � < � � < � < + � < * � � = : ~ = ��@� = � = � = � = + � = * � > � > b � > c � > ` > + � > * d ? � ? � ? } � ? � ? + � ? * � � D H l^ Z D D D D D D D ^ ^ Z D H ^ D b L H L Z H ^ L H H L H L Z L @ � x� i A � � . B � : W� C � � �� D � �� �O E � � "B F � � � G � � H � � I � � J � � K � � L � H 8 M � �� N � � O � � P � �| Q � � R � � 9G S � � � T � �� 0B U � � V � � �O W � � X � L3 @ Y � \0 � Z � p [ � � \ � h ܁ ] � � 0B ^ � ܁ _ � @ @ � @ & � @ ' � @ � @ + � @ * ( A � A ) � A * � A i A + � A * + B � B , � B � � B � B + � B * - C � C � C � C � C + � C * � � D � ~ D ��@� D } D � D ~ D + �X@� D * E � E � E � E � E + � E * � F � F � F � � F � � F � ~ F + �X@� F * � � G � G � G ~ � G � � G ~ G + I@� G * � � H � H � H H � H � ~ H + �X@� H * � � I : I � I � I � I � I + � I * J � J f � J g � J � J + � J * h � K : K � K � � K � � K � K + � K * � L � L � � L � � L � L + � L * � M � M / � � M � � M � M + � M * � � N � ~ N ��@� N � � N � � N � ~ N + @P@� N * � � O � O � O � � O � � O � ~ O + @U@� O * � � P � P � P � P � P � ~ P + �V@� P * � � Q � Q � Q � � Q � � Q � ~ Q + @P@� Q * � � R : R � R � R � R � ~ R + Y@� R * � � S : S � S � S � S � S + � S * � � T : T � T $ � T % � T � T + � T * & � U : U � U � � U � � U � U + � U * � V � V � V � V R V + � V * S W � W W � W / W + � W * X � X � � X � � X X + � X * � Y � Y � � Y � � Y � Y + � Y * � � Z : ~ Z ��@� Z 2 Z � Z 3 Z + � Z * � [ � [ - � [ . � [ � [ + � [ * / \ � \ v � \ w � \ x \ + � \ * y ] � ] � � ] � � ] � ] + � ] * � ^ � ^ g � ^ h � ^ i ^ + � ^ * j _ � _ M � _ N � _ O _ + � _ * P � D � lL L L H ^ L ^ ^ Z Z L Z L L b ^ Z ^ Z V Z Z H H L L Z L L L L ` � x� i a � � . b � : W� c � � �� d � �� �O e � � "B f � � � g � � h � � i � � j � � k � � l � H 8 m � �� n � � o � � p � �| q � � r � � 9G s � � � t � �� 0B u � � v � � �O w � � x � L3 @ y � \0 � z � p { � � | � h ܁ } � � 0B ~ � ܁ � @ ` � ` � � ` � � ` � ` + � ` * � � a � ~ a ��@� a � � a � � a � ~ a + �W@� a * � � b � b � b � � b i � b � ~ b + �V@� b * j � c : c � c C � c + � c * D d � d � � d � � d � d + � d * � e � e G � e _ � e ` e + � e * H � f � ~ f ��@� f � � f k � f l ~ f + Y@� f * m � g � g � g � g � g n ~ g + �V@� g * o � h � � h � � h � � h � � h � ~ h + Y@� h * � � i : i � i y i � i � i + � i * 9 � j : j � j � � j � � j � j + � j * � k � k @ � k A � k B k + � k * C l � l D l � l E l + � l * F m � m E � m G � m F m + � m * H � n � ~ n ��@� n � n � n ~ n + �X@� n * p � o : o � o I � o J � o � o + � o * K p � p Q � p � � p � p + � p * � q � q � q � q � q + � q * � r � r � r � r > r + � r * � � s : ~ s ��@� s r s � s � s + � s * s t � t [ � t \ � t � t + � t * ] u � u � � u � � u / u + � u * � v � v � � v � � v � v + � v * � w � w � � w � � w / w + � w * � x � x D � x � � x � x + � x * � � y � ~ y ��@� y � y � y q y + � y * r � z � z � z x z � z � z + � z * � � { � { � { � � { s � { t ~ { + 4@� { * u | � | ^ � | _ � | ` | + � | * a } � } � � } L � } � } + � } * � ~ � ~ � ~ � ~ > ~ + � ~ * � � � ~ ��@� � � v � w ~ + @� * x � D � lL b ^ D L L b Z b V Z L H L ^ Z L H H Z L L L L L Z V ^ L L H � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � ^ � � � � � + � � * _ � � � X � � Y � � � � + � � * Z � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � ��@� � � � � y � � � ~ � + N@� � * z � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � I � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � J � � M � � F � + � � * K � � � ~ � ��@� � � � � { � � | ~ � + D@� � * } � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � + Y@� � * � � � � � � � � � � ~ � � ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � U � � � � � + � � * W � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � a � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : ~ � ��@� � � � � V � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : ~ � ��@� � < � � = � � > � + � � * ? � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � e � � � � � � � + � � * f � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � ��@� � � � � � � � � ~ � + 9@� � * � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � D � lL V V L L b Z V H L L L b Z ^ H L L H L L ^ L ^ L L L L b Z L � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � / � + � � * � � � U � � V � � W � + � � * X � � : ~ � Ğ@� � 5 � � � � � + � � * 8 � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � Ȟ@� � � � � � � ~ � + 9@� � * � � � : � � � � � � � � ~ � + �W@� � * � � � � ~ � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � E � � � � � + � � * F � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � ~ � ̞@� � � � � � � ~ � + Y@� � * � � � � � � � / � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � О@� � � � � � � ~ � + @U@� � * � � � : � � � ! � � � � � � + � � * u � � : � � � V � � W � � � � + � � * ` � � � ; � � � � � B � + � � * < � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � n � � o � � � � + � � * p � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � } � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � Ԟ@� � � � � � � ~ � + �Q@� � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � h � + � � * � � � � T � � + � � * \ � � � | � � } � � � � + � � * ~ � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � O � � Q � � P � + � � * R � � � S � � � � � + � � * T � � � Y � � � Z � + � � * [ � D h lL L L Z H L ^ Z L V H H ^ V H ^ Z Z L V L L L 6 ^ Z 6 L L L H � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � ~ � ؞@� � � � � � � ~ � + �X@� � * ; � � � � � � " � � � � � h � + � � * � � � � � � � # � � � � + � � * � � � q � � o � � � � + � � * r � � � N � � O � � P � + � � * Q � � � ~ � ܞ@� � � � � � � + � � * � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � ~ � ��@� � ( � � ) � � * � + � � * + � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � N � � � � � + � � * M � � � ] � � � � � + � � * ^ � � � _ � � � � � + � � * ` � � � ~ � �@� � � � � < � � b ~ � + >@� � * = � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � s � � t � � � � + � � * u � � : ~ � �@� � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � b � � c � � 1 � + � � * d � � � e � � � � � + � � * f � � � g � � h � � i � + � � * j � � � ~ � �@� � � � � h � + � � * � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � k � � l � � � � + � � * m � � � k � � l � � m � + � � * n � � � u � � v � � m � + � � * w � � � o � � p � � � � + � � * q � D � l^ Z V L L ^ Z Z L L L L ^ Z H H H b Z L ^ L H L Z Z Z H L L L � � x� i � � � . � � : W� � � � �� � � �� �O � � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � � �� � � � � � � � � �| � � � � � � 9G � � � � � � �� 0B � � � � � � �O � � � � � L3 @ � � \0 � � � p � � � � � h ܁ � � � 0B � � ܁ � � @ � � � r � � � s � + � � * t � � � x � � � � / � + � � * y � � : ~ � �@� � + � � � , � + � � * - � � : � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � z � � � � � + � � * { � � � | � � � � � + � � * } � � � ~ � ��@� � � � � > � � ? ~ � + �V@� � * @ � � � � � � ! � � " � � � � + � � * # � � : � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � . � � � / � + � � * 0 � � : ~ � ��@� � @ � � A � � � � + � � * B � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � v � � w � � � � + � � * x � � � ~ � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � / � + � � * � � � � ~ � ��@� � $ � � � % � + � � * & � � � � � � � � � B � + � � * � � � � � � � ( � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � ( � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � / � � / � + � � * � � � � ~ � �@� � � � � A � � B ~ � + @U@� � * C � � � � � � ' � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � � 1 � + � � * � � � � � � � H � + � � * � � � R � � � � H � + � � * � � : ~ � �@� � � � � / � + � � * � � � � � � � + � � * � � � � � � ! � + � � * " � D � lH L Z Z Z H H b Z Z L H ^ L L L L H Z L L L L b Z L H L L Z H � x� i � � . � : W� � � �� � �� �O � � "B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H 8 � �� � � � � � �| � � � � 9G � � � � �� 0B � � � � �O � � � L3 @ � \0 � � p � � � h ܁ � � 0B � ܁ � @ � � ~ �@� � � D ~ + >@� * * � : � ~ � � � + � * � � : � ' � ( � � + � * ) � : � � 3 + � * � � i + � * � # � ( � � + � * $ � % � & � & + � * ' � ( � + � * ) � * � � + � * + � , � � + � * - � B � C + � * D � J � � + � * K ~ �@� y � � + � * z � 1 � 2 + � * 3 � 4 � ` + � * 5 � 6 � � + � * 7 � = � � + � * > ~ �@� 8 � � + � * 9 � : � ; + � * < � ? � @ + � * A ~ �@� � � � � � + � * � � i � j � � + � * k � G � { � � + � * � � E � � + � * F � H � v � m + � * I � L � / + � * � � � � � + � * � � � � � + � * � � � � > + � * � � � � � + � * � � � � � + � * � � � � � + � * � � D � l^ Z Z V H L L H H H H H L H H H H L H H P L L H L H H H H H H � x� i ! � � . " � : W� # � � �� $ � �� �O % � � "B & � � � ' � � ( � � ) � � * � � + � � , � H 8 - � �� . � � / � � 0 � �| 1 � � 2 � � 9G 3 � � � 4 � �� 0B 5 � � 6 � � �O 7 � � 8 � L3 @ 9 � \0 � : � p ; � � < � h ܁ = � � 0B > � ܁ ? � @ � : ~ �@� 2 � � � � + � * 3 ! � ! � ! � ! � ! + � ! * � " � " � " � " / " + � " * � # � # � # � # � # + � # * � $ � $ � $ � $ � $ + � $ * � % � % � % � % � % + � % * � � & : ~ & �@� & � & � & � & + � & * � ' � ' � ' � ' � ' + � ' * � ( � ( � ( � ( � ( + � ( * � ) � ) � ) � ) > ) + � ) * � * � * � * � * � * + � * * � + � + � + � + � + + � + * � , � , , � , � , + � , * � - � ~ - �@� - , - � - - - + � - * . . � . . � . . + � . * / � / / � / / + � / * 0 � 0 0 � 0 0 + � 0 * 1 � 1 1 � 1 1 + � 1 * � 2 : ~ 2 $�@� 2 z � 2 { � 2 | 2 + � 2 * } � 3 : 3 � 3 � � 3 + � 3 * � 4 � 4 4 � 4 4 + � 4 * 5 � 5 5 � 5 � 5 + � 5 * � 6 � 6 � 6 � 6 � 6 + � 6 * � 7 � 7 � 7 � 7 i 7 + � 7 * � 8 � 8 C 8 � 8 > 8 + � 8 * � � 9 : ~ 9 (�@� 9 � 9 � 9 > 9 + � 9 * � : � : � : � : � : + � : * � ; � ; � ; � ; � ; + � ; * � < � < � < � < � < + � < * � = � = � = � = � = + � = * � > � > S > � > T > + � > * U � ? : ~ ? ,�@� ? � ? � ? � ? + � ? * � � D � l^ H H H H H Z H H H H H H Z H H H H ^ D H H H H H Z H H H H H @ � x� i A � � . B � : W� C � � �� D � �� �O E � � "B F � � � G � � H � � I � � J � � K � � L � H 8 M � �� N � � O � � P � �| Q � � R � � 9G S � � � T � �� 0B U � � V � � �O W � � X � L3 @ Y � \0 � Z � p ] � � ^ � h ܁ _ � � 0B @ � @ � @ � @ � @ + � @ * � A � A � A � A � A + � A * � B � B � B � B � B + � B * � C � C � C � C � C + � C * � D � D � � D � � D � D + � D * � E � E � E � E � E + � E * � F � F � F � F F + � F * � G � G � G � G � G + � G * � � H : ~ H 0�@� H � H � H � H + � H * � I � I � I � I ` I + � I * � J � J � J � J � J + � J * � K � K � K � K � K + � K * � L � L � L � L � L + � L * � M � M � M � M � M + � M * � N � N � N � N � N + � N * � O � O � O � O � O + � O * � P � P � P � P E P + � P * � Q � Q � Q � Q � Q + � Q * � R � R � R � R � R + � R * � � S : ~ S 4�@� S � � S ( � S � S + � S * � T � T � T � T � T + � T * � U � U � U � U @ U + � U * B � V : ~ V 8�@� V + V � V , V + � V * - � W : W � W G W � W H W + � W * � X : X � X � X � X � X + � X * � � Y : ~ Y <�@� Y . � Y / � Y 0 Y + � Y * � ~ Z @�@� Z + * � ] b � ^ � � ^ a _ � _ � � @ | DH H H H L H H H Z H H H H H H H H H H ^ H H Z V V ^ " ` � x� i a � � . b � : W� c � � �� d � �� �O ` � ` � � a � � a � � b 4 � b � � c � � c � d � � P > � @ >� �@ d ����MbP?_ * + � � % � � � � � � " � �? �? %U > � @ >� �A d ����MbP?_ * + � � % � � � � � � " � �? �?% U > � @ / I�� _ F�� � G�� � M�� � O�� � ��� . �� Y �� � �� � ��� � ��� ��� ? ��� c ��� � ��� � [�� � _�� . ��� \ ��� � ��� � ��� � ��� ��� O ��� { \�� � ]�� � ^�� � �� �� 3 �� V �� ~ �� � �� � �� � �� ��� # �� J ��� ���� ���� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ �����Oh�� +'��0 � @ H ` x � � � ' Philippe LeBel x Philippe LeBel x Microsoft Excel @ �p��Q��@ ��˶í� 43 44�3 .54 ݭ^ - 4; �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��4 � P X | � � � � � � ' Montclair State University D : Sheet1 Sheet2 Sheet3 Worksheets � 6 > _PID_GUID ' A N { 6 A 6 9 8 C 8 4 - 1 9 9 5 - 1 1 D 3 - A 1 C 0 - A F 0 2 6 0 A C 1 2 9 1 } _�����::__�^����ވ��]:;ee��^455/5�3 4:e@ �� ���� � F Microsoft Excel Worksheet ����8FIB Excel.Sheet.8 �������^;ej�d�ш4^d�ޭ�deed:4 ;/5�- ;@��dd:e^ 3�/ _/ / 55 X/ / ������^dd:5.�,--, 4^' ��୭�����d^@:eA�{,,,,,,,�_W����]^���:j�;�����ee��dd C o m p O b j ������������ X ������������ ������������ ������������
| i don't know |
As well as John Paul the First , which other pope died in 1978 ? | John Paul II is elected Pope | World History Project
Oct 16 1978
John Paul II is elected Pope
he Venerable Pope John Paul II (Polish: Jan Paweł II, Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death almost 27 years later. His was the second-longest pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer. St Peter the Apostle is reputed to have served for more than thirty years as the first pontiff, however documentation is too sparse to definitively support this. He has been the only Polish Pope to date, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in the 1520s.
John Paul II has been widely acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the twentieth century. It is widely held that he was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe as well as significantly improving the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised for his opposition to contraception and the ordination of women, as well as his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the Liturgy, he has also been praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances in these areas.
He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. He was fluent in many languages: Italian, French, German, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Ukrainian, Russian, Croatian, Esperanto, Ancient Greek and Latin as well as his native Polish. He was also known to speak some Asian languages like Tagalog and Papuan. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 Saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the last five centuries. On December 19th 2009 John Paul II was proclaimed "Venerable" by the Pope Benedict XVI.
Source: Wikipedia Added by: Kevin Rogers
He revolutionized the modern papacy. Where previous pontiffs remained distant, never straying far from the Vatican, John Paul maintained a busy travel schedule. He completed 102 pastoral visits outside of Italy, and 144 within, visiting almost 130 countries during his 26 years as Pope. He logged more kilometres of travel than all other popes combined.
Elected at only 58 – on Oct. 16, 1978 – John Paul II was the youngest pope of the 20th century, and the first non-Italian pope since the 15th century. His charisma - people who met him described it as a "luminescence" - and common touch drew adoring crowds wherever he went.
On March 14, 2004, John Paul became the longest-serving pope after Pius IX and St. Peter, when his pontificate overtook that of Leo XIII.
Source: CBC News Online Added by: Kevin Rogers
Karol Józef Wojtyła, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in the Polish town of Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometers from Krakow, on May 18, 1920. He was the youngest of three children born to Karol Wojtyła and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929. His eldest brother Edmund, a doctor, died in 1932 and his father, a non-commissioned army officer died in 1941. A sister, Olga, had died before he was born.
He was baptized on June 20, 1920 in the parish church of Wadowice by Fr. Franciszek Zak, made his First Holy Communion at age 9 and was confirmed at 18. Upon graduation from Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, he enrolled in Krakow's Jagiellonian University in 1938 and in a school for drama.
The Nazi occupation forces closed the university in 1939 and young Karol had to work in a quarry (1940-1944) and then in the Solvay chemical factory to earn his living and to avoid being deported to Germany.
In 1942, aware of his call to the priesthood, he began courses in the clandestine seminary of Krakow, run by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Krakow. At the same time, Karol Wojtyła was one of the pioneers of the "Rhapsodic Theatre," also clandestine.
After the Second World War, he continued his studies in the major seminary of Krakow, once it had re-opened, and in the faculty of theology of the Jagiellonian University. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Sapieha in Krakow on November 1, 1946.
Shortly afterwards, Cardinal Sapieha sent him to Rome where he worked under the guidance of the French Dominican, Garrigou-Lagrange. He finished his doctorate in theology in 1948 with a thesis on the subject of faith in the works of St. John of the Cross (Doctrina de fide apud Sanctum Ioannem a Cruce). At that time, during his vacations, he exercised his pastoral ministry among the Polish immigrants of France, Belgium and Holland.
In 1948 he returned to Poland and was vicar of various parishes in Krakow as well as chaplain to university students. This period lasted until 1951 when he again took up his studies in philosophy and theology. In 1953 he defended a thesis on "evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler" at Lublin Catholic University. Later he became professor of moral theology and social ethics in the major seminary of Krakow and in the Faculty of Theology of Lublin.
On July 4, 1958, he was appointed titular bishop of Ombi and auxiliary of Krakow by Pope Pius XII, and was consecrated September 28, 1958, in Wawel Cathedral, Krakow, by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak.
On January 13, 1964, he was appointed archbishop of Krakow by Pope Paul VI, who made him a cardinal June 26, 1967 with the title of S. Cesareo in Palatio of the order of deacons, later elevated pro illa vice to the order of priests.
Besides taking part in Vatican Council II (1962-1965) where he made an important contribution to drafting the Constitution Gaudium et spes, Cardinal Wojtyła participated in all the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.
The Cardinals elected him Pope at the Conclave of 16 October 1978, and he took the name of John Paul II. On 22 October, the Lord's Day, he solemnly inaugurated his Petrine ministry as the 263rd successor to the Apostle. His pontificate, one of the longest in the history of the Church, lasted nearly 27 years.
Driven by his pastoral solicitude for all Churches and by a sense of openness and charity to the entire human race, John Paul II exercised the Petrine ministry with a tireless missionary spirit, dedicating it all his energy. He made 104 pastoral visits outside Italy and 146 within Italy. As bishop of Rome he visited 317 of the city's 333 parishes.
He had more meetings than any of his predecessors with the People of God and the leaders of Nations. More than 17,600,000 pilgrims participated in the General Audiences held on Wednesdays (more than 1160), not counting other special audiences and religious ceremonies [more than 8 million pilgrims during the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 alone], and the millions of faithful he met during pastoral visits in Italy and throughout the world. We must also remember the numerous government personalities he encountered during 38 official visits, 738 audiences and meetings held with Heads of State, and 246 audiences and meetings with Prime Ministers.
His love for young people brought him to establish the World Youth Days. The 19 WYDs celebrated during his pontificate brought together millions of young people from all over the world. At the same time his care for the family was expressed in the World Meetings of Families, which he initiated in 1994.
John Paul II successfully encouraged dialogue with the Jews and with the representatives of other religions, whom he several times invited to prayer meetings for peace, especially in Assisi.
Under his guidance the Church prepared herself for the third millennium and celebrated the Great Jubilee of the year 2000 in accordance with the instructions given in the Apostolic Letter Tertio Millennio adveniente. The Church then faced the new epoch, receiving his instructions in the Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio ineunte, in which he indicated to the faithful their future path.
With the Year of the Redemption, the Marian Year and the Year of the Eucharist, he promoted the spiritual renewal of the Church.
He gave an extraordinary impetus to Canonizations and Beatifications, focusing on countless examples of holiness as an incentive for the people of our time. He celebrated 147 beatification ceremonies during which he proclaimed 1,338 Blesseds; and 51 canonizations for a total of 482 saints. He made Thérèse of the Child Jesus a Doctor of the Church.
He considerably expanded the College of Cardinals, creating 231 Cardinals (plus one in pectore) in 9 consistories. He also called six full meetings of the College of Cardinals.
He organized 15 Assemblies of the Synod of Bishops - six Ordinary General Assemblies (1980, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994 and 2001), one Extraordinary General Assembly (1985) and eight Special Assemblies (1980,1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 (2) and 1999).
His most important Documents include 14 Encyclicals, 15 Apostolic Exhortations, 11 Apostolic Constitutions, 45 Apostolic Letters.
He promulgated the Catechism of the Catholic Church in the light of Tradition as authoritatively interpreted by the Second Vatican Council. He also reformed the Eastern and Western Codes of Canon Law, created new Institutions and reorganized the Roman Curia.
As a private Doctor he also published five books of his own: "Crossing the Threshold of Hope" (October 1994), "Gift and Mystery, on the fiftieth anniversary of my ordination as priest" (November 1996), "Roman Triptych" poetic meditations (March 2003), "Arise, Let us Be Going" (May 2004) and "Memory and Identity" (February 2005).
In the light of Christ risen from the dead, on 2 April a.D. 2005, at 9.37 p.m., while Saturday was drawing to a close and the Lord's Day was already beginning, the Octave of Easter and Divine Mercy Sunday, the Church's beloved Pastor, John Paul II, departed this world for the Father.
From that evening until April 8, date of the funeral of the late Pontiff, more than three million pilgrims came to Rome to pay homage to the mortal remains of the Pope. Some of them queued up to 24 hours to enter St. Peter's Basilica.
On April 28, the Holy Father Benedict XVI announced that the normal five-year waiting period before beginning the cause of beatification and canonization would be waived for John Paul II. The cause was officially opened by Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar general for the diocese of Rome, on June 28 2005.
| Pope Paul VI |
If you ordered Rognons in a French restaurant , with which food would you be served ? | Biographical Profile of John Paul II
KAROL J�ZEF WOJTYŁA, elected Pope on 16 October 1978, was
born in Wadowice, Poland, on 18 May 1920.
He was the third of three children born to Karol Wojtyła and Emilia
Kaczorowska, who died in 1929. His elder brother Edmund, a
physician, died in 1932, and his father, Karol, a non-commissioned
officer in the army, died in 1941.
He was nine years old when he received his First Communion and
eighteen when he received the Sacrament of Confirmation. After
completing high school in Wadowice, he enrolled in the Jagellonian
University of Krakow in 1938.
When the occupying Nazi forces closed the University in 1939,
Karol worked (1940-1944) in a quarry and then in the Solvay
chemical factory to earn a living and to avoid deportation to Germany.
Feeling called to the priesthood, he began his studies in 1942 in
the clandestine major seminary of Krakow, directed by the Archbishop
Adam Stefan Sapieha. During that time, he was one of the organizers
of the "Rhapsodic Theatre", which was also clandestine.
After the war, Karol continued his studies in the major seminary,
newly reopened, and in the school of theology at the Jagellonian
University, until his priestly ordination in Krakow on 1 November
1946. Father Wojtyła was then sent by Cardinal Sapieha to Rome,
where he attained a doctorate in theology (1948). He wrote his
dissertation on faith as understood in the works of Saint John of
the Cross. While a student in Rome, he spent his vacations
exercising pastoral ministry among Polish emigrants in France,
Belgium and Holland.
In 1948, Father Wojtyła returned to Poland and was appointed a
curate in the parish church of Niegowić, near Krakow, and later at
Saint Florian in the city. He was a university chaplain until 1951,
when he again undertook studies in philosophy and theology. In
1953, Father Wojtyła presented a dissertation at the Jagellonian
University of Krakow on the possibility of grounding a Christian
ethic on the ethical system developed by Max Scheler. Later he
became professor of moral theology and ethics in the major
seminary of Krakow and in the theology faculty of Lublin.
On 4 July 1958, Pope Pius XII appointed Father Wojtyła auxiliary
bishop of Krakow, with the titular see of Ombi. Archbishop
Eugeniusz Baziak ordained him in Wawel Cathedral (Krakow)
on 28 September 1958.
On 13 January 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop Wojtyła as
Archbishop of Krakow and subsequently, on 26 June 1967, created
him a Cardinal.
Bishop Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962-
1965) and made a significant contribution to the drafting of the
Constitution Gaudium et Spes. He also took part in the five assemblies
of the Synod of Bishops prior to the start of his Pontificate.
On 16 October 1978, Cardinal Wojtyła was elected Pope and on 22
October he began his ministry as universal Pastor of the Church.
Pope John Paul II made 146 pastoral visits in Italy and, as the Bishop
of Rome, he visited 317 of the current 322 Roman parishes. His
international apostolic journeys numbered 104 and were expressions
of the constant pastoral solicitude of the Successor of Peter for
all the Churches.
His principal documents include 14 Encyclicals, 15 Apostolic
Exhortations, 11 Apostolic Constitutions and 45 Apostolic Letters.
He also wrote five books: Crossing the Threshold of Hope (October
1994); Gift and Mystery: On the Fiftieth Anniversary of My Priestly
Ordination (November 1996); Roman Triptych, meditations in
poetry (March 2003); Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way (May 2004)
and Memory and Identity (February 2005).
Pope John Paul II celebrated 147 beatifications, during which he
proclaimed 1,338 blesseds, and 51 canonizations, for a total of 482
saints. He called 9 consistories, in which he created 231 Cardinals
(plus one in pectore). He also presided at 6 plenary meetings of the
College of Cardinals.
From 1978, Pope John Paul II convoked 15 assemblies of the Synod
of Bishops: 6 ordinary general sessions (1980, 1983, 1987, 1990,
1994 and 2001), 1 extraordinary general session (1985) and 8
special sessions (1980, 1991,1994,1995,1997,1998 (2) and 1999).
On 3 May 1981, an attempt was made on Pope John Paul II's life
in Saint Peter's Square. Saved by the maternal hand of the Mother
of God, following a lengthy stay in the hospital, he forgave the
attempted assassin and, aware of having received a great gift,
intensified his pastoral commitments with heroic generosity.
Pope John Paul II also demonstrated his pastoral concern by
erecting numerous dioceses and ecclesiastical circumscriptions,
and by promulgating Codes of Canon Law for the Latin and the
Oriental Churches, as well as the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
He proclaimed the Year of Redemption, the Marian Year and the
Year of the Eucharist as well as the Great Jubilee Year of 2000,
in order to provide the People of God with particularly intense spiritual
experiences. He also attracted young people by beginning the
celebration of World Youth Day.
No other Pope met as many people as Pope John Paul II. More
than 17.6 million pilgrims attended his Wednesday General Audiences
(which numbered over 1,160). This does not include any of
the other special audiences and religious ceremonies (more than 8
million pilgrims in the Great Jubilee Year of 2000 alone). He met
millions of the faithful in the course of his pastoral visits in Italy
and throughout the world. He also received numerous government
officials in audience, including 38 official visits and 738 audiences
and meetings with Heads of State, as well as 246 audiences and
meetings with Prime Ministers.
| i don't know |
Which type of suit , with tapering trousers and a long wide shouldered coat , became fashionable in the 1940's ? | Zoot suit - definition of zoot suit by The Free Dictionary
Zoot suit - definition of zoot suit by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/zoot+suit
(zo͞ot)
n. Slang
A man's suit popular during the early 1940s, characterized by wide-legged, tight-cuffed trousers and a long coat with wide lapels and heavily padded, wide shoulders.
[Probably from an alteration of suit .]
zoot′-suit′er (-so͞o′tər) n.
zoot suit
(zuːt)
n
(Clothing & Fashion) slang a man's suit consisting of baggy trousers with very tapered bottoms and a long jacket with wide padded shoulders, popular esp in the US in the 1940s
[C20: of uncertain origin; perhaps an arbitrary rhyme on suit]
ˈzoot-ˌsuiter n
(zut)
n.
a man's suit with baggy, tight-cuffed trousers and an oversized jacket with broad padded shoulders and wide lapels.
[1940–45, Amer.; rhyming compound based on suit ]
zoot suit
A type of men’s suit with wide, tapering pants and a long, wide-shouldered coat that was fashionable in the 1940s.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
| Zoot suit |
In which town does Desperate Dan live ? | 1930–45 in Western fashion - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos
1930–45 in Western fashion
NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100]
WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE
Jump to: navigation , search
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate.
(July 2012)
Actress Mary Pickford with President Herbert Hoover , 1931
The most characteristic North American fashion trend from the 1930s to the end of World War II was attention at the shoulder, with butterfly sleeves and banjo sleeves, and exaggerated shoulder pads for both men and women by the 1940s. The period also saw the first widespread use of man-made fibers, especially rayon for dresses and viscose for linings and lingerie , and synthetic nylon stockings . The zipper became widely used. These essentially U.S. developments were echoed, in varying degrees, in Britain and Europe. Suntans (called at the time "sunburns"[ citation needed ]) became fashionable in the early 1930s, along with travel to the resorts along the Mediterranean , in the Bahamas , and on the east coast of Florida where one can acquire a tan, leading to new categories of clothes: white dinner jackets for men and beach pajamas, halter tops, and bare midriffs for women. [1] [2]
Fashion trendsetters in the period included The Prince of Wales (King Edward VIII from January 1936 until his abdication that December) and his companion Wallis Simpson (the Duke and Duchess of Windsor from their marriage in June 1937), socialites like Nicolas de Gunzburg , Daisy Fellowes and Mona von Bismarck and such Hollywood movie stars as Fred Astaire , Carole Lombard and Joan Crawford .
Contents
1930s Womenswear[ edit ]
Width at the shoulders was achieved by many means. In Dorothy Gish 's outfit of 1932, the width is in the sleeve cap, which is pleated into the armscye .
Elizabeth Arden 's coat features broad, rounded shoulders cut in one piece with the yoke, 1939.
Overview
The lighthearted, forward-looking attitude and fashions of the late 1920s lingered through most of 1930, [3] but by the end of that year the effects of the Great Depression began to affect the public, and a more conservative approach to fashion displaced that of the 1920s. For women, skirts became longer and the waist-line was returned up to its normal position in an attempt to bring back the traditional "womanly" look. Other aspects of fashion from the 1920s took longer to phase out. Cloche hats remained popular until about 1933 while short hair remained popular for many women until late in the 1930s and even in the early 1940s. The Great Depression took its toll on the 1930s womenswear due to World War II which dates from 1939-1945. This greatly affected the fashion of how women dressed during the 1940s era. According to Shrimpton "Committed to ensuring the fair distribution of scarce but essential resources, namely food, clothing, and furniture, the government introduced a comprehensive rationing scheme based on allocation of coupons - a system deriving, ironically, from the German rationing plan devised in November 1930." [4] Because clothes were rationed and fabric was scarcer, the hem lines of dresses rose to knee length. The main sort of dress in the 1940s included features such as an hour glass shape figure, broad shoulders, nipped in high waist tops and A line skirts that came down to just at the knee. Many different celebrities who embraced this type of style such as Joan Crawford , Ginger Rogers , Barbara Syanwyck , and Ava Gardner . Even though daywear dresses were influenced by the war, evening dresses remained glamorous. Women's undergarments became the soul of fashion in the 1940s [5] because it maintained the critical hourglass shape with smooth lines. Clothes became utilitarian. Pants or trousers were considered a menswear item only until the 1940s. [5] Women working in factories first wore men's pants but over time, factories began to make pants for women out of fabric such as cotton, denim, or wool. Coats were long and down to the knee for warmth.
Fashion and the movies
Indian saree made from chiffon fabric, inspired by the evening dresses of Hollywood starlets.
Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, a second influence vied with Paris couturiers as a wellspring for ideas: the American cinema . [6] Paris designers such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Lucien Lelong acknowledged the impact of film costumes on their work. LeLong said "We, the couturiers, can no longer live without the cinema any more than the cinema can live without us. We corroborate each others' instinct. [7]
Princess Alexandra in a Princess Ballgown styled dress.
The 1890s leg-o-mutton sleeves designed by Walter Plunkett for Irene Dunne in 1931's Cimarron helped to launch the broad-shouldered look, [8] and Adrian 's little velvet hat worn tipped over one eye by Greta Garbo in Romance (1930) became the "Empress Eugénie hat ... Universally copied in a wide price range, it influenced how women wore their hats for the rest of the decade." [8] Movie costumes were covered not only in film fan magazines , but in influential fashion magazines such as Women's Wear Daily , Harper's Bazaar , and Vogue .
Adrian's puff-sleeved gown for Joan Crawford Letty Lynton was copied by Macy's in 1932 and sold over 500,000 copies nationwide. [9] The most influential film of all was 1939's Gone with the Wind . It inspired the Princess Ballgown, basically a Victorian sort of dress reduced to full A line skirts with petticoats underneath the dress for fullness. [5] It was the most popular style for teens going to prom. [5] Plunkett's "barbecue dress" for Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara was the most widely copied dress after the Duchess of Windsor's wedding costume, and Vogue credited the "Scarlett O'Hara" look with bringing full skirts worn over crinolines back into wedding fashion after a decade of sleek, figure-hugging styles. [8]
Lana Turner 's 1937 film They Won't Forget made her the first Sweater girl , an informal look for young women relying on large breasts pushed up and out by bras , which continued to be influential into the 1950s, and was arguably the first major style of youth fashion.
Retail clothing and accessories inspired by the period costumes of Adrian, Plunkett, Travis Banton , Howard Greer , and others influenced what women wore until war-time restrictions on fabric stopped the flow of lavish costumes from Hollywood. [8]
Hard chic and feminine flutters
Queen Elizabeth wears long gloves with a short-sleeved dress and dramatic hat to visit the 1939 New York World's Fair .
Jean Patou , who had first raised hemlines to 18" off the floor with his "flapper" dresses of 1924, had begun lowering them again in 1927, using Vionnet's handkerchief hemline to disguise the change. By 1930, longer skirts and natural waists were shown everywhere. [10]
But it is Schiaparelli who is credited with "changing the outline of fashion from soft to hard, from vague to definite." [10] She introduced the zipper , synthetic fabrics, simple suits with bold color accents, tailored evening gowns with matching jackets, wide shoulders, and the color shocking pink to the fashion world. By 1933, the trend toward wide shoulders and narrow waists had eclipsed the emphasis on the hips of the later 1920s. [10] Wide shoulders would remain a staple of fashion until after World War II.
In contrast with the hard chic worn by the "international set". [10] designers such as Britain's Norman Hartnell made soft, pretty dresses with fluttering or puffed sleeves and loose calf-length skirts suited to a feminine figure. His " white mourning " [11] wardrobe for the new Queen Elizabeth 's 1938 state visit to Paris started a brief rage for all-white clothing [12]
Feminine curves were highlighted in the 1930s through the use of the bias-cut. Madeleine Vionnet was an early innovator of the bias-cut, using it to create clinging dresses that draped over the body's contours. [13]
Advertisement for women's fashion at McWhirters department store, Brisbane, Australia, 1941
Through the mid-1930s, the natural waistline was often accompanied by emphasis on an empire line. Short bolero jackets , capelets, and dresses cut with fitted midriffs or seams below the bust increased the focus on breadth at the shoulder. By the late 1930s, emphasis was moving to the back, with halter necklines and high-necked but backless evening gowns with sleeves. [2] [10] Evening gowns with matching jackets were worn to the theatre, nightclubs, and elegant restaurants.
Skirts remained at mid-calf length for day, but the end of the 1930s Paris designers were showing fuller skirts reaching just below the knee; [14] this practical length (without the wasteful fullness) would remain in style for day dresses through the war years.
Other notable fashion trends in this period include the introduction of the ensemble (matching dresses or skirts and coats) and the handkerchief skirt, which had many panels, insets, pleats or gathers. The clutch coat was fashionable in this period as well; it had to be held shut as there was no fastening. By 1945, adolescents began wearing loose, poncho-like sweaters called sloppy joes. Full, gathered skirts, known as the dirndl skirt, became popular around 1945. [15]
Accessories were vital components of an outfit, this 1943 black business suit was accessorized with a halo hat , black gloves and pink clutch bag
Accessories
Gloves were "enormously important" in this period. [12] They were a type of accessory that came to be seen as more of a comfort rather than for style. The elaborate trim was removed and was replaced by plain gloves. Evening gowns were accompanied by elbow length gloves, and day costumes were worn with short or opera-length gloves of fabric or leather.
Manufacturers and retailers introduced coordinating ensembles of hat, gloves and shoes, or gloves and scarf, or hat and bag, often in striking colours. [12] For spring 1936, Chicago 's Marshall Field 's department store offered a black hat by Lilly Daché trimmed with an antelope leather bow in "Pernod green, apple blossom pink, mimosa yellow or carnation blush" and suggested a handbag to match the bow. [16]
When war broke out in 1939, many women purchased handbags with a respirator pouch due to fear of poison gas attacks. [17]
Sportswear
During the mid to late 1930s, swimsuits became more revealing than those of the 1920s, and often featured lower necklines and no sleeves. These were made from nylon and rayon instead of the traditional wool, and no longer included a short modesty skirt. [18] Experimental swimsuits made from spruce wood veneer were a fad in the early 1930s, but did not catch on among the mainstream. [19]
The war years[ edit ]
Wartime austerity led to restrictions on the number of new clothes that people bought and the amount of fabric that clothing manufacturers could use. Women working on war service adopted trousers as a practical necessity. The United States government requisitioned all silk supplies, forcing the hosiery industry to completely switch to nylon . In March 1942 the government then requisitioned all nylon for parachutes and other war uses, leaving only the unpopular cotton and rayon stockings. The industry feared that not wearing stockings would become a fad, and advised stores to increase hosiery advertising. [20] When nylon stockings reappeared in the shops there were " nylon riots " as customers fought over the first deliveries. [21]
In Britain, clothing was strictly rationed , with a system of "points", and the Board of Trade issued regulations for "Utility Clothes" in 1941. [12] In America the War Production Board issued its Regulation L85 on March 8, 1942, specifying restrictions for every item of women's clothing. [22] Because the military used so much green and brown dye, manufacturers used more red dye in clothing. [20] Easily laddered stockings were a particular concern in Britain; women were forced to either paint them on (including the back seam) or to join the WRNS , who continued to issue them, in a cunning aid to recruitment. Later in the war, American soldiers became a source of the new nylon stockings.
Most women wore skirts at or near knee-length, with simply-cut blouses or shirts and square-shouldered jackets. Popular magazines and pattern companies advised women on how to remake men's suits into smart outfits, since the men were in uniform and the cloth would otherwise sit unused. Eisenhower jackets became popular in this period. Influenced by the military, these jackets were bloused at the chest and fitted at the waist with a belt. [15] The combination of neat blouses and sensibly tailored suits became the distinctive attire of the working woman, college girl, and young society matron. [23]
The shirtwaist dress , an all-purpose garment, also emerged during the 1930s. The shirtwaist dress was worn for all occasions, besides those that were extremely formal, and were modest in design. The dress could either have long or short sleeves, a modest neckline and skirt that fell below the knee. The bust was rounded but not particularly emphasized and the waistline was often belted in its normal position. Pockets were both functional and used for decoration and were accompanied by buttons down the front, around the sides or up the back of the dress. These dresses often were accompanied by coordination coats, which were made out of contrasting fabric but lined with the dress fabric. The jacket was often constructed in a boxy fashion and had wide lapels, wide shoulders and numerous pockets. The dress and coat combination created an overall effect of sensibility, modesty and girl next door lifestyle that contrasted the very popular, second-skin like style of the bias-cut evening gown. [23]
Women wearing snoods in a factory
Headwear[ edit ]
Woman wearing a turban during wartime with all the fashionable accessories.
Because of the war, current European fashion was no longer available to women in the United States. In 1941, hatmakers failed to popularize Chinese and American Indian-based designs, causing one milliner to lament "How different when Paris was the fountainhead of style". As with hosiery hatmakers feared that bareheadness would become popular, and introduced new designs such as "Winged Victory Turbans" and "Commando Caps" in "Victory Gold". [20] American designers, who were often overlooked, became more popular as American women began to wear their designs. American designers of ready-to-wear contributed in other ways too. They made improvements to sizing standards and began to use fiber content and care labels in clothing. [24] Hats were one of the few pieces of clothing that was not rationed during WWII, therefore there was a lot of attention paid to these headpieces. Styles ranged from turbans to straw hats . [25] The 1940s are marked by iconic headwear. As mentioned above, clothing restrictions made hats become women’s statement pieces during the war years. Although hats were extremely popular they were not the only head accessories that were popular then. The snood was an important accessory to a woman working in the factory. Snoods were fashionable and functional at the same time, they enabled factory women who were wearing pants and jumpsuits to still look feminine. Snoods pulled hair out of the face by containing it all at the back of the head in a hanging net. With all the long hair hanging in the net, the front of the hair was left out and could be curled and styled to glamourize the factory uniforms. Other popular headpieces were variations of headscarves , such as the bandana Rosie the Riveter is pictured wearing in the recruitment posters. Another variation of the headscarf was simply tying a square scarf folded in half under the chin. Later in the 1950s and 60s these headscarves became highly glamorized by celebrities like Audrey Hepburn , Brigitte Bardot , and Jacqueline Kennedy . This glamorized look came from women in the 1940s who wore headscarves over their victory rolls in order to make their simple clothes look dressed up. Draped turbans – sometimes fashioned from headscarves – also made an appearance in fashion, representing the working woman of the period. These were worn by women of all classes.This type of headwear could be glamorous or practical. Turbans were the most functional for the working woman because she was able to have all her hair out of her face and skip washing her hair by covering it with the turban. Both turbans and headscarves were useful for hiding curlers so when a woman got off work all she had to do was take out her curlers and her hair would be set for a night out. [26] All these alternative options to hats were popular, not only for function and glamour, but also because the look could be achieved quite inexpensively.
Swimwear[ edit ]
Typical 1945 two-piece swimsuit worn by Gene Tierney
An important style that became popular due to the war was the two-piece swimsuit which later led to the Bikini . In 1942 the War Production Board passed a law called the L-85 which put restrictions on clothing production. [27] For swimwear companies the L-85 meant they had to use 10 percent less fabric in all their designs, as a result swimsuits became smaller. Swimsuits had been becoming more minimal for a while but in 1944 Tina Leser debuted one of the first two-piece swimsuits. Even though the bottoms were high waisted, cut low on the legs, and paired with a modest bandeau . Lesers’ two piece was still considered a daring style for the era. According to Sarah Kennedy, author of The Swimsuit: A History of Twentieth-Century Fashion, unlike the bikini the two-piece was created out of necessity and was not meant to be shocking. Apparently there was an unspoken rule that bellybuttons must never show which accounts for the high waisted bottoms. [28] Despite it being scandalous to some, the two-piece was eventually accepted because there really wasn’t another option. The L-85 did not only make swimsuits smaller, but it also pushed designers to become more creative with their designs, this led to suits that accentuated and drew attention to women’s bodies. This was done by putting boning in the swimwear. Two years after Leser debuted one of the first two-pieces, the bikini was invented in 1946 by a French engineer named Louis Réard . It was apparently named after the Bikini Atoll , which was the site of a nuclear bomb test in 1946, because Réard hoped its impact would be explosive in the fashion world. [29] The bikini was even more daring than the two-piece, thus it did not become popular until 1953 when Brigitte Bardot was photographed in one at the Cannes Film Festival . Although the bikini did become popular in Europe in 1953 it did not become popular in the United States until the 1960s.
Style gallery 1930s
Menswear[ edit ]
Conductor Leonard Bernstein in sportswear of 1945: open-collared shirt, striped blazer, and wide-legged pleated slacks
Men's neckties often had bold, geometric patterns as can be seen in this photograph taken in 1944
Overview
For men, the most noticeable effect of the general sobering associated with the Great Depression was that the range of colors became more subdued. The bright colors popular in the 1920s fell out of fashion.
Suits
By the early 1930s, the " drape cut " or "London Drape" suit championed by Frederick Scholte , tailor to the Prince of Wales, was taking the world of men's fashion by storm. The new suit was softer and more flexible in construction than the suits of the previous generation; extra fabric in the shoulder and armscye, light padding, a slightly nipped waist, and fuller sleeves tapered at the wrist resulted in a cut with flattering folds or drapes front and back that enhanced a man's figure. The straight leg wide-trousers (the standard size was 23 inches at the cuff) that men had worn in the 1920s also became tapered at the bottom for the first time around 1935. The new suit was adopted enthusiastically by Hollywood stars including Fred Astaire , Cary Grant , and Gary Cooper , who became the new fashion trendsetters after the Prince's abdication and exile. By the early 1940s, Hollywood tailors had exaggerated the drape to the point of caricature, outfitting film noir mobsters and private eyes in suits with heavily padded chests, enormous shoulders, and wide flowing trousers. Musicians and other fashion experimenters adopted the most extreme form of the drape, the zoot suit , with very high waists, pegged trousers, and long coats. [30] [31]
Formal wear
In the early 1930s, new forms of summer evening clothes were introduced as appropriate for the popular seaside resorts. The waist-length white mess jacket, worn with a cummerbund rather than a waistcoat, was modeled after formal clothing of British officers in tropical climates. This was followed by a white dinner jacket, single or double-breasted. Both white jackets were worn black bow ties and black trousers trimmed with braid down the side seams.
Sportswear
By 1933, knickerbockers and plus-fours , which had been commonly worn as sports-clothes in the 1920s had lost favor to casual trousers among the fashionable. In Britain and South Africa, brightly striped blazers in red, white and blue were often worn in the summer both as informal wear, and for sports such as tennis, rowing or cricket. This continued until wartime rationing rendered the distinctive fabric unobtainable. [32]
Accessories
The most common hat of this period was the fedora , often worn tipped down over one eye at a rakish angle. The more conservative Homburg also remained popular, especially among older people and even began to be worn with semi-formal evening clothes in place of the tophat , which in turn became confined to wear with formal . Neckties were wide, and bold geometric designs were popular, including stripes, and quadrilateral designs.
Wartime restrictions
Many things affected the style of clothes that people wore. Austerity also affected men's civilian clothes during the war years. The British "Utility Suit" and American "Victory Suit" were both made of wool-synthetic blend yarns, without pleats, cuffs (turn-ups), sleeve buttons or patch pockets; jackets were shorter, trousers were narrower, and double-breasted suits were made without vests (waistcoats). [1] Men who were not in uniform could, of course, continue to wear pre-war suits they already owned, and many did so.
Style gallery 1930s
References and further reading[ edit ]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1930s fashion .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1940s fashion .
Arnold, Janet : Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomen's Dresses and Their Construction c. 1860–1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. ISBN 0-89676-027-8
Black, J. Anderson, and Madge Garland, A History of Fashion, New York, Morrow, 1975
Boyer, G. Bruce, Eminently Suitable, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1990, ISBN 978-0-393-02877-5
Brockman, Helen, The Theory of Fashion Design, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965 ISBN 0-471-10586-4
Bryant, Nancy O. "The interrelationship between decorative and structural design in Madeleine Vionnet's Work", Costume 1991, V 25, pp. 73–88
Hawes, Elizabeth: Fashion is Spinach, New York: Random House, 1938
Hunt, Marsha: The Way We Wore: Styles of the 1930s and '40s and Our World Since Then, Fallbrook Pub. Ltd., 1993, ISBN 1-882747-00-3
LaValley, Satch: "Hollywood and Seventh Avenue: The Impact of Historical Films on Fashion", in Hollywood and History: Costume Design in Film, Los Angeles County Museum of Art/Thames and Hudson, 1987, ISBN 0-500-01422-1
Laver, James: The Concise History of Costume and Fashion, Abrams, 1979.
Leese, Elizabeth: Costume Design in the Movies, Dover Books, 1991, ISBN 0-486-26548-X
Steele, Valerie: Paris Fashion: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-504465-7
Steele, Valerie: The Corset, Yale University Press, 2001
Walker, Richard: The Savile Row Story, Prion, 1988, ISBN 1-85375-000-X
Wilcox, R. Turner: The Mode in Fashion, 1942; 2nd expanded edition New York: Scribners, 1958.
| i don't know |
On which Test cricket ground is the Radcliffe Road end ? | Trent Bridge - A Test ground guide - Adore Cricket
Trent Bridge – A Test ground guide
Published
by Jon Scaife & filed under Ground guides .
In the first of a series of “guides to the grounds” we feature Trent Bridge with details of the layout of the ground and the best places to sit
To start with, here is an image of the ground, oriented properly to the compass, and with the stands labelled
Radcliffe Road Stand (officially the Trent Bridge Cricket Centre)
The Radcliffe road stand is a large, 3 tiered stand, with the commentary box in the centre. On our last visit to Trent Bridge we sat in the Radcliffe road stand and on our way to our seats encountered Sir Ian Botham and Michael Vaughan. The view from the upper parts of the stand is very similar to the view on TV (for half the overs at least). The stand also faces South so catches a lot of sun. The Upper 2 tiers are exposed to the elements without any cover, whilst the lower tier is mostly covered by the upper tiers, although the front rows are likely to catch any rain that falls. As you can see on the picture, if you’re seated at the Western side of the upper-most tier you are likely to get some shade later in the afternoon. The middle tier has an elevation of at least 10m and the upper tier an elevation of at least 14m. Along with the Hound Road stand the Radcliffe Road stand is typically where the highest priced tickets are located.
William Clarke Stand
The William Clarke stand is an alcohol free stand which can be thought of as the “family stand”. Discounted tickets for family groups, under 21s and juniors are often available only in this stand.
Parr Stand & West Wing Stand (Now replaced by the “New Stand”)
The most recent upgrade to Trent Bridge was recently completed, with the “New Stand” replacing the Parr and West Wing Stands. The image above still shows the old stands as the google-earth imagery predates the upgrade of the ground. The New stand has an upward curving roof which offers shelter to the rear 1/3 of the seats. The front 2/3 of the seats remain vulnerable to rain however. The stand faces North-East and with the arched roof is well shaded. Other than the family discounts in the William Clarke stand the New Stand (along with the Fox Road stand) typically have the cheapest tickets.
Members Pavillion
The Members Pavillion (along with the Larwood and Voce Stand) is only available to Nottinghamshire CCC members. Membership costs around £150 (around £100 for senior citizens).
Hound Road Stand
Along with the Radcliffe Road stand the Hound Road stand is typically where the highest priced tickets are located. It has 2 tiers, with the upper tier having an elevation of at least 6m.
Larwood & Voce Stand
The Larwood and Voce Stand (along with the Pavillion) is only available to Nottinghamshire CCC members. Membership costs around £150 (around £100 for senior citizens).
Fox Road Stand
Other than the family discounts in the William Clarke stand the Fox Road stand (along with the New Stand) typically have the cheapest tickets. The Fox Road stand is also the stand which usually hosts the Barmy Army, and the most raucous atmosphere.
Transport links
Public transport
Trent Bridge is a mere 1.0 mile from the main Rail station in Nottingham. You can either walk which takes about 20 minutes, take the bus (e.g. #11) which costs £1.70 for adults and £1 for children, or take a taxi for around £5.
Park and Ride
Nottingham is well served by the M1 from both North and South. Once in the city drivers can make use of the EventLink Park and Ride service provided by Nottingham and Derby local authorities. For previous Test matches this service has run from the Queen’s Drive Park & Ride site and costs £4 per car for up to 4 people. The service runs to outside Sandicliffe Ford on Loughborough Road which is within 100m of the ground. Nottinghamshire CCC provide u p-to-date information for specific events on their site. From the north take M1 junction 26 and then follow the A610, A6514 and A52 a total of 6.1 miles. From the south take M1 junction 24 and then follow the A453 and A52 for 9.1 miles.
Rations
Like most other sporting arenas you aren’t allowed to take bottles or cans into the ground, including soft drinks and water. Drinks are available in the ground, typically from around £3.50 – £4.00 per drink for alcoholic beverages. The good news is that you can take your own food into the ground.
What do you think? Drop us a comment below! If you would like to subscribe please use the subscribe link on the menu at the top right. You can also share this with your friends by using the social links below. Cheers.
| Trent Bridge |
In the novel by Jules Verne , where did the expedition , led by Professor Linden-brock , set out to reach ? | Ground Reality | Cricbuzz.com
Ground Reality
Lord's Cricket Ground - St John's Wood, London
Seating capacity: 30,000
Ends: Pavilion End and Nursery End
Named after its founder Thomas Lord, the Lord's cricket ground is owned by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is home of the ECB. Also known as the 'Mecca of World Cricket', Lord's hosted its first Test match in 1884 during which England defeated Australia. Since then, there have been more than hundred Tests played on this ground
Just before the 1999 World Cup, the media centre was built in the stadium. This architecture was the first all aluminum, semi-monocoque building in the world built using the boat-building technology. The stadium also boasts the world renowned MCC museum, which is the oldest sports museum in the world, and contains the world's most celebrated collection of cricket memorabilia, including The Ashes.
The most distinctive feature of the Lord's is the famous slope across the field which assists the faster bowlers in deriving bounce and seam off the pitch. With a dry English summer set for the T20 World Cup, the pitch would favour the batsmen and the bowlers in equal proportion.
Oval stadium - Kennington, London
Seating capacity: 23,500
Ends: Pavilion End and Vauxhall End
Officially known as the Kennington Oval, this stadium is home to the Surrey County Cricket Club. The Oval was the first ground in Britain and the second in the world after MCG to host a test match. The first test played at this ground was between England and Australia during 1880 which saw England beat Australia. The Oval is traditionally known to play host to the final test match of the series in the English summer.
The Kennington Oval holds the record for the largest playing test area in England. During 2004, much needed developments were started on this ground, extending the seating capacity and the facilities.
The pitch at the Oval has traditionally assisted the seamers during the initial phase. However, diligent batting has seen teams post good totals on this ground. With the T20 format, the pitch would be designed in a way to assist the batsmen.
Trent Bridge stadium - West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire
Seating capacity: 17,000
Ends: Pavilion End and Radcliffe Road End
The Trent Bridge cricket ground is home to the Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. The ground was first used for cricket during the 1830's and the first test match to be played on this ground was during 1899 when England faced Australia. Apart from hosting international cricket, Trent Bridge also played host to the finals of domestic Twenty20 league twice.
The stadium is considered to be one of the best grounds in the world to watch a cricket match due to the excellent facilities available here. Trent Bridge also features in Indian history, with the cricketing great Sachin Tendulkar passing his 11,000 run mark in test cricket at this ground.
The pitch at Trent Bridge is tilted in favour of the batsmen with an even bounce on offer. However, the dry conditions during this time would offer assistance to the spinners and the slower bowlers.
© Cricbuzz
| i don't know |
What is the common name of Scrivener's Palsey ? | Scrivener's palsy
Scrivener's palsy
Don't come crying to me about spoilers
Header
Wow. My little googlepage just got linked by John August , so there goes what little anonymity I had left. I may be getting some take down notices over the next few days, so enjoy while you can!
Don’t forget, lots of recent pilots are available, including:
The big controversy this weekend: not how Tottenham beat Chelsea, but the end of one of TV's greatest ever space operas.
SPOILERS. OH YES.
The internet backlash to the finale of Battlestar Galactica has been enormous, way more than The Sopranos' cut to black, and I will admit to being pummelled into a deathly tedium by the apparently neverending parade of Act Breaks throughout the last forty minutes. Every time I thought the story was good and finished, we faded up on yet more billowing grassland.
However, this is not what has incensed most of the finale's detractors. There are two sore sticking points - the "god did it" explanation, and the decision of the rag-tag fleet to abandon their aimless exodus and settle on "our" Earth sans technology.
I have no problem with either.
God has been a major part of the show since the mini-series. As sci-fi fans we may have wanted a rational explanation for God and God's plan but, actually, there was none. Could be none. It was God's plan, not for us to understand, and in the end these people experienced their fates as he planned them, with no recourse to appeal. Which is very bleak and depressing, but hey, that's BSG.
The show lays out a pretty clear mythology, and never tries to explain all the wierd shit as anything other than God working in his mysterious way. You don't want to accept that's the truth of the situation? Fine, but Battlestar Galactica's God is real, and unknowable, and his existence is proven by the text.
For those who weren't listening, the cycle of Humans beget Cylons beget armegeddon, has been repeating for eons. God, for whatever reason, is fed up of it. When he sees it happening on Earth 1, he sends his angels to avert the catastrophe, but they're ineffective. When he sees it happening on the colonies, he decides to get interventionalist. By the time he's finished frakking with everyone, they're a million light years from home, on a fleet of ships held together by gaffa tape and pessimism.
When it comes to the decision to turn away from advanced technology, the show has already established that these ships are falling apart, and with no means of manufacturing new parts are desperate to scavenge spares from the Galactica. Once that old bird makes its final jump, you might be able to make some pretty bangles from several components, but there’s not a lot left that’s functional. No, having found a habitable planet, they really have no option but to settle there. Bleak, and depressing sure, but hey, that's BSG.
The 30,000 survivors of the 50,000,000,000 strong twelve colonies don't have the knowledge or skills to rebuild and maintain an industrial society. They tried it on New Caprica, and were clearly failing there, despite having more resources. They were never going to be able to do it on Earth. However, the species would survive and have a second chance - through Hera. God wins, barring free-will ruining things again.
Does anyone get a happy ending? Laura dies after leading her people to the promised land; Galen runs off to Scotland because he just can't trust himself to trust anyone else; Kara's bought back to life, relearns how to love, and is then snatched from existence; Lee is abandoned by everyone he loves; Baltar's scorned inheritance turns out to be the only thing capable of keeping him alive; and the whole human race is placed under the care of President Rollo Lampkin. Doesn’t sound too good, does it, but every one of those fates has an undeniable silver lining, and I'll leave it to you to figure out how the end of each character's story was perfect in its way.
The chronology has been puzzling. Why have the colonists land on Earth 150,000 years ago, instead of at a later time when they could have plausibly introduced agriculture (say 9000 years ago - certainly recent enough to hasten the end of prehistory)?
The timeframe of 150,000 years ago roughly coincides with the evolution of modern homo-sapiens and the development of behavioural modernity. From our 21st century viewpoint, we tend to be terribly condescending about our neolithic ancestors, but the truth (as far as we know it) is that they were quite societally advanced. The colonists may have lost a lot when they threw their ships into the sun, but they retained enough to leave a lasting legacy of language, art, cooking, humour, games, distance trading, tools, fishing, music and religion.
Let's not forget that, also within this time frame, the planet has experienced an ice-age, a super-massive volcanic eruption, plagues, and any number of near misses with extinction, that would have left any and all archeology destroyed and any memory of the colonists subsumed into the collective unconscious.
Is it so hard to imagine that, even if the remaining colonists had built homes with plumbing and running water, chicken coops and vegetable patches; that even if they had continued writing letters to each other, in the end their population simply wasn't large enough to exist, in the long term, on more than a subsistance level? Humanity's history is a cycle of dark ages - civilizations fall, and technologies are invented, forgotten, reinvented, over and over again. Over the generations they would have regressed - as a result of their low numbers and inability to transmit information. This was inevitable: whether they threw their ships into the sun or not, they would eventually forget, if not how to use them, how they worked. A population needs to reach a certain level before it can maintain a certain quality of life. The oncoming deterioration reminds me of the conclusion to Earth Abides, where in the end, bows and arrows prove more useful than rusting sidearms.
We now find ourselves at the same point the Colonies were (minus the spacefaring) about a century before the first Cylon war: on the verge of the singularity. The question is: are we going to end up on a distant planet, reduced to a fraction of our numbers, traumatised and debased, doomed to regress to the stone age, or are we going to break the cycle?
Daybreak was, most fittingly, a challenging and polarising ending, but one that I think was consistent with everything that’s gone before in Battlestar Galactica. The story was always about the characters, and in the flashbacks to Caprica before the fall, the journey was completed by showing us the beginning,. With this structural trick - the beginning is the end, the end is the beginning - Moore completes the circle. The cycle is broken, and whatever happens next is new.
A great show, a great ending.
Labels: Celtx , Software , Writing
Version 2 of Celtx , my favourite free screenwriting app, was released today. Many of the improvements, such as the move to the Firefox 3 codebase, are under the hood, and the end result is an application that looks and behaves pretty much the same as the last version, only a good deal snappier. Which is what you want, really.
The biggest change is server side, and is a whopper. Taking a leaf out of Apple’s studied playback the Celtx team have taken features that were once free, given them a polish, renamed them from Web Services to Celtx Studios, and decided to charge for them. Frankly, I don’t blame them at all.
If you were using Celtx’s free web services to collaborate on projects, each member of your team will now need a $50 annual subscription to a Celtx Studio instead. You can still email scripts around for collaboration, of course, but Celtx Studios offers a tidy, organised online workspace for sharing and back-ups. It’s actually pretty neat, and available as a free beta until March 24th, so you’ve plenty of time to try it out before making the move to Zhura or Scrippd or Scriptbuddy or Fivespockets .
The other major change is support for extensions and other add-ons, that will be part of the Celtx Toolbox. Not sure how this will be used, as very little info has been posted so far, but I imagine we’ll soon see lots of gimmicky random name generators and so forth sprouting up.
Can’t wait for that.
Celtx 2.0 is available for Mac OS 10.4 and above, Windows something or other, and Linux.
BBC Three have declared Being Human a triumph and ordered an expanded second season. The show will return with eight eps, up from six, and promises
some very exciting, very dark new stories.
Being Human has been an iPlayer hit and its website has become one of the best performing on the Beeb’s site.
The final episode of Being Human is this Sunday.
The script for the first episode is here .
The website is here .
Press release here .
I’ve enjoyed the series a hell of a lot, but feel it could benefit from a forty-five minute running time, rather than the full sixty, which sadly tend to sag in the middle. Still, a second season is certainly something worth waiting for, and thankful for, as this season so nearly didn’t happen.
| Writer's cramp |
Which gas was once known as ' Fire Damp ' because it often caused explosions in mines ? | Carl Elliott reviews ‘Constructing RSI’ by Yolande Lucire and ‘Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’’ by Daniel Moerman · LRB 8 January 2004
by Daniel Moerman
Cambridge, 172 pp, £14.95, October 2002, ISBN 0 521 00087 4
In The Healer’s Power (1992), Howard Brody imagines an imposing figure known as the Chief of Medicine. Faced with an insubordinate medical student trained in the new, inferior style – humble, egalitarian, emotionally honest – the Chief of Medicine delivers a long monologue on the nature of a doctor’s power. Patients have a deep need to bow down to a doctor’s authority, he says, as he paces the room. If doctors are to heal, they must believe in their own authority and wield it like a scalpel. ‘Do you think I know nothing of the history of medicine?’ the Chief of Medicine asks. ‘Those men of a century ago healed because they believed their incantations; their so-called science provided the ceremonial backdrop and special effects needed to inspire, awe and ultimately heal the multitudes. Did you think I would fail to see that our lasers, scanners and computerised toys are just a finer and richer set of stage props?’ Then he adds, a little sadly: ‘The only difference is that our predecessors may have truly believed. I cannot believe; I know too much.’
This confession gets at a major problem faced by contemporary doctors. The more effective their medical technology, the less faith they have in the power of their office. Doctors have come to believe that it is their tools, not they themselves, that are responsible for what happens in the clinical encounter. What becomes of the doctor’s power when doctors lose faith in their own authority and start believing in technology instead? If the Chief of Medicine is right, then these doctors will be a lot less effective, and may even be dangerous.
This view gets some scholarly backing from two fine new books. The darker side of doctors’ power is on display in Yolande Lucire’s carefully argued Constructing RSI. Lucire writes about the epidemic of repetitive strain injury in Australia in the 1980s, which she believes was a mass psychogenic phenomenon. She argues that doctors played an important (if unknowing) part in transmitting the disorder. Daniel Moerman’s Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’ is a lucid, accessible look at the power doctors have to restore patients to health with placebos. Both writers recognise the power of doctors themselves, quite apart from their tools, to make us healthy or sick.
Moerman’s real topic is the meaning of the clinical encounter. The placebo effect cannot be understood, he argues, without understanding the broader webs of significance in which the clinical encounter takes place. His book is a finely documented catalogue of surprises and misunderstandings about placebos. He shows, for example, that people who take their placebos diligently do better than those who take them only occasionally; that placebo injections work better than placebo pills; that brand name placebos relieve pain better than generic placebos; and that blue placebos are better sedatives than red ones – except for Italian men, for whom the opposite is true. If phenomena like this puzzle us, he suggests, it is because we have grown too accustomed to the machinery model of medicine, whereby the body is reduced to a complex device and doctors to mechanics. According to the machinery model, placebos should not work at all. As Moerman says, it is as if someone had designed a joke spanner that looks real but won’t turn a nut, and secretly slipped it into a mechanic’s toolbox. But when the mechanic uses it, the joke spanner works just fine.
What could account for such a thing? Psychologically minded clinicians believe that the placebo effect has something to do with what goes on in an individual patient’s head. This view is not entirely wrong, but, Moerman suggests, it is too narrow. The placebo response is highly variable across cultures. Germans with ulcers, for example, respond to placebos at a rate twice that of people in the rest of the world. In fact, the placebo healing rate for ulcers in Germany is almost three times that of the Netherlands or Denmark. Does this mean that there is something about German psychology that makes them extraordinarily responsive to placebos? Not at all, Moerman says. When you look at studies of blood-pressure drugs rather than ulcer drugs, the situation reverses itself. In blood-pressure studies, the Germans have the lowest placebo response rate in the world. Whatever the reason for the contrast, it probably has less to do with individual psychology than with the varying cultural significance of ulcers and high blood pressure.
Many doctors continue to think that some individual patients are simply more susceptible to the placebo effect than others – more gullible, more neurotic or more acquiescent to authority. In clinical studies of new medications, for example, these people are called ‘placebo responders’, and the studies are designed to weed them out. Many studies begin with a ‘placebo washout’ period, during which all patients are given placebos; those who get better are dropped from the trial.
According to Moerman, the notion of ‘placebo responders’ is misguided. Nobody has figured out a reliable way to identify who is likely to be a placebo responder and who is not. People who do not respond to placebos at one point in time may well respond later. Even when so-called placebo responders are dropped from a study, a good proportion of the remaining patients respond to placebos anyway. Whatever the placebo effect is, it isn’t reliably predictable on the basis of the characteristics of individual patients.
A much better predictor is the characteristics and qualities of individual doctors. The more convinced a doctor is that a drug or a placebo will work, the more likely that it really will. The pioneering study here was conducted almost forty years ago. Physicians were treating anxious outpatients with meprobamate, or Miltown, a popular tranquilliser of the 1950s and 1960s. In two clinics, patients given Miltown became no less anxious than patients given placebos. But in the third, patients on Miltown became much less anxious. The difference was that doctors in this clinic had self-consciously adopted an enthusiastic, confident attitude towards the drug’s effectiveness. When they switched to a more neutral, experimental attitude, Miltown was no better than a placebo.
A more elegant study to the same effect was published by Richard Gracely and his colleagues in 1985. Gracely purported to be studying a pain reliever called fentanyl in patients recovering after having their wisdom teeth removed. But he was more interested in whether a clinician’s attitude relieved pain. So he recruited unknowing clinicians to administer the treatment. Gracely and his colleagues told half the doctors that they would be administering one of three possible treatments: fentanyl (a pain reliever), naloxone (a drug that blocked opiate receptors and could make the pain even worse) or a placebo. But he told the other half of the clinicians that there had been an administrative problem, and none of their patients would be getting fentanyl.
The results were striking. All the patients got placebos, and all were told the same thing about their chances of getting placebos. But their pain response differed tremendously. How it differed depended on what their clinicians thought they were administering. If a doctor thought there was a one-in-three possibility that he was giving the patient fentanyl, the patient was likely to feel a lot better after an hour. But if a doctor thought there was no chance he was giving the patient fentanyl – that he was giving either placebo or naloxone – then the patient’s pain was likely to get worse. Somehow, the clinicians were unknowingly transmitting their attitudes towards the medication to their patients.
A similar phenomenon may account for the strange career of Tagamet, or cimetidine, an ulcer drug which blocks the production of acid in the gut. Twenty-five years ago, it was the best treatment available for gastric ulcers. Before 1981, clinical studies showed that 72 per cent of gastric ulcer patients treated with Tagamet were healed. In many of those studies the number was over 90 per cent; in one, every single patient given Tagamet was healed. But then the drug started to lose its effectiveness. In studies after 1981, only 64 per cent of patients treated with Tagamet were healed. In one study in the late 1980s, the number was as low as 37 per cent. What had happened?
What had happened was Zantac, or ranitidine. Like Tagamet, Zantac is an ulcer drug, and it began appearing in published clinical studies in 1981. This was bad news for Tagamet: the better Zantac performed in these studies, the worse Tagamet did. As the years passed, Tagamet’s performance gradually declined, like that of an ageing athlete faced with a younger, fresher competitor. The reason had nothing to do with the active ingredients of the drug. As long as doctors believed in Tagamet, it performed well. But as the evidence mounted in favour of Zantac, doctors began to lose confidence in Tagamet, and they unconsciously transmitted that attitude to their patients. If you had a gastric ulcer, you were much better off seeing a true believer than a doctor who had lost his faith.
But what if the problem was in your arms instead of your gut? In the early 1980s, an alarming number of Australians began to find themselves in pain: often in their forearms or wrists, but sometimes in their neck, shoulders or back. It could feel like an ache, or fatigue, or pinpricks, or a cramp. Sometimes it was more like numbness or paralysis, or even problems with co-ordination. Most of the sufferers did repetitive work with their hands: clerical workers, keyboard operators, computer programmers. Soon a name describing this constellation of symptoms appeared in the medical literature: repetitive strain injury, or RSI. The ‘injury’ part of the name was important, because RSI was initially seen as an occupational disorder resulting from excessive keyboard use.
RSI steadily made its way into public consciousness. Newspapers began to report it, the Government began to investigate it, lawyers began to bring suits about it, doctors began to treat it, unions protested against the conditions causing it and compensation schemes began to pay for it. The number of reported cases of RSI rose dramatically. At the peak of the epidemic, in 1984, the Australian Public Service Association launched an awareness campaign with rallies, marches, posters and RSI handbooks. By the mid-1980s, virtually everyone in Australia had heard of RSI and almost as many had an opinion about it: that it was an occupational injury caused by inhumane working conditions, or that it was a fake disorder manufactured by whingers set on collecting compensation, or that it was the result of mass hysteria and moral panic. Case reports of RSI began to appear in New Zealand, Europe, Canada and the United States. Doctors treated it with surgery, cortisone injections, splints, slings, pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, exercise, acupuncture, physiotherapy, ultrasound and vitamin B12, none of which seemed to work very well. Some doctors in Europe even tried brain surgery.
Yolande Lucire, a forensic psychiatrist, was a controversial figure in these early debates. She argued that the origins of RSI were not in excessive keyboard use but in the psyche of the sufferers. In Constructing RSI she backs up her arguments with a wealth of data, including her own interviews with RSI patients. In blunt, no-nonsense language, Lucire argues that RSI is a mass psychogenic illness without a physical cause. RSI, she claims, was not the result of repetitive work, static strain, ergonomics or poor posture. It was caused by the belief that these things may harm the body. One important source of this belief was the medical profession. Some of these doctors were moral entrepreneurs: public crusaders on behalf of workplace reform. But others were simply well-intentioned practitioners. ‘The kindest, most sympathetic physicians,’ Lucire writes, ‘became vectors of a disabling illness, one caused by the ideas inherent in its name.’
She believes that RSI is the type of condition that in earlier times might have been called hysteria or, later on, a psychosomatic disorder, but is now more often called somatisation: the experience of anxiety, depression or stress as symptoms in the body. The symptoms of somatisation are usually inconsistent with physical and laboratory tests, inexplicable by known pathophysiological mechanisms, and do not correspond to the symptoms of known medical disorders. Yet somatising patients are not fakers. They really do experience paralysis, blindness or, as Lucire argues in the case of RSI, symptoms of pain and weakness, which can also manifest themselves as redness and swelling.
Anyone who argues that RSI is psychogenic is asking for trouble, from doctors, patients and unions. The most receptive audience will probably be the employers whose faulty workplace conditions are alleged to be causing RSI. In Australia, they received some very large financial penalties. According to Lucire, New South Wales saw an eleven-fold increase in disability claims for arm problems between 1970 and 1985. Between 1980 and 1982, absenteeism from work because of arm problems tripled. One small manufacturing company saw its insurance premiums triple to $150,000 in a single year when three RSI claims were filed against it. The epidemic cost Telecom Australia an estimated $15 million over five years, even though the work of its keyboard telephonists involved only about four hundred keystrokes an hour – the equivalent of typing a couple of words a minute.
Whether or not Lucire is right, she presents a case that must be taken seriously. The benefits of getting an RSI diagnosis are plain enough: a medical excuse from the obligation to work (often at jobs that were repetitive, boring and poorly paid) and financial compensation for a workplace injury. Not that this made life rosy for RSI sufferers in Australia. The diagnosis was hotly contested, and its sufferers often stigmatised. As with many other contested disorders (such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome or multiple chemical sensitivity) RSI eventually became part of a social movement in which sufferers banded together in solidarity. When a conference on RSI called ‘Medical Mythology’ was organised in Sydney in 1985, it was picketed by women in arm splints carrying protest banners.
Lucire does not provide a straightforward rebuttal of the various physical explanations of RSI that have been offered in the medical literature, which is a pity, but in one of the most illuminating sections of the book she does discuss case reports (20 are included in an appendix). At the request of a third party, Lucire interviewed 319 patients in litigation over arm pain. She found little evidence that their symptoms were caused by workplace injuries, but a lot of evidence that the litigants were working under extraordinary levels of personal stress. They were undergoing divorce proceedings, financial trouble, family crisis, pregnancy, miscarriage or the threat of job loss. About a third had other significant health problems. Many were responsible for children or sick relatives. According to Lucire, 60 per cent could not possibly have continued to work given their other responsibilities. Almost all were women.
Advocates of the occupational injury theory of RSI attribute it to the rise of the computerised workplace, but Lucire suggests that the only really new aspect of RSI is the name. In 19th-century England, people suffered from ‘scrivener’s palsy’ and ‘writer’s cramp’. In the early 20th century, telegraphists in the UK began experiencing ‘telegraphist’s cramp’, a condition thought to be caused by the rapid, repetitive movements required to send Morse code. The condition affected up to 18 per cent of British telegraphists. Similar cramp-like syndromes were reported in the United States. One common element was the suspicion of a psychogenic component: poor constitution, neurosis, weak nerves, neurasthenic temperament. Samuel Solly, the surgeon who first described ‘scrivener’s palsy’, warned his fellow surgeons to be very careful in their diagnosis. Make a mistake, he warned, and ‘you may destroy the happiness of your patient and bring on the very disease you have erroneously diagnosed.’
Perhaps the most interesting thing about placebos and conditions such as RSI is just how embarrassing we find them. The embarrassment stems partly from the seeming inexplicability of the phenomena, partly from the implication that what has happened to your body is not real, and that you could make yourself healthy through an act of will if only you would try. Critics of mainstream biomedicine sometimes say that we should just accept the idea that the mind can work on the body. But as Moerman points out, our current model is of the body as a machine. Asked how the mind works in it, the best we can do is to imagine a ghost turning the levers. Given the mechanical model, a placebo might as well be a magic wand, or an amulet to ward off spirits. We do not yet have the conceptual tools to describe how the mind works on the body, and without those tools, placebos and psychogenic illnesses look like magic. What do you say to the witch doctor who can reliably make it rain?
| i don't know |
' Twenty Years After ' is the sequel to which other novel ? | Twenty years after : a sequel to "The three musketeers" (Book) [WorldCat.org]
The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message.
E-mail Message:
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/644105011 Title: Twenty years after : a sequel to "The three musketeers" Author: Alexandre Dumas Publisher: London : John Hamilton, [date of publication not identified] OCLC:644105011
The ReCaptcha terms you entered were incorrect. Please try to match the 2 words shown in the window, or try the audio version.
| The Three Musketeers |
In which town is the Wetherspoons pub ' The Eric Bartholemew ' ? | Twenty Years After by Dumas, Alexandre
Reviews (0)
Twenty Years After is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. This sequel to The Three Musketeers and a book of the so-called D'Artagnan Romances (the third and last book being The Vicomte de Bragelonne, including the famous volume, The Man in the Iron Mask) was serialized from January to August, 1845. The novel follows events in France during La Fronde, during the childhood reign of Louis XIV, and in England near the end of the English Civil War, leading up to the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the execution of King Charles I. Dumas comes out on the side of the monarchy in general, or at least he supports the idea of a well-meaning, liberal monarchy. His musketeers are valiant and right in their efforts to protect young Louis XIV and the doomed Charles I from their attackers. Readers learn as much about Dumas and mid-19th century politics from reading this work as they do about the mid-17th century. This book is the least well-known of the Musketeer saga but works effectively as a sequel, with reappearances by most main characters (or children of main characters) and an interesting set of subplots.
Review this book (Want a chance to win $50 ? Log-in or create an account first!) (You'll be automatically entered for a chance to win $50!)
| i don't know |
Who wrote the ' Ode to Joy ' on which Beethoven based the last movement of his Ninth Symphony ? | Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony no. 9
Symphony no. 9 in D minor, opus 125,
Fourth movement 23:22
Text: portions of "Ode to Joy" by Friedrich Schiller
I wrote this analysis of the last movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony to aid my students in following along as the music played. The timings are based on the classic 1952 recording conducted by Arturo Toscanini (RCA Victor Gold Seal), but the timings could be adjusted to fit any other recording. Please keep in mind that this was written by a non-musician for non-musicians in a general humanities class and does not pretend to be a technical analysis--just a way of helping beginning listeners to classical music appreciate what is going on.
Elapsed time
0:00 The movement opens agitatedly as the orchestra picks up fragments of one theme after another from the previous three movements, as if seeking a satisfactory vehicle for its expression; but each is discarded in turn.
1:15 The first seven notes of the main theme to come are tentatively uttered, but it too is abandoned as the search continues.
2:17 Once again the theme begins, this time in the woodwinds, but it soon breaks off.
2:46 Finally, the theme emerges decisively in the basses for a subdued first statement.
3:24 The second statement is calm, tranquil, confident, and the theme continues onward in the various voices of the orchestra, broad and flowing.
4:38 The winds make a strong statement of the theme.
5:49 The flow of the music abruptly halts--there are rapid shifts--great agitation, until
6:02 the orchestra introduces the baritone singing the first three lines of the poem, rejecting the feverish discords of the previous passage, calling for a different music, whose nature is suggested by the strings beneath his voice:
O Freunde, nicht diese Töne,
O friends, not these notes!
sondern lasst uns angenehmere
Rather let us take up something more
anstimmen, und freudenvollere.
pleasant, and more joyful.
6:43 The chorus echoes his "Freude!" and he is off through the first part of the ode on the main theme:
Freude, schöner Götterfunken
We march, drunk with fire,
Himmlische, dein Heiligtum.
Holy One, to thy holy kingdom.
Deine Zauber binden wieder,
Was die Mode streng geteilt;
What tradition has strongly parted,
Alle Menschen werden Brüder,
All men will be brothers
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.
Dwelling under the safety of your wings.
7:12 The chorus recapitulates the last four lines of this section.
7:30 The theme is now presented by a vocal quartet, which continues the ode:
Wem der grosse Wurf gelungen,
He who has had the great pleasure
Eines Freundes Freund zu sein
To be a true friend to a friend,
Wer ein holdes Weib errungen,
He who has a noble wife
Mische seinen Jubel ein!
Let him join our mighty song of rejoicing!
Ja--wer auch nur eine Seele
Yes--if there is a solitary soul
Sein nennt auf' dem Erdenrund!
In the entire world which claims him--
Und wer's nie gekonnt, der stehle
If he rejects it, then let him steal away
Weinend sich aus diesem Bund.
Weeping out of this comradeship.
alternating with the chorus, which repeats the last four lines, and the quartet then sings:
Freude trinken alle Wesen
All beings drink in joy
An den Brüsten der Natur;
From nature's breasts.
All good and evil things
Folgen ihrer Rosenspur.
Küsse gab sie uns und Reben
She gave us kisses and grapes,
Einen Freund, geprüft im Tod;
A friend, tested unto death,
Wollust ward dem Wurm gegeben,
Pleasure is given even to the worm
Und der Cherub steht vor Gott.
And the cherubim stand before God.
with the chorus repeating the last four lines of this section. Each time through the theme is treated to ever more elaborate variations.
9:10 There is a dramatic pause at the climax of the word "God", and the theme emerges rhythmically transformed in the winds as a military march, matching the martial words of the tenor in these lines:
Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen
Happy, like thy Sun which flies
Durch des Himmels prächt'gen Plan,
Through the splendid Heavens,
Wander, Brothers, on your road
Freudig, wie ein Held zum Siegen.
Joyful, like a hero going to victory.
10:53 An orchestral interlude.
12:30 The chorus re-enters, repeating these lines :
Freude, schöner Götterfunken
We march, drunk with fire,
Himmlische, dein Heiligtum.
Holy One, to thy holy kingdom.
Deine Zauber binden wieder,
Was die Mode streng geteilt;
What tradition has strongly parted,
Alle Menschen werden Brüder,
All men will be brothers
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.
Dwelling under the safety of your wings.
13:16 There is a dramatic shift, and the poem continues:
Seid umschlungen, Millionen!
Diesen Kuss der ganzen Welt!
In this kiss of the entire world.
Brüder--überm Sternenzelt
Brothers--over the canopy of stars
Muss ein lieber Vater wohnen!
A loving Father must live.
and these lines are then repeated.
15:14 The religious section of the ode begins as the chorus intones in an awed manner:
Ihr stürzt nieder, Millionen?
Millions, do you fall upon your knees?
15:30 The music rises hopefully toward God and the heavens as the final lines of verse are sung:
Ahnest du den Schöpfer, Welt?
Do you sense the Creator, world?
Such' ihn überm Sternenzelt!
Seek Him above the canopy of stars!
Über Sternen muss er wohnen.
Surely He lives above the stars.
16:58 The last section, from "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" is repeated triumphantly in counterpoint.
18:36 A dramatic hush, the music rises steadily.
19:23 The quartet then re-enters with the following lines from the beginning of the poem:
Tochter aus Elysium
| Friedrich Schiller |
The footballer John Charles played for two Italian football clubs: Roma and which other ? |
Beethoven's inscrutable Ninth Symphony still mesmerizes
This summer, as every summer, the end of the Boston Symphony's Tanglewood season will be marked by another round of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. The world over, the Ninth has become an indispensable adornment for socio/musical hooplas. Chances are, it will be played soon by an orchestra near you. If you know Western classical music, you know this one. Probably half of humanity can hum the little ditty that serves as the theme of the choral finale—a setting of Schiller's revolutionary-era drinking song, "Ode to Joy."
Which is all to say, the Ninth has attained the kind of ubiquity that threatens to gut any artwork. Think Mona Lisa. Still, as with Lisa, when that kind of success persists through the centuries, there are reasons. One reason is its mystery. Figuratively speaking, everybody knows the Ninth. But has anybody really understood it? The harder you look, the odder it gets. In a singular way, the Ninth enfolds the apparently contradictory qualities of the epic and the slippery. First movement: loud, big, heroic, no? No. Big and loud all right, also wildly unstable, searching, inconclusive—everything heroes aren't. The formal outline, on the surface a conventional sonata form, is turned inside-out: The development section in the middle , usually a point of maximum tension and drama, is the relatively most placid part of the movement; the recap, the return of the opening theme and usually elaborately prepared, erupts out of calm like a scream , with a major chord that somehow sounds hair-raising. (Major keys and harmonies being traditionally nice, hopeful, that sort of thing, minor ones darker, sadder, etc.) At the end there's a funeral march over a slithering bass . Beethoven wrote funeral marches earlier, one the second movement of the "Eroica" Symphony. There we can imagine who died: the hero, or soldiers in battle. But who died in the first movement of the Ninth? Next comes the scherzo, Beethoven's trademark skittering, ebullient movement. Here it's those things ratcheted up to a Dionysian whirlwind, manically contrapuntal, punctuated with timpani crashes . Strange choice, to follow a funeral march. Even stranger: For all the apparent over-the-top gaiety, the movement is in D minor. Gaiety generally means major keys, but not here. Given its surroundings, the third movement is peculiar mainly in its cloudless tranquility. It's one of those singing, time-stopping adagios that mark Beethoven's last period. Two themes alternate, and nothing much happens but the themes acquiring delicate filigree and little dance turns in a dreamlike atmosphere of uncanny beauty. The famous finale is weirdest of all. Scholars have never quite agreed on its formal model, though it clearly involves a series of variations on the "Joy" theme. But why does this celebration of joy open with a dissonant shriek that Richard Wagner dubbed the "terror fanfare"? Then the basses start playing stuff that is unmistakably a recitative, the familiar prose patter between arias in opera and oratorio. Here, a recitative with no words. And for the supreme oddity: One at a time, themes from the earlier movements are introduced only to be rebuffed by the basses—opening of the first movement, nope, too grim; second movement, too light; third movement … nice, the basses sigh nostalgically, but no, too sweet.
This, then: The Joy theme is unveiled by the basses unaccompanied, sounding for all the world like somebody (say, the composer) quietly humming to himself. (In fact, Beethoven sketched the Joy theme early on and aimed the whole symphony to be a revelation of it.) The theme begins to vary, picking up lovely flowing accompaniments. Then, out of nowhere, back to the terror fanfare . And now up steps a real singer, singing a real recitative: "Oh friends, not these tones! Rather let's strike up something more agreeable and joyful."Soon the chorus is crying, "Joy! Joy!" and the piece is off, praising joy as the universal solvent, under whose influence love will flourish, humanity unite. Schiller's ode is a stylized drinking song, meant literally or figuratively to be declaimed by comrades with glasses raised. And what a tipsy course Beethoven's setting follows: At one point a mystical evocation of the godhead is followed by a grunting military march in a style the Viennese called "Turkish," which resolves into a learned and majestic fugue. Nobody has figured out what Beethoven meant by all this. The result has been that every age and ideology has simply claimed the music for its own. Communists, Catholics, lefties, and reactionaries have joined in the chorus. A 1999 book by Esteban Buch, recently available in English, traces the course of the Ninth through history. It's been attached to European disunity in the form of nationalism, it got sucked into the Nazi cult of blood and race, and finally it became, with the Joy theme's adoption as the anthem of the European Union, a symbol of togetherness. Others have seen the Ninth as a universal human anthem. Leonard Bernstein conducted it at the international celebration of the fall of the Berlin Wall, and what else would do the job? For the composer's part, it's a good bet that Beethoven didn't intend for the Ninth to be precisely figured out. As with the Mona Lisa, maybe its very ambiguity is part of its success. Paint it any color you like, and it remains its exalted and inexplicable self. If you want universality in a work of art, here you are. One could argue that the best way of keeping the Ninth alive and fresh is not to pin it down but to embrace its mystery. What can be said about the Ninth with reasonable certainty? One is that its position in the world is probably about what Beethoven wanted it to be. In an unprecedented way for a composer, he deliberately stepped into history with a great ceremonial work that doesn't just preach freedom and the unity of peoples but attempts however strangely to foster them. Another thing to note is that most late Beethoven pieces take surprising courses. His earlier works tend to have a tone (which sometimes he names for us, as in the "Pathetique" and "Eroica") that propels a dramatic unfolding: We hear what happens to the pathos and the heroism. In his late works Beethoven turned away from such clear dramatic curves to more elusive and evocative trains of ideas whose effect he and his time called poetic. And in keeping with the turn from drama to poetry, he left the heroics behind.
Advertisement
I'll add one more surmise. Famously, the Ninth first emerges from a whispering mist to towering, fateful proclamations. The finale's Joy theme is almost constructed before our ears, hummed through, then composed and recomposed and decomposed. The Ninth is music about music, about its own emerging, about its composer composing. And for what? "This kiss for all the world!" runs the telling line in the finale, in which Beethoven erected a movement of epic scope on a humble little tune that anybody can sing.
The Ninth, forming and dissolving before our ears in its beauty and terror and simplicity and complexity, ending with a cry of jubilation, is itself his kiss for all the world, from east to west, high to low, naive to sophisticated. When the bass speaks the first words in the finale, an invitation to sing for joy, the words come from Beethoven, not Schiller. It's the composer talking to everybody, to history. That's what's so moving about those words. There Beethoven greets us person to person, with glass raised, and hails us as friends.
| i don't know |
What kind of creature is a Twite ? | 12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba | TakePart
12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba
12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba
American ecotourists may encounter some wild wildlife as travel to the island gets easier.
May 08, 2015
Share
Cuban Solenodon
The Cuban solenodon (Solenodon cunbanus) is an endangered mammal is native to southeastern Cuba. A living fossil, the venomous shrew-like animal produces poisonous saliva that it injects into prey through its teeth. Largely wiped out by hunters and predators in the 19th century, the solenodon was last spotted in 2003. However, researchers have found evidence that the animal still survives.
(Photo: Flickr)
Cuban Trogon
The Cuban trogon (Priotelus tempuras) is Cuba's national bird. It is found in healthy population numbers throughout the island.
(Photo: Glenn Bartley/Facebook)
Monte Iberia Dwarf Eleuth
The tiny Monte Iberia dwarf eleuth (Eleutherodactylus iberia) is the smallest frog in the northern hemisphere, and the third-smallest of all frog species. Found in two small areas of eastern Cuba, it is listed as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because its preferred forest habitats have been converted to agricultural use or degraded by firewood collection.
(Photo: Flickr)
Cuban Hutia
A type of rodent, the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) grows up to 19 pounds. They are hunted for food, “often cooked in a large pot with wild nuts and honey [or sautéed] with green peppers, onions, tomato sauce and lots of garlic,” according to a Caribbean animal website .
(Photo: Silvain de Munck/Flickr)
Cuban Ground Iguana
The Cuban ground iguana (Cyclura nubile) is found across Cuba. Coastal tourism development appears to be driving down this reptile's numbers, leading the IUCN to classify it as a “vulnerable” species.
(Photo: YouTube)
The Cuban tody (Todus multicolor) is a brightly colored native bird, found only in Cuba.
(Photo: Allan Hopkins/Flickr)
Cuban Land Crab
This crustacean may be known to nature TV lovers thanks to the segment of a 2008 episode of the show Nature. Every spring, millions of Cuban land crabs (Gecarcinus ruricola) swarm out of the forests and across whatever lays in their way—including roads and swimming pools—to breed in the sea.
(Photo: Flickr)
This gorgeous gastropod (Polymita picta) is another species found only in Cuba.
(Photo: YouTube)
Cuban Tree Frog
The Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) is abundant and often sold as a pet. It’s thought that escaped or released pet tree frogs are responsible for the animal’s presence in mainland Florida and Hawaii, where it’s considered more of a pest.
(Photo: Mark Yokoyama/Flickr)
Bee Hummingbird
The bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is the smallest known bird. Fully grown, it weighs 1.8 grams and is about two inches long. The bird is listed as “near threatened” on the IUCN Red List , as its population is declining because of deforestation.
(Photo: Ekaterina Chernetsova/Flickr)
Cuban Tree Boa
The Cuban tree boa (Epicrates angulifer) is the longest known arboreal boa, growing between seven and 13 feet long. This species is classified as “near threatened” on the IUCN Red List , probably because of loss of its forest habitat.
(Photo: Carsten Brink/Flickr)
Lucifuga
Lucifuga (Lucifuga genus) are freshwater fish that live in caves and sinkholes. The four known species are all classed as “vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List of threatened and endangered species.
(Photo: Flickr)
Enter Photo Gallery
11 Endangered Animals as Seen Through the Eyes of Young Artists
Dozens of children from kindergarten through 12th grade entered drawings in this year’s “Saving Endangered Species Youth Art Contest.” The contest was sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, and the International Child Art Foundation.
A panel of accomplished wildlife artists selected 40 finalists. The judges, which included sea life artist Wyland and endangered species photographers Susan Middleton and David Liittschwater, selected David Starovoytov as the grand prize winner His drawing depicted a rare fish named the Kentucky arrow darter cupped in two hands.
Sarovoytov’s prizes included an art lesson from a professional wildlife artist and $50-worth of art supplies.
"More than just an art competition, this is a jumping off point to engage children in a conversation about America’s unique wildlife and the importance of conserving it," said Dan Ashe, director of the USFWS, in a statement. "The idea that without our help, some species could vanish during their lifetime resonates with kids and can inspire them to become the conservationists of tomorrow."
0 of 0
The thaw in Cuba-U.S. relations hit a new milestone this week as both JetBlue and several Florida ferry companies announced that they would soon begin offering regular routes between the United States and Havana .
That means Americans will be able to visit Cuba’s wild tropical forests , wetlands , coral reefs , and coastlines for the first time in over half a century.
These areas include the Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve, one of the largest wetlands in the Caribbean , and Cuchillas del Toa, site of the world’s largest remaining old-growth tropical rainforests.
Cuba shelters hundreds of native mammals, reptiles, birds, and other wildlife, including many found nowhere else in the world. Here’s a small selection of what you might see if you book a nature trip to the island.
| Bird (disambiguation) |
In which Hertfordshire town are the headquarters of the Wetherspoons pub chain ? | 12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba | TakePart
12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba
12 Stunningly Strange Animals You Might Spot in Cuba
American ecotourists may encounter some wild wildlife as travel to the island gets easier.
May 08, 2015
Share
Cuban Solenodon
The Cuban solenodon (Solenodon cunbanus) is an endangered mammal is native to southeastern Cuba. A living fossil, the venomous shrew-like animal produces poisonous saliva that it injects into prey through its teeth. Largely wiped out by hunters and predators in the 19th century, the solenodon was last spotted in 2003. However, researchers have found evidence that the animal still survives.
(Photo: Flickr)
Cuban Trogon
The Cuban trogon (Priotelus tempuras) is Cuba's national bird. It is found in healthy population numbers throughout the island.
(Photo: Glenn Bartley/Facebook)
Monte Iberia Dwarf Eleuth
The tiny Monte Iberia dwarf eleuth (Eleutherodactylus iberia) is the smallest frog in the northern hemisphere, and the third-smallest of all frog species. Found in two small areas of eastern Cuba, it is listed as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because its preferred forest habitats have been converted to agricultural use or degraded by firewood collection.
(Photo: Flickr)
Cuban Hutia
A type of rodent, the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) grows up to 19 pounds. They are hunted for food, “often cooked in a large pot with wild nuts and honey [or sautéed] with green peppers, onions, tomato sauce and lots of garlic,” according to a Caribbean animal website .
(Photo: Silvain de Munck/Flickr)
Cuban Ground Iguana
The Cuban ground iguana (Cyclura nubile) is found across Cuba. Coastal tourism development appears to be driving down this reptile's numbers, leading the IUCN to classify it as a “vulnerable” species.
(Photo: YouTube)
The Cuban tody (Todus multicolor) is a brightly colored native bird, found only in Cuba.
(Photo: Allan Hopkins/Flickr)
Cuban Land Crab
This crustacean may be known to nature TV lovers thanks to the segment of a 2008 episode of the show Nature. Every spring, millions of Cuban land crabs (Gecarcinus ruricola) swarm out of the forests and across whatever lays in their way—including roads and swimming pools—to breed in the sea.
(Photo: Flickr)
This gorgeous gastropod (Polymita picta) is another species found only in Cuba.
(Photo: YouTube)
Cuban Tree Frog
The Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) is abundant and often sold as a pet. It’s thought that escaped or released pet tree frogs are responsible for the animal’s presence in mainland Florida and Hawaii, where it’s considered more of a pest.
(Photo: Mark Yokoyama/Flickr)
Bee Hummingbird
The bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is the smallest known bird. Fully grown, it weighs 1.8 grams and is about two inches long. The bird is listed as “near threatened” on the IUCN Red List , as its population is declining because of deforestation.
(Photo: Ekaterina Chernetsova/Flickr)
Cuban Tree Boa
The Cuban tree boa (Epicrates angulifer) is the longest known arboreal boa, growing between seven and 13 feet long. This species is classified as “near threatened” on the IUCN Red List , probably because of loss of its forest habitat.
(Photo: Carsten Brink/Flickr)
Lucifuga
Lucifuga (Lucifuga genus) are freshwater fish that live in caves and sinkholes. The four known species are all classed as “vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List of threatened and endangered species.
(Photo: Flickr)
Enter Photo Gallery
11 Endangered Animals as Seen Through the Eyes of Young Artists
Dozens of children from kindergarten through 12th grade entered drawings in this year’s “Saving Endangered Species Youth Art Contest.” The contest was sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, and the International Child Art Foundation.
A panel of accomplished wildlife artists selected 40 finalists. The judges, which included sea life artist Wyland and endangered species photographers Susan Middleton and David Liittschwater, selected David Starovoytov as the grand prize winner His drawing depicted a rare fish named the Kentucky arrow darter cupped in two hands.
Sarovoytov’s prizes included an art lesson from a professional wildlife artist and $50-worth of art supplies.
"More than just an art competition, this is a jumping off point to engage children in a conversation about America’s unique wildlife and the importance of conserving it," said Dan Ashe, director of the USFWS, in a statement. "The idea that without our help, some species could vanish during their lifetime resonates with kids and can inspire them to become the conservationists of tomorrow."
0 of 0
The thaw in Cuba-U.S. relations hit a new milestone this week as both JetBlue and several Florida ferry companies announced that they would soon begin offering regular routes between the United States and Havana .
That means Americans will be able to visit Cuba’s wild tropical forests , wetlands , coral reefs , and coastlines for the first time in over half a century.
These areas include the Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve, one of the largest wetlands in the Caribbean , and Cuchillas del Toa, site of the world’s largest remaining old-growth tropical rainforests.
Cuba shelters hundreds of native mammals, reptiles, birds, and other wildlife, including many found nowhere else in the world. Here’s a small selection of what you might see if you book a nature trip to the island.
| i don't know |
What was the name of the submarine in the novel ' 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ' by Jules Verne ? | 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea - Jules Verne - Google Books
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
4 Reviews https://books.google.com.au/books/about/20_000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea.html?id=hEzmQuPLO6UC
Themes: Hi-Lo, adapted classics, low level classics, graphic novel. These literary masterpieces are made easy and interesting. This series features classic tales retold with color illustrations to introduce literature to struggling readers. Each 64-page softcover book retains key phrases and quotations from the original classics. When seaman were sailing only wooden ships, Captain Nemo was the master of his incredible, futuristic submarine, the Nautilus, which journeyed through many strange and adventurous voyages...
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
All Book Search results »
About the author (2010)
Jules Verne, one of the most influential writers of modern times, was born on February 8, 1828 in Nantes, France. He wrote for the theater and worked briefly as a stockbroker. Verne is considered by many to be the father of science fiction. His most popular novels include Journey to the Center of the Earth, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and Around the World in Eighty Days. These and others have been made into movies and TV mini-series. Twenty Thousand Leagues is even the basis of a popular ride at the Disney theme parks. In 1892, he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France. He died on March 24, 1905 in Amiens, France.
| Nautilus (Verne) |
The German cities of Dresden and Hamburg stand on which river ? | 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne - Free eBook
(1870) Sci-fi (Invention) / Adventure (Undersea)
R: * * * * *
Plot bullets
Professor Aronnax sets out with others, to discover the cause of several mysterious ship sinkings, that are at first attributed to a rogue whale.
He finds the true source of the occurrences, as he, his servant Conseil, and a master harpooner, Ned, find themselves in the ocean, clinging for their life to a strange ship.
The ship/submarine, The Nautilus, commanded by Captain Nemo, is a wonder of science and far in advance of the technology of that time..
The ship becomes a prison for the three men, as Nemo has his own agenda and a strong desire to separate himself from society. The men have free rein of the vessel, but can never return to their homes.
The professor is at first engrossed in the science of the incredible vessel, but over time realizes that he wants his freedom. Conseil is happy wherever his master is. Ned, from the first, plots for his freedom.
There is a long, mysterious and wonderful undersea voyage ahead of them, until the strong, self-made Nemo's interests and abilities are diminished by events and past, haunting memories.
The wonders of science and nature unfold as do the personalities and desires of these men. These men who would travel 'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'.
Republished in 1871 with the subtitle of 'An Underwater Tour of the World'.
A French league in Vern's time was about four kilometers, or about 2.5 miles per league.
Captain Nemo appears again in one of Vern's later works.
'The Mysterious Island', begins a new adventure and ties together three of Vern's stories, 'In Search of the Castaways', 'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea' and 'The Mysterious Island'. I suggest you read them in that order, although, each story provides a synopsis of previous events at critical points.''
Walt Disney movies were made of all three stories.
2013.09.11
This is the best work on science fiction I've ever read... It is imaginative, descriptive, thrilling, yet calm... I'd say this is Verne's best work.
2013.07.01
One of the first books I read when I was a kid; I do not know how many times I read it.
2013.04.20
Once you have adapt youself to the old fashioned writing and the slow story progression it's really good!
2013.01.31
traci moseley
the book was great and still is couse i have a few pages left but one thing i want to say is it needs some work. in chapter two when is shows what she put in the artical the quotation marks are at the frount of the paragraph but not at the end in all the paragraphs and as i read through im seeing double letters and misspelt words as well but over all im just saying it needs some correcting. but i have to ammitt this is such a fantastic book. think u for writing it. and think u for reading this.lol ;)
2012.10.15
Reece
This book is the best book. I read it in one day. Plus, all of your haters, it was written in 1800s; there were no submarines back then, (there could be, but none like how he describes it) so he wrote a book about the FUTURE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2012.10.01
I really didnt like it much. I mean, it's always good to read a novel, but this style of writing totally changes the way you look at it. althoguh, i think that it could be easier to read.
2011.07.18
Interesting but definitely not for the impatient ;)My hint to people who want to get through this fast is ask whoever is requiring you read this if you can skim quickly through the descriptions of animals.
2011.05.19
THIS IS MY FAV. BOOK N THIS WAS THE FIRST BOOK THAT MADE MY INTREST TOWARDS READING BOOKS THIS BOOK IS SIMPLY UNMATCHABLE
2011.03.25
Samantha
I read this book when I was 12 or 13 and fell in love with it. Jules Verne's works introduced me to the idea of science fiction, and I've never regretted it once. This is more of an adventure novel by today's standards, and some people would probably think the writing style is hard to read, but I enjoy books written in the 1800s on a regular basis and rather like it, myself.
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a wonderfully atmospheric story. You really feel like you're there with the Professor, Ned Land, and Conseil. If Captain Nemo doesn't capture your imagination, nobody will.
2011.01.18
the books' simply superb takes you to the location itself
2010.12.01
telugu ;movie kante book bagundi
2010.10.23
Of course, the film was better. But, by habit, we always like to read a bookso that we can compare our imagination with the film.
2010.10.03
Classic book and classic sci-fi. Most of its premises now seem a little ridiculous but Verne's writing compensates for that. Along with his great contemporary, Wells, they were the pioneers of early science fiction.
2010.08.05
Bryant
Great book for those of you who like to read the classics. I have to say that to those of you who do not like the book due to the storyline you are either not a fan of science fiction novels or you are one of the many unfortunate products of a society that no longer takes into consideration that there was good reads prior to 2005. Sad.
2010.05.27
Steven
Amazing classic "science fiction" / adventure read. Great story, excellent characters. Perhaps Nemo is the worlds first environmental activist in his over the top possessiveness of the worlds oceans.
For those of you giving this book such low marks and bad reviews: Maybe you should put down the Harry Potters and Twilights and pick up an actual book every now and then.
2010.05.23
Carla
I personally did not like this book at all, i had to read it for my science class and then do a fuve page book report on it. Its hard to write such a long book report on a book that was not interesting at all. It has to be one of the worst books ive ever read.
2010.05.03
an excellent book would I recomend it to any one
2010.04.23
This book had to be one of the worst books i ever read hands down for all of you that like it... what were u thinking??
2010.04.21
this is one of the best books ever. to those who dont like it, DID YOU EVEN READ IT!!!
2010.04.06
This story is my favourite! Yahoo!
2008.03.25
Michelle
Ok...
So, I read this book for a book report on a classic book. I had already tried Les Miserables and just couldn't get the hang of it. This book totally saved me.
This book is for those people who can think back to the 1800's when submarines weren't around, and we didn't know what was out there.
PS. Hey, Bonnie, Peirre Aronnax is FRENCH.
2007.10.27
I thought it to be better, I can't complain its a good book, but sometimes I just wished he stops talkin about food.
Its really worth reading on a full stomach.
2007.10.17
I studied this book when i was at school.
It is very amazing one by Jules Verne.
2007.05.26
Amanda
I was fascinated when reading this book. I think that Verne was so full of imagination that he could depict the undersea world as if he had seen it with his eyes! This book, though not a detective novel, holds readers' breath.
2007.03.02
Although a classic, this book has lengths and lacks a good plot. Some paragraphs are missing (better try the 2nd version) - not the usual Gutenberg quality. Aquarians and ichthyologists will love it.
2006.11.26
TRaktor
I've read this book when I was a youngster and i loved. It was the first big book (meaning more than 50 pagest that is) that i've ever read, and i still love it, and i am happy that i can read it again. for the ones who didn't read it...well, maybe they should. It's an amazing book about Nautilus and all it can do, in a time when those things were only in the imagination of Jules Verne. Great book!
2006.11.03
Jarred Schneider
20,000 Leagues under the sea is a good adventure story for those who like action and adventure stories. It starts out with a creature that is causing trouble all over the globe and some people think that it is a gaint narwhal but they are wrong. The book is a awesome read for people in the teens and for adults to.
2006.05.24
Bonnie
"Why Read a Book About a Mid-19th Century Sea Expedition?"
Oh the possibilities! The Civil War in the US had employed two submarines, the 1861 Confederate Merrimac was the first iron-clad ship, and was followed by the Monitor for the North, which was built in an amazing 100 days.
Can it be that the telling of the story of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea writen in 1873 be anything more than genius?
The story itself is set in 1866, and the Nautilus, built to resemble a whale, but much more intended for one man's war on crime. Captain Nemo, and unbeknownest to the world at large, is the commander of this mystery animal-or-mineral... but dare one suggest that such a colossal ship could be built in secret without the knowledge of any navy, any country, any of the world's richest men or kings for folly?
The book is written as the journal of an American. This in itself is interesting, when one considers that Jules Verne was French!
Another interesting bit of trivia is that when the Abraham Lincoln, the ship which Aronnax has boarded at the last minute because he agreed to join the expedition at the last minute, leaves its dock, the American flag is raised three times, waving proudly its 39 stars!
In case the first time you saw the name Nemo was in a Pixar animae, look again!
Forget the 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea attraction at Disneyland, based on the loosely adapted Disney Movie of Jules Verne's masterpiece. Get this book and read it for yourself - it's a real trip :o)
2005.11.10
| i don't know |
Which American boxer's thunderous right hand punch was known as ' The Suzie Q ' ? | News – tagged "great boxers" – Hometown Unlimited Boxing
Knockouts. Just about every fighter wants them—in the win column, that is. A great knockout is really something to behold, and while each one is thrilling, not all of them are remembered. But you’re in luck.
We’ve compiled our top 5 knockouts.
1. Manny Pacquiao vs. Ricky Hatton
On May 2, 2009, the fight billed as the Battle of the East and West took place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. Incredibly, due to problems during contract negotiations (we know, surprise surprise), the fight between Pacquiao and Hatton almost never happened. And after the second round, Hatton probably wished that had been the case.
In the first, Pacquiao dropped Hatton twice—once on a right hook and then after a furious combination towards the end of the round.
What followed in the second round was nothing short of spectacular. After a somewhat reserved jab-straight left-jab combination, Pacquiao landed the shot heard round the world , turning off Hatton's lights in a flash. Eye rolling, labored breathing and shuddering wife included.
2. Sergio Martinez vs. Paul Williams 2
In the first fight between these two Middleweights, Williams took a controversial twelve-round majority decision from Argentinean Sergio Martinez. By the second fight, Williams had probably seen enough of Martinez, but after negotiations fell through with other fighters, Williams' camp reluctantly accepted this follow-up.
Maybe they’d forgotten the old adage about letting sleeping dogs lie? There was no doubt that Martinez, the former cyclist (for real) and maddeningly late-blooming natural, was game.
The first round and the beginning of the second went off characteristically. Martinez, an active fighter in the ring and never one to shy from a firefight, took the battle to Williams immediately, fighting on the inside and smothering Williams' offense. The plan seemed to be working in Martinez's favor. By the 2:03 mark of the second round when Williams attempted to throw a left, Martinez fired first with his own hard left that absolutely floored Williams. Williams was no pushover, making this knockout one of the finest one-punchers in boxing history.
3. Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Manny Pacquiao 4
Manny Pacquiao is such an incredible fighter that he makes our greatest knockout list twice—and both in the top three!
But hold up, Pac fans. Not so fast. This number three knockout is a dubious distinction for Pac. Remember that after three previous grueling bouts, Marquez and Pacquiao had become perfect foils for one other.
Marquez, the master counterpuncher, was still smarting from what he saw as a series of bad decisions in the first three fights. If he wanted to be certain that this fight would be an unquestionable and decisive victory, he would have to be bold.
The first two rounds started slowly, with each fighter feeling the other out and setting up strategies. By the third round, Marquez seemed to have figured out Pacquiao’s game plan. He dropped Pacquiao with an overhand right for the first time in all four of their meetings. Marquez edged Pacquiao out of the fourth round, and in the fifth, Pacquiao took the fight to Marquez, dropping him with a straight left. They continued to trade hard shots, resulting in Marquez heading back to his corner with a broken nose. By round six, Pacquiao was establishing his dominance and causing Marquez to back into the ropes. Pacquiao, tasting blood, moved in on Marquez and double feinted a jab. Marquez, the king of setting traps, knew all of Pacman's moves at this point and deftly ducked under the second jab, countering with the most thunderous right hand of his career and causing Pacquiao to take a face first plunge into sleepy time. Cue labored breathing and shuddering wife at ringside.
4. Tommy Hearns vs. Roberto Duran
Panamanian pugilist Roberto Duran had been a Lightweight, Welterweight, and Junior Middleweight titlist before going into his Middleweight bout against slick fighter, Thomas Hearns. Hearns was on a 6-0 run after losing to Sugar Ray Leonard. Duran had just gone the distance in an impressive showing against uber mean Middleweight champ, Marvin Hagler.
Knowing this, the assumption was that Hearns wouldn't have anything special for Duran, who had lasted 15 rounds as an impressive opponent for Hagler. But it was never a good idea to overlook Thomas Hearns—nor his ability to knockout any and all who stepped into the ring.
The tone of the fight was set early in the first round. Hearns kept Duran tame with his long reach and his quicker hand speed. Duran had no answers. By the second round, it was more of the same except Hearns was pouring it on thicker. After backing Duran into the ropes and keeping him on the defensive, Hearns landed a vicious right hand on Duran's chin that knocked him out cold while Roberto was still standing. Duran got his first real taste of canvas . If you needed one, it’s as good a reminder as any to never underestimate your opponent.
5. Buster Douglas vs. Mike Tyson
On February 11, 1990, Buster Douglas became the proverbial sacrificial lamb in the "Tyson Is Back!" bout.
The fight, which took place in Tokyo, was the undefeated Tyson's lead-up to his fight with undefeated heavyweight contender, Evander Holyfield. Prior to this fight, Douglas was the seventh-ranked Ring heavyweight, and had been TKO'ed in a title fight against Tony Tucker. Hardly anyone could have predicted a Douglas upset, and certainly not what was to come.
The fight started with Douglas bravely engaging Tyson and doing all he could to smother Tyson's offense on the inside, jabbing to keep him on the outside. Douglas seemed fearless and confident. But Tyson struck back. By the eighth round, Tyson came off the ropes to score a knockdown on an uppercut. The ninth round started and ended with a flurry, as both fighters traded combinations—Douglas getting the better of Tyson by the end of the round. In the tenth round, following an uppercut set up by a few jabs, Douglas landed a four-shot combination that sent Tyson to the canvas , shocking the champ and the world alike.
So what do you think? Did we leave your favorite knockout off our list? Let us know in the comments!
Fighter Feature: George Foreman
When you think of George Foreman today, you probably think of the grill. Or you may picture that round, friendly face—almost disarming in its teddy bear-like approachability. Or maybe you think of the family man, so proud of his name that all his sons inherited it. (Hey, it’s good name to have, right?)
But Foreman was once the most menacing fighter in boxing.
He was hell-bent on cleaning out the ranks and making any and all challengers pay for even thinking of stepping into the boxing ring with him. It ultimately made him Heavyweight Champion of the world.
Young George was a hoodlum
George Foreman was born in 1949 in Marshall, Texas and raised in Houston’s Fifth Ward. As a young man, he had an ugly reputation as a street thug, a mugger, and a bully.
After one incident—when Foreman bullied and battered a kid severely behind the Job Corps center in Pleasanton, California—he attracted the notice of Doc Broadus, Job Corps counselor and boxing coach.
Through Coach Broadus's guidance and boxing training, George was able to build and establish a solid amateur record, earning a trip to the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City—and a gold medal. He also developed a new inner-fortitude and self-discipline that had been missing in his life.
Within two years of George Foreman's professional boxing debut in 1969, Foreman earned a number one challenger ranking by the WBA and WBC, defeating such stalwarts as Donald Walheim, Gregorio Peralta, Charlie Polite, Boone Kirkman and Leroy Caldwell—not to mention a third round shocker of a TKO of George Chuvalo.
With a professional record of 32-0 with 29 knockouts, George was more than ready for his big step-up fight. And in 1972, he would get the one of his dreams.
Big George and the Sunshine Showdown
January 22, 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica: Foreman came in as a 3:1 underdog challenger to fellow mean-mugging bruiser and Heavyweight Champion, Joe Frazier.
Foreman must not have gotten the memo about being a boxing underdog.
Big George decimated Frazier, knocking him down six times in just two rounds. Foreman arrived on the scene like an atom bomb, making a name for himself for being tough, hard-hitting—and every bit as crowd-displeasingly aloof as his Heavyweight hero, Sonny Liston.
Next up (or down), Ken Norton
Not willing to rest on his laurels, a fearless George Foreman defended his title against one of the hardest punchers in the game, Ken Norton. Norton had first garnered attention in a fight with Ali that left Ali battered with a broken jaw. Norton later went on to lose a very close rematch, giving Ali as good as he got.
No one expected the Foreman-Norton fight to be walk in the park. As it turned out, George wobbled the iron-jawed Norton and eventually dropped him twice. Foreman went on to win by TKO, bringing his boxing record to a staggering 40-0 with 37 knockouts. With these two wins, Foreman’s shadow cast over the Heavyweight division like a rueful giant, vanquishing his foes and scanning the land as far as the eye could see for worthy challengers, but none were to be found. Until Ali was spotted on the horizon.
1974: Zaire and the Rumble in the Jungle
At that time of its promotion, the boxing match known as the Rumble in the Jungle was arguably the most highly anticipated matchup in history.
The buildup and spectacle was immense. The pairing of Foreman and Ali had a built-in dynamic: the poetically pugnacious and overflowing personality of Ali versus the looming, brooding terror that was George Foreman. Add to this some intense political overtones, an endless supply of pre-fight dramatics, and a frothing and rabid public, and you can understand why this fight is so historically regarded.
The fight itself did not disappoint. Ali and Foreman came out swinging, with Ali getting the better of the body punches. But to further prove Ali's brilliance in the ring, he devised a bold, mid-fight strategy to work from the ropes and allow Foreman to fire away until he would inevitably tire out. To the great surprise of many (who were likely unaware it was intentional), the strategy worked. Though his onslaught hurt Ali, Foreman effectively punched himself out. With nothing left in the tank, George was stunned by a furious series of combinations that left him reeling to the canvas.
In eight rounds, Muhammad Ali had slain the giant—but didn’t quite silence him forever.
The rise and fall and re-rise of George Foreman
By 1976, Foreman had made an impressive comeback by handily defeating Ron Lyle, but this triumph was short-lived.
After a drubbing by Jimmy Young, an exhausted and severely beaten Foreman had what he described as a near-death experience. It prompted him to become a born-again Christian and even a minister.
For a time, he put the boxing life—and his menacing image—behind him. But he just couldn’t stay away. Within ten years, Foreman was answering the bell and boxing under the bright lights once again.
After making many shots at the title, Foreman finally struck gold in an astonishing 10th round knockout of Michael Moorer. At the age of 45, George broke the record for the longest interval between first and second title victories, and set the record for the oldest Heavyweight Champion in the world.
His comeback remains one of boxing’s most inspiring stories. The papers called him “King George.”
After losing a controversial decision to Shannon Briggs, Foreman had many opportunities for fights, but none materialized. Instead, George went on to reinvent himself. Today, most know him as an affable, self-made man, with major product endorsements and television appearances. In fact, he’s still providing guest commentary on big boxing matches to this day.
He went from thug to gentleman. The winding course of George Foreman's life and career—and its sheer improbability—is a marvel to look at in the rear view. Foreman is one fighter who has lived long enough, and well enough, to know what his legacy will be after he’s gone. And it’s one to make any fighter proud.
If you missed Part 1, check it out here .
As the 20th Century loomed, boxing had found a natural home in Boston—due in part to a large and diverse population that reveled in boxing’s big names and marquee fights. The sport seemed to be running with a full head of steam.
But Boston, like every American city, was hit by the worst economic disaster the United States had ever known—the Great Depression.
The Roaring Twenties into the Great Depression
Big name local fighters, including Sam Langford, The Gardner brothers (George and Jimmy), George Dixon, and the great Joe Walcott, cut their teeth in the rough and tumble boxing clubs of Boston in the early days of the 20th Century.
By the time their careers had dimmed, they’d passed the torch onto a new crop of fighters reaching for greatness in a city with a history of fostering top fighters—and hardcore fan bases.
By 1920, guys like Charlestown’s Johnny Wilson were chewing up their competitors in the stalwart temples of Boston, including the old Mechanics Hall (which would eventually be renamed the Mechanics Building). This was the very same building where "Kid" Norfolk went on to defeat the great Harry Greb—by way of Greb’s notorious disqualification for fighting dirty.
Fighters from all over the Eastern seaboard and beyond traveled to Boston to train with boxing legends like George Byers. Jim Williams, "Jock" Malone, "Panama" Joe Gans, Joe McGale—they all came to Boston to ply their trade in boxing’s most hospitable hub. "Red" Chapman, Johnny Sheppard, and William Jones took on all comers, fighting relentlessly for titles in the Boston Arena and beyond until around 1930.
The late 1920s also saw the construction of the famed Boston Garden. Built by Tex Rickard specifically for the promotion of boxing matches (that’s how big boxing in Boston was), the Garden opened on November 17, 1928. Its first fight was a match-up between “Honeyboy” Finnegan and Andre Routis, which Honeyboy took easily in ten.
On October 29th, 1929—Black Tuesday—the market crashed. Suddenly, the average American had to make do with less. With little income lining pockets, boxing bouts became a frivolous luxury.
Boston’s boxing scene waivered, but clung on by the fingertips. That it continued at all is thanks in no small part to fighters like Jack "The Boston Gob" Sharkey, a fierce and short tempered heavyweight who settled in Boston after his navy stint. He and his rival, South Boston's Jimmy Maloney, would help to keep boxing's flame stoked for as long as they could.
But the harsh reality was that boxing's popularity in Boston—and the rest of the country—was losing its grip.
Boston boxing finds a savior
Boxing barely recovered from the Great Depression. It crawled and limped its way through the early 1930s. Other sports were capturing the imagination of Bostonians, and boxing’s biggest names were now history.
But the fight halls, clubs, and gyms remained.
In 1936, Joe Louis won the world heavyweight title, and boxing regained some of its luster. But it wasn’t until a champion emerged from Brockton that the city became electrified by boxing once again.
Rocky Marciano was born to Italian immigrant parents and cut an athletic figure at a young age. He was a natural, known to improvise weightlifting equipment and his own heavy bag. The one-time resident of Hanson (where his house still stands on Main Street) was hard-working and dedicated to his goals. While serving a two-year stint in the army, Marciano (with an 8-4 amateur record) won the 1946 Amateur Armed Forces boxing tournament. After being discharged, Marciano continued to fight in Golden Gloves, culminating in AAU Olympic tryouts at Boston Garden.
By 1948, Marciano began his legendary career as a professional boxer. After an impressive early win streak, Rocky faced his hero, Joe Louis. Louis was 37 at the time, and Marciano reluctantly handed the great his final defeat in the ring.
The incredible streak continued with wins against Ronald LaStarza, champion Ezzard Charles, Don Cockell, and legend Archie Moore. Marciano handily defeated the greatest of his generation. He went on to become a Boston great, in his own right.
On April 27, 1956, at 32 years old, Marciano announced his retirement with an unblemished 49-0 record. He built a reputation all Bostonians could be proud of. Known worldwide as a tough champion with a heart of gold, Marciano parlayed his fame into television and even restaurant chain ownership.
The great life and career of Boston's native son ended tragically on August 31, 1969 when, just shy of his 46th birthday, the small plane on which he was traveling crashed en route to Des Moine, Iowa.
Marciano's name still makes it onto every prominent “greatest boxers in history” list, and his charm, class, and style are respected by fans of every sport.
This same fighting spirit was deeply embedded in the blood and hearts of other Boston greats—Paul Pender, Marvin Hagler, and John Ruiz to name a few. And it is this same fighting spirit that will keep the melody of punch mitts and thudding heavy bags, the hypnotic rhythm of speed bags, and the whack of jump ropes hitting concrete, ringing through fight clubs for generations to come.
We like to think the fans and the fighters have a lot in common. We see that fighting spirit in the hearts and hard work of Boston's people every day. Fight on, Boston!
The History of Boxing in Boston: Part 1
The history of boxing in Boston, and how the city helped shape the sport.
Boston is home to some of the most ravenous and raging sports fans in the world. And The Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill are all proof that the Bostonian spirit is built not only on iron will and indomitable fortitude . . . but also the feverish love of a bloody, old-fashioned dust up.
It should come as no surprise that the city known for its fighting spirit was historically instrumental in elevating the sport of boxing to the well-loved and respectable status it holds today.
So in honor of the great city to which our sport owes so much, we bring you this two-part history of Titletown’s storied love affair with boxing.
Boxing's early history and the legacy of John L. Sullivan
By the late nineteenth century, boxing had yet to establish its legitimacy in this country. Though the Marquess of Queensbury rules had been codified by 1867, the sport in America was still viewed as a pastime for the criminal elements of society.
Well, that all changed when the "Boston Strong Boy" John L. Sullivan came on the scene.
Sullivan was born of poor Irish stock in Roxbury in 1858. His actual foray into boxing began, oddly enough, at the Dudley Street Opera House in 1877.
He was there to watch a sparring match headlined by a fighter named Tom Scannel. Sullivan, immediately sensing the fight was staged, offered up a challenge to the professional veteran. Irked by Sullivan's throwing down the gauntlet and sensing a tomato can, Scannel eagerly accepted the challenge. Upon Sullivan's gentlemanly offer of a handshake, Scannel fired off a quick shot to his nose. In a flash, Sullivan had knocked Scannel clear off the stage.
Talk about starting your career off with a bang.
At this point in history, boxing was a truly grueling affair (compared to today's rule-laden, finessed bouts) and Sullivan lived up to expectations. His thudding, no defense, all attack, bare knuckle fight style landed him in the greatest heavyweight bouts of his time. But he never abandoned his working class roots. His story reflected the struggle of the poor and the immigrants in society, and their support contributed a lot to his career—one of the most renowned in the history of boxing.
With former-fighter-cum-astute-manager Billy Madden at the helm, Sullivan became the last of the bare knuckle heavyweight champions, and the very first Heavyweight Champion of the gloved era.
Sullivan's first championship bout took place on the lawn of the Barnes Hotel. His victory came via a ninth round knockout against de facto heavyweight champion, Paddy Ryan. Sullivan would then go on to pad his resume against other great fighters, including Dominick McCaffrey, Jack Kilrain (in the last ever bare knuckle fight under the London Prize Ring Rules ), and the famed final bout of Sullivan's career against James "Gentleman Jim" Corbett in 1892.
By the time of the Corbett fight, Sullivan was no longer in prime fighting shape. He was outmatched by Corbett's "new" fight style—short, sharp blows thrown from angles, with quick and smart footwork.
Sullivan would go on to such odd jobs as a boxing correspondent for the New York Times, refereeing, and even vaudeville. But to this day, John L. Sullivan remains one of the most noted athletes in American sports history and will forever be recognized as the grandfather of American gloved boxing.
The rise of the Barbados Demon
In Sullivan’s prime, Boston's boxing scene was also notable for the diversity of its competitors.
Black fighters found the opportunity to stake their claim as champions fighting against and alongside white boxers. Boston’s African American fighters have a rich history that includes Ed Binney, Peter Jackson, tough street brawler Bob Green (the first promoter in Boston to organize bouts between white and black fighters), Johnny Banks, and George Dixon—the first black world champion of any sport in history!
But few fighters of any background were more notable than the "Barbados Demon," Joe Walcott. Even his nickname was ominous.
Walcott was a short, scrappy welterweight with hands of stone. He won his first welterweight title in 1901 with a fifth round TKO against James Ferns. His stellar record over the most formidable opponents of his time earned him a place among The Ring Magazine's list of 100 Greatest Punchers of All Time, among many other accolades. The Barbados Demon was one of the greatest welterweight fighters in boxing history.
Onward to the 20th Century
By the early 20th Century, boxing in America had begun to ascend from its status as a sport that catered to society's lowest common denominator, to one of respect and high regard. Fight clubs, boxing gyms, and various venues began to pop up in and around Boston, ushering in a new generation of skilled fighters who saw boxing more as a skill and a science—and less as a matter of pounding your opponents into submission over 100+ rounds.
Harry Hill's fight club and tavern had been running full steam since the time of John L. Sullivan, along with places like The Armory Athletic Club, where the North End's very own "Honey" Mellody fought Mike "Twin" Sullivan for the welterweight title in 1907. And don’t forget the Criterion Club, where Larry Temple was defeated by Joe Walcott over 15 punishing rounds. Then there was Joe Woodman's Lennox Club, whose most famous acolyte was Boston's Sam Langford, who fought in every class from lightweight up to heavyweight, and staged a losing bid against famed fighter Jack Johnson.
Boxing was up and running full stride! It had truly captured the hearts (and hard-won earnings) of Boston's loyal fight fans. It seemed nothing could slow or stop boxing's ascent above all other sports in Boston.
But an unforeseen and cataclysmic event that would indelibly alter the American landscape in the 20th Century was looming. And it would prove to be boxing's greatest fight yet. We’ll get into that in Part 2 of The History of Boxing in Boston.
Here's our take on the list that has probably brought every true boxing fan to the brink of coming to blows:
The five top welterweights of all time.
Welterweights are arguably the most lauded and storied class of fighters in boxing's long history. Over time, the welterweight division has seen a laundry list of epic battles, wild characters, and dramatic stories that could have been penned by a Hollywood screenwriter.
But who are the top welterweights of all time?
1. Sugar Ray Robinson
The indelible legacy of the original "Sugar Ray" is the absolute stuff of sports legend. Born Walker Smith Jr. in 1921, Robinson's career as a pro began at age 19. He built his legend from the ground up, racking up an excellent amateur record with 0 defeats and 85 victories, including 69 KOs.
Many consider Robinson the greatest pound-for-pound fighter of all time, and his record only bolsters that argument: 200 fights with 173 wins, 108 KOs (!), only 19 losses (!), 6 draws and 2 no-contests.
But more impressive is Robinson's boxing resume. It’s nearly untarnished, with wins against two of our top welterweights of all time (Armstrong and Gavilan), 5 World Champion title defenses between 1946 and 1950, and victories against numerous welterweight champions.
He went on to excellent wins fighting the best of the middleweight division, too.
Arguably, no boxer to this day has matched the quality of Robinson’s wins, fought opponents of the same caliber, or outshone his brilliant physical skill and approach to the art of boxing.
Simply put, he remains unmatched, and heads up our list of the top welterweights of all time with no contest.
2. Henry Armstrong
The top two welterweights on our list wouldn’t be out of place on a “greatest boxers of all time” roundup.
There’s no question that "Homicide Hank" Armstrong belongs on any savvy fight fan’s list, but as a welterweight, that argument might get slightly complicated.
Let's start with why he made our list. First, he fought formidable foes like Barney Ross, Fritzie Zivic, and Sugar Ray Robinson. Second, he successfully defended his title a record eighteen times. Eighteen!
He also held three championships in three divisions simultaneously.
Armstrong made his name with an offensively aggressive forward attacking style that meant absolute punishment for anyone on the receiving end. Don't believe us? Armstrong ended a 14-year pro career stretch (1931-1945) with an absolutely phenomenal record of 150 wins in 181 total fights, and an incredible record of wins by KO standing at 101 with only 21 losses and 10 draws.
"Hammerin' Hank" was second to none . . . almost.
3. Sugar Ray Leonard
There have only been a handful of names in the history of the sport that could elicit both enmity and admiration among fans. Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao (both welterweights, funny enough) seem to be the most recent fodder for fan chatter. But neither of them could hold a candle to Sugar Ray Leonard.
Leonard (born in 1956) made his name as a solid amateur and earned a spot on the historic 1976 Olympic U.S. boxing team fighting as a light welterweight. He took the gold medal, in case you were wondering.
Early in his career, Leonard made a name for himself with his brash ego—and the speed and skills to back it up. Leonard's twenty-year pro career saw him in a total of only 40 fights with an excellent record of 36 wins (25 KOs), 3 losses, and 1 draw.
But there is an easy argument to be made that Leonard fought and beat the best of the Golden Age of the Welterweight—defeating Wilfred Benitez, Tommy Hearns, and Roberto Duran—to name just a few.
Quality of opponents notwithstanding, Leonard could make the list merely for his unmatched ring intelligence, his ahead-of-his-time fight style, and his influence on shaping the course of the sport. Just imagine Leonard's legacy minus the long stretches of inactivity.
The sport of boxing as we now know it has Leonard's imprint written all over it.
4. Gerardo "Kid Gavilan" González
Born in Cuba in 1926, Gavilan the "Cuban Hawk" began his career as a featherweight at just sixteen. Over the course of fifteen years and 143 fights, Kid amassed a record of 108 wins (28 by knockout), 30 losses, and 5 draws.
What made Gavilan so special was his ability to come back from and avenge early losses, plus his willingness to fight the very best of his generation—often facing opponents more than once.
Gavilan was a World Champion from 1951-1954, and fought the likes of Sugar Ray Robinson, Carmen Basilio, Tony Demarco, and Johnny Bratton, among a host of other greats. Between 1950 and 1954, he lost only one non-title fight—a streak that spanned 36 bouts with seven title defenses.
Gavilan (an International Hall Of Fame boxer) was one of the last of the big name fighters to take on such a great volume of fights throughout his career and made his chops during the burgeoning era of television, further solidifying his place among the division's finest.
Also, Gavilan was known for perfecting the sweeping uppercut known as the bolo punch, named after a machete used to cut sugarcane. And that’s cool as hell, right?
5. Joe Walcott
Unsurprisingly, finding a number five on our list was tough, with many other potential greats that could have squeaked in (honorable mentions to Jose Napoles and Tommy Hearns).
But we feel Joe the “Barbados Demon" carried more than enough fight cred to find his way here.
A Barbadian boxer who made his home in Boston, Walcott was a relatively small welterweight (listed as slightly less than 5'2") who had a reputation for being a hardscrabble, gutsy, and hard-hitting workhorse.
He was born in 1873, and his professional career spanned 21 years. During that time, Walcott fought a whopping (by today's standards) 166 fights. By retirement, he held a record of 104 wins (with 61 knockouts), 32 losses, 27 draws, and 3 no-contests. He faced five Welterweight Champion/World Titlists and was a World Champion between 1901 and 1904 with two title defenses.
As you can imagine, compiling a list complete with visual evidence of a boxer’s greatness, along with a comprehensive collection of sanctioned fights going back to 1890, is a wee bit difficult. But even by historical accounts, Walcott never shied from fighting the best of his contemporaries and faced some of boxing's stiffest competition. If we’re judging by quality of opponent alone, Walcott is an easy pick for the number five slot.
While we’re certain you’ve got your top welterweights of all time in mind, we’d be surprised if Robinson doesn’t make your top spot. But, as always in boxing, the argument will rage on. So keep the debate going, fight fans!
Rocky Marciano is one of the greatest fighters of all time.
And we say “fighters” because he wasn’t a boxer.
He didn't possess the footwork, height, arm length, accuracy, size, or defense to be a good boxer. Which is why it's worth mentioning that boxing wasn't his first choice. Like a lot of kids growing up in the 20s and 30s, Marciano had baseball dreams.
Lucky for us, he became a different type of slugger.
Rocky’s parents were Italian immigrants, and his family’s struggle during the Great Depression mirrored the experience of so many Americans. Rocky grew up poor, but determined to work his way to a better life.
In that better life, he became the embodiment of 1950’s America. A gentle family man who was hardworking, humble, patriotic, God-fearing and—most of all—decent and respectful to all he met. It was often said that he looked like an ordinary businessman. (You'd never suspect his business was knocking people out.)
The early years with Charley
Following a short amateur career that began in the army, his pro debut came in 1947 at age 23. It’s usually unheard of to seriously start boxing at that age. (Joe Louis was already heavyweight champion of the world when he was 23.)
But Marciano didn’t care about “usually.”
Trainer Charley Goldman refined Rocky’s rugged style, and the relationship between them even served as inspiration for the movie Rocky.
The stories of his training camps are the stuff of legend. He retreated to the Catskills Mountains for untold hours of brutal conditioning. He would reportedly refrain from sex because he heard it could drain you physically—sometimes he wouldn’t see his wife for weeks.
Now that’s dedication. (We hope he was wrong about the sex thing, though.)
It all paid off with two numbers enshrined in boxing history: 49-0.
His first truly impressive fight—against Carmine Vingo (16-1)—only came after he’d amassed a respectable 24-0 record, with 22 KOs. Marciano bloodied Vingo into a coma and left him paralysed on one side of his body, effectively ending the 20-year-old’s boxing career.
Rocky was shaken by the experience. He took a three-month sabbatical to reflect on what happened. He considered retirement, but was ultimately talked out of it by Vingo and his family. His 49-0 record might not exist if not for their forgiveness.
He returned to the ring to meet the undefeated contender Roland LaStarza (37-0). This was Marciano's closest fight. He won a split decision victory after having a point deducted for low blows.
Going up against the greats
Then Rocky got his shot at former champion Joe Louis. Louis was 37 years old, and only came out of retirement because of financial problems with the IRS. Even so, he was the betting favorite—he had a few inches on Marciano and a 9-inch reach advantage. But age and ring rust caught up with him, and the old legend was knocked clean out of the ring in the 8th round. Louis' career ended that night, but Marciano's climb continued.
4 wins later, Marciano and his 42-0 record went up against 38-year-old heavyweight champion of the world, Jersey Joe Walcott. In the first round, Marciano looked out of his depth. He was knocked down for the first time in his career. Walcott was passionate about defending the belt he’d been chasing for over 20 years. He was up on all scorecards and cruising to a victory, but Marciano's right hand had other plans.
His right hand had its own nickname: Suzie Q.
Suzie Q knocked Walcott out cold in the 13th round, and crowned Marciano the new heavyweight champion. His first title defense was a rematch against Walcott, who wanted his belt back. But Walcott didn’t make the 10 count in the first round and promptly retired afterwards.
Defending the title
Marciano's next fight was a rematch with the boxer who’d come closest to defeating him, Roland LaStarza. But LaStarza didn’t give Marciano as much of a fight as he had the first time around. He was knocked clear out of the ring in the 11th round, and although he tried to carry on, the ref put a stop to things. The story goes that LaStarza wound up in the hospital because Marciano’s punching power chipped bones and broke blood vessels in his arms.
The next two bouts were both instant classics, fought against former champion Ezzard Charles. They were both in their prime. During these fights, Charles managed to stay in the ring with Rocky longer than any other fighter—15 rounds—and delivered an uppercut that damn near split Marciano’s nose in two. Even so, Marciano won both matches.
He laced up his gloves for the last time against 38-year-old Archie Moore. If you ask us, his last dance was also his greatest. He was down in the 2nd round, but came back to win by knockout in the 9th, and the punch output he showed for the duration of the fight was extraordinary. Everything you ever need to know about the heart and perseverance of Rocky Marciano can be seen in his fight against Moore.
Never really gone
Rocky’s retirement at age 31 came as something of a surprise. He admitted that he probably had two or three more good fights left, and we think he should have had them. Imagine if he'd stuck around to fight Floyd Patterson, or if he came out of retirement to face Ingemar Johansson. There's no guarantee he would've won, but they would have cemented his legacy.
In all of boxing history, he’s the only heavyweight to retire with no losses. We may not see that again.
Marciano was, and is, a representative of everything boxing can be.
It's a beautiful irony that a flawed style like Marciano's made him the only undefeated heavyweight champion. His critics will forever point out that he faced past-their-prime fighters and lesser opponents, but he fought and defeated the best around. At the end of the day, that's all we can ask of a champion.
| Rocky Marciano |
If a dish were to be described as ' du lapin ' in a French restaurant , what animal's meat should it contain ? | Ranking the Most Marketable Fighters in Boxing History | Bleacher Report
Ranking the Most Marketable Fighters in Boxing History
By Briggs Seekins , Featured Columnist
Sep 26, 2014
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow
Uncredited/Associated Press
82
Comments
In his autobiography, Muhammad Ali credits Gorgeous George and professional wrestling in general for teaching him an important business lesson: Personality wins fights.
In team sports, individual stars are certainly important, but the team uniform and franchise history is almost always more important for marketing than any specific player. As long as the Boston Red Sox are fielding a winning team, the Sox Nation will pack Fenway and subscribe to NESN.
To make big money in the combat sports, fans have to feel a personal investment in at least one of the two fighters involved.
I want to note that this list is compiled almost entirely from the perspective of the United States market.
10. Oscar De La Hoya
Ethan Miller/Getty Images
To me, Oscar De La Hoya is the last of a breed as a boxing star. After winning a gold medal in the 1992 Olympics, the Golden Boy was a household name before his professional debut.
De La Hoya's career coincided perfectly with the growing importance of the Latino market in the United States, but his charismatic personality made him a transcendent star. His good looks drew female fans who normally wouldn't have paid the least bit of attention to the Sweet Science.
In the ring, De La Hoya won titles while climbing divisional ranks. He was involved in many of the biggest fights of his era, and in retirement he has become the face of the most important promotional organization in the sport.
9. Sugar Ray Leonard
Ethan Miller/Getty Images
Ray Leonard emerged as a star in the 1976 Olympics, at precisely the moment when Muhammad Ali's star was beginning to decline. Boxing needed a new superstar, and Sugar Ray was quickly inserted into the role.
He even got Ali's legendary trainer, Angelo Dundee. Leonard's stardom was so big heading into his professional career that he was able to subvert the traditional fighter-promoter relationship by forming his own operation and hiring promoters to work for him, like Floyd Mayweather Jr. does today.
Ultimately, though, what helped Leonard's marketability more than anything was the era he fought in, one of the greatest in boxing history. In Roberto Duran, Thomas Hearns and Marvin Hagler, Leonard had equally great—but radically different—fighters to serve as his rivals in some of boxing's most legendary fights.
8. George Foreman
Pool/Getty Images
George Foreman was a highly marketable fighter from the start of his career. An Olympic gold medalist, he was a large heavyweight with a powerful punch. Big George didn't have to say much to make fans want to see him fight.
His destruction of Joe Frazier for the heavyweight title ranks alongside Jack Dempsey's pounding of Jess Willard as the most dominant title win in heavyweight history. The difference is, Dempsey won against one of the worst champs in heavyweight history, while Foreman beat one of the best.
But it's not Foreman's first career that has him on this list. It's his amazingly improbable comeback a decade after he retired. In his second career, Foreman not only became the oldest heavyweight champion ever, he also became an icon for an aging population of baby boomers.
In his second career, Foreman became one of the most popular boxing stars of all time. His engaging personality made him a natural pitchman and television guest star.
Tweet
Sugar Ray Robinson is the man the boxing world created the term "pound-for-pound best" to describe. In an era when the best fought often and fought each other, Robinson lost just three times in the first decade-plus of his career while winning over 130 fights.
Robinson originally retired in 1952. When he returned past his prime in 1955, he won the middleweight title twice more and continued to be a major factor during one of the division's most competitive eras.
Outside of the ring, Robinson's Harlem nightclub was one of the most important jazz venues during a time when all the coolest people were listening to jazz.
His boxing style was a perfect reflection of the Bop style of the time. He was a technical virtuoso and aggressively creative all at once.
Tweet
Rocky Marciano didn't fight during one of the heavyweight division's best eras, but it was a time when boxing was still a major sport, and the heavyweight title was still "the biggest championship in sports." Marciano became an iconic champion at a time when boxing badly needed to fill the hole left by Joe Louis.
The only heavyweight champion to ever retire with an undefeated record, Marciano was also one of the more unlikely champs. He came to the sport late and was relatively undersized, even in a smaller era. His 68" reach is the shortest-ever for a heavyweight champion.
But Marciano won fights with heart and will, which always wins over the fans. His famous right hand, nicknamed Suzie Q, pulled victory from the jaws of defeat for The Rock on countless occasions.
5. Mike Tyson
Ethan Miller/Getty Images
Mike Tyson exploded onto the boxing and sports scene in the late 1980s. The youngest heavyweight champion in history and the first man to unify the heavyweight belts since Muhammad Ali, Tyson was the perfect combination of rare physical gifts and exquisite technical training.
A big part of his marketability early on was the story of his relationship with his trainer and mentor Cus D'Amato, who plucked him from reform school as a teenager. Tyson's compact and powerfully athletic body was the perfect vehicle for D'Amato's "peekaboo" boxing style.
Like true superstars in all fields, Tyson had an element of his personality that connected to the public. In his more recent careers as a stage performer and promoter, it's clear that he seems to thrive on interacting with the public.
I was at the first card he promoted, at Turning Stone Casino in Verona, New York, and I very much doubt a single person who showed up that night hoping to take a picture with Tyson failed to do so. The former champ worked the crowd tirelessly all night long.
Tweet
John L. Sullivan was the last champion of the bare-knuckle era and the first gloved one. During the 1880s, national tabloids like The National Police Gazette helped turn Sullivan into a household name.
Known as the Boston Strongboy, Sullivan was a larger-than-life personality. His boasting and carousing were as celebrated as his fighting achievements. He made more money as a traveling stage performer than as a prizefighter.
He toured Europe and was hosted by royalty. A perfect icon for the emerging hutzpa of America in the industrial age, he famously told the King of England, "If you're ever in Boston, look me up. I'll make sure they take care of you."
Tweet
Jack Dempsey reigned as heavyweight champion during the 1920s, which was known as The Golden Age of Sports. He fought with a wild, brawling style that was perfectly iconic for the rip-roaring decade.
At the height of his fame, The Manassa Mauler was the biggest sports star in the country, save for perhaps Babe Ruth. His fights against challengers such as Luis Firpo and Georges Carpentier set financial records and were attended by up to 80,000 fans.
In retirement, Dempsey remained a celebrated figure. His Jack Dempsey's Broadway Restaurant was an institution, with the former champion a nightly fixture.
Tweet
Joe Louis became an iconic heavyweight champion during one of the most perilous times in United States history, World War II. The Brown Bomber became a symbol of the meritocracy of the American melting pot vs. the racist Third Reich of Hitler.
By becoming a hero for all Americans vs. the German Max Schmeling on the eve of the war, Louis paved the way for the integration of baseball and society as a whole.
Louis' place as an important figure in the history of U.S. society in the 20th century can hardly be understated. He advanced American society while remaining fiercely loyal to it. During the war, he donated a number of his purses to relief funds for military personnel and family, failing to pay taxes on them first.
As a result, the IRS haunted him throughout his retirement, a shameful treatment for a geunine American hero.
Tweet
Muhammad Ali first became famous when he won the light heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Olympics. His engaging personality came through in televised interviews, making him the biggest star of the Games.
As a professional, he quickly amped up his persona, earning himself the nickname "The Louisville Lip." He stunned the boxing public when he beat the fearsome Sonny Liston for the title.
But in the late 1960s, Ali became an icon for the civil rights and anti-war movements. When he forfeited the title and risked his entire career by refusing to be drafted, his principled stance won him grudging respect even from many who disagreed with him.
When Ali finally returned in 1970, he came back to find the heavyweight division in the most competitive era of boxing history. His wars with Joe Frazier, Ken Norton and George Foreman were legendary.
By the end of the 1970s, Ali was making guest appearances on sitcoms and starring in his own Saturday-morning cartoon. Even now, over 30 years since his retirement, he remains the single-most famous figure associated with the sport.
| i don't know |
The sequel to Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped takes its title from the girl the hero David Balfour falls in love with. What is its title ? | Critical Reception of Robert Louis Stevenson
'The reception of Stevenson's work is usually divided into four periods' (Alblas 1996: 209): 1) Lifetime reception , 2) Height of esteem 1894-1914 , 3) Revision , 4) Reinstatement
1) During his lifetime. Five works were well received in English-speaking countries:
Treasure Island
(1883), Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), Kidnapped (1886), The Master of Ballantrae (1889), and Catriona (1893).
“Most of us had heard of him for the first times, a great many years ago, when a remarkable story appeared in the Cornhill Magazine [1880], called ‘Pavilion on the Links,’ signed with the initials ‘R.L.S.’ None of us had then the least idea as to the identity of the writer of the story, but some of us, at all events, felt satisfied that a new and fresh power had arisen in English literature.” (Sidney Colvin, (1924). Robert Louis Stevenson: His Work And Personality. London: Hodder & Stoughton, Notes by Colvin, p. 232).
One person who recognized his abilities at an early date was Alexander Whyte. G.F. Barbour (Life of Alexander Whyte, 1923) tells how Whyte 'perhaps in the early months of 1880' met Thomas Stevenson and told him 'that his son's name would yet stand beside that of Swift and Sterne, high on the roll of the masters of English prose'.
His literary career did not begin in earnest till 1878; he made his first considerable success with
Treasure Island
, in 1883, and cannot be said to have arrived at actual popularity till Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). In his early career, he was appreciated especially as an essay-writer. In a letter of April 1888, written to his brother Henry, William James describes an essay of RLS, ‘The Lantern-Bearers’, as ‘one of the most beautiful things ever written—you read his sentences over and over again, for everything about them is just right,—classic’. (qu. J. Barbalet (2001), ‘WJ and Robert Louis Stevenson’, Streams of William James 3ii: 6-9) and in an essay he says ‘I beg the reader to peruse R. L. Stevenson's magnificent little essay entitled "The Lantern Bearers," reprinted in the collection entitled Across the Plains. The truth is that we are doomed, by the fact that we are practical beings with very limited tasks to attend to, and special ideals to look after, to be absolutely blind and insensible to the inner feelings, and to the whole inner significance of lives that are different from our own. Our opinion of the worth of such lives is absolutely wide of the mark, and unfit to be counted at all’ (The Will to Believe, 1897).
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde made its sensational appearance in 1886. (Ib. 241).
In 1888 Marcel Schwob dedicates to Stevenson Coeur double, his first volume to stories and publishes enthusiastic essays on him in 1888, 1890, and 1894. In 1901-2 he sets out on a cruise for health reasons that takes him to
Samoa
(a disappointment, because it is the rainy season and he catches pneumonia).
Stevenson’s style was often seen as distinctive: Kipling (in a deleted paragraph of ‘Black Jack’, published in Soldiers Three in 1888) talks of “a writer called Mr. Robert Louis Stevenson who makes the most delicate inlay-work in black and white, and files out to the fraction of a hair.” Oscar Wilde calls him ‘that delightful master of delicate and fanciful prose’ (‘The Decay of Lying’, 1889) and considers him one of the few modern masters of English prose (‘English Poetesses’. Queen, December 8, 1888).
In ‘Mr. Robert Louis Stevenson. A Critical Study’ Stephen Gwynn (Fortnightly Review 56, Dec. 1894: 776-92) summed up a consensus opinion: he is ‘a classic’, has produced several masterpieces ‘in different kinds’ and has a ‘consummate mastery of a singularly ornate style’ (776), though he criticizes him for being too language-focussed (‘he is light and thin’ and sometimes affected) and not writing about familiar contexts. Nevertheless ‘he has written the best books of travel in the language’. Stevenson ‘preaches in art the gospel of technical thoroughness’ and he has founded a school ‘one has only to look round to see that’ (783). ‘It is as a story teller, not as an essayist that Mr. Stevenson will go down to posterity’ (786)
In contrast, Margaret Moyes Black (Robert Louis Stevenson, 1898, p. 103-4) says that many readers find the ‘graceful fascination’ of the essays much more satisfying than even the best of his tales.
The notices written of him at his death will give a good idea of his standing at the time, e.g. in The Illustrated London News Dec. 22, 1894: 769: ‘He is gone, our Prince of storytellers—such a Prince, indeed, as his own Florizel of Bohemia, with the insatiable taste for weird adventure, for diablerie, for a strange mixture of metaphysics and romance’.
2) The first twenty years after his death (1894-1914): Stevenson was highly praised by English-language critics.
In these first two periods he was seen (i) as the new 'great English novelist' (at a time when the great novelist was a matter of national pride), (ii) the hero of a life-narrative himself: the bohemian, the noble invalid, the dying wanderer.
Stevenson was enthusiastically praised by ‘the first holders of Chairs of English literature at the two historic universities: Sir Walter Raleigh (Merton Chair, Oxford, 1904), author of one of the first major studies on his style (1895) and Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (King Edward VII Professor, Cambridge, 1912), who wrote the final chapters of St. Ives, a novel Stevenson’s left unfinished at his death’ (Ambrosini & Dury 2006: ‘Introduction’). See: Early Studies , Biographies and In the Footsteps ). George Saintsbury (History of Nineteenth Century Literature (1896): 339) saw in Stevenson’s work ‘a combination of literary and story-telling charm that perhaps no writer except Mérimée has ever equalled’.
‘On books on Stevenson there is no end, but rather an increased flow’ (Graham Balfour, Times Literary Supplement,19.6.1903, p. 194). ‘Perhaps no other writer was ever so much written about within so few years of his death’ (Sidney Colvin, ‘Two Stevenson Books’, TLS 18.9.1903: 262). It was as a result of this biographical attention that the feeling grew that interest iin Stevenson's life had taken the place of interest in his works: this is already expressed by Henry James in a letter to Gosse of 1901: "Insistent publicity [...] has done its work [...[ and Louis, qua artist, is now, definitively, the victim thereof". Janet Adam Smith repeats the idea in 1948 ("Stevenson the serious writer was eclipsed by Stevenson the picturesque character--the imaginative child, the rebellious Edinburgh bohemian, the Tusitala of the last coloured South Seas years" (Janet Adam Smith, Henry James and Robert Louis Stevenson (1948), p. 46)
Willam Sharp (who wrote his novels as ‘Fiona Macleod’) considers ‘where Stevenson is at his best’ in ‘The Country of Stevenson’ (1904) (The Selected Writings of William Sharp. Vol. IV: Literary Geography.
London
:
Pall Mall
Press. 20-33; on-line at http://www.sundown.pair.com/Sharp/WSVol_4/stevenson.htm ). For pieces of descriptive writing, he chooses the description of the Bass Rock in Catriona, ‘the account of the wild
Mull
coast and desolate highlands in The Merry Men, and … A Lodging for the Night.’ Probably no living writer ‘unless it be Mr. Meredith’ surpasses him here. As for ‘dramatic episodes’, he chooses the quarrel between Alan and David in Kidnapped, the ‘immortal duel’ between Henry and the Master in Ballantrae, and the final scene between Archie and Lord Hermiston.
Jack London (1876-1916) was another great Stevenson enthusiast, and expresses this clearly in a series of letters to Cloudesley Johns in 1899-1900; he took Henley’s side in the infamous 1901 review of Balfour, no doubt because of his admiration for the adventurous and undomesticated life; he appreciated particularly The Ebb-Tide, Treasure Island, 'A Lodging for the Night', Father Damien, his essays, his letters, and his philosophy of life, considering (in 1910) that his other fiction would not survive. In Martin Eden (1907), two characters praise Stevenson but are ‘appalled at the quantities of rubbish written about Stevenson and his work’ by critics who do not measure up to his stature. In 1908 he visited Stevenson’s grave in
Samoa
.
But I do join with you, and heartily, in admiration of Robert Louis Stevenson. What an example he was of application and self-development ! As a storyteller there isn’t his equal; the same thing might almost be said of his essays. While the fascination of his other works is simply irresistible, to me, the most powerful of all is his Ebb-tide. (Letter to Cloudesley Johns, 7 March 1899; from The Letters of Jack London)
I agree with you that R.L.S. never turned out a foot of polished trash, & that Kipling has; but – well, Stevenson never had to worry about ways or means, while Kipling, a mere journalist, hurt himself by having to seek present sales rather than posthumous fame. (To Cloudesley Johns 15 March 1899)
Do you remember Robert Louis Stevenson moralizing on death in his Inland Voyage? It is a beautiful expression of ‘Eat drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we die’. (To Cloudesley Johns 30 April 1899)
One may be a leader without posing as one, and in this category – the best of all – may be placed R.L.S. (To Cloudesley Johns May 28, 1899)
Am reading Stevenson’s Virginibus Puerisque just now. Find in this mail his Inland Voyage. Return it when you have finished, as I wish to pass it along. It has just arrived. Have read it myself. […] Have send for his Silverado Squatters – don’t think much of it from previous reading, but it was a long time ago, and I did it too hurriedly, I’m afraid. (To Cloudesley Johns 24 October 1899)
So it seems my immature judgement of Silverado Squatters, has been substantiated by another Stevenson lover. Guess I won’t re-read it with so much else clamouring for my attention. (To Cloudsesley Johns 31 October 1899)
Put all yourself into your work until your work become you, but nowhere let yourself be apparent. When, in the Ebb Tide, the schooner is at the pearl island, and the missionary pearler meets those three desperate men & puts his will against theirs for life or death, does the reader think of Stevenson? Does the reader have one thought of the writer? Nay, nay. Afterwards, when all is over, he recollects, and wonders, and loves Stevenson – but at the time? Not he. (To Cloudsesley Johns 16 June 1900)
I am sending you his [
Henley
’s] article on Stevenson. I honor him for having written it. A brave soul ! I hope you make a stand for his stand.* (To Anna Strunsky 18 January 1902)
[*Editors’ note (from The Letters of Jack London): Strunsky was to deliver a speech on W. E. Henley to the Woman’s Press Association; it was later published as ‘On the Principle of Loyalty in Biography’, Impression Quarterly, March 1902. In it, she defended
Henley
’s biographical sketch of Stevenson, ‘R.L.S.,’ Pall Mall Magazine, December 1901, against charges of disloyalty.
Henley
was responding to Sir Graham Balfour’s The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson (1901), which he considered false but which was loved by Stevenson’s admirers.]
But the majority of the great short stories do not deal with love. 'A Lodging for the Night,' for instance, one of the most rounded and perfect stories ever told, not only has no hint of love in it, but does not contain a hint of one character whom we would care to meet in life. Beginning with the murder of Thevenin, running through the fearful night in the streets and the robbing of the dead jade in the porch, and finishing with the old lord of Brisetout, who is not murdered because he possesses seven pieces of plate instead of ten, it contains nothing that is not terrible and repulsive. Yet it is the awfulness of it that makes it great. The play of words in the deserted house between Villon and the feeble lord of Brisetout, which is the story, would be no story at all were the stress and strain taken out of it and the two men placed vis-a-vis with a score of retainers at the old lord’s back. ('The Terrible and Tragic in Fiction', The Critic, June 1903)
Stevenson’s Father Damien Letter has had more effect in a minute, and will go on having more effect in a minute, than all the stories I have written or shall ever write. (To Lorrin A. Thurston 1 Feb 1910)
Of all the stories that I have ever read I place Stevenson’s
Treasure Island
first. (To Charles D. McGuffey, December 24, 1914)
When Kipling is forgotten, will Robert Louis Stevenson be remembered for his Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, his Kidnapped, and his David Balfour? Not so. His
Treasure Island
will be a classic, to go down with Robinson Crusoe, Through the Looking Glass, and The Jungle Books. He will be remembered for his essays, for his letters, for his philosophy of life, for himself. He will be the well beloved, as he has been the well beloved. (written 1901, on the false news of the death of Kipling, later published in Revolution and Other Essays, 1910)
‘Too much is written by the men who can’t write about the men who do write,’ Martin concurred. ‘Why, I was appalled at the quantities of rubbish written about Stevenson and his work.’
‘Ghouls and harpies!’ Brissenden snapped out with clicking teeth.’ Yes, I know the spawn - complacently pecking at him for his Father Damien letter, analyzing him, weighing him - ‘
‘Measuring him by the yardstick of their own miserable egos,’ Martin broke in.
‘Yes, that’s it, a good phrase, - mouthing and besliming the True, and Beautiful, and Good, and finally patting him on the back and saying, ‘Good dog, Fido.’ Faugh! ‘The little chattering daws of men,’ Richard Realf called them the night he died.’
‘Pecking at star-dust,’ Martin took up the strain warmly; ‘at the meteoric flight of the master-men […]’ (Martin Eden (1907), ch. 32)
The enthusiasm for Stevenson went beyond English-speaking countries. In 1904, Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924), the Italo-German pianist and composer, wrote to his wife from on board an America-bound liner (27 March 1904):
‘Eine große Freude. Ich habe Stevenson gelesen. Er ist ein Großer; ein Erzähler, ein Denker, ein Realist, ein Phantast, Poet, Philosoph, einfach und complicirt; aber immer mit einem Meistergriff beginnend und diesen festhaltend. Er ist neu, originell und doch von dieser Art, daß er ebenso gut 300 Jahre vorher oder nachher hätte entstehen können. Er ist tief, ohne schwer zu sein; er ist ein Moralist und doch hauptsächlich ein Schriftsteller. Denn das sind die beiden Punkte: Der Künstler muß vor Allem ganz Professionist sein: dann aber weitsehender Mensch, außerhalb zeitlicher und räumlicher Augenblicksverhältnisse. - Diese sind die Bleibenden...’
[‘I have had one great pleasure. I have read Stevenson. He is great: a storyteller, a thinker, a realist, a visionary, poet, philosopher, simple and complicated; he has the grip of a master when he begins and his hold never slackens. He is new, original, but of the type that could just as well have been born 300 years earlier or later. He is deep without being heavy; he is a moralist and above all a writer. For there are two important points: the artist must, before everything, be quite professional; and far-seeing, too, beyond momentary considerations of time and space. Artists with these qualities are the ones who remain…’]
The following day he writes ‘Habe mit steigender Bewunderung Stevenson gelesen. Er wiederholt sich nicht. Ein Bazar von Ideen und Scenen! Den Schlüssel des Novellenproblems besitzt er wie Keiner. / Ich las eine spanische, eine französische, eine irische Novelle; eine psychologische, eine philosophische. Überall Colorit und Charaktere mit packender Plastik. Humor, Pathos, Ernst, Naturpoesie, Menschenbeobachtung. Und - über alledem - der Novellenstoff, der Schriftsteller.’
[‘Have read Stevenson with increasing admiration. He does not repeat himself. A bazaar of ideas and scenes! He possesses the key to the problems of fiction like no one else. / I have read some short stories about
Spain
and
Ireland
; also a psychological and a philosophical one. All through them there is colour, character and thrilling plastic art; humour, seriousness, poetry of nature and human observation. And--above all--the art of the writer.’]
(Ferruccio Busoni, Briefe an seine Frau 1895-1907. Zürich-Leipzig: Rotapfel, 1935. Letters to his Wife, translated by Rosamund Ley,
London
Arnold
, 1938, pp. 78-80).
The American arts-and-crafts prophet Elbert Hubbard and The Roycrofters publishing company he founded in N.Y. State published Little Journeys to the Homes of… including Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Lovers, Vol. XIX, Dec. 1906. No. 6 was dedicated to Robert Louis Stevenson and Fanny Osbourne.
R.A. Scott- James reviewing the first volumes of The Pentland Edition in The Daily News (Oct. 26 1906) says ‘Stevenson’s work is beginning to find its level among the classics of English literature’.
One of his special qualities is that ‘he has made us all conscious of a new kind of romance which has never before been experienced […] [He] taught us to see the romance of daily life, the sudden gleams from a brighter world illuming the dull and banishing the conventional. He has set up, as it were, a new romantic school, the greatest living member of which is Mr. Joseph Conrad. Its central feature is the contact of the personal, conscious self, with the strange, uncanny mystery of environment.’ Implicitly answering criticism, he adds ‘[W]hen he writes he is not so much posing as triumphing in the deft use of tools by means of which the fertile world he sees becomes the subject of his art’. Of the essays he says: ‘how many memorable phrases there are in these essays, how much just exploding of prejudices, recalling of simpler and elemental ideals, of probing down to important and fundamental truths’
The English Decadents (Dowson, Machen, Symons) were attracted to Stevenson not only because of his careful style and bohemian life-style, but also because he combined high literary ideals with remunerative popularity (Kirsten MacLeod, Fictions of British Decadence, New York: Palgrave, 2006; pp. 49-50).
But at the same time (and dangerously for his later evaluation by Modernists), Stevenson was also popularly revered as a figure of moral inspiration. Extracts from his works were anthologized in a series of volumes: The Pocket R.L.S. (1906), A Stevenson Calendar (1909), The Wisdom of R.L. Stevenson (1904), and even Brave Words About Death (1916). A typical sentimental reference is found in Eleanor Atkinson’s Greyfriar’s Bobby (New York: Harper & Bros., 1912):
Today, many would cross wide seas to look upon Swanston cottage, in whose odorous old garden a whey-faced, wistful-eyed laddie dreamed so many brave and laughing dreams.
Stevenson was soon adopted in the classroom: William Lyon Phelps edited a selection of Essays in 1906 (New York: Scribner's) with Introduction and Notes for 'school and college courses'; and an early edition of
Treasure Island
(New York: Merrill, 1909) is edited with an introduction and notes by Franklin T. Baker for use in American high schools.
In 1910, John W. Cousin (A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature,
London
Stanton
College
: ‘We take travels, history, fairy-tales--romances of all kinds, so long as sensual passion is not touched upon at any length. […] Here are Robert Louis Stevenson's works, '
Treasure Island
,' 'Kidnapped,' &c., charming writer--a neat pretty style, with a pleasant souvenir of Edgar Poe running through it all. You have no idea how the boys enjoy his books’. He feels that he cannot join conventional society because he doesn’t share the same tastes: ‘I like neither fox-hunting, marriage, Robert Louis Stevenson's stories, nor Sir Frederick Leighton's pictures; I prefer monkish Latin to Virgil, and I adore Degas, Monet, Manet, and Renoir’.
In 1888 Moore published Confessions of a Young Man, a passionate revolt of English literature against the Victorian tradition, in which he says (Ch. 10): ‘I think of Mr. Stevenson as a consumptive youth weaving garlands of sad flowers with pale, weak hands, or leaning to a large plate-glass window, and scratching thereon exquisite profiles with a diamond pencil.[…] Mr. Stevenson's style is over smart, well-dressed, shall I say, like a young man walking in the Burlington Arcade? […] It is not Mr. Stevenson's brain that prevents him from being a thinker, but his style.[…] his talent is vented in prettinesses of style. […] if any man living in this end of the century needed freedom of expression for the distinct development of his genius, that man is R.L. Stevenson.’
In 1889 Moore condemned The Master of Ballantrae as 'a story of adventure with the story left out', with its 'disjointed narratives' and 'vain seas of speech where windless sails of narrative hang helpless and death-like, and vague shapes... people the gloom'. He quotes a long passage with the comment 'This seems to me as bad a page of English as I ever read... anything more limp and insipid I cannot imagine'. The book is 'as pretty as a drawing-room that has been recently re-decorated and arranged, according to the latest canons of fashion', it is 'the weakest piece of writing of Mr Stevenson's with which I am acquainted', and it is 'in exceeding degree vacuous and insincere'. (Hawk, 5 Nov. 1889; Maixner 1981, pp. 354-9).
In the Daily Chronicle April 24 1897, in a review of The Secret Rose by W.B. Yeats, Moore says ‘Stevenson is the leader of these countless writers who perceive nothing but the visible world’, while Yeats is the representative of great literature. Stevenson ‘imagined no human soul, and he invented no story that anyone will remember’; his best work is only ‘literary marquetry’. (This review appears to have created a stir and led to defences of Stevenson against its attacks from Quiller-Couch (The Speaker)and Vernon Blackburn (Academy) in 1897, Richard Le Gallienne in 1900 ('The Dethroning of Stevenson, in Sleeping Beauty and Other Prose Fancies, and also A.H. Japp (in Robert Louis Stevenson, A Record, An Estimate, A Memorial, 1905.)
(ii) Another early critic was H.G. Wells: in his review of Weir of Hermiston (Saturday Review 13 June 1896) he sees him as 'not so much a romancer as a novelist entangled in the puerilities of romance'. (For more on accusations of childishness by J.M. Barrie (1894), John Jay Chapman (1898), Edwin Muir (1931), and others, see Glenda Norquay, Robert Louis Stevenson and Theories of Reading (2007), pp. 92-3.)
(iii) John St. Loe Strachey in ‘A Study of Louis Stevenson’ (in From Grave to Gay. London: Smith, Elder 6 Co., 1897, 74-114) begins by asking ‘What is it that makes Mr. Stevenson's literary work never wholly satisfying?’ (Richard Le Gallienne defends Stevenson against the attacks of both Moore and Strachey in ‘Stevenson Dethroned’.)
(iv) In a letter of 1896 John Jay Chapman rather campishly accuses Stevenson of campishness: '[He] is…so highly artificial. He struts and grimaces and moralizes and palavers and throws in tid bits of local color, fine feeling, graceful ornament, O, my, ain't he clever - the rogue - hits you in the mid-riff - don't he - so beautiful…' (letter 1896, qu. Maixner 1980: 488). In 1898, latching on to Stevenson’s account of his training by imitating other writers (as a ‘sedulous ape’), he presents him as ‘the most extraordinary mimic that has ever appeared in literature’(Emerson and Other Essays, p. 221), ‘there is an undertone of insincerity’ in his writings’ (225), ‘The reason why Stevenson represents a backward movement in literature, is that literature lives by the pouring into it of new words from speech, and new thoughts from life, and Stevenson used all his powers to exclude both from his work. He lived and wrote in the past’ (p. 243); both Lang and Stevenson supply material for the new mass-market in literature. [Stevenson’s self-mocking account of ‘playing the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to Hawthorne, to Montaigne, to Baudelaire and to Oberman’ (‘A College Magazine’, Memories and Portraits, 1887) was later to be so often used against him that Max Beerbohm jokingly claimed that the printers kept ‘sedulous ape’ ready set up in type (qu. Paul Maixner, Robert Louis Stevenson. The Critical Heritage, 1981, p. 21).]
(v) The Glasgow Herald Oct. 22 1898 has an unsigned article ‘Limits of the Stevenson Cult’ which criticises his ‘theatricality’ and condemns the ethics of his fiction (the violence of The Wrecker). His essays don’t teach morals effectively. ‘When all these allowances are made, we still have left to us in Stevenson the charming egoist, the supreme and infinitely conscious artist… Among the Immortals he will have a seat on the second bench. He will sit by the side of Lamb, and not be hopelessly distant from Montaigne’.
(vi) Ford Madox Ford recalled ‘hearing Stephen Crane […] [probably in 1899] comment upon a sentence of Robert Louis Stevenson that he was reading. The sentence was: ‘With interjected finger he delayed the motion of the timepiece’ [‘Markheim’; actually: that piece of life had been arrested, as the horologist, with interjected finger, arrests the beating of the clock’]. ‘ “By God, poor dear!” Crane exclaimed. “That man put back the clock of English fiction fifty years”.’ (Ford Madox Ford, Memories and Impressions (1911). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971: 182). Chesterton (1927: ch. VI) says the same objection to ‘interjected’ was made by George Moore.
(vii)
Montgomery
Schuyler, ‘The Canonization of Stevenson’, The Century (1899)
(viii) ‘Stevenson Unwhitewashed’. Atlantic Monthly (March 1900), unsigned article [and article with the title ‘Stevenson Unwhitewashed: Was his Story of Jekyll and Hyde Enacted in Real Life?’ was also published in Current Opinion in1924].
(ix) W. E. Henley (1901). ‘R.L.S.’. Pall Mall Magazine (Dec 1901): here he praised the youthful, bohemian Stevenson (who had been his companion) and harshly criticized the sanitized and domesticated version of Balfour’s biography and (while appreciating ‘the unmarried and irresponsible Lewis; the friend, the comrade, the charmeur’, ‘the Lewis that I knew and loved’ who ‘never came back’ from America) he accuses him of selfishness and having written no books of interest: he is ‘an overstrained stylist, a third- or fourth-class romancer’; is there not something to be said for the person [George Moore] who wrote that Stevenson always reminded him of a young man dressed the best he ever saw for the Burlington Arcade?’
Henley
had prepared for Balfour’s biography by supplying much information for L. Cope Cornford’s Robert Louis Stevenson (1899), which emphasizes his early youthful life. In 1902 Anna Strunsky delivered a speech on W. E. Henley to the Woman’s Press Association in the USA, later published as ‘On the Principle of Loyalty in Biography’, Impression Quarterly, March 1902, in which she defended Henley against charges of disloyalty (A.H. Japp defended Stevenson in Robert Louis Stevenson, A Record, An Estimate, A Memorial (1905), ch. 24 ‘Mr Henley’s Spiteful Perversions’.) A review of Hammerton’s Stevensoniana in the New York Times (Jan 2 1904) says ‘We can hardly read these Stevnsoniana without seeing how much Stevenson has suffered from the hyperbolical laudation which is sure to bring its Nemesis’ and goes on to say that Henley’s attack had ‘not a little truth’ in it, and also mentions ‘Mr Murray’s estimate’ that is ‘to much the same purport’. (This reference to ‘Mr Murray’ has not yet been traced.)
(x) In 1901, Clement K. Shorter (Sphere 7 Dec.) writes that Stevenson ' is not an epoch-making writer; he has no place with the very greatest masters in fiction or in thoughtful essay-writing'.
(xi) In E. M. Forster’s Howards End (1910), Leonard Bast betrays his lack of culture by enthusing over Stevenson’s essays and travel books, thus creating great embarrassment and a ripple of laughter among the young intellectuals gathered around the Schlegel sisters (Forster 1953: 111-3).
(xii) The Chicago Evening Post Feb. 3, 1911 (NLS MS9906 cuttings collected by Graham Balfour, cutting 57 (also numbered A 79)), is a report on ‘the latest acid comment’ (but with no ref): the article reported had said that Stevenson has ‘a self-conscious style… Nearly always it is overelaborated, it poses’ also ‘there was a good deal of effeminacy in his nature’.
(xiii) George Saintsbury (in The English Novel, 1913, p. 295) talks of ‘the effective but also rather affected and decidedly laboured style’ Stevenson had used before Weir of Hermiston.
(xiv) G. K. Chesterton (1913), in The Victorian Age in Literature (London: Home University Library, p. 110) warned that ‘when we look back up the false perspective of time, Stevenson does seem in a sense to have prepared that imperial and downward path’, even though ‘he would not have liked it if he had lived to understand it’.
After 1914
The reaction (1914-early 1950s) begins with Frank Swinnerton’s R.L. Stevenson: A Critical Study (1914; 2nd ed 1923). The subtitle is deliberately chosen to show an intellectually rigorous approach and to distinguish it from earlier readings of Stevenson’s life and ‘personality’. He demolishes both the man and his work with arguments which would recur throughout the century: ‘a writer of the second class’ and a superficial thinker; his art is 'tedious virtuosity, a pretense, a conscious toy'.
He is also criticized in The Times Literary Supplement Dec. 4, 1919 [by Hugh l’Anson Fausset, published anonymously], p. 1: ‘the number of those who attack the accepted view of his genius with dark sayings and subdued negations is on the increase; while the generation which has grown up with such tragic suddenness under war conditions finds itself regarding him with that attitude of kindly and agreeable patronage which is significant of more than youth’s unconscious attitude towards the amiable indiscretions of its elders’. ‘His writing is a game… We like to see him playing with his toys; but it is a game in which we are seldom tempted to share.’
In September 1919 Virginia Woolf noted in her diary that ‘[Forster] hates Stevenson’ (Diary I, p. 295) and in 1925, E. M. Forster (‘Anonymity: An Inquiry’ in Two Cheers for Democracy) says Stevenson is ‘not first class’, he is guilty of ‘mannerisms . . . self-consciousness . . . sentimentality . . . [and] quaintness’:
If we glance at one or two writers who are not first class this point will be illustrated. Charles Lamb and R. L. Stevenson will serve. Here are two gifted, sensitive, fanciful, tolerant, humorous fellows, but they always write with their surface-personalities and never let down buckets into their underworld. Lamb did not try: bbbbuckets, he would have said, are bbeyond me, and he is the pleasanter writer in consequence. Stevenson was always trying oh ever so hard, but the bucket either stuck or else came up again full of the R.L.S. who let it down, full of the mannerisms, the self-consciousness, the sentimentality, the quaintness which he was hoping to avoid. He and Lamb append their names in full to every sentence they write. They pursue us page after page, always to the exclusion of higher joy. They are letter writers, not creative artists, and it is no coincidence that each of them did write charming letters. A letter comes off the surface: it deals with the events of the day or with plans: it is naturally signed. Literature tries to be unsigned. And the proof is that, whereas we are always exclaiming ‘How like Lamb!’ or ‘How typical of Stevenson!’ we never say ‘How like Shakespeare!’ or ‘How typical of Dante!’
Forster later wrote in his commonplace book in 1926 that he could not tolerate Stevenson because he belonged to an oppressive and disliked preceding generation of writers:
Immediate Past is like a stuffy room, and the succeeding generation waste their time in trying to tolerate it. All they can do is to go out leaving the door open behind them. The room may be spacious, witty, harmonious, friendly, but it smells, and there is no getting round this. Hence letters to The Times on the one hand and broken windows on the other. ‘What a pity the young are not more tolerant!’ Quite so. But what a pity there is such a thing as death, for that is the real difficulty. The apartments occupied by the succeeding generation will smell equally in their turn. (Writers whom I find smell: H. James, Meredith, Stevenson: and if Hardy doesn’t it’s not because his novels are better than the other three - they are not so good - but because of the injection into them of great poetry.) (E.M. Forster’s Commonplace Book, ed. by Philip Gardner,
London
: Scolar Press, 1985:7-8. The date given for the passage is 1926).
John A. Stuart, in a letter to the Times 18 April 1922 talks of ‘the Stevenson cult’ and the reaction to it in the article by Maurice Hewlett on 13th April. ‘A few charming essays in a minor key, some short stories – not all of them first rate – a quantity of indifferent verse, and a couple of excellent books for boys – these it [criticism today] says are not so wonderful a performance after all’. ‘Two books – “Kidnapped” and “
Treasure Island
” (with “Weir of Hermiston” a problematic third) – are linked to Stevenson’s supreme achievement. To these I should add “Thrawn Janet”, a story seldom mentioned by critics’.
John Freeman (London Mercury vol. 5 No. 30 (April 1922), pp. 617-627, is perplexed by ‘the Stevenson myth’, his books give ‘momentary pleasure’ (p. 626). In the same year, George S. Hellman also wrote on ‘The Stevenson Myth’ (Century Magazine, December 1922).
1924 was a year of renewed interest in Stevenson: John A. Steuart’s Robert Louis Stevenson: Man and Writer. A Critical Biography (2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown & Co; notice the word ‘critical’ in the title, a clear indication of approach, following Swinnerton’s 1914 biography), Colvin’s Robert Louis Stevenson: His Work And Personality, Osborne’s An Intimate Portrait of R.L.S., the publication of Fanny Stevenson’s The Cruise of the Janet Nichol; the new Tusitala and Skerryvore Editions, the end of unlimited copyright. This led to several important articles about the present-day status of Stevenson.
Leonard Woolf in a 1924 essay (‘The Fall of Stevenson’. Nation and Athenaeum 34 (5 Jan. 1924), p. 517 (reprinted in Essays on Literature, History, Politics, Etc. London: Hogarth Press, 1927. 33-43) says that ‘there never has been a more headlong fall in a writer’s reputation than there was in Stevenson’s after his death’ and ‘a false style tells most fatally against a writer when, as with Stevenson, he has nothing original to say’, the style of the writer who had been ‘just the man to captivate the taste of the romantic ‘nineties’, sounded by then ‘drearily thin and artificial.’ (Stevenson’s old friend, Edmund Gosse, could not believe that such things were being said by ‘the son-in-law of our old friend Leslie Stephen, having married
Virginia
’). (However, Virginia Woolf speaks positively of ‘the romance’ tradition of Scott, Stevenson and Ann Radcliff in Phases of Fiction (1929)).
Stuart P. Sherman in The New York Herald Tribune: Books Nov. 23 1924, p. 1-2, writes an review criticizing Stuart with the title ‘Who Made the Stevenson Myth?’: talks of ‘the extraordinary richness and the almost incomparable versatility of Stevenson’s literary talent’. ‘Whence, then, came the “Stevenson myth”, which ever criticaster thinks it his duty to smash?’
In a review of Stuart in the American Mercury, (“Tusitala” [review]. The American Mercury 3(2) (Nov. 1924): 378-80.) H. L. Mencken condemns Stevenson to the second and third rate. [378]
‘The typical Stevensonian is bookish but not a bookman – in brief, a sort of gaper over the fence of beautiful letters… I can detect no passion for Stevenson among the men and women who are actually making the literature of today. There are hot partisans among them for Joseph Conrad, for Hardy, for Meredith, for Flaubert, for Dostoievsky and even for Dickens, but there are none, so far as I am aware, for good Louis. His customers, beginning with literary college professors, often female, fade into collectors of complete library sets. Himself always a boy of 17, he seems to hold best those readers whose delight in the wonders of the word is not too much contaminated by the cramps and questionings of maturity….
[379]What is wanting is a fell-length study of him, done objectively and by a realistic and scientific hand… It is a wonder, indeed, that no Freudian has been tempted to the task, for S was surely one of the most beautiful masses of complexes ever encountered on this earth. His whole life was a series of flights from reality – first from Presbyterianism, then from the sordid mountbankery of the law, and then from the shackles of his own wrecked and tortured body… Doomed to spend half his life in bed, beset endlessly by pain, brought often to death’s door by hemorrhages, and sometimes forbidden for days on end to work or even to speak, he found release and consolation in gaudy visions of gallant encounters, sinister crimes, and heroic loves. He was the plow-boy dreaming in the hay-loft, the flapper tossing on her finishing-school bed. It was at once a grotesque tragedy and a pathetic farce, but it wrung out of him the best that was in him. What man ever paid more bitterly for the inestimable privilege of work? Stevenson, alas, wrote a great deal of third-rate stuff; even his most doting admirers must find it hard to read, for example, some of his essays. But out of the agony came also ‘A Lodging for the Night’, ‘The Sire de Malétroit’s Door’, ‘Will o’ the Mill’ and ‘Treasure Island’, and if they do not belong absolutely in the first rank, then certainly they go high in the second. Every one of them represents an attempt to escape the world of reality by launching into a world of compensatory fancy.
His weakness as an imaginative author lies in the fact that he never got beyond the simple revolt of boyhood – that his intellect never developed to match his imagination. The result is an air of triviality hangs about all his work and even at times, an air of trashiness. He is never very searching, never genuinely profound. More than any other man, perhaps, he was responsible for the revival of the romantic novel in the last years of the Nineteenth Century, and more than any other salient man of his time he was followed by shallow and shoddy disciples. The appearance of Joseph Conrad, a year after his death, disposed of all his full-length romances save ‘
Treasure Island
’ and that survived only as a story for boys. Put beside such things as ‘An Outcast of the
Islands
’ and ‘Lord Jim’, even the best of Stevenson began to appear superficial and obvious. It was diverting and often it was highly artful, but it was hollow; there was nothing in it save the story. Once more Beethoven drove out Haydn. Or, perhaps more accurately, Wagner drove out Rossini. It is very difficult, after ‘Heart of Darkness’, to get through ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. The essays have gone the same way. They have a certain external elegance, as of a well turned-out frock or charmingly decorated room, but their ideas are seldom notable either for vigor or for originality. When S wrote them he was trying to set up shop as a young literary exquisite in
London
. The breed, unluckily, is not yet extinct; its elaborate nothings still bedizen the English monthlies and weeklies. Stevenson was cured of that folly by his infirmities. They sent him headlong beyond the sky-rim. It was there he came to fame.’
A notable attack came from E. F. Benson in 1925 (‘The Myth of Robert Louis Stevenson’. The
London
Mercury, 12 (July 1925): 258-63 and 13 (Aug.1925): 372-84.)--a biting attack (Benson’s own fiction is characterized by vicious satire); the image of RLS is ‘like some highly coloured window of painted glass. The figure therein seems designed for some shrine of pilgrimage’ (268); he refers to Stevenson’s ‘evangelists’ (375), to a ‘loyal conspiracy’ and ‘affectionate and myopic cult’ to present him as without failings (271). His style is forced, not natural (282). He approves of his ‘uncanny’ supernatural stories. Compares Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to a Bach fugue. ‘What interested him in life was not psychology and morals and religion, but absurd and adventurous and eerie situations’ (79). Translated and included in Mario Praz Prospettiva della letteratura inglese da Chaucer a Virginia Woolf, 1946. The popular philosopher C.E.M. Joad saw his style and bad and ineffective (The Bookmark, 1926).
At the end of the year another attack came in the new York Saturday Review of Literature (Vol. 1, No. 19, Dec. 6 1924), the lead article and very probably by the editor Henry Seidel Canby. He mentions the defence of Stevenson by Stuart P. Sherman in Books of the Herald Tribune, but says that readers had revalued Stevenson because 'impatient with the suppressions that left so much out of the Victorian novel.... We have been living in one of those periods when sets of conventions that have lost their quality are smashed and new ones that fit better are adjusted to the human machine... We grow tired of these perpetual moral conclusions perfectly phrased and ask for the evidence... And, therefore, Stevenson was one of the first to sufer by the change of taste in the twentieth century.'
1925 saw the publication of George Hellman's The True Stevenson: a Study in Clarification. Hellman had made money by dismembering Stevenson's notebooks and selling a few sheets at a time in expensive leather bindings; now he turned to the life, suggesting an irregular sexual life in this debunking biography. The attack on Stevenson is seen as part of a general trend in "The Myth Exploding Industry" in The Harvard Crimson of 12 Dec. 1925. Commenting on Hellman's biography, the anonymous writer of this short piece says "Robert Louis Stevenson is now passing through the unfavorable second stage of biography; and he is unfortunate in having reached this point at a time when debunking is the first literary industry in the world".
Thomas Beer (in The Mauve Decade, 1926) repeats the attack on Stevenson’s style seen as derivative and superficial: ‘His prose chimes gently on, delicately echoing a hundred classical musics, generally dwindles from the recollection as do all imitations’ (p. 178). According to Beer he was praised in the
USA
as an example of virtue by those who opposed Wilde.
In 1931, Edwin Muir (who would clearly classify himself among ‘the serious critics’) said ‘Stevenson has simply fallen out of the procession. He is still read by the vulgar, but he has joined the band of writers on whom, by tacit consent, the serious critics have nothing to say’ (Modern Scot, Autumn 1931).
George Orwell at the end of his period as a schoolboy at Eton (1917-21) had chosen a passage from Stevenson at an annual public reading, but in his first novel Burmese Days (1934), the protagonist, Mr. Flory, ‘pays a visit to the house of an Indian doctor, and discovers a “rather unappetising little library, books of essays, of the Emerson-Carlyle-Stevenson type.” (Richard Ambrosini, R. L. Stevenson: la poetica del romanzo, Bulzoni, 2001, p. 414). Both Forster and Orwell, in their debut as novelists (Howard’s End and Burmese Days), ‘use an appreciation of Stevenson as synonymous of cultural pretensions on the part of those – the low-class clerk, the colonised – who want to ape the taste of the bourgeoisie without understanding which authors are accepted in the predominant literary canon.’ (Ambrosini 2001, p. 414). In Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) Orwell ‘strikes out’ at Stevenson again: ‘He looked at the time-dulled “classics” near his feet. Dead, all dead. Carlyle and Ruskin and Meredith and Stevenson—all are dead, God rot them. He glanced over their faded titles. Collected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. Ha, ha! That’s good. Collected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson! Its top edge was black with dust. Dust thou art, to dust thou returnest. Gordon kicked Stevenson’s buckram backside. Art there, old falsepenny? You’re cold meat, if ever Scotchman was.’
V.S. Pritchett signed his first published works ‘VSP’ (perhaps in imitation of ‘RLS’?) and at the age of 21 went on a walking tour in imitation of Stevenson south of Paris from Melun to Orléans by way of Fontainebleau and wrote an essay about it in the Christian Science Monitor (1922), but then in his ‘Introduction’ to a selection of Stevenson’s Novels and Stories (London: Pilot Press, 1945), he emphasizes ‘the Stevenson legend’ and the way each of his works was ‘greeted eagerly and idolatrously’ by ‘his generation’ in ‘his time’, calls him ‘always too clever by half’ and ‘addicted to words for their own sake’ (before passing on to praise him).
Mario Praz in his Introduction to an Italian translation of Weir of Hermiston (1945), criticizes the legend created by Stevenson’s family members and quotes Benson’s ‘The Myth of Stevenson’ (1925).
The literary historian George Sampson says in 1947 (‘On Playing the Sedulous Ape’, in Seven Essays, pp. 61-98) that modern critics have been over-influenced by Stevenson’s own account of his imitative early work (‘the sedulous ape’) and ‘with the unanimity that is always wonderful they have found his writing unoriginal, unnatural and imitative’ (61). Sampson himself criticizes the ‘false’ and ‘theatrical’ style of ‘Aes Triplex’ and ‘Some Gentlemen in Fiction’; his moral essays are ‘the least satisfying’, because they lack sincerity.
Stevenson was now considered outmoded: his literary greatness was questioned, he was associated with the Victorian era, and his bohemian persona was analysed by new psychoanalytic biographers. Even David Daiches, as we see below (in the ‘reinstatement’ section) writes a monograph in 1947, praising the Scottish novels but faintly praising or condemning the other works.
Stevenson was omitted from the ‘canon’ of great writers in a series of authoritative works. F. R. Leavis only includes Stevenson in The Great Tradition (1948), in a footnote to Ch.1: ‘Scott was primarily a kind of inspired folk-lorist […] not having the creative writer’s interest in literature, he made no serious attempt to work out his own form and break away from the bad tradition of the eighteenth century-romance. […] Out of Scott a bad tradition came. It spoiled Fenimore Cooper, who had new and first-hand interests and the makings of a distinguished novelist. And with Stevenson it took on ‘literary’ sophistication and fine writing’; and he does not include him in The Common Pursuit (1952) and he is not mentioned once in the influential journal Scrutiny under Leavis’s editorship (1932-1953).
Stevenson is omitted from the first edition of Victorian Fiction: A Guide to Research, ed. Lionel Stevenson, 1964 (though writers like Disraeli and Bulwer-Lytton are in). The Preface (p. v) says that ‘Stevenson has been omitted, in spite of his influence on romantic fiction, because his adult novels are few and of debatable rank’.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by M. H. Abrams from the first (1962) to the seventh edition (2000) did not include a section devoted to Stevenson (he was admitted to the eighth edition of 2006). Raymond Williams excludes Stevenson from his ‘great tradition’ in The English Novel From Dickens to Lawrence (1970) in which he highlights works with ethical, political and social concerns. In 1973, Frank Kermode and John Hollander exclude any single mention of Stevenson (let alone a section devoted to him) in their Oxford Anthology of English Literature.
In his 1964 monograph, Robert Kiely says that except for Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and A Child's Garden of Verses, Stevenson's works have 'dropped into utter darkness'; he himself does not highly regard the works considered 'for children': only in the late works, he says, The Master of Ballantrae and Weir of Hermiston, did Stevenson 'begin to show the impressive consequences of the transition . .. from sleight-of-hand to artistry'.
Bruce Chatwin attacked him in 1974 (in an essay published posthumously in Anatomy of Restlessness, 1996), using arguments that had now become commonplaces: Stevenson isn’t a serious writer, he is “second-rate”, really a writer of books for boys and his fine style is superficial, an end in itself. It is curious that Chatwin has actually many affinities with RLS: his constant movements, sexual ambiguity, charm, endless myth-making, his cultivation of a concise and careful style.
Even in a volume of essays dedicated to Stevenson as late as 1983 (Andrew Noble (ed), Robert Louis Stevenson) we find contributors accusing Stevenson of shortcomings (as in Peter Gilmour’s ‘Robert Louis Stevenson: Forms of Evasion’). Novelist Margot Livesey wrote an apologetic centennial piece in the Atlantic Monthly (Nov. 1994) saying that S’s reputation has been harmed by association with children’s literature, by the fact that the few works he is remembered by do not constitute a recognizable oeuvre and by the fact that his life-view is not pessimistic. In his best work (Kid, JH and Weir) ‘perhaps in spite of himself, he failed to emasculate his art. He opens his eyes, and ours, to the confusion of reality’. Livesey concludes that ‘If Stevenson deserves a place in our adult lives, his reputation must… rest on only a few works’. This seems to be still in the tradition of the Daiches monograph of 1947: concessions to critics and selection of only a few works for praise.
Similarly, Jenni Calder in 1982 says plainly that "No-one would now claim that Stevenson is a great writer" (Modern Language Review 77.1, p. 398).
In 1987 Guido Almansi says that in Britain and American ‘nobody bothers themselves any more with poor Stevenson... relegated to the ghetto of children’s literature. What a colossal error!’ (‘Introduzione’, Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson, Amici rivali, Milano: Archinto), and says he is appreciated more in Italy.
Caroline McCracken-Flesher also claims that 'It was this conundrum—could one write for children and accomplish adult art?—that drove Stevenson not only out of circulation but out of critical reputation throughout the modern period' ('Introduction'. In McCracken-Flesher, Caroline (ed.) (2012). Approaches to Teaching the Works of Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: MLA. P. 5). (It would seem that the eariest rejection by the Modernists and the first professional University professors of English literature was more motivated by his association with condemned 'belle-lettrism', but certainly later on, the association with 'children's literature' was an important motivation in his continued exclusion from the canon.)
4) Reinstatement
Hugh MacDiarmid [Christopher Murray Grieve] places Stevenson’s works within ‘Scottish literature’ in 1922 and (contrary to the tendency of Modernist critics to belittle RLS) indirectly praises him when he complains of the inadequate analysis of his works by amateur critics (‘Scottish literature […], unlike most other literatures, has been written about almost exclusively by ministers, with, on the whole, an effect similar to that produced by the statement (of the worthy Dr John MacIntosh) that “as a novelist, Robert Louis Stevenson had the art of rendering his writings interesting,” and “his faculty of description was fairly good”. (‘Causerie’. The Scottish Chapbook 1.i. (Aug. 1922): 2). As early as 1924, at the height of the "debunking" of "the Stevenson myth", we find a hope for "the genuine 'revival' [in Stevenson], which has been long bewen preparing, which is now overdue" (S. P. Sherman, "Who Made the Stevensn Myth?", in The New York Herald Tribune: Books Nov. 23 1924, p. 1-2). Stevenson's reinstatement begins timidly with mixed praise in Robert Louis Stevenson by Stephen Gwynn (1939) and in Robert Louis Stevenson: A Revaluation by David Daiches, published in 1947 at perhaps the lowest point of Stevenson’s reputation among critics (the first sentence is: ‘The works of Robert Louis Stevenson are not widely read today’). At that time, he says, ‘it has long been the fashion to esteem him as an essayist and dismiss the novels’ and part of the aim of the study is ‘to redirect attention to the novels as the most impressive expression of Stevenson’s genius’ (148), which he does in the first three of the four chapters (‘Adventure’, ‘Transition’, ‘Fulfilment’).
However Daiches also betrays the prejudices of the time: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is only mentioned in passing and is seen as ‘melodramatic’ and characterized by ‘swaggering confidence’ (118); An Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey are both examples of ‘a show piece, a sort of prize essay’ (154); The Amateur Emigrant and The Silverado Squatters are ‘more important as sources for Stevenson’s biography than as literary works in their own right’ (167) and the essays are seen as ‘self-conscious’ (148) and ‘affected’ (150): he overlooks the essays on literary theory and gives a quotation from ‘The Lantern Bearers’ followed by the comment ‘The modern reader looks askance at this pretentious and perhaps at the same time commonplace philosophising’ (167). Daiches’ contribution was to stress Stevenson’s importance as a novelist and a as a Scottish novelist. However, even his praise of the Scottish novels is not without criticism: in a later publication (Robert Louis Stevenson and his World (1973, p. 83) he says of the multiple narrators of Ballantrae (now often seen as one of the text's interesting aspects): 'It is difficult to see what Stevenson hoped to gain by splitting up the story among different narrators'.
J.C. Furnas's biography Voyage to Windward (1952) dedicates an appendix to 'The Dialectics of Reputation' (pp. 436-455), and another ('Controversy') to refuting various legends that had grown up around the life story.
Travis R. Merritt emphasizes the ‘amazing’ nature of Stevenson’s essay ‘On Style in Literature’ in The Art of Victorian Prose (ed. George Levine & William Madden, 1968): ‘For sheer concentration on verbal method, for a specific interest in the texture of language which seems oddly to anticipate some of the habits of the New Criticism, there is nothing like this piece in all Victorian criticism. In its way, it is the most extreme offering from any of the advocates of prose stylism.’ (28).
It was perhaps easier for American critics to appreciate Stevenson, thanks to the greater importance of the romance in the American tradition (and the importance given to this by Northrop Frye in his studies on genres). Fundamental contributions to reinstatement were the monographs by Robert Kiely (1964), Edwin Eigner (1966) and Erwin S. Saposnik (1974).
A breakthrough in works of scholarly reference comes with Roger Swearingen's The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson (1980) and Paul Maixner's Robert Louis Stevenson: the Critical Heritage (1981); critical studies of Stevenson also gained a new impulse in the 1980s thanks to Barry Menikoff's Robert Louis Stevenson and the Beach of Falesá (1984) and the influential collection of essays Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde After One Hundred Years (1988) edited by Veeder & Hirsch. Also of significance in the story was the Penguin Classics edition of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde edited by Jenni Calder in 1979, which included Falesá and The Ebb-Tide, making them easily available after they had been many years out-of-print. Oxford World Classics paperbacks followed, issuing several Stevenson volumes in the late 1980s.
English-language monographs on Stevenson before 1995 were rare (1947, 1965, 1966, 1974); since then there has been a ‘take-off’ in Stevenson studies: 1996 (Sandison), 2004 (Colley), 2004 (Danahay & Chisholm), 2004 (Gray), 2005 (Menikoff), 2005 (Miller), 2006 (Ambrosini & Dury), 2006 (Reid), 2007 (Buckton), 2007 (Norquay). In addition, 1997 saw the launching the RLS website, 2000 the start of biennial conferences, 2004 the launching of The Journal of Stevenson Studies—all indicators that confirm the growing interest and the final emergence of Stevenson from his period of critical exclusion. In 2005 Burkhard Niederhoff judged that ‘the critical tide now seems to be moving in favour of Stevenson and a serious critical study of his works’.
Jean-Yves Tadié (1982). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’. In Le roman d’aventures, Paris, P.U.F.(Collection Ecriture), pp. 113-148.
Jean Baudrillard’s essay La pensée radicale (1994) centred on the relationship of thought and the real has as an epigraph a quotation from ‘A Humble Remonstrance’ (‘The novel is a work of art not so much because of its inevitable resemblance with life but because of the insuperable differences that distinguish it from life’).
The Norton Anthology of English Literature, after famously excluding Stevenson from 1968 to 2000 (1st - 7th editions), now includes him in their 8th edition (2006), in ‘The Victorian Age’ section (ed. Carol Christ and Catherine Robson), with the whole of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and a two-page introduction.
The introduction gives a bio-bibliographical summary with only a few evaluative comments, among which a relative emphasis on ‘children’s classics… swashbuckling romances, historical adventures’ suggests the continuation of a certain critical distancing despite the welcome new inclusion. Another example of this attitude is the publisher’s presentation of Robert Louis Stevenson: Seven Novels (Barnes & Noble, 2006): ‘Robert Louis Stevenson was the soul of adventure, and his tales of derring-do in exotic lands rich with history and intrigue have enthralled countless readers’.
Ernest Mehew (2004) concludes his entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography with ‘the critics (following pioneer work by David Daiches and Janet Adam Smith) are beginning to take him seriously again’. This is then quoted by Willam Baker (2006: 695) at the end of his survey on Stevenson publications in 2004).
Burkhard Niederhoff (2005: 334) suggests that the recent growth of interest in Stevenson’s works may have some connection with ‘cultural studies’, which sees a value in all sorts of texts and so overcomes the barrier perceived by ‘many a high-minded scholar’. ‘The relaxed way in which Ambosini, Norquay and Arata deal with S’s defence of popular literature contrasts vividly with the way in which he was attacked as an evasive and escapist writer by Andrew Noble and Peter Gilmore some twenty years ago. Stevenson scholars no longer write in the mode of accusation or in the mode of apology, and this indicates—even better than the mere quantity of publications—that Stevenson has finally and fully arrived on the academic scene.’
‘That Stevenson is a (post)modernist avant la lettre is a recurrent claim in Stevenson criticism’ (Niederhoff 2005: 331). This claim can be found (implicitly or explicitly) in the following contributions (in chronological order):
Modernism
Alan Sandison, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism (London: Macmillan, 1996).
Roslyn Jolly, ‘Introduction’ to Robert Louis Stevenson, South Sea Tales (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. xxxii-xxxiii;
Nels C. Pearson, ‘The Moment of Modernism: Schopenhauer’s “Unstable Phantom” in Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Stevenson’s The Master of Ballantrae’, Studies in Scottish Literature 31 (1999), pp. 182–202.
Eric Massie, ‘Stevenson, Conrad and the Proto-Modernist Novel’, PhD thesis,
University
Stirling
, 2002.
Jean Webb, ‘Conceptualising Childhood: Robert Louis Stevenson’s A Child’s Garden of Verses’, Cambridge Journal of Education 32 (3) (2002), pp. 359-65.
Richard J. Walker, ‘ “He, I say – I Cannot Say I’: Modernity and the crisis of Identity in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, Journal of Stevenson Studies 1 (2004), pp. 76-102.
Roderick Watson, ‘ “You cannot fight me with a word”: The Master of Ballantrae and the wilderness beyond dualism’, Journal of Stevenson Studies 1 (2004), pp. 1-23.
Roslyn Jolly, ‘The Ebb-Tide and The Coral Island’, Scottish Studies Review 7 (2) (2006), pp. 79-91.
Richard J. Walker, ‘Pious Works: Aesthetics, Ethics, and the Modern Individual in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’, in Robert Louis Stevenson. Writer of Boundaries (
Madison
Wisconsin
Press, 2006), pp 265-274.
Jean-Pierre Naugrette, ‘Stevenson avec Barthes : Treasure Island, entre plaisir et jouissance’, in Hervé Fourtine, Nathalie Jaëck, Joël Richard (eds.), Le plaisir (Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2007), pp. 33-45.
Postmodernism
Alex Clunas, ‘R.L. Stevenson: Precursor of the Post-Moderns?’, Cencrastus 6 (1981), pp. 9-11.
Silvia Albertazzi, ‘R. L. Stevenson e il suo pubblico: pretesto per una divagazione sul lettore pre- e post-moderno’ Problemi 84 (1989), pp. 4-14, reprinted in Ulrich Schulz-Buschhaus et al. (eds.), Scrittore e lettore nella società di massa (Trieste: LINT, 1991), pp. 235-246.
Alison Lumsden, ‘Postmodern Thought and the Fiction of Robert Louis Stevenson’, in R.D.S. Jack and Kevin McGinley (eds), Of Lion and of Unicorn: Essays on Anglo-Scottish Literary Relations in Honour of Prof. John MacQueen (Edinburgh: Quadriga, 1993), pp. 115–38.
Alan Sandison, ‘A World Made for Liars: Stevenson’s Dynamiter and the Death of the Real’, In Jones (ed.), Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered (
Jefferson
: McFarland & Co., 2003), pp. 140-62.
Stephen Arata, ‘Stevenson Reading’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1 (2004), pp. 192-200.
Roderick Watson. ‘ “The unrest and movement of our century”: the universe of The Wrecker’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 4 (2007), pp. 114-28.
Roslyn Jolly (2007) claims that ‘The critical re-evaluation of Stevenson in the 1990s had two major conceptual centres. It was under the banners of modernism and postcolonialism that Stevenson was rescued from belle-lettrist oblivion and instated as a subject of serious academic study’, adding that ‘The analysis of Stevenson’s modernism has now expanded to an exploration of his affinities with postmodernism.’ Now, two additional critical approaches have been added, ‘Anthropology and psychoanalysis — the latter particularly in its relation to literary theory’.
She sees previous dismissal of Stevenson as partly inspired by ‘hearsay’ evidence: ‘typified by an episode from Orwell’s Burmese Days, […] in which an enthusiast of empire quotes a phrase ‘that probably came from Stevenson . . . “torchbearers upon the path of progress.” Anybody who has read A Footnote to History […] knows that there is no phrase he would have been less likely to use, unless ironically as part of an attack on European colonialism.’
Stevenson’s emphasis on ‘narrative pleasure and readerly desire’ were clearly alien to Leavis’s Great Tradition and to American New Criticism, ‘both of which placed value on fiction’s ability to lead the reader into various positions of sympathy with or irony towards the experiences and attitudes of others.’ Stevenson, in contrast, explored the pleasures of identification and involvement that come with the collapse of the reader’s critical distance from the text…. In his recognition that narrative imitates not life but speech, in his attention to the reader as a vital partner in all narrative transactions, and above all in his focus on desire as narrative’s driving and shaping force, Stevenson laid out, a hundred years in advance, all the major strands of post-structuralist narrative theory.’
Sharon Weltman (in a review on The Victorian Web, 2008) says that Stevenson is ‘now experiencing a resurgence of critical attention’ ( www.victorianweb.org/authors/stevenson/weltman.html ).
Opinions of other writers
(and influence on other writers)
While critics rejected Stevenson as a major writer for many decades, creative writers continued to admire the work of this ‘writers’ writer’. What follows is only the start of a collection of observations on Stevenson by writers.
In a letter in 1886 the poet Gerard Manley Hopkins talks of Stevenson and complains that his corresponded Robert Bridges does not see ‘his great genius’ and says that in Jekyll and Hyde ‘the superficial touches of character are admirable’ and ‘worthy of Shakespeare’. ‘The Pavilion on the Links’ ‘is genius from beginning to end’. ‘Stevenson is master of a consummate style, and each phrase is finished as in poetry’. (Letters, ed. Abbott 1935: 238-9, 243; qu. Maixner 1981: 229-30).
In the Indian Railway Library Edition of Rudyard Kipling’s Soldiers Three (1888), the short story ‘Black Jack’ has an opening paragraph omitted from later editions: ‘There is a writer called Mr Robert Louis Stevenson, who makes most delicate inlay work in black and white, and files out the fraction of a hair. He has written a story about a Suicide Club, wherein men gambles for Death because other amusements did not bite sufficiently. My friend private Mulvaney knows nothing about Mr Stevenson, but he once assisted informally at almost such a Club as that gentleman has described, and his words are true.’
Alfred Ollivant’s Owd Bob The Grey Dog of Kenmuir (know in the USA as Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir) (1898) is about the rivalry of two sheepdogs and their masters. The first idea for the story came from S’s essay ‘Pastoral’.
In his biography Things Near and Far (1923), Arthur Machen (1863-1947) wrote: 'It was in the early spring of 1894 that I set about the writing of the said "Three Impostors," a book which testifies to the vast respect I entertained for the fantastic, "New Arabian Nights" manner of R. L. Stevenson, to those curious researches in the byways of London which I have described already, and also, I hope, to a certain originality of experiment in the tale of terror'. Like the Florizel Stories, Machen's work is set in a mysterious and threatening London, has an episodic form of inset weird tales, and these tales are connected with a secret society, in this case devoted to debauched pagan rites. The three imposters of the title are members of this society who weave a web of deception in the streets of London and pursue "the young man with spectacles". The first edition was had cover and title page by Aubrey Beardsley.
In his essay ‘On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings’ (1899), the philosopher William James, brother of Henry, includes a long quotation from Stevenson’s ‘The Lantern-Bearers’, of which he comments: ‘I really think [it] deserves to become immortal, both for the truth of its matter and the excellence of its form.’
Soseki Natsume (1867–1916), the Japanese teacher and writer whose novel I Am a Cat (1904-6) contains three references to RLS also wrote about him in an essay called ‘My Favourite Books’: ‘For me Stevenson's style is the best in Western Literature. It's vigorous and simple [...]. Reading him makes me feel more alive’.
Jack London praises Stevenson in his letters and uintroduced references to him in Martin Eden (1907) and ‘The Seed of McCoy’ (1911): ‘As a storyteller there isn’t his equal; the same thing might almost be said of his essays. While the fascination of his other works is simply irresistible, to me, the most powerful of all is his Ebb-tide.’ (Letter to Cloudesley Johns, 7 March 1899; from The Letters of Jack London). ‘Stevenson’s Father Damien Letter has had more effect in a minute, and will go on having more effect in a minute, than all the stories I have written or shall ever write’. (To Lorrin A. Thurston 1 Feb 1910). ‘Of all the stories that I have ever read I place Stevenson’s
Treasure Island
first.’ (To Charles D. McGuffey, December 24, 1914). ‘His
Treasure Island
will be a classic, to go down with Robinson Crusoe, Through the Looking Glass, and The Jungle Books. He will be remembered for his essays, for his letters, for his philosophy of life, for himself.’ (written 1901, later published in Revolution and Other Essays, 1910)
In an undergraduate essay ('The Defects of Kipling' (1909), reprinted in Essays in Criticism 51i (2001), T.S. Eliot praises The Ebb-Tide ('a triumph' which combines 'truth and strangeness') and later in a review of Chesterton (1927) he is disappointed that no-one has produced 'a critical essay showing that Stevenson is a writer of permanent importance, and why'.
Willa Cather (1873-1947): ‘her subtle prose style and careful handling of narrative grew from her admiration for the work of American, British, and European writers such as Hawthorne, Flaubert, Stevenson, and James’ (Margaret Anne O’Connor, The Heath Anthology of American Literature , Fourth Edition at http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/cather_wi.html ).
Stephane Mallarmé wrote a short text of praise (7 December 1896) to the members of a Stevenson Memorial Committee for the erection of a
Stevenson
Edinburgh
(Mallarmeé 1896/1979: 879-80).
In a passage of Marcel Proust’s Les Temps retrouvé (1927), Swann hears Stevenson slightingly described as a children’s writer, to which he retorts ‘Mais c’est tout à fait un grand écrivain, Stevenson, je vous assure, monsieur de Goncourt, un très grand, l’égal des plus grands’ “ (Proust 1927/1954 : 716). In Jean Santeuil (started 1896) the protagonist remembers that he used to go to the beach ‘en emportant toujours un volume de Stevenson’, who he describes as ‘génial’. (Paris: Gallimard (Bibliotèque de la Pléiade), 1971, p. 367).
Proust also refers to Stevenson several times in his letters. In a letter to Madame de Caraman-Chimay, 20 July 1907, he warmly recommends a number of Stevenson’s works. The Dynamiter is ‘terriblement compliqué mais bien charmant tout de même’; but it is Jekyll and Hyde which is ‘de plus saisissant’ - even though the second-rate H.G. Wells by his plagiarising has deprived it of some of its ‘poignante singularité’.
In a letter to Edmund Gosse (12 March 1921) he speaks of his ‘déférence envers un Maitre que j’admire autant que vous’. Seriously ill himself, he writes of their common suffering: ‘c’est par ce seul côté que je me suis permis de me rapprocher d’un homme dont l’œuvre est tellement supérieure a la mienne.’ [it is the only respect with which I can compare myself with a man whose work is so greatly superior to my own]).
Other references in letters: to Gaston Gallimard (asking him to find ‘a scholarly edition of Katriona’ (sic) (1 April 1921, Correspondance (ed. Kolb) vol 20, p. 162); an admiring letter to André Lang, October 1921; another complimentary reference in a letter to Jacques Boulanger, June 1922. In a letter to Robert de Billy, March 1910 (vol. 10, p. 55), he includes Stevenson along with George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and Emerson as exemplars amongst writers who have impressed him.
Stevenson’s style is even used as a term of comparison to praise a person he greatly admired: in a letter to Robert de Montesquiou (June 1905) Proust compares him to RLS because he has ‘something of magic in him’ (‘Il y a en vous quelque chose de magique. C’est dans les Mille et une Nuits, ou les exquises Nouvelles Mille et une Nuits de Stevenson qu’il faudrait chercher pareil enchanteur.’, vol. 5, p. 216).
Proust’s knowledge of Stevenson is also highlighted in Gabriel de la Rochefoucauld’s ‘Portrait’ in Hommage a Marcel Proust (Nouvelle Revue Française, 1 jan. 1923 vol 20, p. 69): ‘C’est lui qui me fit lire Le Dynamiteur, Le Club du Suicide, toute cette œuvre merveilleuse à laquelle il goûtait un plaisir infini’ [It was he who introduced me to The Dynamiter, ‘The Suicide Club’ and all that wonderful body of writings, which gave him enormous pleasure].
Julien Green (1900-1998) writes in his Journal (Aug. 1, 1932; Journal vol. I: 82): ‘A Berlin. Continué The Master of Ballantrae avec une très grande admiration. Si quelque chose pouvait me déplaire dans ce livre, c'est sa perfection même. J'aurais préféré que l'adresse de l'auteur ne fût pas toujours aussi évidente. Il a quelquefois l'air d'exécuter un tour très difficile avec une désinvolture professionnelle.’ [Continued The Master of Ballantrae with very great admiration. If anything could displease me about this book it is it’s very perfection. I would have preferred it if the skill of the author were not always so evident. He sometimes has the appearance of performing a very difficult acrobatic feat with professional ease.] André Gide says of the same book: ‘Curieux livre, où tout est excellent’ (ref***, read during
Congo
trip 1925-7).
In John Steinbeck’s ‘Junius Maltby’, one of the linked stories about the valley of Monterey in The Pastures of Heaven (1932, reprinted independently in Nothing So Monstrous, 1936), the title character regards Stevenson's Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes as one of the greatest works of English literature and names his son Robert Louis. Maltby’s choice of favourite book is a reflection of his own character: he is a free spirit who leads an unconventional life of poverty and intellectual curiosity (followed by his son until the latter goes to school and the weight of social disapproval leads to the end of their idyll). Steinbeck himself was inspired by Stevenson in the choice of title for his cross-country voyage with a grey-haired poodle, Travels With Charley: In Search of America (1961).
In her Seven Gothic Tales (1934), Isak Dineson [Karen Blixen] was influenced by English-language developments in short stories from the late 19th- early-20th century, and in particular by Stevenson. She alludes to him overtly in ‘The Dreamers’ by naming one of her characters Olalla. ‘Two motifs from Stevenson's early work are particularly dominant throughout Seven Gothic Tales: the courageous act or last throw of the dice in the face of impending doom, as in [...] Stevenson's "The Pavilion on the Links"; and the controlling older person manipulating the sexual destinies of the young, as in his "The Sire de Maletroit's Door".’ Dineson’s stories of such control, however, do not have happy endings: ‘The Poet’, ‘The Monkey", ‘The Roads Round Pisa’ and ‘The Deluge at Norderney’. (Quotation from Margaret Atwood (2013). ‘The show-stopping Isak Dinesen’. The Guardian 29 Nov 2013.)
In ch. 5 of Irène Némirovsky’s Les chiens et les loups (1940), Ada imagines all the children leaving to live in another country together: ‘C’était le petit matin. Ou, mieux encore, la nuit noire, sans une lumière; tout dort, et, de chaque maison, sortent les enfants [...], et chaque porte une lanterne sourde (cela, c’était le point le plus important) chachée sous son manteau.’
This seems very close to the following passage in ‘The Lantern-Bearers’: ‘the nights were already black, we would begin to sally from our respective villas, each equipped with a tin bull’s-eye lantern. [...] We wore them buckled to the waist upon a cricket belt, and over them, such was the rigour of the game, a buttoned top-coat. [...] The essence of this bliss was to walk by yourself in the black night; the slide shut, the top-coat buttoned.’ Even the ‘lanterne sourde’ (dark lantern) seems to echo the lantern with ‘the slide shut’.
Silvio D'Arzo (Ezio Comparoni; 1920-52), an Italian writer who died young, was another admirer of Stevenson. He wrote two essays for the centenary year of 1950: ‘L’isola di Tusitala’ and ‘Una morte più bella di un poema’, both reprinted in Silvio D'Arzo, Contea inglese. Saggi e corrispondenza, ed. Eraldo Affinati (Palermo: Sellerio, 1987), pp 42-6, 47-50. The influence of RLS can be seen in his novel All’insegna del Buon Corsiero [At the Sign of the Noble Steed] (1942) and in his short story 'Penny Whirton e sua madre' ['Penny Whirton and his mother'] (1948, published 1978).
Italo Calvino declared himself a ‘Stevenson worshipper’, praised his ‘marvellous lightness’, and wrote: ‘I love Stevenson because he gives the impression he is flying’ (Calvino 1955/1995: 968-9, Calvino 1959/1995: 1528-9).
Calvino’s first novel, published in 1947, Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (The Path to the Spiders’ Nests), contains allusions to Treasure Island. Like Stevenson’s text it is an adventure story with a boy at its centre, in which the fighting men are often morally contradictory. The Resistance fighters (in their isolated encampment in the mountains) have a cook, Mancino with a pet bird, a hawk, named after a hero of its owner, the French Revolutionary, Babeuf. The treasure which sets the whole story in motion is represented by a gun, buried by one character and dug up treacherously by another. His second novel, Il visconte dimezzato (The Cloven Viscount) 1952, is a fantastical variant on the Jekyll and Hyde theme: the viscount, split in two by a cannon ball, causes problems to his community in the person of both his evil and his good half.
Other quotes from Calvino: ‘Per Borges, Stevenson è un modello di stile. Per G. Greene l’idea dell’entertainment viene direttamente da lui. Lo stesso si dica per Mario Soldati. Da noi la generazione di E. Cecchi aveva introdotto Stevenson nel contesto culturale italiano. Ricorderò un grande stevensoniano, Aldo Camerino, critico del Gazzettino, uomo di gusto squisito e traduttore degli scrittori inglesi di fine secolo. L’ammirazione per Stevenson arrivera perfino a Pavese, ed è Pavese il primo che ha fatto il nome di Stevenson parlando di me, forse senza sapere che era uno dei miei ‘autori da capezzale’. [Stevenson] ha coscienza ironica ed estetica. Non è Alexandre Dumas che ci dà dentro: ed è poi il lettore che magari legge l’ironia nelle sue pagine. Nello scrivere il romanzo storico o d’avventure, Stevenson è un esteta che gioca con i suoi materiali con grande precisione e finezza’ (La repubblica 5.11.1976) […In his adventure romances, Stevenson is an aesthete who plays with his materials with great precision and finesse’].
‘Sul valore autentico di Robert Louis Stevenson non tutti i giudizi sono d’accordo. C’è chi lo considera un minore e chi un grande in assoluto. Questo secondo è pure il mio avviso: per la nettezza limpida e leggera dello stile ma anche per il nocciolo morale d’ogni sua narrazione’ (Calvino 1983/1995: 982-8) [On the real value of Robert Louis Stevenson not everyone is in agreement. There are those who think him a minor writer and those who see him as one of the great writers. I agree with the latter, because of the clean, light clarity of his style, but also because of the moral nucleus of all his narratives]. (1)
The Canadian children's poet Dennis Lee (b. 1939) writes poems that in tone and form are similar to those in A Child's Garden of Verses. In Alligator Pie (1974) he takes Stevenson's poem 'The Swing' and writes a new version to the same metre: 'Who is the king of the little kid's swing?' (see Elizabeth Waterston (2001). Rapt in Plaid: Canadian Literature and Scottish Tradition (Univ. Toronto Press). 168-173).
Graham Greene was related to RLS through his mother (a first cousin). In 1985 we writes a letter giving support for a memorial to RLS and adds ‘I admire some of his poems and a great deal of his prose’; in another letter of the same year he says ‘I think it was Stevenson's method of describing action without adjectives or adverbs which taught me a good deal.’ ( http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f130%7D1.htm )
In the ‘Ode marítima’ (1915), by Álvaro de Campos (the ‘Futurist’ and homosexual ‘persona’ of Fernando Pessoa), the ‘Grande Pirata’ sings ‘Fifteen men on the Dead Man’s Chest. / Yo-ho ho and a bottle of rum’ and then shouts (quoting
Flint
’s last words in
Treasure Island
) ‘Darby M’Graw-aw-aw-aw-aw! / Darby M’Graw-aw-aw-aw-aw-aw-aw-aw! / Fetch a-a-aft th ru-u-u-u-u-u-u-u-u-um, Darby’. Shortly before this passage we have as a single line ‘Marooned!’ which reminds us of Benn Gunn’s ‘No, marooned!’
Walter Benjamin, not only philosopher and critic but one of the great German prose writers of the twentieth century, thought highly of Stevenson. In his essay ‘Der Erzähler’ (‘The Storyteller’) (1936) he says the modern ‘decay of experience’ can be seen in the replacement of oral storytelling by the novel—though vestiges of storytelling can still be found in a few modern writers, including Stevenson, who he sees as providing an experience richer than that typically supplied by modernity. Benjamin praises ‘A Plea for Gas Lamps’ in letter to Theodor and Greta Adorno in 1938 and compares it to Poe’s ‘The Man in the Crowd’ in Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire (The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire, 1938). Indeed Matthew Wickman sees Benjamin’s Passagenwerk (Arcades Project) (written between 1927 and 1940) as similar to Stevenson’s essay on a larger scale.
Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) makes at least a hundred references to Stevenson in his published works, with many quotations from RLS, often from the literary essays. 'Stevenson's reflections on narrative theory, and his practice of the novel and of short fiction, were essential to the radical turn in Borges's work' in the 1930s; 'Stevenson is invoked as a model in one of the prefaces to Historia universal de la infamia, Borges's first book of short stories (1935), and his influence can be felt in such stories as "Las ruinas circulares" (1940)', in the stories of Ficciones and El Aleph (Balderston 2007). In ‘Borges y yo’, 1960, he lists the things that the real Borges likes: ‘Me gustan los relojes de arena, los mapas, la tipografía
del
siglo XVIII, las etimologías, el sabor
del
café y la prosa de Stevenson’ [I like hourglasses, maps, 18th-century typography, etymologies, the flavour of coffee and the prose of Stevenson]. His famous quote about Stevenson being for him a form of happiness is in an introduction in Italian to ‘The Isle of Voices’: ‘Fin dall’infanzia Robert Louis Stevenson è stato per me una delle forme della felicità’ [From childhood onwards, Stevenson has been for me one of the forms of happiness] (‘Prefazione’. Robert Louis Stevenson. L’isola delle voci.
Parma
: Ricci (1979)). In his poem ‘Los justos’ (The Righteous), in La cifra (1981), he thanks the ‘ignored persons who are saving the world’--among whom he includes ‘El que agradece que en la tierra haya Stevenson’ [Whoever is glad that on earth there is a Stevenson]. In his introduction to The New Arabian Nights he tells the following anecdote:
Noches pasadas, me detuvo un desconocido en la calle Maipú.
- Borges, quiero agradecerle una cosa – me dijo.
Le pregunté qué era y me contestó:
- Usted me ha hecho conocer a Stevenson.
Me sentí justificado y feliz. Estoy seguro que le lector de este volumen compartirá esa gratitud. Como el de Montaigne o el de Sir Thomas Browne, el descumbrimento de Stevenson es una de las perdurables felicidades que puede deparar la literatura.
(‘Las Nuevas noches Árabes. Markheim’ (1986), republished in Biblioteca personal. Prólogos (1988)).
Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) was a great admirer of Stevenson and taught Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in his course of literary masterpieces at Cornell University. He quotes the Irish biographer Steven Gwynn, 'The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' is a work 'nearer to poetry than ordinary prose fiction" and adds in his own words that it "belongs to the same order of art as ... Madame Bovary or Dead Souls' (Lectures in Literature, 180). Edmund Wilson wrote to Nabokov about the choice of writers for his literature course at Cornell: 'Stevenson is second-rate. I don't know why you admire him so much - though he has done some rather fine short stories. I tried reading to Henry and Reuel a couple of summers ago one of the only books of Stevenson I had ever liked, The New Arabian Nights, but completely failed to interest them in it. It surprised me to find that these stories were the thinnest kind of verbalizing and that the characters had not even a fairy-tale existence. [...] I didn't like Treasure Island even as a child.' Nabokov replied 'You approach Stevenson from the wrong side. Of course Treasure Island is poor stuff. The one masterpiece he wrote is the first-rate and permanent Jekyll and Hyde.' (From letters 209 and 210 of Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya: The Nabokov-Wilson Letters, 1940-1971, ed. Simon Karlinsky, 2001).
In a 1973 interview Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) was asked ‘What writers have influenced you?’ After saying that this was one of the most frequent questions that writers are asked, he continued, ‘I customarily say Orwell, and that is fairly close to the truth, but ordinarily I forget until long after the interview is over a man to whom I am deeply indebted, and he is Robert Louis Stevenson. He seems to be somewhat forgotten now, but as a boy I read an awful lot of Robert Louis Stevenson and was excited by stories which were well-made. Real “story” stories . . . with a beginning, middle, and end. Because of the early admiration for him I still try to be a stroyteller, to tell a story with some shape to it. So basically, Robert Louis Stevenson.’ (Frank McLaughlin (1973). ‘An Interview with Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.’ Media and Methods May 1973: 38-41, 45-46. Repr. in William Rodney Adam (ed.) (1988). Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi). 66-75. Ths quote from p. 66.)
In El Club Dumas (1993) by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, the modern Spanish adventure writer who has been compared to Stevenson, one of the characters, speaking of The Three Musketeers, says: ‘Coincido con el buen padre Stevenson: no hay un canto a la amistad tan largo, accidentado, y hermoso como éste.’
Ian Rankin’s first Inspector Rebus book was Knots and Crosses (1987). Rankin ‘saw it as a 20th-century reworking of Robert Louis Stevenson’s classic The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.’
In the 1994 BBC documentary Stevenson’s Travels, crime novelist P.D. James says ‘He uses English wonderfully, with imagination, with economy, with elegance. We must read him, really, for the sheer pleasure of the language’.
Michele Mari’s ‘Otto scrittori’ (Tu, sanguinosa infanzia, 1997) is a fictional autobiographical essay in which the young Mari, who originally thinks of Conrad, Defoe, London, Melville, Poe, Salgari, Stevenson and Verne as one writer, begins to suspect that one among them talks of sea adventures with a less authentic voice. The writers - sailing together with the writer - are abandoned one by one - the writers themselves taking part in the contest/debate, as in Dante's Commedia. First Verne is defeated and abandoned, then Defoe, Salgari,
London
, Poe, Conrad, then Stevenson, who is beaten only by Melville. The narrator’s call to Stevenson to join battle with Conrad (which Stevenson wins—Conrad’s books on one side of a pair of scales being lifted by a single much-read copy of Treasure
Island
) is as follows:
Raccontatore amato, che come una pioggia sottile illuminata dal sole velate il mondo di un malinconico incanto, voi che nella culla dovete essere stato accarezzato da un dio perché adoperate la penna come un flauto e riempite di struggimento i cuori degli uomini; voi che dell’avventura fate incubo e fiaba e che nella vostra delicatezza di pallido selenita nascondete la violenza dell’astro infuocato, come oltre a quella famosissima storia di doppiezza e di trasformazione mostruoso dimostra l’odio che legò per la vita e per la morte Durrisdeer e Ballantrae; voi che siete stato capace di scrivere L’isola del tesoro, libro che fra i mille suoi pregi ha quello di rallentare la crescita di chi ha avuto la fortuna di leggerlo nell’adolescenza, ch’è l’età vostra eterna, libro saturo di mistero eppur legnoso e salmastro, libro spettacoloso ch’io non esito a definire il più bel libro d’avventura che sia mai stato scritto, se in proposito mi vengon dei dubbi mi basta pensare a personaggi come Silver o Cane Nero per non averne più; in somma voi, che io qui voglio ancora chiamare con il musicalissimo nome di Robert Louis Stevenson per riallacciarmi a tutte le volte in cui mi chiesero quali fossero i miei scrittori preferiti ed io rispondendo in vario modo a secondo l’età e della conoscenza non mancai mai di includervi nell’eletta sempre pronunciando “Stevenson” con grande esultanza, …
Beloved narrator, you who, like gentle sunlit rain, veil the world with a melancholy charm, you who in the cradle must have been kindly touched by a god because you use the pen like a musician playing a flute and fill the hearts of men with yearning; you who turn adventure into nightmare and fairytale, and who with the delicacy of a pale moon-dweller hide the violence of the fiery star, as – apart from that most famous of stories of doubleness and monstrous transformation – can be seen in the hatred that links in life and death Durrisdeer and Ballantrae; you who wrote ‘Treasure Island’, a book that – among its thousand merits has that of slowing the passage of time of those who have the fortune to read it in their youth, which is your own eternal age, a book imbued with mystery yet also tough and tangy, extraordinary book that I do not hesitate to call the finest adventure story ever written, indeed if I ever begin to have doubts of this, I need only think of characters like Silver and Black Dog to banish such thoughts for ever; in short, you who once more I wish to call by that most musical of names, Robert Louis Stevenson, so that I may live again all those times when, asked who were my favourite writers, I, replying in varying ways according to my age and knowledge, never failed to include you in the chosen few, always pronouncing the name ‘Stevenson’ with great joy…
Alberto Meschiari Le lanterne di stagno. Dieci racconti di commento a Stevenson (2004) [Tin lanterns. Ten short stories as a commentary to Stevenson] consists of ten stories about the small pleasures and treasured memories that give a meaning to life, commentaries or exemplifications of Stevenson’s presentation of the importance of the imaginative life in ‘The Lantern Bearers’ (an essay that Meschiari, a lecturer in moral philosophy at the Scuola Normale di Pisa, first met with through William James, who praises it in The Will to Believe, 1897). The essay is never directly named, but in the seventh story a traveller from Scotland asks the narrator if he knows ‘the story of the lantern-bearers’ and later on in the same story a part of the essay is quoted and paraphrased.. The first story, an evocation of childhood holidays in the country, ends with the grandfather showing him a secret lantern: ‘It doesn’t give much light, it’s true, but when you’re grown up you’ll realize it’s all the light we have’; and the last story, table talk about treasured memories of small pleasures, ends with ‘It was night once again, darkness all around, no land in sight, the lighthouse to the north-west no longer visible, and up above not even the stars. I raised my tin lantern on the tossing deck among the waves. It didn’t give much light, to tell the truth, but it was the only light I had’.
Jean-Marie Le Clézio has written narratives in the tradition of Stevenson, e.g. Le Chercheur d’or (1985, which includes a relationship between the narrator and the indigenous woman Ouma, a name borrowed from ‘Falesá’), La Quarantaine (1995), and Poisson d’or (1997). In an interview in 2001 he declares that his favourite authors are Stevenson and Joyce:
Mes romanciers préférés sont Stevenson et Joyce. Ils puisent leur inspiration dans leur premières années d’existence. A travers l’écriture, ils revivent leur passé et tentent d’en comprendre les « pourquoi » et les « comment ». (Interview in the Internet magazine Label France 45 (12/2001)). He also wrote a short appreciation for the special Stevenson issue of Europe: revue littéraire mensuelle 779 (p. 15): ‘Stevenson a été, avec Conrad et Dickens, un des auteurs que j’ai lu quand j’étais enfant… De Stevenson, L’île au trésor, bien sûr, et aussi ce roman moins connu, Kidnapped…il y avait là… tous les éléments qui pouvaient faire rêver un jeune garçon, le jeune héros jeté malgré lui dans l’aventure, et devant faire face aux situations nouvelles avec sa force de caractère. La solitude, la rencontre avec Stuart, la haine d’Ebenenezer, la traversée de la guerre, la rencontre avec des hommes de légende (le récit du duel à la cornemuse entre Stuart et MacPherson me semblait d’une étrangeté admirable). Je crois que, dans ce roman, plus encore que dans L’île au trésor, Stevenson était, pour un jeune lecteur épris d’aventures, le conducteur d’une initiation comparable à celle qu’il aurait pu trouver, en autres temps, dans le récit d’un mythe.’
Jeanette Winterson’s Lighthousekeeping (London: Fourth Estate, 2004) is the story of an orphan girl called Silver who goes to stay with blind Pew, keeper of the Cape Wrath lighthouse, who tells her stories— including stories of the Stevenson family of lighthouse engineers and a central story, told in snatches, about a 19th century Scottish minister, Babel Dark, who lives a double life (as Mr Lux) with his mistress in Bristol and becomes, according to Pew, the model for Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/how/2005/oct/04/how-04-10-2005-001.htm
Michel Le Bris, writer and essayist, has written a biography of Stevenson’s early life and an edition in French of his letters and has published many translations with introductions of his works. In a 2002 interview he says ‘He’s a living author, a writer to speaks to me, who I feel as close to me. There are some authors who make you feel that you are reading yourself, you’re discovering yourself. I wanted to mention his relevance for the present. His ideas on the adventure novel are extremely modern.’
Australian novelist Helen Garner says in an interview in 2004: ‘Right now I’m re-reading Kidnapped. Robert Louis Stevenson can depict a simple series of actions in the freshest and most engaging way. I so admire the way he gets his rhythm by the meticulous placement of commas and semi-colons’. http://www.theage.com.au/news/Books/Tickling-our-fancy/2004/12/09/1102182406687.html
In the
USA
‘the maddest Stevenson fan of all is perhaps this country’s finest writer, Cynthia Ozick’ (Brian Doyle (2004), Spirited Men, p. 144).
Michael Morpurgo (writer of children’s books and Children’s Laureate 2003-5) in an interview (The Times, Oct 12 2006) says ‘I had problems some years ago sitting at a desk. I got pains in my wrist and shoulder. I live in
Devon
and nearby was Ted Hughes. He said he wrote standing up sometimes. I tried that. My feet hurt.
Then I saw a photograph of Robert Louis Stevenson, my great writing hero and the person I most want to be. He was on the
island
of
Samoa
, not long before he died, and he was sitting on a bed propped up with pillows, a pad balanced on his knees. I thought: “I will do what Robert Louis does.” The only problem is from time to time you are wont to fall asleep.’ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,30769-2399235,00.html
In an interview in 2006, Margaret Atwood says Kidnapped was one of her favourite books as a child and that she has also enjoyed re-reading Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde recently (Interview with Karen R. Long, The Plain Dealer [
Cleveland
OH
], 3 Nov. 2006
Louise Welsh (Scottish novelist), in an interview in 2007, says she admires Stevenson’s style, his mixture of reality and fantasy, and his ability to make the reader feel what the characters are feeling.
REFERENCES
Alblas, Jacques B.H. (1996). 'The Early Production and Reception of Stevenson's Work in
England
Netherlands
'. Libregts & Tigges (1996): 209-219.
Ambrosinbi, Richard (forthcoming). 'The Miracle: Robert Louis Stevenson’s position in the history of European literature'. In Ambrosini, Richard & Richard Dury (eds.) (forthcoming) European Stevenson. ****
Ambrosini, Richard & Richard Dury (2006). ‘Introduction’. Robert Louis Stevenson, Writer of Boundaries.
Madison
Wisconsin
Press.
Baker, William. ‘The Nineteenth century: The Victorian Period. 2. The Novel’. Year’s Work in English Studies 85.i (2006): 694-5.
Balderston, Daniel (2007). 'A Projected Stevenson Anthology (Buenos Aires, 1968-70)'. In Variaciones Borges 23.
Barenghi, Mario, ed. (1995). Italo Calvino, Saggi 1945-1985, vol. I. Milano: Mondadori.
Calvino, Italo (1955). “L’isola del tesoro ha i suoi segreti”. In Barenghi 1995: 968-9.
------ (1959). “Risposte a 9 domande sul romanzo”. In Barenghi 1995: 1528-9.
----- (1983). ‘Il dottor Jekyll tradotto da Fruttero & Lucentini’. In Barenghi 1995: 982-8.
Benson, E.F. (1925). 'The Myth of Robert Louis Stevenson'.
London
Furnas, J. C. (1951). Voyage to Windward. The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson.
New York
, J.R. (1984). A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion.
London
: ***.
Jolly, Roslyn (2007). [Review: Richard Ambrosini and Richard Dury (eds), Robert Louis Stevenson, Writer of Boundaries]. English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 50.iv: 454-57.
Liebregts, Peter & Wim Tiggs (eds.) (1996). Beauty and the Beast: Christina Rossetti, Walter Pater, R.L. Stevenson and their Contemporaries.
Amsterdam
: Rodopi (Studies in Literature, 19).
Maixner, Paul (1981). Robert Louis Stevenson: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1896. “Sur Robert-Louis Stevenson.” In Œuvres complètes, vol. II. 1979. Paris : Gallimard (La Pléiade). 879-80.
Mehew, Ernest (2004). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’. H.C.G. Matthew & Brian Harrison (eds.).
Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52.
Oxford
: OUP, in association with the
British
Academy
Niederhoff, Burkhard (2005). “Robert Louis Stevenson’s Arrival on the Academic Scene: A Survey of Recent Studies”. Literatur in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 38.4 (2005): 319-37.
Swinnerton, Frank (1914; 2nd ed. 1923). R.L. Stevenson: A Critical Study.
London
NOTES
(1) Calvino and Stevenson
Italo Calvino (1923-85), wrote three newspaper articles and a book introduction about Stevenson, a writer whom he greatly admired (as can be seen from his early novels). These articles can be found in: Calvino, Italo (a cura di Mario Barenghi) (1995). Saggi : 1945-1985. Milano: Mondadori (I meridiani), pp. 967-988.
(1) Calvino, Italo (1955). ‘L’isola del tesoro ha il suo segreto’ [Treasure Island has its secret]. Unità (1 April 1955). Repr. in Saggi (ed. Barenghi 1995), 967-71.
Compares Stevenson to Ariosto and Cervantes, all of them post-romance modern writers. For Stevenson the only way to present adventure without parodying it was to through the eyes of a child. Stevenson’s idea of childhood as desire to act is expressed in ‘his very careful style, miraculously simple and unadorned’ [il suo stile attentissimo e miracolosamente semplice e pulito] (968). In contrast to the verbiage of romantic writers of romance, Stevenson had learned from Flaubert ‘verbal exactitude and economy’ [esattezza ed economia verbale] (968). The first part of
Treasure Island
, filled with expectation, is the best part. The second part, however, is saved by its ‘marvellous lightness’ [meravigliosa leggerezza], the grace with which it colours the scene; the flow of its sentences and the triggered feelings fill the attention of the reader with something that goes beyond the predictable interest in the plot (969).
(2) Calvino, Italo (1973). ‘Nota introduttiva’. In Robert Louis Stevenson, Il padiglione sulle dune. Torino: Einaudi. Pp. v-ix. Repr. as ‘Robert L. Stevenson, Il padiglione sulle dune’ [Robert Louis Stevenson ‘The Pavilion on the Links’] in Saggi (ed. Barenghi 1995), 972-6.
‘“The Pavilion on the Links’ is a great game of hide-and-seek played by adults’ (972). The story is generated by a particular landscape which gains the interest of the reader, who therefore doesn’t mind that the psychological tale and the sentimental tale aren’t fully worked out. What finally dominates is pure romance. The reader is immediately attracted by the idea of the refined pavilion in these wild surroundings; the entry to find the table laid but no-one there is a fairy-story element imported into a romance. The differences between the magazine version and that contained in the New Arabian Nights volume; Calvino’s preference for the revised version. Calvino says ‘I consider this one of the best of Stevenson’s short stories’ [considero questo racconto uno dei più belli di Stevenson]. Stevenson’s uncertainty about how to shape the story ‘is to a certain extent part of the quality of this game of hide-and-seek with oneself in this story of a childhood that one would like to prolong, while knowing all too well that it is already over’ [in qualche modo connaturata al gioco a nascondersi con se stesso di questo racconto d’una infanzia che si vorrebbe prolungare pur sapendo bene che è finita] (976).
(3) Calvino, Italo (1982). ‘I cinque tavoli di Stevenson’ [Stevenson’s five tables]. La Repubblica 2 Dec. 1982, p. 20. Repr. in Saggi (ed. Barenghi 1995), 977-80.
A review of ‘new publications of the year […] of interest to Stevensonians’ (979): ‘An Old Song’ and ‘Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family’ (the text in Barenghi omits the paragraph concerning the editorship of Swearingen), and Attilio Brilli’s edition of Stevenson’s principal novels, short stories and essays. In ‘An Old Song’ Calvino notes Stevenson’s ‘exclusion of any judgment or comment’ (978). He appreciates Brilli’s choice of essays. ‘Stevenson’s lucid and concrete understanding of literary techniques and their effect on the reader are extraordinarily modern and precise’, his observations in ‘Technical Elements of Style’ ‘anticipate the phonetic and phonological analyses of Roman Jakobson’ (980). The ‘treat’ of the volume is ‘The Ideal House’, including the specification of the writer’s five working tables.
(4) Calvino, Italo (1983). ‘Tra Jekyll e Hyde è meglio Utterson’ [The better one of Jekyll and Hyde is Utterson]. La Repubblica (18 June 1983). Repr. as ‘Il dottor Jekyll tradotto da Fruttero & Lucentini’ [Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde translated by Fruttero and Lucentini] in Saggi (ed. Barenghi 1995), 982-8.
A review of a new translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by the collaborative writers Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini. ‘Contrary to what one might believe[…] Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a very difficult text’ (982). Calvino comments on choices that show the translators’ sympathy with Utterson as ‘the real hero of the story’ (983). Utterson is sober and austere, with no aspiration to redeem his fellow man but ready to help him. The opposition in the story is not so much between Jekyll and Hyde as between Jekyll-Hyde and Utterson (who has mild respect for others and for their independence). ‘As for Jekyll and Hyde, the most important thing is the moral asymmetry between the two’ (985). ‘The problem that interests the author in not that of good and evil in itself, but of doubleness (or multiplicity) of the personality’ (985). ‘Jekyll and Hyde are visually distinguished not so much by physiognomy (always kept rather vague) but by topography and architecture’ (986).
(5) Other references to Stevenson in Calvino’s essays:
‘that surprising lightness and clarity that is almost an upside-down image of the world that was being formed in the minds of the people of his time’ [quella sorprendente levità e limpidezza che è quasi un’immagine capovolta del mondo, quale s’amdava configurando alla conscienza degli uomini del suo tempo] (‘Natura e storia del romanzo’ in Saggi ed. Barenghi 1995: 42).
‘On this ideal bookshelf of mine Conrad has a place alongside the airy Stevenson, almost his opposite, in his life and in his literary style’ [Su questo mio scaffale ideale, Conrad ha il suo posto accanto all’aereo Stevenson, che è pure quasi il suo opposto, come vita e come stile.] (‘Classici’ in Saggi ed. Barenghi 1995: 815).
‘I love Stevenson because he flies’ [Amo Stevenson perchè vola] (‘Sul romanzo’ in Saggi ed. Barenghi 1995: 1528-9).
‘At the end of the century […] in England we find a type of refined writer who loves to dress up as a popular writer, and succeeds too because he doesn’t do it condescendingly but from a mixture of fun and professional commitment, and this is only possible when you know that without professional technique any artistic wisdom means nothing. R. L. Stevenson is the most successful example of this mind-style.’ [Alla fine del scolo […] [è] in Inghilterra che si caratterizza un tipo di scrittore popolare, e ci riesce perché non lo fa con condiscendenza ma con divertimento e impegno professionale, e questo è possibile solo quando si sa che senza la tecnica del mestiere non c’è sapienza artistica che valga. R.L. Stevenson è il più felice esempio di questa disposizione d’animo’] (‘Territori limitrofi: il fantastico, il patetico, l’ironia’ in Saggi ed. Barenghi 1995: 1663).
‘When I started to do my own things with The Cloven Viscount, Stevenson came out everywhere, maybe without me realizing it. Borges was a great admirer of Stevenson too, and Borges is the typical writer who goes back to something already written’ [E proprio quando ho cominciato a fare delle cose “mie” con Il visconte dimezzato, veniva fuori Stevenson da tutte le parti, magari anche senza che io me ne rendessi conto. Anche Borhges ama molto Stevenson, e Borges è il tipico scrittore che si rifà a qualcosa di già scritta] (‘Furti ad arte’ (conversazione con Tullio Pericoli) in Saggi ed. Barenghi 1995: 1806).
Italo Calvino graduated from the University of Turin in 1947 with a thesis on Joseph Conrad. Though he admired the writer, he stoutly refuses to accept the widespread critical approach of seeing him as superior to Stevenson. Here is a key passage quoted from the thesis (from: Martin McLaughlin and Arianna Scicutella (2002). ‘ Calvino e Conrad: dalla tesi di laurea alle lezioni americane’. Italian Studies 57: 113-132; 118-19.), translated here by Richard Dury.
Pure, non bisogna esagerare per questa via; come fa Cesare Pavese che dice: ‘il mare del Sud è veramente per C. un luogo dell’anima, non l’alto -mare di Melville, titanico e insieme biblico, non quello di Stevenson, stazione climatica di nobili leggende e interessanti istituzioni [...]’. È facile giocare con i concetti nella critica e Stevenson rimane grandissimo anche se i suoi preziosissimi valori possono passare per limitazioni. Il magico gioco della sua fantasia, tutta esteriorizzazione e favola, è qualcosa che si fa spesso rimpiangere, quando riandiamo a certe disarmoniche macchine conradiane costruite per far ruotare su tutti i lati le sue psicologie esacerbate. [...] E la lieve felicità del suo linguaggio, così classica e impersonale quanto inimitabile è olimpicamente più forte del pastoso verbosismo di troppe pagine di C.
Still, one should not exaggerate in this direction, like Cesare Pavese when he says, 'the South Seas are for C. a truly spiritual setting, unlike Melville’s high seas, titanic and biblical, or Stevenson’s South Seas, a health resort of noble legends and interesting cultures [...].' Critics like to play with concepts in this way but Stevenson remains great, although his greatest qualities may appear to be limitations. The magical play of his imagination, all surface patterning and simple narrative [literally: all externalization and fable], is something we often regret when we consider certain discordant Conradian ‘machines’, built to illustrate every aspect of his exasperated psychological analyses. [...] And the lightness and justness of Stevenson’s language, as classical and impersonal as it is inimitable, is serenely stronger than the vague wordiness of too many pages of C.
| Catriona |
Which artist became the first President of the Royal Academy in 1768 ? | Recent Studies on Robert Louis Stevenson 2002-2010
http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2098477,00.html
[An interesting overview of background to JH and of interpretative approaches by this Scottish novelist, who has recently written an introduction to Kidnapped.
‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was one of the first gothic novels located in a contemporary setting and it is intimately concerned with the failings of its own age…. It is probable that Stevenson was aware that some of his readers would incline towards a gay subplot; indeed, he might have intentionally led them in this direction. But he refused to give a name to Jekyll’s sin… Like the best monsters, the doctor’s sin is all the better for not being seen… Dr Jekyll attempts to fling his sin into another body, but the cynicism of this act engenders evil. If badness lingers in Jekyll, is it possible that there is a little goodness in Hyde?… Stevenson also has sympathy for the devil, and this is part of what makes The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde such an exciting and unexpected read, even for those who think they know the story already.’]
Wickman, Matthew (2007). ‘Stevenson, Benjamin and the Decay of Experience’. International Journal of Scottish Literature ( http://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/index.htm ) 2.
[Discusses Walter Benjamin’s high esteem for Stevenson’s work, linking this to a concern both writers shared over ‘decay of experience’ in modernity (the ‘reduction of experience to a series of impressions and percpetions’, the division of sensation from reflection, resulting in feelings of alienation). In his essay ‘Der Erzähler’ [‘The Storyteller’] (1936) Benjamin says this evolution can be seen in the replacement of oral storytelling by the novel—though vestiges of storytelling can still be found in a few modern writers, including Stevenson, who he sees as providing an experience richer than that typically supplied by modernity, especially in ‘dialectal images’. In such images ‘thinking comes to a standstill in a constellation saturated with tensions’—a heightened experience of the loss involved in the ‘decay of experience’.
Benjamin praises ‘A Plea for Gas Lamps’ in letter to Theodor and Greta Adorno in 1938 and compares it to Poe’s ‘The Man in the Crowd’ in his essay ‘The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire’. Indeed Wickman sees B’s Arcades Project as similar to S’s essay on a larger scale. ]
Wickman, Matthew (2007). The Ruins of Experience: Scotland ‘s “Romantick” Highlands and the Birth of the Modern Witness. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
[Ch. 1 and 2 discuss the role of Stevenson’s narrator as storyteller in Kidnapped and Catriona. ‘These novels, I claim, negotiate the complex dynamics of experience which Stevenson inherits partly from Walter Scott, but more especially from the legacy of late eighteenth-century Scottish Highland romance. More specifically, I interpret this legacy by way of an extended analysis of the 1752 Appin Murder and subsequent Trial of James Stewart, arguing that this trial delineates the contours of modernity’s paradox of experience—the paradox, that is, of the allure accruing to experience for Benjamin and others as a function of its perceived decay. Stevenson’s novels Kidnapped and Catriona take up the Appin Murder, the Stewart Trial, and this history of experience in acute and compelling ways which Benjamin reiterates not only in ‘The Storyteller’, but also across the breadth of his work.’]
Zecchi, Lina (2007). ‘Le testament du docteur Cordelier. La fiaba nera di Jean Renoir’. Michela Vanon Alliata (ed.). Nel segno dell’horror. Forme e figure di un genere. Venezia: Cafoscarina. 97-114.
[Traces the initial citical rejection then (from 1979) praise of Renoir’s 1959 version of JH, ‘the freest and most faithful adaptation of Stevenson’s text’, emphasizing Renoir’s ciriticism of bourgeois respectability, and the unusual chance given to Opale (Hyde) to speak, as well as Barrault’s outstanding ‘balletic’ performance.]
Zulli, Tania (2007). ‘Words on the ebb-tide: Language, Literature and the Politics of Multiplicity’. Rivista di Studi Vittoriani 20 [special Stevenson number]: 209-222.
[A study how language and inter-textual reference are used to characterize racial and social multiplicty in The Ebb-Tide. Beach-la-Mar pidgin is used by the islanders and the different speech-styles of the main characters indicates social distinctions and gives an idea of their moral disposition.
Another aspect of speech-style is the frequency, type and range of cultural allusions made by the protagonists, in a wide range from high to low culture. Everyday language and literature prove to be stable points of reference for the characters’ lives among the polyphony of voices, and of cultural and social realities of the South Seas.]
Abbott, Donald M. (2006). ‘Happy for the Child - the Family of Robert Louis Stevenson’. Scottish Genealogist 53.iii.(September 2006): 131-132.
[A note on three collections of papers deposited in the National Library of Scotland, connected with the Balfours of Pilrig. Collection GD69 comprises legal documents deposited by Mrs Balfour Gedded from the 18t Century to the late 19th, including the marriage contracts of Willie and Henrietta Traquair who ‘in a garden green with me were king and queen.....’. GD126 is from the Balfour-Melvilles mostly concerning Strathkinness, their estate in Fife. GD192 is a miscellaneous collection from a Balfour-Melville descendent a Col. Davey, with many letters relating to the relationships of Margaret Stevenson’s aunts etc., who were the elders who watched the children in the garden of RLS’s infancy.]
Abrahamson, R. L. (2006). ‘Living in a Book: RLS as an Engaged Reader’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 13-22.
Ambrosini, Richard & Richard Dury (ed.) (2006). Robert Louis Stevenson. Writer of Boundaries. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Reviews: Malzahn, Manfred (2006). International Journal of Scottish Literature (IJSL) 1 (Autumn 2006): http://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/issue1/ambrosini%20review.htm ; Stiles, Anne (2006). Nineteenth-Century Literature 6.iii (Dec2006): 403-406 ('lives up to the promise implied by its star-studded contributor list.... Part III contains many of the highlights of this volume'). Kramer, Jürgen (2007), Journal for the Study of British Cultures 14.i (2007): 79-80 (‘this book should be acquired not only by Stevensonians but also by every academic library’; Jolly, Roslyn (2007), English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 50.iv: 454-57 (The studies in this volume ‘clearly show how people are reading and thinking about Stevenson today’ and ‘the enormous potentiality of the new developments in the field’).
Ambrosini, Richard & Richard Dury (2006). ‘Introduction’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): xi-xxviii.
Ambrosini, Richard (2006). ‘The Four Boundary-Crossings of R. L. Stevenson, Novelist and Anthropologist’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 23-35.
Ambrosini, Richard (2006). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson as Theorist and Popular Author: The Art of Writing and the Pleasure of Reading’. Marco Fazzini (ed. and intro.). Alba Literaria: A History of Scottish Literature. Venezia: Amos edizioni. Pp. 367-385.
[Republication of ‘The Art of Writing and the Pleasure of Reading: R. L. Stevenson as Theorist and Popular Author’. In Jones, Jr., William B. (ed.) (2003). Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered. New Critical Perspectives. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Pp. 21-36.]
Arata, Stephen (2006). ‘Stevenson, Morris, and the Value of Idleness’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 3-12.
Arata, Stephen (2006). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’. David Scott Kastan (ed.). The Oxford Encylopedia of British Literature. Vol. 5: 99-102. Oxford/London:Oxford University Press.
[Stevenson, a celebrity in his own lifetime regarded as ‘a writer of exceptional versatility and skill’, was then seen for most of the twentieth century as ‘a writer of the second class’ (Swinnerton, 1914), not a serious thinker. The late twentieth century ‘saw the beginnings of a vigorous revaluation’ as ‘an artist of great range and insight… a prescient literary theorist, a shrewd essayist and social critic and… a sharp-eyed witness to the colonial history of the South Pacific’ (100).
In his early career he was known as an essayist of ‘concise and evocative prose’ whose ‘genial personage’ projects ‘an aura of companiable ease’. He was also ‘a literary theorist of uncommon intelligence’ who wrote ‘a series of essays on the art of fiction that reject some of the main tenets of Victorian realism’: ‘Stevenson’s antimimeticism prefiigures important moments in modern literature, and it is one source of his interest to writers such as Borges, Nabokov and Calvino’ (100).
From the late 1870s Stevenson turned increasingly to fiction: The New Arabian Nights (‘exercises in camp avant la lettre’); Treasure Island (‘an archetypal fanatasy narrative’ with the protagonist gaining maturity via a series of trials, yet with an ‘atmosphere of moral ambiguity’); and the gothic tales of the early 1880s, culminating in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. (‘a potent myth for the modern era... notable too for its narrative structure’) (101).
The two fictional masterpieces of his Samoan years, Falesá and The Ebb-Tide ‘anticipated (and indeed influenced) the South Seas fiction of Joseph Conrad’, depicting the ravages—both psychological and material—of colonial exploitation’. In the same period Stevenson produced ‘the vastly underrated novel The Wrecker… a surprisingly cynical recasting of the narrative elements of Treasure Island’ and ‘a gimlet-eyed meditation on the mingling of art and commerce in the modern world’ (102). The final period of his life was also associated with interesting Scottish fiction: Ballantrae, Catriona, and Weir of Hermiston.]
Arata, Stephen (2006). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson: A Literary Life, by William Gray […] Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination, by Ann C. Colley’ [review]. Victorian Studies 48 (Spring 2006): 568-571.
Baker, William. ‘The Nineteenth century: The Victorian Period. 2. The Novel’. Year’s Work in English Studies 85.i (2006): 694-5.
[The survey for 2004 (published 2006) includes (i) William Gray’s Literary Life biography (focussing on ‘his writings and literary development within the various political and cultural contexts of which he was a part’) ; (ii) Ann C. Colley’s Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (which ‘draws on extensive archive material to investigate Stevenson’s experiences in the South Seas’) ; (iii) Penelope LeFew-Blake’s article (see below in this section); (iv) Roslyn Jolly’s edition of Fanny Stevenson’s The Cruise of the Janet Nichol ; (v) Roslyn Jolly, ‘South Sea Gothic: Pierre Loti and Robert Louis Stevenson’ (ELT 47:i) ; (vi) Guy Davidson, ‘Homosexual Relations, Masculine Embodiment, and Imperialism in Stevenson’s The Ebb Tide’ (ELT 47:ii) ; (vii) two chapters of Fiona McCulloch’s The Fictional Role of Childhood (see below in this section) ; (viii) Dury’s edition of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ; (ix) Mehew’s long entry on Stevenson in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (quoting him at the end of the section: ‘the critics (following pioneer work by David Daiches and Janet Adam Smith) are beginning to take him seriously again’).]
Balderston, Daniel (2006). ‘Murder by Suggestion: El sueño de los héroes and The Master of Ballantrae’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 348-358.
Buckton, Oliver S. (2006). ‘Cruising with Robert Louis Stevenson: The South Seas from Journal to Fiction’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 199-212.
Butler, Lisa (2006). ‘ “That damned old business of the war in the members”: The Discourse of (In)Temperance in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Romanticism on the Net 44 (November 2006):
[JH ‘has historically been read as a “timeless” allegory dramatizing the fundamental conflict between the “good” and “evil” elements of human nature. More recent readings of the novel, however, have put forth historicized interpretations of the text emphasizing its engagements with the cultural developments of late-nineteenth-century Britain. This article builds upon these historicized readings, arguing that Stevenson’s novella is reflective of the anxieties engendered by current theories of evolutionary degeneration and, more specifically, its manifestations in illicit behaviour, especially in the areas of alcohol consumption and sexual expression. Stevenson’s novel actively critiques those cultural sites most vocal in articulating such anxieties, namely the temperance and social purity movements of the later nineteenth century. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde thus deploys a language of (in)temperance to interrogate the potentially destructive results of an evolutionary model which posits the subject as already split between his or her civilized (moral) and barbaric (immoral) selves.]
Calder, Jenni (2006). ‘Figures in a Landscape: Scott, Stevenson, and Routes to the Past’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 121-132.
Castricano, Jodey (2006). ‘Much Ado about Handwriting: Countersigning with the Other Hand in Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Romanticism on the Net 44 (November 2006): http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/2006/v/n44/014001ar.html
[JH ‘has been seen as the nineteenth century prototype of the workings of the criminal mind…. current psychoanalytic readings of the novel suggest that it serves as a precursor to Freud’s theories on the structural model of personality, and repression and that Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can provide insight into the psychology of addiction, multiple personality disorder and borderline personality disorders, as these terms have currency in the discipline of modern psychology.’ The present study suggests that ‘there exists a displaced link between writing, reading, interpretation, and criminality as the shadowy “place” where the “other” begins and collusion enters the scene. Taking as a premise Jacques Derrida’s contention that “it is the ear of the other that signs,” this paper is concerned with “composition,” signatures and encryption as a way of exploring how these texts pose insoluble psychic double binds regarding the determination of criminality.’]
Colley, Ann C. (2006). ‘Light, Darkness, and Shadow: Stevenson in the South Seas’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 181-189.
Danta, Chris (2006). ‘Two versions of death: the transformation of the literary corpse in Kafka and Stevenson’. Textual practice 20ii: 281-299.
[According to Nabokov Stevenson’s question ‘Has my face changed?’ immediately after his fatal stroke shows his death as curiously imitating Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In what way is JH an allegory of the actual death of the author?
Kafka says (in a letter to Max Brod) that the writer is constantly attempting to escape the body by writing, yet is made aware of the illusory nature of this desire. The writer is constantly playacting at death: Stevenson is imagining his own death when he writes of Jekyll’s transformation and at he end he experienced his own death as just such a metamorphosis.
In ‘Memoirs of Himself’ Stevenson remarks on the impossibility of conceiving his own death like that of others (who disappear): it can only be conceived as a ‘change of function’, a transformation: death not as disappearance but as appearance (as in Kafka’s Metamorphosis).
Jekyll’s transformation is an appearance of his death. At the end of chapter 8 and the discovery of Hyde’s body by Utterson ‘the allegory simultaneously forms and fails to take form. Which is to say it takes the indeterminate form of Hyde’s body’ (288). Myers wanted Stevenson to change the end of the story and make Jekyll commit suicide (and then transform in to Hyde), but ‘the moral of the story comes to depend… upon the enigma of a purely physical transference’ (290).
‘[D]oes the corpse… attest to literary truth? This has been the hypothesis I have been testing in this paper’ (292). ‘Whoever looks for the key to a text ordinarily finds a body’ (Jacques Rancière 1999) and this is true of JH—where a central image is Hyde’s body in the cabinet that refuses to be resurrected, and which Utterson will realize is a sign of his own death when he discovers that his own name has been substituted for Hyde’s in Jekyll’s will.]
De Stasio, Clotilde (2006). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson and the “optic nerve”: portraiture in Weir of Hermiston’. Cahiers victoriens et edouardiens 64 (oct. 2006) : 127-136.
[In addition to a focus on ‘voices’, the opening chapters of Weir are charcterized by a ‘marked visuality’. The description of Weir has much emphasis on colour and lighting effects and Raeburn’s portrait of Lord Braxfield seems a clear influence. ]
Denisoff, Dennis (2006). ‘Consumerism and Stevenson’s Misfit Masculinities’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 286-298.
Donovan, Stephen (2006). ‘Stevenson and Popular Entertainment’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 70-82.
Dryden, Linda (2006). ‘“City of Dreadful Night”: Stevenson’s Gothic London’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 253-264.
Dury, Richard (2006). ‘Crossing the Bounds of Single Identity: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and a Paper in a French Scientific Journal’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 237-252.
Eagleton, Mary (2006). ‘Rewriting the Master: Emma Tennant and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Literature Interpretation Theory 17 .iii/iv: 223-241.
Farr, Liz (2006). ‘Stevenson and the (Un)familiar: The Aesthetics of Late-Nineteenth-Century Biography’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 36-47.
Farrier, David (2006). ‘Stevenson and “textual dwelling”.’ International Journal of Scottish Literature 1. http://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/
[About Stevenson’s aims in writing In the South Seas and why the project proved impossible. ‘[T]his article t will look to consider three aspects of tension relating to presence in In the South Seas: that is, the anxiety of the unwritable subject; the destabilizing influence of a proficient indigenous textualizing presence; and the extent to which the pursuit of a ‘complete’ encounter, which does not admit the partial nature of the beach, is frustrated by building and writing.’[…]
‘Stevenson struggled, throughout the composition of his material, to convert his own experiences into a comprehensive survey of Pacific culture in the islands he visited. Yet although his encounters were frequently subordinated to the impulse to represent them, that is, to writing, it may also be said that writing for Stevenson was subordinate to the encounter; it was a means, however flawed, of achieving a ‘transition’ that would imply, despite the pressure to textualize, the possibility of engaging in a reciprocal encounter.’]
Fitzpatrick, Elayne Wareing (2006). The Shepherds of Pan on the Big Sur-Monterey Coast. Xlibris. 1-4257-1578-8. ( [email protected] ). http://www2.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdisplay.asp?bookid=31383
[Subtitled ‘Nature Wisdom of Robert Louis Stevenson, Gertrude Atherton, Jack London, Robinson Jeffers, John Steinbeck, Eric Barker, D.H. Lawrence, Hemry Miller and Others, with a Postscript on William James’. Ch. 4 ‘From Edinburgh to Monterey: Robert Louis Stevenson and Pan’, pp. 47-60.]
Goh, Robbie B. H. (2006). ‘Stevenson and the Property of Language: Narrative, Value, Modernity’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 169-180.
Hirsch, Gordon (2006). ‘Tontines, Tontine Insurance, and Commercial Culture: Stevenson and Osbourne’s The Wrong Box’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 83-94.
Iriarte, Antonio (2006). ‘La fábulas de Stevenson’. Babelia (sup. to El Pais 741, 4 feb. 2006): 20-1.
[Introduction to the Fables and report on the recent publication of the original English texts by Ralph Parfect (2005), followed by the translation into Spanish. Online at http://www.elpais.es/articulo/elpbabnar/20060204elpbabnar_10/Tes/narrativa/fabulas/Stevenson ]
Jaëck, Nathalie (2006). ‘The Greenhouse vs. the Glasshouse: Stevenson’s Stories as Textual Matrices’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 48-59.
Jolly, Roslyn (2006). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Maine, and the Anthropology of Comparative Law’. Journal of British Studies 45.i: 556-580.
[S’s Pacific nonfiction was influenced by not only by E.B. Tylor but also by H.S. Maine (Ancient Law, 1861) and his idea of Roman law as important in defining Western civilization and impeding Westerners’ understanding of other legal cultures.
S, who had studied him at University, like Maine saw primitive societies as not lawless but possessed of an alternative legal culture. Like Maine he had an evolutionary approach to cultural history (cf. the opening of A Footnote to History), but, being more sceptical about progress, was more open to indigenous self-rule. While Maine kept comparisons within Indo-European parameters, S (seeing a kinship of all human beings) often made comparisons between European and Polynesian cultures.
Like Maine, S had a subtle appreciation of alien legal cultures: so for him, tapu was not ‘wanton prohibition’ but a useful tool of social regulation (where European systems introduced ‘barbarous injustice’). It is true that he judged the traditional obligations of reciprocity negatively, but perhaps they had suffered from Western contact—his two examples involve intrusive foreign elements. S also thought Polynesians incapable of administering trusts, but his fiction shows a more subtle understanding: ‘Something in It’ ends with the missionary’s idea of obligation and the islanders’ viewpoints alien to each other yet equally valid. ]
Jolly, Roslyn (2006). ‘The Ebb-Tide and The Coral Island’. Scottish Studies Review 7.ii: 79-91
[S reworked The Coral Island in The Ebb-Tide, a ‘narrative of failed adventure and existential unease’ and a rejection of Ballantyne’s ‘colonialist fantasies’. Both books have a trio of Anglo-Saxon adventurers: an active leader, a more reflective second-in-command, and a disrespectful joker The second of these provides our main narrative perspective and at one point is put to the test of taking charge of a ship; the third is physically smaller than the others, uses slang and is the most overtly racist. In both books, too, a European missionary is crucial to the resolution of the plot. The differences, however, are more interesting: Davis has ‘sterling qualities’ but is undone by his appetites; Herrick is thoughtful but also weak; Huish is ‘wholly vile’ a derider of all human values. Ballantyne sees the islanders as horribly savage, while S makes everyone savage except the natives; Ballantyne opposes protagonists and pirates, while S identifies them and has no characters embodying positive ideals of law and civilization.
Strangely, though ET is full of quotations, no reference is made to Ballantyne—this rewriting of CI is ‘an act of iconoclasm… and slaying of a literary father-figure’. In TrIs S had outdone Ballantyne [Naugrette 2007, below, however, notes how in TrIs S already undermines adventure-book conventions], but in ET he slays his literary ancestor.
Attwater and his dreamlike island are part of the expressionist second part of ET, full of symbolic resonances, centred on existentialist struggles: a clear model for Conrad and a transformation of S into a new kind of proto-modernist author.]
Jones, Catherine (2006). ‘Travel Writing, 1707-1918’. Ian Brown et al. (eds.). The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature. Vol 2: Enlightenment, Britain and Empire (1707-1918). Edinburgh University Press. 277-285.
[Deals with Stevenson briefly (pp. 283-5): (i) he is interested in the psychological and bodily effects of travel; (ii) observes racial and national differences with ‘wonder’ and ‘respect’; (iii) for him ‘travel is crucially about disorientation; travel writing allows him to easily adopt the different personas, because it does not require a unifying perspective. . ]
Katz, Wendy R. (2006). ‘Whitman and Thoreau as Literary Stowaways in Stevenson’s American Writings’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 327-337.
Katz, Wendy R. (2006). ‚Stevenson, Conrad and the idea of the gentleman: Long John Silver and Gentleman Brown’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 3: 51-68. (A version of the paper given at RLS2004 in Edinburgh)
[Stevenson in his essay ‘Gentlemen’ (1888) emphasizes the relative and evolving nature of the elusive term (which the Victorians tried repeatedly to define) and how present social change is causing confusion about correct gentlemanly behaviour. In the past social behaviour was governed by rules, he says, while now we improvise.
Conrad, too, was interested in the term: the sailors actually discuss it in a dialogue in The Nigger of the Narcissus and it is a central theme in Victory and Lord Jim.
The concept of ‘gentleman’ interestingly links Treasure Island (1881) and Lord Jim (1900), in particular the two Jims and their corrupt alter egos, Silver and Gentleman Brown (a ‘latter-day buccaneer’ with ‘a bag of silver’). Both of these false doubles aspire to the title of gentleman, which they hope to attain by their talents of improvisation. The protagonists too are referred to as gentlemen: but Stevenson’s Jim follows the rules and does not jump when encouraged to escape, while Conrad’s Jim does so (yet at the same time is derided by his fellow-deserters as ‘too much of a bloomin’ gentleman’).]
Kucich, John (2006). Imperial Masochism: British Fiction, Fantasy, and Social Class. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[From the publisher’s presentation: ‘Drawing on recent psychoanalytic theory to define masochism in terms of narcissistic fantasies of omnipotence rather than sexual perversion, the book illuminates how masochism mediates political thought of many different kinds, not simply those that represent the social order as an opposition of mastery and submission, or an eroticized drama of power differentials. Masochism was a powerful psychosocial language that enabled colonial writers to articulate judgments about imperialism and class.’ Ch. 1: ‘Melancholy Magic: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Evangelical Anti-Imperialism’, pp. 31-85. (Masochistic Splitting in the Scottish Novels - Evangelicalism: Pain Is Power - Rewriting Social Class at the Periphery: South Seas Tales - Racial Projections - Anti-Imperialist Euphoria in the Samoan Civil War - The Reversibility of Masochistic Politics). http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8294.html ; From the Introduction: ‘Stevenson, Schreiner, Kipling, and Conrad were the writers most instrumental in moving colonialism from the periphery of serious British culture to its center. Together, they constitute a spectrum of ideological strategies revolving around the relationships among masochistic fantasy, class, and imperial politics rather than instances of a single practice. Masochistic fantasy enabled Stevenson to resolve on colonial ground ideological contradictions that were at the heart of his own class identity. It provided both Stevenson and Schreiner with heavily revised middle-class ethical models that they used to bolster controversial anti-imperialist positions.’ Introduction at http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8294.html .
Linehan, Katherine (2006). ‘The devil can cite scripture: intertextual hauntings in Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 3: 5-32. (A version of the paper given at RLS2004 in Edinburgh)
[Stevenson’s style is notable for elusive allusions, which in JH create ‘a haunting sense of disturbance’ and also a tension of generic interpretation: between ‘Jekyll-compassionating tragedy’ (allusions to Shakespeare’s tragedies and to Oedipus) and ‘Jekyll-damning moral allegory’ (flagged by Biblical allusions). There is a twist in the latter interpretation since it derives mainly from Jekyll’s first-person narrative, and his Biblical allusions, on closer inspection, are ‘self-serving distortions’ or (in a more supernatural horror-story interpretation) suggestions of diabolic Hyde speaking through him. (Though, in another twist, smooth-tongued Jekyll could be equally well the Devil himself.) We are also encouraged to see Jekyll’s Bible-quoting hypocrisy as a reflection of conventional Victorian society as a whole.]
Lucas, Ann Lawson (2006). ‘The Pirate Chief in Salgari, Stevenson, and Calvino’. In Ambrosini & Dury (2006): 338-347.
MacLachlan, Chistopher (2006). ‘Further Thoughts on Robert Louis Stevenson’s Kidnapped’.
Edgecombe, Rodney Stenning (2004). ‘Dickens, Robert Louis Stevenson and South Sea idols’. Victorian Newsletter , March, 2004
Fernandez, Jean (2004). ‘ “Master’s made away with...”: Servant Voices and Narrational Politics in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Literature Interpretation Theory, 15.iv (Oct-Dec 2004): 363-387.
{A Derridean interpretation of Poole’s ‘servant’s narrative’ and the two written letters that follow it as revelatory of socio-political tensions.
‘In selectively focusing upon servant narration and its effects upon the reader’s experience of the wholeness of the text, I hope to demonstrate how class remains an abiding preoccupation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and an inescapable condition of its reading… The sign of servant narration in Stevenson’s novella […] may be read as a symptom of class neurosis, which the text displays, yet simultaneously seeks to repress… Exploring the question of the servant’s potential for narrative agency, I shall examine how Stevenson’s text, by a rhetorical sleight of hand, ensures that Poole as ideal servant is ‘‘seen but not heard’’ in order to accomplish the task of narrating the story of Jekyll/Hyde as a ‘‘strange case.’’ The reading I propose necessarily addresses what Frederic Jameson terms the political unconscious of the text, with repression as an informing principle and shaping force of the text’s social dynamic.’
‘If the two letters of Lanyon and Jekyll re-establish bourgeois hegemony and repress servant narration, they also acknowledge the uncertainty of such an enterprise.’]
Firth, Leslie (2004). ‘John Singer Sargent and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Magazine Antiques Nov. 2004 : ***.
On-line at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_5_166/ai_n7635290#
[‘In 1885 Sargent was in a time of crisis and confusion serious enough that he considered giving up painting altogether […] Sargent probably turned to Stevenson because of a new public fascination with the lives of the famous. […] Sargent probably met Stevenson in the 1870s when the writer visited his cousin Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson, a painter, in Paris where both Stevenson and Sargent were students of Charles Emile Auguste Carolus Duran. […]
The portrait of Stevenson and his wife portrays them suspended between bohemian abandon and bourgeois constraint […] Sargent chose to portray Stevenson as ailing: cadaverously thin and pale with flushed cheeks and clawlike fingers. He infused the double portrait of Stevenson and his wife with suggestions of mortality […] One of the central subjects of the painting is the substantial gulf between the sexes signified by the distance between husband and wife and the open central doorway […] Sargent, who never married, usually represented couples with ambiguity. […] Sargent’s choice to amplify the eccentricities of his subjects complements Stevenson’s own exaggeration of his oddities. […] his daring interpretation of the portrait formula is rooted firmly in the work of French modernists such as Edgar Degas and Edouard Manet (1832-1883) whose disjointed compositions registered the fragmented experience of modern life […]
Stevenson’s desire to enjoy the portrait in private and Sargent’s to exhibit it as his statement about a mythic figure of English letters may well have put the two briefly at odds. The artist wrote defensively to Stevenson after having taken the portrait to London for varnishing: ‘There is no treachery whatever in your not yet having the picture,’ although he did take the opportunity to show it to a number of mutual friends. Evidently they reached an understanding because in 1887, two years after it was completed, Sargent showed the portrait at the New English Art Club, the most avant-garde gallery in London. It was the only time the portrait was publicly displayed in Stevenson’s lifetime. Sargent gave the portrait to Stevenson, inscribing it “to R. L. Stevenson, his friend John S. Sargent 1885.” The Stevensons displayed the portrait prominently first in their Bournemouth house and then in their house on Samoa.’]
Fusillo, Massimo (2004). ‘Metamorphosis at the Window: Stevenson, Kafka, Cronenberg’. Elephant & Castle 26 October 2004
[In narratives, the liminal status and framing function of windows can be associated with mystery and concealment or with reverie, both of which can be found in post-Romantic and fantastic tales of uncanny metamorphosis. The windows of Jekyll’s cabinet are described from the outside, from the inside in and from the outside again. Two disturbing incidents are associated with a window: the Carew murder, seen from the inside, and the beginnings of a metamorphosis, seen from the outside. The dreaming maid and the melancholy Jekyll at the window belong to a literary tradition analysed by Silvio Curletto (in Finestre, 2003). Melancholy contemplation from the window is also found in Kafka’s Die Verwandlung, where the window is also associated with a final sense of liberation from monstrosity. In fact the window is a typically ambiguous motif, associated both with dreams of freedom and the sense of oppressive reality. Clearly visual in nature, it is associated with the visual process of metamorphosis in films, e.g. Cronenberg’s The Fly.]
Gerdts, William H. (2004). ‘The American Artists in Grez’. Laura Felleman Fattal & Carol Salus (eds.). Out of Context. American Artists Abroad. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
[Information on the American (and other) painters that Stevenson knew at Grez (many from the studio of Carolus Duran in Paris). Available in part here ]
Giroud, Vincent (2004). ‘E.J.B. and R.L.S.: the History of the Beinecke Stevenson Collection’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 42-59.
Gray, William (2004a). Robert Louis Stevenson: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
[Not another biography but an overview of Stevenson’s writing career made interesting by a stimulating division into five geographical chapters, dealing with works that can be profitably related to the cultural contexts of England, France, Scotland, America and the South Seas. The placing of ‘The English Scene’ first is an interesting decision but justifiable if we remember the importance of the London literary scene for his early career. Scotland is placed centrally, and the main discussion of Jekyll and Hyde is in this chapter, showing that the arrangement is by cultural context of the works rather than residence during the writing or the setting of the narrative—though often the three coincide nicely. Gray’s interest in French and German critics also produces some interesting observations. There are a sprinkling of misprints and a couple of repetitions.]
Review: Niederhoff (2005). Review in Niederhoff (2005). Literatur in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 38.iv: 321-2 (beginners will find it hard to see the wood from the trees, but ‘advanced Stevenonsians will find it interesting and instructive – not for the overall picture but for some of the individual pieces of the puzzle’).
Gray, William (2004b). ‘Amiable Infidelity, Grim-faced Dummies and Rondels: Robert Louis Stevenson’ on George MacDonald’. North Wind: Journal of George MacDonald Society 23: ***
[Affinities and differences between Stevenson and MacDonald; references to MacDonald in Stevenson’s letters (RLS appreciates MacDonald’s ‘amiable infidelity’ or undogmatic theology; he refers to a frightening scene in Phantastes with ‘grim-faces dummies’ and he praises MacDonald’s rondels); literary affinities; possible influences and unconscious echoes of MacDonald in Stevenson.
In October 1872 (Ltrs 1: 255) RLS refers to the trampling scene in Ch. 23 of Phantastes, comparing the forces of religious conformity gathering round him in a threatening way to ‘the wooden men in Phantastes who ‘can stamp the life out of me’. Gray suggests that this disturbing scene in Phantastes remained in his mind and influenced his description of the man moving like ‘some damned Juggernaut’ who ‘trampled calmly over the child’s body’ in JH. ]
Greber, Erika (2004). ‘Mediendoppelgängereien: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde verwandeln sich in Film’. Poetica 36: 429-452.
[A study of four film versions of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Mamoulian 1931, Fleming 1941, Renoir 1959 and Wickes 1999) with attention to media semiotics and metacinematic implications of the ‘double’ in film. Despite the quasi-screenplay in the first chapter (Utterson’s dream, with its montage of subjective images), S’s text is very ‘uncinematic’ (in its focus on the obscure, the indescribable, the hidden). The many film versions concentrate on revealing Hyde’s face and showing the metamorphosis, the latter closely connected with self-conscious displays of transformations between different media. There follows a useful analysis of the fundamental differences between film and book, analysing the aspects that cannot be effectively translated into film, explaining the technical reasons why the latter has chosen to concentrate on one man dividing into two (rather than the discovery that two are one). The repeated portrayals of the metamorphosis are explorations in the possibilities of the film medium and also foregroundings of the medium itself, often through confrontations with other media. This foregrounding is found in the original text with its repeated references to writing and is translated into film not only in the metamorphosis but also through split-screens, mirror-scenes, frozen images, changes from colour to black and white etc., and the introduction of mechanical recordings by Jekyll into the story. These media-confrontations create the most uncanny moments of doubling in the films. ]
Hodgart, John (2004). ‘The Shorter Fiction of Robert Louis Stevenson: Teaching Notes for Higher and Advanced Higher’. Glasgow: Association for Scottish Literary Studies. 16 pp. (Teaching Notes: web pages for free download). http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/NoFrames/PDFs/teachingnotes104.pdf
[Despite the title, this is devoted entirely to Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.]
Honaker, Lisa (2004). ‘ “One Man to Rely On”: Long John Silver and the Shifting Character of Victorian’s Boys’ Fiction.” Journal of Narrative Theory 34i (Winter 2004): 27-53.
[This article examines more closely the romancers’ conception of character and its connection to empire in boys’ adventure fiction. Having remarked in boys’ fiction the changes in the British empire from a trade-missionary activity at mid-century to a militaristic activity at late-century, critics note a coincident change in the hero who will serve that empire. Starting out as the androgynous Arnoldian Christian soldier, whose character is defined by the softer virtues also on display in the Victorian angel, the boy’s adventure hero metamorphoses into a more aggressive character from whom such virtues have been stripped. Brief analyses of Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays, R.M. Ballantyne’s The Coral Island and Blue Lights; or Hot Work in the Soudan, and G. A. Henty’s By Sheer Pluck and With Clive in India chart this change in the ideal of character. The article goes on to contend that Stevenson acknowledges this shift in the ideal of character in his work, beginning with his treatment of Long John Silver in Treasure Island. As the personification of situational ethics, Silver effectively supplants Jim Hawkins as the work’s hero, for Jim’s frequent attacks of fear and conscience overmatch his bravery. The article, then, considers the change wrought in the genre when the villain becomes the hero of romance.]
Jolly, Roslyn (2004). ‘South Sea Gothic: Pierre Loti and Robert Louis Stevenson.’. English Literature in Transition 47i: 28-49.
[‘The essay compares the use of Polynesian occult traditions and gothic elements in Loti’s The Marriage of Loti (1880) and Stevenson’s “The Beach of Falesa” (1892). Loti’s novel develops through a series of generic shifts; whereas the first third (idyll) and second third (pastoral), with their themes of the Polynesian paradise and paradise lost, employ staple motifs of nineteenth-century Pacific travel writing and exotic literature, the gothic vision of Tahiti in the novel’s final third has no precursors in the European archive of Pacific writing, but rather takes its source from indigenous Tahitian culture. In this section, the narrator is overwhelmed by inexplicable terrors which find their correlatives in the demons of Tahitian mythology. I argue that this vision of Tahiti as a place of horror is not, as other critics have suggested, a manifestation of fears about Polynesian depopulation, but rather the expression of opposite anxieties about fertility, miscegenation and repopulation.
In Stevenson’s “The Beach of Falesa”, gothic styles of depicting the Polynesian woman are treated comically, and the imaginative mode Brantlinger calls “imperial gothic” is debunked. But while Stevenson rejects the colonialist appropriation of Polynesian gothic elements, he does not demystify the supernatural stories of the indigenous storyteller. The result is that Polynesian and European world-views are finely balanced, with neither controlling the text. This strategic use of South Sea gothic allows Stevenson to explore alternative epistemologies, but creates little sense of the truly horrific. For this, we must look to the white characters, and particularly to the murder of the trader Underhill, which employs the classic gothic motif of burial alive to show the extent and consequences of political and economic competition between white men in the Pacific.’ (Roslyn Jolly)
LeFew-Blake, Penelope (2004). ‘ ‘‘Ordered South’’: The Spatial Sense of the Invalid in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Early Travel Essay’. Nineteenth-Century Prose 31.i: 121–32.
[Argues that in the essay ‘‘Ordered South’’ Stevenson ‘presents the reader with an example of the spatial and temporal subjectivity of the invalid as he travels by train from an unspecified ‘‘north’’ to an unidentified ‘‘south’’ ‘ (121).]
Luoma, Jyri-Pekka (2004). ‘Phantasmagoria and Psyche in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Wormwood 2 (spring/summer 2004): 48-57.
[This essay examines ways in which phantasmogorical elements in JH relate to the subconscious mind. Late 19th century writers were fascinated by physical phenomena that were yet not ‘concrete’, which symbolise the unknown and also correspond to strange and unknown aspects of the human psyche. The fog and gas-light in JH create a dreamlike environment for frightening beings and unexplained incidents and also seem the creation of a hallucination. The inconsistent and fragmentary environment corresponds to a fragmentary consciousness; the vague and shifting lamplit fog seems a metaphor for the subconscious.]
Mack, Douglas S. (2004). ‘Can the subaltern speak?: Stevenson, Hogg and Samoa’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 172-191.
[Puts Falesá in the company of Heart of Darkness as ‘devastating critiques of Empire’.]
Mank, Greg (2004). [voice-over commentary on the 1931 Mamoulian film version of Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde]. Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde Double Feature (the 1931 and the 1941 films). Warner Home Video, 2004.
Manning, John (2004). The Emblem. London: Reaktion Books.
[From the publisher’s presentation: ‘The emblem, an image accompanied by a motto and a verse or short prose passage, is… one of the most fascinating, and enduring, art forms in Western culture. John Manning’s book charts the rise and evolution of the emblem from its earliest manifestations to its emergence as a genre in its own right in the sixteenth century, and then through its various reinventions to the present day…. writers and artists from Robert Louis Stevenson to Ian Hamilton Finlay have used emblems in new and subversive ways.’]
Massie, Eric (2002). ‘Stevenson, Conrad and the Proto-Modernist Novel’. PhD thesis, Univ of
Stirling.
McCulloch, Fiona (2004). The Fictional Role of Childhood. Lewiston, Queenston & Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.
[Ch. 3 ‘ ‘‘Playing Double’’: Performing Childhood in Treasure Island’ (see McCulloch 2003). Ch. 7 ‘ ‘‘It is but a child of air that lingers in the garden there’’: Desiring Innocence in A Child’s Garden of Verses’.]
Mehew, Ernest (2004). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’. H.C.G. Matthew & Brian Harrison (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP, in association with the British Academy.
[Ends with ‘Posthumous reputation’ and a list of archive sources and ‘likenesses’.]
Mills, Kevin (2004). ‘The Stain on the Mirror: Pauline Reflections in “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.” ’ Christianity & Literature 53.iii: 337-348.
[‘Given their barrage of damaging blows aimed at the mirror of self-consciousness, some post-Kantian thinkers have shown people an image of themselves that is unlike both the visual awareness of their appearance and the imagination’s projection of their identity. However, the chastening of Rene Descartes and Immanuel Kant’s self-images, and the breaking of their vainglorious mirrors, did not require much besides a careful reading of Saint Paul. Philosopher Robert Louis Stevenson was, perhaps, among the first to recognize this, or at least the first to encode that recognition in fictional form. In that most Pauline of tales, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, he explores subjectivity in a way that both echoes Paul’s text and brings to light the puzzling fecundity of the self. This article attempts to set up a series of reflections between the texts of Stevenson and Saint Paul in order to create an image of the Christian subject’ (summary: Academic Source Premier)]
Mishra, Sudesh (2004). ‘No Sign is an Island’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 201-211.
[A semiotic meditation no islands with reference to S. Melville, Derek Walcott and others.]
Moore, Grace (2004). 'Something to Hyde: The “Strange Preference” of Henry Jekyll'. In Maunder, Andrew and Grace Moore (2004). Victorian Crime, Madness and Sensation. Farnham: Ashgate. 147-61.
Nash, Andrew (2004). ‘ “The Dead Should Be Protected From Their Own Carelessness”: The Collected Editions of Robert Louis Stevenson’. In Andrew Nash (ed.) (2004). The Culture of Collected Editions. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 111-127.
[The Culture of Collected Editions ‘continually raises interesting questions about the role of collected editions in organizing the literary system’ (Andrew Piper, Columbia University Sharp News). From the publisher: ‘a ground-breaking book, offering the first comprehensive account of the vital role that collected editions have played in the construction of authorship, the history of reputation and the formation of the canon.’
Nash’s chapter is based on the paper he gave at RLS2000 in Stirling: ‘Andrew Nash… gave a fascinating archive-based report on the Stevenson collected editions 1894-1924. There were in fact an exceptional number of six collected editions in this period (Edinburgh, Pentland, Swanston, Vailima, Tusitala and Skerryvore). The stately volumes of the Edinburgh Edition in particular inspired other authors, such as Hardy, Kipling and James to plan their own collected editions.’ (conference report at http://www.unibg.it/rls/stirling.htm )]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2004). ‘On the possibility and plurality of worlds: from The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to Le Crime étrange de Mr Hyde’. In François Gallix et Vanessa Guignery (eds.). Crime Fictions – Subverted Codes and New Structures. Paris: Presses Universitaires de la Sorbonne. 23-44.
[JH oscillates between what Eco calls ‘likely’ and ‘unlikely’ ‘possible worlds’ and ‘inconceivable worlds.’ The plot has the essential elements of a mystery story which are then subverted—the motive for the Carew murder remains unsolved; Utterson, far from detached, is doubly involved in the Carew murder and could be interested in inheriting Jekyll’s money; and the last two chapters become more of a case history. The ‘impossible geometry’ makes it a kind of ‘pre-expressionistic text’ (an idea taken up by illustrators), where we find a combination of the clear-cut and the swirling image. The second half of the article is devoted to Naugrette’s two novels inspired by JH and 19th-century fictions: the significant changes and elaborations and their literary allusions, but also their combination of different narrative ‘worlds,’ as in JH, the ‘switching and stitching the unlikely onto the likely’.
Norquay, Glenda (2004). ‘Ghost Writing: Stevenson and Dumas’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 60-75
Riach, Alan (2004). ‘Treasure Island and Time: Childhood, Quickness and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Ch. 5 in Representing Scotland in Literature, Popular Culture and Iconography. The Masks of the Modern Nation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 88-100. (Originally published in Children’s Literature in Education 27.iii (1996): 181-93.)
[TrIs opens with the framing voice of adult Jim, rational, attempting legalistic precision, but moves quickly to vivid memorable images (Billy Bones’s scar) seen with the quick imagination and vivid perception of the young Jim. Jacqueline Rose (The Case of Peter Pan) claims that children’s fiction is ‘impossible’ because it’s by adults but about children, from whom the former are separated. But Riach says this ‘space in between’ can be traversed in reading when revisiting an imaginary space. And perhaps Scottish writers (Balantyne, Stevenson, Barrie) were successful writers for children because they can map their Scottish condition onto childhood and so cross more easily that ‘space in between’. Silver belongs to an earlier social world, but Jim is associated with the post-1745 civilized British ‘gentlemen’ (Dr Livesey served under Cumberland, associated with Culloden), with the power-based, adult world. However, though Silver and Jim are apposed to each other by the dominant Victorian world-view, they also see themselves in each other, just as the adult reader can revisit childhood through the experience of the narrative.]
Rutelli, Romana (2004). ‘Due trasposizioni cinematografiche del Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. In Dal libro allo schermo. Sulle traduzioni intersemiotiche dal testo verbale al cinema. Pisa: Edizioni ETS. 51-69.
[A semiotic study of Fleming’s 1941 film and Frears’ Mary Reilly; changes in narrative structure, additions and suppressions; point-of-view and subjectivities (especially Mary Reilly as observer and observed); Mary Reilly and sexual instincts, her reaction to seduction by Jekyll and Hyde.]
Spila, Cristiano (2004). ‘La strategia del finale in “The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” di R.L. Stevenson’ [the strategy of the ending of R.L. Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]. Strumenti critici 19ii (maggio 2004): 171-188.
[JH is situated on the boundary of two main genres, the Gothic novel and the detective story; it is also a dossier of legal writings, a ‘narrative mosaic’. Stevenson adds further elements that complicate reading: ambiguities, false trails, conversations full of doubts and suspicions—JH is ‘organized around a series of narrative manoeuvres aimed at confusing the reader’ (174n), ‘Stevenson transforms he story into a calibrated mechanism of ingenious cross-references, delays and retrospection’ (183). The ending in particular is notably complex and enigmatic. Jekyll and Hyde are and are not the same person, and so the reader finds two deaths and two endings. The ending represents a fracture in the narration (the narrated story ends with chapter 8 and the death of Hyde, followed by an appendix of two letters). The final letter functions on two levels: as an expression of a writer’s subjectivity and as a piece of evidence, a part of the ‘novel-mosaic’. The end has the conclusiveness of the death of the protagonist, yet at the same time leaves the text in a state of suspension. The conflict of Good and Evil is also unresolved: Jekyll cannot face and overcome Hyde, but has to avoid the possibility of being Hyde. Stevenson’s awareness of the artificial nature of fiction leads him to deny any concluding nature to the end.]
Stirling, Kirsten (2004). ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Jackass: Fight Club as a Refraction of Hogg’s Justified Sinner and Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Postmodern Studies 35 (‘Refracting the Canon in Contemporary British Literature and Film’, ed. Susana Onega and Christian Gutleben): 83-94.
[Abstract: ‘This paper considers Fight Club (both Chuck Palahniuk’s novel and David Fincher’s film) as a “refraction” of James Hogg’s Justified Sinner and R. L. Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde. Fight Club reworks the Gothic topos of the Doppelgänger in a twentieth-century American urban context, and, like its nineteenth-century predecessors, it can be read both psychologically and supernaturally.’]
Swearingen, Roger G. (2004). ‘Notes on the Port of St Francis (1951)’. Quarterly Newsletter, Book Club of California 69 (Spring 2004): 35-41.
[An introduction to the 1951 20-minute documentary film on San Francisco by Frank Stauffacher. The commentary (spoken by Vincent Price) is almost all from Stevenson’s ‘A Modern Cosmopolis’ (1883).]
Turnbull, Olena M. (2004). ‘ “All of life that is not merely mechanical is spun of two threads”: Women Characters in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Catriona’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 126-137.
[‘The essay dissents from the standard opinion that S wrote primarily and about men and boys… Turnbull repudiates the theory that Stevenson’s fiction is escapist and apolitical.. her general case that the personal is political in S is quite persuasive, but the specific case about Barbara Grant and Catriona is barely made’ (Niederhoff 2005: 323).]
Walker, Richard J. (2004). ‘ “He, I say – I Cannot Say I’: Modernity and the crisis of Identity in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 76-102.
[Hyde is variously the alter-ego that disrupts the bourgeois individual, an incarnation of bourgeois self-interest, a by-product of an attempt to re-sanctify the bourgeois individual, and the product of capitalism.]
Watson, Roderick (2004). ‘ “You cannot fight me with a word”: The Master of Ballantrae and the wilderness beyond dualism’. Journal of Stevenson Studies 1: 1-23.
Zlosnik, Sue (2004). ‘ “Home is the sailor, home from sea”: Robert Louis Stevenson and the end of wandering’. Yearbook of English Studies (Jan. 2004):240-264.
[‘This essay considers Stevenson's travel writings in relation to his Gothic imagination. In the early essays, An Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes, a process of authorial self-construction is at work that anticipates the modern self of his Gothic fiction. His United States travelogue, The Amateur Emigrant, often dwells on the abject in his descriptions of himself and his fellow passengers. In In the South Seas he engages with a culture that still possesses an epistemology relegated in Western culture to the post-enlightenment fears and anxieties that found clearest and most dramatic expression in Gothic fiction.’ (abstract)]
2003
Abi-Ezzi, Nathalie (2003). The Double in the Fiction of R. L. Stevenson, Wilkie Collins and Daphne du Maurier. Bern etc.: Peter Lang. 3-906769-68-2 (US: 0-8204-5905-4).
[A version of Abi-Ezzi, Nathalie (2000). Each of the three authors studied produced significant works involving the literary double and each ‘rejected the prevailing social order of his or her time, a factor that plays an important role in determining how the double is represented and treated. The literary theory of romance narrative structure […] is shown to apply to a largely masculine identity. On the other hand, the rise of the female persona and her relation to the double is a progression that is clearly charted through the works of Stevenson, Collins and du Maurier. It shows an extraordinary alteration in the structure of traditional romance narrative, and leads to an exploration of new ways in which the imprisoned female character may be able to free herself and become whole.’]
Review: Niederhoff (2005). Literatur in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 38.iv: 330-1 (Unable to free himself from his father’s values, S’s Double narratives are stuck in the descent stage of Northrop Frye’s romance plot—a forced reading that Niederhoff judges as ‘preposterous’ (he also complains of her loose definition of the Double), though he says that ‘she gives a fairly full and perceptive survey of split personalities in S’s novels and short stories’).
Ambrosini, Richard (2003). ‘R.L. Stevenson, Joseph Conrad, e la nascita del romanzo coloniale’ [‘R.L. Stevenson, Joseph Conrad and the birth of the colonial novel’]. Pagetti, Carlo & Francesca Orestano (a cura di) (2003). Il gioco dei cerchi concentrici. Milano: Unicopli. Pp. 105-111.
[Stevenson, sometimes seen as merely attracted by the exotic, actively worked in support of the colonized, undertook an ethnographic work, In the South Seas, and, on his return to fiction, rejected the conventions of romance in favour of a realism that displays the conflict of races and cultures. In contrast, Conrad’s first novels are clearly in the area of exotic tales abandoned by Stevenson and taken over by Kipling. Influences of Stevenson can also be seen in The Nigger of the Narcissus (in Donkin), The Secrtet Agent (echoes of The Dynamiter) and Victory (with many elements in common with The Ebb-Tide). Indeed, Stevenson seems to be Conrad’s ‘secret sharer’. But in his ‘colonial novels’, Stevenson rebelled against the expectations of his readers, which Conrad, struggling to get established in the British literary market, could not afford to do.
Ambrosini, Richard (2003). ‘The Art of Writing and the Pleasure of Reading: R. L. Stevenson as Theorist and Popular Author’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 21-36.
[Stevenson’s aesthetic theory focuses on the pleasure that appeals to readers of all kinds (‘schoolboy and sage’). An early interest in pleasure in general can be seen in the projected ‘Essays on the Enjoyment of the World’ (intended to include ‘Roads’, ‘Notes on the Movement of Young Children’ and ‘On the Enjoyment of Unpleasant Places’). This then develops into a theory of specifically literary pleasure. ‘A Gossip on Romance’ (1882, composed as he was revising Treasure Island) investigates reader-response psychology; ‘Victor Hugo’s Romances’ (1884) further looks into the ‘impressions’ and the memory left by a novel. These two essays reveal Stevenson’s project to create an artistic and poetic romance that creates pleasure in mythical and epical qualities deriving from ‘incident, interest, action’ and from memorable ‘epoch-making scenes’.]
Ambrosini, Richard (2004). ‘Introduzione’. Robert Louis Stevenson (tr. Alesandra Osti). L’isola del tesoro. Roma: La Biblioteca della Repubblica (Ottocento, 23). Pp vii-xlvii. Published as supplement to La Repubblica 26 May 2004.
[Treasure Island can be seen as a practical exemplification of theories that Stevenson had been developing for some time (culminating in ‘A Gossip on Romance’) about ‘epic value’ in narratives with universal appeal, about primordial aesthetics and the pleasure of reading (a sort of ‘anthropological approach’ to narrative). The story deviates from moral tales, from the Bildungsroman and even from Defoe. It evolves from a psychological novel to an adventure novel to the accompaniment of two nightmares: the forward-looking dreams of the one-legged seaman and the backward-looking dream of the waves and the cry of the parrot, the latter showing how Jim has not been able to resolve the tensions of the narrated experience. Stevenson was interested in the new popular literature, which he exploits to create this ‘hyperliterary variation on banal stroies celebrating bloodthirsty criminals’. His aim was ‘to reduce to their essence narrative conventions and strategies borrowed from popular sub-genres, in order to produce a formal purity that can give the narration a universal quality’ (xliii).]
Bordat, Francis (2003). ‘L’image à l’aventure: L’Île au trésorau cinéma’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 351-366.
[The typical approach towards adaptations is to take ‘fidelity’ as the only criterion, but Bordat thinks that the least respectful of the original are the most interesting, since adventure, not philological accuracy, has to be present in the image. The 1911 Wyeth illustrations are interesting in themselves and also because they seem to have directly inspired the costumes of Tourneur’s film of 1920 and the interpretation of a feminized Jim (played by Shirley Mason). The 1934 Fleming film ‘is the most unfaithful yet the most faithful’: here there is no initiation but an escape from women, no murder of the father but the search for one. There is a kind of love story between Silver and Jim. In the book Jim cries at the death of Bones, but in the film, he cries over Silver: once when he learns of Silver’s betrayal and then when Silver finally leaves the ship at the end. Both Jim and Silver are feminized, while Livesey’s excessive display of masculinity makes him less attractive.]
Bozzetto, Roger (2003). ‘L’impossible portrait du monstre’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 141-151.
[A study of two rewritings of Jekyll and Hyde: Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly (1990) and Jean-Pierre Naugrette’s Le crime étrange de Mr Hyde (1998). In Mary Reilly the protagonist does not reject the monster, accepting Hyde as another aspect of Jekyll. Naugrette gives Hyde a voice (to explain, for example, that he was trying to save, not to trample the child) and makes him less exceptional, since he is surrounded by others with base motives and shares his nightly pleasures with members of good society. Hyde is a monster for neither Martin nor Naugrette, for the former he retains a certain humanity, while for the latter he is more of a victim in a society of notables and hypocrites.]
Broks, Paul (2003). ‘The Dreams of Robert Louis Stevenson’. In Into the Silent Land. Travels in Neuropsychology. London: Atlantic Books. 171-180.
[Mainly a summary with quotations from ‘A Chapter on Dreams’ plus a few interpretative comments. Broks sees in Stevenson an example of ‘dissociation… the splitting of mental processes from mainstream consciousness. In Stevenson’s case the dissociation was evident in his dream life’ (p. 173). He adds that Stevenson ‘brilliantly’ captures the nature of ‘micropsia’ and ‘macropsia’ when he describes a childhood experience of things looming up ‘to the bigness of a church’ and then drawing away ‘into a horror of infinite distance and infinite littleness’ (pp. 173-4). The book was a finalist for The Guardian First Book Award. .]
Brazzelli, Nicoletta (2003). ‘Andrew Lang e Robert Louis Stevenson: Cronaca di un’amicizia letteraria’ [AL and RLS: Account of a literary friendship]. Il lettore di provincia 34 n.118: 7-21.
[An account of the links between Lang and Stevenson, with special attention to their correspondence and also to their shared views on primitive narrative-forms and romance.]
Buckton Oliver S. (2003). ‘Reanimating Stevenson’s Corpus’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 37-67. [reprinted from Nineteenth-Century Literature 55i (June 2000): 22-58].
Cairney, John (2003). ‘Helter-Skeltery: Stevenson and Theatre’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 192-208.
[Based on Cairney’s doctoral thesis (1994), this contribution starts by considering Stevenson’s natural inclination towards things theatrical and his fascination with the stage dating from his toy theatre beginnings and goes on to deal with the four plays and the stormy association with Henley. Cairney has a low opinion of S’s plays ‘but his explanation of why they are failures consists in mere assertions without evidence or argument’ (Niederhoff 2005: 322)]
Calder, Jenni (2003). ‘The Eyeball of the Dawn : Can We Trust Stevenson’s Imagination?’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 7-20.
[An examination of Stevenson’s prose style and the way it changed with the transforming experiences of America and the Pacific. Stevenson, in both his fiction and non-fiction, combines close observation of phenomena with an imagination that shapes, sequences and communicates by metaphor. Typically, he gives us both clarity (through choice of detail, unexpected metaphor and iconic sequencing of sounds and sights) together with a sense of strangeness and foreign-ness (the descriptions of Treasure Island, for example, or the landfalls in The Ebb-Tide and In the South Seas). The decisive American and Pacific experiences lead to a sparer prose and a direct facing of human problems. Yet he continues, like Herrick in The Ebb-Tide, to ‘search for analogies’ of what he sees—in order to understand and communicate. And it is this clear motivation behind his writing that leads us to trust his imagination.]
Chareyre-Méjan, Alain (2003). ‘La vie est un paysage. (Stevenson, ou l’esthétique de la vie au grand air)’.In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 155-164.
[For Stevenson writing is similar to walking, in both of which ‘presence’ (even of a detail or fragment) becomes ‘meaning’. The voyage is ‘an immersion in the non-psycho-degradable stuff of things themselves’ (158); landscape is ‘the world as it presents itself in its infinite appearance with nothing that might be exterior to it’ (159). Stevenson’s texts aim to give the same quality to the reading experience and to release the charm of the physical tautology of presences. Idling (‘mastery over matter through nonchalance’) means letting the world be the world and accepting that ‘happiness has no aim or meaning’ (160). Stevenson, in a way, is the first ‘land artist’ and his life is composed of ‘geo-poetic performances’ (158). ‘Reading books can be like walking; you let yourself be carried along by the world that passes by, stopping to contemplate a detail that is suddenly of great importance’ (162). C.-M. goes so far as to say Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey are Stevenson’s masterpieces and ‘the key to everything he wrote’. They present ‘the mystery of the emptiness of material existence’ that we also see in passages from In the South Seas: ‘Writing for Stevenson, as for Lucretius, gives us the spatial ecstasy of things, now’ (162). Hence Stevenson narrator and Stevenson traveller merge: ‘ “saying” the world and travelling it, in order to experience that it is always, by definition, there before it “means”, become one and the same thing’ (163).]
Chelebourg, Christian (2003). ‘Destins d’une relique (réalité sociale et roman policier chez Stevenson et Doyle’.In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 165-188.
[The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868) influences both The New Arabian Nights and The Sign of Four with its detective-story elements, its fantastic realism and specifically in the central place given to the fabulous gemstone, a relic of Oriental marvels. The diamond has a regressive influence, causing a break with the Victorian order (it reduces Rolles to materialistic paganism). But more than anything else, the stone brings disaster, a return of an ancestral curse, a suggestion of Satanic influence. ]
Ciompi, Fausto (2003). ‘Dividuum est effabile: Dialogue and Subjectivity in Stevenson’s Markheim’. Rivista di Studi Vittoriani ***: 5-21.
[In ‘Markheim Stevenson deals with the subject of the Double by means of complex argumentative techniques, a kind of medieval-style dispute on Good and Evil, salvation and damnation.]
Cohen, Alain J.-J.(2003). ‘Dr Jekyll et Mr Hyde de Mamoulian: Morphing postmoderne, portraiture baroque’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 393-406.
[A study of the seven transformations of Jekyll/Hyde in the 1931 film and the way they contribute to an idea of instability and complexity of oppositions (as in the first which takes place in front of a mirror). The distribution of the transformations shows Jekyll’s increasing lack of control. The essay ends with some considerations about Lacan’s concept of the Ego as applied to Hyde]
Colley, Ann C. (2003). ‘Colonies of Memory’. Victorian Literature and Culture 31(2): 405-27.
[Missionaries, responsible for much destruction of South Sea culture, also studied it and preserved its artefacts. The latter were sent to various institutions, including the London Missionary Society Museum, where they were displayed as curiosities and trophies of Christianity. Just as the objects in the Museum were collected and preserved because ‘other’, so our memories retain what is distinct; and just as the meaning of the artefacts changed when isolated from their original context, so do memories. Though Hume says that identity depends on memory, Colley observes that memories also paradoxically cause alienation, since they are often adapted to the expectations of others, or conform to conventions. Though Stevenson studied South Seas culture, he explicitly rejected the idea of collecting objects (though his family did so), and his house was filled with the material culture of his life in Scotland and England. His memories of home seem to have been unusually stable, but we find an appreciation of the mutability of memory in his Pacific island studies and stories, where he typically he tells of an invasive culture that interrupts memory. The confusing cultural exchange that results is illustrated in the cabinet of Western curiosities (umbrellas, sewing-machines, etc.) amassed by King Tembinok—an ironic mirror-image of the collections of exotic curiosities collected by Western intruders. Case, too, in ‘Falesà’ has a “museum” of curiosities that he uses to manipulate the islanders.]
Colley, Ann C. (2003). ‘Writing Towards Home’: The Landscape of A Child’s Garden of Verses’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 174-91.
[A version of the article with the same title in Victorian Poetry 35(3) (Fall 1997).]
Cookson, Gillian. ‘Engineering Influences on Jekyll and Hyde. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 117-123.
[A version of the article with the same title in Notes and Queries, 46iv (1999): 487-91.]
Crignon-Machinal, Hélène (2003). ‘Florizel and Holmes: un scandal en Bohème’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 75-98.
[Both authors write about the modern city, its labyrinthine form, chance events and hidden world of crime. Both also see the theatricality of social life: for Holmes London is a vast theatre where he plays many roles, the satisfaction of spectacle often compensating for lack of knowledge. Stevenson’s Prince Florizel also acts out roles on the many stages provided by the city-theatre. In his emphasis on the unreal and fictional aspects of life, Stevenson is closer to the Symbolistes than the Realists (and here we may remember Mallarmé’s admiration for him): he takes pleasure in a back-and-forward movement in the imagination.]
Drescher, Alexander N. (2003). ‘A Reading of Nabokov’s “That in Aleppo Once...” ‘. Zembla (International Nabokovian Society). http://www.libraries.psu.edu/nabokov/dresch1.htm
[Nabokov’s ‘That in Aleppo Once…’ (Atlantic Monthly May 1943; Nabokov’s Dozen, 1953) takes the form of a letter written by a Russian émigré to his fellow countryman ‘V’, relating the incidents of his emigration and inviting him to make a story of it.
In his second section (subtitled ‘A Dialogue with Stevenson’), Drescher traces the parallels between Nabokov’s story and Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Hyde: Nabokov’s story can be divided into two parts, in which the letter-writer appears more Jekyll-like and then more Hyde-like, linked by a paragraph containing reference to a glass containing a pink rose with ‘parasitic bubbles clinging to its stem’ suggestive of Jekyll’s potion. [Just before this is the word ‘serum’.] The same linking paragraph ends with: ‘the rose was merely what French rhymesters call une cheville’. The last word (= a meaningless ‘filler’ in a poetic line) was probably borrowed from Stevenson’s ‘On Some Technical Elements of Style’ (cited by Nabokov in his lessons on JH). Drescher remarks that ‘The letter’s description of a cheveille is itself a cheville’ and here Nabokov seems to be imitating Stevenson who in this essay has several examples of ‘the description as example’ [what Dury 2005, with reference to the same essay, calls language that ‘self-reflectively illustrates in itself what it discusses’]. Stevenson says that prose should not become metrical in a sentence that is close to being an iambic pentameter and, in a similarly reflexive way, he sonorously talks of a disappointing sentence that begins ‘solemnly and sonorously’ but is (in less sonorous words) ‘hastily and weakly finished’.
Drescher also identifies a virtuoso paragraph (beginning ‘I should also not like to forget…’) in which he Nabokov seems to be creating a ‘picture’ at a ‘culminating moment’ (following Stevenson’s observation in ‘A Gossip on Romance’, cited in his Lectures on Literature) at the same time playing with the rhythms and sound-patterns in a way that Stevenson discusses in ‘Style’. ‘That in Aleppo Once…’ is available at www.geocities.com/cyber_explorer99/nabokovaleppo.html ]
Ducreu-Petit, Maryse (2003). ‘Stevenson/Doyle : enquêteurs d’âmes’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 99-118.
[Both Dr Jekyll and professor Challenger test the limitations of the human but Jekyll is involved in an additional semantic area of identity and difference and the psychoanalytic area of the non-unity of the personality. Jekyll is not really a 19th-century scientist (as the chemistry-lab bric-à-brac of film versions shows) and has more of a metaphysical approach. In the end he is more like Faust, while Challenger is the more Promethian.]
Dury, Richard (2003a). ‘The Hand of Hyde’. In Jones (ed.) (2003): 101-116.
[A version of a chapter (‘Variations sur la main de Hyde’) in Jean-Pierre Naugrette (ed.) (1997). Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. Paris: Autrement.]
Review : Niederhoff (2005). Literatur in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 38.iv: 328 (‘original and instructive’ but could have analysed the motif in S’s novella more extensively).
Dury, Richard (2003b). ‘Le caractère camp des Nouvelles mille et une nuits’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 119-140.
['Camp' (defined by traits such as exaggerated self-conscious theatricality, self-mockery, winking complicity, and an undermining of the categories of dominant ideology, especially gender distinctions) could be a way to understand this elusive text. A series of camp-like elements were identified at various levels in the text, though it was seen to have a final anxiety that works against the perfectly insouciant pose. Role-playing and performance, however, are important in all Stevenson's works.]
Faivre, Valéry-Pierre (2003). ‘Pouvoirs d’envoûtements de la description dans les récits fantastiques de Doyle et de Stevenson’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 189-212.
[The author looks at the similar ‘power to fascinate’ of descriptions in fantastic narratives by Stevenson (‘The Merry Men’, 1882, and ‘Olalla’, 1885) and Doyle (‘The Man from Archangel’ and The Surgeon of Gaster Fell, 1885). (i) the narrator/protagonist translates perceptions (often from above) into descriptions, wanders in weather and landscape, but often has an imperfect or unclear view, tries to see at night or low light, or has a perception altered by pyschological states (helping to create the incertitude associated with the fantastic). (ii) The contrast between the indistinct and the isolated sharp detail, or the sudden illumination of a scene, helps to create an effect of ‘phantasmagoria’ in the reader (sometimes also presented in the mind of the narrator). (iii) Details may be enigmatic, or of the kind that change the ‘reading’ of the situation. (iv) Descriptions also fascinate by the way the important detail is kept till last (imitating the sequence of the view or the attempted suppression of the frightening). (v) Descriptions in Stevenson and Doyle sometimes ‘paralyse’, but at other times cause a reaction; often they are short passages forming a repeated sequence, sometimes organized in crescendo (as the views from Aros in ‘MM’). This alteration of suggestion and revelation, repetition and the unexpected creates a ‘misty clearness’ (‘Olalla’) in which the enigmatic detail stands out like a subliminal image.]
Furth, Leslie Furth (2003). ‘A Domestic Episode: John Singer Sargent and Robert Louis Stevenson’. In ‘Imaging Transgression: Subversions of the Victorian Norm in the Work of Thomas Satterwhite Noble, John Singer Sargent and John White Alexander’. PhD diss., Boston University, 2003.
Garrett, Peter K. (2003). Gothic Reflections: Narrative Force in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
[‘Garrett . . . shows how the great nineteenth-century monster stories Frankenstein, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Dracula self-consciously link the extremity and isolation of their deviant figures with the social groups they confront. These narratives, he argues, move from a Romantic concern with individual creation and responsibility to a Victorian affirmation of social solidarity that also reveals its dependence on the binding force of exclusionary violence.’]
Giglioni, Cinzia (2003). ‘Il sottile confine tra saggistica e narrativa: Robert Louis Stevenson e i saggi ‘avventurosi’’ [‘The thin divide between essays and narrative fiction: Robert Louis Stevenson and the ‘adventurous’ essays’]. Pagetti, Carlo & Francesca Orestano (a cura di) (2003). Il gioco dei cerchi concentrici. Milano: Unicopli. Pp. 113-103.
[All through Stevenson’s career there was a mutual exchange between essays and fiction: the essays (which he continued to write all his life) contain brief narratives, scenes are described as though just accompaniments to incident. The Villon tale and essay were written in the same period and are clearly related, as are ‘The Sire de Malétroit’s Door’ and the essay on Charles d’Orleans. ‘The Pavilion on the Links’ and ‘Memories of an Islet’ also contain various marks of affinity. Stories and essays have a similarity of lexis, style, and dialogic relationship with the reader. Although critics in the past have presented his essays as apprentice work mainly of value for the light they cast on his narratives, in both essays and fiction we can see the same emphasis on the pleasure of the text, the same stylistic use of omission and the same appeal to deep instincts and desires.]
Guillard, Lauric (2003). ‘Stevenson, Doyle et le mythe de la wilderness’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 247-70.
[The ‘wilderness’, a 17th-century Puritan symbolic place of spiritual trial, was used by Americans to contrast with their Civilization; the concept then marries with English gothic modes to give an equivalent of mental chaos and tempting sublime barbarity. References to The Amateur Emigrant, ‘Ticonderoga’, The Master of Ballantrae, The Dynamiter]
Harris, Jason Marc (2003). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson: Folklore and Imperialism’. English Literature in Transition 46: ***
[‘Stevenson's folkloric fiction crosses both generic and national boundaries, dazzling the reader with fairy visions of foreign lands while at the same time testing complacent notions of British cultural dominance. Stevenson's South Sea stories, "The Beach of Falesa" and "The Isle of Voices," underscore the unstable power dynamics of British imperialism operating between the "natives" and the Europeans. Further undercutting assumptions of British authority, The Master of Ballantrae displays the conflicted cultural core of the British Empire--divided between the familiar rationalism of England and the exotic supernaturalism of not only India, but Scotland as well. These texts disclose cross-cultural tendencies toward so-called superstition and thereby erode the orderly pretensions of British rule by denying its supposed civilized solidarity; rather than emerging as a queen of reason and progress, Victoria becomes another fetish. This essay reveals how folklore operates as an unstable tool of cultural power that evades any definite colonial containment, simultaneously serving as a subversive weapon against both the imperialists and the colonized.’]
Jaëck, Nathalie (2003). ‘Pathologies de la dissolution: échappatoires chimiques et musicales chez Dr Jekyll et Sherlock Holmes’. In Menegaldo & Naugrette (eds.) (2003) : 59-74.
[Holmes, already a double of Moriarty, illustrates in his transformations Jekyll’s theory of multiplicity of human identity. At the same time we see the progressive dissolution of the realist text in continual change: the narrative structure of Jekyll and Hyde and the Holmes stories are ‘musical’: fragmentary with suggestions of symmetry, new starts and a sense of perpetual ‘becoming’.]
Jolly, Roslyn (2003). ‘ “A whole province of one’s imagination”: on the friendship between Henry James and Robert Louis Stevenson.’ Heat [Aus.] n.s.5: 177-194.
[An essay on the friendship between RLS and James, focussing especially on James’s yearning for lost contact with his brilliant companion of conversations on art of the Bournemouth years, an his inability at imagining his friend’s new and alien surroundings. In contrast, Stevenson lacks any sense of loss for the London literary world and signs off breezily ‘Wish you could come !’, while James ends his letters with expressions of loss and love.]
Jolly, Roslyn (2003). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson and Samoan History: Crossing the Roman Wall’. John Kucich (ed.) (2003). Fictions of Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.126-133. (Previously published in Bruce Bennett, Jeff Doyle & Satendra Nandan 1996).
Jolly, Roslyn (2003). ‘Stevenson, Robert Louis’ and ‘Samoa’. Jennifer Speak (ed.) (2003). Literature of Travel and Exploration. An Encyclopedia. 3 vols. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-247-8.
Jones, Jr., William B. (ed.) (2003). Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered. New Critical Perspectives. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
Jones, Jr., William B. (2003). ‘Forty-Eight Pages and Speech Balloons: Robert Louis Stevenson in Classics Illustrated’. In Jones (ed) (2003): 228-37.
[A version of the article published in Steele (ed.) (2000).]
Joyce, Simon (2003). Capital Offences. Geographies of Class and Crime in Victorian London. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. [The chapter ‘Lords of the Streets, and Terrors of the Way’ contains the section ‘Stalking the City Streets: Jekyll, Hyde, and Jack the Ripper’ (pp. 164 ff.)]
Lepaludier, Laurent (2003). ‘La nature humaine, paradigme incertain dans « Olalla » de Stevenson’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 231-244.
[Stevenson’s story investigates of what is ‘human’. Felipe and his mother at first represent the non-human: childlike, animal-like, irrational and living through their senses. Yet through love and passion, the narrator discovers the non-human side of himself and himself becomes fascinated by simple perception, is attracted to Olalla, and as a consequence begins to respect and understand the mother. There is thus an enlargement of what can be considered ‘human’ and a uniting of the divine and animality. However, the portrait gallery scene seems to show that the human is transitory and much is determined for the individual by racial transmission, perhaps accompanied by degeneration. At the end of the story, Olalla’s deliberate choice works an original synthesis of Darwinism and Christianity.]
Linehan, Katherine Bailey (2003a). ‘ “Closer than a Wife”: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll’s Significant Other’. In Jones (ed) (2003): 85-100.
[This essay proposes a new angle on a question frequently asked by modern readers of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Do performance adaptations that insert women into the story as sex objects for the male protagonist merely fill in gaps left in the text by Victorian reticence? Or is there some other purpose behind Stevenson's exclusion of women from the bachelor world of Jekyll and his friends, and behind the tale's lack of specificity about the secret night-time pleasures that Jekyll seeks to pursue with impunity in his guise as Hyde?
After briefly reviewing highly defensible interpretations of Jekyll's sexuality offered in film adaptations and published criticism of the text, the essay calls for fresh consideration of Stevenson's well-known statement in a letter to a friend: “The Hypocrite let out the best Hyde--malice, and selfishness and cowardice: and these are the diabolic in man--not this poor wish to have a woman, that they make such a cry about.” This points towards a reading of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in which Jekyll can be seen as suffering from a moral and psychological pathology rooted not in his sexual practices, but in the prideful, self-defensive, self-isolating secretiveness with which he has since youth concealed pleasures he deemed unsuitable to his chosen image of himself. It is entirely plausible that sexuality in some form indeed constitutes a key part of Jekyll's secret pleasures. However, the aura of sinister mystery surrounding those pleasures in the tale, as well as the “turn towards the monstrous” those pleasures take when put into the hands of Hyde, have by this reading to do with the spiritual evil of conscienceless hypocrisy that Hyde represents, rather than any evil in sexuality itself. Viewed in this framework, the absence of women as love objects in the story becomes even more telling than their absence as sex objects, and it is a fitting nemesis for Jekyll's hubristic solipsism that he ultimately feels himself murderously haunted by a detested partner-self who dwells in him “closer than a wife.” See also note to Linehan in Linehan (ed) 2003]
Linehan, Katherine (2003b). ‘Sex, Secrecy, and Self-Alienation in Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. In Katherine Linehan (ed) (2003). Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: an authoritative text, backgrounds and context, performance adaptations, criticism. New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company (Norton Critical Editions). Pp. 204-213.
[A re-written version of Linehan (2003b). Jekyll’s dilemma is produced by “secrecy and self-alienation […] closed to love’s […] self-integration”. Refers to S’s ‘Lay Morals’.]
Linehan, Katherine (2003). Two Unpublished Letters from Robert Louis Stevenson to Thomas Russell Sullivan’. Notes & Queries 50.iii: 320-323.
[Linehan uncovered three previously-unpublished letters by RLS to Thomas Russell Sullivan in the American Antiquarian Society Library (Worcester, Mass.). One was published in her Norton Critical Edition of JH (2003), the other two are published here for the first time. They show Stevenson’s cordial relationship with Sullivan: the first (7 June 1887) complements Sullivan and Mansfield on the stage version of JH; the second (undated, but between 15 April and 2 May 1888) criticizes the ‘innocent impudence’ of Mansfield in his self-promotion and quoting of S’s letters and conversations without permission. ]
McCulloch, Fiona (2003). ‘ “Playing Double”: Performing Childhood in Treasure Island’. Scottish Studies Review 4ii: 66-81. Repr. in McCulloch 2004.
[Though Treasure Island has been seen by some critics as deliberately placed in the tradition of earlier fiction, McCulloch stresses its innovative irony and playfulness.
‘The “old romance” is re-told in a self-conscious rather than a realist mode’ (68). Stevenson also mocks the Victorian ‘claim for truth, realism and united selfhood’. The hypocrisy of respectable society is shown by Trelawney’s moral indignation (‘What were these villains after but money?’) followed betrayal of his own motivation (‘We’ll have […] money to eat’) and by Silver’s parodic appeal to ‘dooty’ and his claim to the status of a ‘gentleman of fortune’. Jim’s deception by the stories of Silver also undermines children’s literature by exposing the inequality of author and child reader. Indeed, the author may not have innocent intentions, as we see when both story-teller Bones and Silver fascinate Jim for their own advantage.]
Manguel, Alberto (2003). ‘Postface’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 413-7.
[A short comparison of Doyle and Stevenson.]
Massie, Eric (2003). ‘Scottish Gothic: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Master of Ballantrae, and The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner’. In Jones (2003): 163-73.
[Striking intertextual connections between the two novels include: a moonlight fight between two brothers; a preserved body rising from an open grave at the end of the text; families divided along politico-religious lines, with the father preferring one son over the other; and allusions to the Devil as an actual presence. ‘James Durie resembles George Colwan in looks and temperament and is cast in the role of Devil incarnate by the Durie family; the description of Henry […] is redolent of the contumacious Robert Wringham’ (165). Ballantrae also ‘mirrors Hogg’s text in its use of multiple layers within which key narrators present personal, indeed biased accounts of events’ (168).]
Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (dir.). 2003. R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. (Actes du colloque de Cerisy, 11-18 sett., 2000). Rennes : Terre de Brume. 2-84362-167-4. 429 pp. €25. [The Stevenson papers given at the conference are summarized at http://www.unibg.it/rls/cerisy.htm .
The volume also contains the following essays not given at the conference, for which see separate entries in this list: Chareyre-Méjan, Faivre, Manguel (not yet posted)]
Menegaldo, Gilles (2003). “Deux lectures excentriques du mythe de Jekyll & Hyde au cinéma: Les deux visages du Dr Jekyll (1960) de Terence Fisher et Mary Reilly de Stephen Frears”. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 367-91.
[A study of the two films in relation to Stevenson’s text and to the cinema tradition. Unlike in other film versions Paul Massie’s Jekyll in Fishers 1960 film is not the charming philanthropist, but is quite old and already socially marginalized, while his Hyde is suave, young and clean-shaven, not in the ape-man tradition. The acts of Hyde are mainly caused by vengeance, hence to ‘restore order’. The mirror scene works a series of Jekyll/Hyde combinations of subject, reflection and voice-over. The interesting opening title sequence of Stephen Frears’ Mary Reilly creates oppositions of Mary:Jekyll, cloth:leather, hand:foot, flesh:metal, mud:shining name-plate. Space is an important component of the film: hierarchic interior space (which Mary disturbs), the circulation between interior and exterior, and of course the striking Piranesian laboratory created by Stuart Craig. In this ‘literary’ film there are many rapid ‘mentions’, similarities, metonymies and indeterminacy (e.g. the strange shadows on the cabinet roof).]
Menikoff, Barry (2003). ‘Prayers at Sunset’. In Jones (ed.) (2003). 209-12.
[The versatile and ever-innovative Stevenson had reached artistic maturity in his years in Samoa, ‘But what of the Prayers that Stevenson delivered at Vailima?’ In language redolent of the Psalms and Shakespeare but also characterized by Stevenson’s calculated brevity, they ask for rest, celebrate kindliness and encourage stoical endurance in the face of a very modern view of human existence.]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2003). ‘Mirando Haz, illustrateur de R. L. Stevenson’. Etudes Anglaises 56(1) : 44-46.
[A report on the series of forty etchings by Mirando Haz (Amedeo Pieragostini) dedicated to Stevenson and in particular Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Haz transposes the tale into Victorian interiors with mirrors, fireplaces, candelabras etc., where the characters and their shadows proliferate. Many of these highly intertextual images with their mis-en-abyme framings include the artist himself, or rather Mirando Haz, the real creator, for whom ‘Amedeo Pieragostini’ is perhaps only the pseudonym.]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2003). ‘Vingt propositions pour ne pas aller à Samoa’. Revue des deux mondes (avril 2003) : 171-75.
[On the occasion of a recent edition of the Œuvres of Marcel Schwob, Jean-Pierre Naugrette gives us an entertaining list of the cultural diffusion of fascination in Stevenson in Samoa and particularly in Stevenson buried on top of Mount Vaea: Tabucchi’s dream of Stevenson’s dream, Tennessee Williams indicating Vailima as a model for the house in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, pilgrimages to the tomb by Jack London, Hugo Pratt and Nick Rankin, Kipling’s frustrated visit, Schwob’s journey to Samoa, his disappointment, very serious illness and lack of mention of Vailima or the tomb, Pericoli’s dream images…]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2003). [review of Richard Ambrosini (2001). R. L. Stevenson: la poetica del romanzo]. Literary Research / Recherche littéraire 19(37-38) : 352-55.
[Ambrosini’s thesis is of a continuity between Stevenson’s fiction and his writings (essays and letters) in which he speaks of literary theory. This works particularly well in the chapter on Treasure Island and the two essays that ‘frame’ it: ‘A Gossip on Romance’ and ‘A Humble Remonstrance’. Naugrette remarks, however, that Stevenson sometimes uses ‘theory’ simply to mean ‘idea’ or ‘hypothesis’ rather than ‘explanatory system’ and that sometimes the explanations come after rather than before. For Naugrette, Stevenson is perhaps more interested in ‘method’, and ‘his essay “On Some Technical Elements . . .” lays the foundations, no less, for modern stylistics’ (354). The high point of the book is perhaps the chapter on Ballantrae (which ‘Ambrosini rightly sees . . . as Stevenson’s masterpiece’), a work moving already in the direction of metafiction where ‘the analysis . . . as “colonial novel” is masterful’ (354).]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2003). ‘Stevenson, Doyle : en regard, au miroir’ In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 25-58.
[Traces the common and mutual literary influences of the two writer, identifies their affinities (the focus on the irruption of troubling strangeness, the importance given to strange clues and tell-tale images, their common interest in the fantastic) and their differences (Stevenson’s more advanced views on racial tolerance and his interiorised fantastic against Doyle’s portrayal of cosmic and generalized danger).]
Pamboukian, Sylvia Amy (2003). ‘Industrial light and magic: Popular science, technology, and the occult in the late Victorian period’. PhD thesis from Indiana University
[Chapter 3 ‘Technology and the Gothic Doctor’ deals with the mergence of ‘the evil scientist-doctor’ as a result of nineteenth-century advances in medical science and makes reference to RLS.]
Picot, Jean-Pierre (2003). ‘Cartes, Plans, schemas, marge et images chez Stevenson et Conan Doyle’. In Menegaldo, Gilles & Jean-Pierre Naugrette (eds.). R. L. Stevenson & A. Conan Doyle. Aventures de la Fiction. Rennes : Terre de Brume. 271-292.
[The Treasure Island map, compared by Stevenson to ‘a fat dragon’, is certainly animal-like: two legs and a suggestion of an arm or wing, a head to the north with a mountain like an eye, the swamp (where the Pirates set up camp) and narrow channel to the south seeming slightly anal, the narrow pointed ‘leg’ in the east reminiscent of Silver.]
Pierce, Jason A. (2003). ‘ “The Damned Thing in Boards and a Ticket on Its Behind”: Stevenson’s First Book, An Inland Voyage. In Jones (2003): 127-39.
[Pierce places Stevenson’s Inland Voyage (1878) in the context of contemporary travel writing: (i) Thomas Rolls Warrington & George Smyth Baden Powell, ‘The Log of the ‘Nautilus’ and ‘Isis’ Canoes’ (Cornhill Magazine, 1870), in which the two travellers refer to each other by the names of their canoes, a trope borrowed by Stevenson; (ii) James Lynam Molloy, Our Autumn Holiday on French Rivers (1876), recording the jaunt of four educated young men in an outrigger canoe; (iii) William Moëns, Through France and Belgium, by River and Canal, in the Steam Yacht ‘Ytene’ (1876). All these accounts are of isolated travelling groups of privileged English people, interested in tourist sites but relatively uninterested in human surroundings. In contrast, Stevenson shows an interest in the people he meets and interacts with them, and also (being for much of the time effectively apart from his travelling companion) presents himself as an interesting character in his own right. His willing acceptance of the role of peddler and his thoughts on the merits of working-class life would have been seen as a threat by middle-class readers, where other travel writers marked their social superiority to those they met. The lukewarm reception of the book and its slow sales may be explained by this unconventional class ideology as well by its distance from the conventions of contemporary travel writing.]
Sandison, Alan (2003). ‘A World Made for Liars: Stevenson’s Dynamiter and the Death of the Real’. In Jones (ed.) (2003). 140-62.
[This study begins with a resumé of the activities of Continental ‘dynamiters’ and Irish Fenians in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Stevenson includes bomb-throwers in The Dynamiter as one more absurd phenomenon in an absurd modern world. By doing so, Stevenson subverts both orders of reality -- the fictional and the non-fictional. A glance at the activities of the real-life anarchists or Fenians shows how ambiguous their reality is and how meaningless their activity without some kind of narrative embellishment. From the opening pages of The Dynamiter the pursuit of truth is relentlessly guyed and Stevenson involves the dynamiters in his burlesque precisely to dispel any notion of the writer as someone uniquely able to represent reality. This is not to asperse the novelist as a teller of insightful tales, but it is a reminder that such fiction has little to do with the discovery of truth and reality.]
Scholz, Susanne (2003). Kulturpathologien: Die “seltsamen Fälle” von Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde und Jack the Ripper. Paderborn: Rektorat der Universit:ät (Paderborner Universitätsreden ; 88). 32 pp.
Steele, Karen (2003). ‘Discovering Mr Stevenson: A Personal Chronicle’. In Jones (ed.) (2003). 238-46.
[After the chance discovery of Stevenson on a journey around the islands of the South Pacific, Karen Steele follows In the South Seas and is gradually drawn into the fascinating life and personality that is Stevenson. From Samoa, for ten years, she follows his tracks from Edinburgh to California and France; to museums and libraries, learning about his writings and the importance of his letters. She tells how he inspires her to fulfil a dream by starting to write, and explains the password ‘Stevenson’ that opens doors to friendship around the world.]
Stevenson, Fanny Van de Grift (ed. Roslyn Jolly) (2003). The Cruise of the ‘Janet Nichol’ among the South Sea Islands. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. Also University of Washington Press (2004).
[‘The book presents the text of the 1890 diary as revised by Fanny for publication in 1914, with the addition of a substantial introduction plus explanatory notes and recommended reading. It is lavishly illustrated with photographs taken on the cruise, some previously published in the 1914 edition, many published here for the first time.’]
Thomson, Belinda (2003). ‘A Frenchman and a Scot in the South Seas: Paul Gauguin and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Van Gogh Museum Journal (2003): 57-70.
[It was Gauguin’s meeting with Van Gogh that probably inspired him to travel to the South Seas. Stevenson had nothing to do with the matter. (From a Dutch-language report at http://www.kronkelstadskrant.nl/archief/overig/vangogh.html ). See Thompson 2001]
Tulloch, Graham (2003). ‘Stevenson and Islands: Scotland and the South Pacific’. In Jones (ed) (2003): 68-82.
[There is a fundamental change in Stevenson's imaginative conception of islands after he reaches the South Seas. Before his South Pacific experience the Hebridian island of Earraid provided his imaginative model, even for the supposedly Caribbean setting of Treasure Island. However, after Stevenson had experienced the islands of the South Pacific a new kind of imagined island entered his fiction.]
Turnbull, Olena M. (2003). ‘The Squire and the Gamekeeper: RLS and Miss Adelaide Boodle’. In Jones (2003): 215-27.
[An account of Adelaide Boodle, Stevenson’s Bournemouth neighbour. On the basis of RLS and His Sine Qua Non (1926), Austin Strong’s Introduction to this volume and Stevenson’s letters, Turnbull reconstructs Adelaide Boodle’s character and the relationship with Stevenson.]
Ambrosini, Richard (2002). ‘“Painting and Words”: Landscape-Writing in R.L. Stevenson’s Literary Apprenticeship and Early Essays’. Merope [Pescara, Italy] 14 (35-36): 179-204.
[Stevenson’s narrative works need to be seen in ‘the context of his entire fictional and non-fictional output’ [the subject of Ambrosini’s 2001 monograph R.L. Stevenson: la poetica del romanzo] and it is in his early pieces of ‘landscape writing’ that we can see the germ of his future poetics. He admits to an apprenticeship of imitation in ‘A College Magazine’ (1887), but also to freer exercises in ‘description’, ‘dramatic dialogues’ and ‘conversations’; and one of the two books he always carried with him were ‘to note down the features of the scene’. In one of these notebooks we find the fragment ‘Painting and Words’, which explores the relative merits of the sister arts and describes the scene before him. Another experimental piece from the same period is ‘Night outside the Wick Mail’ (1868, contained in a letter to his cousin Bob).
These exercises in ‘landscape writing’ soon came up against a conflict between description and a self-reflective stance—resolved in his later ‘travel writing’ when he abandoned the description of landscape and (i) focussed on subjective impression (filtered by memory) of ‘a semi-fictional persona’ (203), and (ii) took landscape ‘as a background for people’. Already in his first published essay ‘Roads’ (1873) he is adapting his early poetics to travel writing in his remarks on the value of filtered impressions (elaborated in later writings).
His first three Portfolio essays (‘Roads’, ‘Young Children’, ‘Unpleasant Places’) belonged to project (described in a letter to Colvin) for a series of essays ‘on the enjoyment of the world’. This idea then develops after the watershed American experience of 1879-80, when, with the same aim of ‘creating pleasure’ but a keener understanding of his readers, he decides to create his own fictional worlds of narrative. ]
André, Elie (2002). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’s Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes: an Initiatory Journey’. Maîtrise dissertation, University of Caen. Available in Caen University Library, The British Library and the National Library of Scotland.
[Travels with a Donkey is triptych: Ch. 1-9 (uphill: a physical and religious trial), Ch. 10 (idyllic ‘Night among the Pines’ and the highest physical point of the journey), Ch. 11-18 (downhill into more welcoming country). By grouping Ch. 7 and 8 together (both dedicated to Our Lady of the Snows) André also identifies a chapter-by-chapter symmetry and correspondence of the first and third parts of the text (e.g. Ch. 4 and 15: camps in the dark; 5 and 14: towns; 6 and 13: meeting a new ‘brother’; 7/8 and 12: religions; 9 and 11: crossing two passes). ‘Travels with a Donkey is a journey into poetry and its relationship with feelings and deep inner emotions, a complex interweaving of nature and the human soul, a subtle alloy of, and dialogue between, inner and outer landscapes’ (63). Even the structure of individual chapters and paragraphs shows Stevenson’s stylistic artistry and the work as a whole can be seen as his masterpiece.]
Banfield, M.A. (2002). The Health Biographies Of Alexander Leeper, Robert Louis Stevenson, And Fanny Stevenson. Modbury, S Aust.: M.A. Banfield. [ further information ; in the RLS section he discusses (1) weak chested Stevenson family, (2) gangly physique, (3) neurosis, (4) tuberculosis, (5) cause of death; in the Fanny section (1) hypochondria, (2) mental breakdown]
Colley, Ann C. (2002). ‘Stevenson’s Pyjamas’. Victorian Literature and Culture (2002): 129-55.
[A study of the meaning of clothes to Stevenson in the South Seas; ‘his rather idiosyncratic relation to his clothes… [and] how clothing becomes an integral part of the ways in which we relate to ourselves, our surroundings and our mortality’. For missionaries in the South Seas clothing was a focus for measuring moral progrss, but Western residents also came under close scrutiny: many observers remarked on Stevenson’s Bohemian ‘undress’, dangerous signs of ‘going native’: garlandsof flowers round his head (a practice discouraged among natives by missionaries), loose pyjama suit and bare feet showed that he had crossed a boundary between the civilized and the uncivilized – a threatening repudiation of Western culture. When necessary, however, he dressed more formally in boots, breeches and red sash (a sign of royalty in the Pacific): these portrayed him as a figure of authority, and were also (like the velvet jackets) a way of projecting desires. (Another kind of dressing up, a photo of Lloyd in barelegged native dress, seems a disturbing attempt at parody.) Finally his neat clothing in the last photographs shows an affirmation of life, as do his desires to die with his clothes and boots on.]
Costantini, Mariaconcetta (2002). ‘Stevenson’s South Seas’. Merope [Pescara, Italy] 14 (35-36); 205-31.
[Stevenson dissociates himself from the Victorian mainstream in his experiments with language and spatial representation. His exotic settings reveal the evils of imperialism and also illustrate the modern condition of bewilderment.
Rejecting monologistic colonialist ideology, he tries instead to represent ‘a multi-cultural and complex reality’: In his letters he portrays the forest ‘as a locus of dangerous pleasures’ and ‘abandons himself to its seductions’. In ‘The Woodman’ (a post-Darwinian poem composed at Vailima) he questions the antithesis culture/nature (one of the main tenets of Victorian colonialism) and equates man and beast.
While the landscape in Treasure Island is still seen from a Western point-of-view; in ‘Falesá’, the imperialistic assumptions of the narrator are shaken and he yields to growing interest in his surroundings. The characters do not coform to the ‘types’ used to validate colonial ideologies (Uma, for example, is neither expendable victim, abandoned to maintain the hero’s racial integrity, nor dangerous femme fatale).
In The Ebb-Tide natives are not innately savage and Westerners are not bringers of progress and civilization. Even the ambiguity of the ending can be seen as a criticisism of ideology that promotes a single truth. Stevenson pursues ‘historical, culural and geographical objectivity’ in various ways: (i) by describing a process of contamination, the Farallone becoming ‘a symbol of the ills of colonialism’; (ii) in the detailed description of Attwater’s island, which give a realistic and disquieting picture of the Pacific world; (iii) through the ironic juxaposition of different visual attitudes (Herrick’s ecstatic contemplation of the lagoon compared with the controlling scrutiny of Davis), and by giving an ironic colouring to Herrick’s words: his inadequate idealistic vision, his attempt, shared with Attwater, to understand the Pacific in terms of classical literature. Attwater, however, uses deliberately vague language as a power-strategy, while Herrick (like the author) searches for ways to describe his new experience.]
Davidson, J.K. (2002). ‘Black Dog and Billy Bones return – to the golf course’. The RLS Club News [RLS Club, Edinburgh] 19 (Sept. 2002): 2
[Similar to Davidson (1999)]
Farr, Liz (2002). ‘Stevenson’s Picturesque Excursions: The Art of Youthful Vagrancy’. Nineteenth-Century Prose (special number: ‘The Picturesque in the Nineteenth Century’) 29ii: 197-225.
[Explores the ways in which Stevenson attempted to reformulate the late-eighteenth-century picturesque in his essays and travel writings. Although his essays were tailored to suit the particular periodical audiences he sought to address, most notably those of the Cornhill and Portfolio magazines, the picturesque emerges in Stevenson’s work as a significant vehicle by which he attempted to promote a form of late-nineteenth century aestheticism and a bohemian rebellion against the constraints of modern life.
By taking advantage of the growing popularity of travel as a form of recreation, Stevenson was able to reformulate the picturesque according to late-nineteenth century psychological models of aesthetics to propose ways in which a middle-class young man might enact forms of subjective agency and experience the pleasures of unstructured wandering before being forced to travel on the undeviatingly narrow road to a professional career, marriage and death.
Although he was to a certain extent indebted to Ruskin, who had earlier attempted to educate the middle-class traveller socially and aesthetically, Stevenson’s interest was differently motivated. While Ruskin had attempted to promote a form of excursive sight that might take account of the suffering of ruined, and therefore picturesque, figures, Stevenson’s essays force his middle-class readers to turn their gaze back upon themselves. By enacting a form of class-transvestism, Stevenson staged his own affiliation with the poor primarily to give voice to desires for aesthetic agency and freedom from the constraints of modern bourgeois life.]
Gibson, Brian (2002). ‘One Man is an Island: Natural Landscape Imagery in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island’. The Victorian Newsletter (Spring 2002): 12-21.
[In the first part of the book, landscape and weather are used in a conventional Romantic way to establish mood and foreshadow action (e.g. the stormy nights accompanying frightening developments in the plot), though even here there is ambiguity: the moon becomes a threatening sentinel associated with the pirates and the darkness becomes the friend of the protagonist. When the action moves to Treasure Island its sinister landscape is associated with troubling independence from conventional moral codes. Jim’s shore adventure is accompanied by ‘continuous thunder of the surf’, which remains a frightening memory at the end of the book, reminding him of his passage from childhood to adulthood when he experienced utter solitude and realized that the environment is an unforgiving, relentless, everpresent force. ]
Gillespie, Gerald (2002). In Search of the Noble Savage: Some Romantic Cases’. Neohelicon 29i: 89–95.
[Stevenson and Paul Gauguin were contemporaries. In the light of the former’s relative integration in the South Sea world, the latter’s struggle to find a natural paradise there is all the more poignant.]
Gray, William (2002). ‘Stevenson’s “Auld Alliance”: France, Art Theory and the Breath of Money in The Wrecker’. Scottish Studies Review 3ii (autumn 2002): 54-65.
[In The Wrecker Stevenson repeatedly disrupts easy distinctions between art and life: in the Epilogue addressed to Will H. Low, the characters in the novel are referred to as if real-life contemporaries, while the novel itself narrates many episodes from the bohemian life of Stevenson and Low in France. Chapter 31, entitled ‘Face to Face’, could even include an appearance of Stevenson in his own work (though we are not told which of the Stennis boys it is). Yet while these metafictional games bring fiction into life and life into fiction, the art-for-art’s-sake character of Loudon Dodd would presumably not approve.
The Pinkerton and Dodd relationship gives expression to Stevenson’s ambivalence towards ‘art for art’s sake’: though he was aware that he had to earn money to live, he considers the formal qualities of art to be of central importance; he wrote this pot-boiler, in order to write more artistic works like The Ebb-Tide, banking on the public interest in his life; while for Pinkerton ‘reality was a romance’ to be found in the balance sheet and the battleground of the commodity markets, Dodd says ‘Every man has his own romance: mine clustered exclusively about the practise of the arts’.
In ‘Fontainbleau’ Stevenson says that ‘art is, first of all, a trade... the artist... first plays with his material as a child plays with a kaleidoscope’. In The Wrecker, however, this formalistic aesthetic is playfully subverted in the scenes set, ironically, in Barbizon, where Dodd starts with a formalistic appraisal of Carthew’s painting in Siron’s Inn, only to become fascinated by its familiar referential content, as the painting itself seems to come alive (the smoke of the steamer described as if suddenly appearing). Stevenson’s clear distinction in ‘A Humble Remonstrance’ between Life (‘monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant’) and a work of art (‘neat, finite, self-contained, rational, flowing and emasculate’) seems to be called into the question by The Wrecker which seems a monstrous, illogical and abrupt metafiction about the relation between the brute energy of life and the pleasant charms of Bohemia.
Le Bris says Stevenson had to overcome the Bohemian pose in order to become a real writer, he had to ‘to kill in himself his cousin Bob’: so the aesthete Stennis departs abruptly from the final scene, after which the narrator in the Epilogue finally overturns any ideal separation of art and life.]
Green, Jared Fredric (2002). ‘White primitives: The ethnography of class in the late-Victorian city’. PhD dissertation at Brown University (AAT 3050893). Esp. Ch. 4: ‘Out of Enlightenment, into Darkest London: Monogenesis, Degeneration and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, pp. 127-173.
[This dissertation queries the interrelationship between anthropological discourse and urban narratives in late-nineteenth century British literature and visual culture. What I have chosen to call the “white primitive” is the product of British social theory’s attempt to transform the already-available sign-system of race into an equally irrefutable semiotics of class. I use the figure of the white primitive to challenge the stubborn critical assumption that the city encountered by the Victorian urban explorer, Henry Mayhew, is virtually the same cultural construct as the city of the modernists.
Central to the argument for the unique cultural landscape of the late-Victorian city is my explanation of how ethnographic descriptions of the city arose in response to changes in immigration and the enervated project of colonialism. I look at the analogy between race and class as drawn by late nineteenth-century ethnographers and “social explorers” (from E. B. Tylor and Herbert Spencer to Charles and William Booth, Gustave Le Bon and Francis Galton). I find that their peculiar amalgam of Darwinist evolutionary theory and anthropometry informed the way Victorians thought about many of the inhabitants of London as well as the peoples newly incorporated at the peripheries of Empire.
Next, I examine a number of interrelated literary narratives--including those of H. M. Stanley, Bram Stoker, Robert Louis Stevenson and H. G. Wells--alongside photography, print advertising, and the early cinema. Together, I argue, these representations constitute the diffuse and variegated spectacle by which the British Empire defined and promulgated its privileged domestic subject, the middle-class consumer. ]
Haz, Mirando [Amedeo Pieragostini] (2002). Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde and Company. Trezzo sull’Adda (Italy): privately printed (available from the author at Via Nullo 9, Bergamo, Italy).
[catalogue of the exhibition of 40 etchings with the same title at Gargnano (Italy), 26-29 August 2002; includes reproductions of 33 of the series of etchings and short essays on Haz and Stevenson by Gillo Dorfles, Giorgio Cerruti, Richard Dury, Marco Fragonara and Richard Ambrosini]
Imlah, Mick (2002). ‘Where the whaups are crying. S.R. Crockett and the “grey Galloway land”‘. TLS 18 October 2002: 16-17.
[Stevenson’s correspondence with Crockett and the relationship between the two; the influence of Stevenson’s work on The Raiders (1894).]
Massie, Eric (2002). ‘Stevenson, Conrad and the Proto-Modernist Novel’. PhD thesis, Univ of Stirling.
[Stevenson’s South Seas writings locate him alongside Conrad on the ‘strategic fault line’, described by the Marxist critic Fredric Jameson, that delineates the area between nineteenth-century adventure fiction and early Modernism. Stevenson, like Conrad, mounts an attack on the assumptions of the grand narrative of imperialism and, in texts such as ‘The Beach of Falesa’ and The Ebb Tide, offers late-Victorian readers a critical view of the workings of Empire. The thesis analyses the common interests of two important writers as they adopt innovative literary methodologies within, and in response to, the context of changing perceptions of the effects of European influence upon the colonial subject.]
Mazzucco-Than, Cecile (2002). A Form Foredoomed to Looseness: Henry James’s Preoccupation with Gender in Fiction. New York/Bern/etc.: Peter Lang.
[A close examination of the adjectives and metaphors used by James in particular to describe fiction – but also Stevenson, Howells and others – reveals a gendered account of the art of fiction and places the modern novel in the context of changing social roles of men and women.]
Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (2002). ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde est-il un roman policier?’. Confluences [Université Paris X-Nanterre] 20 (special number: ‘Les littératures de genre’): 85-111.
[The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (especially ch. 4) can be seen as a detective story - this is the thesis of Scholar (1998), justifying the choice of affaire in the French translation of the title. He also cites Borges’ idea that two actors should be used in film versions, to recreate the original readers’ expectations that they were reading a police ‘case’ of two separate beings. That the text enters the realm of the fantastic is no problem, as Sherlock Holmes stories and shilling shockers also partly occupied both areas.
However, Borges specifies that JH is only ‘read as’ or ‘pretends to be’ a detective story. Such reading cannot be translated into an intentio operis because it is challenged by other aspects: (i) the ‘case’ of the reframing last chapter is not a police case but a ‘case history’; (ii) the disturbing phenomena of the tale involve a mixed police case and a medical/psychological/paranormal case, a mixture also found in Doyle, however, Doyle’s strangeness never goes as far as fantastic metamorphosis and Utterson is not in the same position as Holmes – he thinks he’s in a detective story, but he’s actually in a case study, and he never gets a complete view of events because in the end he merges with the reader; (iii) the title would have given no certitude of clear duality to its first readers and they, encouraged to interpret, would have been able to see many indications of the unrealistic as they read through the text; (iv) the expected final resolution is undermined by the first-person ‘confession’ by the guilty party, claiming to explain the metamorphosis while repeatedly metamorphosing itself from first to third person; (v) the Carew murder (which seems to involve Utterson – so also the reader) remains unexplained and unmotivated at the end.
Postmodern writers (Naugrette included) like to play with the detective story’s highly-ordered form and foregrounding of plot and narrative. Stevenson too, no dupe of genres, likes to manipulate forms and cultivates the pleasure of the suspended meaning that remains suspended.]
Panjabi, Gita Cecilia (2002). ‘Investigative fictions: Criminal anthropology and the nineteenth-century mystery novel, 1860-1913’. PhD dissertation at New York University.
[“Investigative Fictions: Victorian Mystery Novels and the Science of Criminal Anthropology, 1860-1913” compares representations of the criminal in late nineteenth-century popular fiction and the emerging science of criminal anthropology. Putting crime at the center of their respective projects, scientists and novelists created narratives in which the criminal signaled a crisis of social stability: from increased fraud to impersonation to murder, sensational criminal acts threatened to overturn received assumptions about gender, race, and class identity.
While the criminal’s presence in these texts inevitably indicates a social breakdown, I show that grappling with criminals often provoked scientists and novelists to mobilize innovative narrative forms that sought to recuperate the loss the criminal represents. For criminal anthropologists, recuperation of this loss involved devising new types of scientific investigation; Victorian novelists responded to the management strategies scientists proposed by adapting, deliberately ignoring, or rejecting the narrative paradigms that underwrote investigative techniques. In creating their own “investigative fictions” to solve the problems that criminals posed, novelists devised narrative modes that could apprehend the criminal and bring about textual closure.
Reading these discourses in relationship to one another contributes to an understanding of the way in which mystery novels produce their own epistemological systems or ways of knowing. Through a comparison of these two kinds of texts, I argue that novelistic representations of criminals are not so much reflections on the failures of Victorian society at large as opportunities to develop novelistic interrogations of personal identity, progress, and perception. Among the texts this dissertation considers are Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone and Armadale, Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Henry Dunbar and Lady Audley’s Secret, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, R. L. Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, as well as short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. In addition, I read these novels with and against numerous texts from the science of criminal anthropology, as articulated in literature on fingerprinting, anthropometrics, photography, psychology, biology, ethnology, archeology, and the museum, all of which contribute to the strategic management of the Victorian criminal.]
Phillips, Lawrence, (2002). ‘The Negotiation of Colonial Identities in the Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson and Jack London’. PhD thesis, Goldsmiths College, University of London.
[While sensitive to postcolonial criticism, methodologically this research focuses on attempts by authors to apply, challenge and confound key colonial presumptions during the period 1880 to 1914. The study ranges across the construction of race, class and identity through a series of detailed close readings that are also strongly linked to the historical, cultural, and personal contexts under which they were written. The study explores widely held colonial constructions of race, class and the moral underpinning of Anglo-American imperialism in relation to the particularity of the colonial locale and colonial practice in which Stevenson and London are participators and/or observers, and to follow how this is translated into their works of travel and fiction. The contrasts and similarities between an established British imperialism and the newly emergent American empire following the Spanish-American War of 1898 is pursued throughout the thesis.]
Rennie, Alastair (2002). Stevenson, Frye and the Structure of Romance. PhD thesis, Edinburgh University, 2002.
[“Stevenson, Frye and the Structure of Romance looks at the work of Robert Louis Stevenson in the context of Northrop Frye’s theory of archetypes and at the operations of the conventions of romance in relation to structuralist and post-structuralist theories of narrative. It proposes the unsustainability of the traditional or institutionalised model of romance provided by Frye and considers, through Stevenson’s essays and fictions, the development of romance as a modern idiom. Using Frye’s ideas as a basis for further study, this thesis seeks to demonstrate that romance is a progressive rather than conservative mode of fiction. Through the ideas expressed by Stevenson in his various guises as an author and theorist, it presents a theory of romance as a genre in which the functions of narrative undergo their most radical shifts and deviations from the conventional bases of form.
Following the lead of his essays, it is shown that Stevenson’s romances deliberately set in motion a system of conventional elements which, while they produce a dynamic narrative structure, tend also to exceed the sustainable limits of the structures they are engaged in. By no means aimless, these activities represent an attempt by Stevenson to recreate ‘the certain almost sensual and quite illogical tendencies in man’(‘A Humble Remonstance’) which, he says, occasion the formation of romance, but which are paradoxically incompatible with the logical conditions of romance as a conventional mechanism. Consequently, it is demonstrated that, if Frye represents the culmination of romance as a ‘tradition’ (or a point at which the structure of romance can be audited and catalogued as a tradition), Stevenson, acting prior to Frye, represents a point at which the underlying assumptions of this tradition are preclusively denied.”
Chapters: The Cosmology of Romance I, II; The Genealogy of Romance I, II; The Inversion of the Quest: Will o’ the Mill; The ‘Mobile Nature at Our Feet’: The Ebb-Tide; Conclusion: Ulterior Motives: ‘The Language of Romance’]
Vanon Alliata, Michela (2002). ‘”Il diavolo nella bottiglia”: la maledizione faustiana nel fantastico esotico di R.L. Stevenson’ [‘“The Bottle Imp”: the Faustian curse in the Esotic Fantastic of R.L. Stevenson’. Vanon Alliata, Michela (a cura di) (2002). Desiderio e trasgressione nella letteratura fantastica. Venezia: Fondazione Giorgio Cini/Marsilio. Pp. 109-126.
[‘The Bottle Imp’ does not clearly belong to one single genre but lies at the intersection of the fantastic, the fable and the novel tradition. All three tales in Island Nights’ Entertainments share features of oral narration (the reference to places known by the listener, the repetition of names, the direct appeal to the listener). In contrast to the other two tales (which are realistic narratives), however, BI also contains several themes and tropes associated with fantastic tales, and its general structure is that of the fable. (One could say that Stevenson found a natural affinity with the style and structure of the fable, its economy, linearity, lightness and rapidity.)
Although the motor of the narrative is the (puritanical) fable-like symbolic conflict between virtue and transgression (Keawe’s leprosy arriving on the eve of his wedding day can be seen as divine retribution), Keawe’s ingenuity, curiosity and youth fits better into the context of the Bildungsroman, and the magic bottle from the world of fantasy plays its part in the growth and maturity of the protagonist.
The devil can be seen as a fantastic-tale double and a representation of the unconscious of the protagonist (his desires and even self-destructive drives), yet Keawe does not end up as a divided doubles-story protagonist, but acquires new wisdom.
Stevenson’s story places the supernatural in a realistic context: the contrasting worlds of the South Seas and the surrounding corrupt world of the white man, the convincingly realistic fear of illness and death - and the love attained at the end is no conventional formula, but a love [like that of Wiltshire and Uma] experienced among the familiar sufferings and uncertainties of the world.]
Webb, Jean (2002). ‘Conceptualising Childhood: Robert Louis Stevenson’s A Child’s Garden of Verses’. Cambridge Journal of Education 32iii: 359-65.
[The paper discusses the construct of childhood in Robert Louis Stevenson’s collection of poems, ‘A Child’s Garden of Verses’, by employing notions of child development drawn from Piaget and Vygotsky. From a literary perspective Stevenson’s collection is located on the boundaries of Romanticism and Modernism.]
Wilson, A.N. (2002). ‘Long John Silver and his parrot – what treasures’. The Daily Telegraph 19/8/02: 21 [‘End Column… World of Books’].
[‘Even the wooden first paragraph is hypnotic… Creative writing schools would have advised Stevenson to start the book with the arresting second paragraph – “I remember him as if it were yesterday […].” They would be wrong. Not only does the opening paragraph tell us all we need to know about the origin of the tale. But in its very obscurity […] it resembles a murmuring, almost discordant opening chord in a minor key which is soon to spring into a miracle of melody which will stay for ever in the head. What explains the book’s allure? As a piece of sheer narrative it can have few rivals […] RLS lets out his information with such consummate timing. Who was Captain Flint? We have heard of him dozen times before it becomes clear. […] There is someting Homeric about them [the crew], their memory of earlier voyages and plunders, never fully expounded even when we have reached the island and found the marooned figure of Benn Gunn (“I was in Flint’s ship when he buried the treasure”). […] But of course the glory of the book is […] John Silver. From the first we have been taught to think of Long John as a figure of dread. Nor do we ever forget the menace behind his great ham of a face, behind his calm geniality. […] Yet we are hypnotised by him… ]
2001
Ambrosini,Richard (2001). R.L. Stevenson: La poetica del romanzo [R.L. Stevenson: Poetics of the novel]. Roma: Bulzoni.
[400 pp.,followed by 35 pages of Bibliography of Stevenson studies; covers all of Stevenson’s work, paying particular attention to significant aspects that have not yet been sufficiently discussed, for example the essays and the significant change of theoretical approach in the early part of his career; Ch. 1: From essayist to novelist: 1850-1880; Ch. 2: Treasure Island and the essays on the romance: 1881-1885; Ch. 3: Kidnapped and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: 1885-1886; Ch. 4: The Scribner’s Magazine essays and The Wrong Box: 1887-1888; Ch. 5: Myth, history and tragedy in The Master of Ballantrae; Ch. 6: In the South Seas: 1888-1894; Ch. 7: Stevenson and the Twentieth Century.
Barbalet, Jack (2001). ‘WJ and Robert Louis Stevenson: The Importance of Emotion’. Streams of William James 3ii: 6-9.
[William James extensively quotes Stevenson’s ‘The Lantern-Bearers’ in his lecture ‘On a Certain Blindness of Human Beings’ published in 1899. James scholars have tended to identify affinity of the two authors as centred on the validity of each personal point of view. This misses the clearly shared shared belief that ‘emotional engagement endues value, interest and meaning’ (7). Both writers ‘were extremely sensitive to the importance of emotions in human being and human becoming’ (9). ‘RLS demonstrates profound insight concerning the nature and significance of emotions’ (7), as in ‘On the Enjoyment of Unpleasant Places’ he remarks that ‘We see places through our humours as through differently coloured glasses. We are ourselves a term in the equation’.
Beattie, Hilary J. (2001). ‘Father and Son: the Origins of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 56: 317-360.
[In Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson created, out of one of his own dreams, the most famous pre-Freudian case study of the divided self. The present essay explores the roots of that work in Stevenson’s lifelong difficulty in separating from his moody, conflicted, and passionately possessive father. Out of a matrix of religious guilt and social conformity, Stevenson struggled to create and define his own identity as a writer, a struggle that ran counter to many of his beloved father’s deepest needs and led to sharp clashes, accompanied by periods of severe depressive and physical illness in both. Stevenson’s creative block during his father’s final depression and dementia was broken only by the nightmare that became ‘Jekyll and Hyde’, which enabled him to give enduring literary expression to the disavowed rage, guilt, and sense of deformity and fractured identity endemic to their internalized relationship. It may also have functioned as an act of exorcism and expiation that helped him recover rapidly from his father’s death and exploit more productively the few years that were left to him.. See also Beattie 1998]
Bender, Adrianne Noel (2001). ‘Mapping Scotland’s identities: Representations of national landscapes in the novels of Scott, Stevenson, Oliphant, and Munro’. PhD dissertation at New York University (AAT 3009283).
[Much of Scotland’s interior remained unmapped and uncharted until the Military Survey of Scotland began in 1747, one year after Scotland suffered its final defeat at the hands of the English at the Battle of Culloden. The mapping of Scotland became an act of appropriation and domination over a national “other,” as the English and Lowland Scots attempted to delineate the remote Highland landscape, often viewed as uncivilized and barbaric in the British imagination. But in opening up this seeming wasteland, the maps of Scotland often performed a cultural emptying of that space as they tended to de-emphasize the individuals and communities residing in it.
It is the nineteenth-century historical novel that re-fills the supposedly empty spaces of Scotland’s landscape with a national history and a new national identity at a time when Scotland seems increasingly at risk of losing its autonomy within the larger land of Great Britain. Through representations of Scotland’s different landscapes in the novel, from the Highlands and Lowlands to the city and country estate, the novelist attempts a more complete map of the Scottish interior. The novelist defines not only a geographical space, but a changing historical, cultural, and ideological space throughout historical time.
As the novelist faces many of the same challenges as the cartographer and often finds inspiration in maps and map-making, Scottish cartography becomes a useful framework for studying how the novel imagines the nation through what M. M. Bakhtin has defined as the chronotope, or the intersection of time and space. As it begins with Walter Scott and develops throughout the century with writers such as Margaret Oliphant, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Neil Munro, the historical novel portrays a land situated in an uneasy place between nationhood and empire, between an independent Scotland and a united Great Britain. A study of the Scottish novel is particularly relevant at the beginning of the twenty-first century as Scotland adjusts to its first parliament in almost three hundred years. Scottish writers can envision a national future through a dialogue with the past, although that past is often imagined through the ideological perspectives of its creators.]
Booth, Gordon K (2001). ‘The Strange Case of Mr Stevenson and Professor Smith.’ Aberdeen University Review 59: 386-97.
On-line at (i) http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/corpus/search/document.php?documentid=683
And at (ii) http://www.gkbenterprises.fsnet.co.uk/papers/rlswrs.htm (where it is re-titled ‘Robert Louis Stevenson and William Robertson Smith: A Study In Contrast’).
Explores the amusing personality clash between R. L. Stevenson and William Robertson Smith when the latter attempted to initiate Stevenson into the mysteries of physics at Edinburgh University
Both WRS and RLS contributed to the new edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica. RLS supplied ‘Jean de Béranger’ and ‘Robert Burns’ (rejected); WRS’s entry on ‘Bible’ was a key entry that began the liberation of English-language Bible criticism from literalism. The two possibly met again, since in 1875 they were elected members of the Savile Club, where both stayed during visits to London. RLS mentions ‘Smith o’ Aiberdeen!’ in his Thomson-Johnson poem ‘The Scotsman’s return from abroad’ (Underwoods, 1887).
‘Smith successfully adapted his Scottish Calvinist inheritance to meet the challenge of his intellectual explorations; Stevenson, on the other hand, never truly escaped its chill hand.’ WRS was the ‘new theologian’ who instigated a paradigmatic shift in theological study of the Bible by introducing the scientific study of Bible into English-speaking countries He also contributed to sociology and social anthropology and was “the founder of religious anthropology”.]
Cleto, Fabio (2001). ‘Lo “strano” caso di Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Cleto, Fabio (2001). Percorsi del disenso nel secondo ottocento britannico. Genova: ECIG. Pp. 195-212.
Comellini, Carla (2001). ‘La mappa come metafora del testo letterario: l’eredità di R. L. Stevenson, J. Conrad, R. Kipling in G. Greene e M. Ondaatje’ [The map as metaphor of the literary text: the influence of R. L. Stevenson and J. Conrad on G. Greene and M. Ondaatje]. Il lettore di provincia 32, 110/111 (gennaio/agosto 2001): 53-63.
Doyle, Brian (2001). ‘A Head Full of Swirling Dreams’. The Atlantic Monthly 288iv (Nov. 2001). Repr. Brian Doyle (2004). Spirited Men. Story, Soul & Substance.Cambridge, MA: Cowley Publications, pp. 47-58.
[‘The man who was perhaps the finest writer in the English language […] wrote a timeless classic of young adult fiction (Treasure Island), two and a half other novels of the first rank (Kidnapped, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and the unfinished Weir of Hermiston), a classic children’s book of poems (A Child’s Garden of Verses), and a first-rate travel book (Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes).
He was additionally a fine essayist, a prescient political reporter […], a skilled social anthropologist, a maker of historical fiction in the vein of his countryman Sir Walter Scott, an early practitioner of modernist fiction (The Beach of Falesá), a sharp-eyed chronicler of nature and landscape, a biographer (of a beloved college professor), a historian (of Edinburgh), a prolific and hilarious letter writer, a composer of deft and poignant prayers, and even the author of popular horror stories (The Merry Men) […] And all this in two decades […] Considering that the man threw fastballs in most every literary genre there is, and considering that none of the many writers of genius we know threw such high heat in so many ballparks, it seems to me we might account the grinning Scotsman with the tubercular cough and cigarette and stories always on his lips to be maybe the best writer our language has known; or at least the most comprehensively accomplished.’ (47-8)]
Harris, Jason Marc (2001). ‘Folklore, fantasy, and fiction: The function of supernatural folklore in nineteenth and early twentieth-century British prose narratives of the literary fantastic’. PhD dissertation at University of Washington (AAT 3013967). Esp. Ch 8: Stevenson, Folklore and Imperialism pp.398-433
[This dissertation reveals the important role of folk beliefs and motifs, adapted from traditional legends and fairy tales, in Victorian and Edwardian fantastic prose. Literary fairy tales and legends appropriate and reshape folkloric elements into texts that demonstrate the cultural instability of their historical eras. These hybrid literary forms indicate the self-consciousness of the literary culture that produced them; the very hesitation of the fantastic mode of writing highlights conflicts between ideological progressivism and social introspection. The adoption of folk tales casts both glamour and a shadow upon the pretensions of utopian visions. Superstition challenges reason throughout the narratives of folkloric fantasy.
British bourgeois and elite culture scrutinizes both the implications of social reform--liberating an unruly underclass and its traditions--and of anthropological insights into global interconnections that erode the illusion of English superiority. Robert Louis Stevenson, for example, portrays the ties between native folklore and British imperialism. Similarly, writers of the Celtic Renaissance, like William Sharp, negotiate with Irish and Scottish folk traditions, attempting to create an aesthetic that could defy English cultural imperialism without succumbing to nationalistic insularity. Walking the writer’s tightrope between preternatural folklore and literary respectability results in a variety of rhetorical strategies that produce multiple forms of the fantastic. Authors of Victorian and Edwardian literary fairy tales and fantasies find or formulate through folk motifs the optimistic or pessimistic images of socio-economic and domestic reform that they envision, while ironically dismissing the marvellous details of folk narratives that threaten to trivialize their prophetic or satirical voices.
As for the realistic appropriations of legends and folk beliefs, gaps appear between the worldview of the narrator and folk informants in the works of William Carleton, Sheridan Le Fanu, and James Hogg. Narrative authority itself lies suspended in cultural uncertainty--dangling between two competing views of reality. Psychological and metaphysical explanations for the fantastic frequently clash within these texts, just as competing cultural and political perceptions from England, Ireland, Scotland, India, and the South Seas Islands lead to crises of interpretation. The logic of folk superstitions subverts--and expands--the borders of British literary culture.]
Hubbard, Tom (2001). ‘Edimbourg-la-Morte: the Fantastic and Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson’. Etudes Ecossaises [Univ. Grenoble] 6 (issue devoted to ‘L’Etrange. Le merveilleux. Le surnaturel’): 21-27.
[Dickens and Stevenson both made contributions to the fantastic genre located in Edinburgh: ‘The Story of the Bagman’s Uncle’ in Pickwick Papers (apparition/drunken dream in Leith Walk), and David Balfour’s meeting with the spae-wife (‘foreteller’) at a nearby spot. The protagonists differ greatly, however, and the episode in Catriona is interelated closely with the whole text. Stevenson’s descriptions (in this episode, and also in ‘The Body Snatcher’ and ‘Tod Lapraik’s Tale’) also aim at ‘significant simplicity’ in contrast to Dickens’s magnificent excess.
This simplicity, combined with the uncertain distinction between real and unreal, gives Stevenson’s work a power of suggestiveness much appreciated by Marcel Schwob, who presents him ‘as - in effect - a proto-Symboliste’. Georges Rodenbach’s Symbolist novel, Bruges-la-Morte (1892) also has affinities with Stevenson’s work: ‘the somewhat camp bizarrerie of the prose style’, confusions of identity and labyrinthine setting.]
Hirsch, Gordon (2001). ‘The Travels of RLS as a Young Man’. The Victorian Newsletter 99 (Spring 2001): 1-7.
[A study of Stevenson’s early travel books, An Inland Voyage (1878) and Travels with a Donkey (1879), and the author’s search for identity. In his first book, Stevenson explores how he will define himself--with what social class, vocation, and group he will identify. He remains, however, fluid, protean, unformed, and without any real relationships, not even with his traveling companion. In contrast, Travels with a Donkey is primarily about Stevenson’s difficult relationship with his wilful donkey, Modestine (who can be seen as a way of talking about his relationship with Fanny Osbourne): Stevenson expresses both attachment and affection towards his donkey, as well as anger and frustration at her obstinacy and wilfulness. In the end, both these early travel books are as much about questions of identity and self-definition as about scenes of travel.]
Honaker, Lisa (2001). ‘The Revisionary Role of Gender in R. L. Stevenson’s New Arabian Nights and Prince Otto: Revolution in a “Poison Bad World” ‘. English Literature in Transition (1880-1920) 44iii: 297-319.
[In New Arabian Nights and Prince Otto, Stevenson identifies the obstacles that late-nineteenth century domestic life mounts for the sorts of characters and adventures the traditional romance paradigm offers. This article argues that Stevenson both challenges realism and rewrites romance by reversing and then righting gender roles in these two works. In both, he offers portraits of effeminate men, whose domestically developed characters make them incapable of action, and masculine women, who have been forced into action by these deficient heroes. The article argues that Stevenson contains the threat such women pose in and to romance by having them orchestrate the revolution that brings a more manly race of heroes to power. This action refuses women the desire for power they wield so effectively in these works. At the same time it makes the point that domesticity must be overthrown in order to restore romance and manhood.]
Klein, Georg (2001). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson (Schundautor)’ [Robert Louis Stevenson (writer of trash literature)]. Frankfurter Rundschau 3 März 2001, N. 53: 23.
[Novelist Georg Klein offers a series of provocative thoughts about the misinterpretation of Jekyll and Hyde and the poverty of psychoanalytic criticism. By Schundautor he presumably means “author who has been implicitly placed in the category of trash literature by those who have used his works for unsubtle derivative works” (Jekyll he thinks is probably “the most-adapted work of all literature”). Klein is opposed to reductive psychological interpretation of the text (found specially in film adaptations) and sees the essence of Hyde as instability of form (hence his indescribability and the futility of Lanyon’s “Compose yourself!”). “Hyde is a medium”, just as the personality is a medium (though we would like it to be fixed) and just as literature too a medium, not something that can be trapped in a cabinet and easily defined.]
Kucich, John (2001). ‘Melancholy Magic: Masochism, Stevenson, Anti-Imperialism’. Nineteenth Century Literature 56iii: 364-400.
[This study uses relational psychoanalysis [which stresses the importance of relations with others, rather than internal drives] and historicist methods [which sees cultural history in terms of social and historical context] to show how Stevenson revised the ideological function of Victorian masochism as a class-coded discourse.]
Lamb, Jonanthan, Vanessa Smith & Nicholas Thomas (eds.) (2001). Exploration and Exchange. A South Seas Anthology, 1680-1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[a selection of writings of British and American visitors to the Pacific; divided into three sections, ‘adventurers and explorers’, ‘beachcombers and missionaries’ and ‘literary travellers’, each preceded by an authoritative introduction]
Larson, Matthew Allen (2001). ‘Text/music relations in Ralph Vaughan Williams’ ‘Songs of Travel’: An interpretive guide’. DMA dissertation at Arizona State University (AAT 3004121). Chapters devoted to each poem/song.
[Preparation of art song for performance requires intensive collaborative effort by both the singer and the pianist. This preparation should include a thorough study of the text as well as the music. The relationship between the composer’s music and the poet’s words is the key to discovering the interpretive intentions of the composer, as well as making informed musical decisions regarding the performance of the work.
Songs of Travel for baritone and piano, composed in 1904 by Ralph Vaughan Williams on poems of Robert Louis Stevenson, is an example of song cycle, a set of art songs that are connected musically, textually, or both. The songs were intended by the composer to be performed as a unit. The texts were chosen by the composer from a larger collection of poems of the same title, and were arranged in a particular order that suggests a chronology of events in the life of the protagonist. This particular song cycle employs recurring musical ideas while maintaining the independence of each piece. The story is told by a narrator, represented by the baritone, who has abandoned civilized society in favor of a life of wandering. His development as a person, and the effect the events of each song has upon his personal journey, are reflected through the use of returning musical themes, specific harmonic devices, and other compositional tools with which Vaughan Williams suggests dramatic direction.
This research paper focuses on an analysis of text/music relations in each of the nine Songs of Travel. Specific musical ideas have been highlighted, possible connections between these figures and the poetry have been explored, and a dramatic progression of the story has been extrapolated. The end of each chapter presents interpretive suggestions for performance based upon those findings. ]
Meunier, Jacques (2001). ‘Stevenson et ses “brownies”‘. Le Monde/Le Monde des Livres 1 juin 2001 : I.
[Whole-page review of Stevenson Oeuvres, I (Gallimard/Pléiade 2001) and Manguel (2001; see ‘R.L. Stevenson in fiction’ page) in the form of a general survey and appreciation of the writer’s works. Here are some of the felicitous formulations in translation: ‘a mythical writer, symbol of a new idea of literature’; ‘he seduces children, adults and academics’; ‘this prose which has a fine link with trance and hypnosis’; ‘strange to see such a one in the form of a missal’ [ironic reference to the de luxe thin-paper Pléiade volumes]; ‘more sensitive to performance [parole – perhaps this could also be translated as ‘the physical manifestation of the word’] than to discourse [discours – perhaps this just means ‘large textual units’], lover of ellipsis, allusion, litotes’; ‘the urgency [in the writing of Jekyll] leads to a sort of unfinishedness that Stevenson aimed at’.]
Odden, Karen Marie (2001). ‘Broken trains of thought: The railway crash, trauma and narrative in British fiction, 1848-1910’. PhD dissertation at New York University (AAT 3009342).
[The Victorian railway occupied an extraordinary position in the public imagination because it altered nearly every aspect of culture from food distribution to ways of conceptualizing space and time. By mid-century the train was also available as a metaphor for certain types of plots, particularly those in realist novels. Beginning in the 1850s, Victorian railway crashes and injury trials compelled dozens of Victorian medical, legal and railway professionals to write treatises in which they discuss issues such as causality, agency, credibility and the need for supplemental narratives. Because these are also narrative concerns, novelists such as M. E. Braddon, Wilkie Collins, Charles Dickens, R. L. Stevenson and Anthony Trollope used railway crashes, both mechanical and financial, to introduce questions concerning the category of traumatic injury and to work out aspects of their own craft. Specifically, these writers developed narrative devices that plot the kind of rupture that we associate with trauma by producing psychological complexity. The experiential category that Freud called trauma became an organizing fiction that enabled writers in the medical, legal and literary professions to make sense of modern catastrophe and loss in a new way.]
Ricks, Christopher (2001). ‘A Note on “The Hollow Men” and Stevenson’s The Ebb-Tide’. Essays in Criticism 51i: 8-17.
[In an undergraduate essay T.S. Eliot praises The Ebb-Tide (which combines ‘truth and strangeness’) and in a review of Chesterton (1927) he is disappointed that no-one has produced ‘a critical essay showing that Stevenson is a writer of permanent importance, and why’. Ricks claims that ‘The Ebb-Tide may well have been among the prompters of “The Hollow Men” (1925)’: (i) both include a quotation of (or allusion to) the nursery rhyme ‘Here we go round the mulberry bush’ by an adult speaker, emphasizing a grim distance from childhood; (ii) both works are about ‘hollow men’ (Davis, Huish); (iii) many slight linguistic and thematic parallels between Stevenson’s Chapter 11 and Eliot’s poem.]
Roblin, Isabelle (2001). “The Strange Cases of Emma Tennant’s Two Women of London (1989) and Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly (1990)”. Alizés [Université de la Réunion] (ed. Eileen Wanquet) ***: ***
[A study of the significant differences between Stevenson’s story and the texts by Tennant and Martin]
Robson, Catherine (2001). Men in Wonderland : The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentleman. Princeton/London: Princeton UP.
[The anxieties of ‘Maiden Tribute’ scandal reflected in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, pp. 154-6.]
Scarpa, Domenico (2001). ‘L’arcipelago’. Introduction to Stevenson, R.L., L’isola del tesoro [Treasure Island]. Milano: Feltrinelli.
[A survey of Stevenson’s reception and influence in Italy: Cecchi, Praz, Pavese, Silvio D’Arzo, Calvino, Manganelli, Mari]
Thomson, Belinda (2001). ‘Ideas of Sickness and Health - The South Seas in the Work of Robert Louis Stevenson and Paul Gauguin’. Paper read at the 2001 Conference of the Association of Art Historians, ‘Geographies of Art: Exploring Landscapes, Crossing Borders’
[Belinda Thomson’s abstract: ‘In terms of their shared attraction to and experience of life in Polynesia, flight from a Europe perceived to be in decline and search for reinvigoration from primitive sources, there are some striking parallels between the cases of Robert Louis Stevenson and Paul Gauguin. In this paper I will compare and contrast the writer and the artist as inveterate travellers, seekers after novelty and exploiters of exotic foreign subject matter within their art. Finding certain common threads to their thinking and similarities between their motives for deciding to abandon Europe for the South Seas, not least the fact of their waning health, the paper will explore the extent of Stevenson’s reputation in French Symbolist circles in the late 1880s and the feasibility of Gauguin’s awareness of the Scottish writer as precedent. It will also seek to assess the role and importance of their different experiences of Polynesia in the later development of their art.’]
Waterston, Elizabeth (2001). Rapt in Plaid: Canadian Literature and Scottish Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
[Imitations and transformations of Scottish literary influence are “set in the context of multi-cultural, narrative, postmodern and postcolonial theories. This study illuminates the way Scottish ideas and values still wield surprising power in Canadian politics, education, theology, economics and social mores.” Includes a chapter “Stevenson and the Garden of Childhood”]
Zerweck, Bruno (2001). ‘Historicizing unreliable narration: unreliability and cultural discourse in narrative fiction’. Style 35i: 1-23
[The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Master of Ballantrae ‘play a major part in the development of unreliable narration in British fiction. Although until recently they have been largely underrated, Stevenson’s novels with their skeptical questioning of representation and innovative use of old forms make him an important precursor of Modernism” (p. 9).]
| i don't know |
Which Greek word meaning ' union ' refers to the proposed union of the island of Cyprus and Greece ? | What does enosis mean?
Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Enosis
Enosis refers to the movement of the Greek-Cypriot population to incorporate the island of Cyprus into Greece. During the past the same term was used in various times and places to denote movements among Greek populations remaining outside the boundaries of the Kingdom of Greece as originally created in 1830, who aspired to be incorporated in that kingdom. Movements calling for Enosis were popular in Crete, Ionian Islands and Dodecanese, culminating with their achieving their aim and joining Greece. Calls for Enosis among Greeks in Asia Minor ended far more tragically, with these Greeks being expelled en masse at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. In modern times, apart from Cyprus, the call for Enosis is adopted among part of the Greeks living in southern Albania/Northern Epirus.
The numerical value of enosis in Chaldean Numerology is: 6
Pythagorean Numerology
| Enosis |
Which musical instrument was patented in Hawaii in 1917 ? | Perry Anderson · The Divisions of Cyprus · LRB 24 April 2008
The Divisions of Cyprus
Perry Anderson
Enlargement, widely regarded as the greatest single achievement of the European Union since the end of the Cold War, and occasion for more or less unqualified self-congratulation, has left one inconspicuous thorn in the palm of Brussels. The furthest east of all the EU’s new acquisitions, even if the most prosperous and democratic, has been a tribulation to its establishment, one that neither fits the uplifting narrative of the deliverance of captive nations from Communism, nor furthers the strategic aims of Union diplomacy, indeed impedes them.
Cyprus is, in truth, an anomaly in the new Europe. Not, however, for reasons Brussels cares to dwell on. This is an EU member-state a large part of which is under long-standing occupation by a foreign army. Behind tanks and artillery, a population of settlers has been planted that is relatively more numerous than the settlers on the West Bank, without a flicker of protest from the Council or Commission. From its territory are further subtracted – not leased, but held in eminent domain – military enclaves three times the size of Guantánamo, under the control of a fellow member of the EU, the United Kingdom.
The origins of this situation date back over a century, to the era of high Victorian imperialism. In 1878 the island was acquired by Britain from the Ottoman Empire as a side-payment for the Turkish recovery of three Armenian provinces ceded to Russia, and restored thanks to Disraeli at the Conference of Berlin. Coveted as a naval platform for British power in the Middle East, the new colony had from antiquity been Greek in population and culture, with a Turkish minority introduced after Ottoman conquest in the 16th century. But in the 19th century, distant four hundred miles from Greece, it remained unaffected by the national awakening that produced, first Greek independence itself, then successive risings against Ottoman rule in Crete and its union with Greece before the First World War. In Cyprus, popular unrest did not materialise for another half-century. Eventually, in 1931, desire for an equivalent Enosis boiled over in a spontaneous island-wide rebellion against British rule that left Government House in flames and required the descent of bombers, cruisers and marines to quell. Thereafter, Britain’s response to this outbreak of feeling was unique in the annals of the empire: a colonial regime that ruled by decree until the day the flag would be formally hauled down in Nicosia.
It was not until the postwar period, however, that a national movement really crystallised as an organised force on the island, in a strange mixture of times: post-dated in emergence, pre-dated in form. Pan-hellenism was in many ways, as Tom Nairn pointed out long ago, ‘the original European model of successful nationalist mobilisation’, producing in the Greek Wars of independence the first victorious movement of national liberation after the Congress of Vienna. Yet, he went on, ‘the very priority of Greek nationalism imposed a certain characteristic penalty on it,’ conferring on Panhellenic ideology increasingly ‘anachronistic and outdated’ features by the 20th century. But it was still quite powerful enough to capture the expression of popular revolt on the island after the Second World War. Once they awoke politically, the mass of the population ‘found the fully fledged, hypnotic dream of Greek nationalism already there, beckoning them. It was inevitable that they should answer that call to the heirs of Byzantium, rather than attempt to cultivate a patriotism of their own.’ Union, not independence, was the natural goal of this self-determination.
Such Hellenism was not, however, an archaic import, out of season in a society that had moved beyond its conditions of origin. Its appeal was irresistible also because it found so powerful a sounding-board in an indigenous institution that was much older than romantic 19th-century nationalism. The Orthodox Church in Cyprus was without equivalent on any other Greek island. Autocephalous since the fifth century, its archbishop was equal in rank to the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria or Antioch, and under the Ottomans had always been the acknowledged head of the Greek community. Since the British had made no attempt to offer education on the island – to the end, they ensured it had no university – the school system remained under the control of the Church. Clerical leadership of the national movement, with its inevitable freight of religious conservatism in moral and political life, was thus all but guaranteed in advance.
Not that the hegemony of the Church was complete, since from the 1920s onwards a strong local Communist movement developed, which was regarded by London as much more dangerous. Mindful of overwhelming majority aspirations, AKEL – as the Cypriot CP was now called – also campaigned for union with Greece when the war came to an end. In 1945, it had every reason to do so, since the Communist resistance in Greece had been by far the leading force in the struggle against the Nazi occupation, in a strong position to take power once the country was cleared of it. To avert this danger, military intervention by Britain – on a scale exceeding later Soviet actions in Hungary – installed a conservative regime, complete with the discredited Greek monarchy. The result was a civil war, in which the left was crushed only after Britain and America, playing the role of Italy and Germany in Spain, weighed into the conflict to ensure the victory of the right.
So long as the outcome in Greece was in the balance, AKEL could continue to support Enosis without undue strain, at least outwardly. Indeed, in November 1949 – a month after the final defeat of the Democratic Army on the mainland – it fired what turned out to be the starting-pistol of national liberation in Cyprus, by calling on the United Nations to organise a referendum on ‘the right of self-determination, which means union of Cyprus with Greece’. But this was to be its last moment in the van of the movement. In January 1950, moving swiftly to pre-empt this initiative, the ethnarchy organised its own plebiscite, held in churches across the island, to which AKEL rallied. The result left little doubt about popular sentiment: 96 per cent of Greek Cypriots – that is, 80 per cent of the population of the island – voted for Enosis.
The Labour government in London, naturally, ignored this expression of the democratic will, its local functionaries dismissing it as ‘meaningless’. But in the shepherd of the referendum, Michael Mouskos, it had met with more than it reckoned. Five months later, he was elected head of the church, at the age of 37, as Archbishop Makarios III. Son of a goatherd, he had gone from a seminary in Cyprus to university in Athens and postgraduate studies in Boston, when he was suddenly recalled to the see of Kitium, and put in charge of the political hub of the ethnarchy, where he rapidly showed his rhetorical and tactical gifts. The referendum had demonstrated a general will. Over the next four years, Makarios set about organising it. Conservative peasant associations, right-wing trade unions and a popular youth group were built into a powerful mass base for the national struggle, directly under the aegis of the Church. Mobilisation at home was accompanied by pressure abroad, in the first place on Athens to take up the issue of self-determination in Cyprus at the UN, but also – departing from the traditions of the Church – rallying support from Arab countries in the region.
None of this made any impression on London. For Britain, Cyprus was a Mediterranean stronghold it had not the slightest intention of relinquishing. Indeed, upgrading its strategic role as soon as British garrisons in the Canal Zone were judged insufficiently secure, the High Command in the Middle East was transferred to the island in 1954. A year later, the colonial secretary – now Conservative – told the Commons that possessions like Cyprus could never expect self-determination. Nor, since London refused to allow any legislative assembly in which the four-fifths of the population in favour of Enosis would enjoy a majority, was there any question even of self-government. The outlook at Whitehall remained: we hold what we have. If public justification was needed, Eden would provide one that was crude enough: ‘No Cyprus, no certain facilities to protect our supply of oil. No oil, unemployment and hunger in Britain. It is as simple as that.’ Title to the island could dispense with normal sophistries: it was not arguable, a straightforward matter of force majeure.
Faced with an open assertion of indefinite colonial rule, pruned even of constitutional fig-leaves, the national cause in Cyprus was inevitably driven to arms. These could only be secured from one source, the mainland. In Athens, a regime of the authoritarian right was now in power, presiding over a system of vindictive discrimination and persecution that would last another thirty years: when the Church turned for support in Greece, what it found there could only be of one political complexion. After four years of trying in vain to arouse international opinion to bring pressure to bear on Britain, in early 1954 Makarios met secretly with a retired colonel of the Greek army, George Grivas, to plan a guerrilla campaign to liberate the island.
Even by the standards of the Greek right, not fastidious in its choice of men or means, Grivas was a nervi on the extreme wing of counter-revolution. A veteran of the disastrous Greek thrust into Anatolia after the First World War, he had sat out the German occupation during the Second World War, and then, with assistance from the departing Wehrmacht, organised death squads against the left before the British landed. But though it was decades since he had been on the island, he came from Cyprus and was committed to Panhellenism in its most blinkered versions. Informally, he was in touch with the Greek General Staff. The Papagos government, newly admitted to Nato, was careful to keep him at arm’s length, but looked the other way as he acquired weapons and logistics for a landing on Cyprus, where he arrived late in 1954.
On 1 April 1955, Grivas set off his first explosives on the island. Over the next four years, his National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters – EOKA – waged a guerrilla war of lethal efficacy, which London never succeeded in stamping out. By the end, Grivas had pinned down some 28,000 British troops with a force of not much more than two hundred men: a feat made possible – his own gifts as a commander were quite limited – only by the breadth of support the national cause enjoyed among the population. As a purely military performance, the EOKA campaign was perhaps the most successful of all anti-colonial resistances in the postwar period.
Politically, its impact was much more ambiguous. Grivas’s virulent anti-Communism left no room for AKEL in the armed struggle, in which EOKA repeatedly shot down its militants, even as the British proscribed the party and put its leaders into detention camps. Driven underground, AKEL was forced to the margins of the anti-colonial struggle, finding some political shelter only in extending support to Makarios, who ignored it. The main force of the Cypriot left, which in normal circumstances would have been a central component of the national liberation movement, was thus effectively deleted from it. More was at stake in this than just the immediate fate of Cypriot Communism. AKEL was the only mass organisation in the country with roots in both Greek and Turkish communities, integrating activists across ethnic lines.
With its exclusion went any chance of inter-communal solidarity against Government House. Cyprus had given birth to a singularly powerful revolt against Britain, combining guerrillas in the mountains and demonstrations in the streets. Led by a pistoleer and a prelate, there was in its mélange of clericalism and militarism a certain resemblance to Irish nationalism, the only other case where the Empire held a European, rather than Asian or African, people in its grip. In pedigree, Hellenism was older than Fenianism, and its goal differed: union, not separation. But this was another epoch, and in substance the constellation of forces in Cyprus was more modern. Makarios, the uncontested political leader of the struggle for self-determination, belonged to the era of Bandung, where he mingled with Nehru, U Thant, Ho Chi Minh, rather than that of De Valera or the Concordat. Reversing the relations between fighters and preachers in Ireland, his church was the less, not the more, regressive factor in the coalition against Britain – a difference that as time went on would widen. For its part, however ruthlessly effective it was as a clandestine organisation, EOKA could not compete with AKEL above ground. The existence of a mass left that was undislodgeable also set Cyprus apart from Irish experience.
To bring the island to heel, London dispatched no less a figure than the chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Sir John Harding. Within a month of his arrival in 1955, he told the cabinet with brutal candour that if self-determination was ruled out, ‘a regime of military government must be established and the country run indefinitely as a police state.’ He was as good as his word. The standard repertoire of repression was applied. Makarios was deported. Demonstrations were banned, schools closed, trade-unions outlawed. Communists were locked up, EOKA suspects hanged. Curfews, raids, beatings, executions were the background against which, a year later, Cyprus supplied the air-deck for the Suez expedition. As one kind of national resistance was being hunted in cellars and hills, another was attacked round the clock from bases a few miles away, British and French aircraft taking off and landing at the rate of one a minute, dropping bombs and paratroops on Egypt. Failure to repossess the canal had no immediate impact on London’s determination to hold onto Cyprus. But with Eden’s departure, British policies began to assume more definitive shape.
From the beginning, colonial rule had used the Turkish minority as a mild counterweight to the Greek majority, without giving it any particular advantages or paying overmuch attention to it. But once demands for Enosis could no longer be ignored, London began to fix its attention on the uses to which the community could be put. It was not large, less than a fifth of the population, but nor was it negligible. Poorer and less educated than the Greek majority, it was also less active. But forty miles across the water lay Turkey itself, not only much larger than Greece, but more unimpeachably conservative, without even a defeated left in prison or exile. No sooner was the referendum of 1950 on Enosis underway – at the very outset of the troubles in Cyprus – than the British ambassador in Ankara advised the Labour regime in London: ‘The Turkish card is a tricky one, but useful in the pass to which we have come.’ It would be played, with steadily less scruple or limit, to the end.
Initially, Ankara was slow to respond to British solicitations that it make itself felt on the future of Cyprus. ‘Even when Britain did start to press the Cyprus button with the Turks, the effect was not at first to trigger the instantaneous reactions that were hoped for: “curiously vacillating” and “curiously equivocal” were remarks typical of the puzzlement felt on this score in London,’ records the leading scholar of the subject, Robert Holland: ‘It remains … a notable fact that it was the British who, in the first instance, had to screw the Turks up to a pitch of excitement about Cyprus, not the other way round.’ [1] When the requisite excitement eventually came, London did not flinch from the forms it took. Within a month of EOKA’s appearance in Cyprus, Eden was already minuting that any offer made to tamp down local unrest must have the prior approval of Turkey, which – as the Colonial Office would put it – had to be given ‘a fair crack of the whip’.
When the whip was cracked, it came steel-tipped. ‘A few riots in Ankara would do us nicely,’ an official in the Foreign Office had noted. In September 1955, as Cyprus was being discussed at a three-power conference in London, the Turkish secret police planted a bomb at the house where Kemal Ataturk was born in Salonica. At the signal of this ‘Greek provocation’, mobs swarmed through Istanbul looting Greek businesses, burning Orthodox churches, and attacking Greek residents. Although no one in official circles in London doubted that the pogrom was unleashed by the Turkish government, Macmillan – in charge of the talks – pointedly did not complain.
Internal developments lent a hand to this external lever. Ready enough to kill Communists, Grivas had given EOKA strict instructions not to attack Turks, whom he had no wish to antagonise, but to target Greek collaborators with the British, above all in the police. Under EOKA pressure, their number rapidly dwindled. To replace them, Harding recruited Turks, and added a Police Mobile Reserve, dipping for the purpose into the lumpen element in the Turkish community, let loose for savagery when the occasion required. In due course, as Holland notes, the whole security machine came to depend on Turkish auxiliaries. The result was to create a gulf between the two communities that had never existed before. It widened still further when Ankara, now fully engaged in remote control of the minority, riposted to EOKA by setting up its own armed organisation on the island, the TNT – soon killing leftists on its own side, to which the British turned a blind eye.
After Suez, London started to edge towards another way of playing its chosen card, in a larger game. Hints began to be dropped that some kind of partition of Cyprus might be a solution. Menderes, the Turkish premier, who had already been promised that Turkey could station troops on the island if Britain were ever forced to concede self-determination, snapped up the suggestion, telling Alan Lennox-Boyd, the colonial secretary, in December 1956 that ‘we have done this sort of thing before – you will see it is not as bad as all that’: words to make any Greek with a memory of 1922-23 tremble. Harding disliked the idea, regarding it as underhand, and even within the Foreign Office a fear was eventually expressed that this might arouse ‘unhappy memories of the Sudetenland’. Nor were US officials at all pleased when the scheme was intimated to Washington, where it was condemned as a ‘forcible vivisection’ of the island. If the objective in London was to keep control of Cyprus by splitting it in two under British suzerainty, the American fear was that this would arouse such anger in Greece that it risked toppling a loyal regime, handing power to the subversive forces still lurking in the country. In Britain, such concerns counted for less. Our man in Ankara, urging the need to ‘cut the Gordian knot and reach a decision now for partition’, had greater weight.
In the event, it was Turkey that took the first practical steps. In June 1958, repeating the operation in Salonica, its intelligence agents set off an explosion in the Turkish Information Office in Nicosia. Once again, a fabricated outrage – no one was actually hurt – was the signal for orchestrated mob violence against Greeks. Security forces stood by as houses were set on fire and people killed, in the first major communal clashes since the Emergency was declared. The upshot, clearly planned in advance, was the eviction of Greeks from Turkish areas in Nicosia and other cities, and the seizure of municipal facilities, to create self-contained Turkish enclaves: piecemeal partition, on the ground. Its organisers could be sure of British complaisance. The day before the rampage – Harding was now out of it – the new governor, Labour’s future Lord Caradon, had assured its leaders that the Turkish community would enjoy ‘a specially favoured and specially protected state’ under future British arrangements. A few months later, the colonial secretary was publicly referring to Cyprus as ‘an offshore Turkish island’.
Seeing which way the wind was blowing, and fearing that Greece would buckle under British pressure, Makarios – still in exile – confronted the Greek premier, Constantine Karamanlis, in Athens. Implementation of the Anglo-Turkish plan for Cyprus, he pointed out, could be blocked simply by a Greek threat to withdraw from Nato if it went ahead. Karamanlis, whose historical raison d’être was sentry duty in the Cold War – Costa-Gavras’s film Z gives a good idea of the atmosphere under his regime – refused out of hand even to consider the idea. [2] Hellenism was essentially for public consumption, to keep domestic opinion quiet: for the regime, it was anti-Communism that counted, and if there was a conflict between them, Enosis would be ditched without compunction. Makarios drew the necessary conclusion. Three days later, without giving any warning to the Greek regime, which was caught flat-footed, he came out publicly for the independence of Cyprus.
For the British, this had always been the worst of all conceivable scenarios. Grivas could be respected as a staunchly right-wing foe who one day might even make – so Julian Amery thought – a good dictator of Greece. But Makarios, the origin of all their troubles, was anathema to London. Handing the island over to him would be the ultimate defeat. For the Americans, on the other hand, still worried at the possible impact of a too blatant division of Cyprus on a Greek political scene where popular feelings on the issue ran high, independence had for some time been viewed as one way out of a potentially dangerous conflict between allies. But it would have to be tightly controlled. When the UN met to debate Cyprus three months later, the US ensured that a Greek resolution calling for self-determination of the island was once again scuppered – this time thanks to a resolution moved at its behest by the dictatorship in Iran – and that instead, direct talks would be held between Turkey and Greece, to hammer out a deal between them. In short order, Karamanlis and Menderes reached one at a hotel in Zurich.
The outcome was entirely predictable. Turkey was not just the bigger military power, and on the closest terms with the colonial proprietor of the island. More fundamentally, whatever might be said of the Turkish state – no small subject, certainly – it was the completely independent creation of Kemalism, a nationalist movement that owed nothing to any outside power. The postwar Greek state, by contrast, started out as a British protectorate and continued as an American dependency, culturally and politically incapable of crossing the will of its progenitors. Greek Cypriots were often to charge its political class with betrayal, but the spinelessness of so many of its ministers and diplomats was structural: there was no inner core of autonomy to betray. Menderes had no difficulty imposing terms on an interlocutor who retreated to his bedroom as details of the agreement were fastened down.
To avoid Enosis, Cyprus would be given a neutered independence, with a constitution stationing troops from Ankara and Athens on its soil, a foreign head of the supreme court, a Turkish vice-president with powers to veto all legislation, separate voting blocs for Greeks and Turks in a house of representatives and in municipal administrations, 30 per cent of the civil service and 40 per cent of any armed force composed of Turks, plus a requirement that all taxes be approved by a vote of Turks as well as Greeks. Rounding off this package was a secret annexe, in the form of a gentleman’s agreement – here American supervisors, hovering nearby, made themselves felt – committing the future Republic of Cyprus to join Nato and to ban AKEL. Last and most important of all, a Treaty of Guarantee between Britain, Turkey and Greece would allow any of these powers to intervene in the island, if it held there had been a breach of the settlement under it – in effect, a variant of the Platt Amendment that authorised the United States to intervene in Cuba when it so decided after 1901.
It only remained for the British, who had kept out of Zurich, to name their price for putting the seal of the proprietor on a transaction so satisfactory to them. What London required were sovereign military enclaves on Cyprus – little ‘Gibraltars’, as Macmillan put it. There was less euphemism on the ground. ‘We should open our mouths wide,’ wrote the key British official in Nicosia. The area gulped down was forty times the size of Gibraltar, and when the final treaties establishing the new state and its constitution were signed, more pages were devoted to British bases in Cyprus than to all its other provisions combined – a juridical unicum.
Makarios, presented with a diktat which Karamanlis told him was unnegotiable, had to submit, taking office in 1960 as president of the new republic. Independence had been granted, but as Holland writes: ‘In Cyprus “freedom” as most people understood it had not been won; self-determination, however partisanly defined, was not applied.’ Far from ending the griefs of Cyprus under colonial rule, what the treaty guaranteed was worse suffering to come. The constitution of Zurich, designed to serve diplomatic imperatives rather than practical needs, let alone principles of equity, rapidly proved unworkable. Separate municipal administrations raised explosive issues of how to demarcate them, which even the British had not wanted to touch. Lack of progress in drawing their boundaries prompted a Turkish veto of the budget, threatening more general paralysis. No agreement could be reached on forming an inter-communal army, leaving the field to the formation of irregulars on both sides.
By the end of 1963 the authors of Zurich were removed from the scene. Two years earlier, Menderes had been hanged, among other things for instigating the pogrom of 1955. In the summer of 1963, Karamanlis fell amid uproar over the murder of the left MP Gregoris Lambrakis by his police. Makarios, who had accepted their arrangements under duress, never regarding these as permanent, now moved to revise them, in late November sending a set of proposals to his Turkish vice-president, Kutchuk, intended to create a more conventional democracy in Cyprus, with a unified administration and majority rule. Three weeks later, amid high tension, communal fighting broke out in Nicosia. This time it was not planned by either side, but after initial random incidents, Greeks inflicted more casualties than Turks, before a ceasefire was effected. All Turkish representatives in the state withdrew from their posts, and Turkish inhabitants increasingly regrouped in consolidated enclaves with strong lines of defence. British troops policed a truce in Nicosia, but clashes persisted through February, the balance of attacks lying on the Greek side. By March a UN force had arrived to secure each community from further violence.
Makarios left no memoirs, and it is unlikely that archives will shed much light on his thinking in this or later phases of his career. What is clear is that he had two courses open to him after the diktat of Zurich. He could escape from it either by continuing to pursue the goal for which he and the overwhelming majority of his compatriots had struggled, union with Greece; or by building a truly independent state in Cyprus, neither beholden to the guarantor powers nor crippled by the impediments they had bequeathed. Once Makarios became president, he left both open. Cyprus did not join Nato, as stipulated in the gentleman’s agreement, nor was AKEL banned – provisions which would have followed automatically had Cyprus been united with Greece, but which he was able to block on taking office. As head of state, his first trip abroad was to Nasser in Egypt, followed by attendance at the Non-Aligned Conference hosted by Tito, and a visit to Nehru in India. In this role he had the profile of a Third World leader, at the antipodes of the pickled Cold War politics of Restoration Greece.
At the same time, he appointed a cabinet dominated by stalwarts of EOKA, and made it clear to his electors – he had won a two-thirds majority of votes in the Greek community – that Cyprus remained entitled to self-determination, a free choice of union with the motherland that had been so flagrantly denied it. Enosis might be deferred, but it was not renounced. Makarios was a charismatic leader, of great dignity and subtlety, and often spellbinding eloquence. But he could not ignore the sentiments of those from whom he drew his authority, who knew they had been cheated of their wishes and saw no reason why they should give them up on foreign instructions. In moving to revise the mock constitution, he was acting as they wanted him to. But in doing so, he miscalculated Turkish reactions in a way common to the Greek community. Knowing only too well that it was Britain that had manipulated Turkish fears and solicited Ankara’s intervention in the first place, Greeks found it difficult to see that, however artificial the origin, the outcome was the intractable reality of a community that felt itself entitled as of right to a disproportionate share of power on the island, yet continually lived on its nerves as if under imminent siege.
It would have been prudent of Makarios to go out of his way to win over Turkish opinion after independence, by generous economic and cultural measures. Yet it must be doubted if even these would have been of much avail. The cold fact was that Zurich had inflated the Turkish position in the state far beyond what a minority of its size could in normal circumstances have claimed. No matter what sweeteners Makarios might have offered, any constitutional alterations were, virtually by definition, bound to reduce this, and so long as the Turkish community had Ankara at its back, there was no chance of their being accepted. Tension over such changes was in any case overdetermined by two further features of the situation for which Makarios bore his share of responsibility.
So long as Enosis was a goal to which the Greek population was attached, and to which he himself remained half or more committed, there was little incentive for the Turks to regard the independence of Cyprus as any basis for positive loyalty to a common state, as opposed to a mere shield against what would be worse. At the same time, the failure to agree on a small Cypriot army, as technically envisaged at Zurich (the Turks insisted that it be ethnically separated, the Greeks that it be integrated), put Makarios, as head of state, at the mercy of guns he could not control. Grivas had been obliged to return to Greece, under the terms of settlement of 1960. But EOKA, which had driven the British out, could hardly be denied positions in the government, and Grivas’s lieutenants now commanded ministries, from which they could cover or direct irregulars formed in its image. Having no wish to multiply his adversaries in an independence struggle, Grivas himself had forbidden attacks on Turks. But as the British came to depend more and more, Black and Tan style, on Turkish auxiliaries for repression, these inevitably came into the line of fire. After the British had gone, the same calculus of restraint no longer applied for EOKA. The obstacles were now irregulars on the other side, the Turkish militias fostered from Ankara. Out of this combustible material came the clashes of December 1963, Greek aggression predominating, which Makarios failed to prevent, and failed to punish.
On the surface, Makarios could seem to have emerged from the breakdown of the Zurich arrangements in a stronger position. The UN force had brought a precarious peace. Turkey’s threats to invade Cyprus were quashed by a brusque missive from President Johnson. American schemes for ‘double enosis’, dividing the island into portions to be allocated to Greece and Turkey, got nowhere. In late 1965, the UN General Assembly formally called on all states to ‘respect the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Cyprus’ – the high point of Makarios’s efforts to secure the international position of the republic, free from interference by outside powers. Embarrassed to vote openly against the resolution, as too brazen an indication of their intentions, Britain and America made their displeasure clear by abstaining, along with their numerous clientele. Taken at face value – formally, the resolution obtains to this day – it was a diplomatic triumph for Makarios.
Other developments were less propitious. As ethnic clashes were subsiding in early 1964, the British further concentrated the Turkish population in fortified enclaves by sabotaging the reintegration of refugees into mixed villages. Relaying them, Americans were henceforward deeply engaged in imperial meddling on the island. The US had secured from Britain a series of intelligence facilities in Cyprus – tracking stations and the like – for Middle Eastern surveillance that went unmentioned in the Treaty of Guarantee. By the early 1960s, a Labour regime was back in power in London, and the British bases and listening-posts were for most practical purposes at the disposal of the overlord, as they remain today. The strategic value of Cyprus, less as an ‘unsinkable aircraft carrier’, in an earlier phrase, than as an all-purpose U-2, shot up after Washington placed Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Moscow retaliated by dispatching R-12s to Cuba, bringing on the Missile Crisis.
In this setting, it was vital to have a reliable locum in Cyprus. Visiting Washington in 1962, Makarios was told by Kennedy that he should form his own party, on the right, to check the alarming popularity of AKEL, and should desist from unnecessarily correct relations with the USSR. After the archbishop politely declined, saying he did not want to divide his flock, he became a marked man. Politically, in fact, he had little choice. At home he needed tacit Communist support to counterbalance the zealots of Pan-Hellenism; abroad he needed the diplomatic support of the Soviet bloc in the UN to veto Anglo-American attempts to reimpose schemes for partition, cleared with Turkey. In 1964 Johnson blocked a Turkish invasion, but Makarios was under no illusion that this was out of any mercy for Cyprus: Washington’s concern was still about the political impact of a landing on Greece, wanting no hostilities between two Nato allies. So far as Makarios himself was concerned, in American eyes he was little better than ‘Castro in a cassock’. In due course, George Ball, the proconsul dispatched to sort out the situation, would remark: ‘That son of a bitch will have to be killed before anything happens in Cyprus.’
In the summer of 1964, the State Department told Athens in no uncertain terms that it must deal with Makarios. There, the premier was now George Papandreou, patriarch of the other dynasty with which Greece continues to be afflicted to this day, who had set British troops on his countrymen in 1944. Hastening to agree that Cyprus must be brought under Nato control if it was not to be ‘transformed into another Cuba’, he sent Grivas back to Cyprus, with the placet of Washington and London, as the man best able to replace Makarios. There, Grivas took charge of the National Guard that had been created in the spring, expanding it with forces brought from the mainland, and openly announcing: ‘There is only one army in Cyprus – the Greek army.’ Quite willing to accept double enosis, so long as the portion acceding to Turkey was small, his immediate aim was to undermine Makarios’s authority by building a force loyal to himself, capable of dominating the larger part that would accede to Greece.
In April 1967, the weak government that had succeeded Papandreou was overthrown by a military junta, installing a full-blown dictatorship of the right in Greece. AKEL, fearing what might be coming, readied plans to go underground. Grivas, predictably emboldened, launched an all-out assault on two strategically placed Turkish villages. At this, Turkey mobilised to invade Cyprus, where ten thousand Greek troops were now stationed. With war seemingly imminent between two Nato allies, the US persuaded the junta to back down and agree to the withdrawal of all Greek forces from the island. Once they were gone, and Grivas with them, communal tensions dropped, and Makarios could reassert his authority. Re-elected president with a landslide majority, he lifted roadblocks around Turkish enclaves, and started talks with a view to a domestic settlement. A modest economic boom took off.
In this new situation, the ambiguity of Makarios’s political identity – champion of union or symbol of independence – was of necessity resolved. Merging Cyprus into Greece under the junta was unthinkable. Enosis was tacitly dropped, and Cypriot linkage with Third and Second World countries strengthened. But popularity at home and prestige abroad could not offset the increasing difficulty of his underlying position. Had it been possible to abjure Enosis when colonial rule ended, and propose genuine independence as an unconditional goal to both communities, Turkish opinion might have been affected. By now, animosities had hardened: the Turkish community was entrenched in defensive enclaves and more tightly policed by Ankara than ever. But if such independence was too late on the Turkish side, it was too early for a still powerful minority on the Greek side, which denounced Makarios for betraying Enosis, and now had formidable backing in Athens. For the colonels, Makarios was not only a traitor to Hellenism, but a stalking-horse for Communism. Turkey had always viewed him with cold hostility. Once the colonels were in power, it was Greece that became a deadlier threat. [3]
In March 1970, as the presidential helicopter took off from the Archbishopric, bearing Makarios to service in a monastery in the mountains, it came under fire from automatics on a roof of the nearby Pancyprian Gymnasium, where he had once gone to school. The machine was riddled with bullets, missing Makarios but hitting the pilot, who miraculously brought it down without a crash-landing. The failure of this first attempt on his life was followed by a broader range of operations against him. The next year, Grivas returned secretly to Cyprus. Soon, all three metropolitan bishops were calling on Makarios to resign. By 1973, EOKA-B – Grivas’s new organisation – was setting off bombs across the island, attacking police stations, and preparing snipers to pick off Makarios. In the autumn, another attempt was made to kill him, by mining his route. Hellenism, historically thwarted of a more natural outcome, was starting to destroy itself.
This was Grivas’s last campaign. In January 1974 he died while still underground, and control of actions against Makarios passed back directly to the junta in Athens, now under still more violent leadership. The paroxysm came quickly. In early July, Makarios addressed a public letter to the junta’s nominal president, detailing its successive plots against him. In it he denounced the regime in Athens as a dictatorship that was fomenting civil war in Cyprus, and demanded the withdrawal of its officers from the National Guard as a threat to the elected government. Two weeks later, tanks of the National Guard attacked the Presidential Palace, where – the scene could not have been more suggestive of the gulf between the forces in play – Makarios was receiving some Greek schoolchildren from Cairo. The bombardment began as a little girl was reciting a speech to him. Guards held off the assault long enough for Makarios to escape down a gully at the back of the building, before it went up in flames. On reaching a UN contingent in Paphos, he was airlifted to the British base in Akrotiri and out of the country to Malta.
Resistance to the coup was crushed within a few days. So completely controlled was it from Athens that the junta had not even prepared a local collaborator to front it, fetching about vainly among different candidates after the event, before eventually resorting to Nikos Sampson, a swaggering gunslinger from EOKA-B with a reputation for reckless brutality dating back to the colonial period. Hastily put together, his regime concentrated on rounding up leftists and loyalists to Makarios in the Greek community, leaving the Turks, who had every reason to fear him, strictly alone. But the coup was undoubtedly a breach of the Treaty of Guarantee, and within 48 hours the Turkish premier, Ecevit, was at the door of Downing Street, flanked by ministers and generals, demanding that Britain join Turkey in taking immediate action to reverse it.
The meeting that ensued settled the fate of the island. It was a talk between social-democrats: Wilson, Callaghan and Ecevit, fellow members of the Socialist International. Although Britain had not only a core of well-equipped troops, but overwhelming air-power on the island – fighter-bombers capable of shattering forces far more formidable than Sampson and his minders – Wilson and Callaghan refused to lift a finger. The next day, Turkey readied a naval landing. Britain had warships off the coast, and could have deterred a unilateral Turkish invasion with equal ease. Again, London did nothing.
The result was the catastrophe that shapes Cyprus to this day. In complete command of the skies, Turkish forces seized a bridgehead at Kyrenia, and dropped paratroops further inland. Within three days, the junta had collapsed in Greece and Sampson had quit. After a few weeks’ ceasefire, during which Turkey made clear it had no interest in the treaty whose violation had been the technical grounds for its invasion, but wanted partition forthwith, its generals unleashed an all-out blitz – tanks, jets, artillery and warships – on the now restored legal government of Cyprus. In less than 72 hours, Turkey seized two-fifths of the island, including its most fertile region, up to a predetermined Attila Line running from Morphou Bay to Famagusta. With occupation came ethnic cleansing. Some 180,000 Cypriots – a third of the Greek community – were expelled from their homes, driven across the Attila Line to the south. About 4000 lost their lives, another 12,000 were wounded: equivalent to over 300,000 dead and a million wounded in Britain. Proportionately as many Turkish Cypriots died too, in reprisals. In due course, some 50,000 made their way in the opposite direction, partly in fear, but principally under pressure from the Turkish regime installed in the north, which needed demographic reinforcements and wanted complete separation of the two communities. Nicosia became a Mediterranean Berlin, divided by barbed wire and barricades, for the duration.
The brutality of Turkey’s descent on Cyprus, stark enough, was no surprise. On previous occasions, as well as this one, Ankara had repeatedly given advance warning of its intentions. Political responsibility for the disaster lay with those who allowed or encouraged it. The chief blame is often put on the United States. There, by the summer of 1974, Nixon was so paralysed by Watergate – he was driven from office between the first and second Turkish assaults – that American policy was determined by Kissinger alone. Much ink has been spilled over the question of whether the CIA colluded with the junta’s impending coup in Nicosia, and if so whether its advance knowledge of the putsch was shared with the State Department. What is not in doubt is Kissinger’s view of Makarios, who had paid a lengthy state visit to Moscow in 1971, had imported Czech arms for use against EOKA-B, and under whom Cyprus was one of only four non-Communist countries trading with North Vietnam. He wanted Makarios out of the way, and with Sampson in place in Nicosia, blocked any condemnation of the coup in the Security Council. Once Ankara had delivered its ultimatum in London, he then connived at the Turkish invasion, co-ordinating its advance directly with Ankara.
But though America’s role in the dismemberment of Cyprus is clear-cut, it is Britain that bears the overwhelming responsibility for it. Wilson and Callaghan, typically, would later attempt to shift the blame to Kissinger, pleading that the UK could do nothing without the US. Then as now, crawling to Washington was certainly an instinctive reflex in Labour – had Heath survived as prime minister, such an excuse would have been unlikely. The reality is that Britain had both the means and the obligation to stop the Turkish assault on Cyprus. After first ensuring Turkish hostility to the Greek majority, it had imposed a Treaty of Guarantee on the island, depriving it of true independence, for its own selfish ends: the retention of large military enclaves at its sovereign disposal. Now, when called on to abide by the treaty, it crossed its arms and gave free passage to the modern Attila, claiming that it was helpless – a nuclear power – to do otherwise.
Two years later, a Commons Select Committee would conclude: ‘Britain had a legal right to intervene, she had a moral obligation to intervene, she had the military capacity to intervene. She did not intervene for reasons which the government refuses to give.’ The refusal has since, even by its critics, been too conveniently laid at the American door. In an immediate subjective sense, the trail there is direct enough: Callaghan, in reminiscent mood, would say Kissinger had a ‘charm and warmth I could not resist’. But much longer, more objective continuities were of greater significance. Labour, which had started the disasters of Cyprus by denying it any decolonisation after 1945, had now completed them, abandoning it to trucidation. London was quite prepared to yield Cyprus to Greece in 1915, in exchange for Greek entry into the war on its side. Had it done so, all subsequent suffering might have been avoided. It is enough to compare the fate of Rhodes, still closer to Turkey and with a comparable Turkish minority, which in 1945 peacefully reverted to Greece, because it was an Italian not a British colony. In the modern history of the Empire, the peculiar malignity of the British record in Cyprus stands apart.
As for Greece, the performance of its rulers, from the hotel in Zurich to the rubble in Nicosia, was irredeemable. Nor was it finished with the fall of the junta. The generals who brought the junta’s rule to an end turned, predictably, to Karamanlis to restore the order to which they were jointly attached. On resuming power, his first act was to scuttle Cyprus once again, refusing it any assistance as the Turkish Army launched its blitzkrieg. As in 1959, so in 1974, the only effective weapon would have been a threat to expel American bases and pull out of Nato if the US did not make the call to Ankara that Johnson had shown it could do, with immediate results. Naturally, concerned with his patrons rather than the people of Cyprus, Karamanlis did nothing of the kind. Nor did the second Papandreou, who succeeded him in the 1980s, prove capable of better, other than bluster.
In what was now the Greek remnant of Cyprus, Sampson had handed over to Glafkos Clerides, head of the House of Representatives and next in line to Makarios, a figure of the right who sought to retain power in his own hands by moving in the direction Kissinger and Karamanlis wanted: manoeuvring to keep Makarios from returning to Cyprus, and abandoning the principle of a unitary republic in pursuit of a deal based on a geographical federation with his tougher Turkish opposite number, Rauf Denktash. But the best efforts of Washington and Athens could not sustain him against the passionate loyalty of ordinary Greek Cypriots to Makarios, who returned at the end of the year to an overwhelming popular reception. When elections were held, Clerides – his party embraced diehards from EOKA-B – was routed by an alliance of the left and loyalists to Makarios.
But though his presidency was as intact as ever, his room for initiative was limited. Tired and dispirited, under unrelenting external pressure, in 1977 Makarios accepted the idea of a bicommunal federal republic, albeit with a strong central government enjoying majority consent, in the hope that the Carter administration might induce Turkey to yield some of its gains. Within a few months he was dead. Carter, far from trying to extract concessions from Turkey, laboured might and main to lift the Congressional embargo on arms to it, passed out of public anger – there was no equivalent in Britain – at the invasion of Cyprus. Proud of his success in this aim, Carter would list it as one of the major foreign policy achievements of a presidency devoted to the service of human rights.
So matters rested, with the passing of the only European leader at Bandung, a last, anomalous survivor of the age of Sukarno and Zhou Enlai. Thirty years later, what has changed? Cyprus remains cut in two, still sliced along the Attila Line. In that sense, nothing. In other respects, much has altered. In the territory left them – 58 per cent of the island – Greek Cypriots built, with the courage and energy that can come from disaster, a flourishing advanced economy. What was still an overwhelmingly agricultural society in the 1960s was transformed into one in which modern services comprise more than 70 per cent of GDP, as high a proportion as anywhere in Europe. Per capita income in this Cyprus – the republic whose international recognition at the UN was won by Makarios – is equal to that of Greece, and well above that of Portugal, without the benefit of handouts from the EU. Long-term unemployment is lower than anywhere else in Europe save Sweden. Tertiary education is more widespread than in Germany, corruption less than in Spain or Italy. Unionisation of the labour force is higher than in Finland or Denmark, inequality lower than in Ireland. Governments alternate, parties are represented fairly, elections are free of taint. By OECD standards, prosperous, egalitarian and democratic, this republic has been a remarkable success.
The remaining 37 per cent of the island remains under occupation by the Turkish army. There, Ankara set up a Turkish Republic of North Cyprus in 1983, ostensibly an independent state, in practice a regime that is an offshoot of the mainland. Local parties and politicians compete for office, and their interests and identities do not always coincide with those dominant at any given time in Turkey. But such autonomy is severely limited, since the local state, which provides the bulk of employment, depends entirely on subsidies from Ankara to cover its costs, and the police are under the direct control of the Turkish army. Development has come mostly from construction, the supply of cheap degrees from over-the-counter colleges, and tourism, catering principally to mainlanders. Average incomes are less than half those on the Greek side of the island. Poverty and crime remain widespread.
Not all of this is indigenous. Having taken two-fifths of the island, inhabited – after invasion and regroupment – by less than a fifth of the population, Turkey had a huge stock of empty houses and farms on its hands, from which their owners had been expelled. To fill them, it shipped in settlers from the mainland. What proportion of the population these now represent is a matter of dispute, in part because they have since been supplemented by temporary workers, often seasonal, and students from the mainland. Official Turkish figures suggest that no more than 25-30 per cent out of a total of some 260,000 persons come from the mainland; Greek estimates put the number – there were just under 120,000 Turks on the island in 1974 – at more than 50 per cent, given that there has also been substantial emigration. Only scrutiny of birth certificates can resolve the issue. What is not in doubt, however, is that the Turkish army maintains 35,000 soldiers in the zone it has occupied since 1974, a much higher ratio of troops to territory than Israel has ever deployed to protect its settlers in the West Bank.
If the military division of the island has remained static for thirty years, its diplomatic setting has been transformed. In 1990 Cyprus applied for membership of the EU. Although its application was accepted three years later in principle, in practice no action was taken on it. In Brussels, the prize was enlargement to Eastern Europe, on which all energies were focused. Cyprus was viewed as at best a distraction, at worst a troubling liability. For Turkey, which had applied to join in 1987, and whose suit had been stalled, was bound to be angered at the prospect of Cyprus achieving membership before itself. For Council and Commission alike, Cyprus was the least welcome of candidates for admission to the Union. Good relations with Ankara were of much greater moment.
There matters stood until Greece, at last helping rather than harming its compatriots, in late 1994 blocked the customs union Brussels was offering Turkey, to keep it sweet while its application to join the EU remained on hold. By this time, the second Papandreou was nominally back in office, but in advanced stages of personal and political decay. In the all too brief interval between his quietus and a dreary reversion to dynastic government in Athens – where today indistinguishably conformist offspring of the two ruling families alternate once again – there was momentarily room for some exercise of independence in European councils. The foreign minister at the time, Theodore Pangalos, greatly disliked in Brussels for his refusals to truckle, made it clear that the Greek veto would not be lifted until Cyprus was given a date for the start of negotiations for its accession. In March 1995, a reluctant France, presiding over an EU summit at Cannes, brokered the necessary deal: Cyprus was assured an accession process by 1998, and Turkey granted its customs union.
Amid the fanfare over expansion into Eastern Europe, the central narrative of the period, these events were not conspicuous. But their potential for inconvenience did not escape notice in one capital. No sooner had Britain’s ambassador to the UN retired at the end of the year, than he was asked by the Foreign Office to become the United Kingdom’s special representative on Cyprus. Sir David – now Lord – Hannay, who began his career in Iran and Afghanistan, was Britain’s foremost European diplomat, with some thirty years of involvement in EU affairs behind him. His summons came from Jeremy Greenstock, soon to become famous for his services to Blair as ambassador to the UN and special representative in Iraq. The appointment made clear the importance of the mission. ‘The enlargement of the European Union,’ Hannay writes in his memoir, Cyprus: The Search for a Solution (2005), explaining his brief, ‘was a major objective of British foreign policy and must in no way be delayed or damaged by developments over Cyprus,’ not least since Britain was ‘the European country most favourable to Turkey’s European aspirations’.
Still more favourable was the United States. From the early 1990s onwards, the EU was looking over its shoulder at Washington, which made it clear that, once Eastern Europe was in the bag, the strategic priority was Turkey. As the deadline for negotiations on Cypriot accession came closer, the Clinton administration sprang into action, with pressure on European governments to admit Turkey that even Hannay found ‘heavy-handed’. But manners aside, Britain and the US were at one on the need to ensure that there be no entry of Cyprus into the EU without a settlement of the island palatable to Turkey beforehand, to forestall any complications in Ankara’s own bid for membership. The simplest solution would have been to block Cypriot membership until Turkey received satisfaction, but that was ruled out by a Greek threat to veto the enlargement to the East as a whole if Cyprus was not included. This left only one course open: to fix Cyprus itself. In the summer of 1999, the UK and US got a resolution through the G8 pointedly ignoring the legal government of the Republic of Cyprus, and calling on the UN to superintend talks between Greeks and Turks on the island with a view to a settlement.
This was then rubber-stamped by the Security Council, formally putting Kofi Annan in charge of the process. Naturally – he owed his appointment to Washington – Annan was, as Hannay puts it, ‘aware of the need for the UN to co-operate as closely as possible with the US and the UK in the forthcoming negotiations’. In practice, of course, this meant his normal role as a dummy for Anglo-American ventriloquists. Recording the moment, Hannay does not bother to explain by what right the UK and US arrogated to themselves the position of arbiters of the fate of Cyprus; it went without saying. A UN special representative, in the shape of a dim Peruvian functionary, was chosen to front the operation, but it was Hannay and Tom Weston, ‘special co-ordinator’ of the State Department on Cyprus, who called the shots. So closely did the trio work together that Hannay would boast that a cigarette paper could not have been slipped between their positions. In command was, inevitably, Hannay himself, by a long way the most senior, self-confident and experienced of the three. Successive Annan Plans for Cyprus which materialised over the next four years were essentially his work, the details supplied by an obscure scrivener from the crannies of Swiss diplomacy, Didier Pfirter.
The first of these plans was produced punctually a few days before the EU summit in Copenhagen in December 2002, at which the Council was due to consider the upshot of negotiations with Cyprus. The pious fiction of the secretary-general was maintained, but he had little reason to stir from New York. For its author – after Annan had ‘set out the prize to be achieved … in terms almost identical to my CNN Turk interview’ – was on the spot, conferring with Blair as the various heads of state gathered in the Danish capital. The Anglo-American campaign to secure Turkish membership had acquired new urgency with the victory of the AKP at the polls in November, bringing to power the first government in Ankara for some time with which Washington and London felt completely at home, and whose leaders, Tayyip Erdogan and Abdullah Gul, arrived in Copenhagen to press their suit. The UN Plan – Annan I – was adjusted at the last minute to give them further satisfaction, and – as Annan II – presented to Clerides, now president of Cyprus. It was vital, in the eyes of its architects, to get the plan agreed by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots before the Council took any decision on Cypriot entry into the EU. Clerides indicated, with a nod and a wink, that he was ready to sign. But to Hannay’s consternation, Denktash – controlling the Turkish Cypriot delegation from afar – refused to have anything to do with it. Amid the ensuing disarray, the EU leaders had to make the best of a bad job. Cyprus was accepted into the Union, effective from spring 2004, and Turkey – provided it met EU norms for human rights – was promised negotiations on its candidature, effective from winter 2004.
The AKP proclaimed this pledge a historic achievement for Turkey, with some reason. Its success in securing a date for starting negotiations towards accession, in good part due to heavy pressure from the Bush administration, strengthened its hand at home. But it was still new to power, and in failing to bring Denktash to heel in time, had been unable to forestall the prospect of Cypriot membership of the EU without arrangements on the island agreeable to it signed and sealed in advance. Worse still, once Cyprus was inside the EU, it would have a power of veto over Turkey’s own entry.
Yet Turkey was, after all, suing for acceptance of its candidacy at Copenhagen, after a long period in which it had been rebuffed. Questions of political experience aside, Erdogan was not in that strong a position at Copenhagen. The more pertinent question is why the European powers, having rallied to the American case for Turkish entry, permitted such a risky inversion of the schedule for Cyprus, giving membership a green light before a settlement was reached that was supposed to be a condition of it. The answer is that the EU leaders believed, correctly, that once a Turkish government applied itself, it would have little difficulty in getting Turkish Cypriots to accept what it had decided on. Once that was achieved, they assumed that the concurrence of the Greeks – already available at Copenhagen – could be counted on. There were still fifteen months to go before Cyprus entered, and time enough to tie down the settlement that had been missed on that occasion.
This calculation, however, assumed that they would still have the same interlocutor. Western establishments had become used to the comfortable presence of Clerides, who had been president of Cyprus for a decade, a fixture of the right with no thought of upsetting the geopolitical apple-cart of the Atlantic Alliance. Unfortunately, within two months of his gracious performance at Copenhagen, elections were due in Cyprus. In February 2003, standing for yet another term at the age of 83, he was trounced by Tassos Papadopoulos, Makarios’s youngest minister at independence and closest colleague in his final years, who enjoyed the support of AKEL and the Cypriot left. His presidency was unlikely to be so pliable.
Undeterred, Hannay and his collaborators piled on the pressure. After a meeting between Annan, Weston, De Soto and himself in New York, at which ‘not surprisingly, since we had all been working together closely for over three years, there was effectively a consensus over our analysis of the situation and our prescriptions for action,’ Annan was dispatched to Nicosia in person, with a third version of the plan to be put to a referendum in the two parts of the island, and a summons for Papadopoulos and Denktash to agree to it a week later in the Hague. But this was now March 2003. The AKP government was not only embroiled by the impending war in Iraq – on 1 March the Turkish parliament defied Erdogan and Gul by rejecting US demands for passage of American troops for the invasion – but in the throes of getting Erdogan, hitherto technically debarred from becoming a deputy, into parliament and making him premier. Amid these distractions, Ankara failed a second time to curb Denktash, who blocked the plan once again. In frustration, Hannay threw up his hands and quit. The UN shut down its office in Cyprus.
But once the AKP regime had consolidated its hold in Ankara and come to an understanding with the army – in October it secured a vote for Turkish troops to help out the American occupation – it was in a position to enforce its will in northern Cyprus, where Denktash’s autocratic rule had by now anyway made many restless. Signals of Ankara’s displeasure were enough to swing local elections against him in December 2003, letting the main opposition party into government. The AKP had made Turkish entry into the EU its top priority, and having sorted this out, wasted no time. In January, a common position on Cyprus was hammered out with the Turkish military on the National Security Council, and the next day Erdogan travelled to Davos to brief Annan, flying on to meet Bush in Washington. The effect of their conversation was immediate. Annan was summoned to the White House, and 24 hours later had issued an invitation to the two sides in Cyprus plus the Guarantor Powers to join him for talks in New York.
There, he explained that, to cut through previous difficulties, if there were once again no agreement, the UN plan should be put directly to the voters of each community, regardless of the views of the authorities on either side. This time, Annan’s script had been written in America, and US diplomats brought full pressure to bear on Papadopoulos and Denktash to force them to accept the prospect of such a diktat. The following month, talks entered their final phase at another Swiss resort, Bürgenstock in Interlaken, where the Greek delegation was headed by the younger Karamanlis, nephew of the statesman of Zurich, who had just become premier in Athens. Once again, American emissaries hovered discreetly in the background, this time as members of the British delegation (the US was not a Guarantor Power), while the foreground was dominated by the Turkish premier. A fourth edition of the UN plan was adjusted to meet Turkish demands, and a final, non-negotiable version – Annan V – was announced on the last day of March. A jubilant Erdogan told his people that it was the greatest victory of Turkish diplomacy since the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, sealing Kemal’s military triumph over Greece.
Time was now short. The fateful day when Cyprus was due to become a member of the EU was just a month away. The referendum extorted in New York was called for 24 April, a week beforehand, and copies of Annan V – a tombstone of more than nine thousand pages – were hastily prepared, the final touches made only in the 48 hours before the vote. The approval of Turkish Cypriots was a foregone conclusion: they were not going to turn down a second Lausanne. But on 7 April, in a sombre address on television, Papadopoulos advised Greek Cypriots against the plan. Since Clerides’s party had declared for it, the critical judgment appeared to be AKEL’s. The combined weight of Washington, London and Brussels was brought to bear on the party, and the Greek electorate at large, to accept the plan. From the State Department, Powell himself telephoned the leader of AKEL, Dimitris Christofias, to secure a favourable opinion. In New York, two days before the referendum, the US and UK moved a resolution in the Security Council endorsing the plan, to impress on voters that they should not trifle with the will of the international community. To much astonishment (indeed outrage – Hannay found it ‘disgraceful’), Russia used its veto for the first time since the end of the Cold War. Twenty-four hours later, AKEL came out against the plan. When votes were counted, the results said everything: 65 per cent of Turkish Cypriots accepted it, 76 per cent of Greek Cypriots rejected it. What political scientist, without needing to know anything about the plan, could for an instant doubt whom it favoured?
Hannay was not wrong in remarking – he was in a position to do so – that, for all the jungle of technical modifications that developed across its five versions, the essence of the ‘Annan’ plan remained unaltered throughout. It contained three fundamental elements. The first prescribed the state that would come into being. The Republic of Cyprus, as internationally recognised for forty years – repeatedly so by the UN itself – would be abolished, along with its flag, anthem and name. In its stead, a wholly new entity would be created, under another name, composed of two constituent states, one Greek and the other Turkish, each vested with all powers in its territory, save those – principally concerned with external affairs and common finance – reserved for a federal level. There a senate would be divided 50:50 between Greeks and Turks, a lower chamber elected on a proportionate basis, with a guaranteed 25 per cent for Turks. There would be no president, but an executive council, composed of four Greeks and two Turks, elected by a ‘special majority’ requiring two-fifths of each half of the senate to approve the list. In case of deadlock, a supreme court composed of three Greeks, three Turks and three foreigners would assume executive and legislative functions. The central bank would likewise have an equal number of Greek and Turkish directors, with a casting vote by a foreigner.
The second element of the plan covered territory, property and residence. The Greek state would comprise just over 70 per cent, the Turkish state just under 30 per cent, of the land surface of Cyprus; the Greek state just under 50 per cent, the Turkish state just over 50 per cent, of its coast-line. Restitution of property seized would be limited to a maximum of a third of its area or value, whichever was lower, the rest to be compensated by long-term bonds issued by the federal government at tax-payers’ cost, and would carry no right of return. Of those expelled from their homes, the maximum number allowed to recover residence, over a period of some twenty years, would be held below a fifth of the population of each zone, while just under 100,000 Turkish settlers and incomers would become permanent residents and citizens in the north.
The third element of the plan covered force and international law. The Treaty of Guarantee, giving three outside powers rights of intervention in Cyprus, would continue to operate – ‘open-ended and undiluted’, as Hannay records with satisfaction – after the abolition of the state it was supposed to guarantee. The new state would have no armed forces, but Turkey would maintain 6000 troops on the island for another eight years, and after a further interval, the military contingent accorded it at Zurich, permanently. Britain’s bases, somewhat reduced in size, would remain intact, as sovereign possessions of the UK. The future Cypriot state would drop all claims in the European Court of Human Rights, and last but not least, bind itself in advance to vote for Turkish entry into the EU.
The enormity of these arrangements to ‘solve the Cyprus problem, once and for all’, as Annan hailed them, speak for themselves. At their core lies a ratification of ethnic cleansing, of a scale and thoroughness that has been the envy of settler politics in Israel, where Avigdor Lieberman – leader of the far right Yisrael Beiteinu, now the fifth largest party in the Knesset – publicly calls for a ‘Cypriot solution’ on the West Bank, a demand regarded as so extreme that it is disavowed by all his coalition partners. Not only does the plan absolve Turkey from any reparations for decades of occupation and plunder, imposing their cost instead on those who suffered them. It is further in breach of the Geneva Convention, which forbids an occupying power to introduce settlers into conquered territory. Far from compelling their withdrawal, the plan entrenched their presence: no one ‘will be forced to leave’, in Pfirter’s words. So little did legal norms matter in the conception of the plan, that care was taken to remove its provisions from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice in advance.
No less contemptuous of the principles of any existent democracy, the plan accorded a minority of between 18 and 25 per cent of the population 50 per cent of the decision-making power in the state. To see how grotesque such a proposal was, it is enough to ask how Turkey would react if it were told that its Kurdish minority – also around 18 per cent – must be granted half of all seats in its Senate, sweeping rights to block action in its executive, not to speak of some 30 per cent of its land area under its exclusive jurisdiction. What UN or EU emissary, or apologist for the Annan Plan among the multitude in the Western media, would dare travel to Ankara with such a scheme in his briefcase? Ethnic minorities need protection – Turkish Kurds, by any measure, considerably more than Turkish Cypriots – but to make of this a flagrant political disproportion is to invite hostility, rather than restrain it.
Nor were the official ratios of ethnic power to be all. Planted among the tundra of the plan’s many other inequities, foreigners were imposed at strategic points – supreme court, central bank, property board – in what was supposed to be an independent country. Topping everything off, armed force was to be reserved to external powers: Turkish military remaining on site, British bases trampolines for Iraq. No other member of the European Union bears any resemblance to what would have been this cracked, shrunken husk of an independent state. Greek Cypriots overwhelmingly rejected it, not because they were misinformed by Papadopoulos, or obeyed directives from Christofias – opinion polls showed their massive opposition to the plan before either spoke against it. They did so because they had so little to gain – a sliver of territory, and crumbs of a doubtful restitution of property – and so much to lose from it: a reasonably well-integrated, well-regarded state, without deep divisions or deadlocks, in which they could take an understandable pride. Why give this up for a constitutional mare’s nest, whose function was essentially to rehouse the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, condemned as illegal by the UN itself, as an equal partner in a structure jerry-built to accommodate it? Cut to foreign specifications, the constitution of Zurich had proved unworkable enough, leading only to communal strife and breakdown. The constitution of Bürgenstock, far more complicated and still more inequitable, was a recipe for yet greater rancour and paralysis.
There was, however, a logic to this. The rationale for the entire scheme, like that of its predecessor in 1960, lay outside Cyprus itself, the interests of whose communities were never more than ancillary in its calculus. The fundamental drive behind the plan, in all its versions, was the fear that if Cyprus, as constituted, were admitted to the EU without being taken apart and retrofitted beforehand, it could veto the entry of Turkey into the Union until Turkey relinquished its grip – soldiers and settlers – on the island. The bottom line of Hannay’s calculations was thus always what would be acceptable to Ankara, helping it to seek membership of the EU without provoking public opinion or the ‘deep state’ in Turkey. The AKP government, viewed not inaccurately as the ideal partner for the West, could point to domestic resistance, threatening the grand common goal of its entrance into Europe, every time it wanted to secure a concession in the Cypriot sideshow, and its interlocutors would fall over themselves to oblige it.
As in 1960 and in 1974, it is pointless to blame Turkey for the process that led to 2004, which was anyway less of a success so far as it was concerned. On each occasion, it acted according to classical precepts of raison d’état, without undue sanctimony, after being invited to do so. The authors of the latest attempt on Cyprus lie elsewhere. Behind the bland official prose, Hannay’s memoir has the involuntary merit of making it plain that Britain was at the end of the story, as it had been at the beginning, the prime mover in efforts to fix a cape of lead over the island. In that sense, Hannay was a lineal successor to Harding, Caradon and Callaghan, in the record of callous disregard for the fate of Cyprus as a society. Britain, of course, did not act alone. Historically, in all three crises when the future of the island was at stake, the US abetted the UK, without ever quite playing the leading role, until the last moment.
In the final episode, however, a new actor stepped on stage: the European Union. If the British set the ball rolling towards another Zurich in 1996, and the Americans followed in 1997, it was not until the end of 2002, with the arrival of the AKP in power, that the EU establishment in general rallied to the Anglo-American determination that Turkey must – for economic, ideological and strategic reasons alike – be admitted in short order to the Union. Though scattered misgivings persisted, by 2003 Brussels, in the persons of Romano Prodi as president of the Commission and Gunther Verheugen, commissioner for enlargement, was fully behind London and Washington. Hannay, whose knowledge of the workings of the Commission was unrivalled, had taken care to square Verheugen well before this, securing his assurance that the EU’s acquis communautaire – the body of rules with which candidate countries must comply, including freedoms of residence and investment certain to be a sticking point north of the Attila Line – would not stand in the way of a settlement that annulled them in Cyprus.
Verheugen made no difficulty. On all subsequent occasions – in Ankara with Erdogan on the eve of his flight to Annan and Bush in early 2004; at the endgame in Bürgenstock two months later – he was at pains to explain that the normal acquis would not apply. This despite the fact that, as Hannay notes appreciatively, ‘he was precluded from clearing his lines in advance with member states’: i.e. he ignored his mandate without consulting them. Ponderous and self-important, a German Widmerpool (now a figure of fun in his own country, since he was snapped cavorting in the nude with his secretary on a Lithuanian shore), Verheugen attempted to intervene directly in the Cypriot referendum with a lengthy interview on behalf of the plan. Incensed when no television station would touch it, he was little short of apoplectic when the plan was rejected. Such was, indeed, the general reaction in Brussels to the refusal of Greek voters to fall in with its will: an incredulous fury also expressed by virtually the entire European public sphere, FT and Economist in the lead, that has scarcely died down since. Were another lesson needed in what the Union’s dedication to international law and human rights is worth, its conduct over Cyprus supplies one of the most graphic to date.
Nor, of course, is it over. Having escaped from the trap set in Switzerland, Cyprus entered the EU politically intact a week after the referendum, on 1 May 2004. In the four years since, the scene on the island has altered significantly for the better. Physical partition has diminished since the opening of checkpoints by Denktash in 2003, allowing travel across the Green Line between north and south. The immediate effect was a huge wave of visits – more than two million in a couple of years – by Greeks to the north, often to look at their former homes, and an inflow of Turkish workers to the south, where they now make up a tenth of the labour force in the building industry. The more lasting result has been the granting of a large number of official Cypriot documents to Turks with legitimate rights on the island (by spring 2005, some 63,000 birth certificates, 57,000 identity cards and 32,000 passports), reflecting the magnet of EU membership, and economic growth well above the Union average. In 2008, Cyprus became only the second member state since enlargement, after Slovenia, to enter the Eurozone.
Politically, the landscape shifted when AKEL withdrew from the government in 2007, after deciding that for the first time in the history of the republic it would run its own candidate for the presidency. AKEL had always been far the strongest party in Cyprus, indeed for a long time the only real party, yet could never aspire to lead the state, given Pan-Hellenism and the Cold War. But the solidity of its anchorage in the trade-union and co-operative movements, and the prudence of its direction after the collapse of the Soviet bloc – it drew its conclusions from the débandade of Italian Communism – have given it a striking capacity to ride out adverse currents. In exchange for backing Papadopoulos in 2003, it acquired key ministries for the first time, and by 2008 was ready to try for the presidency itself. In the first round of the vote in February, Christofias was the runner-up, knocking out Papadopoulos; in the second, with the support of Papadopoulos and his party, he knocked out Clerides’s candidate, becoming the first Communist head of state in the EU.
A burly, avuncular figure, Christofias, who comes from a village near Kyrenia in the north, joined AKEL’s youth league in his teens. In his twenties he studied in Moscow, where he got a doctorate in 1974, returning to Cyprus after the Turkish invasion. By 1988, at the relatively young age of 42, he had become leader of the party. Speaking with tranquil fluency, he stresses AKEL’s long-standing criticism of both Greek and Turkish chauvinism, and commitment to good relations between the two communities, without attempting either to minimise or to equate the suffering of each, of which his family has personal experience: going north after 2003, ‘my sisters were literally sick when they saw what had happened to our village.’ The UN plan, he argues, contained too many obvious concessions to Ankara to be acceptable, so for all his ‘many, many meetings with Hannay and my good friend Tom Weston’, he could not recommend the package to his party, and there can be no return to it now. But AKEL maintained links with the Turkish Republican Party, now the governing party in the north, throughout the years when Denktash forbade any contact between the two communities, holding several secret meetings with it abroad. Since the referendum the two parties, with their trade-union and youth organisations, have had regular sessions together, fostering AKEL’s aim of ‘a popular movement for rapprochement’.
As president, Christofias’s first move has been to meet his opposite number in the north, Mehmet Talat, and arrange for what was once the main shopping street in Nicosia to be opened across the Green Line. The arrival of the two men at the head of their respective communities represents a strange convergence in the history of the island. For in origin the CTP was, as Christofias likes to describe it, a ‘sister party’ of AKEL – each a branch of the same Communism when it was still an international movement. In the case of the CTP, it was fired in the 1980s by the kind of radical Marxist students who provided the militants of the insurgent Turkish left of the time, and who on the mainland ended by the tens of thousands in the jails of the generals who staged the invasion of Cyprus. In the 1990s, the party made its peace with the occupying army and today is more like the ex-Communist parties of Eastern Europe that have become bywords for all-purpose opportunism – Talat being closer to a Gyurcsany or Kwasniecki than to his interlocutor, who is well aware of the difference.
Still, that there is some common history linking the two sides is new in any talks across the ethnic boundary in Cyprus. How far Talat is capable of a measure of independence from Ankara remains to be seen. The Turkish Cypriot political class is attached to its local privileges, which it would lose were Turkey to absorb the north, and would like to enjoy the advantages of being truly within the EU, rather than in a condition of semi-limbo. The local population does not get on particularly well with the wretched seasonal migrants – mostly from the area around Iskanderun, the nearest port on the mainland – who perform most of the manual labour it shuns for more profitable employment by the state.
The economy remains dependent on huge subsidies from Ankara, bloating public employment at wages much higher than in Turkey itself: retired policemen get pensions larger than the salaries of associate professors on the mainland; while private enterprise is represented by no less than six ‘supermarket’ universities doling out degrees to dud students from the mainland, or nearby regions of the Middle East or Central Asia. Against the potential advantages of integration into the EU stands the artificial character of the economy that would be exposed to the potential impact of the acquis. It is possible that the adjustment will be as painful as in East Germany.
Reunification would thus require not just institutional protections, but economic buffers for the Turkish minority, something an AKEL president would understand better than any other. A real settlement on the island can only come from within it, rather than being externally imposed, as invariably to date. The demilitarisation of the island that AKEL has long demanded, with the exit of all foreign troops and bases – the withdrawal not just of the Turkish army, but the shutting down of the anachronism of British enclaves – is a condition of any true resolution. A constitution with meticulous safeguards against any form of discrimination, and genuinely equitable compensation for losses on all sides, is a far better guarantee of the welfare of a minority than provocative over-representation in elected bodies, or preordained gridlock in the state, neither durably sustainable. To devise a political system that meets these goals is hardly beyond the bounds of contemporary constitutional thought.
In the past, there was no possibility even of raising such principles, given the Turkish military grip on the island. Today, however, what the whole UN process was designed to avert has come to pass. Cyprus possesses a veto over Turkish entry into the EU, and is in a position to force it to pull out its troops, on pain of exclusion. This enormous potential change has been the hidden stake of all the frantic diplomacy of the past years. It is true that a French refusal to admit Turkey to the EU, or a Turkish nationalist decathexis from the EU, might deprive Cyprus of the lever now resting in its hands. But the Western interests vested in Turkish entry, and the Turkish interests – not least those of capital – vested in Western status, are so great that the balance of probability is against either. That does not mean Cyprus will ever use the power it now has. It is a small society, and immense pressures will be brought to bear to ensure that it does not – for the EU, notoriously, referendums are mere paper for reversal. Sometimes small countries defy great powers, but it has become increasingly rare. The more likely outcome remains, in one version or another, the sentence pronounced on another Greek island: ‘The strong do what they can, the weak do what they must.’
[1] Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954-59 (1998). This outstanding work is perhaps the best single study in the historiography of decolonisation.
[2] For a vivid description of the mechanisms of repression, not to speak of electoral intimidation and fraud, over which Karamanlis presided, see The Greek Tragedy by Constantine Tsoucalas (1969).
[3] For this period, see above all Michael Attalides, Cyprus: Nationalism and International Politics (1979), still much the most thoughtful analysis of the forces at work on the island.
Contact us for rights and issues inquiries.
Letters
Vol. 30 No. 10 · 22 May 2008
Perry Anderson’s ‘The Divisions of Cyprus’ is a skilful synthesis, but his account should be corrected on a number of points ( LRB, 24 April ). To say that Cyprus ‘remained unaffected by the national awakening that produced’ Greek independence is wide of the mark. In 1821, on a charge of conspiring with the insurgents in Greece, the Ottomans hanged Archbishop Kyprianos, beheaded his archdeacon and three bishops, then proceeded to indulge in some ‘collateral damage’; General Thomas Gordon wrote a few years later that the whole of Cyprus was subjected to rape and bloodshed. By the 1890s, the Colonial Office had given up trying to ignore demands for union with Greece: ‘It is only rational,’ Winston Churchill said in 1907, ‘that the Cypriot people who are of Greek descent should regard their incorporation with what can be called their mother country as an ideal to be earnestly, devoutly and fervently cherished.’
Indeed, during the Greek Civil War of 1947-49, Britain was considering uniting Cyprus and Greece to strengthen Greece in the fight against Communism. A senior under-secretary in the Foreign Office, Oliver Harvey, wrote in 1947:
The action of HM Government in India and Burma has enormously impressed opinion throughout the world. Our proposed evacuation policy in Palestine and the possibility that we may propose independence for Cyrenaica, when coupled with what we have done in India and Burma, makes our continued presence in Cyprus indefensible.
I understand that Cyprus has been rejected by the Chiefs of Staff as unsuitable for any long-term strategic purpose … It can hardly be questioned that Greece, who has governed Crete effectively, and has now been given the Dodecanese, can equally well govern Cyprus (there is a small Turkish minority there whose rights would be secured) … it would be the greatest possible contribution to Greek morale and British influence … I would strongly advocate that consideration be given to the very early cession of Cyprus to Greece, before the Cypriot campaign is embittered by violence and before cession can be represented as yielding to force.
Another senior official responded: ‘In more normal circumstances, the early cession of Cyprus to Greece might well be a wise policy, justified by considerations not only of justice, but also of expediency. But present circumstances are not normal.’ The FO remained intransigent, despite Harvey’s arguments (and those of the British ambassador in Athens), and, while the Civil War grew increasingly bitter, Britain opted for confrontation in Cyprus, the essential reason being its fear of Russian power in the Eastern Mediterranean, which dated from the end of the 1700s.
Like Robert Holland in Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954-59, Anderson refers only fleetingly to the 1955 three-power conference in London (in which Turkey should not have been allowed to participate, as is evident from Article 16 of the Treaty of Lausanne), whose purpose the permanent under-secretary at the FO, Ivone Kirkpatrick, made abundantly clear:
I have always been attracted by the idea of a three-power conference, simply because I believe that it would seriously embarrass the Greek Government. And if any such conference were held, I should not produce any British plan or proposal until a Greek-Turkish deadlock has been defined.
The foreign secretary, Harold Macmillan, told the cabinet: ‘Throughout the negotiations our aim would be to bring the Greeks up against the Turkish refusal to accept Enosis and so condition them to accept a solution which would leave sovereignty in our hands.’ This was ‘divide and rule’ at its crudest.
Turning to the role of the US after Cyprus gained independence in 1960, Anderson writes that Turkey’s threats to invade the island in 1964 were quashed by a blunt message from President Johnson. In fact what the documents show is that Britain and the US would not have resisted a Turkish invasion; it was a Russian threat to intervene that caused the US to change its mind. The following extract from a telegram from the British Embassy in Washington to the FO in July 1964 reveals the true picture:
The Americans have made it quite clear that there would be no question of using the 6th Fleet to prevent any possible Turkish invasion … We could not agree to UNFICYP [UN forces in Cyprus] being used for the purpose of repelling external invasion, and the standing orders to our troops outside UNFICYP are to withdraw into the sovereign base areas immediately any such intervention takes place.
Ten years later, when Makarios was overthrown by the Greek Colonels, there were no comparable threats from the Soviet Union, which had little reason to feel friendly towards the junta in Athens, the anglophile acting president in Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides, or the subsequent Karamanlis government in Greece, and the Turkish invasion went ahead unimpeded.
So far as the British part in the 1974 crisis goes, I recently discovered that Callaghan (aided and abetted by three FO minders) lied to the Parliamentary Select Committee about his foreknowledge of the invasion, denying that he knew of any Turkish plans to invade. Yet shortly before the Turkish landing the Joint Intelligence Committee had already informed Callaghan’s private secretary that Turkey had plans to invade Cyprus within a few days. Then, while the Turkish army continued to advance (in defiance of the ceasefire), and during Callaghan’s frenetic talks with Greek and Turkish leaders in Geneva, the assistant chief of defence staff informed Callaghan of the ‘likely Turkish plans’ to take over more than one third of the island, even specifying the areas to be taken.
How far was British policy influenced by the Sovereign Base Areas and the 1960 treaties that established the semi-independent Republic of Cyprus? Britain’s position on the bases was much more equivocal than comes across in Anderson’s article. In the late 1960s, the FO and the Law Lords were admitting that the Treaty of Guarantee was completely overridden by Article 103 of the UN Charter and contrary to Article 2.4. At various points, indeed, Britain tried to withdraw from its bases altogether. In 1975, an FO paper stated: ‘Although our preferred policy is for a complete British military withdrawal from Cyprus, we recognise that we cannot do so at present given the global importance of working closely with the Americans.’ The same paper gave prominence to Kissinger’s view that Britain must ‘hang onto this square of the world chequerboard’. Subsequent papers reveal that Britain continued, at the highest levels, to try to give up its bases but always succumbed to US pressure not to do so. There was even an idea that the US might finance the bases.
Finally, the Annan Plan. Anderson might have noted that not only were the illegal Turkish settlers allowed to vote on it: so were the occupying troops of the Turkish army. Still more farcically, the full plan was only released onto the UN website one minute before midnight on the day of the referendum. The plan was simply another ploy to keep Cyprus out of mainstream EU security structures: hence the desperation during the fraught negotiation process to have the Greek and Turkish governments sign a ‘foundation agreement’ resuscitating the failed 1960 treaties, and obliging the Greek and Cypriot governments to support Turkey’s accession to the EU. Britain, and its foreign policy master, the United States, wish to use Cyprus to hinder Russian influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, just as Britain has always done.
William Mallinson
Ionian University, Corfu
Perry Anderson’s ‘The Divisions of Cyprus’ contained many perceptive comments and it was valuable to have such a succinct overview of the modern history of, and recent efforts to, resolve the Cyprus dispute, now, happily, about to be resumed. There was, however, a good deal of invective, some of it distinctly overdone. To describe Alvaro De Soto, the UN secretary-general’s special adviser on Cyprus, who put together the Annan Plan (yes, he did it, not me), as a ‘dim Peruvian functionary’, without even referring to his role as a successful mediator in the resolution of the Civil War in El Salvador and his many years of distinguished service as a UN official, is plain ungracious. To refer to Didier Pfirter, De Soto’s legal adviser, as ‘an obscure scrivener from the crannies of Swiss diplomacy’, while in the best tradition of Graham Greene’s Harry Lime, is to overlook his remarkable skill in drafting a large number of complex legal instruments which, for the first time in the long history of the Cyprus dispute, comprised a comprehensive basis for a settlement, albeit one then rejected in the Greek Cypriot referendum. And to insult Günther Verheugen as a ‘German Widmerpool’, when he pulled off the most significant and transformational enlargement in the European Union’s history, is trivial. I will not dwell on the somewhat less virulent barbs directed towards me except to say that, if Perry Anderson had read my memoir on Cyprus more carefully, he would have seen that I explicitly criticised Britain’s performance in the colonial and post-colonial period; I do not therefore consider it justified to call me a ‘lineal successor’ of those who directed British policy in those days.
More seriously, ‘The Divisions of Cyprus’ takes an exceedingly partisan (Greek Cypriot) view of recent events. It is thus another in a long tradition whereby non-Cypriot academic commentators on the Cyprus Problem seem to become even more parti pris than the Cypriots themselves. The fact that Anderson’s two heroes are Theo Pangalos and Tassos Papadopoulos, two men who, together with Rauf Denktash, probably did more than anyone else in recent times to prevent negotiation of a solution to the Cyprus Problem is surely a tell-tale indicator.
What is needed now, in the somewhat more promising atmosphere created by the election of a new Greek Cypriot president and the resumption of direct contact between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, is to give the protagonists the time and space to work together on a solution, to get away from the zero-sum mentality which regards any move to help one side as necessarily detrimental to the other, and for outsiders, including academic commentators, to exercise the greatest care and reticence when it comes to describing and characterising the recent past.
David Hannay
London W4
Perry Anderson writes that the British government manipulated Turkish fears in the 1950s to produce ‘the intractable reality of a community that felt itself entitled as of right to a disproportionate share of power on the island, yet continually lived on its nerves as if under imminent siege’. He goes on to say that the constitution handed to Cyprus in 1960 ‘had inflated the Turkish position in the state far beyond what a minority of its size could in normal circumstances have claimed’. While the intractable reality may be fairly described in this way, it did not originate from British manipulation of Turkish fears nor did it derive from the provisions of the 1960 constitution. The sense of entitlement in the Turkish Cypriot community developed much earlier. The Turks ruled Cyprus for three centuries and they have never become accustomed to being treated as a minority. In 1882, for example, shortly after the British took over the administration of the island they proposed the creation of a legislative council based on proportional representation, comprising nine Greeks and three Turks. (Cyprus was not ‘acquired by Britain from the Ottoman Empire’ in 1878, as Anderson claims: Turkey maintained sovereignty over the island until Britain annexed Cyprus in 1914.) The Turks protested because they saw it as undermining their rightful position and status as former rulers. ‘The project of proportional representation in the Legislative Council is in every respect detrimental to our rights and destructive of the safety we enjoy,’ they said.
To this day Turkish Cypriots bridle at the use of the term ‘minority group’. Their refusal to be treated as such is anchored in geography and politics. Turkey is forty miles away and is the stronger and more strategically valued member of Nato. The true intractable reality is that the Turkish Cypriots are a minority on the island but belong to a majority group in the region, while the Greek Cypriots are a majority on the island but a minority in the region. This situation gives rise to fears in both communities.
Reed Coughlan
State University of New York, Utica
Perry Anderson castigates Britain somewhat more than the US. This is unfair. Since the end of the Second World War, especially where Eastern Mediterranean policies were concerned, Britain was (and remains) effectively a dependent colony of the US imperium. It is true that in early 1974 there was a small window of opportunity when Nixon was engulfed by Watergate. A courageous and decisive prime minister could have prevented the Turkish invasion: it was Wilson’s threat to send in jet aircraft superior to anything the Turks possessed that prevented them occupying Nicosia airport. But Callaghan’s love-in with Kissinger didn’t help (Callaghan was then foreign secretary), and Wilson also had a second general election coming up and felt, probably wrongly, that military entanglement abroad was not the way to win it. The behaviour of the UN in consenting to imperial realpolitik in the Annan Plan was far more scandalous than anything the UK ever failed to do.
The plans of Hannay and the US collapsed at Burgenstock because of a diplomatic faux pas. The Russian delegation’s humiliation – they were banished to a small hotel outside the secure zone while the Americans lived it up by pretending to be part of the British delegation – was partly responsible for the Russian veto that has now resulted in the Cypriot government having both unfettered membership of the EU and a veto over Turkish entry to it. With canny socialists like Christofias and Talat in power, that should be enough to ensure a deal with Ankara one day.
Christopher Price
Vol. 30 No. 12 · 19 June 2008
David Hannay takes Perry Anderson to task for dismissing Günther Verheugen as a ‘German Widmerpool’ when ‘he pulled off the most significant and transformational enlargement in the European Union’s history’ ( Letters, 22 May ). Yet even readers of the first volume of Anthony Powell’s Dance to the Music of Time know that Widmerpool – to judge from his handling of the squabbling Nordics at La Grenadière – is indeed a diplomatic wonder.
DeAnn DeLuna
| i don't know |
In the traditional game table skittles , what name is usually given to the ball or disc or ' lump ' cast at the pins ? | 4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 3 – SWEET – colorful lollipops, chocolate, smiling baby, puppy and kitten looking at each other
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 4 – BAT – flying bat, baseball bat and ball, bats & graveyard & moon & haunted house, bat and ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 5 – PAIR – 2 burgers, 2 ladybugs mating, a pair of shoes/boots, a pair of socks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 6 – CAN – unlabeled aluminum can, blue plastic container (gas? oil?), milk (?) can on grass with yellow flowers, cucumber slices and other food in a full trashcan
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 7 – FISH – fish with open mouth, fish hook, long pier, cooked fish fillet and greens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 8 – WATER – water being poured, spraying water against sun, white figure holding watering can tending to a money tree, shower head sprouting water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 9 – SIGN – hand writing with fountain pen, wooden arrow pointing to the right, hand writing with pen, a yellow sign with a kangaroo and the words “NEXT 100 KM”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 10 – WAVE – little girl with backpack waving, seagall flying above water, woman in a field waving, person surfing the waves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 11 – TRAIN – Train Tracks, Exercise Training, 2 girls a guy and a computer, boy holding one finger at a dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 12 – BALL – Soccer ball through a net, Basketball, Golf ball being placed on a pick, Ballroom dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 13 – CHILDREN – 5 kids holding hands and jumping in air, 2 kids colouring/drawing, a class room of kids in classroom raising hands, a happy girl and a younger baby boy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 14 – DIRTY – Bride and groom playing in a wet muddy field, a lady doing laundry, 2 dirty pgs, someone riding a bike through mud
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 15 – DATE – Calendar marked with thumb tacks, a man thinking of a girl in a heart bubble, a bunch of dates, a woman cheering white wine with someone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 16 – CROSS – A form marked x with a red pencil, a red first aid box, woman holding boy’s hand and crossing a street, a cross
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 17 – ROUND – A blue globe marked with destinations, a pregnant belly, a orange marble, a basketball on an empty court
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 18 – QUIET – A woman whispers into a man’s ear, a little girl sleeping with her teddy, someone tip-toeing in the dark with a flashlight, a woman places a finger to her lips to “sshhh”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 19 – ADDRESS – Screenshot of http//:, a double set of blue doors, a woman speaking to an audience, a @ letter in a mailbox
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 20 – SOUR – Lemons, red cherries, a little girl eats a slice of lemon, sour cream with onions in a baked potato
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 21 – HARD – Man rides a bike up a mountain, a stack of flat rocks, a topless man with ripped body, a walnut
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 22 – PULL – Office employees playing tug-a-war, a man pulling a pallet, a woman exercising, a toy horse with a string
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 23 – PUSH – A man in a suit point a finger, a man in orange doing a push-up, a woman exercising, a child playing with a truck in the sand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 24 – FAN – A person in the audience stands in stadium, a metal fan, a man with Brazils flag painted on his face in front of Brazil’s flag, a woman with her hair flowing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 25 – SQUARE – A brown photo frame, a white ice tray, a red and white cloth, a black and white checkered flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 26 – CRANE – A construction crane, a construction crane, 2 cranes flying left, 2 cranes flying right
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 27 – CODE – A bar code, a opened number lock, lined up individuals dressed in black, a computer encryption with a magnifying glass looking at a VIRUS
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 28 – CARD – A blank card with a red bow, a stack of credit cards, the Ace of Hearts up a slave, 3 Aces
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 29 – ROW – A man rowing, a team rowing, rows of empty red seats, a line of smiling individuals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 30 – RIGHT – A green and white arrow pointing to the right, a justice balance beam with books and a judges hammer, a man checks a box, a girl gets A+
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 31 – BOW – A woman is playing archery, a man is playing archery, a woman is leaning forward in a red dress, 1 wooden figure bows to another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 32 – LUCK – A 4 leafed clover, a golden horseshoe with a 4 leafed clover, a clear plastic box of ballets, a throw of 4 black dies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 33 – SOFT – A woman dressed warmly in the winter outside, a brown teddy bear, a woman cleansing her face, a woman drinking tea in her bathrobe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 34 – HOT – A chef flambays in a pan, a erupting volcano, a dog in a lawn chair in shades under a red umbrella in the sun, a man and a woman in the sauna
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 35 – PLENTY – A wall full of random pictures, a long white table with lots of empty chairs on both sides, a lot of flying flags on poles, a crowd of people in the streets cheering
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 36 – TIP – A 5 dollar bill and a cup of coffee, a woman is shocked by a man’s whisper, change left on a plate setting, a thumbs up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 37 – MIX – A rainbow splatter of paint, a sound control system, a colour spectrum of fruits and vegetables, colouring smarties
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 38 – TRIP – A man with a backpack trying to hitch hike, 2 girls touring, a falls hazards sign, a man carries a stack of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 39 – FAIR – Justice of peace statue, a judge’s mallet, the carnival, a girl playing at a games stand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 40 – WET – A woman showering, a man with red umbrella in the rain, a custodian mopping with a machine, kids at a swimming pool
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 41 – BLACK – A black owl, 13 black in Russian roulette, a black panther, a man in black suit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 42 – SPORTS – A baseball and a bat in the grass, a group of balls from sports of sorts, a woman plays tennis, two kids playing with a referee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 43 – LEAN – A woman leans sideways into a chair, thinly sliced meat, a slim woman, a man leans on a tree trunk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 44 – RAW – A plate of sushi, a raw egg yolk in egg shell, raw beef cubed, chopped up cabbage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 45 – ROPE – A woman skip roping, kids skip roping, a crane’s arm, a window cleaner hanging in front of a building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 46 – HIGH – A man stands on the edge of a tall building, human engineered ski slopes, high rises, mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 47 – GESTURE – A man gives thumbs up, a woman gives the okay sign, a woman shushes with her finger, a woman presents with her right palm up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 48 – BILL – A pile of US money, a woman is working with her books, foreign currency, receipts and a buggy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 49 – YELLOW – A woman in a field of yellow daisies, a man with a yellow raincoat, cap and bag, a hive of honey comb and bees, a woman poses in front of a yellow car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 50 – NET – A screenshot of a web address bar, a computer mouse and the letters ww., a tennis ball flies over a net, a net
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 51 – MATCH – A lit match, a line of unlit matches, a woman plays tennis, someone is playing tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 52 – BOOK – A student carries a stack of books, a girl reads in the park, a concierge gives keys to a man, a man reading
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 53 – BIG – A fish with a big mouth, a boy reads an oversized book, a lady is cleaning a giants shoe, a man with a giant gift
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 54 – POLE – A landscape of snow, a woman pole dancing, two flags flying on poles, a landscape of ice and snow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 57 – STAR – Coloured in yellow stars, a red carpet, starry sky, VIP in gold
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 58 – LIGHT – Daylight shines through a tree, a light black and white picture, 2 light bulbs, sun light shines on a woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 60 – BASS – Musical symbol, type of fish, a bass is being played, a bass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 61 – CATCH – A man is fishing, a boy diving for a baseball, a mouse trap, a man catches his baby
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 62 – LONG – A girl stretches her leg in the park, a traffic jam on the highway, a giraffe, long finger nails
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 63 – PALM – A swing bed between two palm trees, palm of a hand, palm tree leaves, light on the palm of a hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 64 – COLD – A woman is cold, an igloo, an ice cube, chocolate ice cream cone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 65 – PARK – A park, a woman with head and arm out the window, a large building (palace?), a parking lot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 66 – ROCK – A bridge between mountains, a rock star, rocks, mother rocks child to sleep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 67 – SUMMER – A sunny day on the beach, a dog in the sun with an umbrella and shades, a lady in a pool, a sunny day in the woods
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 68 – STRONG – A bag of spilled coffee beans, ant lifts twig, man lift weights, boy lift weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 69 – TRUNK – A tree in the fall, an elephant, a dog in the back trunk of a car, a child hugs a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 71 – RECORD – A record player, a microphone, a stopwatch, a black record
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 72 – RED – A clown with a red nose, red grapes, red in test tube, red hair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 73 – WIDE – Cargos under a bridge, a long river, a woman with open arms, a man and a big smile
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 74 – COLLECT – A collection of stamps, a collecting of shoes, a collection of Christmas soap, a little girl collects Easter eggs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 75 – SINK – A couple doing dishes, a man fixes the sink, a boat is sinking, a sunken boat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 76 – SAD – A sad woman, a woman rips a picture, a sad monkey, a sad man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 77 – CHEST – A man’s chest, a wine chest, a treasure chest, a woman’s chest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 79 – OIL – Kitchen condiments, oil painting, a plate of olives, a woman getting a massage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 80 – POUND – A pile of money, a woman measures her waist, piece of the England flag, a scale
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 81 – NEW – The re-fresh symbol on the internet, a new i-pad, almost a new year, a new office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 83 – DRY – Wheat, a dessert, herbs hanging to dry, laundry hanging to dry
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 84 – GREEN – A man in a green sweater and hat, a jumping green crocodile, a soccer ball on a green field, a evergreen tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 85 – FULL – A briefcase full of money, a full glass of beer, a full shopping cart of groceries, a basket full of apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 86 – MORNING – A cup of coffee, two people waking up, sun is rising, breakfast croissants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 87 – DOWN – White feathers, a girl holding a pillow with feathers flying, stock is going down, walking down the stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 88 – SLOW – Snails racing, traffic jam, seniors walking, a man pushes his car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 89 – HIPHOP – Girl posing in dance, boy holding up boom box, boy in hood against wall with graffiti, man in pose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 90 – PLAY – A boy is pretending to be a pilot, a theatre play, man kicks a soccer ball, someone plays an electric guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 91 – CHANGE – A one dollar bill and stacks of pennies, change on a plate with coffee, interchange on train tracks, a fat man turns into a skinny man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 92 – ALARM – A alarm, a ‘press the alarm’ sign, a Doberman dog, the alarm system is on
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 93 – LOUD – A dog rides a scooter, a woman screams into a blow horn at a man, a crowd is cheering, a baby is crying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 94 – GAME – Jenga, a man plays chess, a game of soccer, someone plays video games
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 95 – TIE – A man in a suit and tie, a man chooses between two ties, a knot in a rope, a ribbon bow tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 96 – PRESENT – A little girl holds a present, a man presents, a bunch of presents, a woman presents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 97 – TEAR – A child cries, a rope rips, ripped pieces of paper, a crack in concrete
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 98 – COOL – A boy poses, a skater leans against graffiti, 3 ice cubes, a cold glass of water with lemon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 99 – WHITE – A wedding photo, a white car, snowy mountains, doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 100 – TIME – A man holding a clock, a calendar marked with thumbtacks, the year 2013, a family photo in white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 101 – BED – A wooden bed frame with bed, a black modern bed frame with bed, a bed of herbs, a bed of flowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 102 – SUIT – A judge, a man in suit and tie, woman in a suit, royal flush
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 103 – DUCK – A duck, a man tries to fit in a box, a rubber ducky, a woman prepares to race
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 104 – BOX – A woman just moved in, a man holds a box, a boy boxes, co-operate boxing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 105 – KICK – Someone kick a soccer ball, a woman karate high kicks, a man kicks a soccer ball, a pregnant belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 107 – MOUSE – A computer mouse, a mouse, some uses a mouse, a mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 108 – CLOTHES – A man in a blue polo, a woman in washed-blue jeans, a wardrobe of (women) summer clothes, a leather jacket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 109 – FLOAT – Giant blue gorilla float, float, two men floats in space, man floats in space
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 110 – PAY – Someone writes a check, a red credit card, a pile of money, a woman checks her wallet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 111 – STACK – A stack on rocks in water, a student carries a stack of books, two people plays Jenga, air emissions from two industrial exhaust pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 112 – HALO – A ring of stars around the world, a man stands under a ring drawn with chalk, a girl with a fur ring above her head, a light bulb glows blue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 114 – DOT – Three dies, a polka-dot dress, dot com, a dotted image
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 115 – BARK – A dog barks, a dog barks, a heart carved into a tree, tree barks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 116 – USA – The American flag with the Statue of Liberty and a yellow taxi, American eagle, fast-food, 5 $100 bills in American dollars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 117 – SLICE – Cucumbers sliced, sliced bread, sliced cake, sliced lemons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 118 – MATH – A man tries to do math, children try to do math, abacus, calculator and a pen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 119 – BLUFF – View of the lake from high cliffs, a man jumps between cliffs, a man plays poker, a man plays poker
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 120 – FLY – An eagle flies, a man in the sky, two flies, zippers of black jeans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 121 – FRANCE – A dog wearing French beret holding bread and wine, the Eiffel Tower, the French flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 123 – PAINT – Painting a room orange, rainbow paint colours, a little girl painting, painted hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 124 – ROLL – A roll of toilet paper, a roll of newspaper, spring rolls, a roll of 4 dies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 125 – POOL – A swimming pool, billiard/pool table, a man swimming, billiards/poo; table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 126 – BALANCE – Two people tight rope walking, a balance beam, a balance of yen, a woman rides bike on a beach with no hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 127 – HAND – A hand with an orange watch, a pocket watch, a man and his poker hand, a clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 128 – KEY – A key in a lock on a door, computer keys, keys and a toy house, computer keys with weeds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 129 – LINE – A racing track, liner paper, an telephone operator, an empty road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 130 – CHOICE – A man with an angel and evil, a man decides between three paths, a woman chooses between an apple and a cupcake, green check marked
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 131 – ICE – Ice cubes, girl eats popsicle, ice-caps/glaciers, snow tires
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 132 – BUNCH – A bouquet of daisies, a ring of keys, a bunch of grapes, a bunch of flowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 133 – CELL – Cells phones, a AA battery, solar power panels, red blood cells
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 134 – DECK – A deck of cards, a deck on a cruise, a deck of cards, a deck a ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 135 – MINUTE – A man pulls on the minute hand of a clock, a boy rolls his eyes at his miniature mom, a young chick just hatched, 60 seconds stopwatch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 136 – WALK – 2 people in an open field holding hands, someone hiking, someone walks their Dalmation dog, models on the catwalk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 137 – FALL – Slippery when wet caution sign, autumn, kid falls from the sky, drop zone thrill ride
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 138 – LETTER – A dog with mail in his mouth, an opened letter, alphabet cookies, the letter Y shrub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 139 – HOUSE – A construction man is building, white door to a house, attic windows, inside a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 140 – WEATHER – A sunny day with sun flowers, a night with lightening, frozen leafs on a branch, raining hard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 141 – COAT – A man outside is cold, a woman in a fur jacket, a wall is painted purple, a white peacock fans his tail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 142 – SEASONS – Flowers are blooming, a girl eats ice cream at the beach, fall leaves, a couple is snow sledding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 143 – DRAW – A soccer game is tied, someone sketches, someone drawing guns, a drawing of a smiley face sun with crayons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 144 – STICK – A music conductor, a witch with her broom, a lady plays fetch with her dog, drum band
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 145 – IRON – A golf club to hit the ball, a man irons his shirts, gears, iron blows out steam
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 146 – MUSIC – A girl listens to her headphones, a music conductor, DJ at a club, music notes flying off the bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 147 – CUP – A couple have coffee, a cup cake with white icing and a pink rose, a man in a suit holds his champion cup, a woman in a pink bra
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 148 – SPIRAL – DNA, a spiral stair case, a spiral picture, a tornado
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 149 – GRIN – A man with a magnifying glass in front of his teeth, a girl laughing, a man chuckling, a devil grinning
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 150 – FACE – A green eye, a baby’s nose, a woman’s smile, someone is trying to hear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 151 – SPELL – A witch practicing magic, a voodoo doll, the alphabet, a prince frog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 152 – SLEEP – A man sleeps at his laptop, a baby sleeps in a swing bed, a dog is sleeping in a bed, a woman is sleeping in the yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 153 – CHIN – A woman props her head by the chin, a man tries to do a chin up, a man in a suit is smiling, a woman is smiling and touching her chin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 154 – ARM – An arm, a woman holding an axe, people stretching their arms, knights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 155 – ITALY – The Colosseum in Italy, a boat on waterways in Venice, pizza, the leaning tower of Pisa (white buildings)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 156 – CRANK – An arm with hand on a crank, piece of metal (crankshaft), Foosball table, box with crank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 157 – WINTER – A little girl blowing her nose, a couple snow sledding, cinnamon tea, a snowman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 158 – BEAT – People dancing in a club, doctors listening with a stethoscope, a woman boxing, a man with stereo on his shoulders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 159 – PUNK – A man with a pink mohawk, a girl with many piercings on his face, graffiti on a wall, a girl with and electric guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 160 – DEEP – A woman takes a deep breath, a deep blue ocean, a blue starry sky, a deep blue sea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 161 – TENT – A father and son in a camping tent, a circus tent, a tent under northern lights, a native american and his teepee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 162 – BACK – A topless man with a sore back, a man sitting with is back to us, a woman’s back, a man is backing up his car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 163 – INK – A ink pen with a jar of blue ink, a ink printer, ink cartridges, ink smudges
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 164 – EMO – Skills on purple wallpaper, the cartoon character Emo, a boy is sad with his girlfriend, a girl dressed in all black
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 165 – VOWELS – The letter A in gears, the letter E as a shrub, the letter I, and a wooden O
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 166 – CURL – A woman with curly light brown hair, curls of ribbons, a woman with curly blond hair, a strip of film
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 168 – SAND – A sandy boardwalk, a dessert, a sandbox with children’s toy, a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 169 – ZIP – A man’s lips are zipped, colourful zippers, a leather jacket, an yellow apple unzipping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 170 – BAKE – A whisk in a bowl of chocolate, kneeing a doe, a man in a bakery, different cookie cutting shapes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 171 – READ – News on electronic tablets (ipad and ipod?), two girls reading in the park, a stack of newspaper, parents reading to kids
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 172 – BAR – Gold bars, chocolate, girls night out at a bar, bar tender
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 173 – WRECK – A car crash in a swap, an old abandoned ship, a plane crash, old car pieces/parts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 174 – COSTUME – A woman dressed as a clown, a boy dressed as a cowboy, dogs dressed as clowns, a woman dressed for a mask party
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 175 – NARROW – A man is too big for his small office, a man’s arms is bound to his body, a narrow alley, a narrow door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 176 – SNOW – A park with fresh snow, snow up at the cottage in the mountain, a group of people learning to skin, a snow man dressed like frosty
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 177 – GLASS – Pouring a glass of water from a glass pitcher, a scientist and this flasks, cleaning the wind shield, glass windows of a building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 178 – GERMANY – White castle,woman in black and white holding up beer, the Brandenburg Gate (Berlin), cars speeding on a highway/freeway
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 179 – SHAKE – Two people shake hands, chocolate and fruit shakes, a martini glass and a cocktail mixer, a smiling woman wants to shake hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 180 – BARREL – Over flowing oil, a gun, a sniper, a kitten in a barrel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 181 – PLAN – A to do list, group planning, a man proposes his ideas, a man thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 182 – CROWN – A golden crown, a tree, the head of Statue of Liberty, outline of Queen Elizabeth’s head portrait filled with blue white and red stripes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 183 – CAPITAL – The capital B, the white house, the Eiffel Tower, the word NEWS spelt with boggle letters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 184 – LOAD – A woman lifting a box, a packed truck of an SUV, a sand timer, a hunter loading his shot gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 185 – GRILL – The front bumper of a red car, a stake on the grill, a man yelling and point at a woman, some one is barbequing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 186 – DICTATE – A man of authority, a man writes down a woman’s orders, a woman is recording herself, a man tells tow women what to do
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 187 – PLAYER – A little girl plays a game, a baseball player, a man with three women around him, a CD/DVD layer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 188 – CHECK – A man presses the green check mark, a woman examines a sale item, the king has fallen in a game of chess, someone writes a check
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 189 – OPEN – A man spread is arms wide open, the gate is open, a man is playing tennis, opening a can food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 190 – AMP – Someone is playing an electric guitar, amp, meter of some sort, a bunch of speakers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 191 – STAGE – A horse pulling a coach at sunset, gestation process of a baby, red curtains, spot lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 192 – LIFT – A man carries a woman on his shoulders, a penguin lifts some heavy weights, a man lifts a box, a wooden toy lifts apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 193 – BRIDGE – A bride over a pond, two seniors playing cards, fake dentures, a bridge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 194 – LEAD – Two people cross country skiing, a pencil, a speeding car, a teacher and a student
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 195 – SOLE – A man kicks a soccer ball, someone hiking, a type of fish, the bottom of ones shoe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 196 – LACE – Red fancy lace patterns, shoe lace, tying a corset, a pair of shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 197 – STUFF – A pile of dishes, a stuffed turkey, a man trying to close his suitcase, a boy stuffing his mouth with spaghetti
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 198 – LINKS – A man buttons his cuffs, a broken link in a chain, clicking on a web address, person in black with index finger pointing to a dot in a network of white lines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 199 – MONITOR – A man watches the computer, 4 TVs in the lobby, a machine attached to patients used in hospitals, a computer screen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 200 – PIPE – Construction and underground pipes, pipe valves, lighting a pipe, piles of pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 201 – FLUSH – Grey bunny hugs brown bunny, a royal flush, flushing toilet, money down a drain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 202 – SPRAY – A man graffitis a wall, a skunk, a ocean, mist from a bottle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 203 – BUTT – A goat head butts another, a girl grabs a man’s butt, empty beer bottles and cigarette butts, the back of a handy man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 204 – SCREEN – A woman at her desk in front of a computer, a screen, couples looking at TVs, a baker uses a sieve
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 205 – PLUG – A drain and a plug, a girl listens to her ear buds, an adaptor, a piece of the puzzle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 206 – BUST – Head of a stone statue, two police man, a woman’s chest, a woman hitch hiking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 207 – DEGREES – A thermometer, a geometric set, a graduating class, a ba gua measurer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 208 – GOAL – Measuring tape around the waist, a woman in front of a net, a computer character holding a check mark box, a soccer net
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 209 – HOLD – A woman holding a baby, a woman on the phone, two people holding hands, a woman holds a glass of water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 210 – SHAPE – A woman jogging, picture frames, someone is doing pottery, a triangle ruler
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 211 – CLUB – A man teaches to woman how to play golf, a group of people cheering, a soccer huddle, two girls dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 212 – TORCH – A devil is holding a torch, a pile of burning wood, a man is running with the Olympics torch, a lit match
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 213 – SCOOP – 4 flavours in an ice cream cone, a newspaper, a dog picks up after himself, a ice cream treat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 214 – COACH – A horse pulls a carriage, links of a passenger train, a tour bus, a game plan
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 215 – SMOKE – Smoking a cigarette, a girl with a red heart balloon in front of a smoky plant, a type of salmon, a camp fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 216 – BLOCK – Two people practicing karate, buildings, cheese and bread, mother and child playing with blocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 217 – TAP – A woman in heels, a telegraph, a dripping tap, a telegraph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 218 – STATE – An ice cube, the 50 states, heating up a flask of liquid, flag (pegs) on a globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 219 – CAST – An arm in a cast, a man fishing, two girls dancing, someone voting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 220 – PICK – A little girl picks her nose, a man chooses what to wear, a man is carving ice, men working in mines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 221 – FIT – People in a spinning class, man tries on shoes, seniors lifting dumbbells, woman eats green grapes by the bunch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 222 – CRASH – A blue screen on a computer monitor, two car crashes, man plays drum set, a crashed car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 224 – DRAIN – Some pipes, fixing the bottom of a sink, a drain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 225 – NEGATIVE – A sad woman, a film strip, a woman gives thumbs down, a urine test
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 226 – RECEIVER – The receiver of a phone, someone catches the football, someone gets a present, a cable receiver
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 227 – CHARGE – A woman checks her wallet, a charger, a bunch of batteries, two women in an office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 228 – SEAL – A baby seal, a hand applying an ink stamp, wax being melted for a wax seal, a stamped wax seal saying “QUALITY 100%”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 229 – LEAVES – A train in the station, green leaves, a man goes to the ext, a man with luggage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 230 – SHOOT – A boy plays archery, a boy kicks a soccer boy, someone takes a photo, a boy plays with his sling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 231 – ASSEMBLE – A huddle of girls with hands raised, a man kneeling down, a sign with 4 people in the middle and arrows pointing to them, a car assembly line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 232 – ACE – 4 aces, a tennis player, the ace of clubs, a flying tennis ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 233 – GRAND – The grand canyon, the lobby of a hotel, a grand piano, a computer game with a man and green fields
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 234 – FLASH – A man takes a picture with flash, a strike of lighting, a drawing of lightening, many lighting strikes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 235 – SPOT – A man points as a woman takes photo, a zit on a woman’s face, a woman spies with binoculars, the spotlight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 236 – PINCH – A sprinkle of salt, a boy pinches a girl’s cheeks, some steals a phone from a woman’s purse, a woman pinches her belly fat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 237 – METER – A measuring tape, a parking meter, an energy usage meter, a electric meter reader
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 238 – RALLY – A race car in the dirt, a group of people, a rally of people with picket signs, two cars in the dessert
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 239 – PERFORM – A operating team in the hospital, a woman in red dress sings, a chemist experiments, a child’s school play
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 240 – RULE – The word “unfair!” written on chalkboard with “un” crossed off, man with whistle in mouth holding up a red card (soccer coach), dog with yellow ruler in mouth, a tsar or king of some sort pulling a canon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 241 – SPACE – An empty parking lot, outer space, a minor in a group of people, a key board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 242 – COURSE – A desert plate, a teacher teaches his class, a man plays golf, two people uses a computer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 243 – EDGE – A chef’s knife, two people climbs a cliff, a razor blade, a construction man is mad
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 244 – JACK – Jack of clubs, jacking up a car, jack of hearts, jacking up a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 246 – TRACK – Foot prints in the snow, a race track, train tracks, shoe tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 247 – WIND – A woman in white and a white sheet blowing in the wind, the wind on the back of an object, baby plays with a roll of string, windmills
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 248 – SCORE – A basketball gets into the basket, a sheet of music score, an evaluation form with a smiling face a regular face and a sad face with boxes underneath and a cartoon green pencil with hands standing next to them, letters carved out on a stone tablet or written on sheet of very old parchment
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 249 – CHAIN – Gear on a bike, a bracelet on a woman’s arm, flower wreaths on girl’s head, falling dominos
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 250 – CARRIER – A mosquito bites, some carrying their grocery, a dove delivers mail, a plane takes off the navy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 251 – GRAIN – A piece of wood, a bowl of sea salt, grains of wheat, grains of sand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 252 – POWDER – A woman puts on makeup, baby formula, gun powder, canon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 253 – CHIP – A bowl of chilli and nacho chips, a casino chip, a chip in the glass, a computer chip
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 254 – HOME – Playing baseball, a house, a couple behind a red see-through home frame, home base on the baseball field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 255 – OVERKILL – A hammer to an egg, crowded street signs, little girl squeezes too much toothpaste, overloaded an extension bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 256 – CLUTCH – Manual car, a little boy begs by grabbing someone’s leg, a shimmer gold clutch, a group of students
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 257 – CAPTURE – Cuffed behind the back, shadow of someone cuffed, a man adjusting his camera lens to take a photo, a mouse and a mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 258 – CHARM – A woman’s side profile, a piggy-bank with a gold coin in its mouth and a lucky charm behind his ear, a 4 leafed clover, a woman smiling in the sunlight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 259 – PRODUCE – An assembly line, fruits and vegetables, black and white photo of buildings their lights on, fruits and vegetables arranged in a heart shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 260 – HIT – A gold cd in a case, 2 man fighting, a woman in a red dress performs under a spotlight, a car crashes into a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 261 – BURNOUT – A motorcycle racer, 1 used match placed in the middle of 8 new ones, a man is tired from reading binders, a man is stressed at the amount of paper on his desk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 262 – CONFLICT – A man debates good vs. evil, a woman debates family vs. money, an army of snipers ready to shoot, a man and woman fight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 263 – RAGE – A man blows steam out of his ears, a woman is furious with her hair standing up, a woman in yellow with curls in her hair, a woman holding 2 polka-dot shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 264 – UPSET – A man is bothered by what he see from is laptop, a man is knocked-out in boxing, a man is angry at this laptop, 2 (1 is ready to play hockey) man on the ice
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 265 – PEDAL – A man teaches child to ride bike, a tire pump, a woman controls the sound of a piano, a woman sewing with a white machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 266 – BASIC – A math equation, a girl stares at he plate and water, pH level indicator, dictionary
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 267 – MURDER – A crime scene with yellow tape, a woman is unconscious, an empty field with birds flying, a cartoon character straggles another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 268 – STRIP – A beach, plane is taking off, different sized pieces of paper, a woman in a red dress and a man undressing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 269 – DEAL – Two people shaking hands, someone is shuffling, a man on the phone with his thumbs up, a giant key is being handed over a home
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 270 – TAKE OUT – A couple is out for a meal, 2 bullies stands over a shitless man, a little girl takes a green binder from her backpack, fast-food container
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 271 – MUSCLE – A topless man in a black leather vest, a plate of cooked mussels, 3 man in black suits, white ties, and a top hats, a man lifting weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 272 – DOMINATE – Horses at a racing track, a cartoon character crosses red finish line, blond woman in red straddles a man lying on the ground, a woman sits on a man on all fours
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 273 – SWEETEN – Pouring sugar into a cup, a woman puts a teaspoon of sugar in her cup, honey poured over a spoon, a jar of honey
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 274 – SOCKET – A blue eye, an electrical outlet, an x-ray of an inflamed (injured) shoulder, a man’s shoulder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 275 – COUPLE – A young couple under a pink blanket, two gold rings interlinked, two smiling seniors, the part where a boat for example is pulled by a hitch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 276 – STRIKE – A boy throws a punch, a strike in bowling, a snowbird plane, a group of people with picket signs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 277 – BELLOWS – A man in a suit and tie is covering his ears, the tool used to blow a fireplace, an old camera, an old accordion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 278 – STRAND – A stand of DNA, message in a bottle on the beach, a close-up of a woman in black and white, a ship on a deserted land
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 279 – BROOD – A girl cartoon character has toothache, a row of young chicks, a hen is sitting on her eggs, to boys thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 280 – ACTION – Lights, camera, action board, a group of cyclists, a man running through water in a park, a man in a suit and tie holding two guns
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 281 – STRAIN – A man lifting weights, a pulley system, pasta poured into a pot from a colander, a petri dish grows microbes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 282 – WOUND – Wrapping an elbow with rolling gauze, scrape on the back of a hand, a bandage on the sole of a foot, a woman with a bleeding finger
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 283 – MONARCH – A black and white photo of a king, a colorful painting of a queen, a butterfly, a monarch butterfly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 284 – TRAFFIC – Black and white photo of a city with a yellow cab, traffic jam, black and white photo of traffic light on green, a man in suit and tie trades something with someone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 285 – STAMP – A post-marked stamp, a collection of postmarks, a set of foot prints in ink, a man places a stamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 286 – DREAM – A couple thinks of a home, a woman is thinking, a woman is sleeping, the statue of Martin Luther King Jr.
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 287 – SCAVENGE – A hyena, a scrap/junk yard, the recycling center, a couple picks up garbage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 288 – COUNTER – A man checks in at the counter, a man stands at a counter, electric usage meter, two teams playing basketball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 289 – PRESS – A manual juice presser outdoors, a person holding a microphone and clipboard, buttons on a machine, printing press
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 290 – CONVERSE – A couple sitting in bed faces each other, a woman on her cell, a pair of red shoes, kids playing with a phone made of string and cans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 291 – GUIDE – 3 girl guides, a line of people hiking in the snow, a business man and a woman listens to someone, a couple in front of a church
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 292 – MANTLE – The inside of the earth’s core is shown, an older woman helps a younger one put on her white fur jacket, a boy dresses as a super hero, a fireplace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 293 – MEDIUM – Size selection options, film steps, a stake half cooked, a man in dark colors is meditating
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 294 – CLOCK – A stock watch, a dandelion, a woman points to her watch, a clock in a church’s tower
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 295 – INDICATE – A pH scale indicator, the backlight of a car, a taller boy in burgundy points at a boy in green’s head, two cars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 296 – SNAP – A woman breaks a cigarette, a woman snaps her finger, a boy does “oh no” face, a girl pulls at her hair in frustration
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 297 – TEASE – A blond woman’s hair is combed by someone else, two kids make faces at one another, three girls laugh, a man and a woman’s hair is tied in a knot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 298 – CRADLE – A picture of Jesus is born, a receiver is not placed back onto the phone, a baby’s crib, a magnetic toy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 299 – SHARP – View through a pair of glasses is clear in a hazy background, a razor leaves a red line, knives, a man is ready to shave
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 300 – STROKE – Painted vertical black lines, painted horizontal blue lines, a woman with long curly red hair, a man plays tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 301 – CREDIT – Slot game machine, an ink pen with a stack of coins, loan application, the end of a show
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 302 – DIVINE – A woman waves her hand over a crystal ball, a twig on the ground, Buddha, a glowing cross
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 303 – ALBUM – Two woman looks at a photo album, a cd, the cover of a cd, a pile of black and white photos on an open book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 304 – SPIKES – Someone is hiking in the ice and snow, someone is running track, a porcupine, rusted pegs on a pile of rocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 305 – SEWER – A woman tailor, water flows out of a pipe into a late, someone is sewing with a machine, pipe lines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 306 – NOVEL – A little girl reads under her blanket with a flashlight, a mans book comes alive, parents reading to their kids, the yellow crumbled paper jumps out from the rest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 308 – ROSE – Pinkish-white roses, red roses, stocks going up, bar graph increases
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 309 – PRIVATE – A woman whispers into a man’s ear, a man’s lips are zipped, the spikes on top of a metal fence, three blue binders are locked with chain and padlock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 310 – POP – A needle to a red balloon, a man is singing, bottles of drinks, an open champagne bottle and a set of glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 311 – RING – A wedding photo, an engagement ring, a woman on the phone, a woman on her cell on laptop
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 312 – DULL – A math equation, a emotion icon un-impressed, a man alone at a party, a bored woman holds a sticky note to her head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 313 – BLOOD – Blood is running down a white canvas, a mosquito is full from blood, a vampire just finished feeding, a person donates blood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 314 – JOINT – Someone is lighting a roll of marijuana, a hand, a wooden figure, someone is grabbing their knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 315 – SERVICE – An entire dinner set, people at church, workers of a hotel, army men in a line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 316 – EFFECTS – White flashing spotlights, colorful spot lights, a soccer ball leaves a trail of blue flame, red lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 317 – PRIZE – The #1 trophy, the “BEST” ribbon, a team wins a trophy, someone wins a medal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 318 – TAG – A SALE tag, discounted tags, the tag inside the jeans, kids and adults running in the park
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 319 – BICYCLE – a hand spraying a can of WD-40 into a bicycle chain, a bicycle bell, a bicycle seat, chain and lock on a bicycle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 320 – WINDOW – a hand pulling open a door / window, bunch of window panes, a hand cleaning glass with glass wiper, a horse sticking its head out of a little window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 321 – FRUIT – little kid eating a banana, dark skinned woman smiling and holding up green apple, a bunch of pineapples, glasses of fruit juices surrounded by fruits – lemons, orange, lime and grapefruit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 322 – ISLAND – boat with white sail approaching shore with pine tree and beach chair, boat being rowed ashore with mountains in background, boat approaching a heart-shaped island with trees planted in heart shape, sail boats on a lake / ocean and land covered in green vegetation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 323 – WINE – glass of wine beside a barrel at dawn/sunrise or dusk/sunset, two wine corks, glass of wine with cheeses and grapes, bunches of grapes on vine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 324 – MOTHER – lioness with baby lions, pregnant woman in tank top sleeping, hen with bunch of chicks, smiling woman holding baby in diapers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 325 – PINK – a bunch of pink and red flowers, pair of feet with pink slippers sticking out from pink convertible, baby with eyes closed and hands holding up chin wearing knitted pink hat, a pink unicorn
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 326 – HERO – little boy wearing superhero costume, cartoon of man wearing cape standing on top of mountain, man with sword riding horse, cartoon figure of a green superhero
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 327 – PARTY – children’s birthday party, wine glasses with socializing people in background, ladies dancing and drinking, young women wearing birthday hats and blowing on party blowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 328 – SWORD – bald man in black martial arts uniform holding up samurai sword, pirate holding sword and gun, alien/robot holding up a sword, man in armor holding a sword
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 329 – GIFT – woman with red hair wearing hat pointing to camera and holding up an envelope with a red ribbon tied around it, a red box / present with white ribbon tied into a bow, man holding up box/envelope with red ribbon tied around it, two kids holding a white box with green ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 330 – BEANS – green beans, field of crops and two hands holding a bunch of round yellow seeds, a sac of coffee beans spilling out onto a dish with a cup of steaming coffee, beans with tomato sauce on piece of bread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 331 – CRY – a little girl crying, a baby crying, a woman with a tear running down her face, a man on the phone wiping his eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 332 – AIRPORT – a smiling woman in uniform greeting a man in suit, a row of chairs and big windows with a landed airplane outside, an airplane taking off, a blue airplane on the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 333 – CHAIR – a bunch of chairs at some tables by the side of the road, a smiling little girl with her chin on her folded arms leaning on the back of a chair, a worn chair with slits on the seat, a lime green chair against an old dirty wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 334 – BOWLING – bowling balls, bowling shoes on racks, a bowling ball sending pins flying, a girl about to send bowling ball down the alley while a guy looks on
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 335 – ZOMBIE – group of zombies, cartoon zombies, a mummy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 336 – PILOT – a hat that’s a part of a uniform, two people working on control panels, a man in helmet and vision shield and a microphone, a man in uniform holding up a toy airplane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 337 – ANIMAL – five sheeps/lambs, a puppy and a kitten looking at each other, a squirrel on a tree, elephants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 338 – SAUSAGE – slices of salami and sausages, slices of carrots in sauce, sausages in spirals with slices of cucumber and tomato, a loaf of meat with a piece cut off and green onion on it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 339 – SNORE – a sleeping elephant, a guy sleeping and a girl plugging her ears, a guy sleeping and a girl blocking her ears with the pillow, a man sleeping on the sofa with his mouth open
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 340 – DIVING – a girl swimming, two divers, man wearing scuba mask, woman holding a wide eyed baby swimming under water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 341 – KISS – a little boy kissing a little girl on the cheek, a woman kissing a nerdy looking guy on the cheek, a bunch of lipstick marks in different colors, a man and a woman kissing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 342 – GHOST – shadow of a person with hands on glass, a ghost of a woman walking in the forest, a cartoon ghost, a child dressed up as a ghost with a blanket and two holes as eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 343 – STINK – little girl holding her nose, a bull dog lying beside a pair of feet wearing socks, a skunk, a man smelling his armpits and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 344 – TOOTH – an opened mouth showing teeth with a missing tooth, a cartoon tooth fairy, toothbrushes of different colors, tooth paste in white blue red squeezed out of the tube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 345 – FATHER – man holding a baby, man and child brushing their teeth together, man and baby sleeping, man with child on his shoulders walking on the beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 346 – BRAIN – diagram of a brain, a brain running the treadmill, model of a brain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 347 – RUIN – what’s left of a stone building, the inside of a building that has broken windows and big hole in ceiling, a building being torn down, a couple of ancient buildings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 348 – JAPAN – sign of a white hand in a “V” victory sign and a red circle, mountain (Mount Fuji) and city (Tokyo/Osaka), sushi on a plate and chopsticks, woman wearing a kimono holding a paper umbrella standing under a tree with cherry blossums
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 349 – FUNNY – man and woman wearing 3-D glasses holding bucket of popcorn, a clown, a woman with tongue sticking out and hair streaming behind her, woman having tea and laughing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 350 – FOAM – guy with shaving cream covering entire head and face except the eyes and holding up shaver, man washing his hair, hands with soap suds, woman taking a bubble bath
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 351 – REPAIR – cartoon man holding part of a broken vase / bottle of glue on table, a mechanic fixing a car, roll of duct tape, various tools hanging on a piece of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 352 – MEDITATE – person meditating in sitting position, shadow of person meditating facing the ocean and rising/setting sun, statue of a Buddha in meditating position, part of the face of a Buddha statue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 353 – FROST – a tire driving through snow / icicles on car, leaves with frost, a snowflake, a pool of water with trees that have snow on them
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 354 – VAMPIRE – a cartoon bat with head of a vampire, a bat, woman dressed as vampires drinking wine, a vampire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 355 – SKIN – a birthmark, a woman pinching flesh on her belly, hand smearing cream onto a man’s back, hands massaging a woman’s face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 356 – BITTER – glass of lemonade, cut open grapefruit, a man pouring medicine onto a spoon, a woman in a winter jacket holding a cup and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 357 – NIGHT – a dog wearing a sleep mask with its paw on a clock, the moon above the clouds, a cartoon girl lying on the moon with stars next to her, a street lamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 358 – HIPPIE – man and woman dressed as hippies, a man and some women with a guitar and luggage holding up signs trying to hitchhike by the side of the road, a peace sign made up of flowers, flower decals and the words “Flower Power!”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 359 – VACATION – people skiing, man in backpack and woman looking at a map, a family laughing, man and woman at the top of the mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 360 – DRIVER – a chauffeur in uniform in a car, a person in uniform on a truck/bus, a woman clasping a steering wheel, a girl in a car showing her identification (driver’s license?) and keys
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 361 – GRIMACE – kid with tongue sticking out and open hands nexts to ears, girl with eyes crossed and crooked mouth, girl wearing huge glasses making a face, girl that took a bite out of a slice of lemon and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 362 – SALTY – salmon and spice, potato chips, a plate of salt chunks, the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 363 – POISON – a scorpion, a person squeezing a snake and cramming a cup up its open mouth, a bottle with a skull sign on the front, a big red mushroom with white specks on it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 364 – SOUVENIR – a bunch of Eiffel tower models, Russian nesting dolls, a child picking seashells, pairs of wooden dutch clogs / shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 365 – WARM – two girld smiling and hugging each other, a dog wearing a red scarf, a pair of colorful stocking feet on the vent, a person wearing a red sweater holding a green and white striped cup
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 366 – POKER – hand holding up a royal flush poker hand, hand holding up 4 aces poker cards, stacks of poker chips, 4 guys playing poker
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 367 – GAMBLING – a slot machine, hand holding up 4 aces, roulette, smiling man holding cash he won in Vegas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 368 – MINT – woman holding up toothbrush with leaves on it, some green leaves, a green leaf on a bunch of white gum, a cup with green liquid and green leaves on the side
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 369 – GEOMETRY – compass eraser triangle and protractor, a diagram of 3 rectangles enclosing a triangle and the formula “a2+b2=c2” a pencil and eraser, 3D images of various geometric shapes, a bunch of geometric diagrams and formulas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 370 – TUMBLER – 2 switches one switched to ON the other to OFF, an acrobat doing splits in the air, water splashing into a glass, a sealed pitcher
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 371 – STAPLE – stacks of staples, doctors performing surgery, a stapler, various types of pasta
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 372 – STRETCH – woman doing yoga, train tracks, a winding river, one hand pulling surgical glove on the other
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 373 – CROSS – little girl with fingers crossed on both hands behind her, mother leading son across the street, man looking mean, flag with white cross and red background
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 374 – TILE – letters of the alphabet and numbers and punctuation, tiles on a roof being laid, bathroom tiles in various shades of blue, a pile of dominoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 375 – TRASH – a bulldozer in work, a truck pushing a mountain of garbage, a full garbage can, a combine working in the fields
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 376 – SOLO – a woman pilot in a plane, a man with a hat playing the saxophone, someone playing an electric guitar, a man sitting on a bench holding his head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 377 – SECURITY – a security camera, a police wearing uniform with the words “Metropolitan Police” on the back, hands holding a transparent sphere containing a baby, man in black suit and sunglasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 378 – NIRVANA – woman meditating by the ocean facing the rising / setting sun, statue of a Buddha / Bodhisattva, a half-naked person in water against stone stairs, a flowery diagram with some sort of eastern language written inside it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 379 – COMBINE – a white puzzle with one piece taken out, eggs on a pile of flour, a handbag wallet belt and single high heel shoe, red liquid being poured into a beaker with colorful liquids
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 380 – BUBBLE – a clear blue sphere, a chimpanzee, cartoon word bubbles above some people, a girl blowing bubbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 381 – STOP – the words “Bus Stop” on the road, map of routes in different colors, circular sign with red background and a white hand, man breaking a cigarette in half
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 382 – BOOKMARK – the address bar in a browser, book with a bookmark sticking out, book with place marker, a keyboard with a big blue key that says “Links”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 383 – GRACE – girl in ballerina dress, a swan, a girl dancing, a woman in big red dress dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 384 – PRINT – yellow pink blue rollers, papers with black words printed on them, big rolls of paper, set of print press letters numbers and punctation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 385 – CRUMBLE – layers of rocks, bricks sticking out of a wall, some sort of dessert, apple and apple slices and cinnamon sticks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 386 – GRADE – a girl holding up a folder with a paper that says “A+”, a graduation hat and textbooks, bunch of graduates throwing their graduation caps, white figure in tie and briefcase walking up an upwards trending bar graph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 387 – MEAL – wine glasses and food, a waiter serving food to a couple, worms, wheat and flour (?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 388 – BREEZE – wind mills, woman on beach facing the ocean with arms outstretched, clothes drying on a clothesline, little girl in a field with her hair blown back
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 389 – LATE – woman holding a clock with her mouth open, feet sticking out from white cloth with toe tag tied to toe, woman at a train platform sitting on red suitcase, man pointing to his watch looking mean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 390 – STORIES – squiggles coming out from an open book, an old style typewriter, finger pressing “2” on an elevator panel, one little girl whispering into another little girl’s ear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 391 – TRANSIT – an entrance with wrought iron gates, a white van, a white bus, a tunnel with rails / train tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 392 – LOOK – an eye with long eyelashes, lots of colorful clothes hung up, glasses set on a table, woman wearing big white wide-brimmed hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 393 – COURAGE – man standing on bicycle balanced on a tightrope, man crossing with hands on a rope with sharks circling beneath him in a body of water, a mouse and cat looking at each other, a gladiator in armor and sword
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 394 – TRANSFER – hands in handcuffs, a handheld electronic device sending vibes to a laptop, sign of a bus with driver, a credit card / bank card in an ATM machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 395 – PRECIOUS – different colored gems / diamonds, bunch of gold jewelry poured out of a handbag, man patting on a baby’s back, an opened treasure chest with rays coming out of it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 396 – SPIT – cloudy skies above beach and water, baby eating mush making a mess, person holding up stick lit with fire and blowing into it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 397 – BAIT – a decorated gingerbread house, a cartoon worm on a hook, a fish hook, a mouse trap with cheese
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 398 – RATE – a red line graph that turns into a heart shape, a house shape with “%” inside it and a man standing next to it, a big percentage sign, model of a house with stacks of cash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 399 – JOCKEY – a horse and driver, a horse and jockey in a race, a DJ at a panel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 400 – PATCH – 3 grey bottles with one pouring black oil, ashphalt being paved, a bandaid on a crack in stone, a girl with a black eye patch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 401 – LABEL – blue jean material with a brown label, signs that say “Sale 50%” “GOLD Membership” “DISCOUNT 50%” and “TOP 10 Guaranteed”, a record, brown rectangular tags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 402 – COLOR – big patches of splashed colors and a woman on a ladder, yellow pink blue rollers, different color shades of hair, lots of hands colored in different colors and smiling faces painted on them
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 403 – SAVE – arrow cursor and timer icon, piggy bank with four-leafed clover in mouth, a computer mouse, a soccer goalie hugging a soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 404 – REACTION – a girl pouring from one beaker into another, some people around a desk throwing papers in the air, a road with a sign of a nuclear facility or some sort of chemical factory ahead, skin with bumps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 405 – CAMPAIGN – English soldiers in traditional uniform, a sphere with words on it “flyer creation logo concept communication marketing publication business…”, some soldiers in a dessert, two labels that say “new”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 406 – CRASH – two cars crashed together, a meteor approaching the earth, a line graph that goes up and down and up and down again, a plane that has crashed into the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 407 – VISION – hands holding a globe with a seagull inside, a giant eye with binary numbers, an eye with concentric circles, eyeglasses place on a table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 408 – STUBBLE – an old man with hand on chin, mouth with stubble around it, man with stubble putting on lipstick, young man with foam around mouth shaving
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 409 – SPRING – green grass and pink and white flowers on tree, a steel spring, little stream of water going over rocks, legs and feet wearing running shoes launched into air
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 410 – BRAVE – a gladiator in armor holding sword, a firefighter going into the fire, a lion, a blunch of people waving their arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 411 – BREACH – a wall of rocks with a hole in it, whales, a broken screen, waves in the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 412 – COPY – writing in ink on white paper, dentures, father and son shaving together, a printer / photocopier
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 413 – TITLE – a woman dressed as royalty, champion belt for wrestlers / boxers, a book with the title “Knigge” in gold, the “Daily News” newspaper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 414 – PANEL – some brown doors, man giving thumbs up and man holding gavel and woman with arms crossed, a cottage amongst the trees, audio equipment of some sort
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 415 – TRENDY – Man with a Mohawk, woman holding two (2) black and white checkered heels, man in shades and a scarf over his head, a girl trying on glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 416 – EMPTY – A plate setting for 1 (dinner), empty room, an opened (broken) bird cage, auditorium of (empty) red seats
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 417 – PIECE – Cutting a piece of cake, 3 pieces of chocolate, 2 pieces of puzzle, slices of pizza
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 418 – BEAM – Sun shining through the trees of a forest, girl reading with a flashlight under her covers, a red laser beam and a DANGER (warning) sign, light house shining light
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 419 – ANCIENT – Brown/yellow map, stacks of books, a coliseum, a landmark – almost pyramid shaped but grey and has square top)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 420 – TANK – Under the water (green), an army tank, production tanks, green caged ladder outside a dome structure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 421 – POCKET – Pocket watch, pocket (army) knife, wallet in jean pockets, a woman holding a book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 422 – POLITICS – Different flags on poles, check box marked ‘X’, dropping a ballet, man in suit and red tie is being interviewed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 423 – KNOT – Red rope tied in a knot, a boat sailing, man cannot choose between two (2) ties, a woman with her hair in a bun (brunette)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 424 – COTTON – Stack of folded jeans, a woman pointing at her white t-shirt, polka-dot clothes (fabric), cotton (balls) plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 425 – SMELL – Kid sticks face into sunflower, man tests his red wine, woman spraying body spray (perfume) on herself, a man with a clothes clip on his nose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 426 – SCIENCE – Microscope, man in a lab, chemistry and plates of colorful powder, DNA structure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 427 – ROUND – Ball (with flags of the world), men in a boxing ring, four (different) clocks (time), men cheering (drinking) at a bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 428 – REFLECT – Rainbow shining through a prism, solar panels, trees around a lake (body of water), ski goggles reflecting (snow) mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 429 – TRAVEL – Woman with suitcase standing in front of arrival/departure times, the earth glowing, landmarks around the globe, a couple reading a map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 430 – UNDER – Under a bridge, a man fixing a car (raised above his head), a bra (red with white dots), a map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 431 – COLLEGE – Graduation hat toss, student (male) holding a red book and a back pack, stacks of books, a girl in a class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 432 – OFFICE – Desk stationaries, a woman at a photocopier, a woman answering the phone and taking notes, a group of professionals (5) in a meeting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 433 – GLAMOUR – Woman with a veil and orange sparkling lipstick, a woman in a long flowy red dress, woman in a white dress, woman in a green mask
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 434 – ENJOY – Woman lying in a green field with pink flowers, a woman eats a bite of chocolate, a woman in a sauna, a couple getting a massage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 435 – UNIFORM – Solider (in camaflough), woman in a black dress, 2 professionals, a group of doctors/nurses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 436 – BREAK – Man breakdancing, a thief breaking a door (break and enter), relaxing in a chair under the sun, chip and spider crack window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 437 – FIZZY – Bubbling blue liquid, glass of fizzy white drink (clear), tums in a glass of water, a bottle of coke (pop)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 438 – FLAT – Person in black with a flat screen monitor as their head, green flats (shoe), green field, a deck of a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 439 – SCARED – Cartoon character scared, person with red glasses ducks (hides) behind and under table, a woman is scared, man is sinking in white paper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 440 – VOLUME – Three (3) black) and one (1) red sliding buttons, controls/buttons on a machine, dials on a machine, volume sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 441 – BLANK – Four (4) pieces of white square paper, a woman holds a black sign above her her, a woman holds a blank speech bubble beside her face, a blank sheet of paper on the wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 442 – CROWD – 2 pictures of people moving really fast through the city, paparazzi (or fans) with cameras, group of people dancing (at a club/concert)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 443 – PIRATE – A cannon, a parrot, stirring wheel of a boat/ship, chest of gold (treasure chest)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 444 – MEDICINE – Pills (medication), green cross, bunch of violet flowers, doctor writing on a chart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 445 – NUMBER – Laser reading a barcode, pressing elevator button, numbers on a racing track, two (2) front doors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 446 – MILK – Baby items, (towel, teddy, milk bottle, & lotion), pouring milk, a cow eating a white daisy, a goat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 448 – CINEMA – Cup (bucket) of popcorn, a ‘TICKET’, stacks of movie film, an auditorium
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 449 – FENDER – weights by the side of a boat, red and white electric guitar, bumper pieces (front and back), man painting (touching-up) a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 450 – LAW – White ‘S’ figure signs on a wall, metal stationary, balance beam and judges mallet set, drawings (blue prints)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 451 – LIGHTING – Lit tea lights, lights of cars on a highway, spot light, city (night) lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 452 – ROYALTY – Gold crown in palm of woman’s hand, red (toy) car on a bundle of 100 (fold) bills, a woman dressed up (Victorian style?), coupons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 454 – THREAD – Cobweb (spider web), using an iPhone, messaging, roll of red thread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 455 – SECRET – Confidential file folder, black vault, a woman hushes her lips, two (2) kids (girl) whispering (to boy)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 456 – POLLUTE – Man wears a (N95) mask over his face, landfill, industrial plant emissions, emissions from a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 457 – RECIPE – Note book in the middle of a table, man drawing on a wall, a jug of milk and cracked eggs in a bowl, old recipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 458 – ENTRANCE – A ‘TICKET’, circle spiral (black and white), man at at the opening of two giant doors, red curtains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 459 – HARMONY – People singing, music, dove flying through the sun, ying-yang symbol
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 460 – BUILDING – Drawings (floor plan), model house (white), little boy builds a LEGO house, a boat passing the Sydney Opera House
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 461 – ACCESS – Turnstile, cracking (picking) a lock, stop sign (with a hand), man hands over key to house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 462 – FILL – Pumping gas (into car), donut (bread) with orange filling, pouring red wine into glass, preparing (making) pot plants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 465 – FACTORY – Line of bottles (drinks), a factory, a street sign, industrial plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 466 – PEACE – Peace sign, ‘hippie’ bus/van with flowers driving through a rainbow, a white dove, person holds two (2) fingers up (peace sign)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 467 – CONTROLS – Play station controller, control panel (of a plane), person driving, dials on a control panel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 468 – WEDDING – Three (3) level wedding cake, a black top hat, a bouquet of white flower, two (2) gold rings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 469 – ADAPTER – Computer chip, 2 picture of adaptors, a man playing his saxophone sitting down
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 470 – CALENDER – Person writes in his planner, pages of a calendar, Chinese zodiac, what look like a Greek calendar or sundial of sorts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 471 – PLANET – Brown planet, Earth, Mars, Saturn
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 472 – SHARE – Elephant shares a bench with a dog watching birds, kids fighting over a stuffed animal, stocks performance, pie chart (3 red pieces and 1 green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 473 – UNISON – Two (2) people shake hands, two (2) alarm clocks, a couple hugging, two (2) men laughing/singing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 474 – TOOL – Nail and hammer, pliers, hand-drill, screw driver and a wrench
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 475 – CREATIVE – Statue of a person thinking, man draws a light bulb (idea), little girl does hand/finger painting, person with a ‘THINK’ sign/bag over their head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 476 – PLATE – A piece of black wood (flat), a plate, a crack in the ground (covered with dried lava), stamps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 477 – WELLNESS – Woman meditates, woman at facial spa, aroma therapy items (towel, scent oil, coffee beans, lit candle etc.), cup of mint tea (green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 478 – NAVIGATE – Map and a compass, an old-style gadget (telescope?), a map, hand on the steering wheel of a ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 479 – EMERGE – Submarine, a hatched chick stands on 2 eggs, tadpoles, dandelion growing through asphalt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 480 – COMMENT – Cartoon with black speech bubble, person holds a microphone, speaker button on phone, layer out news papers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 481 – AID – Woman walks with blind (visibly impaired) man, first aid box, hand putting a coin into a box with hearts on it, first aid items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 482 – PUBLISH – News paper, stack of books, stack of newspapers, paper (publishing) factory
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 483 – TRAILER – Trailer driving towards the sun, trailers parked (at camp), a camp trailer, advertisement of ‘COMING SOON’
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 484 – BALLOON – Colorful helium balloons, two (2) heart helium balloons, hot air balloon, animal balloons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 485 – BUILDER – Contractor/construction hat, drawings, balance tool and ruler, handy man’s tools, construction workers at work signs, hard hat and industrial gloves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 486 – FIELD – Circling with red marker, a soccer field, a green (empty) field), an island seen through binoculars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 487 – CONNECT – Wooden figure using paper and string phone, 6 degrees of separation arm lock/hold, volume/signal bars, paper zipped up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 488 – CONTEST – Woman figure skater, jockeys racing horses, team holds up trophy, placing stage of winners (1st, 2ed, and 3rd place)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 489 – ICON – Mother Mary praying, a woman with her white dress blown up, emotion indicators, internet language (signs)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 490 – DIRECTOR – Music composer, movie director, four (4) people in a meeting (2 men and 2 women), white office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 491 – PRACTICE – Woman helps boy with work, girl plays violin, woman doctor, female trainer coaches female trainee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 492 – COMPANY – Seniors (men) in a park laughing (having a good time), blue people icons connected, three (3) people in the office, army men (soldiers) lined up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 493 – COMMAND – Blond woman scolding a little girl, blond woman presses a keyboard eagerly, stethoscope on a laptop (blue screen error/diagnoses), solider icons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 494 – INTEREST – Woman plays guitar, percentage (%) sign in a pile of money, couple meet with a man, man backpacking/travelling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 495 – BEVERAGE – Mint tea (green), tall glass of beer, fruit shakes, pouring a glass of red wine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 496 – PHONE – Orange turn-dial phone, black turn-dial phone, black dial phone, touch-screen (cell) phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 497 – CONCEAL – Man hides face behind paint, man pulls/hides a card in his sleeve (ACE of hearts), three (3) tones of concealer, little girl covers her face with her hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 498 – MODULE – Computer chip (part), chalk board (and agenda for the day), one (1) red cube/brick in a wall of white, a satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 499 – PASS – White car driving on highway (fast), VIP card/sign, mountains (nature), a man catching a rugby ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 500 – WALL – People standing in front of a wall (drawing?), graffiti covered wall, Great Wall of China, flower bed (raised and protected by a brick wall)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 502 – OPERA – Music sheet, top of a string instrument (violin/cello), theater, white mask (half face)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 503 – JEWELS – Shiny diamonds and pearls, gold chain/necklace and pearls, three (3) pieces of diamonds, a crown
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 504 – FARMER – Person in green watches goats, man tending to his garden, man studying his wheat’s (grains), man in green with two (2) cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 505 – APPLY – Wrapping a wrist with gauze, man works on computer, little boy applies sun tan/screen lotion to his chest, resume under a magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 506 – APERTURE – Hole (carved in the shape of a heart) in a fence, snap shot, break through in a white wall, man taking a picture with camera
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 507 – COLLAPSE – War in Paris, building being demolished, woman helping someone who fainted (lying on ground), a broken metal stool
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 508 – ENCLOSE – Picture of fence in front of a barn, bird in a cage, dogs behind a fence, open envelope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 509 – CONTRAST – Two (2) woman dressed the same stands facing each other, ying-yang symbol, vision through 2 different lenses of the same pair of glasses, black specks/dots (wavy) on white contrast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 510 – SCHOOL – Boy in blue thinks in front of black board, pathway in front of a building, kids (8) sitting around a round table, a school of fish
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 511 – COOLER – Champagne in a bucket and two flute glasses, a cooler box, 2 pictures of air conditioning units
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 512 – VEHICLE – Army tank, white horse dragging carriage, airplane, white car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 513 – WISDOM – Shelves of books, molar (tooth), statue of a man, drawing of a blue/green owl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 514 – FLOWER – Flowers (daisies) in a watering can, woman smells pink/yellow/red tulips, red rose, field in front of mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 515 – GINGER – Woman with bright orange hair, shaved bowl of ginger, orange tabby cat (cartoon), gingerbread man and house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 517 – COFFEE – Brown (bowl-shaped) filters, coffee beans, coffee berries, grounder/grinder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 518 – DEFENSE – Bottle pepper spray, guards (England – in red suits, black pants, black hat, and gun over shoulder), man wants to shake hands, football team
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 519 – OCCASION – Lit candles in a cookie/cake, HAPPY ANNIVERSARY card, two (2) woman celebrating/drinking, fireworks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 520 – LANGUAGE – China, England, and Germany book, ‘DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH’ in speech bubble, WELCOME written in different languages on the chalkboard, sign language (hand gestures)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 521 – VIRUS – Blond woman takes a hammer to her laptop, virus (germs), woman sick in bed, mosquitoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 524 – ELEMENTS – Erupting volcano, desert, clouds in the sky, tall waves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 525 – MARKET – Spices in the market, stocks around the world, woman packing fruits (grocery), woman smiling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 526 – BURN – Red icon of a man and woman in their underwear, burnt toast, fire hazard/sign, camp fire (on a beach)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 527 – SKY – Cosmos, sky (sunrise/sunset), green field, sunrise/sunset over a body of water (lake/ocean)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 528 – INVENT – Cave man cartoons, wheels in a person brain, person working on their laptop, person thinking/ideas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 529 – EXHIBIT – Painting gallery, exhibit, person looking at frames, display of chocolate
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 530 – PAD – Note pad with check marks, lily pads in a pond, mouse on a mouse pad, tablet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 531 – CUBE – Cube of pictures, three (3) ice cubes, three (3) red dies, different coloured cubes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 533 – EVEN – Leveling concrete, the number two (2), a level (tool), flipping a coin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 534 – EXERCISE – People sitting and stretching in a line, kids thinking (in school), 2 army man running in the desert, woman on yoga ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 535 – SHOE – Black heels, blue flip flops, cow boots, running shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 536 – ATHLETE – Man throws a stick, statue of a man bowling, man does plank on beach, running on treadmill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 542 – INSULATE – Thermos, igloo, duct tape, tent and northern lights in the winter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 543 – ACHIEVE – Woman in blue skirt on top of the mountains, people holding a performance line/arrow, person crosses red finish line, girl graduates
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 544 – FOCUS – Rainbow spirals, sun shine on dew on blades of grass, snap shot of lenses, girl in glasses reads a green book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 545 – COMPLETE – Hand forms OK sign, icon makes green checkmark in boxes, two (2) crossed black and white checkered flags, icon piecing a red piece of puzzle amongst white pieces
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 546 – CONTROL – Sewing in a factory, boy plays video game, remote control (TV), lizard has lizard toy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 547 – MASK – Mask (gold and red), woman gets a facial, surgeon places mask on you, a thief/ninja in black holding a flash light
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 548 – DISPLAY – Jewelry on display, serving a plate of food, flat screen TV, woman presents to a group
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 549 – PROPOSAL – Icon male proposes to icon female, items on a list, 2 pictures of people in a meeting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 550 – HIGHRISE – Picture of a city, 2 pictures of sky scrapers (tall buildings), picture of an apartment
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 551 – ART – Two (2) mimes, person carving/chiseling a piece of wood, a ballerina, an old woman painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 552 – MULLET – Man in a white shirt smiling, woman stretching, a fish, a bowl of fish in tomato (red) sauce
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 553 – MIND – Brainstorm, boy thinking, wheels in a brain, couch on a deck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 554 – PICTURE – Human hand hold cartoon umbrella for a cartoon man, man thinking, colorful drawing, movie theater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 555 – HINGE – Two (2) pictures of a door/cupboard hinge, x-ray of an elbow, person grabs their knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 556 – BIRD – Group of pigeons, 2 parrots on a branch, chick hatched from shell, field of chicken/hens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 557 – DECORATE – Painting a concrete wall with red paint and placing down hardwood floor, flowers in buckets on a table, badges on a uniform, Christmas décor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 558 – ARMOR – Army tank, red shield (badge) on a green (computer) chip, armadillo, a knights armor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 559 – TOUCH – Picture of two fingers almost touching, a tablet and a touchscreen phone, adult holds baby’s hand, touchdown (football)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 560 – MIRROR – Thumbs up in side view mirror (of a car), stones stacked in an arch, picture of glass towers, woman looks in hand held mirror
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 561 – INSECT – Two (2) lady bugs, swarm of honey bees in hive (comb), grass hopper, a green caterpillar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 562 – MAGIC – Woman blows out butterflies, hand in white gloves opens red curtains, rabbit in a top hat, spot light (blue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 563 – CREAM – Pouring milk/cream, a jar of cream and two (2) white daises, a cows nipples, a bowl of ice cream
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 564 – ENERGY – Windmills, kids running/playing, woman gets facial, E=MC2 written on chalkboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 565 – WHEEL – Wheel (of a bike), a wood carriage (wagon), changing wheel of a car, a red scooter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 567 – HORN – French horn, rhino, bike horn, antlers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 568 – LISTING – Stocks performance, remote on a magazine (TV guide), circling numbers, people looking at giant ads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 569 – KNIGHT – Knight’s armour, cartoon figure knights another kneeling down, cartoon knight fights green dragon, brown (black) and white knight (horse) chess pieces butting heads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 570 – ENTER – White key board, pointing where to sign (signature), brown wooden (front) door, picture hanging on wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 571 – FARM – Wind mills, wheat, a farm tractor, field of cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 572 – GARBAGE – Drawing of a smelly garbage can, yellow bags of garbage, orange truck, landfill (garbage)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 573 – SOURCE – Bubbling battery cell (green), man holds ‘COPYRIGHT’ sign, creek, man giving a speech to reporters (4 microphones)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 574 – LESSON – Red letter L (for LEARNERS) on a motorcycle, man teaches a class, girl with pigtails getting scold, WEB SEMINAR written on blackboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 575 – SWING – Girl on red swing, black shadows dancing, swinging metal balls, playing golf
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 576 – BOAT – Long brown and light blue canoes at the docks, water crashing to side of bat, couple fishing, long canoe parked at the beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 577 – BARGE – Cartoon man is sick (green), boat in the water, man fallen of bike in winter, man in black suit and tie slaps another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 578 – SCRIPT – Typed ‘ONCE UPON A TIME’, cursive writing with ink, computer typed text, cartoon drawings of 2 men giving gifts to woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 579 – TIMER – Sand timer, kitchen (cook) timer, stop watch, wrist watch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 580 – SPILL – Barrel leaking black oil, spilled drink (black coffee/tea/pop) on white keyboard, spilled red wine, a glass of red wine overflowing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 581 – PRINCESS – Pictogram (green) of a princess kissing a toad, a cartoon girl (blond hair, pink dress), cartoon castle on clouds, cartoon princess riding a white horse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 582 – PRODUCT – Calculations, 3 pictures of women looking at shelves of products (at the store)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 583 – DRIFT – White box stand covered in snow, snow covered field, hot air balloon in the sky, snow-land by the waters (ice caps)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 584 – SPOON – A couple in bed, eating spoons laid out, ladle in a pot of soup, wooden stirring spoons laid out
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 585 – CONFUSED – Person holds black umbrella raining question marks, man reading a stack of books is confused, a man in glasses scratches his head, a woman tangled in wires
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 586 – GOOD – Woman (angel) with wings, person in suit presses happy face icon, green check mark, LIKES button (icon on Facebook)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 587 – SILENT – Woman in red tank top shushes, man with zippers across lips, ninja in the moonlight, snow covered field (with ever green trees)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 588 – AMPLIFY – Control dials of a machine, concert (performance), cartoon icon with loud speaker, tower of (cellular) satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 591 – COUNT – Cartoon Dracula, woman counting change, calculations, man uses abacus to count
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 592 – PEPPER – Pile of whole multi-coloured pepper corn, crushed chill (flakes), sea shell holding sea salt and whole (black) peppercorn, green red and yellow fresh (bell) pepper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 593 – FORMAT – Icon with floppy disk, icon of pdf. File, old film projector playing, instant pictures (polaroid)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 594 – SUPPLY – Army (camouflage) truck, curvy road, water pump, plug in the wall socket (all white)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 595 – BOY – Boy in green looking up, boy in dress pants, and striped red tie, boy in yellow with loud speaker, a baby (boy)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 596 – PARTNER – Couple hugging, 2 men shake hands, couple dancing, tennis court
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 597 – COMIC – POW, 2 white dogs in shades and clown hats, super hero in blue with red cape, man with top hat, a microphone and red and yellow sweater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 598 – DUTCH – Pink with white tulips, block of cheese, a bike, a mill behind a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 599 – YOUNG – White jar of lotion, children whispering, lion cubs, baby chicks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 600 – PRIDE – Girl in graduation gown, athlete with white top and sweat band poses, peacock fans his tail, male and female lion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 601 – JUSTICE – Statue hold rod and a balance beam, cartoon man (judge) behind a desk, judge’s mallet, a female lawyer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 602 – SLIDE – Unzipping (or zipping) something, a roll of film uncurled, person holds a slide (specimen), cartoon penguins slide down a hill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 603 – CRAM – Woman with a large bag (filled), boy sits behind stacks of books, person tries to close suit case, woman stuffing face with cake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 604 – GREEDY – Hand grips money (dollar bills) tightly, cartoon man with $ $ signs for his eyes, cartoon of big fish eats smaller fish, cat looks at beans (food) on table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 605 – CAPSULE – Time capsule, spoonful of medication (pills), peas from beans, satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 606 – SPEAKER – Speaker on loud, woman talks to crowd through microphone, speaker, loud speakers on pole
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 607 – ROMANTIC – Sketch of a man, Effie Tower, 2 hearts drawn in the sand at the beach, couple sits by water front
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 608 – INTERIOR – Modern living room of a house (white), man driving a car, back of a bald man’s head, house model and drawings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 609 – SCENE – Chalk outline of a dead person, woman in red apron holds rolling pin, sketches, woman holds lights, camera, action board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 610 – MILITARY – Female solider with red hat, silver and gold metals, army men lined up, sniper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 611 – ACCIDENT – Items left on the floor of biohazardous sign, hand caught in mouse trap, car crash, boy covered in smoke and smudge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 612 – RAISE – Woman stretching, performance comparison by year, man goes ALL IN at card game, woman holds up her baby
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 613 – UNION – People picketing (striking), United Kingdom flag, couple gets married, blue flag with a circle of yellow stars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 615 – HOSPITAL – Hospital hallway, red first aid box, surgeons working, man and woman poses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 616 – OBJECT – Black shutters, UFO (spaceship), cartoon judge, kid with glasses wearing a vest and bow tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 617 – KNIFE – Pocket knife, cartoon chef, round roast (beef), person holding a knife
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 618 – MOUNTAIN – Pile of clothes, desert, 2 pictures of green field with trees and mountains in the background
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 619 – MEMBER – People figures uniting, red and black flag with white bar across middle, woman’s legs (calves), soccer team huddles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 620 – TUNE – Dials on a machine, tuning a piano, car engine, playing the saxophone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 621 – CUT – Girl getting a hair cut, prepping in the kitchen, sawing wood, girl with a Band-Aid on her index finger tip
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 622 – SPAIN – Woman in long red dress dancing with fan, bowl of mussels and lemon, bull chases red cloth, bottle and glass of red wine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 623 – BOND – Sticking a stamp on an envelope, 4 people join hands, person is tiling their wall, mother and child
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 624 – SCOUT – Compass on a map, topless man statue, blue iris (eye) looks through eye hole, cartoon scout (ranger?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 625 – BARGAIN – Person tries to bribe another, professionals in an office comes to an agreement, tag that says BEST PRICE, % signs floating up and away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 626 – PAGE – An open book to 2 blank pages, ring boy (bear), globe icon with web address, person looks at their pager
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 627 – CLIMB – Man climbs up a ladder, woman rock climbing, airplane is taking off, people climbing up spiral stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 628 – CONVERT – Monarch butterfly, different currency signs recycling, solar panels, maple leaf (green) recycles CO2 and O2
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 630 – GENETICS – Family (father, mother, and 2 kids), family tree photo display, molecules/compounds, DNA helix
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 631 – FELINE – Cat leaping, lion, cat sitting and looking up, cartoon cat hides behind fish bowl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 632 – PART – Grey gears turning with 1 red one, couple standing back to back with a cut out of a broken heart, man checks out his hair, filters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 633 – SERIES – Collage of front doors, jeeps driving behind one another on the dirt road, PI (3.1415….) written on a ball, woman laughs while watching TV
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 634 – FINISH – Person crosses red ribbon (finish line), person dips paint brush in paint outside, front of a car, empty blue plate and a knife and fork
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 635 – MASTER – Statue of Bruce Lee, woman graduating, woman teaches, man raises finger at his dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 636 – SOUND – Water through the bays, head phones (over the ear), microphone, string phone (empty cans and red string)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 637 – MEASURE – Cherries on a kitchen scale, flasks and test tubes, mug of beer and a pretzel, music beat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 638 – GIANT – Giant cartoon woman dripping small basket ball on the court, giant boy wants to step on small woman, whale in the deep blue waters, small man stands and looks up at giant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 639 – SWEEP – Raccoon sweeping, man in tall hat carries ladder and gadgets, woman sweeps floor, cleaning a chimney
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 641 – PERIOD – Schedule template drawn on chalk board, a spiraling pattern, clock, graph (bell-curve)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 642 – VOID – Comos in space, holes in the ground, person with a fishbowl for a head, crossing a calculation error
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 643 – STIR – Stir fry vegetables, man – painter, girl helps mom cook in kitchen, stirring cup of coffee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 644 – ADVANCE – 1 person hands over a bundle of money to another, 2 men playing chess, army men in line, curved red arrow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 645 – PRIMARY – Red, green, and blue circles overlap each other, kids in classroom raises their hand, the number 1 sign, drop box
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 646 – ALCOHOL – Glass and bottle of scotch (maybe whiskey), bottle of mouthwash, 2 barrels, glass of beer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 647 – BOUNCE – Girl in bouncy house, boy on red bouncy ball, man dribble basket ball, icon of stocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 650 – QUEEN – Playing chess, woman wins pageant, queen bee, cartoon woman (queen of hearts)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 651 – CIRCUIT – Person prepares to run around track, digital card (blue), ON OFF switches, GO KART tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 652 – TABLET – Medication/pills, tablet, cup of coffee and cell phone, cafeteria line, drawings in stone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 653 – ARROW – Performance arrow (going down), arrows in bulls eye, man can go in 3 direction, icon can choose between left or right side (blue or green arrow)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 655 – WAITRESS – 4 pictures of a woman serving drinks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 656 – DESIGN – Webpage, man proposes with his tablet, red chair, drawing of a red dress with black belt (waistline)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 658 – ROLLER – Pavement roller, woman painting, roller painting wall green, rolls (dies) of ink
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 659 – CEREMONY – Graduation class tosses hat, couple getting married, coffin being carried, first, second, and third place on the podium
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 660 – NETWORK – Digital cables green icon person standing amongst blue ones, compilation of pictures, six degree of separation (hands interlinked)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 661 – VALUE – Currency value goes up, boy hugs his teddy, house for SALE, a big bundle of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 664 – MEXICO – Colourful straw hat, taco (soft shell), white sand beach and blue waters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 665 – GROW – Brother plays with baby sibling, bar graph grows, woman in emo make-up, currency grows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 667 – ENGLISH – Hot tea with biscuits, dog, fried chicken and fries, red telephone booths
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 668 – DRAFT – Comic, mug of beer, pointing out the red icon person amongst a line of black ones, rolls of drawings (floor plans)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 669 – STATUE – Statue of Liberty, statues with big heads, Buddha statues, statue in RIO
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 670 – PILE – Pile of clothes around a basket, stacks of boxes, little girl lying on the carpet, folded towels
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 671 – BADGE – Man in suit with name tag and red file folder, cartoon policemen shows badge, scout badges, sunglasses pin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 672 – WEAK – Magnifying the broken link, hands chain and locked together, small red boxing gloves meets giant blue glove, cartoon of senior with ripped sweater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 673 – TOXIC – Spraying flower with pesticide, snake, industrial emissions, man wears (gas) mask to examine something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 674 – FIRM – 2 men shake hands, professions sitting at a table (meeting), 2 pictures of professionals standing in a group
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 675 – SUSPEND – Lights on a clothing line, cord of a telephone, red bridge over the waters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 676 – SKILL – Kids (boys) playing soccer, woman solves math question, man play violin, boy play chess
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 677 – MARBLE – Marbles, statue without arms, steak (raw), statue without arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 678 – SHUFFLE – 2 pictures of someone shuffling a deck of cards, icon (sign) for music to shuffle on player, woman wearing heels
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 679 – ENGINEER – Man is thinking how to draw, construction worker tries to build, man on train tracks, man in control room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 680 – PACKAGE – Checker cloth wrapped and hanging on stick, man delivers parcel, crowded beach, red present box with white ribbons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 684 – SEARCH – Treasure chest, magnifying a globe, working dog (guide/search dog), magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 685 – FAITH – Cartoon woman falls backward into man, nun praying, hands clasp, colourful flags hang from tower?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 686 – CARTON – Carton of cranberry juice, woman examine bottle at the store, carton of eggs, moving into an office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 687 – EXCEL – XLS file, man in suit points to bar graph rising, collecting of winning metals, horse races (jockeys)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 688 – KING – King of hearts (card), lion (male), fallen black chess pieces at a standing white king piece, cartoon of Elvis (king of pop)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 689 – PREMIUM – Champagne in an ice bucket, 4 yellow stars and the stamp, orange race/sports car, piles of US dollars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 691 – CRISP – Head lettuce, Cesar salad, deep fried fish/chicken, couple walking in the snow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 692 – PRIVACY – Double blue front doors, DO NOT DISTURB sign on door, lock and latch on door, username and password
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 693 – PLANE – Man is building the roof of a house, airplane in the sky, inside an empty plane, shaving wood (to make more even)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 694 – FIGURE – Sand timer, figure skater, the number 1, picture of a George Washington
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 695 – WEAVE – A woman braided her hair, 2 people boxing, a woman weaving, a basket of apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 696 – SAFARI – Woman in front of orange tent, a white jeep, a scout/ranger, a zebra
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 697 – SUMMIT – Icons representatives of different countries stand around the globe, professionals at a table, person reaches the top of her destination, tip of a mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 698 – PROMOTE – Icon figure pushes another up a green arrow, man stands above a woman, a woman with a loud speaker, menus
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 699 – SCOTTISH – Mansion at surround with water, person photographing pins and needles, plaid (red, black, and yellow) fabric, a cow and a sheep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 704 – WARNING – KEEP QUIET sign, ! Sign, construction sign, man points finger while woman shouts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 705 – BLANKET – Couple under the blanker, water bag under a towel, mountain partially covered in snow, bridge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 706 – SINGING – Drawings of birds singing, a woman sings, cartoon of children singing Christmas carols, 2 girls sing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 707 – PASTEL – Growing hearts, pink flowers, pastel crayons, starburst colours (red, purple, blue, orange)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 708 – FORMULA – Formula race car, formula on the chalkboard, H2O in a drop of water, mother kisses a baby who is drinking from a bottle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 709 – CHILD – Little boy dresses up and plays pilot, little boy jumps into the air, a baby sleeping, a child sleeps in-between his/her parents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 710 – JUNK – Fast food (burger and fries), a ship, hard drives taken apart, broken TVs and fan in the field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 711 – SPEED – Person running past in a blur, car driving fast, man runs at the tracks, person snowboarding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 712 – POT – Pots (cookware), flower bed/pot outside, pot of tea, cartoon pot of gold (coins)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 713 – POLISH – Person polishes their shoe, cleaning a table, flag (red and white), person polishing a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 714 – CROP – Harvesting green grapes, riding a horse, picture of a woman’s face, tracker harvesting (corns?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 715 – SPECTRUM – Apple sections in a grocery store, rainbow coloured reptile, circle colour spectrum, rainbow through a prism
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 717 – SCALE – balance scale, man on top of a ladder, ruler
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 718 – STAFF – Stick leaning against the bars (handrails on the wall), employees at a call center, scepter, professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 719 – WORKING – People planting, man with multiple hands (multi-tasking), person doing math (budget/accounting), man with pliers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 720 – TIRED – Yellow icon yawning, man getting ready for bed, woman yawing from reading, person turns off alarm clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 722 – LEVEL – Level (builder’s tool), cars on racks in a warehouse, Tetris, rainbow prism
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 723 – PIE – Chocolate cherry cake, pie chart, slice of pumpkin pie, pie cooking in the oven
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 724 – FILLING – Slice of cake, man a large machine (kettle), man at the dentist, an enormous burger/sandwich
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 725 – TAIL – Mermaid, salamander, shooting star, tail of a plane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 726 – ZOOM – SLR camera, ZOOM IN/OUT magnifiers, magnifying glass, a car (red) speeds pass (Indy’s)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 727 – SERVANT – Person with white gloves holds up and out open umbrella, chauffeur, bell boy, host and waitress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 730 – DETAIL – Jean pocket, solider, grasshopper, close-up of kiwi fruit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 731 – PREMIERE – Woman in red dress walks on red carpet, hands at a chalkboard, man in suit being interviewed by reporters, red carpet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 732 – STING – Prickly hair on stem of a plant, mosquitoes, getting a needle shot, fish at bottom of ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 733 – HISTORY – Statue with no arms, old photographs, old compass on map, rows of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 734 – SLEEPY – A little girl is tired, professionals sitting at a table is tired, a bad in glasses is bored, man yawning showing his alarm clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 735 – CAVE – Drawings of how man hunted in history, inside of a cave, waving white flag, person in a cage is being lower into the water (or raised)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 736 – PRINCE – Cartoon of a prince in front a rainbow, a girl is going to kiss a frog, knight riding a white pony, a prince is down on one knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 737 – CABLE – Insulated cable, electrical cord (green) plugged into the wall, sky ride, electrical (magnetic) field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 738 – BLOW – 2 men fighting UFC, cartoon explosion (BOOM), storm blowing tropical trees, little girl blows bubbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 740 – INVADER – 3 aliens looking down on earth, 2 soldiers, UFO (spaceship), a ninja
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 741 – TEACHER – Fitness class, 2 women driving, 2 men at a computer, parent (mother) takes child swimming
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 742 – LOCK – Boats at the docks, a key left in the lock (of a door), a woman with curly blond hair, a combination lock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 743 – DRILL – Army men standing in line, man is drilling, dentist and assistant, construction crew uses jack hammer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 745 – BRAID – brunette woman with glasses, braided ropes, marine’s cap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 746 – PLASTIC – Rubber duck (child’s bath toy), green recycling sing, empty plastic bottles, garbage bins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 747 – LADLE – Metal ladle, pouring hot something hot to be molded, man serves soup, glass ladle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 748 – PLASTER – Construction man sands outside of building, man hold a dried circular plaster, person is cutting something, person’s right leg is in a cast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 749 – STUNT – Digital icon performs tight rope walking, bike daredevil performance, man hikes through desert, riding a red motorcycle through flames
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 750 – SOAR – Bald eagle flying, bar graph growing, helicopters, hang gliding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 751 – PIT – Empty roads in a cliff, truck driving in the middle of nowhere, peaches, woman applies deodorant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 752 – FLOOR – Grey hard wood floor, wooden floor/fence, 2 pictures of someone pressing elevator buttons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 753 – INDUSTRY – Woman (fashion designer) on laptop, industrial emissions, oil rig in the ocean, hammer and picket icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 754 – IDEA – Blue lightening, a woman with a bubble though, man sitting on cloud typing on laptop, a light bulb of idea (made of yellow yarn)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 755 – MISTAKE – Eraser, man sitting in front of black board with the equation 2+ 2 = 5, man is yelling at woman, man does ‘OOPs’ face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 756 – GIRL – Doll, little girl holds slice of watermelon, cartoon girl is running, little girl is getting her hair braided
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 757 – EXACT – Dart to bulls eye, man holds stop watch, boy trims grass, man inspects shoe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 758 – ORGAN – Piano at church, person playing a piano, left and right side of a brain, the human heart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 759 – FUNCTION – Pocket knife, woman in vet with a name tag, measuring INPUT vz OUTPUT on the blackboard, adults attending a seminar/conference/presentation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 760 – WEALTH – Mansion (white), statue of Buddha, woman with mink (fur) over her shoulder, a giant bundle of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 761 – SMASH – Broken window, tennis bowl, painting of the HULK, broken ceramic bowl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 762 – RESOURCE – Windmills in the water, a library, chopped lumber, man wearing a hardhat with flashlights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 763 – SCRAP – Apple core on the floor, total lost in car collision, scrap piece of white paper, junk yard (landfill)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 764 – BOARD – Snowboarder, skate boarder, professionals sitting at a long table, person stands in front of black board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 765 – SLIPPERY – Man is about to step on banana peel, cartoon kids going down slide, icon slips on wet floor, bar of soap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 766 – TRANSMIT – Satellite dish outside a home, radio station (tuner), no mosquitoes sign, satellite in space
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 767 – WAITER – 4 pictures of a waiter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 768 – PASTE – Ctrl, C, & V keys of a keyboard, making a sauce recipe, toothpaste on toothbrush, glue (paste) oozing from tube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 769 – BORDER – Map of the US, a dog (black and white), a white picket fence, passport inspection sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 770 – FORK – Ham, music sheet, cartoon sausage cooking a sausage, direct path splits into 2
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 771 – CAKE – Purple cake with white flowers, a plate of fish/crab cakes, white and pink cup cake, a girl with a birthday cake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 772 – SHED – 2 hands cupping a shed icon in the sky, outdoor storage, a wooden shed, cartoon man with hair falling out
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 773 – SPIRIT – Senior man and woman open their arms to embrace the world, a ghost, meditation, a boy is thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 774 – CARGO – A transporting bike, a skid of boxes, a skip of crates, transport by means of truck or plane around the world
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 775 – INJURY – Broken/injured ankle, spine of a man is red (inflamed), person with injured foot and crutches, a teddy bear with a band aid in bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 776 – PROOF – Green rubber boots, an inspector (Sherlock Holmes), magnifying a finger print, crime scene findings (number tags)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 777 – SIGHT – Effie Tower, man looks through binoculars, iris of a woman, ranger with a rifle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 778 – TOWER – toy castle, a grown-up holds the hand of a little kid, a stack of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 779 – ROTTEN – Moldy orange, a man sniffs his sushi, a man holds out a smelly fish, bruised apple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 780 – HORSE – Woman stands in front of her horse, performing gymnastics, a rocking horse, knight (chess piece)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 781 – FORMAL – Icon of man and woman dressed up, a server, 2 people shake hands, a man in a suit and tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 782 – LOSE – Woman measures her waist line, set of keys, running toward the finish line (red ribbon), marbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 783 – FAMILY – Father and child, family at dinner table, family in living room, litter of puppies with their parents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 784 – MATERIAL – Shelves of coloured paper?, man on-air (radio), warehouse of cylinder blocks, scissors cut paper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 785 – CHANNEL – Remote control of a TV, creek, DJ station, opening (of 2 giant doors)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 786 – RECYCLE – Card box figure is thinking of a card box, a woman sorts her garbage and recycling, a icon dives head first in a garbage can, different coloured recycling bins)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 787 – DRAG – Santa drags his big read bag, man in suit pulls his suitcase, cartoon drag racer, woman dog sledding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 788 – MOTION – Lights left behind (trail) of a fast car, cartoon granny in a rocking chair, judge makes a decision, some one running
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 789 – PEDIGREE – A golden (and red) ribbon, a hound (dog) sits in a line with cats, a black horse, a family tree photo stand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 790 – GORGE – Man stuffs his with plain pasta, water fall, adams apple of a person’s throat, person moving really fast?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 791 – SETTING – Hammer and wrench icon, forest, a diamond (green – emerald) ring, dinner settings down a long table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 792 – COVERAGE – Boys watching a sports game on TV, a woman reporter, the newspaper, a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 793 – HANDLE – Woman shows all her jewelry (for sale), knocker on front door, door handle, person using a computer mouse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 794 – PET – A little girl hold a kitten to her face, a little girl gives a bowl of milk to a kitten, a dog and a kitten, a paw in a persons hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 795 – BATTERY – Cannon and balls, laptop battery, icons lifting a cell of battery, a man’s face was beaten up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 796 – ASSEMBLY – Group of adults working on a project, a man is building something, roofers, screws and wooden pegs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 797 – WASH – Woman does a load of laundry, a dog gets a bath, a woman taking a bath, car wash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 798 – THOUGHT – A man is think at work (his desk), a man is thinking, a woman is thinking, picture of a man’s (human’s) brain activity
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 799 – MUSICAL – Group of people singing, music, cartoon kids singing and dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 800 – CONTENT – Couple having a meal, woman is happy at her desk, drawer of clothes, woman takes photo of a box in store
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 801 – DEVOTION – Man is praying to the sky, statue of Buddha and his followers, angry mob with signs hides their identity, a couple looks at heart-shaped cloud in shy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 802 – PUNT – Man rows canoe in river, person kicks a ball, boats parked at shore, football game
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 803 – RAIL – Rail on a deck, skate boarder’s rail, train tracks, rail of a boat/ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 804 – AWARD – 2 people shake hands, a plack (85), a trophy, a man in suit holds a trophy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 805 – QUEUE – People standing in line (crowd), a woman with a speaker headset, cars backed-up in traffic, printing at a printer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 806 – STORAGE – Warehouse, CD, USB stick, fridge?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 807 – MATURE – Aged cheese, wood barrels, a senior (man) graduates, progression (stages) of a boys life (soccer kid, high school, college/university, career man)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 810 – CRAFT – Satellite above earth, female chef, scissors and cut paper, woman designing something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 811 – CHEESY – Cheese blocks, bowl of popcorn, cheese baked on bread, cheese (footprint) on plain omelets (egg)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 812 – BASIN – Waterfalls, ceramic water fountain, ceramic bowl, ceramic sinks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 813 – ANGRY – Angry lion, a woman’s head covered with smoke, a man takes hammer to his laptop, a red bull
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 814 – ORCHARD – Apples in a basket in the sun, man holds two baskets of apple, apple orchard, woman with two baskets of apples in front of her
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 815 – COLUMN – Tablet and touch screen cell phone, performance bar and pie graph, columns, army marching in line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 816 – LIBRARY – 2 girls in the library, books, a girl in a library, shelves of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 817 – BORED – Girl in red pouts (is bored), woman yawns, man is upset at ironing clothes, student sleeping in class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 818 – VITAMIN – Basket of squash and apple and corn, oranges, pills (medication), fruits (apple, pear, kiwi, peach)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 819 – CHURCH – Church, couple getting married, a church, a church
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 820 – DISGUISE – Person with camouflage paint on face, a bug camouflage onto leaf, a husky wears a wig, disguise items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 821 – HUSBAND – Couple getting married, pictures of an elderly couple’s adventures, a man holds a proposal ring box, a couple cooks together in the kitchen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 822 – MAMMAL – A woman with long curly light brown hair, a tiger, a gorilla, 3 dolphins jumping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 823 – PREY – Dark brown eagle, someone steal cellphone from woman’s purse, a dear, a lion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 824 – WIFE – A couple sits in living room deciding something, a couple gets married, an elderly couple, man puts ring on woman’s finger
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 825 – BELT – Grey rock (asteroids) flies past a planet, luggage conveyor, seat beat in car, black belt in karate (martial arts)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 826 – CAPE – Man waves red cape in front of bull, cape of a island, woman in a cape, little red riding hood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 829 – SINISTER – Devil, dark clouds (storm) brewing, Manitos helmet (from x-men), black and white hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 830 – TOURIST – Couple taking a tour, woman concierge gives man his keys, a woman takes photos, I icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 831 – PADDLE – Ping pong table, paddle and ball, boy kayaks, red (plastic) paddle, oar (wooden paddle)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 832 – TYPE – Bowls displaying types of paste shapes/sizes, woman typing at keyboard, sign for something, man at type writer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 833 – JAPANESE – Sushi dipped in soy sauce, Chinese character, city in front a mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 834 – TARGET – Man draws a circle of white stick figures around a red one, person looks at graph on wall, playing archery, soccer field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 835 – CLEAN – Woman cleaner, cleaning the bathroom sink, woman shows off her smile (teeth), cleaned dishes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 837 – CHINA – Dragon, Great Wall of China, Chinese Zodiac, a hostess
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 838 – LITTER – Dirty beach, driver’s arm out her window (of car), line of kittens, line of puppies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 839 – GENIUS – Baby with big glasses, Einstein, smart boy, a girl thinks in front of green chalkboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 840 – OXYGEN – Scuba diver, man swimming, surgeon applies anestigia, O2 sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 841 – EQUAL – Balance of rocks, hands counting 2, 3, 4, cut-out of people joining hands (blue and yellow), 0.5=1/2 written on black chalk board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 842 – MOW – Man drives a lawn mower (truck), 2 pictures of stacks/piles of grass trimmings, mowing the lawn with truck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 844 – BLAZE – Apartment on fire, fire with black smoke, camp fire, house on fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 845 – FOLLOW – Line of (yellow) rubber ducks), riding camels crossing the desert at night, line of elephants, Sherlock Holmes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 846 – FITNESS – Group of people shows thumbs up, a woman stretching, a family jogging through park, woman lifts dumbbells
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 847 – CHEERS – Cocktail party, new years celebration, 2 couples shows thumbs up, group of people with mugs of beer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 850 – CAGE – Cartoon gorilla in cage, baseball fence, open bird cage, bike leaning on pole
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 851 – PANIC – Man is presented with stacks of work, woman is screaming scared, couple wakes up late from bed, cartoon woman jumps on green chair (scared)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 852 – TENOR – Copper (iron) statue of a man, a man in tuxedo with open arms, binoculars on music sheet, violin saxophone and a clarinet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 853 – LEAPING – 2 picture of man (person) leaping between 2 bridges, goldfish leaps out of water, a leopard leaps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 854 – CIRCUS – Red and white circus tent, cartoon lion balances a bear on ball, juggling clown, tiger trainer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 855 – DENTIST – 4 picture of people at the dentist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 856 – CARESS – A baby sleeping, woman pets a cat, man about to kiss woman, couple under a blanket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 857 – SINGLE – CD, jug of milk with pink ribbon, 2 glasses of scotch (or whiskey), a woman dressed professionally
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 859 – PEELING – Peeling apple, peeling potatoes, peeling yellow zucchini, peeling paint from wall/door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 860 – TALK – A little girl in grey is being interview, icon holds green phone receiver, group of people with speech bubbles, 2 women conversing on a sofa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 861 – RESCUE – A dog laying in the grass, superman, rescue helicopter (orange), fireman climbs out of window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 863 – SWIM – Mother and child (baby) swimming, jelly fish, dolphins dancing, a little girl swims
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 864 – SCRAPER – Cartoon man window cleaner, a scraper/spatula, 2 pictures of people cleaning snow off their cars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 865 – ALLIANCE – Multi-national flag poles, hand painted with flag designs, 2 golden rings, a boot with 2 flags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 866 – SING – Woman holds microphone and man plays guitar, a little girl sings, a chef sings, cartoon of a man in robe by a fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 867 – NAP – Woman in white sits back at her desk, a baby sleeping, a woman asleep at her desk, red fabric
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 868 – CHAMPION – Cartoon of winning soccer team, champion belts (gold, silver, and copper), jockey races horse, trophy cup
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 869 – EXAMPLE – Judge holds up his mallet, outline of webpage design with chalk, LTD sign with orbiting ball, trophy cups around the globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 870 – SUCCESS – Man gives thumbs up through the walls, a man sits back to examine performance arrows (red and blue), group of people shows-off wands of cash (bills), a woman with open arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 871 – MOMENTUM – Stop watch, a woman gymnast on the rings, extreme skier, metal magnetic balls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 872 – SUPPORT – Professional woman wears a head set, 5 adults team up, 2 hands on a cane, 3 helicopters take off of navel ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 873 – MINISTER – Man in suit holding brief case, man in suit poses in front of books, a minister reads from a book, a man in a suit and tie holds his glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 874 – COMEDY – Disguise mask, clown’s (jester’s) hat, man performing with mask, audience in a movie theater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 875 – FAILURE – Man in shirt and tie hides face behind his hands, man sitting on floor holding his head, cartoon man is upset, man in jail (behind bars)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 876 – EVOLVE – 2 helixes of DNA, evolving box man, TO DO LIST (saying to BE BETTER), men with their laptops
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 877 – TUNNEL – Subway tunnel, ground hog drills a tunnel, train tracks, mine tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 878 – WIPER – 2 pictures of a car with wipers on, washing a car, close-up of a wiper blade
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 879 – RADIATE – Sun shining in blue sky, people in biohazardous suits, microwave, ladder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 880 – ROOT – Person cupping a plant in their palms, bunch of carrots, cartoon doing math, moss on a tree (in forest)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 881 – DRAMA – People in dress up, masks, red curtains, Chinese play (theater)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 882 – EARRING – Man with pink bangs, cookie earrings, woman with long earrings, woman plays with her necklace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 883 – TUG – Boat, playing tug a war, ships at the dock, child tugs a rope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 884 – RAMBLE – Blond woman on the phone, person hiking, brunette woman on cell, family of 4 hiking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 885 – FEAR – Watching a scary movie at the theater, man bites his nails in fear, man in suit is shock, man is scared of what woman is telling him
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 886 – CAPER – Man wearing a red nose, kids making faces at one another, fitness class, capers (spice)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 887 – CROSSING – Person crosses a bridge, crossing fingers, cartoon girl crosses street, people crossing street
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 888 – ROOM – Gas/heater room, light shinning on display stand, row of shelf, living room of a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 889 – JUNCTION – Train tracks, road intersection, highway, traffic lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 890 – GROWING – Man stands on the highest of 5 columns, a little boy in blue, a plant sprouting, a man growing a plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 891 – KNOCK – Strike (bowling), knock-out (KO in boxing), woman knocking on a door, 1 man knocks out another in boxing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 892 – TIN – Tin man from Wizard of Oz, element Sn, food in cans, woman cooks over a fire outdoors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 893 – GREED – Man wears $ sign glasses, man stuffs his face, a baby stuffs its face, a woman stuffs her face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 894 – TICKET – Cartoon police man, a pair of ticks, a card on a cars windshield wipers, a ballot ticket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 895 – BULLET – Agenda on a clip board, a bullet, a speeding train, icon checks boxes on a clipboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 896 – STRAIGHT – Stacked planks of wood/lumber, a straight road, glass of whiskey, male and female sign interlinked
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 897 – CLOWN – 4 pictures of clown
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 898 – WIPE – Cleaning a table, man wipes his forehead, woman at the chalkboard, little girl wipes her nose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 901 – TWINS – 4 picture of twins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 902 – DEAF – Woman adjust, dog perks up his ears, sign language, woman in red perks her ears
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 903 – AMAZON – Shopping cart key on a keyboard, a tablet, a river, 2 parrots
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 904 – CLIMBING – People hiking through snow hills, 2 babies on a ladder, person rock climbing, woman doing zip line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 905 – ESCAPE – Man in suit bends (prison) bars, a cartoon thief runs away with purse, solution through a maze, man with a ball chain around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 906 – HAPPY – Boy at his laptop, woman holds her camera, woman in scrubs, a couple in tank top and jeans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 907 – DRAWING – Drawing of a windmill, drawing of a boy pushing the pencil away, woman draws with her daughter, classroom of kids drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 908 – LIFE – Plant sprouts through cracked pavement, a cup of floral, a baby laughing, eggs in a birds nest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 909 – SILENCE – ON AIR sign lit, 2 women shushes, man with zipper lips, man behind white mask shushes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 910 – SORROW – Woman cries, woman cries on man’s shoulder, a girl crying, a man consuls another crying man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 911 – COCKTAIL – Glass of cocktail, man touches a woman’s belly, a rooster on the roof, a cocktail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 912 – STRING – Knot in a string, string and a badminton racket, rolls of different coloured string, strings in different shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 913 – BRIGHT – A woman’s eye, a desert, clouds in the blue sky, a little boy has an idea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 914 – TENSION – Ropes over a pulley, couple sleeps back to back in bed, boys watching a show/game on TV, man in suit pulling something apart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 915 – DIVE – Man dives of his yacht, scuba diver, person dives into water, scuba diver
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 916 – SURVEY – 2 picture of man in hard hats taking a survey, checking off a clipboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 917 – IDLE – Chain saw, a koala lying on a branch in a tree, woman waits boredly at the airport (terminal), man in swing bed (hammock)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 918 – SNIP – Pliers to a bunch of copper wires, man cuts his own hair, woman cuts her own hair, scissors to red ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 919 – COMPARE – 2 pictures of a balance scale, a woman compares 2 items in a store, male chemist compares test tubes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 920 – MAZE – Tall hedges, man looks at maze on floor, person in front of a maze, a maze
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 921 – CLEANER – Woman cleans window, man mopping, couple is cleaning, 1 clean and 1 dirty brush/sponge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 927 – ADDER – 3 pictures of snakes, using a calculator
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 928 – DRIVE – Driver in a car, hammering a nail, driving a golf cart, fixing/installing digital (hard drive) ware
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 930 – STRESSED – 3 pictures of people with hands at their head, a frayed rope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 931 – OPENING – Scissors to cut a red ribbon, opening a can food, woman opens her curtains, using a microwave
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 932 – ENVY – Man eats pizza and woman has apple, man is green (with envy), people staring at a couple hugging, woman looks at a couple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 933 – GOSSIP – 4 pictures of people whispering
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 934 – WORRY – Woman massages her temple, woman’s face in her palms, 2 women looks away from each other, man is stressed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 935 – LEADER – Music conductor, George Washington (?), man in uniform salutes, music conductor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 936 – ENVIOUS – 1 egg is worried about 2 eggs in love, woman is upset at man on tablet, woman stares at couple, 2 woman eating
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 937 – ATTACH – Stapler, ropes knotted together, paper clip icon, hasp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 938 – JEALOUSY – 1 man punches another at club, boy is upset sitting by his parents, mouse dancing on cheese, girl cries in front of pregnent woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 939 – THIGH – Topless woman in jeans, roast chicken legs, woman rubs her left thigh
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 940 – CHEAT – Man with a pocket full of money, woman crosses her fingers behind her back, kids blowing at a golf ball, couple in bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 941 – HOST – Judges at an audition, 6 computers linked to 1 mother board, waiter, man barbeques
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 942 – JEALOUS – 4 pictures of a person staring at a couple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 943 – DYE – Woman with bright orange hair, yarn of different colours, tie-dyed shirts, bottle explodes in different colours
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 944 – FAKE – Woman applies lotion (tan), manicure nails, dog wears an afero wig, a toonie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 945 – BOLD – The letter B and b, die blocks that spell NEWS, a super hero in green, man climbs a rock/mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 946 – WORRIED – Man with hand to his face, 2 pictures of woman worried/sad, a boy is sad
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 947 – STRESS – Man holds up HELP sign from behind a stack of books, a man is pulling out hair, a woman sees a therapist, a woman is worried about studying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 948 – SKIPPING – Cartoon of girls skipping, cartoon of rabbit skipping, a woman in white with shopping bags, an icon in black stand out in a line of white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 949 – DRONE – A bee collecting pollen from flower, a boy plays with airplane, an airplane, a swarm of bees (or other insects?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 950 – BUSH – A desert, cartoon man in robe by a fire, a shrub, a field of shrubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 951 – SPONGE – Cleaning a window (windshield), holding up a sponge, a slice of cake is eaten, scrubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 952 – GROOVE – Group of hippees trying to hitch hike, teenage girl listens to headphones, a black singer, groves of an object
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 953 – ORBIT – Earth with orbit rings around it, an eye ball, planets close by the sun, satilite station above the earth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 954 – EDIT – Designing a floor plan, a laptop, erasing the brain of a drawing, 3 people are looking at photos at a table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 955 – CURVE – Man in lab coat examines performace curve, blue and grey curve, a woman on the beach, a ben in the road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 956 – CREW – 4 siloettes doing handstands, 3 people in red aprons, a stewartess on a plane, a woman sailing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 957 – CHICKEN – Chicken nuggets, watching a scary movie at the theater, pan frying something, a rubber chicken
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 958 – DONATE – Change on a piece of cardboard with THANK YOU written on it, a green gift card, person donating blood, a box (gift) of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 959 – LOUNGE – White (modern) living room, man in his living room, wing pin with FIRST CLASS engrave on it, 2 people at a terminal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 960 – INFLATE – Hot air balloon, money inflation, blowing up a bag, baby on bouncy castle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 961 – FLAG – Hippees tyring to hitch hike, poles of flags, checkered flag (black and white), the american flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 962 – LAYER – 3/4 of a globe showing its inner core (layers), a women dressed for a chilly day outside, a chak, lasansga
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 963 – DEATH – Skeleton head and cross bones, a reaper, a red flower, a cemetery
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 964 – PLANT – Taking/placing money in a blue bag/pocket, power lines/towers in front of an industrial plant, a woman holding 2 pots of plants, a pot of plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 965 – IMAGE – Woman putting on make-up, a lap top, 2 men, a man holding binders thinking of 2 couples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 966 – JOKE – Senior man makes a ‘funny-face’, a man (teenage boy) laughs really hard, a man with microphone and top hat in red and yellow sweater, a jester’s hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 967 – STEM – Drawing a reletivity graph, a glss of white wine (or champange), a purple-pink tulip (flower), tiny green balls in a larger green ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 968 – DEFLATED – A flat tire, a woman holds an (empty) balloon, a man holds his head, a basketball has no air
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 969 – QUALITY – Thumbs up, a chef in the kitchen, stamp that says MADE IN GERMANY, a seal (ribbon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 970 – RANGE – Full shopping cart in a grocery store, gas tank near empty, a chicken runs across lawn, archery boards (target)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 971 – COUNTRY – Blue flag with yellow cross, an empty field, part of the united kingdom flag, a woman plays a guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 972 – SALMON – 3 pictures of salmon (fish), outside of a building painted orangey
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 973 – PITCH – A soccer field, a man in suit with open arms, kids playing baseball, a man presents to a team professionals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 974 – LAUGH – a yellow icon lauging and pointing, LOL painted on a woman’s face (mouth), a girl is laughing, a man is laughing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 975 – TRICK – Man (waiter) with smoke coming off his palms, man kicks soccer ball, woman playng cards, people dressed up (for halloween)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 976 – SPLIT – Chopping lumber, a woman plays with her hair, a banana split, a woman stretches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 977 – SITE – Drawings sitting on the grass, man at his computer, trailors in the park, stadium in greace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 978 – PUMP – Oil rigs (on land), a woman lift’s a dumb bell, a woman uses her inhaler, a green water pump
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 979 – COAST – Car in motion, penisila of an island, water brushing to shore, man on invisible hammock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 980 – TACKLE – Rope over a pulley, football game, man fishing, men playing soccer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 981 – OAK – Side of a tree (bark/trunk), a full tree, a branch of leaves, a dresser
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 982 – HERB – Basil, people cooking in the kitchen, plants outside, herbs by a jar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 983 – ACADEMIC – icon with a brain (no head) sitting on a ball, a woman graduates, a professor teaching his class, stacks of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 984 – TRACE – Cartoon man inspects footprints, person holding a holding knife, person walking in barefeet leave foot prints, magnifying glass over a fingerprint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 985 – REMOVE – Man in red shirt puts on (takes-off) his black tie, white X mark on red square, boot in the butt, girl examines (cleans) her face in front of mirror
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 986 – DISH – An appetiezer (plate of chicken?), a chef plates, an empty plate, a satilite dish (blue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 987 – ADJUST – Boy getting new glasses, a woman at a sewing machine, control dials/switches on a machine, a wrench
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 988 – FLOSS – Making cotton candy, a woman flosses her teeth, floss and a toothbrush, red string/ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 989 – LUXURY – A black limosine in front of a building, black cavier (eggs) on a spoon, 2 glasses and a bottle of champange, a bathroom suite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 990 – BRACE – Person with braces (mouth), wearing a black knee brace, man in construction doubles over and holds head, a crank of sort
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 991 – RUSH – Cartoon man runs, man and child on roller coaster, water by land, a speeding red truck (ambulance – 112)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 993 – ALUMINUM – Grey sqaure, open can (food), aluminum paper, recyclable can
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 994 – LOST – Man in suit sits in red bleachers (seats) holding his head, a woman sits in a corner going through her purse, a couple hiking looks at map, a woman shows how much weight she has lost
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 995 – BUD – Buds and white flower on a branch, flower about to bloom, assembly line of bottled drinks (beer?), dog licks doctors face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 996 – DRIP – Tea light (red) candle, a drop of something to a spoon, socks hanging on clothing line, a dripping tap/faucet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 997 – LOGO – LIKE’ button on facebook (thumbs-up), a sun over blue and green curve, 2 outlines of hearts, a spectrum of green bluse red and purple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 998 – STYLE – Dresses on model’s, a woman with red mohawk, a woman dressed up, a pink sofa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 999 – BRUSH – Brushing a dog, a brush (comb), brushing teeth, a cartoon fox
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1000 – POST – Man holds a box, open envelope with @ sign, open envelop with blank sheet, postage stamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1003 – CONTACT – Green envelop with @ sign, person puts on contact, wrestling, telephone sign (icon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1004 – FASHION – Woman poses in front of camera lights, bar codes on magazines, fashion sketches, a woman looks at heels in store
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1005 – EXPRESS – Man delivers box, DROP SHIPPING (cargo container), a subway (light rail train), 2 women conversing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1006 – TOAST – Toaster, toasted bread, champange bottle cork pops, cheersing (celebrating) over meal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1007 – CONE – 4 scoops of ice cream in cone, game board pieces, bowling bowl/pins/game, 4 candy bags in cylcone shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1008 – SAGE – 2 men praying, roasted meat, bowl of dip, sage leaves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1009 – GUM – 2 white tablets (gum) on mint leaves, sap from a tree, boy blows bubble gum, fake teeth/dentures
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1011 – STRAW – Multi-coloured straws, scarecrow, bamboo mat, rolls of hay
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1012 – BOTTLE – white and black cyliner, a bottle of water, a bottle of perfume, message in a bottle in the water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1013 – SIGNPOST – STOP sign, traveling signs, path signs, street signs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1014 – RETURN – ENTER key on a keyboard, woman drags suitcase, giving change to another man, a desk in a dresser
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1016 – HABIT – Washing hands, smoking, woman twirls her hair, man bites fingers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1017 – KIWI – Kiwi fruit, a black bird, a sign with 3 birds on it, a land (country) in blue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1018 – STATION – A wall built with bags of sand, police building, train station, radio station
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1019 – SURF – Person surfing, man holds surfing board, a woman with her latop, water brushes to shore at beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1020 – TUNA – Sushi rolls, a fish, slab of tuna, can of tuna (food)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1021 – FADE – Something pink and folded under flower, 3 crosses, dials/switches of a control station, a bald man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1027 – TABLE – Spreadsheet (columns) of numbers, departure times, empty dinning table, elemental table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1028 – RUNNER – Red ribbon, woman gets ready to run, man gets red to shoot movie, red carpet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1029 – COMFORT – Mother and child, a baby, meal served on a plane, a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1030 – DOMESTIC – Couple yells at each other, a maid, a cat naps, a woman with orange cleaning gloves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1031 – DIP – Green sauce/dip (gacumole), person dips foot in water, strawberry dipped in chocoate, dipping brush in green paint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1032 – PROFILE – Man looks at ‘wanted’ ad in newspaper, LOGIN button, mud under the grass, siloettes of heads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1033 – INSERT – COPY and PASTE keys on a keyboard, woman holds red piggy bank on her palm, man picks a lock, dropping off a ballot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1034 – MAPLE – Red tree growing out of a palm, orange/green maple leaf, stack of pancakes covered in syrup, collecting sap from a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1035 – SMEAR – Babu with food all over its face, spreading butter on heart shaped bread, rubbing lotion on back, a child plays with paint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1036 – POTATO – Sour cream and onions on baked potatoes, a man drinking with food on the sofa, potatoes, potatoe chips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1037 – STAND – Woman shows her laptop, a white counter/stand, crowd with picket signs, food at the market
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1038 – HOOK – Worm on a fishing hook, numbered hooks on the wall (9, 10, 11), diamond Y’s a boy dresses as pirate
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1039 – CONSUME – Pumping gas into car, woman with shopping bags, cheersing at cocktail party, a woman with lots of fruits
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1040 – FEET – fish swimming around a person’s feet, 3 people laying in the grass (feet), making a heart shape around a baby’s feet, bare feet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1041 – LAKE – 3 boats tied to the dock, a mother duck and 4 ducklings on the dock, a man gives thumbs up in front of a lake and mountains in the background, trees along the horizon beyond a body of water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1042 – CRACKER – stack of cookies and wheat, regular pretzels and pretzel sticks, listening to a safe, a cracked walnut
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1043 – SODA – a glass of coke/Pepsi with ice cubes, a dog with shades+popcorn+a soft drink, a diner, 4 bottles of soda
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1044 – FRAME – woman makes frame with her hand/fingers, a picture frame (gold), 11 picture frames on the wall, a man carries a large picture/painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1045 – WOOL – sheep and lamp, a wool sac of wool, a wool basket of wool, 10 bundle of wool stacked into pyramid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1046 – BOUNCING – person jumps on trampoline in the sunset/sunrise, lots of basketball, 3 kids play on a bouncy ball, playing tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1047 – HOSE – a green hose, pink panty hose, fire man puts out fire on cliff, a girl squeezes the hose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1048 – GRAPE – 2 bottles+ a glass of white wine, grape vineyard, purple/blue grapes on the vine, a bunch of red grapes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1049 – ACT – smiley white icon hold sad black mask, dancing in the spotlight, masks (drama), a woman in green clutches chest her chest is torn (upset)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1050 – TOE – 4 picture of feet (2 at the spa + 2 at the morgue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1051 – MINERAL – a bottle of water (blue), spill white tablets (medication/pills), green+orange+brown, purple rock (diamonds)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1052 – SUN – a white sun is drawn on the back of a woman in her bikini on the beach, a watch forecasts the weather, sun beyond a field of grass, a woman applies suntan lotion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1053 – YEAR – the number 2014 with balloons and streamers, the calendar year 2014, 2013 in fireworks, 2013 calendar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1054 – YARD – a line of cars, washing the ground, lawn chair + table in the yard, a man cleans his bbq
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1055 – GEAR – 2 pictures of a manual transmission shift gear, picture of 9 different wheels (gears), person is fixing bike
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1056 – BONE – x-ray of a hand, a bone, a female doctor points a model spine, skeleton of a human (front+back)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1058 – SHUTTLE – a bus, a rocket, badminton racket and birdie, weaving machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1059 – TEETH – a dog snarls/barks, silver gears, dentures, before and after whitening of a person’s teeth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1060 – SEATBELT – a woman on plane wears seatbelt, a woman in green car puts on seatbelt, a teddy is buckled in car, putting on a seatbelt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1061 – HAIR – different wavy hair colours (blond+light brunette+red+brown+purple), a woman with brown hair, a woman with blond hair, a person getting hair wash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1068 – CROC – pink crocks (the shoe), 3 pictures of a crocodile (alligator)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1069 – JAM – 3 jars of opened jam, 2 croissants with red jam, cars in traffic, strawberry jam with toast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1070 – DEAD – a coffin, 3 crosses on a hill, statue with wings, crime scene and chalk outline
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1071 – GYM – man works on his shoulders muscle, woman in spinning class, man on treadmill, kids on jungle bars?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1072 – ACADEMY – a castle, a gold trophy, graduation cap+scroll, students in a class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1073 – RELEASE – a open bird cage, a directors board with PREMIERE written on it, seatbelt and seatbelt sign, playing archery
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1074 – REEL – 2 pictures of a wheel of film, 2 pictures of a person fishing (making a catch)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1075 – BURGLE – 4 pictures of a person breaking into a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1076 – JUDGE – golden judge’s mallet, judge holds balance scale+book, a judge reads a blue book, statue of justice
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1077 – BURGLAR – 3 pictures of a break-in, a man in black leather jacket+blue jeans+holding a cane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1078 – BLIND – 2 pictures of a person blind folded, a black lab (guide-dog), braille that says WELCOME
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1079 – ROBBERY – man holds a gun at you demanding goods, a man trying to break into a blue car, a white icon (robber) steals safe, a jugular steals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1080 – TRAP – a cob-web, playing golf, money on a mouse trap, mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1081 – THIEF – person steals from a man’s red bag while he is asleep purple icon pick-pockets blue icon, thief steals blue car, a robber steals a brown purse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1082 – STEEP – man in orange shoes climbs mountain, a steep mountain, person scales (climbs) a mountain, dipping tea bag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1083 – ICICLE – 3 pictures of icicle, snow in the threads of a car tire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1084 – CONVICT – 3 pictures of a person behind bars, prisoner with a shackle around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1085 – GOLD – 2 gold rings, a gold bar, a golden egg, gold silk (sparkles)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1086 – LAWYER – man in suit hold brief case walking away, balance scale in front of books, a woman studies, a woman in a library
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1087 – PAINTING – 4 pictures of a person painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1088 – TRAGEDY – 2 pictures of a sad mask (drama), silhouette man (knight) by a woman (princesses’) balcony, a sinking ship as captain rows away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1089 – CAUGHT – spotlight on a thief, a woman is sick in bed, a man holds the fish he caught, a cat in a cage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1090 – PRISONER – 4 pictures of a person in shackles (prisoners)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1091 – DEFEND – a woman does tai chi (or fight stance), army soldiers prepared for battle, a robot icon holds SECURITY shield, a castle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1092 – JAIL – 4 pictures of a person behind bars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1093 – GUILTY – a woman berried her head between her knees close to her chest, many fingers pointing to a man, judge’s mallet + book, a woman with cuffs touches her own face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1094 – VALET – clothes laid out, butler is helping you put on your jacket, cleaning a car (steering wheel), parked red car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1095 – DISASTER – a plane on smoke (fire) is diving, saving a person from the waters (a sinking ship), cleaning up a bio-hazard (toxic) spill, muddy streets with red tractor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1096 – FROZEN – 2 pictures of a frozen cave view, an igloo, an ice cube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1097 – ARREST – a woman is getting arrested, 2 pictures of a thief caught by police, a man + a woman getting their mug shot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1098 – CROOK – person does ‘COME HERE’ motion with finger, a man smoking cigar, a thief hides behind door, a Sheppard and a herd of sheep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1099 – CRIMINAL – a robber, person in grey hoodie with hands cuffed behind him, a prisoner with rope+black garbage (loot) bag+gun, a thief steals red car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1100 – BANDIT – running after a person on a horse, Mexicans shooting rifles, slot machine, a man holds 3 $ bag+ a gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1101 – GENEROUS – a bundle of $100 bills wrapped with a red ribbon+bow, presents, a woman holds a ginormous sandwich, a man fans a handful of $100 bills
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1102 – SONG – 3 pictures of a woman singing, a bird in front of a music sheet and the word PARIS
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1103 – SET – woman to serve tennis ball, a pound of red jello, handy-man tools on a shelf, tea set (2 cups+teapot)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1104 – POINT – lip liner (pencil crayons), father+mother+a child at the beach, a female mine points to her right, a finger points ahead
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1105 – SOAKING – silhouettes walking in the rain with umbrella, spilled coffee/tea on a laptop, a wet dog, person gets foot spa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1106 – STEPS – 2 pictures of a curved stairway, steps made from stone, man with a step ladder in the waters uses binoculars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1107 – MEAN – 2 pictures of a girl being laughed/pointed at, a boy is being bullied (laughed) at, a man sweeps in a pile of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1108 – PLEASURE – kids playing on the ground, a woman getting a massage, a woman sips tea, a couple holds hands in a green field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1109 – SPEAK – person hold blue corded phone to a dog perking his ears, orange icon speaks/stands out amongst grey one, 2 white icons converse, a white icon behind a podium speaks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1110 – BREED – 2 horses, piglets feeding from mother pig, 6 dogs, lion+lioness+cub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1111 – MOUTH – woman gets teeth checked, pictures of smiles, picture of where river joins ocean, man in glasses with dropped jaw
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1112 – JOY – a woman triumphs in work on laptop, a woman with open arms to sun, a girl lies in the grass, a mother and child
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1113 – HERALD – 2 pictures of gold trumpets with hanging red flag, a boy uses a loud speaker (blow horn), silouhette of an angel playing an instrument
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1114 – PROJECT – projector, man shows performance with green bar graph, building a model house, planning/discussing about graphs/charts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1115 – SCRATCH – dog scratch himself, a scratched CD, a woman itches, a cat plays with scratching post
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1116 – STEAK – 4 pictures of a steak (1 beef plated, 1 beef on the grill (broiler), 1 beef rare, 1 chicken cooked)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1117 – PAIN – silouhette with head pain, man with sore neck, man with lower sore back, woman with a headache
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1118 – SUSHI – fish (salmon), sushi rolls, sushi on a platter, 5 pairs of chopsticks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1119 – FOUND – person picks up an open wallet, message in a bottle on the beach, man bends down to pick something up, dog sits on welcome mat that says HOME
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1120 – GROWTH – a child cups an adults hand (which is cupping a plant), man climbs red (performance) arrow, performance portfolio, a little girl measures her height
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1121 – WHISPER – 2 pictures of a man whispering in a woman’s ear, 2 girls whisper, girl whispers to a mother
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1122 – LADDER – person prunes tree into an arrow up shape, woman fixes her panty hose, man on ladder climbs above/over wall, a ladder leaning on a wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1123 – SORE – woman with a headache, person with sore (left) knee, person with lower sore back (left), woman in blue itches left arm
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1124 – CHAT – a group of teenagers sitting on steps, 2 woman sitting on a couch, 3 elderly men, fingers of 1 person dressed up and conversing with one another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1125 – DANCE – a girl dances, 2 pictures of a person (woman) doing ballet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1126 – CRUSH – a man crushes a pop can, white van flies over the head of a person, a crowd of people in the streets, crushed metal in a junk yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1127 – DRESSING – snapping finger, clutching right knee, bottles of oil (dressing), a jug of red sauce/dressing/vinegar in a basket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1128 – COMB – 2 pictures of a person getting hair cut, a rake on a sand (Zen) box, a rooster
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1129 – CLOSET – shirts on hangers, a man climbs out of a closet, male + female stalls, skeletons in a closet (behind) closed doors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1130 – SPECTRE – boy sits with his knees to his chest wets his pants (is sad), white icon is scared of own shadow, a ghost girl’s face in the woods, a man (ghost) in a room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1131 – CRACK – hammer to pigging bank, cracked (broken) smart phone, a robber opens safe, crack in the wall (or on the ground)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1132 – BIT – Red apple has being bitten, digital series of 0’s and 1’s, drilling into a plank of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1133 – CYCLE – man riding his bike, person fixing a bike, recycling symbol (steps 01, 02, and 03), a woman rides a bike
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1134 – CLICK – 3 woman playing cards, using a TV remote, using a computer mouse, 2 types of cursors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1135 – BURROW – a ground hog, Easter bunny hides Easter eggs with ground hog, 3 bunnies, dirt on top of green grass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1136 – BANK – light shines through opened safe, a green field by a rive, a piggy bank, a ship is sinking near the shore of a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1137 – ATTACK – man clutches his chest, bulls run as a lion attacks, a white icon with shield and sword defends from a red virus (monster) coming from laptop, dog bites person in the knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1138 – AIM – couples play pool (table), aiming an archery bow, woman point gun, goalie guards soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1139 – DAMAGE – 2 cars collide (red into blue), crumbling roof, cracked rear wind shield, netting (screen) is damaged
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1140 – SAIL – 3 pictures of a boat’s sail, a windmill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1141 – COOK – 2 pictures of a chef (1 woman and 1 man), 2 pictures of a woman cooking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1143 – BUMP – a bumper car, fist bumps, speed bump, a pregnant belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1144 – COLLAR – Victorian (woman’s dress), woman does man’s tie, a dog wears a surgical collar, blond woman pops her collar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1145 – ANSWER – picking up (or hanging up) phone, professor teaches class, FAQ in a speech bubble, kids raises their hands in class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1146 – COVER – man sitting in a storm with an umbrella, man+woman under blue towel, a crock pot, an elderly woman covers her face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1147 – ALERT – SOS (in bold gold/yellow letters), a CAUTION sign, a loud speaker, red siren (alarm)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1148 – LEAK – tied / knotted faucet is dripping, man standing + woman sitting, wrench to a dripping pipe line, man panics a pipe bursts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1149 – CLEAR – a glass of water, person does high jump, white line on the road, sun in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1150 – DOUGH – fan of American money, 2 woman and a girl in the kitchen baking, rolling dough, baking items (flour, egg, sugar, etc.)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1151 – DISGUST – woman holds up a sock, woman pinches her nose from her wet underpit/underarms, girl makes a face at carrot sticks, a woman makes a face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1152 – EXPORT – 3 pictures of a cargo ship, boxes and a plane around the globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1153 – END – silhouettes race past finish line, stairway to heaven (in the clouds), road is blocked, 2 white and black checkered flags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1154 – PRINTER – a machine with a giant roller, man fixing a machine, a machine, an office/home printer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1155 – HUNTING – man sits with gun and his dog, 2 man with guns, 2 bulls and a lion, man in green vest with a dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1156 – BLAST – volcano erupts, a red flash (of light), something blows up under the water, BOOM
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1157 – START – young boy with green backpack, person ready to race, January 1st, 2 construction man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1158 – LEAP – person leaps over 2013, person leaps between 2 rocks/cliffs, person does high jump, February 29th
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1159 – ORDER – index/tabs, man uses loud speaker beside woman’s ear, waiter takes the couple’s order, a police officer yelling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1160 – TRAINER – a shoe (green and white), woman presents to group, man helps woman train, white icon trains a class of icons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1161 – LEARN – man with laptops, 2 girls in the library, a baby girl holds 3 balls, 2 boys learning math
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1162 – RELAX – a woman mediates, a hammock, a woman gets a massage, a woman stretches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1163 – TINY – a black fly, a female chemist, holding a baby’s feet, 3 puppies in a box
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1164 – STUDENT – group of 5 sitting at a table looks up, people/students writing an exam, a class of students, 6 kids laying down head-to-head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1165 – TUBE – a moving train, a red tube, blue pipes, a test tube of yellow liquid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1166 – CUSTOM – 2 kids approach a stand, a couple gets married, a Geisha dances, dragon dance
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1167 – IMPORT – truck lifts cargo, cargo ships, cargos docked, man pushes a pallet (skid of boxes)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1168 – SEAPORT – 4 pictures of boats docked in the water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1169 – RAT – a grey mouse, a white mouse, cheese on a mouse trap, red icon trips white icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1170 – WEIGHT – a paper weight, woman lifts weight on a yoga ball, woman on a scale, a dumb bell
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1171 – TEACH – classroom of students, woman teaches girl, mother teaches son, coach teaches team
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1172 – CHEER – girls out partying, 2 cheer leaders, men watches soccer game, woman jumps for joy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1173 – DIG – 3 men digging, person with one foot on shovel, 2 pictures of a construction (claw) truck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1174 – PORT – hole (window) on a ship, building by the lake, airplane parked, cables behind a machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1175 – BRIDE – a bouquet of flowers (pink), 2 pictures of a bride, a couple getting married
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1177 – JUGGLER – 4 pictures of a person juggling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1178 – HUNTER – man with bow and arrow, a tiger, 2 pictures of a person with a shot gun/rifle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1179 – PAINTER – 2 pictures of a woman painting on a canvass, man paints wall green, man paints ceiling white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1180 – JOYFUL – woman is smiling with open arms, a baby smiles with 2 bottom teeth, 2 pictures of a man rich with money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1181 – PRISON – man trapped in a jar, prison window, 2 pictures of a person behind bars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1190 – THEFT – man steals woman wallet from purse, 3 pictures of a person being pick-pocketed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1191 – CRIME – person stealing a car, breaking into a house, a thief with a garbage bag of loot, arm from computer steals wallet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1192 – ROB – robber holds giant credit card, man in suit had a gun pointed at him, robbers jumping up to a balcony, robber snatches woman’s purse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1193 – SAILOR – a woman looks through binoculars on a boat, 2 pictures of a sailor, a pirate boy (cartoon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1194 – TEACHING – 2 pictures of a woman (female) teacher, dad teaches son to ride bike, male teacher teaches student
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1196 – LEARNING – 3 pictures of a girl studying/learning, class of kids raises their hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1197 – BURGLARY – robber sneaks past sleeping security, crow bar to a door, arm grabs purse from behind a door, a robber looks through a chained door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1198 – CUSTOMS – stamps, bag-pipe players (Scottish), a passport, crossing boarders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1199 – SEW – threaded needle and a stack of black buttons, multi-colour threads, a sewing machine, tailors tools (measuring tape, thread, scissors, buttons)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1201 – BARBECUE – 4 pictures of barbecuing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1202 – SUITOR – man on one knee presents flower, 2 pictures of a couple, man offers a rose bulb in his palm
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1203 – TORTOISE – dad and son plays with turtle, 2 pictures of a turtle, turtle with a flooded bathroom
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1204 – JIGSAW – pieces of puzzle, puzzle of a man’s face/head, puzzle of clear blue sky and green field, sawing a piece of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1205 – CANCEL – 2 pictures of a woman sitting on her suitcase, X in a circle, selecting X vs. the checkmark
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1206 – CABINET – a long (and empty) meeting table, toys behind a display cabinet, filing drawers, filing cabinet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1208 – CANTEEN – canteen on the ground, 2 pictures of fresh cafeteria, green canteen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1209 – HAT – hats of different occupation, construction hat and his tools, red cap, cow-boy’s hat, gun and ammunition
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1210 – CAMPFIRE – 2 pots hanging over a fire, a campfire, a campsite, girl goes camping sitting in the trunk of a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1211 – HEADACHE – 2 pictures of a woman with a headache, man rubs between his eyes, man with a boulder on his back (neck, head and shoulders)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1212 – CANDLE – candle in a cupcake, purple Easter eggs and a pink candle + tea pot, Christmas bells, holy and candle, a blank script
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1215 – BARBELL – 4 pictures of a person lifting heavy weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1216 – CAMPUS – a group of students walking, 4 students sitting on the grass, people in front of a Chinese structure, people in front of a class building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1217 – BIRDCAGE – silhouette parrot in a cage, woman looks at black cat sitting on top of a cage, birds leaving an opened cage, birds and their cages
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1218 – LANCE – 2 joust swords, 2 pictures of knight on horse ready to joust, breaking a bubble on a palm with a needle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1219 – SWANS – 3 pictures of swans, a girl in a black (swan) dress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1220 – PENPAL – pen and handwriting on graph paper, 2 icons lift a giant pen, writing on a cue card, 2 boys using over sized pencils
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1221 – CARWASH – inside a car wash, wiping the cover plates of tires on a car, manual car wash, washing a blue car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1222 – BEANBAG – woman sits in red bean bag chair, blue bean bag chair, girl in purple bean bag chair, 3 juggling balls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1223 – BATHROBE – woman in her bathroom, 2 people at the spa, man is sick, a couple in white bathrobes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1224 – CAPTAIN – 2 man discussing something (their trip), a male captain, person at steering wheel of ship, a pirate (captain)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1225 – COWARD – man with his head in the dirt (buried), a chicken is scared, monkeys do ‘SPEAK’ no evil ‘SEE’ no evil, ‘HEAR’ no evil, boy with red glasses peeks up from under the table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1226 – CLIMBER – man scaling a cliff, tall trees by a road, ivy covers a house, woman scales a cliff
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1227 – CROCK – an old car (blue), 2 pots of stew, a bowl of seeds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1228 – CRAMP – 2 pictures of a man cramped in a small space, girl hurts her knee, a woman lies in bed holding her belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1229 – COPPER – construction items and drawing, statue of liberty, a pile of pennies, a copper tea pot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1230 – CHANCE – playing casino (3 cards game), rolling of 6 dice, lottery balls, Russian roulette lands on 0 (green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1232 – CREATURE – a blue monster, a parrie dog, a timber wolf, a yellow snail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1233 – CREEP – a golden kitten, 2 girls hold up their hands, earth warm, a robber behind the door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1234 – CUSHION – 4 people on the bed, a man lies on the hard wood floor with a pillow, a stack of 3 cushions, a man sleeps on the couch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1235 – CORN – 4 cobs of corn, farm machine, bowl of strawberry corn flakes, farm machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1236 – CURIOUS – a kitten plays with its reflection in a puddle of water, an owl looks through magnifying glass, a kitten plays with a blue ball, a girl plays with magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1237 – CRATER – moon and space, 2 pictures of a crater, a blue ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1238 – CORRUPT – worm inside a red apple, money in a pocket stained with blood, shaking hands with money, sitting man takes money while looking away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1240 – CREATION – touching of 2 fingers, space (galaxy), clay making, stain glass art (church window)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1241 – CUTTER – box cutter, wire / cable cutter, man cuts an industrial pipe, person using an industrial saw/cutter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1242 – CRAWL – man swims, a chameleon on the rock, 2 picture of a baby crawling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1243 – CHOKE – 1 man head locks another man, man wearing a respirator holds his own throat,, woman wears a face mask, man chokes on food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1244 – CURTAIN – red curtains, gold curtain, woman hides her face with her face, window curtain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1245 – CULTURE – micro-organisms growing in a petri dish, da Vinci drawing, man conducts music to a painting, buried Chinese soldiers (Terracotta)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1246 – CORK – opening a bottle of wine, cork opener, cork board, popping open a bottle of champagne
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1247 – CLAW – an industrial claw, a claw on a woman’s finger, a boiled lobster, a robot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1248 – CURSE – voodoo doll, ware wolf, a curse in a speech bubble, a woman does black magic (voodoo)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1249 – CHIEF – Indian chief, the white house, a man wearing a robe, cap of a police
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1250 – INCLINE – dog walks on plank into trunk of a car, a person pushes a rock up a hill, narrow road between houses, a girl looks at her food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1251 – DECIPHER – 2 pictures of a combination lock, us do ku, a black piece of paper with white printing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1252 – DECIDE – girl (cartoon) holds up to outfits, a man’s road splits into 2, a woman decides between fruits and junk food, a man stands in front of a balance beam drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1253 – DIAGNOSE – 4 pictures of a patient seeing a doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1254 – DESCEND – a person snowboards, a person rides extreme mountain bike, 2 pictures of a set of spiral stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1255 – DAUGHTER – man + woman + child in the waters at the beach, a mother and daughter in the sun, a mother and daughter at the beach, a daughter sits in the lap of her mother
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1256 – CONTRACT – signing a contract, sniper view point, a construction contractor, a woman signs something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1257 – DELAY – woman sits on blue luggage by train tracks, man looks at watch while waiting for train, cars sitting in traffic, a man points to his watch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1258 – DEFLATE – air balloon in the grass, a woman (cartoon) is distorted, a popped yellow balloon, a deflated blue balloon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1259 – DAM – 2 pictures of water dams, 2 picture of beaver dams
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1260 – DANGER – a man tight ropes above a sea of sharks, a man stands under a blade, a man pushes another man over the cliff into the sharks, CAUTION sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1261 – DIAMOND – diamond structure, a saw (blade), scatter of diamonds, a drill (dentist)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1262 – DECLINE – woman holds up both her arms in front of her, a woman covers her eyes and pushes plate away, a woman holds up one arm in front of her, arrow declines (drops) and hits the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1263 – DANISH – 2 Danish, 2 pictures of the Danish Flag, Danish currency
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1264 – ARRIVAL – luggage at the terminal, white airplane in red circle, family holds WELCOME sign, grabbing luggage off the conveyer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1265 – DECREASE – scissors cut TAX, market crash, -40%, decline arrow and bar graph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1266 – DESSERT – ice cream log, a slice of cake, strawberry crepes, pear covered in chocolate fudge and almond slices with vanilla ice cream
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1267 – DEADLY – snake (cobra), POISON sign, poison sign on bottles, a tarantula (spider)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1268 – DEPOSIT – putting money in a transparent piggy bank, man looks into a vault of gold bars, a man holds his hands above his piggy bank, a woman puts $100 into her piggy bank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1269 – DEVOUR – shark eats ‘man-roll’, a man eats a giant sandwich, a dinosaur (t-rex), a shark eats a fish (that eats a fish)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1270 – DETONATE – a ticking time bomb, an explosion, a tank, a lit wick
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1271 – DESTROY – arm punches through wall, man pushes globe (world) of the edge of a cliff, a man (icon) break down a wall, a man uses jack hammer to drill the road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1272 – DEBT – printing a scroll, man with empty pockets, a woman is stressed looking at her credit / debit cards, a man with a ball chain around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1273 – DAIRY – a jug and glass of milk, a black and white cow, shelves of chees, black and white cows in a milking factory
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1274 – CYLINDER – loading the chamber of a gun, gas cylinder, lock + key, pyramid stack of pipes (cylinders)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1275 – DOME – roof (ceiling) of a building (dome), butler serves a dish covered, India dome (Taj Mahal), a domed castle?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1276 – ENEMY – giant man steps on smaller man with a target sign under his shoe, 2 man fight, boss abuses employee, man and woman stand-off
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1277 – ERROR – CAUTION (error) sign, OOPS! Button, numbers 404 and pylons, marking a paper with a red pen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1278 – ELECTRIC – industrial plants, 1 lit light bulb amongst 8 others, wind mill + solar power panel, lighting strikes at the end of an empty road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1279 – DROP – a black droplet, 3 dew droplets on an aloe plant, a droplet of water, a vase of white flower is wilted
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1280 – DISCARD – junk yard, multi-coloured recycling bins, red recycling bin is full, a man and a woman recycles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1281 – DOCUMENT – rolled up documents, a woman is doing work, a man shows a couple his work, a red binder in the middle of 4 blue binders in a laptop
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1282 – DOUBLE – twin girls, a twin bed, 2 dice on 6, a woman tries on a red dress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1283 – AMUSE – girl performs, circus training, a clown, a circus tent of animals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1284 – MESSY – a kitchen full of dirty pots and utensils, a room with clothes every where, a scare crow, a woman sitting on the steps of a set of stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1285 – DEVELOP – slides and photos, concept of evolution (primate to man), man growing up (boy to man), 2 strands of DNA
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1286 – ELEGANT – a woman in black with black gloves and a black and red hat, a woman with long blond hair, a man in a black suit and tie, a brunette woman shows off her jewelries
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1287 – DISEASE – a woman has allergies to flowers, bacteria on the hand under a magnifying glass, fibers / bacteria / virus (blue and green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1288 – DIVORCE – woman holds child in her arms as man sits, a couple in bed with their back to one another, a cracked gold ring, a man and woman argue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1289 – DODGE – man walks under water, a truck and a motor cycle drives past each other, a man holds up his hand, 2 jet planes dodge each other in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1290 – TOOLS – a handy man fixes, a tool box, tools, wrenches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1291 – EUPHORIC – a man jumps for joy, a woman is happy, a woman is victorious, a woman holds a bag of $
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1292 – EMPIRE – silhouette stands in front of pyramids, a statue of a man, Rome Coliseum, lion in front of a palace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1295 – DISPOSE – compacted junk, waste basket is full, hazardous waste, throwing out compost
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1296 – TOUGH – man in black and shades holds fist, icon does karate chop, a girl is stuck on her home work, a man is doing calculations
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1297 – DISTORT – buildings are reflect in a glass structure (globe), an orange ball on graph surface, black and white pixels, silver (grey) swirls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1298 – DILUTE – red and clear splash in a martini glass, chemist mixes solutions, pouring a glass of pink (drink), something covered in red (blood)?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1299 – SUPER – 3 arrows on a target (bulls eye) board, a super woman, a woman gives thumbs up, Facebook LIKE icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1300 – FEATHER – brunette woman with red feather in her hair, a feather, an opened (and empty) cage, a peacock fans his tail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1301 – TABLEAU – a tortoise stands at the table where 2 men sit, reading on an army tank, gingerbread house, man is about to stab woman (clay)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1302 – GENTLE – a little girl handles a puppy, almonds and milk, dusting the cover of a light, a baby under a towel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1303 – FLUID – splash of red + purple + green + orange + blue paint, pouring milk, pouring water, pouring tea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1304 – GLOBE – 2 pictures of the globe / world, 2 pictures of a snow globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1305 – GLITTER – sparkling strip of ribbon, sparkles on the floor, a mask, sparkles in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1306 – FEMALE – female sign, a woman in red and white crosses her arms, a lioness and her cubs, a girl is shopping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1307 – SHOW – a woman in green points to something, spotlights on three paintings, a couple watch television, spotlight on the dance floor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1308 – FILLET – cuts of chicken, plate of salmon + mussels + lemon slices, cuts of pork, cuts of beef
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1309 – EXPEL – finger walks to OUT door, woman kicks a man in an office chair, smoke from the exhaust of a car, referee blows whistle and gives red card
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1310 – EXHAUST – woman falls asleep while reading in bed, man drives invisible car, black smoke from the exhaust of a car, oil rig in the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1311 – GADGET – holograms from a smart phone, tech gadgets, collage of electronics, iMac + MacBook Pro, tablet + smart phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1312 – FIVE – used candles, candles in a cupcake, holding up the foot of a baby, a palm print
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1313 – GLUE – a dispenser, a man paints on a ladder, clear liquid from a tube, a bottle of glue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1314 – EXCITED – an office team cheers, a woman throws her hands in the air, graduating class throws caps, 4 professionals drinks (at casino slots)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1315 – FAMOUS – paparazzi, old picture, statue in rio (Christ the Redeemer or aka Cristo Redentor), red carpet and gold stars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1316 – GENUINE – a man nibbles, a woman nibbles, a woman inspects a diamond, a stamp of authenticity
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1317 – GIRDER – 3 pictures of girder (or stacks of girder), a structure in its building phase
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1318 – EXTINCT – some kind of bird, dinosaur, mammoth, picture of past species’ skeletons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1319 – FEVER – a woman is sick, a dog is sick, a young boy is sick, a thermometer and pills (medication)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1323 – GLACIER – 3 pictures of glaciers, icy mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1324 – FAT – a block of butter, a dish of mayo, a pig, 3 strips of bacon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1325 – GOSPEL – a man sings, a preist, peasent washes the feet of another man, heart shaped shadow in an open book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1326 – HERD – a herd of black and white cows, elephants in the waters, white horse leads a pack of brown, sheep + lamb
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1327 – GAMBLE – 2 pictures of russian roulette, LAS VEGAS Nevada sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1328 – HALF – a glass half full, 1 and a halved avocado, 1 and a halved kiwi, 50%
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1329 – GREEK – statue, pi (3.14 with rings around it)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1330 – LOTTERY – marking a lottery, 2 picture of lottery balls, a man holds a fan of money in each hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1331 – GRINDER – a grinder (bowl and mallet), a pepper mill, a man welding a car, a manual coffee grinder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1332 – GRADIENT – a curvy road, a colour spectrum, a man rides his bike on the road, a street car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1333 – HOBBY – a man and a woman look at paint colours, a man is fishing, person plays golf, a green basket of yarn (for knitting)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1334 – HUGE – a blue whale flips, an ice berg, an elephant, looking up at tall trees
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1335 – HUMAN – drawing of a person, explanation of how muscles/tendons/ligaments are joined, the human body (front and back), a team of office personnel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1336 – HOOD – a woman in a hoody and shades, a mechanic looks under roof of a car, a man in a hoody, a dog in a hoody
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1337 – GROUND – something black (the ground), 2 bowls of grounded coffee powder + 1 bowl of coffee beans, red chili powder, a plate of grounded pork
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1338 – HEAP – chocolate bars and coco powder, cooked chicken drum sticks, bundle of money, junk yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1339 – HARP – 2 pictures of a harp, an icon angel plays the harp, a musical instrument?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1340 – HEAR – ear is listening, man is listening to headphones, construction man perks his ears, dog uses string phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1341 – HUG – 2 pictures of a daughter hugging their mother, 2 pictures of a little girl hugging a large teddy bear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1342 – HOOP – woman uses a hoopla hoop, basket ball on the court, a pair of earrings, a stencil of a person dunking a basketball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1343 – VALVE – a flat bicycle tire, repairing a pipe line, valves of pipes, valves and pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1344 – GROWL – a fierce pit ball, an angry lion, an angry tiger, a wolf snarls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1345 – HOLIDAY – people going skiing, a couple sits on the beach, roller coaster, a couple sits in the lawn chairs on a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1346 – HOLE – a woman flicks her golf ball, broken rear wind shield, a man matches orange cube with square slot, drilling through a plank of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1347 – HOP – a boy and a girl jumps for joy, a mug of beer, a rabbit, a silhouette bike rider
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1348 – HOLLOW – man with a fish bowl for his head, a tree trunk on its side, a hole in the trunk of a tree, a bare tree on a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1349 – HOLY – man sits on cliff, cross on a red book (bible), a nun prays, people sit in the mass (star of David)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1350 – SON – mother holds baby son, son gives his mom flowers and a kiss, son hugs his mom, son jumps up behind mom
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1351 – PEAR – pear covered in chocolate and almond slices, a pair of socks, 2 pictures of a pear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1352 – DECAY – rusting wall, rotting pears, pictures of a person’s dental hygiene, woman at the dentist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1353 – DUST – something on a person’s finger, wiping the steering wheel of a car, a woman cleans, dusting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1355 – COIN – 3 pictures of a gold coin + person is stacking coins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1356 – FLUFF – a blue (aqua) coloured fluff, white bunny, picture of ducklings (or chicks), dandelion fluff
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1357 – PLOUGH – tractor ploughs land, stars in the sky, 2 pictures of cows pulling a plough
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1358 – BIOLOGY – stencil of a human’s top torso and DNA bottom, strands of DNA (helix), a green globe of the world in the palm of a person’s hands, a scientist/doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1359 – MUSICIAN – boy with a guitar, picture collage of people playing musical instruments, person plays the clarinet, string band (group)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1360 – FOLDER – woman sits in front of red towers of binders, an open cabinet drawer, a woman holds a blue folder, magnifying orange folders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1361 – GEM – colourful rings, ring on a finger, illustration of different diamonds, scatter of diamonds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1362 – WING – woman stands by her luggage in front of a plane, a bird about to take off, a dove, a cupid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1363 – CHEMIST – 3 people wearing lab coats, a man in blue (aqua) scrubs examines green fluid, 2 pictures of chemists examining the fluids in their beakers/flasks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1364 – SIEGE – 1 woman icon (in colour) stands out amongst the white ones that circles around her, lifting a basket over the castle walls, a launcher, 2 men pulling a Trojan horse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1365 – FORTRESS – 3 pictures of a castle by the waters, 1 castle in the meadows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1366 – PHYSICS – 2 pictures of the swinging pendulums, E=mc2 by albert Einstein, an atom (molecule)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1367 – BANANA – 2 glass of milkshakes, a bunch of bananas and a peeled banana, a banana, a banana split
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1368 – LEARNER – 3 girls holding their note books, 2 men examine what is wrong with a car, woman learns how to drive, a girl is studying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1369 – RINGING – turning off the alarm clock (or snoozing), pressing the desk bell for assistance, Santa rings his bell, pressing the door bell
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1370 – FLOOD – piggy banks in life savers float on water, a river, car drives through water, house is flooded
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1371 – FILING – a binder of paper, a drawer of files, a folder of folders, folder in the cabinet drawer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1372 – BACKPACK – red jacket hanging by a back pack, man and woman go back packing, camp bag and utensils, walkway to a home
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1373 – SETTLE – people in line wait for woman to pay for her groceries, walkway to a home, husband and wife with 2 kids, using a debit / credit card
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1375 – DEER – reindeers, a collage of deer, 2 pictures of a single buck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1376 – EAGLE – arms of (on a) flag, 2 pictures of an eagle flying, a golden bird
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1377 – SQUIRREL – 3 pictures of a squirrel, 2 chestnuts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1378 – ZEBRA – a fallen zebra, zebras eating, 2 pictures of a cross walk in the city
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1380 – HIPPO – 4 pictures of a hippo (grey/dark)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1381 – EYES – many pair of eyes looking up, a ball of eyes, a man is wearing a sleeping mask over is eyes, 4 owls on a branch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1382 – MALE – a construction man with a sledge hammer and blue hard hat, a man does push up on a yoga ball, white icon carries male symbol around his shoulders, a man prays
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1383 – SHAVE – shaver and a kiwi fruit, a man shaves, a woman shaves her man, a woman shaves her legs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1384 – SPOOL – sewing machine, a roll (spool) of orange cable, spools of ribbon, spools of thread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1385 – COW – black and white cows, brown and white cow, man feeds brown cows, a boy in cow boy outfit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1386 – CORNER – a speeding car is stopped, a man corners a woman, a woman peeks around the corner, corner of a blank page
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1388 – WHALE – 3 pictures of the great blue whale, 1 picture of a killer whale
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1389 – SHOULDER – the back of a topless man, woman getting a massage, naked man bows, a woman flexes and shows her muscles from behind
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1398 – ANT – 2 pictures of ant(s), ant moving a branch (twig), ants moving a rock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1399 – CAMEL – camel walking in the dessert, camel laying down, person walks a camel, 2 girls riding a camel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1400 – AIR – blowing up balloons, wind mills in the water, a pump, gauges
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1401 – HEN – 2 pictures of a chicken, a hen and her chicks, girls in the back of a limo
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1402 – THUMBS – group gives thumbs up, 2 thumbs down versus 2 thumbs up, person gives 2 thumbs up, woman gives 2 thumbs up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1403 – TOES – feet standing by the pool, foot covered in sand, standing on a scale, a person’s toes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1404 – NECK – man rubs his neck, class stretches their necks, neck of bottles, woman rubs her neck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1405 – TONGUE – a hound pants, a green snake, a person sticks out their tongue, a woman licks her lips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1406 – DAD – family at the beach, father and son at the beach, father and son at home, father and daughter in the grass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1407 – HANDS – a circle of hands, holding hands, cupping a plant in the palms of a person hands, stacking hands (fists)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1408 – STOMACH – digestive system of the human body, man measures his waist, woman touches her belly, man clutches his stomach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1409 – RISE – light beyond the horizon, air balloon, sun light over a green field, 3 man trying the make (pull) arrow (performance) go up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1410 – FINGERS – finger painting (hands covered in paint), 2 pictures of a person typing on a key board, a finished manicure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1411 – FOOT – 5 rulers, picture of a foot, a paw print, kicking a soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1412 – JAR – jars of spice, jars of oil (jam), jar of slice cucumber, kiwi besides an opened jar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1413 – SIT – woman offers man a sit, a couple sits on the park bench, 2 senior sits on bench, an elderly sits in wheel chair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1414 – WOMAN – woman with blond hair, woman in red and white folds her arms, a woman with blue eyes, a woman cooking in the kitchen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1415 – GUN – a gun, a man hunts, flexed biceps of a man, a water gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1416 – MAN – man crosses his arms, man thinks, man as a cashier, man points at you
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1417 – HEAD – 2 pictures of a woman with a headache, a skeleton skull, wires attached to a man’s head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1418 – DAY – sun light over a green field, day light, September 24, Effie tower
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1419 – EYE – threading a needle, eye make-up on a woman’s face, a man winks, woman wears fake pink eye lashes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1420 – CUB – mother bear and cub, a scout, lioness and her cubs, a fox and her cubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1421 – LEGS – bare legs, woman wears red and white stripped socks and black stilettoes, sitting over the deck of a pool, chicken legs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1422 – FOG – fog in the forest, wolf howls at the moon, fog in the road, riot outside the castle walls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1423 – BAG – tied black garbage bag, red make-up bag, a white shopping bag, an orange suitcase
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1424 – LIP – lip stick kiss, a woman touches her face, a person gets injection under her lips, a woman touches her lower lips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1425 – WAR – kids playing tug a war, army men (soldiers), a solider, solider toys (figures)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1426 – BIKE – a bicycle in the field, person sits next to their bike, a bike by the wall, a motor cycle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1427 – PEN – handwriting, person writing (working), a bug on a pen, a pen of pigs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1428 – BAND – hair ties, a girl in red shirt and head band, people playing the trumpet, people playing music (piano, cello, trumpet)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1431 – MEN – 4 pictures of men working together
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1432 – BELL – woman in bed holds alarm clock, ringing the door bell, a bell, 2 red peppers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1433 – WAY – 2 monks, a smart phone to find directions, way out through a maze, man decides between two roads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1435 – VAN – a van, a trailer, a hippy van, a van
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1436 – SEA – a scuba diver, blue water at a tropical island, blue water at the beach, sailing in the blue waters of the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1437 – MAP – 2 pictures of finding directions on a local map, map of the world, a construction drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1438 – BOMB – a woman holds a bundle of dynamite, dropping a bomb with a green parachute, count-down until BOOM!, a dynamite ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1439 – TOP – 2 pictures of a spinning top, a person stands on the highest tower of stacked coins, a man with a mustache in a top hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1440 – RUN – a woman is fixing her stockings, a man is blowing his nose, a woman is running, 2 people runs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1441 – WAX – a lit candle, a sealed scroll, person waxing their legs, a seal of 100%
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1442 – BASE – baseball base, column, foot of a statue, person slides into base in baseball game
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1443 – BATH – dog gets a bath, 2 pictures of a woman soaking in a tub, bird in bird bath
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1444 – BEADS – abacus, droplets of water on the surface of a fabric, cross necklace and a bible, a bead necklace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1445 – TUB – dog gives cat a bath in tub, a tub of margarine, a bath tub, a hot tub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1446 – YAK – a woman covers her moth, 2 pictures of a buffalo, a man pukes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1447 – RUB – man rubs his eyes, man rubs his temples, woman gets foot spa, woman rubs her eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1448 – ANTS – 4 picture of ants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1449 – ARCH – bridge over a river, a man raises eye brow, a arch over the road, a walkway under arches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1450 – FACT – TRUTH comes after a bunch of lies, books on shelves, a loud speaker, I (for information)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1451 – DIRT – a pile of dirty dishes in the kitchen, a girl covered in mud (chocolate), a man covered in chocolate, a green car drives through the dirt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1452 – CARE – a woman chats with a senior in a wheel chair, woman at the dentist, taking blood pressure, nurse gives older woman a blanket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1453 – FANGS – a snake (cobra) hisses, a lion roars, a vampire licks her fangs, face of a snake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1455 – COWS – 4 picture of a herd of cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1456 – GRIP – metal mesh covering a wheel of a truck, 2 people shakes hands, holding a baby’s hand, gripping a strength builder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1457 – BOOTS – rain boots, winter boots, leather boots, adult boots and a pair of child’s boots
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1458 – FORM – a woman is doing work, a sheet of paper is printed from the screen of a computer, 2 pictures of a check list
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1459 – HEAT – a woman holds a yellow mug, woman in the sauna, woman wipes the sweat of her face, woman is feeling hot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1460 – HATE – woman rejects lettuce, dark brunette woman stares at woman with light brown hair, a man is mad, 2 woman fighting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1461 – HELP – 2 man working, hands in the middle (team), man helps a woman bench press, a woman behind a senior woman (her mom)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1462 – DRUG – a child and a white inhaler, dropping 2 tablets into 2 glass with water, pills, different medication
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1463 – FOWL – picture of 4 birds, a peacock, a collage of hens/chickens, a field of chickens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1464 – GATE – a white wooden fence, an iron fence, a pebble and stone paved pathway, a lit arch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1465 – FOOD – skewers of veggie, a ham sandwich, a plate of veggies, a plate of shrimps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1466 – DOLL – a voodoo doll with pins in it, 3 pictures of a doll
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1467 – CENT – a penny in a box, 1%, 2 copper pennies, pennies dropping into a piggy bank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1468 – HILL – a sail boat + a boat + a rainbow over the hill, a pile of coffee beans, a house in the distant field, a single tree in the field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1469 – CORD – logs (lumber) stacked in front of a house, a growing embryo (human child), a red corded phone, a green cable cord
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1470 – DESK – a man is doing calculations, a cup of coffee around work, desks, a man in a wheel chair works
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1471 – EGGS – a (stuffed) bunny sits with a row of Easter eggs, a carton of eggs, a pile of eggs, Easter eggs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1472 – COAL – black rocks (coal), a pair of feet in socks in front of the fire place, smoke (emissions) from a plant, a man’s face covered in coal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1473 – FUEL – gas station, gas stove, cut trees, gas pump
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1474 – DOOR – red egg-shaped door to a house, woman does laundry, man knock on door, an (empty) room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1475 – KNEE – 2 pictures of a (girl) woman hurts her knee, 2 pictures of a person with knee pain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1476 – LOAF – 4 pictures of a loaf of bread (2 circle shaped, 1 stick, 1 sliced)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1477 – HOPE – man crosses his fingers over his chest (and heart), a lit candle in the palm of a persons hands, erasing IM from imPOSSIBLE, a girl prays
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1478 – BUTTON – sewing a needle through a button (TAILORING), a man with a tight shirt, using a television remote, a man buttons his suit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1479 – CANVAS – a framed (blank) canvass, a woman paints, painting of 2 sails, a pair of shoes (converse)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1480 – BUCKET – a reddish-pink bucket of apples, a bucket with ice and a bottle of wine, a pail of yellow paint, spilled buckets of buttons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1481 – LAMP – a red desk lamp, camera light, a lamp (electric), a lamp (fuel)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1482 – LOVE – a mother kisses her baby, a couple kisses, a man feeds a woman salad, 2 red hearts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1483 – CANNON – a clown inside a cannon, 2 pictures of a cannon, 2 pirate ships
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1484 – BUTTER – square butter slices, butter on bread, a block of butter, a melting heart shaped butter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1485 – CIRCLE – circle of hands, 2 gold (wedding) rings, yellow stars in a circle on a blue flag, 4 silver rings on purple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1487 – HOUR – 3 pictures of clocks, green number 1
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1488 – LOSS – performance arrow goes down at the BANQUE, a woman rips red paper heart, a woman measures her waist, a man combs his hair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1489 – BREATH – man wears breathing mask (for sleep apnea), a set of lungs, a woman’s chest, a woman tests her breath after brushing her teeth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1490 – CHEESE – diary products, 2 pictures of a block of cheese, a storage (racks) of cheese
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1491 – MARK – A+, a girl kisses a pink balloon, marking “x” on a checklist, a treasure map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1492 – CACTUS – 4 pictures of a cactus plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1493 – BELIEF – a man in a suit holding cross necklace prays, different religion icons, picture (variation) of the last supper, cross on a red book (bible)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1494 – MAID – woman makes the bed, woman holds vacuum cleaner, a woman cleans, placing an orange flower on a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1495 – LIST – 4 pictures of a checklist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1496 – BRANCH – birds landing on a branch, glass windows of a BANK, a bird in the tree, a bag of FRANCHISE items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1498 – CELLAR – 3 pictures of wooden barrels stacked, stairs to lower level
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1499 – BEGGAR – woman asks for money with hat, a quarter in a person’s palms, a man sitting in the streets with a cup, holding out a palm
itouchapps net 4pics 1 word
www itouchappsnet com 4pics 1word
applying tile child hugging mom peeling off postage stamp holding arms 4 pics 1 word 629
need help with 4 pics 1 word picture are old time clock abandon building books in a row old and some kind of land mark
mask stage dome building 4 pics 1 word 634
a spoonful of sugar a couple having dinner abottle of honey and two waiter standing answer from 4 pics 1 word
4 pics 1 word 8 letters a painting with a man pouring a drink into his mouth champagne glasses stacked up on a table a piece of pie with sauce flowing over it
4 pics 1 word answers to new levels with gingerbread house tortoise and deer man on tank
www itouchapps net/4-pics-1-word-game-solutions
what is the 4 pics 1 word cir pic no 1345
4 pics 1 word game solutions
4 pic1 words man hold a can crowd od people car over a man head
4 pics 1 word apps net
Four pictures one word students writing cartoon with pencil writing recipe cursive writing
4 pics itouchapps cheat
4 pics 1 word in touch apps
4 pics 1 word answers and cheat /i-touchapps net-=
4 pics 1 word a man on one knee a man a lady against a wall and man with a rose bud in his hands
what we call the lady streching a woman holding barbel a family jogging a picture of thumbs up
4 pics 1 word answers castle whole b
need help with 4 pics 1 word picture are old time clock abandoned building books in a row old and some kind of land mark
what do you call 3 monsters standing 6 letters 4 pics 1 word
guy with a magnifying glass lady with binoculars helicopter and boat a lady zoomed in
what is the 4 pics 1 word for pic no 1352 that has aline of cars leaving a woman setting on a suitcase and men pointing at their watchs
itouch apps 4pics1word
what is the answer to level 907 on 4 pic 1 word with a judge and letters ltd
4 pics 1 word 2 birds river keyboard
4pics1word 5 letters pictures of bottle of 404 correction paper computer key oops
answer in level 330 a man singing a red balloon and bursting bottles 3 letters
4 pics 1 word 5 letters airplane flying over Grand Canyon graduate boy golding diploma
4 pics 1 word thumbs up sun hearts
eiffel tower eagal pizza cold drink money related word
4 pic 1word 366 7letters a man ina lab a microscope 3 plates with some colourful powder
what is the 4 pics 1 word car pic no 1345
you can help me puzzle lotum game answers
4pics 1word cheats level1940 to1980
man with earphones and mike hanging singer small boy dancing man with mike in hand 4 pics one word answer
4 pics 1 word thumbs up hearts
4 pics 1 word sun thumbs up hearts
4 pics 1 word line of cars woman with headset
4 pics 1 word tossing coin magician costume
7 letter word four pictures 1- owl looking thru magnifying glass young girl looking thru magnifying glass kitten sees reflection in water kitten playing with a vall
4pics1word t-rex man eating sandwich sharkwearing coat and tie
answer for 4 pics 1 word for 7 letter word with pictures of a woman with a beautiful dress a rich looking lady with a shaky dress and cigarette her hand two native American children with their native dress and a lady with white shaky dress and it starts w
4 pics 1 word 4 letters cash register
4 pics 1 word worm in apple mosquito
what is the word that has to do with a dog wearing a scarf someone holding a striped cup someone hugging a person and someone wearing striped socks
how to go back or forward whn playing 4pics 1word
Man crashes bicycle in to tree pan baidu com
4 pic 1 word answer for a color yellow green vest
4 pics 1 word 7 letters salad fries pudding
itouchapps net 4 pics one word
eight letter word for mermaid unicorn
1 word 6 letters 4 pics baby in purple coat 2 people in heavy jackets
4 pics 1 word news army
4 pics level 1866 code lock
4 pics 1 word 6 letter answers FNINLHWTWCOC pics are woman in white dress thinking of family with car and $ military men shooting guns man looking up at devil and angel and man and woman fighting over material things
4 pics 1 word sunrising beach colorful houses
4pics 1 word candy wedding kimono
itouchapps net 4 pics 1 word
www itouchapps net/4-pics-1-word-game-solutions/
what is the answer to the ine with pictures of a mailbox a http website in 4 pics one word
gap dog run horse jump golf 4pics 8 letters
guy holding magnifying glass lady looking through binoculars helicopter and a boat lady zoomed in 6 letters 3rd letter a
4pics1word a man on his knee with a rose a man with a rose bud in his hands a man and a woman standing against a wall
4pics1word judge lawyer arguing spinning top train exiting tunnel
bear with fish in mouth us flad desurt two wolf 4pic one word
4pic in 1 word biscuit in piggys mouth
pic of cat and pic of worm on dirt and pic of two women holding hands up in stop position
what do you call 3 monsters standing 4 pics 1 word 6 letters
4 pics 1 word answers home plate cheesecake paint brush lamp
4 pics 1 word hen shopping cart
4 pics 1 word sun hearts thumbs up
4 pics 1 word decorated egg
4 pics 1 word woman getting massage olives women holding her fat
4letter word for a staff a pic of a statute holding something a ferris wheel and a girl poking something
4pics itouchapps cheat
four pics one word piggy bank man holding leaf lady smiling with gold hair lady posing
4 pics 1 word angry couple in bed
4 pics 1 word answer level 171 for my phone rio junior tv
4 pics 1 word key with double arrow road with white arrow
Ice map jug have meter with blue liquid and tube glass with blue liquid earth with different flags
Cat takes ringing cellular phones in with her newborn kittens pan baidu com
4 pictures one word game
4 pics 1 word 2 with money one with a thumb up and 1 mouth open
4 pics 1 word man woman sitting at desk man with backpack for money with a person is shine and dumb girl with guitar
4 pics one word itouchapps net
4pics1word 0 5=1/2
clock &boys runing 4 pics 1 word
5 letter word 2 people making order in restaurant a cartoon police screaming
6 letters a to do list and 2 men sitting with laptop on their knees 3 like robots men walking in a line answer please 4pics 1 word
four words relating a deep blue sea with sea leaves a sea with stones and a woman opening her hands
www itouchapp
| Lower Hutt |
Which of his silent film epics did Cecil B. De Mille remake in the 1950's ? | 4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 3 – SWEET – colorful lollipops, chocolate, smiling baby, puppy and kitten looking at each other
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 4 – BAT – flying bat, baseball bat and ball, bats & graveyard & moon & haunted house, bat and ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 5 – PAIR – 2 burgers, 2 ladybugs mating, a pair of shoes/boots, a pair of socks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 6 – CAN – unlabeled aluminum can, blue plastic container (gas? oil?), milk (?) can on grass with yellow flowers, cucumber slices and other food in a full trashcan
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 7 – FISH – fish with open mouth, fish hook, long pier, cooked fish fillet and greens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 8 – WATER – water being poured, spraying water against sun, white figure holding watering can tending to a money tree, shower head sprouting water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 9 – SIGN – hand writing with fountain pen, wooden arrow pointing to the right, hand writing with pen, a yellow sign with a kangaroo and the words “NEXT 100 KM”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 10 – WAVE – little girl with backpack waving, seagall flying above water, woman in a field waving, person surfing the waves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 11 – TRAIN – Train Tracks, Exercise Training, 2 girls a guy and a computer, boy holding one finger at a dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 12 – BALL – Soccer ball through a net, Basketball, Golf ball being placed on a pick, Ballroom dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 13 – CHILDREN – 5 kids holding hands and jumping in air, 2 kids colouring/drawing, a class room of kids in classroom raising hands, a happy girl and a younger baby boy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 14 – DIRTY – Bride and groom playing in a wet muddy field, a lady doing laundry, 2 dirty pgs, someone riding a bike through mud
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 15 – DATE – Calendar marked with thumb tacks, a man thinking of a girl in a heart bubble, a bunch of dates, a woman cheering white wine with someone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 16 – CROSS – A form marked x with a red pencil, a red first aid box, woman holding boy’s hand and crossing a street, a cross
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 17 – ROUND – A blue globe marked with destinations, a pregnant belly, a orange marble, a basketball on an empty court
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 18 – QUIET – A woman whispers into a man’s ear, a little girl sleeping with her teddy, someone tip-toeing in the dark with a flashlight, a woman places a finger to her lips to “sshhh”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 19 – ADDRESS – Screenshot of http//:, a double set of blue doors, a woman speaking to an audience, a @ letter in a mailbox
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 20 – SOUR – Lemons, red cherries, a little girl eats a slice of lemon, sour cream with onions in a baked potato
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 21 – HARD – Man rides a bike up a mountain, a stack of flat rocks, a topless man with ripped body, a walnut
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 22 – PULL – Office employees playing tug-a-war, a man pulling a pallet, a woman exercising, a toy horse with a string
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 23 – PUSH – A man in a suit point a finger, a man in orange doing a push-up, a woman exercising, a child playing with a truck in the sand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 24 – FAN – A person in the audience stands in stadium, a metal fan, a man with Brazils flag painted on his face in front of Brazil’s flag, a woman with her hair flowing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 25 – SQUARE – A brown photo frame, a white ice tray, a red and white cloth, a black and white checkered flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 26 – CRANE – A construction crane, a construction crane, 2 cranes flying left, 2 cranes flying right
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 27 – CODE – A bar code, a opened number lock, lined up individuals dressed in black, a computer encryption with a magnifying glass looking at a VIRUS
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 28 – CARD – A blank card with a red bow, a stack of credit cards, the Ace of Hearts up a slave, 3 Aces
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 29 – ROW – A man rowing, a team rowing, rows of empty red seats, a line of smiling individuals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 30 – RIGHT – A green and white arrow pointing to the right, a justice balance beam with books and a judges hammer, a man checks a box, a girl gets A+
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 31 – BOW – A woman is playing archery, a man is playing archery, a woman is leaning forward in a red dress, 1 wooden figure bows to another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 32 – LUCK – A 4 leafed clover, a golden horseshoe with a 4 leafed clover, a clear plastic box of ballets, a throw of 4 black dies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 33 – SOFT – A woman dressed warmly in the winter outside, a brown teddy bear, a woman cleansing her face, a woman drinking tea in her bathrobe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 34 – HOT – A chef flambays in a pan, a erupting volcano, a dog in a lawn chair in shades under a red umbrella in the sun, a man and a woman in the sauna
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 35 – PLENTY – A wall full of random pictures, a long white table with lots of empty chairs on both sides, a lot of flying flags on poles, a crowd of people in the streets cheering
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 36 – TIP – A 5 dollar bill and a cup of coffee, a woman is shocked by a man’s whisper, change left on a plate setting, a thumbs up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 37 – MIX – A rainbow splatter of paint, a sound control system, a colour spectrum of fruits and vegetables, colouring smarties
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 38 – TRIP – A man with a backpack trying to hitch hike, 2 girls touring, a falls hazards sign, a man carries a stack of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 39 – FAIR – Justice of peace statue, a judge’s mallet, the carnival, a girl playing at a games stand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 40 – WET – A woman showering, a man with red umbrella in the rain, a custodian mopping with a machine, kids at a swimming pool
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 41 – BLACK – A black owl, 13 black in Russian roulette, a black panther, a man in black suit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 42 – SPORTS – A baseball and a bat in the grass, a group of balls from sports of sorts, a woman plays tennis, two kids playing with a referee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 43 – LEAN – A woman leans sideways into a chair, thinly sliced meat, a slim woman, a man leans on a tree trunk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 44 – RAW – A plate of sushi, a raw egg yolk in egg shell, raw beef cubed, chopped up cabbage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 45 – ROPE – A woman skip roping, kids skip roping, a crane’s arm, a window cleaner hanging in front of a building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 46 – HIGH – A man stands on the edge of a tall building, human engineered ski slopes, high rises, mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 47 – GESTURE – A man gives thumbs up, a woman gives the okay sign, a woman shushes with her finger, a woman presents with her right palm up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 48 – BILL – A pile of US money, a woman is working with her books, foreign currency, receipts and a buggy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 49 – YELLOW – A woman in a field of yellow daisies, a man with a yellow raincoat, cap and bag, a hive of honey comb and bees, a woman poses in front of a yellow car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 50 – NET – A screenshot of a web address bar, a computer mouse and the letters ww., a tennis ball flies over a net, a net
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 51 – MATCH – A lit match, a line of unlit matches, a woman plays tennis, someone is playing tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 52 – BOOK – A student carries a stack of books, a girl reads in the park, a concierge gives keys to a man, a man reading
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 53 – BIG – A fish with a big mouth, a boy reads an oversized book, a lady is cleaning a giants shoe, a man with a giant gift
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 54 – POLE – A landscape of snow, a woman pole dancing, two flags flying on poles, a landscape of ice and snow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 57 – STAR – Coloured in yellow stars, a red carpet, starry sky, VIP in gold
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 58 – LIGHT – Daylight shines through a tree, a light black and white picture, 2 light bulbs, sun light shines on a woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 60 – BASS – Musical symbol, type of fish, a bass is being played, a bass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 61 – CATCH – A man is fishing, a boy diving for a baseball, a mouse trap, a man catches his baby
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 62 – LONG – A girl stretches her leg in the park, a traffic jam on the highway, a giraffe, long finger nails
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 63 – PALM – A swing bed between two palm trees, palm of a hand, palm tree leaves, light on the palm of a hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 64 – COLD – A woman is cold, an igloo, an ice cube, chocolate ice cream cone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 65 – PARK – A park, a woman with head and arm out the window, a large building (palace?), a parking lot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 66 – ROCK – A bridge between mountains, a rock star, rocks, mother rocks child to sleep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 67 – SUMMER – A sunny day on the beach, a dog in the sun with an umbrella and shades, a lady in a pool, a sunny day in the woods
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 68 – STRONG – A bag of spilled coffee beans, ant lifts twig, man lift weights, boy lift weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 69 – TRUNK – A tree in the fall, an elephant, a dog in the back trunk of a car, a child hugs a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 71 – RECORD – A record player, a microphone, a stopwatch, a black record
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 72 – RED – A clown with a red nose, red grapes, red in test tube, red hair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 73 – WIDE – Cargos under a bridge, a long river, a woman with open arms, a man and a big smile
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 74 – COLLECT – A collection of stamps, a collecting of shoes, a collection of Christmas soap, a little girl collects Easter eggs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 75 – SINK – A couple doing dishes, a man fixes the sink, a boat is sinking, a sunken boat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 76 – SAD – A sad woman, a woman rips a picture, a sad monkey, a sad man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 77 – CHEST – A man’s chest, a wine chest, a treasure chest, a woman’s chest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 79 – OIL – Kitchen condiments, oil painting, a plate of olives, a woman getting a massage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 80 – POUND – A pile of money, a woman measures her waist, piece of the England flag, a scale
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 81 – NEW – The re-fresh symbol on the internet, a new i-pad, almost a new year, a new office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 83 – DRY – Wheat, a dessert, herbs hanging to dry, laundry hanging to dry
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 84 – GREEN – A man in a green sweater and hat, a jumping green crocodile, a soccer ball on a green field, a evergreen tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 85 – FULL – A briefcase full of money, a full glass of beer, a full shopping cart of groceries, a basket full of apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 86 – MORNING – A cup of coffee, two people waking up, sun is rising, breakfast croissants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 87 – DOWN – White feathers, a girl holding a pillow with feathers flying, stock is going down, walking down the stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 88 – SLOW – Snails racing, traffic jam, seniors walking, a man pushes his car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 89 – HIPHOP – Girl posing in dance, boy holding up boom box, boy in hood against wall with graffiti, man in pose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 90 – PLAY – A boy is pretending to be a pilot, a theatre play, man kicks a soccer ball, someone plays an electric guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 91 – CHANGE – A one dollar bill and stacks of pennies, change on a plate with coffee, interchange on train tracks, a fat man turns into a skinny man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 92 – ALARM – A alarm, a ‘press the alarm’ sign, a Doberman dog, the alarm system is on
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 93 – LOUD – A dog rides a scooter, a woman screams into a blow horn at a man, a crowd is cheering, a baby is crying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 94 – GAME – Jenga, a man plays chess, a game of soccer, someone plays video games
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 95 – TIE – A man in a suit and tie, a man chooses between two ties, a knot in a rope, a ribbon bow tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 96 – PRESENT – A little girl holds a present, a man presents, a bunch of presents, a woman presents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 97 – TEAR – A child cries, a rope rips, ripped pieces of paper, a crack in concrete
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 98 – COOL – A boy poses, a skater leans against graffiti, 3 ice cubes, a cold glass of water with lemon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 99 – WHITE – A wedding photo, a white car, snowy mountains, doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 100 – TIME – A man holding a clock, a calendar marked with thumbtacks, the year 2013, a family photo in white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 101 – BED – A wooden bed frame with bed, a black modern bed frame with bed, a bed of herbs, a bed of flowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 102 – SUIT – A judge, a man in suit and tie, woman in a suit, royal flush
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 103 – DUCK – A duck, a man tries to fit in a box, a rubber ducky, a woman prepares to race
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 104 – BOX – A woman just moved in, a man holds a box, a boy boxes, co-operate boxing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 105 – KICK – Someone kick a soccer ball, a woman karate high kicks, a man kicks a soccer ball, a pregnant belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 107 – MOUSE – A computer mouse, a mouse, some uses a mouse, a mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 108 – CLOTHES – A man in a blue polo, a woman in washed-blue jeans, a wardrobe of (women) summer clothes, a leather jacket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 109 – FLOAT – Giant blue gorilla float, float, two men floats in space, man floats in space
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 110 – PAY – Someone writes a check, a red credit card, a pile of money, a woman checks her wallet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 111 – STACK – A stack on rocks in water, a student carries a stack of books, two people plays Jenga, air emissions from two industrial exhaust pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 112 – HALO – A ring of stars around the world, a man stands under a ring drawn with chalk, a girl with a fur ring above her head, a light bulb glows blue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 114 – DOT – Three dies, a polka-dot dress, dot com, a dotted image
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 115 – BARK – A dog barks, a dog barks, a heart carved into a tree, tree barks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 116 – USA – The American flag with the Statue of Liberty and a yellow taxi, American eagle, fast-food, 5 $100 bills in American dollars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 117 – SLICE – Cucumbers sliced, sliced bread, sliced cake, sliced lemons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 118 – MATH – A man tries to do math, children try to do math, abacus, calculator and a pen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 119 – BLUFF – View of the lake from high cliffs, a man jumps between cliffs, a man plays poker, a man plays poker
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 120 – FLY – An eagle flies, a man in the sky, two flies, zippers of black jeans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 121 – FRANCE – A dog wearing French beret holding bread and wine, the Eiffel Tower, the French flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 123 – PAINT – Painting a room orange, rainbow paint colours, a little girl painting, painted hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 124 – ROLL – A roll of toilet paper, a roll of newspaper, spring rolls, a roll of 4 dies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 125 – POOL – A swimming pool, billiard/pool table, a man swimming, billiards/poo; table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 126 – BALANCE – Two people tight rope walking, a balance beam, a balance of yen, a woman rides bike on a beach with no hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 127 – HAND – A hand with an orange watch, a pocket watch, a man and his poker hand, a clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 128 – KEY – A key in a lock on a door, computer keys, keys and a toy house, computer keys with weeds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 129 – LINE – A racing track, liner paper, an telephone operator, an empty road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 130 – CHOICE – A man with an angel and evil, a man decides between three paths, a woman chooses between an apple and a cupcake, green check marked
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 131 – ICE – Ice cubes, girl eats popsicle, ice-caps/glaciers, snow tires
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 132 – BUNCH – A bouquet of daisies, a ring of keys, a bunch of grapes, a bunch of flowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 133 – CELL – Cells phones, a AA battery, solar power panels, red blood cells
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 134 – DECK – A deck of cards, a deck on a cruise, a deck of cards, a deck a ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 135 – MINUTE – A man pulls on the minute hand of a clock, a boy rolls his eyes at his miniature mom, a young chick just hatched, 60 seconds stopwatch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 136 – WALK – 2 people in an open field holding hands, someone hiking, someone walks their Dalmation dog, models on the catwalk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 137 – FALL – Slippery when wet caution sign, autumn, kid falls from the sky, drop zone thrill ride
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 138 – LETTER – A dog with mail in his mouth, an opened letter, alphabet cookies, the letter Y shrub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 139 – HOUSE – A construction man is building, white door to a house, attic windows, inside a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 140 – WEATHER – A sunny day with sun flowers, a night with lightening, frozen leafs on a branch, raining hard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 141 – COAT – A man outside is cold, a woman in a fur jacket, a wall is painted purple, a white peacock fans his tail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 142 – SEASONS – Flowers are blooming, a girl eats ice cream at the beach, fall leaves, a couple is snow sledding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 143 – DRAW – A soccer game is tied, someone sketches, someone drawing guns, a drawing of a smiley face sun with crayons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 144 – STICK – A music conductor, a witch with her broom, a lady plays fetch with her dog, drum band
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 145 – IRON – A golf club to hit the ball, a man irons his shirts, gears, iron blows out steam
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 146 – MUSIC – A girl listens to her headphones, a music conductor, DJ at a club, music notes flying off the bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 147 – CUP – A couple have coffee, a cup cake with white icing and a pink rose, a man in a suit holds his champion cup, a woman in a pink bra
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 148 – SPIRAL – DNA, a spiral stair case, a spiral picture, a tornado
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 149 – GRIN – A man with a magnifying glass in front of his teeth, a girl laughing, a man chuckling, a devil grinning
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 150 – FACE – A green eye, a baby’s nose, a woman’s smile, someone is trying to hear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 151 – SPELL – A witch practicing magic, a voodoo doll, the alphabet, a prince frog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 152 – SLEEP – A man sleeps at his laptop, a baby sleeps in a swing bed, a dog is sleeping in a bed, a woman is sleeping in the yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 153 – CHIN – A woman props her head by the chin, a man tries to do a chin up, a man in a suit is smiling, a woman is smiling and touching her chin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 154 – ARM – An arm, a woman holding an axe, people stretching their arms, knights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 155 – ITALY – The Colosseum in Italy, a boat on waterways in Venice, pizza, the leaning tower of Pisa (white buildings)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 156 – CRANK – An arm with hand on a crank, piece of metal (crankshaft), Foosball table, box with crank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 157 – WINTER – A little girl blowing her nose, a couple snow sledding, cinnamon tea, a snowman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 158 – BEAT – People dancing in a club, doctors listening with a stethoscope, a woman boxing, a man with stereo on his shoulders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 159 – PUNK – A man with a pink mohawk, a girl with many piercings on his face, graffiti on a wall, a girl with and electric guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 160 – DEEP – A woman takes a deep breath, a deep blue ocean, a blue starry sky, a deep blue sea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 161 – TENT – A father and son in a camping tent, a circus tent, a tent under northern lights, a native american and his teepee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 162 – BACK – A topless man with a sore back, a man sitting with is back to us, a woman’s back, a man is backing up his car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 163 – INK – A ink pen with a jar of blue ink, a ink printer, ink cartridges, ink smudges
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 164 – EMO – Skills on purple wallpaper, the cartoon character Emo, a boy is sad with his girlfriend, a girl dressed in all black
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 165 – VOWELS – The letter A in gears, the letter E as a shrub, the letter I, and a wooden O
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 166 – CURL – A woman with curly light brown hair, curls of ribbons, a woman with curly blond hair, a strip of film
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 168 – SAND – A sandy boardwalk, a dessert, a sandbox with children’s toy, a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 169 – ZIP – A man’s lips are zipped, colourful zippers, a leather jacket, an yellow apple unzipping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 170 – BAKE – A whisk in a bowl of chocolate, kneeing a doe, a man in a bakery, different cookie cutting shapes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 171 – READ – News on electronic tablets (ipad and ipod?), two girls reading in the park, a stack of newspaper, parents reading to kids
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 172 – BAR – Gold bars, chocolate, girls night out at a bar, bar tender
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 173 – WRECK – A car crash in a swap, an old abandoned ship, a plane crash, old car pieces/parts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 174 – COSTUME – A woman dressed as a clown, a boy dressed as a cowboy, dogs dressed as clowns, a woman dressed for a mask party
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 175 – NARROW – A man is too big for his small office, a man’s arms is bound to his body, a narrow alley, a narrow door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 176 – SNOW – A park with fresh snow, snow up at the cottage in the mountain, a group of people learning to skin, a snow man dressed like frosty
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 177 – GLASS – Pouring a glass of water from a glass pitcher, a scientist and this flasks, cleaning the wind shield, glass windows of a building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 178 – GERMANY – White castle,woman in black and white holding up beer, the Brandenburg Gate (Berlin), cars speeding on a highway/freeway
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 179 – SHAKE – Two people shake hands, chocolate and fruit shakes, a martini glass and a cocktail mixer, a smiling woman wants to shake hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 180 – BARREL – Over flowing oil, a gun, a sniper, a kitten in a barrel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 181 – PLAN – A to do list, group planning, a man proposes his ideas, a man thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 182 – CROWN – A golden crown, a tree, the head of Statue of Liberty, outline of Queen Elizabeth’s head portrait filled with blue white and red stripes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 183 – CAPITAL – The capital B, the white house, the Eiffel Tower, the word NEWS spelt with boggle letters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 184 – LOAD – A woman lifting a box, a packed truck of an SUV, a sand timer, a hunter loading his shot gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 185 – GRILL – The front bumper of a red car, a stake on the grill, a man yelling and point at a woman, some one is barbequing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 186 – DICTATE – A man of authority, a man writes down a woman’s orders, a woman is recording herself, a man tells tow women what to do
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 187 – PLAYER – A little girl plays a game, a baseball player, a man with three women around him, a CD/DVD layer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 188 – CHECK – A man presses the green check mark, a woman examines a sale item, the king has fallen in a game of chess, someone writes a check
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 189 – OPEN – A man spread is arms wide open, the gate is open, a man is playing tennis, opening a can food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 190 – AMP – Someone is playing an electric guitar, amp, meter of some sort, a bunch of speakers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 191 – STAGE – A horse pulling a coach at sunset, gestation process of a baby, red curtains, spot lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 192 – LIFT – A man carries a woman on his shoulders, a penguin lifts some heavy weights, a man lifts a box, a wooden toy lifts apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 193 – BRIDGE – A bride over a pond, two seniors playing cards, fake dentures, a bridge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 194 – LEAD – Two people cross country skiing, a pencil, a speeding car, a teacher and a student
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 195 – SOLE – A man kicks a soccer ball, someone hiking, a type of fish, the bottom of ones shoe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 196 – LACE – Red fancy lace patterns, shoe lace, tying a corset, a pair of shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 197 – STUFF – A pile of dishes, a stuffed turkey, a man trying to close his suitcase, a boy stuffing his mouth with spaghetti
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 198 – LINKS – A man buttons his cuffs, a broken link in a chain, clicking on a web address, person in black with index finger pointing to a dot in a network of white lines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 199 – MONITOR – A man watches the computer, 4 TVs in the lobby, a machine attached to patients used in hospitals, a computer screen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 200 – PIPE – Construction and underground pipes, pipe valves, lighting a pipe, piles of pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 201 – FLUSH – Grey bunny hugs brown bunny, a royal flush, flushing toilet, money down a drain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 202 – SPRAY – A man graffitis a wall, a skunk, a ocean, mist from a bottle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 203 – BUTT – A goat head butts another, a girl grabs a man’s butt, empty beer bottles and cigarette butts, the back of a handy man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 204 – SCREEN – A woman at her desk in front of a computer, a screen, couples looking at TVs, a baker uses a sieve
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 205 – PLUG – A drain and a plug, a girl listens to her ear buds, an adaptor, a piece of the puzzle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 206 – BUST – Head of a stone statue, two police man, a woman’s chest, a woman hitch hiking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 207 – DEGREES – A thermometer, a geometric set, a graduating class, a ba gua measurer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 208 – GOAL – Measuring tape around the waist, a woman in front of a net, a computer character holding a check mark box, a soccer net
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 209 – HOLD – A woman holding a baby, a woman on the phone, two people holding hands, a woman holds a glass of water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 210 – SHAPE – A woman jogging, picture frames, someone is doing pottery, a triangle ruler
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 211 – CLUB – A man teaches to woman how to play golf, a group of people cheering, a soccer huddle, two girls dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 212 – TORCH – A devil is holding a torch, a pile of burning wood, a man is running with the Olympics torch, a lit match
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 213 – SCOOP – 4 flavours in an ice cream cone, a newspaper, a dog picks up after himself, a ice cream treat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 214 – COACH – A horse pulls a carriage, links of a passenger train, a tour bus, a game plan
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 215 – SMOKE – Smoking a cigarette, a girl with a red heart balloon in front of a smoky plant, a type of salmon, a camp fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 216 – BLOCK – Two people practicing karate, buildings, cheese and bread, mother and child playing with blocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 217 – TAP – A woman in heels, a telegraph, a dripping tap, a telegraph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 218 – STATE – An ice cube, the 50 states, heating up a flask of liquid, flag (pegs) on a globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 219 – CAST – An arm in a cast, a man fishing, two girls dancing, someone voting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 220 – PICK – A little girl picks her nose, a man chooses what to wear, a man is carving ice, men working in mines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 221 – FIT – People in a spinning class, man tries on shoes, seniors lifting dumbbells, woman eats green grapes by the bunch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 222 – CRASH – A blue screen on a computer monitor, two car crashes, man plays drum set, a crashed car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 224 – DRAIN – Some pipes, fixing the bottom of a sink, a drain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 225 – NEGATIVE – A sad woman, a film strip, a woman gives thumbs down, a urine test
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 226 – RECEIVER – The receiver of a phone, someone catches the football, someone gets a present, a cable receiver
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 227 – CHARGE – A woman checks her wallet, a charger, a bunch of batteries, two women in an office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 228 – SEAL – A baby seal, a hand applying an ink stamp, wax being melted for a wax seal, a stamped wax seal saying “QUALITY 100%”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 229 – LEAVES – A train in the station, green leaves, a man goes to the ext, a man with luggage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 230 – SHOOT – A boy plays archery, a boy kicks a soccer boy, someone takes a photo, a boy plays with his sling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 231 – ASSEMBLE – A huddle of girls with hands raised, a man kneeling down, a sign with 4 people in the middle and arrows pointing to them, a car assembly line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 232 – ACE – 4 aces, a tennis player, the ace of clubs, a flying tennis ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 233 – GRAND – The grand canyon, the lobby of a hotel, a grand piano, a computer game with a man and green fields
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 234 – FLASH – A man takes a picture with flash, a strike of lighting, a drawing of lightening, many lighting strikes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 235 – SPOT – A man points as a woman takes photo, a zit on a woman’s face, a woman spies with binoculars, the spotlight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 236 – PINCH – A sprinkle of salt, a boy pinches a girl’s cheeks, some steals a phone from a woman’s purse, a woman pinches her belly fat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 237 – METER – A measuring tape, a parking meter, an energy usage meter, a electric meter reader
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 238 – RALLY – A race car in the dirt, a group of people, a rally of people with picket signs, two cars in the dessert
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 239 – PERFORM – A operating team in the hospital, a woman in red dress sings, a chemist experiments, a child’s school play
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 240 – RULE – The word “unfair!” written on chalkboard with “un” crossed off, man with whistle in mouth holding up a red card (soccer coach), dog with yellow ruler in mouth, a tsar or king of some sort pulling a canon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 241 – SPACE – An empty parking lot, outer space, a minor in a group of people, a key board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 242 – COURSE – A desert plate, a teacher teaches his class, a man plays golf, two people uses a computer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 243 – EDGE – A chef’s knife, two people climbs a cliff, a razor blade, a construction man is mad
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 244 – JACK – Jack of clubs, jacking up a car, jack of hearts, jacking up a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 246 – TRACK – Foot prints in the snow, a race track, train tracks, shoe tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 247 – WIND – A woman in white and a white sheet blowing in the wind, the wind on the back of an object, baby plays with a roll of string, windmills
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 248 – SCORE – A basketball gets into the basket, a sheet of music score, an evaluation form with a smiling face a regular face and a sad face with boxes underneath and a cartoon green pencil with hands standing next to them, letters carved out on a stone tablet or written on sheet of very old parchment
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 249 – CHAIN – Gear on a bike, a bracelet on a woman’s arm, flower wreaths on girl’s head, falling dominos
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 250 – CARRIER – A mosquito bites, some carrying their grocery, a dove delivers mail, a plane takes off the navy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 251 – GRAIN – A piece of wood, a bowl of sea salt, grains of wheat, grains of sand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 252 – POWDER – A woman puts on makeup, baby formula, gun powder, canon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 253 – CHIP – A bowl of chilli and nacho chips, a casino chip, a chip in the glass, a computer chip
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 254 – HOME – Playing baseball, a house, a couple behind a red see-through home frame, home base on the baseball field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 255 – OVERKILL – A hammer to an egg, crowded street signs, little girl squeezes too much toothpaste, overloaded an extension bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 256 – CLUTCH – Manual car, a little boy begs by grabbing someone’s leg, a shimmer gold clutch, a group of students
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 257 – CAPTURE – Cuffed behind the back, shadow of someone cuffed, a man adjusting his camera lens to take a photo, a mouse and a mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 258 – CHARM – A woman’s side profile, a piggy-bank with a gold coin in its mouth and a lucky charm behind his ear, a 4 leafed clover, a woman smiling in the sunlight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 259 – PRODUCE – An assembly line, fruits and vegetables, black and white photo of buildings their lights on, fruits and vegetables arranged in a heart shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 260 – HIT – A gold cd in a case, 2 man fighting, a woman in a red dress performs under a spotlight, a car crashes into a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 261 – BURNOUT – A motorcycle racer, 1 used match placed in the middle of 8 new ones, a man is tired from reading binders, a man is stressed at the amount of paper on his desk
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 262 – CONFLICT – A man debates good vs. evil, a woman debates family vs. money, an army of snipers ready to shoot, a man and woman fight
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 263 – RAGE – A man blows steam out of his ears, a woman is furious with her hair standing up, a woman in yellow with curls in her hair, a woman holding 2 polka-dot shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 264 – UPSET – A man is bothered by what he see from is laptop, a man is knocked-out in boxing, a man is angry at this laptop, 2 (1 is ready to play hockey) man on the ice
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 265 – PEDAL – A man teaches child to ride bike, a tire pump, a woman controls the sound of a piano, a woman sewing with a white machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 266 – BASIC – A math equation, a girl stares at he plate and water, pH level indicator, dictionary
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 267 – MURDER – A crime scene with yellow tape, a woman is unconscious, an empty field with birds flying, a cartoon character straggles another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 268 – STRIP – A beach, plane is taking off, different sized pieces of paper, a woman in a red dress and a man undressing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 269 – DEAL – Two people shaking hands, someone is shuffling, a man on the phone with his thumbs up, a giant key is being handed over a home
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 270 – TAKE OUT – A couple is out for a meal, 2 bullies stands over a shitless man, a little girl takes a green binder from her backpack, fast-food container
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 271 – MUSCLE – A topless man in a black leather vest, a plate of cooked mussels, 3 man in black suits, white ties, and a top hats, a man lifting weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 272 – DOMINATE – Horses at a racing track, a cartoon character crosses red finish line, blond woman in red straddles a man lying on the ground, a woman sits on a man on all fours
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 273 – SWEETEN – Pouring sugar into a cup, a woman puts a teaspoon of sugar in her cup, honey poured over a spoon, a jar of honey
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 274 – SOCKET – A blue eye, an electrical outlet, an x-ray of an inflamed (injured) shoulder, a man’s shoulder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 275 – COUPLE – A young couple under a pink blanket, two gold rings interlinked, two smiling seniors, the part where a boat for example is pulled by a hitch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 276 – STRIKE – A boy throws a punch, a strike in bowling, a snowbird plane, a group of people with picket signs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 277 – BELLOWS – A man in a suit and tie is covering his ears, the tool used to blow a fireplace, an old camera, an old accordion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 278 – STRAND – A stand of DNA, message in a bottle on the beach, a close-up of a woman in black and white, a ship on a deserted land
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 279 – BROOD – A girl cartoon character has toothache, a row of young chicks, a hen is sitting on her eggs, to boys thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 280 – ACTION – Lights, camera, action board, a group of cyclists, a man running through water in a park, a man in a suit and tie holding two guns
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 281 – STRAIN – A man lifting weights, a pulley system, pasta poured into a pot from a colander, a petri dish grows microbes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 282 – WOUND – Wrapping an elbow with rolling gauze, scrape on the back of a hand, a bandage on the sole of a foot, a woman with a bleeding finger
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 283 – MONARCH – A black and white photo of a king, a colorful painting of a queen, a butterfly, a monarch butterfly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 284 – TRAFFIC – Black and white photo of a city with a yellow cab, traffic jam, black and white photo of traffic light on green, a man in suit and tie trades something with someone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 285 – STAMP – A post-marked stamp, a collection of postmarks, a set of foot prints in ink, a man places a stamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 286 – DREAM – A couple thinks of a home, a woman is thinking, a woman is sleeping, the statue of Martin Luther King Jr.
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 287 – SCAVENGE – A hyena, a scrap/junk yard, the recycling center, a couple picks up garbage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 288 – COUNTER – A man checks in at the counter, a man stands at a counter, electric usage meter, two teams playing basketball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 289 – PRESS – A manual juice presser outdoors, a person holding a microphone and clipboard, buttons on a machine, printing press
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 290 – CONVERSE – A couple sitting in bed faces each other, a woman on her cell, a pair of red shoes, kids playing with a phone made of string and cans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 291 – GUIDE – 3 girl guides, a line of people hiking in the snow, a business man and a woman listens to someone, a couple in front of a church
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 292 – MANTLE – The inside of the earth’s core is shown, an older woman helps a younger one put on her white fur jacket, a boy dresses as a super hero, a fireplace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 293 – MEDIUM – Size selection options, film steps, a stake half cooked, a man in dark colors is meditating
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 294 – CLOCK – A stock watch, a dandelion, a woman points to her watch, a clock in a church’s tower
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 295 – INDICATE – A pH scale indicator, the backlight of a car, a taller boy in burgundy points at a boy in green’s head, two cars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 296 – SNAP – A woman breaks a cigarette, a woman snaps her finger, a boy does “oh no” face, a girl pulls at her hair in frustration
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 297 – TEASE – A blond woman’s hair is combed by someone else, two kids make faces at one another, three girls laugh, a man and a woman’s hair is tied in a knot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 298 – CRADLE – A picture of Jesus is born, a receiver is not placed back onto the phone, a baby’s crib, a magnetic toy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 299 – SHARP – View through a pair of glasses is clear in a hazy background, a razor leaves a red line, knives, a man is ready to shave
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 300 – STROKE – Painted vertical black lines, painted horizontal blue lines, a woman with long curly red hair, a man plays tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 301 – CREDIT – Slot game machine, an ink pen with a stack of coins, loan application, the end of a show
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 302 – DIVINE – A woman waves her hand over a crystal ball, a twig on the ground, Buddha, a glowing cross
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 303 – ALBUM – Two woman looks at a photo album, a cd, the cover of a cd, a pile of black and white photos on an open book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 304 – SPIKES – Someone is hiking in the ice and snow, someone is running track, a porcupine, rusted pegs on a pile of rocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 305 – SEWER – A woman tailor, water flows out of a pipe into a late, someone is sewing with a machine, pipe lines
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 306 – NOVEL – A little girl reads under her blanket with a flashlight, a mans book comes alive, parents reading to their kids, the yellow crumbled paper jumps out from the rest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 308 – ROSE – Pinkish-white roses, red roses, stocks going up, bar graph increases
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 309 – PRIVATE – A woman whispers into a man’s ear, a man’s lips are zipped, the spikes on top of a metal fence, three blue binders are locked with chain and padlock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 310 – POP – A needle to a red balloon, a man is singing, bottles of drinks, an open champagne bottle and a set of glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 311 – RING – A wedding photo, an engagement ring, a woman on the phone, a woman on her cell on laptop
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 312 – DULL – A math equation, a emotion icon un-impressed, a man alone at a party, a bored woman holds a sticky note to her head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 313 – BLOOD – Blood is running down a white canvas, a mosquito is full from blood, a vampire just finished feeding, a person donates blood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 314 – JOINT – Someone is lighting a roll of marijuana, a hand, a wooden figure, someone is grabbing their knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 315 – SERVICE – An entire dinner set, people at church, workers of a hotel, army men in a line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 316 – EFFECTS – White flashing spotlights, colorful spot lights, a soccer ball leaves a trail of blue flame, red lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 317 – PRIZE – The #1 trophy, the “BEST” ribbon, a team wins a trophy, someone wins a medal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 318 – TAG – A SALE tag, discounted tags, the tag inside the jeans, kids and adults running in the park
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 319 – BICYCLE – a hand spraying a can of WD-40 into a bicycle chain, a bicycle bell, a bicycle seat, chain and lock on a bicycle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 320 – WINDOW – a hand pulling open a door / window, bunch of window panes, a hand cleaning glass with glass wiper, a horse sticking its head out of a little window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 321 – FRUIT – little kid eating a banana, dark skinned woman smiling and holding up green apple, a bunch of pineapples, glasses of fruit juices surrounded by fruits – lemons, orange, lime and grapefruit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 322 – ISLAND – boat with white sail approaching shore with pine tree and beach chair, boat being rowed ashore with mountains in background, boat approaching a heart-shaped island with trees planted in heart shape, sail boats on a lake / ocean and land covered in green vegetation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 323 – WINE – glass of wine beside a barrel at dawn/sunrise or dusk/sunset, two wine corks, glass of wine with cheeses and grapes, bunches of grapes on vine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 324 – MOTHER – lioness with baby lions, pregnant woman in tank top sleeping, hen with bunch of chicks, smiling woman holding baby in diapers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 325 – PINK – a bunch of pink and red flowers, pair of feet with pink slippers sticking out from pink convertible, baby with eyes closed and hands holding up chin wearing knitted pink hat, a pink unicorn
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 326 – HERO – little boy wearing superhero costume, cartoon of man wearing cape standing on top of mountain, man with sword riding horse, cartoon figure of a green superhero
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 327 – PARTY – children’s birthday party, wine glasses with socializing people in background, ladies dancing and drinking, young women wearing birthday hats and blowing on party blowers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 328 – SWORD – bald man in black martial arts uniform holding up samurai sword, pirate holding sword and gun, alien/robot holding up a sword, man in armor holding a sword
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 329 – GIFT – woman with red hair wearing hat pointing to camera and holding up an envelope with a red ribbon tied around it, a red box / present with white ribbon tied into a bow, man holding up box/envelope with red ribbon tied around it, two kids holding a white box with green ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 330 – BEANS – green beans, field of crops and two hands holding a bunch of round yellow seeds, a sac of coffee beans spilling out onto a dish with a cup of steaming coffee, beans with tomato sauce on piece of bread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 331 – CRY – a little girl crying, a baby crying, a woman with a tear running down her face, a man on the phone wiping his eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 332 – AIRPORT – a smiling woman in uniform greeting a man in suit, a row of chairs and big windows with a landed airplane outside, an airplane taking off, a blue airplane on the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 333 – CHAIR – a bunch of chairs at some tables by the side of the road, a smiling little girl with her chin on her folded arms leaning on the back of a chair, a worn chair with slits on the seat, a lime green chair against an old dirty wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 334 – BOWLING – bowling balls, bowling shoes on racks, a bowling ball sending pins flying, a girl about to send bowling ball down the alley while a guy looks on
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 335 – ZOMBIE – group of zombies, cartoon zombies, a mummy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 336 – PILOT – a hat that’s a part of a uniform, two people working on control panels, a man in helmet and vision shield and a microphone, a man in uniform holding up a toy airplane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 337 – ANIMAL – five sheeps/lambs, a puppy and a kitten looking at each other, a squirrel on a tree, elephants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 338 – SAUSAGE – slices of salami and sausages, slices of carrots in sauce, sausages in spirals with slices of cucumber and tomato, a loaf of meat with a piece cut off and green onion on it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 339 – SNORE – a sleeping elephant, a guy sleeping and a girl plugging her ears, a guy sleeping and a girl blocking her ears with the pillow, a man sleeping on the sofa with his mouth open
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 340 – DIVING – a girl swimming, two divers, man wearing scuba mask, woman holding a wide eyed baby swimming under water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 341 – KISS – a little boy kissing a little girl on the cheek, a woman kissing a nerdy looking guy on the cheek, a bunch of lipstick marks in different colors, a man and a woman kissing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 342 – GHOST – shadow of a person with hands on glass, a ghost of a woman walking in the forest, a cartoon ghost, a child dressed up as a ghost with a blanket and two holes as eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 343 – STINK – little girl holding her nose, a bull dog lying beside a pair of feet wearing socks, a skunk, a man smelling his armpits and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 344 – TOOTH – an opened mouth showing teeth with a missing tooth, a cartoon tooth fairy, toothbrushes of different colors, tooth paste in white blue red squeezed out of the tube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 345 – FATHER – man holding a baby, man and child brushing their teeth together, man and baby sleeping, man with child on his shoulders walking on the beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 346 – BRAIN – diagram of a brain, a brain running the treadmill, model of a brain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 347 – RUIN – what’s left of a stone building, the inside of a building that has broken windows and big hole in ceiling, a building being torn down, a couple of ancient buildings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 348 – JAPAN – sign of a white hand in a “V” victory sign and a red circle, mountain (Mount Fuji) and city (Tokyo/Osaka), sushi on a plate and chopsticks, woman wearing a kimono holding a paper umbrella standing under a tree with cherry blossums
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 349 – FUNNY – man and woman wearing 3-D glasses holding bucket of popcorn, a clown, a woman with tongue sticking out and hair streaming behind her, woman having tea and laughing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 350 – FOAM – guy with shaving cream covering entire head and face except the eyes and holding up shaver, man washing his hair, hands with soap suds, woman taking a bubble bath
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 351 – REPAIR – cartoon man holding part of a broken vase / bottle of glue on table, a mechanic fixing a car, roll of duct tape, various tools hanging on a piece of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 352 – MEDITATE – person meditating in sitting position, shadow of person meditating facing the ocean and rising/setting sun, statue of a Buddha in meditating position, part of the face of a Buddha statue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 353 – FROST – a tire driving through snow / icicles on car, leaves with frost, a snowflake, a pool of water with trees that have snow on them
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 354 – VAMPIRE – a cartoon bat with head of a vampire, a bat, woman dressed as vampires drinking wine, a vampire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 355 – SKIN – a birthmark, a woman pinching flesh on her belly, hand smearing cream onto a man’s back, hands massaging a woman’s face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 356 – BITTER – glass of lemonade, cut open grapefruit, a man pouring medicine onto a spoon, a woman in a winter jacket holding a cup and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 357 – NIGHT – a dog wearing a sleep mask with its paw on a clock, the moon above the clouds, a cartoon girl lying on the moon with stars next to her, a street lamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 358 – HIPPIE – man and woman dressed as hippies, a man and some women with a guitar and luggage holding up signs trying to hitchhike by the side of the road, a peace sign made up of flowers, flower decals and the words “Flower Power!”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 359 – VACATION – people skiing, man in backpack and woman looking at a map, a family laughing, man and woman at the top of the mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 360 – DRIVER – a chauffeur in uniform in a car, a person in uniform on a truck/bus, a woman clasping a steering wheel, a girl in a car showing her identification (driver’s license?) and keys
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 361 – GRIMACE – kid with tongue sticking out and open hands nexts to ears, girl with eyes crossed and crooked mouth, girl wearing huge glasses making a face, girl that took a bite out of a slice of lemon and grimacing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 362 – SALTY – salmon and spice, potato chips, a plate of salt chunks, the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 363 – POISON – a scorpion, a person squeezing a snake and cramming a cup up its open mouth, a bottle with a skull sign on the front, a big red mushroom with white specks on it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 364 – SOUVENIR – a bunch of Eiffel tower models, Russian nesting dolls, a child picking seashells, pairs of wooden dutch clogs / shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 365 – WARM – two girld smiling and hugging each other, a dog wearing a red scarf, a pair of colorful stocking feet on the vent, a person wearing a red sweater holding a green and white striped cup
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 366 – POKER – hand holding up a royal flush poker hand, hand holding up 4 aces poker cards, stacks of poker chips, 4 guys playing poker
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 367 – GAMBLING – a slot machine, hand holding up 4 aces, roulette, smiling man holding cash he won in Vegas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 368 – MINT – woman holding up toothbrush with leaves on it, some green leaves, a green leaf on a bunch of white gum, a cup with green liquid and green leaves on the side
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 369 – GEOMETRY – compass eraser triangle and protractor, a diagram of 3 rectangles enclosing a triangle and the formula “a2+b2=c2” a pencil and eraser, 3D images of various geometric shapes, a bunch of geometric diagrams and formulas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 370 – TUMBLER – 2 switches one switched to ON the other to OFF, an acrobat doing splits in the air, water splashing into a glass, a sealed pitcher
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 371 – STAPLE – stacks of staples, doctors performing surgery, a stapler, various types of pasta
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 372 – STRETCH – woman doing yoga, train tracks, a winding river, one hand pulling surgical glove on the other
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 373 – CROSS – little girl with fingers crossed on both hands behind her, mother leading son across the street, man looking mean, flag with white cross and red background
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 374 – TILE – letters of the alphabet and numbers and punctuation, tiles on a roof being laid, bathroom tiles in various shades of blue, a pile of dominoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 375 – TRASH – a bulldozer in work, a truck pushing a mountain of garbage, a full garbage can, a combine working in the fields
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 376 – SOLO – a woman pilot in a plane, a man with a hat playing the saxophone, someone playing an electric guitar, a man sitting on a bench holding his head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 377 – SECURITY – a security camera, a police wearing uniform with the words “Metropolitan Police” on the back, hands holding a transparent sphere containing a baby, man in black suit and sunglasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 378 – NIRVANA – woman meditating by the ocean facing the rising / setting sun, statue of a Buddha / Bodhisattva, a half-naked person in water against stone stairs, a flowery diagram with some sort of eastern language written inside it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 379 – COMBINE – a white puzzle with one piece taken out, eggs on a pile of flour, a handbag wallet belt and single high heel shoe, red liquid being poured into a beaker with colorful liquids
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 380 – BUBBLE – a clear blue sphere, a chimpanzee, cartoon word bubbles above some people, a girl blowing bubbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 381 – STOP – the words “Bus Stop” on the road, map of routes in different colors, circular sign with red background and a white hand, man breaking a cigarette in half
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 382 – BOOKMARK – the address bar in a browser, book with a bookmark sticking out, book with place marker, a keyboard with a big blue key that says “Links”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 383 – GRACE – girl in ballerina dress, a swan, a girl dancing, a woman in big red dress dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 384 – PRINT – yellow pink blue rollers, papers with black words printed on them, big rolls of paper, set of print press letters numbers and punctation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 385 – CRUMBLE – layers of rocks, bricks sticking out of a wall, some sort of dessert, apple and apple slices and cinnamon sticks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 386 – GRADE – a girl holding up a folder with a paper that says “A+”, a graduation hat and textbooks, bunch of graduates throwing their graduation caps, white figure in tie and briefcase walking up an upwards trending bar graph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 387 – MEAL – wine glasses and food, a waiter serving food to a couple, worms, wheat and flour (?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 388 – BREEZE – wind mills, woman on beach facing the ocean with arms outstretched, clothes drying on a clothesline, little girl in a field with her hair blown back
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 389 – LATE – woman holding a clock with her mouth open, feet sticking out from white cloth with toe tag tied to toe, woman at a train platform sitting on red suitcase, man pointing to his watch looking mean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 390 – STORIES – squiggles coming out from an open book, an old style typewriter, finger pressing “2” on an elevator panel, one little girl whispering into another little girl’s ear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 391 – TRANSIT – an entrance with wrought iron gates, a white van, a white bus, a tunnel with rails / train tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 392 – LOOK – an eye with long eyelashes, lots of colorful clothes hung up, glasses set on a table, woman wearing big white wide-brimmed hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 393 – COURAGE – man standing on bicycle balanced on a tightrope, man crossing with hands on a rope with sharks circling beneath him in a body of water, a mouse and cat looking at each other, a gladiator in armor and sword
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 394 – TRANSFER – hands in handcuffs, a handheld electronic device sending vibes to a laptop, sign of a bus with driver, a credit card / bank card in an ATM machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 395 – PRECIOUS – different colored gems / diamonds, bunch of gold jewelry poured out of a handbag, man patting on a baby’s back, an opened treasure chest with rays coming out of it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 396 – SPIT – cloudy skies above beach and water, baby eating mush making a mess, person holding up stick lit with fire and blowing into it
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 397 – BAIT – a decorated gingerbread house, a cartoon worm on a hook, a fish hook, a mouse trap with cheese
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 398 – RATE – a red line graph that turns into a heart shape, a house shape with “%” inside it and a man standing next to it, a big percentage sign, model of a house with stacks of cash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 399 – JOCKEY – a horse and driver, a horse and jockey in a race, a DJ at a panel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 400 – PATCH – 3 grey bottles with one pouring black oil, ashphalt being paved, a bandaid on a crack in stone, a girl with a black eye patch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 401 – LABEL – blue jean material with a brown label, signs that say “Sale 50%” “GOLD Membership” “DISCOUNT 50%” and “TOP 10 Guaranteed”, a record, brown rectangular tags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 402 – COLOR – big patches of splashed colors and a woman on a ladder, yellow pink blue rollers, different color shades of hair, lots of hands colored in different colors and smiling faces painted on them
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 403 – SAVE – arrow cursor and timer icon, piggy bank with four-leafed clover in mouth, a computer mouse, a soccer goalie hugging a soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 404 – REACTION – a girl pouring from one beaker into another, some people around a desk throwing papers in the air, a road with a sign of a nuclear facility or some sort of chemical factory ahead, skin with bumps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 405 – CAMPAIGN – English soldiers in traditional uniform, a sphere with words on it “flyer creation logo concept communication marketing publication business…”, some soldiers in a dessert, two labels that say “new”
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 406 – CRASH – two cars crashed together, a meteor approaching the earth, a line graph that goes up and down and up and down again, a plane that has crashed into the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 407 – VISION – hands holding a globe with a seagull inside, a giant eye with binary numbers, an eye with concentric circles, eyeglasses place on a table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 408 – STUBBLE – an old man with hand on chin, mouth with stubble around it, man with stubble putting on lipstick, young man with foam around mouth shaving
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 409 – SPRING – green grass and pink and white flowers on tree, a steel spring, little stream of water going over rocks, legs and feet wearing running shoes launched into air
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 410 – BRAVE – a gladiator in armor holding sword, a firefighter going into the fire, a lion, a blunch of people waving their arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 411 – BREACH – a wall of rocks with a hole in it, whales, a broken screen, waves in the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 412 – COPY – writing in ink on white paper, dentures, father and son shaving together, a printer / photocopier
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 413 – TITLE – a woman dressed as royalty, champion belt for wrestlers / boxers, a book with the title “Knigge” in gold, the “Daily News” newspaper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 414 – PANEL – some brown doors, man giving thumbs up and man holding gavel and woman with arms crossed, a cottage amongst the trees, audio equipment of some sort
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 415 – TRENDY – Man with a Mohawk, woman holding two (2) black and white checkered heels, man in shades and a scarf over his head, a girl trying on glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 416 – EMPTY – A plate setting for 1 (dinner), empty room, an opened (broken) bird cage, auditorium of (empty) red seats
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 417 – PIECE – Cutting a piece of cake, 3 pieces of chocolate, 2 pieces of puzzle, slices of pizza
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 418 – BEAM – Sun shining through the trees of a forest, girl reading with a flashlight under her covers, a red laser beam and a DANGER (warning) sign, light house shining light
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 419 – ANCIENT – Brown/yellow map, stacks of books, a coliseum, a landmark – almost pyramid shaped but grey and has square top)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 420 – TANK – Under the water (green), an army tank, production tanks, green caged ladder outside a dome structure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 421 – POCKET – Pocket watch, pocket (army) knife, wallet in jean pockets, a woman holding a book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 422 – POLITICS – Different flags on poles, check box marked ‘X’, dropping a ballet, man in suit and red tie is being interviewed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 423 – KNOT – Red rope tied in a knot, a boat sailing, man cannot choose between two (2) ties, a woman with her hair in a bun (brunette)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 424 – COTTON – Stack of folded jeans, a woman pointing at her white t-shirt, polka-dot clothes (fabric), cotton (balls) plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 425 – SMELL – Kid sticks face into sunflower, man tests his red wine, woman spraying body spray (perfume) on herself, a man with a clothes clip on his nose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 426 – SCIENCE – Microscope, man in a lab, chemistry and plates of colorful powder, DNA structure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 427 – ROUND – Ball (with flags of the world), men in a boxing ring, four (different) clocks (time), men cheering (drinking) at a bar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 428 – REFLECT – Rainbow shining through a prism, solar panels, trees around a lake (body of water), ski goggles reflecting (snow) mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 429 – TRAVEL – Woman with suitcase standing in front of arrival/departure times, the earth glowing, landmarks around the globe, a couple reading a map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 430 – UNDER – Under a bridge, a man fixing a car (raised above his head), a bra (red with white dots), a map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 431 – COLLEGE – Graduation hat toss, student (male) holding a red book and a back pack, stacks of books, a girl in a class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 432 – OFFICE – Desk stationaries, a woman at a photocopier, a woman answering the phone and taking notes, a group of professionals (5) in a meeting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 433 – GLAMOUR – Woman with a veil and orange sparkling lipstick, a woman in a long flowy red dress, woman in a white dress, woman in a green mask
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 434 – ENJOY – Woman lying in a green field with pink flowers, a woman eats a bite of chocolate, a woman in a sauna, a couple getting a massage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 435 – UNIFORM – Solider (in camaflough), woman in a black dress, 2 professionals, a group of doctors/nurses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 436 – BREAK – Man breakdancing, a thief breaking a door (break and enter), relaxing in a chair under the sun, chip and spider crack window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 437 – FIZZY – Bubbling blue liquid, glass of fizzy white drink (clear), tums in a glass of water, a bottle of coke (pop)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 438 – FLAT – Person in black with a flat screen monitor as their head, green flats (shoe), green field, a deck of a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 439 – SCARED – Cartoon character scared, person with red glasses ducks (hides) behind and under table, a woman is scared, man is sinking in white paper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 440 – VOLUME – Three (3) black) and one (1) red sliding buttons, controls/buttons on a machine, dials on a machine, volume sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 441 – BLANK – Four (4) pieces of white square paper, a woman holds a black sign above her her, a woman holds a blank speech bubble beside her face, a blank sheet of paper on the wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 442 – CROWD – 2 pictures of people moving really fast through the city, paparazzi (or fans) with cameras, group of people dancing (at a club/concert)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 443 – PIRATE – A cannon, a parrot, stirring wheel of a boat/ship, chest of gold (treasure chest)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 444 – MEDICINE – Pills (medication), green cross, bunch of violet flowers, doctor writing on a chart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 445 – NUMBER – Laser reading a barcode, pressing elevator button, numbers on a racing track, two (2) front doors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 446 – MILK – Baby items, (towel, teddy, milk bottle, & lotion), pouring milk, a cow eating a white daisy, a goat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 448 – CINEMA – Cup (bucket) of popcorn, a ‘TICKET’, stacks of movie film, an auditorium
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 449 – FENDER – weights by the side of a boat, red and white electric guitar, bumper pieces (front and back), man painting (touching-up) a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 450 – LAW – White ‘S’ figure signs on a wall, metal stationary, balance beam and judges mallet set, drawings (blue prints)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 451 – LIGHTING – Lit tea lights, lights of cars on a highway, spot light, city (night) lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 452 – ROYALTY – Gold crown in palm of woman’s hand, red (toy) car on a bundle of 100 (fold) bills, a woman dressed up (Victorian style?), coupons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 454 – THREAD – Cobweb (spider web), using an iPhone, messaging, roll of red thread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 455 – SECRET – Confidential file folder, black vault, a woman hushes her lips, two (2) kids (girl) whispering (to boy)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 456 – POLLUTE – Man wears a (N95) mask over his face, landfill, industrial plant emissions, emissions from a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 457 – RECIPE – Note book in the middle of a table, man drawing on a wall, a jug of milk and cracked eggs in a bowl, old recipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 458 – ENTRANCE – A ‘TICKET’, circle spiral (black and white), man at at the opening of two giant doors, red curtains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 459 – HARMONY – People singing, music, dove flying through the sun, ying-yang symbol
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 460 – BUILDING – Drawings (floor plan), model house (white), little boy builds a LEGO house, a boat passing the Sydney Opera House
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 461 – ACCESS – Turnstile, cracking (picking) a lock, stop sign (with a hand), man hands over key to house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 462 – FILL – Pumping gas (into car), donut (bread) with orange filling, pouring red wine into glass, preparing (making) pot plants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 465 – FACTORY – Line of bottles (drinks), a factory, a street sign, industrial plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 466 – PEACE – Peace sign, ‘hippie’ bus/van with flowers driving through a rainbow, a white dove, person holds two (2) fingers up (peace sign)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 467 – CONTROLS – Play station controller, control panel (of a plane), person driving, dials on a control panel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 468 – WEDDING – Three (3) level wedding cake, a black top hat, a bouquet of white flower, two (2) gold rings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 469 – ADAPTER – Computer chip, 2 picture of adaptors, a man playing his saxophone sitting down
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 470 – CALENDER – Person writes in his planner, pages of a calendar, Chinese zodiac, what look like a Greek calendar or sundial of sorts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 471 – PLANET – Brown planet, Earth, Mars, Saturn
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 472 – SHARE – Elephant shares a bench with a dog watching birds, kids fighting over a stuffed animal, stocks performance, pie chart (3 red pieces and 1 green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 473 – UNISON – Two (2) people shake hands, two (2) alarm clocks, a couple hugging, two (2) men laughing/singing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 474 – TOOL – Nail and hammer, pliers, hand-drill, screw driver and a wrench
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 475 – CREATIVE – Statue of a person thinking, man draws a light bulb (idea), little girl does hand/finger painting, person with a ‘THINK’ sign/bag over their head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 476 – PLATE – A piece of black wood (flat), a plate, a crack in the ground (covered with dried lava), stamps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 477 – WELLNESS – Woman meditates, woman at facial spa, aroma therapy items (towel, scent oil, coffee beans, lit candle etc.), cup of mint tea (green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 478 – NAVIGATE – Map and a compass, an old-style gadget (telescope?), a map, hand on the steering wheel of a ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 479 – EMERGE – Submarine, a hatched chick stands on 2 eggs, tadpoles, dandelion growing through asphalt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 480 – COMMENT – Cartoon with black speech bubble, person holds a microphone, speaker button on phone, layer out news papers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 481 – AID – Woman walks with blind (visibly impaired) man, first aid box, hand putting a coin into a box with hearts on it, first aid items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 482 – PUBLISH – News paper, stack of books, stack of newspapers, paper (publishing) factory
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 483 – TRAILER – Trailer driving towards the sun, trailers parked (at camp), a camp trailer, advertisement of ‘COMING SOON’
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 484 – BALLOON – Colorful helium balloons, two (2) heart helium balloons, hot air balloon, animal balloons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 485 – BUILDER – Contractor/construction hat, drawings, balance tool and ruler, handy man’s tools, construction workers at work signs, hard hat and industrial gloves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 486 – FIELD – Circling with red marker, a soccer field, a green (empty) field), an island seen through binoculars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 487 – CONNECT – Wooden figure using paper and string phone, 6 degrees of separation arm lock/hold, volume/signal bars, paper zipped up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 488 – CONTEST – Woman figure skater, jockeys racing horses, team holds up trophy, placing stage of winners (1st, 2ed, and 3rd place)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 489 – ICON – Mother Mary praying, a woman with her white dress blown up, emotion indicators, internet language (signs)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 490 – DIRECTOR – Music composer, movie director, four (4) people in a meeting (2 men and 2 women), white office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 491 – PRACTICE – Woman helps boy with work, girl plays violin, woman doctor, female trainer coaches female trainee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 492 – COMPANY – Seniors (men) in a park laughing (having a good time), blue people icons connected, three (3) people in the office, army men (soldiers) lined up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 493 – COMMAND – Blond woman scolding a little girl, blond woman presses a keyboard eagerly, stethoscope on a laptop (blue screen error/diagnoses), solider icons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 494 – INTEREST – Woman plays guitar, percentage (%) sign in a pile of money, couple meet with a man, man backpacking/travelling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 495 – BEVERAGE – Mint tea (green), tall glass of beer, fruit shakes, pouring a glass of red wine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 496 – PHONE – Orange turn-dial phone, black turn-dial phone, black dial phone, touch-screen (cell) phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 497 – CONCEAL – Man hides face behind paint, man pulls/hides a card in his sleeve (ACE of hearts), three (3) tones of concealer, little girl covers her face with her hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 498 – MODULE – Computer chip (part), chalk board (and agenda for the day), one (1) red cube/brick in a wall of white, a satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 499 – PASS – White car driving on highway (fast), VIP card/sign, mountains (nature), a man catching a rugby ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 500 – WALL – People standing in front of a wall (drawing?), graffiti covered wall, Great Wall of China, flower bed (raised and protected by a brick wall)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 502 – OPERA – Music sheet, top of a string instrument (violin/cello), theater, white mask (half face)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 503 – JEWELS – Shiny diamonds and pearls, gold chain/necklace and pearls, three (3) pieces of diamonds, a crown
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 504 – FARMER – Person in green watches goats, man tending to his garden, man studying his wheat’s (grains), man in green with two (2) cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 505 – APPLY – Wrapping a wrist with gauze, man works on computer, little boy applies sun tan/screen lotion to his chest, resume under a magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 506 – APERTURE – Hole (carved in the shape of a heart) in a fence, snap shot, break through in a white wall, man taking a picture with camera
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 507 – COLLAPSE – War in Paris, building being demolished, woman helping someone who fainted (lying on ground), a broken metal stool
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 508 – ENCLOSE – Picture of fence in front of a barn, bird in a cage, dogs behind a fence, open envelope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 509 – CONTRAST – Two (2) woman dressed the same stands facing each other, ying-yang symbol, vision through 2 different lenses of the same pair of glasses, black specks/dots (wavy) on white contrast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 510 – SCHOOL – Boy in blue thinks in front of black board, pathway in front of a building, kids (8) sitting around a round table, a school of fish
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 511 – COOLER – Champagne in a bucket and two flute glasses, a cooler box, 2 pictures of air conditioning units
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 512 – VEHICLE – Army tank, white horse dragging carriage, airplane, white car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 513 – WISDOM – Shelves of books, molar (tooth), statue of a man, drawing of a blue/green owl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 514 – FLOWER – Flowers (daisies) in a watering can, woman smells pink/yellow/red tulips, red rose, field in front of mountains
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 515 – GINGER – Woman with bright orange hair, shaved bowl of ginger, orange tabby cat (cartoon), gingerbread man and house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 517 – COFFEE – Brown (bowl-shaped) filters, coffee beans, coffee berries, grounder/grinder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 518 – DEFENSE – Bottle pepper spray, guards (England – in red suits, black pants, black hat, and gun over shoulder), man wants to shake hands, football team
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 519 – OCCASION – Lit candles in a cookie/cake, HAPPY ANNIVERSARY card, two (2) woman celebrating/drinking, fireworks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 520 – LANGUAGE – China, England, and Germany book, ‘DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH’ in speech bubble, WELCOME written in different languages on the chalkboard, sign language (hand gestures)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 521 – VIRUS – Blond woman takes a hammer to her laptop, virus (germs), woman sick in bed, mosquitoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 524 – ELEMENTS – Erupting volcano, desert, clouds in the sky, tall waves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 525 – MARKET – Spices in the market, stocks around the world, woman packing fruits (grocery), woman smiling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 526 – BURN – Red icon of a man and woman in their underwear, burnt toast, fire hazard/sign, camp fire (on a beach)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 527 – SKY – Cosmos, sky (sunrise/sunset), green field, sunrise/sunset over a body of water (lake/ocean)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 528 – INVENT – Cave man cartoons, wheels in a person brain, person working on their laptop, person thinking/ideas
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 529 – EXHIBIT – Painting gallery, exhibit, person looking at frames, display of chocolate
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 530 – PAD – Note pad with check marks, lily pads in a pond, mouse on a mouse pad, tablet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 531 – CUBE – Cube of pictures, three (3) ice cubes, three (3) red dies, different coloured cubes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 533 – EVEN – Leveling concrete, the number two (2), a level (tool), flipping a coin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 534 – EXERCISE – People sitting and stretching in a line, kids thinking (in school), 2 army man running in the desert, woman on yoga ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 535 – SHOE – Black heels, blue flip flops, cow boots, running shoes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 536 – ATHLETE – Man throws a stick, statue of a man bowling, man does plank on beach, running on treadmill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 542 – INSULATE – Thermos, igloo, duct tape, tent and northern lights in the winter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 543 – ACHIEVE – Woman in blue skirt on top of the mountains, people holding a performance line/arrow, person crosses red finish line, girl graduates
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 544 – FOCUS – Rainbow spirals, sun shine on dew on blades of grass, snap shot of lenses, girl in glasses reads a green book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 545 – COMPLETE – Hand forms OK sign, icon makes green checkmark in boxes, two (2) crossed black and white checkered flags, icon piecing a red piece of puzzle amongst white pieces
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 546 – CONTROL – Sewing in a factory, boy plays video game, remote control (TV), lizard has lizard toy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 547 – MASK – Mask (gold and red), woman gets a facial, surgeon places mask on you, a thief/ninja in black holding a flash light
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 548 – DISPLAY – Jewelry on display, serving a plate of food, flat screen TV, woman presents to a group
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 549 – PROPOSAL – Icon male proposes to icon female, items on a list, 2 pictures of people in a meeting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 550 – HIGHRISE – Picture of a city, 2 pictures of sky scrapers (tall buildings), picture of an apartment
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 551 – ART – Two (2) mimes, person carving/chiseling a piece of wood, a ballerina, an old woman painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 552 – MULLET – Man in a white shirt smiling, woman stretching, a fish, a bowl of fish in tomato (red) sauce
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 553 – MIND – Brainstorm, boy thinking, wheels in a brain, couch on a deck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 554 – PICTURE – Human hand hold cartoon umbrella for a cartoon man, man thinking, colorful drawing, movie theater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 555 – HINGE – Two (2) pictures of a door/cupboard hinge, x-ray of an elbow, person grabs their knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 556 – BIRD – Group of pigeons, 2 parrots on a branch, chick hatched from shell, field of chicken/hens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 557 – DECORATE – Painting a concrete wall with red paint and placing down hardwood floor, flowers in buckets on a table, badges on a uniform, Christmas décor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 558 – ARMOR – Army tank, red shield (badge) on a green (computer) chip, armadillo, a knights armor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 559 – TOUCH – Picture of two fingers almost touching, a tablet and a touchscreen phone, adult holds baby’s hand, touchdown (football)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 560 – MIRROR – Thumbs up in side view mirror (of a car), stones stacked in an arch, picture of glass towers, woman looks in hand held mirror
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 561 – INSECT – Two (2) lady bugs, swarm of honey bees in hive (comb), grass hopper, a green caterpillar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 562 – MAGIC – Woman blows out butterflies, hand in white gloves opens red curtains, rabbit in a top hat, spot light (blue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 563 – CREAM – Pouring milk/cream, a jar of cream and two (2) white daises, a cows nipples, a bowl of ice cream
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 564 – ENERGY – Windmills, kids running/playing, woman gets facial, E=MC2 written on chalkboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 565 – WHEEL – Wheel (of a bike), a wood carriage (wagon), changing wheel of a car, a red scooter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 567 – HORN – French horn, rhino, bike horn, antlers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 568 – LISTING – Stocks performance, remote on a magazine (TV guide), circling numbers, people looking at giant ads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 569 – KNIGHT – Knight’s armour, cartoon figure knights another kneeling down, cartoon knight fights green dragon, brown (black) and white knight (horse) chess pieces butting heads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 570 – ENTER – White key board, pointing where to sign (signature), brown wooden (front) door, picture hanging on wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 571 – FARM – Wind mills, wheat, a farm tractor, field of cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 572 – GARBAGE – Drawing of a smelly garbage can, yellow bags of garbage, orange truck, landfill (garbage)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 573 – SOURCE – Bubbling battery cell (green), man holds ‘COPYRIGHT’ sign, creek, man giving a speech to reporters (4 microphones)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 574 – LESSON – Red letter L (for LEARNERS) on a motorcycle, man teaches a class, girl with pigtails getting scold, WEB SEMINAR written on blackboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 575 – SWING – Girl on red swing, black shadows dancing, swinging metal balls, playing golf
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 576 – BOAT – Long brown and light blue canoes at the docks, water crashing to side of bat, couple fishing, long canoe parked at the beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 577 – BARGE – Cartoon man is sick (green), boat in the water, man fallen of bike in winter, man in black suit and tie slaps another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 578 – SCRIPT – Typed ‘ONCE UPON A TIME’, cursive writing with ink, computer typed text, cartoon drawings of 2 men giving gifts to woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 579 – TIMER – Sand timer, kitchen (cook) timer, stop watch, wrist watch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 580 – SPILL – Barrel leaking black oil, spilled drink (black coffee/tea/pop) on white keyboard, spilled red wine, a glass of red wine overflowing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 581 – PRINCESS – Pictogram (green) of a princess kissing a toad, a cartoon girl (blond hair, pink dress), cartoon castle on clouds, cartoon princess riding a white horse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 582 – PRODUCT – Calculations, 3 pictures of women looking at shelves of products (at the store)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 583 – DRIFT – White box stand covered in snow, snow covered field, hot air balloon in the sky, snow-land by the waters (ice caps)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 584 – SPOON – A couple in bed, eating spoons laid out, ladle in a pot of soup, wooden stirring spoons laid out
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 585 – CONFUSED – Person holds black umbrella raining question marks, man reading a stack of books is confused, a man in glasses scratches his head, a woman tangled in wires
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 586 – GOOD – Woman (angel) with wings, person in suit presses happy face icon, green check mark, LIKES button (icon on Facebook)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 587 – SILENT – Woman in red tank top shushes, man with zippers across lips, ninja in the moonlight, snow covered field (with ever green trees)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 588 – AMPLIFY – Control dials of a machine, concert (performance), cartoon icon with loud speaker, tower of (cellular) satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 591 – COUNT – Cartoon Dracula, woman counting change, calculations, man uses abacus to count
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 592 – PEPPER – Pile of whole multi-coloured pepper corn, crushed chill (flakes), sea shell holding sea salt and whole (black) peppercorn, green red and yellow fresh (bell) pepper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 593 – FORMAT – Icon with floppy disk, icon of pdf. File, old film projector playing, instant pictures (polaroid)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 594 – SUPPLY – Army (camouflage) truck, curvy road, water pump, plug in the wall socket (all white)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 595 – BOY – Boy in green looking up, boy in dress pants, and striped red tie, boy in yellow with loud speaker, a baby (boy)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 596 – PARTNER – Couple hugging, 2 men shake hands, couple dancing, tennis court
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 597 – COMIC – POW, 2 white dogs in shades and clown hats, super hero in blue with red cape, man with top hat, a microphone and red and yellow sweater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 598 – DUTCH – Pink with white tulips, block of cheese, a bike, a mill behind a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 599 – YOUNG – White jar of lotion, children whispering, lion cubs, baby chicks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 600 – PRIDE – Girl in graduation gown, athlete with white top and sweat band poses, peacock fans his tail, male and female lion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 601 – JUSTICE – Statue hold rod and a balance beam, cartoon man (judge) behind a desk, judge’s mallet, a female lawyer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 602 – SLIDE – Unzipping (or zipping) something, a roll of film uncurled, person holds a slide (specimen), cartoon penguins slide down a hill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 603 – CRAM – Woman with a large bag (filled), boy sits behind stacks of books, person tries to close suit case, woman stuffing face with cake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 604 – GREEDY – Hand grips money (dollar bills) tightly, cartoon man with $ $ signs for his eyes, cartoon of big fish eats smaller fish, cat looks at beans (food) on table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 605 – CAPSULE – Time capsule, spoonful of medication (pills), peas from beans, satellite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 606 – SPEAKER – Speaker on loud, woman talks to crowd through microphone, speaker, loud speakers on pole
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 607 – ROMANTIC – Sketch of a man, Effie Tower, 2 hearts drawn in the sand at the beach, couple sits by water front
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 608 – INTERIOR – Modern living room of a house (white), man driving a car, back of a bald man’s head, house model and drawings
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 609 – SCENE – Chalk outline of a dead person, woman in red apron holds rolling pin, sketches, woman holds lights, camera, action board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 610 – MILITARY – Female solider with red hat, silver and gold metals, army men lined up, sniper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 611 – ACCIDENT – Items left on the floor of biohazardous sign, hand caught in mouse trap, car crash, boy covered in smoke and smudge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 612 – RAISE – Woman stretching, performance comparison by year, man goes ALL IN at card game, woman holds up her baby
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 613 – UNION – People picketing (striking), United Kingdom flag, couple gets married, blue flag with a circle of yellow stars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 615 – HOSPITAL – Hospital hallway, red first aid box, surgeons working, man and woman poses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 616 – OBJECT – Black shutters, UFO (spaceship), cartoon judge, kid with glasses wearing a vest and bow tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 617 – KNIFE – Pocket knife, cartoon chef, round roast (beef), person holding a knife
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 618 – MOUNTAIN – Pile of clothes, desert, 2 pictures of green field with trees and mountains in the background
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 619 – MEMBER – People figures uniting, red and black flag with white bar across middle, woman’s legs (calves), soccer team huddles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 620 – TUNE – Dials on a machine, tuning a piano, car engine, playing the saxophone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 621 – CUT – Girl getting a hair cut, prepping in the kitchen, sawing wood, girl with a Band-Aid on her index finger tip
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 622 – SPAIN – Woman in long red dress dancing with fan, bowl of mussels and lemon, bull chases red cloth, bottle and glass of red wine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 623 – BOND – Sticking a stamp on an envelope, 4 people join hands, person is tiling their wall, mother and child
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 624 – SCOUT – Compass on a map, topless man statue, blue iris (eye) looks through eye hole, cartoon scout (ranger?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 625 – BARGAIN – Person tries to bribe another, professionals in an office comes to an agreement, tag that says BEST PRICE, % signs floating up and away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 626 – PAGE – An open book to 2 blank pages, ring boy (bear), globe icon with web address, person looks at their pager
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 627 – CLIMB – Man climbs up a ladder, woman rock climbing, airplane is taking off, people climbing up spiral stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 628 – CONVERT – Monarch butterfly, different currency signs recycling, solar panels, maple leaf (green) recycles CO2 and O2
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 630 – GENETICS – Family (father, mother, and 2 kids), family tree photo display, molecules/compounds, DNA helix
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 631 – FELINE – Cat leaping, lion, cat sitting and looking up, cartoon cat hides behind fish bowl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 632 – PART – Grey gears turning with 1 red one, couple standing back to back with a cut out of a broken heart, man checks out his hair, filters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 633 – SERIES – Collage of front doors, jeeps driving behind one another on the dirt road, PI (3.1415….) written on a ball, woman laughs while watching TV
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 634 – FINISH – Person crosses red ribbon (finish line), person dips paint brush in paint outside, front of a car, empty blue plate and a knife and fork
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 635 – MASTER – Statue of Bruce Lee, woman graduating, woman teaches, man raises finger at his dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 636 – SOUND – Water through the bays, head phones (over the ear), microphone, string phone (empty cans and red string)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 637 – MEASURE – Cherries on a kitchen scale, flasks and test tubes, mug of beer and a pretzel, music beat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 638 – GIANT – Giant cartoon woman dripping small basket ball on the court, giant boy wants to step on small woman, whale in the deep blue waters, small man stands and looks up at giant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 639 – SWEEP – Raccoon sweeping, man in tall hat carries ladder and gadgets, woman sweeps floor, cleaning a chimney
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 641 – PERIOD – Schedule template drawn on chalk board, a spiraling pattern, clock, graph (bell-curve)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 642 – VOID – Comos in space, holes in the ground, person with a fishbowl for a head, crossing a calculation error
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 643 – STIR – Stir fry vegetables, man – painter, girl helps mom cook in kitchen, stirring cup of coffee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 644 – ADVANCE – 1 person hands over a bundle of money to another, 2 men playing chess, army men in line, curved red arrow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 645 – PRIMARY – Red, green, and blue circles overlap each other, kids in classroom raises their hand, the number 1 sign, drop box
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 646 – ALCOHOL – Glass and bottle of scotch (maybe whiskey), bottle of mouthwash, 2 barrels, glass of beer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 647 – BOUNCE – Girl in bouncy house, boy on red bouncy ball, man dribble basket ball, icon of stocks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 650 – QUEEN – Playing chess, woman wins pageant, queen bee, cartoon woman (queen of hearts)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 651 – CIRCUIT – Person prepares to run around track, digital card (blue), ON OFF switches, GO KART tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 652 – TABLET – Medication/pills, tablet, cup of coffee and cell phone, cafeteria line, drawings in stone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 653 – ARROW – Performance arrow (going down), arrows in bulls eye, man can go in 3 direction, icon can choose between left or right side (blue or green arrow)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 655 – WAITRESS – 4 pictures of a woman serving drinks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 656 – DESIGN – Webpage, man proposes with his tablet, red chair, drawing of a red dress with black belt (waistline)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 658 – ROLLER – Pavement roller, woman painting, roller painting wall green, rolls (dies) of ink
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 659 – CEREMONY – Graduation class tosses hat, couple getting married, coffin being carried, first, second, and third place on the podium
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 660 – NETWORK – Digital cables green icon person standing amongst blue ones, compilation of pictures, six degree of separation (hands interlinked)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 661 – VALUE – Currency value goes up, boy hugs his teddy, house for SALE, a big bundle of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 664 – MEXICO – Colourful straw hat, taco (soft shell), white sand beach and blue waters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 665 – GROW – Brother plays with baby sibling, bar graph grows, woman in emo make-up, currency grows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 667 – ENGLISH – Hot tea with biscuits, dog, fried chicken and fries, red telephone booths
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 668 – DRAFT – Comic, mug of beer, pointing out the red icon person amongst a line of black ones, rolls of drawings (floor plans)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 669 – STATUE – Statue of Liberty, statues with big heads, Buddha statues, statue in RIO
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 670 – PILE – Pile of clothes around a basket, stacks of boxes, little girl lying on the carpet, folded towels
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 671 – BADGE – Man in suit with name tag and red file folder, cartoon policemen shows badge, scout badges, sunglasses pin
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 672 – WEAK – Magnifying the broken link, hands chain and locked together, small red boxing gloves meets giant blue glove, cartoon of senior with ripped sweater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 673 – TOXIC – Spraying flower with pesticide, snake, industrial emissions, man wears (gas) mask to examine something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 674 – FIRM – 2 men shake hands, professions sitting at a table (meeting), 2 pictures of professionals standing in a group
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 675 – SUSPEND – Lights on a clothing line, cord of a telephone, red bridge over the waters
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 676 – SKILL – Kids (boys) playing soccer, woman solves math question, man play violin, boy play chess
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 677 – MARBLE – Marbles, statue without arms, steak (raw), statue without arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 678 – SHUFFLE – 2 pictures of someone shuffling a deck of cards, icon (sign) for music to shuffle on player, woman wearing heels
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 679 – ENGINEER – Man is thinking how to draw, construction worker tries to build, man on train tracks, man in control room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 680 – PACKAGE – Checker cloth wrapped and hanging on stick, man delivers parcel, crowded beach, red present box with white ribbons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 684 – SEARCH – Treasure chest, magnifying a globe, working dog (guide/search dog), magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 685 – FAITH – Cartoon woman falls backward into man, nun praying, hands clasp, colourful flags hang from tower?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 686 – CARTON – Carton of cranberry juice, woman examine bottle at the store, carton of eggs, moving into an office
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 687 – EXCEL – XLS file, man in suit points to bar graph rising, collecting of winning metals, horse races (jockeys)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 688 – KING – King of hearts (card), lion (male), fallen black chess pieces at a standing white king piece, cartoon of Elvis (king of pop)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 689 – PREMIUM – Champagne in an ice bucket, 4 yellow stars and the stamp, orange race/sports car, piles of US dollars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 691 – CRISP – Head lettuce, Cesar salad, deep fried fish/chicken, couple walking in the snow
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 692 – PRIVACY – Double blue front doors, DO NOT DISTURB sign on door, lock and latch on door, username and password
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 693 – PLANE – Man is building the roof of a house, airplane in the sky, inside an empty plane, shaving wood (to make more even)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 694 – FIGURE – Sand timer, figure skater, the number 1, picture of a George Washington
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 695 – WEAVE – A woman braided her hair, 2 people boxing, a woman weaving, a basket of apples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 696 – SAFARI – Woman in front of orange tent, a white jeep, a scout/ranger, a zebra
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 697 – SUMMIT – Icons representatives of different countries stand around the globe, professionals at a table, person reaches the top of her destination, tip of a mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 698 – PROMOTE – Icon figure pushes another up a green arrow, man stands above a woman, a woman with a loud speaker, menus
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 699 – SCOTTISH – Mansion at surround with water, person photographing pins and needles, plaid (red, black, and yellow) fabric, a cow and a sheep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 704 – WARNING – KEEP QUIET sign, ! Sign, construction sign, man points finger while woman shouts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 705 – BLANKET – Couple under the blanker, water bag under a towel, mountain partially covered in snow, bridge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 706 – SINGING – Drawings of birds singing, a woman sings, cartoon of children singing Christmas carols, 2 girls sing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 707 – PASTEL – Growing hearts, pink flowers, pastel crayons, starburst colours (red, purple, blue, orange)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 708 – FORMULA – Formula race car, formula on the chalkboard, H2O in a drop of water, mother kisses a baby who is drinking from a bottle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 709 – CHILD – Little boy dresses up and plays pilot, little boy jumps into the air, a baby sleeping, a child sleeps in-between his/her parents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 710 – JUNK – Fast food (burger and fries), a ship, hard drives taken apart, broken TVs and fan in the field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 711 – SPEED – Person running past in a blur, car driving fast, man runs at the tracks, person snowboarding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 712 – POT – Pots (cookware), flower bed/pot outside, pot of tea, cartoon pot of gold (coins)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 713 – POLISH – Person polishes their shoe, cleaning a table, flag (red and white), person polishing a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 714 – CROP – Harvesting green grapes, riding a horse, picture of a woman’s face, tracker harvesting (corns?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 715 – SPECTRUM – Apple sections in a grocery store, rainbow coloured reptile, circle colour spectrum, rainbow through a prism
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 717 – SCALE – balance scale, man on top of a ladder, ruler
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 718 – STAFF – Stick leaning against the bars (handrails on the wall), employees at a call center, scepter, professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 719 – WORKING – People planting, man with multiple hands (multi-tasking), person doing math (budget/accounting), man with pliers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 720 – TIRED – Yellow icon yawning, man getting ready for bed, woman yawing from reading, person turns off alarm clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 722 – LEVEL – Level (builder’s tool), cars on racks in a warehouse, Tetris, rainbow prism
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 723 – PIE – Chocolate cherry cake, pie chart, slice of pumpkin pie, pie cooking in the oven
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 724 – FILLING – Slice of cake, man a large machine (kettle), man at the dentist, an enormous burger/sandwich
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 725 – TAIL – Mermaid, salamander, shooting star, tail of a plane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 726 – ZOOM – SLR camera, ZOOM IN/OUT magnifiers, magnifying glass, a car (red) speeds pass (Indy’s)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 727 – SERVANT – Person with white gloves holds up and out open umbrella, chauffeur, bell boy, host and waitress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 730 – DETAIL – Jean pocket, solider, grasshopper, close-up of kiwi fruit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 731 – PREMIERE – Woman in red dress walks on red carpet, hands at a chalkboard, man in suit being interviewed by reporters, red carpet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 732 – STING – Prickly hair on stem of a plant, mosquitoes, getting a needle shot, fish at bottom of ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 733 – HISTORY – Statue with no arms, old photographs, old compass on map, rows of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 734 – SLEEPY – A little girl is tired, professionals sitting at a table is tired, a bad in glasses is bored, man yawning showing his alarm clock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 735 – CAVE – Drawings of how man hunted in history, inside of a cave, waving white flag, person in a cage is being lower into the water (or raised)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 736 – PRINCE – Cartoon of a prince in front a rainbow, a girl is going to kiss a frog, knight riding a white pony, a prince is down on one knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 737 – CABLE – Insulated cable, electrical cord (green) plugged into the wall, sky ride, electrical (magnetic) field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 738 – BLOW – 2 men fighting UFC, cartoon explosion (BOOM), storm blowing tropical trees, little girl blows bubbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 740 – INVADER – 3 aliens looking down on earth, 2 soldiers, UFO (spaceship), a ninja
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 741 – TEACHER – Fitness class, 2 women driving, 2 men at a computer, parent (mother) takes child swimming
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 742 – LOCK – Boats at the docks, a key left in the lock (of a door), a woman with curly blond hair, a combination lock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 743 – DRILL – Army men standing in line, man is drilling, dentist and assistant, construction crew uses jack hammer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 745 – BRAID – brunette woman with glasses, braided ropes, marine’s cap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 746 – PLASTIC – Rubber duck (child’s bath toy), green recycling sing, empty plastic bottles, garbage bins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 747 – LADLE – Metal ladle, pouring hot something hot to be molded, man serves soup, glass ladle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 748 – PLASTER – Construction man sands outside of building, man hold a dried circular plaster, person is cutting something, person’s right leg is in a cast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 749 – STUNT – Digital icon performs tight rope walking, bike daredevil performance, man hikes through desert, riding a red motorcycle through flames
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 750 – SOAR – Bald eagle flying, bar graph growing, helicopters, hang gliding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 751 – PIT – Empty roads in a cliff, truck driving in the middle of nowhere, peaches, woman applies deodorant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 752 – FLOOR – Grey hard wood floor, wooden floor/fence, 2 pictures of someone pressing elevator buttons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 753 – INDUSTRY – Woman (fashion designer) on laptop, industrial emissions, oil rig in the ocean, hammer and picket icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 754 – IDEA – Blue lightening, a woman with a bubble though, man sitting on cloud typing on laptop, a light bulb of idea (made of yellow yarn)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 755 – MISTAKE – Eraser, man sitting in front of black board with the equation 2+ 2 = 5, man is yelling at woman, man does ‘OOPs’ face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 756 – GIRL – Doll, little girl holds slice of watermelon, cartoon girl is running, little girl is getting her hair braided
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 757 – EXACT – Dart to bulls eye, man holds stop watch, boy trims grass, man inspects shoe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 758 – ORGAN – Piano at church, person playing a piano, left and right side of a brain, the human heart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 759 – FUNCTION – Pocket knife, woman in vet with a name tag, measuring INPUT vz OUTPUT on the blackboard, adults attending a seminar/conference/presentation
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 760 – WEALTH – Mansion (white), statue of Buddha, woman with mink (fur) over her shoulder, a giant bundle of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 761 – SMASH – Broken window, tennis bowl, painting of the HULK, broken ceramic bowl
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 762 – RESOURCE – Windmills in the water, a library, chopped lumber, man wearing a hardhat with flashlights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 763 – SCRAP – Apple core on the floor, total lost in car collision, scrap piece of white paper, junk yard (landfill)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 764 – BOARD – Snowboarder, skate boarder, professionals sitting at a long table, person stands in front of black board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 765 – SLIPPERY – Man is about to step on banana peel, cartoon kids going down slide, icon slips on wet floor, bar of soap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 766 – TRANSMIT – Satellite dish outside a home, radio station (tuner), no mosquitoes sign, satellite in space
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 767 – WAITER – 4 pictures of a waiter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 768 – PASTE – Ctrl, C, & V keys of a keyboard, making a sauce recipe, toothpaste on toothbrush, glue (paste) oozing from tube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 769 – BORDER – Map of the US, a dog (black and white), a white picket fence, passport inspection sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 770 – FORK – Ham, music sheet, cartoon sausage cooking a sausage, direct path splits into 2
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 771 – CAKE – Purple cake with white flowers, a plate of fish/crab cakes, white and pink cup cake, a girl with a birthday cake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 772 – SHED – 2 hands cupping a shed icon in the sky, outdoor storage, a wooden shed, cartoon man with hair falling out
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 773 – SPIRIT – Senior man and woman open their arms to embrace the world, a ghost, meditation, a boy is thinking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 774 – CARGO – A transporting bike, a skid of boxes, a skip of crates, transport by means of truck or plane around the world
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 775 – INJURY – Broken/injured ankle, spine of a man is red (inflamed), person with injured foot and crutches, a teddy bear with a band aid in bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 776 – PROOF – Green rubber boots, an inspector (Sherlock Holmes), magnifying a finger print, crime scene findings (number tags)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 777 – SIGHT – Effie Tower, man looks through binoculars, iris of a woman, ranger with a rifle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 778 – TOWER – toy castle, a grown-up holds the hand of a little kid, a stack of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 779 – ROTTEN – Moldy orange, a man sniffs his sushi, a man holds out a smelly fish, bruised apple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 780 – HORSE – Woman stands in front of her horse, performing gymnastics, a rocking horse, knight (chess piece)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 781 – FORMAL – Icon of man and woman dressed up, a server, 2 people shake hands, a man in a suit and tie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 782 – LOSE – Woman measures her waist line, set of keys, running toward the finish line (red ribbon), marbles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 783 – FAMILY – Father and child, family at dinner table, family in living room, litter of puppies with their parents
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 784 – MATERIAL – Shelves of coloured paper?, man on-air (radio), warehouse of cylinder blocks, scissors cut paper
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 785 – CHANNEL – Remote control of a TV, creek, DJ station, opening (of 2 giant doors)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 786 – RECYCLE – Card box figure is thinking of a card box, a woman sorts her garbage and recycling, a icon dives head first in a garbage can, different coloured recycling bins)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 787 – DRAG – Santa drags his big read bag, man in suit pulls his suitcase, cartoon drag racer, woman dog sledding
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 788 – MOTION – Lights left behind (trail) of a fast car, cartoon granny in a rocking chair, judge makes a decision, some one running
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 789 – PEDIGREE – A golden (and red) ribbon, a hound (dog) sits in a line with cats, a black horse, a family tree photo stand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 790 – GORGE – Man stuffs his with plain pasta, water fall, adams apple of a person’s throat, person moving really fast?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 791 – SETTING – Hammer and wrench icon, forest, a diamond (green – emerald) ring, dinner settings down a long table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 792 – COVERAGE – Boys watching a sports game on TV, a woman reporter, the newspaper, a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 793 – HANDLE – Woman shows all her jewelry (for sale), knocker on front door, door handle, person using a computer mouse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 794 – PET – A little girl hold a kitten to her face, a little girl gives a bowl of milk to a kitten, a dog and a kitten, a paw in a persons hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 795 – BATTERY – Cannon and balls, laptop battery, icons lifting a cell of battery, a man’s face was beaten up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 796 – ASSEMBLY – Group of adults working on a project, a man is building something, roofers, screws and wooden pegs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 797 – WASH – Woman does a load of laundry, a dog gets a bath, a woman taking a bath, car wash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 798 – THOUGHT – A man is think at work (his desk), a man is thinking, a woman is thinking, picture of a man’s (human’s) brain activity
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 799 – MUSICAL – Group of people singing, music, cartoon kids singing and dancing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 800 – CONTENT – Couple having a meal, woman is happy at her desk, drawer of clothes, woman takes photo of a box in store
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 801 – DEVOTION – Man is praying to the sky, statue of Buddha and his followers, angry mob with signs hides their identity, a couple looks at heart-shaped cloud in shy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 802 – PUNT – Man rows canoe in river, person kicks a ball, boats parked at shore, football game
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 803 – RAIL – Rail on a deck, skate boarder’s rail, train tracks, rail of a boat/ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 804 – AWARD – 2 people shake hands, a plack (85), a trophy, a man in suit holds a trophy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 805 – QUEUE – People standing in line (crowd), a woman with a speaker headset, cars backed-up in traffic, printing at a printer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 806 – STORAGE – Warehouse, CD, USB stick, fridge?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 807 – MATURE – Aged cheese, wood barrels, a senior (man) graduates, progression (stages) of a boys life (soccer kid, high school, college/university, career man)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 810 – CRAFT – Satellite above earth, female chef, scissors and cut paper, woman designing something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 811 – CHEESY – Cheese blocks, bowl of popcorn, cheese baked on bread, cheese (footprint) on plain omelets (egg)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 812 – BASIN – Waterfalls, ceramic water fountain, ceramic bowl, ceramic sinks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 813 – ANGRY – Angry lion, a woman’s head covered with smoke, a man takes hammer to his laptop, a red bull
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 814 – ORCHARD – Apples in a basket in the sun, man holds two baskets of apple, apple orchard, woman with two baskets of apples in front of her
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 815 – COLUMN – Tablet and touch screen cell phone, performance bar and pie graph, columns, army marching in line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 816 – LIBRARY – 2 girls in the library, books, a girl in a library, shelves of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 817 – BORED – Girl in red pouts (is bored), woman yawns, man is upset at ironing clothes, student sleeping in class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 818 – VITAMIN – Basket of squash and apple and corn, oranges, pills (medication), fruits (apple, pear, kiwi, peach)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 819 – CHURCH – Church, couple getting married, a church, a church
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 820 – DISGUISE – Person with camouflage paint on face, a bug camouflage onto leaf, a husky wears a wig, disguise items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 821 – HUSBAND – Couple getting married, pictures of an elderly couple’s adventures, a man holds a proposal ring box, a couple cooks together in the kitchen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 822 – MAMMAL – A woman with long curly light brown hair, a tiger, a gorilla, 3 dolphins jumping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 823 – PREY – Dark brown eagle, someone steal cellphone from woman’s purse, a dear, a lion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 824 – WIFE – A couple sits in living room deciding something, a couple gets married, an elderly couple, man puts ring on woman’s finger
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 825 – BELT – Grey rock (asteroids) flies past a planet, luggage conveyor, seat beat in car, black belt in karate (martial arts)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 826 – CAPE – Man waves red cape in front of bull, cape of a island, woman in a cape, little red riding hood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 829 – SINISTER – Devil, dark clouds (storm) brewing, Manitos helmet (from x-men), black and white hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 830 – TOURIST – Couple taking a tour, woman concierge gives man his keys, a woman takes photos, I icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 831 – PADDLE – Ping pong table, paddle and ball, boy kayaks, red (plastic) paddle, oar (wooden paddle)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 832 – TYPE – Bowls displaying types of paste shapes/sizes, woman typing at keyboard, sign for something, man at type writer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 833 – JAPANESE – Sushi dipped in soy sauce, Chinese character, city in front a mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 834 – TARGET – Man draws a circle of white stick figures around a red one, person looks at graph on wall, playing archery, soccer field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 835 – CLEAN – Woman cleaner, cleaning the bathroom sink, woman shows off her smile (teeth), cleaned dishes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 837 – CHINA – Dragon, Great Wall of China, Chinese Zodiac, a hostess
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 838 – LITTER – Dirty beach, driver’s arm out her window (of car), line of kittens, line of puppies
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 839 – GENIUS – Baby with big glasses, Einstein, smart boy, a girl thinks in front of green chalkboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 840 – OXYGEN – Scuba diver, man swimming, surgeon applies anestigia, O2 sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 841 – EQUAL – Balance of rocks, hands counting 2, 3, 4, cut-out of people joining hands (blue and yellow), 0.5=1/2 written on black chalk board
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 842 – MOW – Man drives a lawn mower (truck), 2 pictures of stacks/piles of grass trimmings, mowing the lawn with truck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 844 – BLAZE – Apartment on fire, fire with black smoke, camp fire, house on fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 845 – FOLLOW – Line of (yellow) rubber ducks), riding camels crossing the desert at night, line of elephants, Sherlock Holmes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 846 – FITNESS – Group of people shows thumbs up, a woman stretching, a family jogging through park, woman lifts dumbbells
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 847 – CHEERS – Cocktail party, new years celebration, 2 couples shows thumbs up, group of people with mugs of beer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 850 – CAGE – Cartoon gorilla in cage, baseball fence, open bird cage, bike leaning on pole
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 851 – PANIC – Man is presented with stacks of work, woman is screaming scared, couple wakes up late from bed, cartoon woman jumps on green chair (scared)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 852 – TENOR – Copper (iron) statue of a man, a man in tuxedo with open arms, binoculars on music sheet, violin saxophone and a clarinet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 853 – LEAPING – 2 picture of man (person) leaping between 2 bridges, goldfish leaps out of water, a leopard leaps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 854 – CIRCUS – Red and white circus tent, cartoon lion balances a bear on ball, juggling clown, tiger trainer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 855 – DENTIST – 4 picture of people at the dentist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 856 – CARESS – A baby sleeping, woman pets a cat, man about to kiss woman, couple under a blanket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 857 – SINGLE – CD, jug of milk with pink ribbon, 2 glasses of scotch (or whiskey), a woman dressed professionally
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 859 – PEELING – Peeling apple, peeling potatoes, peeling yellow zucchini, peeling paint from wall/door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 860 – TALK – A little girl in grey is being interview, icon holds green phone receiver, group of people with speech bubbles, 2 women conversing on a sofa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 861 – RESCUE – A dog laying in the grass, superman, rescue helicopter (orange), fireman climbs out of window
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 863 – SWIM – Mother and child (baby) swimming, jelly fish, dolphins dancing, a little girl swims
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 864 – SCRAPER – Cartoon man window cleaner, a scraper/spatula, 2 pictures of people cleaning snow off their cars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 865 – ALLIANCE – Multi-national flag poles, hand painted with flag designs, 2 golden rings, a boot with 2 flags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 866 – SING – Woman holds microphone and man plays guitar, a little girl sings, a chef sings, cartoon of a man in robe by a fire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 867 – NAP – Woman in white sits back at her desk, a baby sleeping, a woman asleep at her desk, red fabric
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 868 – CHAMPION – Cartoon of winning soccer team, champion belts (gold, silver, and copper), jockey races horse, trophy cup
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 869 – EXAMPLE – Judge holds up his mallet, outline of webpage design with chalk, LTD sign with orbiting ball, trophy cups around the globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 870 – SUCCESS – Man gives thumbs up through the walls, a man sits back to examine performance arrows (red and blue), group of people shows-off wands of cash (bills), a woman with open arms
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 871 – MOMENTUM – Stop watch, a woman gymnast on the rings, extreme skier, metal magnetic balls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 872 – SUPPORT – Professional woman wears a head set, 5 adults team up, 2 hands on a cane, 3 helicopters take off of navel ship
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 873 – MINISTER – Man in suit holding brief case, man in suit poses in front of books, a minister reads from a book, a man in a suit and tie holds his glasses
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 874 – COMEDY – Disguise mask, clown’s (jester’s) hat, man performing with mask, audience in a movie theater
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 875 – FAILURE – Man in shirt and tie hides face behind his hands, man sitting on floor holding his head, cartoon man is upset, man in jail (behind bars)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 876 – EVOLVE – 2 helixes of DNA, evolving box man, TO DO LIST (saying to BE BETTER), men with their laptops
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 877 – TUNNEL – Subway tunnel, ground hog drills a tunnel, train tracks, mine tracks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 878 – WIPER – 2 pictures of a car with wipers on, washing a car, close-up of a wiper blade
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 879 – RADIATE – Sun shining in blue sky, people in biohazardous suits, microwave, ladder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 880 – ROOT – Person cupping a plant in their palms, bunch of carrots, cartoon doing math, moss on a tree (in forest)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 881 – DRAMA – People in dress up, masks, red curtains, Chinese play (theater)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 882 – EARRING – Man with pink bangs, cookie earrings, woman with long earrings, woman plays with her necklace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 883 – TUG – Boat, playing tug a war, ships at the dock, child tugs a rope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 884 – RAMBLE – Blond woman on the phone, person hiking, brunette woman on cell, family of 4 hiking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 885 – FEAR – Watching a scary movie at the theater, man bites his nails in fear, man in suit is shock, man is scared of what woman is telling him
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 886 – CAPER – Man wearing a red nose, kids making faces at one another, fitness class, capers (spice)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 887 – CROSSING – Person crosses a bridge, crossing fingers, cartoon girl crosses street, people crossing street
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 888 – ROOM – Gas/heater room, light shinning on display stand, row of shelf, living room of a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 889 – JUNCTION – Train tracks, road intersection, highway, traffic lights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 890 – GROWING – Man stands on the highest of 5 columns, a little boy in blue, a plant sprouting, a man growing a plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 891 – KNOCK – Strike (bowling), knock-out (KO in boxing), woman knocking on a door, 1 man knocks out another in boxing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 892 – TIN – Tin man from Wizard of Oz, element Sn, food in cans, woman cooks over a fire outdoors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 893 – GREED – Man wears $ sign glasses, man stuffs his face, a baby stuffs its face, a woman stuffs her face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 894 – TICKET – Cartoon police man, a pair of ticks, a card on a cars windshield wipers, a ballot ticket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 895 – BULLET – Agenda on a clip board, a bullet, a speeding train, icon checks boxes on a clipboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 896 – STRAIGHT – Stacked planks of wood/lumber, a straight road, glass of whiskey, male and female sign interlinked
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 897 – CLOWN – 4 pictures of clown
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 898 – WIPE – Cleaning a table, man wipes his forehead, woman at the chalkboard, little girl wipes her nose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 901 – TWINS – 4 picture of twins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 902 – DEAF – Woman adjust, dog perks up his ears, sign language, woman in red perks her ears
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 903 – AMAZON – Shopping cart key on a keyboard, a tablet, a river, 2 parrots
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 904 – CLIMBING – People hiking through snow hills, 2 babies on a ladder, person rock climbing, woman doing zip line
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 905 – ESCAPE – Man in suit bends (prison) bars, a cartoon thief runs away with purse, solution through a maze, man with a ball chain around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 906 – HAPPY – Boy at his laptop, woman holds her camera, woman in scrubs, a couple in tank top and jeans
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 907 – DRAWING – Drawing of a windmill, drawing of a boy pushing the pencil away, woman draws with her daughter, classroom of kids drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 908 – LIFE – Plant sprouts through cracked pavement, a cup of floral, a baby laughing, eggs in a birds nest
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 909 – SILENCE – ON AIR sign lit, 2 women shushes, man with zipper lips, man behind white mask shushes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 910 – SORROW – Woman cries, woman cries on man’s shoulder, a girl crying, a man consuls another crying man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 911 – COCKTAIL – Glass of cocktail, man touches a woman’s belly, a rooster on the roof, a cocktail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 912 – STRING – Knot in a string, string and a badminton racket, rolls of different coloured string, strings in different shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 913 – BRIGHT – A woman’s eye, a desert, clouds in the blue sky, a little boy has an idea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 914 – TENSION – Ropes over a pulley, couple sleeps back to back in bed, boys watching a show/game on TV, man in suit pulling something apart
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 915 – DIVE – Man dives of his yacht, scuba diver, person dives into water, scuba diver
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 916 – SURVEY – 2 picture of man in hard hats taking a survey, checking off a clipboard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 917 – IDLE – Chain saw, a koala lying on a branch in a tree, woman waits boredly at the airport (terminal), man in swing bed (hammock)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 918 – SNIP – Pliers to a bunch of copper wires, man cuts his own hair, woman cuts her own hair, scissors to red ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 919 – COMPARE – 2 pictures of a balance scale, a woman compares 2 items in a store, male chemist compares test tubes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 920 – MAZE – Tall hedges, man looks at maze on floor, person in front of a maze, a maze
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 921 – CLEANER – Woman cleans window, man mopping, couple is cleaning, 1 clean and 1 dirty brush/sponge
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 927 – ADDER – 3 pictures of snakes, using a calculator
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 928 – DRIVE – Driver in a car, hammering a nail, driving a golf cart, fixing/installing digital (hard drive) ware
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 930 – STRESSED – 3 pictures of people with hands at their head, a frayed rope
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 931 – OPENING – Scissors to cut a red ribbon, opening a can food, woman opens her curtains, using a microwave
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 932 – ENVY – Man eats pizza and woman has apple, man is green (with envy), people staring at a couple hugging, woman looks at a couple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 933 – GOSSIP – 4 pictures of people whispering
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 934 – WORRY – Woman massages her temple, woman’s face in her palms, 2 women looks away from each other, man is stressed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 935 – LEADER – Music conductor, George Washington (?), man in uniform salutes, music conductor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 936 – ENVIOUS – 1 egg is worried about 2 eggs in love, woman is upset at man on tablet, woman stares at couple, 2 woman eating
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 937 – ATTACH – Stapler, ropes knotted together, paper clip icon, hasp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 938 – JEALOUSY – 1 man punches another at club, boy is upset sitting by his parents, mouse dancing on cheese, girl cries in front of pregnent woman
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 939 – THIGH – Topless woman in jeans, roast chicken legs, woman rubs her left thigh
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 940 – CHEAT – Man with a pocket full of money, woman crosses her fingers behind her back, kids blowing at a golf ball, couple in bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 941 – HOST – Judges at an audition, 6 computers linked to 1 mother board, waiter, man barbeques
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 942 – JEALOUS – 4 pictures of a person staring at a couple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 943 – DYE – Woman with bright orange hair, yarn of different colours, tie-dyed shirts, bottle explodes in different colours
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 944 – FAKE – Woman applies lotion (tan), manicure nails, dog wears an afero wig, a toonie
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 945 – BOLD – The letter B and b, die blocks that spell NEWS, a super hero in green, man climbs a rock/mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 946 – WORRIED – Man with hand to his face, 2 pictures of woman worried/sad, a boy is sad
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 947 – STRESS – Man holds up HELP sign from behind a stack of books, a man is pulling out hair, a woman sees a therapist, a woman is worried about studying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 948 – SKIPPING – Cartoon of girls skipping, cartoon of rabbit skipping, a woman in white with shopping bags, an icon in black stand out in a line of white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 949 – DRONE – A bee collecting pollen from flower, a boy plays with airplane, an airplane, a swarm of bees (or other insects?)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 950 – BUSH – A desert, cartoon man in robe by a fire, a shrub, a field of shrubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 951 – SPONGE – Cleaning a window (windshield), holding up a sponge, a slice of cake is eaten, scrubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 952 – GROOVE – Group of hippees trying to hitch hike, teenage girl listens to headphones, a black singer, groves of an object
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 953 – ORBIT – Earth with orbit rings around it, an eye ball, planets close by the sun, satilite station above the earth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 954 – EDIT – Designing a floor plan, a laptop, erasing the brain of a drawing, 3 people are looking at photos at a table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 955 – CURVE – Man in lab coat examines performace curve, blue and grey curve, a woman on the beach, a ben in the road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 956 – CREW – 4 siloettes doing handstands, 3 people in red aprons, a stewartess on a plane, a woman sailing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 957 – CHICKEN – Chicken nuggets, watching a scary movie at the theater, pan frying something, a rubber chicken
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 958 – DONATE – Change on a piece of cardboard with THANK YOU written on it, a green gift card, person donating blood, a box (gift) of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 959 – LOUNGE – White (modern) living room, man in his living room, wing pin with FIRST CLASS engrave on it, 2 people at a terminal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 960 – INFLATE – Hot air balloon, money inflation, blowing up a bag, baby on bouncy castle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 961 – FLAG – Hippees tyring to hitch hike, poles of flags, checkered flag (black and white), the american flag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 962 – LAYER – 3/4 of a globe showing its inner core (layers), a women dressed for a chilly day outside, a chak, lasansga
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 963 – DEATH – Skeleton head and cross bones, a reaper, a red flower, a cemetery
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 964 – PLANT – Taking/placing money in a blue bag/pocket, power lines/towers in front of an industrial plant, a woman holding 2 pots of plants, a pot of plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 965 – IMAGE – Woman putting on make-up, a lap top, 2 men, a man holding binders thinking of 2 couples
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 966 – JOKE – Senior man makes a ‘funny-face’, a man (teenage boy) laughs really hard, a man with microphone and top hat in red and yellow sweater, a jester’s hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 967 – STEM – Drawing a reletivity graph, a glss of white wine (or champange), a purple-pink tulip (flower), tiny green balls in a larger green ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 968 – DEFLATED – A flat tire, a woman holds an (empty) balloon, a man holds his head, a basketball has no air
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 969 – QUALITY – Thumbs up, a chef in the kitchen, stamp that says MADE IN GERMANY, a seal (ribbon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 970 – RANGE – Full shopping cart in a grocery store, gas tank near empty, a chicken runs across lawn, archery boards (target)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 971 – COUNTRY – Blue flag with yellow cross, an empty field, part of the united kingdom flag, a woman plays a guitar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 972 – SALMON – 3 pictures of salmon (fish), outside of a building painted orangey
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 973 – PITCH – A soccer field, a man in suit with open arms, kids playing baseball, a man presents to a team professionals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 974 – LAUGH – a yellow icon lauging and pointing, LOL painted on a woman’s face (mouth), a girl is laughing, a man is laughing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 975 – TRICK – Man (waiter) with smoke coming off his palms, man kicks soccer ball, woman playng cards, people dressed up (for halloween)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 976 – SPLIT – Chopping lumber, a woman plays with her hair, a banana split, a woman stretches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 977 – SITE – Drawings sitting on the grass, man at his computer, trailors in the park, stadium in greace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 978 – PUMP – Oil rigs (on land), a woman lift’s a dumb bell, a woman uses her inhaler, a green water pump
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 979 – COAST – Car in motion, penisila of an island, water brushing to shore, man on invisible hammock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 980 – TACKLE – Rope over a pulley, football game, man fishing, men playing soccer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 981 – OAK – Side of a tree (bark/trunk), a full tree, a branch of leaves, a dresser
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 982 – HERB – Basil, people cooking in the kitchen, plants outside, herbs by a jar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 983 – ACADEMIC – icon with a brain (no head) sitting on a ball, a woman graduates, a professor teaching his class, stacks of books
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 984 – TRACE – Cartoon man inspects footprints, person holding a holding knife, person walking in barefeet leave foot prints, magnifying glass over a fingerprint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 985 – REMOVE – Man in red shirt puts on (takes-off) his black tie, white X mark on red square, boot in the butt, girl examines (cleans) her face in front of mirror
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 986 – DISH – An appetiezer (plate of chicken?), a chef plates, an empty plate, a satilite dish (blue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 987 – ADJUST – Boy getting new glasses, a woman at a sewing machine, control dials/switches on a machine, a wrench
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 988 – FLOSS – Making cotton candy, a woman flosses her teeth, floss and a toothbrush, red string/ribbon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 989 – LUXURY – A black limosine in front of a building, black cavier (eggs) on a spoon, 2 glasses and a bottle of champange, a bathroom suite
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 990 – BRACE – Person with braces (mouth), wearing a black knee brace, man in construction doubles over and holds head, a crank of sort
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 991 – RUSH – Cartoon man runs, man and child on roller coaster, water by land, a speeding red truck (ambulance – 112)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 993 – ALUMINUM – Grey sqaure, open can (food), aluminum paper, recyclable can
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 994 – LOST – Man in suit sits in red bleachers (seats) holding his head, a woman sits in a corner going through her purse, a couple hiking looks at map, a woman shows how much weight she has lost
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 995 – BUD – Buds and white flower on a branch, flower about to bloom, assembly line of bottled drinks (beer?), dog licks doctors face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 996 – DRIP – Tea light (red) candle, a drop of something to a spoon, socks hanging on clothing line, a dripping tap/faucet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 997 – LOGO – LIKE’ button on facebook (thumbs-up), a sun over blue and green curve, 2 outlines of hearts, a spectrum of green bluse red and purple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 998 – STYLE – Dresses on model’s, a woman with red mohawk, a woman dressed up, a pink sofa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 999 – BRUSH – Brushing a dog, a brush (comb), brushing teeth, a cartoon fox
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1000 – POST – Man holds a box, open envelope with @ sign, open envelop with blank sheet, postage stamp
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1003 – CONTACT – Green envelop with @ sign, person puts on contact, wrestling, telephone sign (icon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1004 – FASHION – Woman poses in front of camera lights, bar codes on magazines, fashion sketches, a woman looks at heels in store
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1005 – EXPRESS – Man delivers box, DROP SHIPPING (cargo container), a subway (light rail train), 2 women conversing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1006 – TOAST – Toaster, toasted bread, champange bottle cork pops, cheersing (celebrating) over meal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1007 – CONE – 4 scoops of ice cream in cone, game board pieces, bowling bowl/pins/game, 4 candy bags in cylcone shape
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1008 – SAGE – 2 men praying, roasted meat, bowl of dip, sage leaves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1009 – GUM – 2 white tablets (gum) on mint leaves, sap from a tree, boy blows bubble gum, fake teeth/dentures
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1011 – STRAW – Multi-coloured straws, scarecrow, bamboo mat, rolls of hay
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1012 – BOTTLE – white and black cyliner, a bottle of water, a bottle of perfume, message in a bottle in the water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1013 – SIGNPOST – STOP sign, traveling signs, path signs, street signs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1014 – RETURN – ENTER key on a keyboard, woman drags suitcase, giving change to another man, a desk in a dresser
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1016 – HABIT – Washing hands, smoking, woman twirls her hair, man bites fingers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1017 – KIWI – Kiwi fruit, a black bird, a sign with 3 birds on it, a land (country) in blue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1018 – STATION – A wall built with bags of sand, police building, train station, radio station
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1019 – SURF – Person surfing, man holds surfing board, a woman with her latop, water brushes to shore at beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1020 – TUNA – Sushi rolls, a fish, slab of tuna, can of tuna (food)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1021 – FADE – Something pink and folded under flower, 3 crosses, dials/switches of a control station, a bald man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1027 – TABLE – Spreadsheet (columns) of numbers, departure times, empty dinning table, elemental table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1028 – RUNNER – Red ribbon, woman gets ready to run, man gets red to shoot movie, red carpet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1029 – COMFORT – Mother and child, a baby, meal served on a plane, a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1030 – DOMESTIC – Couple yells at each other, a maid, a cat naps, a woman with orange cleaning gloves
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1031 – DIP – Green sauce/dip (gacumole), person dips foot in water, strawberry dipped in chocoate, dipping brush in green paint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1032 – PROFILE – Man looks at ‘wanted’ ad in newspaper, LOGIN button, mud under the grass, siloettes of heads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1033 – INSERT – COPY and PASTE keys on a keyboard, woman holds red piggy bank on her palm, man picks a lock, dropping off a ballot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1034 – MAPLE – Red tree growing out of a palm, orange/green maple leaf, stack of pancakes covered in syrup, collecting sap from a tree
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1035 – SMEAR – Babu with food all over its face, spreading butter on heart shaped bread, rubbing lotion on back, a child plays with paint
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1036 – POTATO – Sour cream and onions on baked potatoes, a man drinking with food on the sofa, potatoes, potatoe chips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1037 – STAND – Woman shows her laptop, a white counter/stand, crowd with picket signs, food at the market
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1038 – HOOK – Worm on a fishing hook, numbered hooks on the wall (9, 10, 11), diamond Y’s a boy dresses as pirate
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1039 – CONSUME – Pumping gas into car, woman with shopping bags, cheersing at cocktail party, a woman with lots of fruits
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1040 – FEET – fish swimming around a person’s feet, 3 people laying in the grass (feet), making a heart shape around a baby’s feet, bare feet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1041 – LAKE – 3 boats tied to the dock, a mother duck and 4 ducklings on the dock, a man gives thumbs up in front of a lake and mountains in the background, trees along the horizon beyond a body of water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1042 – CRACKER – stack of cookies and wheat, regular pretzels and pretzel sticks, listening to a safe, a cracked walnut
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1043 – SODA – a glass of coke/Pepsi with ice cubes, a dog with shades+popcorn+a soft drink, a diner, 4 bottles of soda
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1044 – FRAME – woman makes frame with her hand/fingers, a picture frame (gold), 11 picture frames on the wall, a man carries a large picture/painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1045 – WOOL – sheep and lamp, a wool sac of wool, a wool basket of wool, 10 bundle of wool stacked into pyramid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1046 – BOUNCING – person jumps on trampoline in the sunset/sunrise, lots of basketball, 3 kids play on a bouncy ball, playing tennis
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1047 – HOSE – a green hose, pink panty hose, fire man puts out fire on cliff, a girl squeezes the hose
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1048 – GRAPE – 2 bottles+ a glass of white wine, grape vineyard, purple/blue grapes on the vine, a bunch of red grapes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1049 – ACT – smiley white icon hold sad black mask, dancing in the spotlight, masks (drama), a woman in green clutches chest her chest is torn (upset)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1050 – TOE – 4 picture of feet (2 at the spa + 2 at the morgue)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1051 – MINERAL – a bottle of water (blue), spill white tablets (medication/pills), green+orange+brown, purple rock (diamonds)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1052 – SUN – a white sun is drawn on the back of a woman in her bikini on the beach, a watch forecasts the weather, sun beyond a field of grass, a woman applies suntan lotion
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1053 – YEAR – the number 2014 with balloons and streamers, the calendar year 2014, 2013 in fireworks, 2013 calendar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1054 – YARD – a line of cars, washing the ground, lawn chair + table in the yard, a man cleans his bbq
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1055 – GEAR – 2 pictures of a manual transmission shift gear, picture of 9 different wheels (gears), person is fixing bike
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1056 – BONE – x-ray of a hand, a bone, a female doctor points a model spine, skeleton of a human (front+back)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1058 – SHUTTLE – a bus, a rocket, badminton racket and birdie, weaving machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1059 – TEETH – a dog snarls/barks, silver gears, dentures, before and after whitening of a person’s teeth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1060 – SEATBELT – a woman on plane wears seatbelt, a woman in green car puts on seatbelt, a teddy is buckled in car, putting on a seatbelt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1061 – HAIR – different wavy hair colours (blond+light brunette+red+brown+purple), a woman with brown hair, a woman with blond hair, a person getting hair wash
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1068 – CROC – pink crocks (the shoe), 3 pictures of a crocodile (alligator)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1069 – JAM – 3 jars of opened jam, 2 croissants with red jam, cars in traffic, strawberry jam with toast
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1070 – DEAD – a coffin, 3 crosses on a hill, statue with wings, crime scene and chalk outline
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1071 – GYM – man works on his shoulders muscle, woman in spinning class, man on treadmill, kids on jungle bars?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1072 – ACADEMY – a castle, a gold trophy, graduation cap+scroll, students in a class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1073 – RELEASE – a open bird cage, a directors board with PREMIERE written on it, seatbelt and seatbelt sign, playing archery
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1074 – REEL – 2 pictures of a wheel of film, 2 pictures of a person fishing (making a catch)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1075 – BURGLE – 4 pictures of a person breaking into a house
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1076 – JUDGE – golden judge’s mallet, judge holds balance scale+book, a judge reads a blue book, statue of justice
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1077 – BURGLAR – 3 pictures of a break-in, a man in black leather jacket+blue jeans+holding a cane
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1078 – BLIND – 2 pictures of a person blind folded, a black lab (guide-dog), braille that says WELCOME
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1079 – ROBBERY – man holds a gun at you demanding goods, a man trying to break into a blue car, a white icon (robber) steals safe, a jugular steals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1080 – TRAP – a cob-web, playing golf, money on a mouse trap, mouse trap
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1081 – THIEF – person steals from a man’s red bag while he is asleep purple icon pick-pockets blue icon, thief steals blue car, a robber steals a brown purse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1082 – STEEP – man in orange shoes climbs mountain, a steep mountain, person scales (climbs) a mountain, dipping tea bag
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1083 – ICICLE – 3 pictures of icicle, snow in the threads of a car tire
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1084 – CONVICT – 3 pictures of a person behind bars, prisoner with a shackle around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1085 – GOLD – 2 gold rings, a gold bar, a golden egg, gold silk (sparkles)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1086 – LAWYER – man in suit hold brief case walking away, balance scale in front of books, a woman studies, a woman in a library
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1087 – PAINTING – 4 pictures of a person painting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1088 – TRAGEDY – 2 pictures of a sad mask (drama), silhouette man (knight) by a woman (princesses’) balcony, a sinking ship as captain rows away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1089 – CAUGHT – spotlight on a thief, a woman is sick in bed, a man holds the fish he caught, a cat in a cage
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1090 – PRISONER – 4 pictures of a person in shackles (prisoners)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1091 – DEFEND – a woman does tai chi (or fight stance), army soldiers prepared for battle, a robot icon holds SECURITY shield, a castle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1092 – JAIL – 4 pictures of a person behind bars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1093 – GUILTY – a woman berried her head between her knees close to her chest, many fingers pointing to a man, judge’s mallet + book, a woman with cuffs touches her own face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1094 – VALET – clothes laid out, butler is helping you put on your jacket, cleaning a car (steering wheel), parked red car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1095 – DISASTER – a plane on smoke (fire) is diving, saving a person from the waters (a sinking ship), cleaning up a bio-hazard (toxic) spill, muddy streets with red tractor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1096 – FROZEN – 2 pictures of a frozen cave view, an igloo, an ice cube
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1097 – ARREST – a woman is getting arrested, 2 pictures of a thief caught by police, a man + a woman getting their mug shot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1098 – CROOK – person does ‘COME HERE’ motion with finger, a man smoking cigar, a thief hides behind door, a Sheppard and a herd of sheep
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1099 – CRIMINAL – a robber, person in grey hoodie with hands cuffed behind him, a prisoner with rope+black garbage (loot) bag+gun, a thief steals red car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1100 – BANDIT – running after a person on a horse, Mexicans shooting rifles, slot machine, a man holds 3 $ bag+ a gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1101 – GENEROUS – a bundle of $100 bills wrapped with a red ribbon+bow, presents, a woman holds a ginormous sandwich, a man fans a handful of $100 bills
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1102 – SONG – 3 pictures of a woman singing, a bird in front of a music sheet and the word PARIS
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1103 – SET – woman to serve tennis ball, a pound of red jello, handy-man tools on a shelf, tea set (2 cups+teapot)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1104 – POINT – lip liner (pencil crayons), father+mother+a child at the beach, a female mine points to her right, a finger points ahead
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1105 – SOAKING – silhouettes walking in the rain with umbrella, spilled coffee/tea on a laptop, a wet dog, person gets foot spa
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1106 – STEPS – 2 pictures of a curved stairway, steps made from stone, man with a step ladder in the waters uses binoculars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1107 – MEAN – 2 pictures of a girl being laughed/pointed at, a boy is being bullied (laughed) at, a man sweeps in a pile of money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1108 – PLEASURE – kids playing on the ground, a woman getting a massage, a woman sips tea, a couple holds hands in a green field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1109 – SPEAK – person hold blue corded phone to a dog perking his ears, orange icon speaks/stands out amongst grey one, 2 white icons converse, a white icon behind a podium speaks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1110 – BREED – 2 horses, piglets feeding from mother pig, 6 dogs, lion+lioness+cub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1111 – MOUTH – woman gets teeth checked, pictures of smiles, picture of where river joins ocean, man in glasses with dropped jaw
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1112 – JOY – a woman triumphs in work on laptop, a woman with open arms to sun, a girl lies in the grass, a mother and child
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1113 – HERALD – 2 pictures of gold trumpets with hanging red flag, a boy uses a loud speaker (blow horn), silouhette of an angel playing an instrument
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1114 – PROJECT – projector, man shows performance with green bar graph, building a model house, planning/discussing about graphs/charts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1115 – SCRATCH – dog scratch himself, a scratched CD, a woman itches, a cat plays with scratching post
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1116 – STEAK – 4 pictures of a steak (1 beef plated, 1 beef on the grill (broiler), 1 beef rare, 1 chicken cooked)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1117 – PAIN – silouhette with head pain, man with sore neck, man with lower sore back, woman with a headache
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1118 – SUSHI – fish (salmon), sushi rolls, sushi on a platter, 5 pairs of chopsticks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1119 – FOUND – person picks up an open wallet, message in a bottle on the beach, man bends down to pick something up, dog sits on welcome mat that says HOME
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1120 – GROWTH – a child cups an adults hand (which is cupping a plant), man climbs red (performance) arrow, performance portfolio, a little girl measures her height
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1121 – WHISPER – 2 pictures of a man whispering in a woman’s ear, 2 girls whisper, girl whispers to a mother
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1122 – LADDER – person prunes tree into an arrow up shape, woman fixes her panty hose, man on ladder climbs above/over wall, a ladder leaning on a wall
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1123 – SORE – woman with a headache, person with sore (left) knee, person with lower sore back (left), woman in blue itches left arm
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1124 – CHAT – a group of teenagers sitting on steps, 2 woman sitting on a couch, 3 elderly men, fingers of 1 person dressed up and conversing with one another
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1125 – DANCE – a girl dances, 2 pictures of a person (woman) doing ballet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1126 – CRUSH – a man crushes a pop can, white van flies over the head of a person, a crowd of people in the streets, crushed metal in a junk yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1127 – DRESSING – snapping finger, clutching right knee, bottles of oil (dressing), a jug of red sauce/dressing/vinegar in a basket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1128 – COMB – 2 pictures of a person getting hair cut, a rake on a sand (Zen) box, a rooster
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1129 – CLOSET – shirts on hangers, a man climbs out of a closet, male + female stalls, skeletons in a closet (behind) closed doors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1130 – SPECTRE – boy sits with his knees to his chest wets his pants (is sad), white icon is scared of own shadow, a ghost girl’s face in the woods, a man (ghost) in a room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1131 – CRACK – hammer to pigging bank, cracked (broken) smart phone, a robber opens safe, crack in the wall (or on the ground)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1132 – BIT – Red apple has being bitten, digital series of 0’s and 1’s, drilling into a plank of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1133 – CYCLE – man riding his bike, person fixing a bike, recycling symbol (steps 01, 02, and 03), a woman rides a bike
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1134 – CLICK – 3 woman playing cards, using a TV remote, using a computer mouse, 2 types of cursors
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1135 – BURROW – a ground hog, Easter bunny hides Easter eggs with ground hog, 3 bunnies, dirt on top of green grass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1136 – BANK – light shines through opened safe, a green field by a rive, a piggy bank, a ship is sinking near the shore of a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1137 – ATTACK – man clutches his chest, bulls run as a lion attacks, a white icon with shield and sword defends from a red virus (monster) coming from laptop, dog bites person in the knee
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1138 – AIM – couples play pool (table), aiming an archery bow, woman point gun, goalie guards soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1139 – DAMAGE – 2 cars collide (red into blue), crumbling roof, cracked rear wind shield, netting (screen) is damaged
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1140 – SAIL – 3 pictures of a boat’s sail, a windmill
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1141 – COOK – 2 pictures of a chef (1 woman and 1 man), 2 pictures of a woman cooking
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1143 – BUMP – a bumper car, fist bumps, speed bump, a pregnant belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1144 – COLLAR – Victorian (woman’s dress), woman does man’s tie, a dog wears a surgical collar, blond woman pops her collar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1145 – ANSWER – picking up (or hanging up) phone, professor teaches class, FAQ in a speech bubble, kids raises their hands in class
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1146 – COVER – man sitting in a storm with an umbrella, man+woman under blue towel, a crock pot, an elderly woman covers her face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1147 – ALERT – SOS (in bold gold/yellow letters), a CAUTION sign, a loud speaker, red siren (alarm)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1148 – LEAK – tied / knotted faucet is dripping, man standing + woman sitting, wrench to a dripping pipe line, man panics a pipe bursts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1149 – CLEAR – a glass of water, person does high jump, white line on the road, sun in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1150 – DOUGH – fan of American money, 2 woman and a girl in the kitchen baking, rolling dough, baking items (flour, egg, sugar, etc.)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1151 – DISGUST – woman holds up a sock, woman pinches her nose from her wet underpit/underarms, girl makes a face at carrot sticks, a woman makes a face
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1152 – EXPORT – 3 pictures of a cargo ship, boxes and a plane around the globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1153 – END – silhouettes race past finish line, stairway to heaven (in the clouds), road is blocked, 2 white and black checkered flags
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1154 – PRINTER – a machine with a giant roller, man fixing a machine, a machine, an office/home printer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1155 – HUNTING – man sits with gun and his dog, 2 man with guns, 2 bulls and a lion, man in green vest with a dog
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1156 – BLAST – volcano erupts, a red flash (of light), something blows up under the water, BOOM
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1157 – START – young boy with green backpack, person ready to race, January 1st, 2 construction man
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1158 – LEAP – person leaps over 2013, person leaps between 2 rocks/cliffs, person does high jump, February 29th
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1159 – ORDER – index/tabs, man uses loud speaker beside woman’s ear, waiter takes the couple’s order, a police officer yelling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1160 – TRAINER – a shoe (green and white), woman presents to group, man helps woman train, white icon trains a class of icons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1161 – LEARN – man with laptops, 2 girls in the library, a baby girl holds 3 balls, 2 boys learning math
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1162 – RELAX – a woman mediates, a hammock, a woman gets a massage, a woman stretches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1163 – TINY – a black fly, a female chemist, holding a baby’s feet, 3 puppies in a box
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1164 – STUDENT – group of 5 sitting at a table looks up, people/students writing an exam, a class of students, 6 kids laying down head-to-head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1165 – TUBE – a moving train, a red tube, blue pipes, a test tube of yellow liquid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1166 – CUSTOM – 2 kids approach a stand, a couple gets married, a Geisha dances, dragon dance
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1167 – IMPORT – truck lifts cargo, cargo ships, cargos docked, man pushes a pallet (skid of boxes)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1168 – SEAPORT – 4 pictures of boats docked in the water
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1169 – RAT – a grey mouse, a white mouse, cheese on a mouse trap, red icon trips white icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1170 – WEIGHT – a paper weight, woman lifts weight on a yoga ball, woman on a scale, a dumb bell
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1171 – TEACH – classroom of students, woman teaches girl, mother teaches son, coach teaches team
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1172 – CHEER – girls out partying, 2 cheer leaders, men watches soccer game, woman jumps for joy
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1173 – DIG – 3 men digging, person with one foot on shovel, 2 pictures of a construction (claw) truck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1174 – PORT – hole (window) on a ship, building by the lake, airplane parked, cables behind a machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1175 – BRIDE – a bouquet of flowers (pink), 2 pictures of a bride, a couple getting married
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1177 – JUGGLER – 4 pictures of a person juggling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1178 – HUNTER – man with bow and arrow, a tiger, 2 pictures of a person with a shot gun/rifle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1179 – PAINTER – 2 pictures of a woman painting on a canvass, man paints wall green, man paints ceiling white
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1180 – JOYFUL – woman is smiling with open arms, a baby smiles with 2 bottom teeth, 2 pictures of a man rich with money
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1181 – PRISON – man trapped in a jar, prison window, 2 pictures of a person behind bars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1190 – THEFT – man steals woman wallet from purse, 3 pictures of a person being pick-pocketed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1191 – CRIME – person stealing a car, breaking into a house, a thief with a garbage bag of loot, arm from computer steals wallet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1192 – ROB – robber holds giant credit card, man in suit had a gun pointed at him, robbers jumping up to a balcony, robber snatches woman’s purse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1193 – SAILOR – a woman looks through binoculars on a boat, 2 pictures of a sailor, a pirate boy (cartoon)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1194 – TEACHING – 2 pictures of a woman (female) teacher, dad teaches son to ride bike, male teacher teaches student
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1196 – LEARNING – 3 pictures of a girl studying/learning, class of kids raises their hands
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1197 – BURGLARY – robber sneaks past sleeping security, crow bar to a door, arm grabs purse from behind a door, a robber looks through a chained door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1198 – CUSTOMS – stamps, bag-pipe players (Scottish), a passport, crossing boarders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1199 – SEW – threaded needle and a stack of black buttons, multi-colour threads, a sewing machine, tailors tools (measuring tape, thread, scissors, buttons)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1201 – BARBECUE – 4 pictures of barbecuing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1202 – SUITOR – man on one knee presents flower, 2 pictures of a couple, man offers a rose bulb in his palm
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1203 – TORTOISE – dad and son plays with turtle, 2 pictures of a turtle, turtle with a flooded bathroom
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1204 – JIGSAW – pieces of puzzle, puzzle of a man’s face/head, puzzle of clear blue sky and green field, sawing a piece of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1205 – CANCEL – 2 pictures of a woman sitting on her suitcase, X in a circle, selecting X vs. the checkmark
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1206 – CABINET – a long (and empty) meeting table, toys behind a display cabinet, filing drawers, filing cabinet
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1208 – CANTEEN – canteen on the ground, 2 pictures of fresh cafeteria, green canteen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1209 – HAT – hats of different occupation, construction hat and his tools, red cap, cow-boy’s hat, gun and ammunition
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1210 – CAMPFIRE – 2 pots hanging over a fire, a campfire, a campsite, girl goes camping sitting in the trunk of a car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1211 – HEADACHE – 2 pictures of a woman with a headache, man rubs between his eyes, man with a boulder on his back (neck, head and shoulders)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1212 – CANDLE – candle in a cupcake, purple Easter eggs and a pink candle + tea pot, Christmas bells, holy and candle, a blank script
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1215 – BARBELL – 4 pictures of a person lifting heavy weights
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1216 – CAMPUS – a group of students walking, 4 students sitting on the grass, people in front of a Chinese structure, people in front of a class building
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1217 – BIRDCAGE – silhouette parrot in a cage, woman looks at black cat sitting on top of a cage, birds leaving an opened cage, birds and their cages
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1218 – LANCE – 2 joust swords, 2 pictures of knight on horse ready to joust, breaking a bubble on a palm with a needle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1219 – SWANS – 3 pictures of swans, a girl in a black (swan) dress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1220 – PENPAL – pen and handwriting on graph paper, 2 icons lift a giant pen, writing on a cue card, 2 boys using over sized pencils
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1221 – CARWASH – inside a car wash, wiping the cover plates of tires on a car, manual car wash, washing a blue car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1222 – BEANBAG – woman sits in red bean bag chair, blue bean bag chair, girl in purple bean bag chair, 3 juggling balls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1223 – BATHROBE – woman in her bathroom, 2 people at the spa, man is sick, a couple in white bathrobes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1224 – CAPTAIN – 2 man discussing something (their trip), a male captain, person at steering wheel of ship, a pirate (captain)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1225 – COWARD – man with his head in the dirt (buried), a chicken is scared, monkeys do ‘SPEAK’ no evil ‘SEE’ no evil, ‘HEAR’ no evil, boy with red glasses peeks up from under the table
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1226 – CLIMBER – man scaling a cliff, tall trees by a road, ivy covers a house, woman scales a cliff
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1227 – CROCK – an old car (blue), 2 pots of stew, a bowl of seeds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1228 – CRAMP – 2 pictures of a man cramped in a small space, girl hurts her knee, a woman lies in bed holding her belly
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1229 – COPPER – construction items and drawing, statue of liberty, a pile of pennies, a copper tea pot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1230 – CHANCE – playing casino (3 cards game), rolling of 6 dice, lottery balls, Russian roulette lands on 0 (green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1232 – CREATURE – a blue monster, a parrie dog, a timber wolf, a yellow snail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1233 – CREEP – a golden kitten, 2 girls hold up their hands, earth warm, a robber behind the door
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1234 – CUSHION – 4 people on the bed, a man lies on the hard wood floor with a pillow, a stack of 3 cushions, a man sleeps on the couch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1235 – CORN – 4 cobs of corn, farm machine, bowl of strawberry corn flakes, farm machine
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1236 – CURIOUS – a kitten plays with its reflection in a puddle of water, an owl looks through magnifying glass, a kitten plays with a blue ball, a girl plays with magnifying glass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1237 – CRATER – moon and space, 2 pictures of a crater, a blue ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1238 – CORRUPT – worm inside a red apple, money in a pocket stained with blood, shaking hands with money, sitting man takes money while looking away
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1240 – CREATION – touching of 2 fingers, space (galaxy), clay making, stain glass art (church window)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1241 – CUTTER – box cutter, wire / cable cutter, man cuts an industrial pipe, person using an industrial saw/cutter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1242 – CRAWL – man swims, a chameleon on the rock, 2 picture of a baby crawling
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1243 – CHOKE – 1 man head locks another man, man wearing a respirator holds his own throat,, woman wears a face mask, man chokes on food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1244 – CURTAIN – red curtains, gold curtain, woman hides her face with her face, window curtain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1245 – CULTURE – micro-organisms growing in a petri dish, da Vinci drawing, man conducts music to a painting, buried Chinese soldiers (Terracotta)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1246 – CORK – opening a bottle of wine, cork opener, cork board, popping open a bottle of champagne
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1247 – CLAW – an industrial claw, a claw on a woman’s finger, a boiled lobster, a robot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1248 – CURSE – voodoo doll, ware wolf, a curse in a speech bubble, a woman does black magic (voodoo)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1249 – CHIEF – Indian chief, the white house, a man wearing a robe, cap of a police
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1250 – INCLINE – dog walks on plank into trunk of a car, a person pushes a rock up a hill, narrow road between houses, a girl looks at her food
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1251 – DECIPHER – 2 pictures of a combination lock, us do ku, a black piece of paper with white printing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1252 – DECIDE – girl (cartoon) holds up to outfits, a man’s road splits into 2, a woman decides between fruits and junk food, a man stands in front of a balance beam drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1253 – DIAGNOSE – 4 pictures of a patient seeing a doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1254 – DESCEND – a person snowboards, a person rides extreme mountain bike, 2 pictures of a set of spiral stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1255 – DAUGHTER – man + woman + child in the waters at the beach, a mother and daughter in the sun, a mother and daughter at the beach, a daughter sits in the lap of her mother
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1256 – CONTRACT – signing a contract, sniper view point, a construction contractor, a woman signs something
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1257 – DELAY – woman sits on blue luggage by train tracks, man looks at watch while waiting for train, cars sitting in traffic, a man points to his watch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1258 – DEFLATE – air balloon in the grass, a woman (cartoon) is distorted, a popped yellow balloon, a deflated blue balloon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1259 – DAM – 2 pictures of water dams, 2 picture of beaver dams
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1260 – DANGER – a man tight ropes above a sea of sharks, a man stands under a blade, a man pushes another man over the cliff into the sharks, CAUTION sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1261 – DIAMOND – diamond structure, a saw (blade), scatter of diamonds, a drill (dentist)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1262 – DECLINE – woman holds up both her arms in front of her, a woman covers her eyes and pushes plate away, a woman holds up one arm in front of her, arrow declines (drops) and hits the ground
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1263 – DANISH – 2 Danish, 2 pictures of the Danish Flag, Danish currency
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1264 – ARRIVAL – luggage at the terminal, white airplane in red circle, family holds WELCOME sign, grabbing luggage off the conveyer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1265 – DECREASE – scissors cut TAX, market crash, -40%, decline arrow and bar graph
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1266 – DESSERT – ice cream log, a slice of cake, strawberry crepes, pear covered in chocolate fudge and almond slices with vanilla ice cream
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1267 – DEADLY – snake (cobra), POISON sign, poison sign on bottles, a tarantula (spider)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1268 – DEPOSIT – putting money in a transparent piggy bank, man looks into a vault of gold bars, a man holds his hands above his piggy bank, a woman puts $100 into her piggy bank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1269 – DEVOUR – shark eats ‘man-roll’, a man eats a giant sandwich, a dinosaur (t-rex), a shark eats a fish (that eats a fish)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1270 – DETONATE – a ticking time bomb, an explosion, a tank, a lit wick
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1271 – DESTROY – arm punches through wall, man pushes globe (world) of the edge of a cliff, a man (icon) break down a wall, a man uses jack hammer to drill the road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1272 – DEBT – printing a scroll, man with empty pockets, a woman is stressed looking at her credit / debit cards, a man with a ball chain around his ankle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1273 – DAIRY – a jug and glass of milk, a black and white cow, shelves of chees, black and white cows in a milking factory
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1274 – CYLINDER – loading the chamber of a gun, gas cylinder, lock + key, pyramid stack of pipes (cylinders)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1275 – DOME – roof (ceiling) of a building (dome), butler serves a dish covered, India dome (Taj Mahal), a domed castle?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1276 – ENEMY – giant man steps on smaller man with a target sign under his shoe, 2 man fight, boss abuses employee, man and woman stand-off
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1277 – ERROR – CAUTION (error) sign, OOPS! Button, numbers 404 and pylons, marking a paper with a red pen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1278 – ELECTRIC – industrial plants, 1 lit light bulb amongst 8 others, wind mill + solar power panel, lighting strikes at the end of an empty road
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1279 – DROP – a black droplet, 3 dew droplets on an aloe plant, a droplet of water, a vase of white flower is wilted
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1280 – DISCARD – junk yard, multi-coloured recycling bins, red recycling bin is full, a man and a woman recycles
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1281 – DOCUMENT – rolled up documents, a woman is doing work, a man shows a couple his work, a red binder in the middle of 4 blue binders in a laptop
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1282 – DOUBLE – twin girls, a twin bed, 2 dice on 6, a woman tries on a red dress
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1283 – AMUSE – girl performs, circus training, a clown, a circus tent of animals
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1284 – MESSY – a kitchen full of dirty pots and utensils, a room with clothes every where, a scare crow, a woman sitting on the steps of a set of stairs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1285 – DEVELOP – slides and photos, concept of evolution (primate to man), man growing up (boy to man), 2 strands of DNA
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1286 – ELEGANT – a woman in black with black gloves and a black and red hat, a woman with long blond hair, a man in a black suit and tie, a brunette woman shows off her jewelries
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1287 – DISEASE – a woman has allergies to flowers, bacteria on the hand under a magnifying glass, fibers / bacteria / virus (blue and green)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1288 – DIVORCE – woman holds child in her arms as man sits, a couple in bed with their back to one another, a cracked gold ring, a man and woman argue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1289 – DODGE – man walks under water, a truck and a motor cycle drives past each other, a man holds up his hand, 2 jet planes dodge each other in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1290 – TOOLS – a handy man fixes, a tool box, tools, wrenches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1291 – EUPHORIC – a man jumps for joy, a woman is happy, a woman is victorious, a woman holds a bag of $
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1292 – EMPIRE – silhouette stands in front of pyramids, a statue of a man, Rome Coliseum, lion in front of a palace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1295 – DISPOSE – compacted junk, waste basket is full, hazardous waste, throwing out compost
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1296 – TOUGH – man in black and shades holds fist, icon does karate chop, a girl is stuck on her home work, a man is doing calculations
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1297 – DISTORT – buildings are reflect in a glass structure (globe), an orange ball on graph surface, black and white pixels, silver (grey) swirls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1298 – DILUTE – red and clear splash in a martini glass, chemist mixes solutions, pouring a glass of pink (drink), something covered in red (blood)?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1299 – SUPER – 3 arrows on a target (bulls eye) board, a super woman, a woman gives thumbs up, Facebook LIKE icon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1300 – FEATHER – brunette woman with red feather in her hair, a feather, an opened (and empty) cage, a peacock fans his tail
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1301 – TABLEAU – a tortoise stands at the table where 2 men sit, reading on an army tank, gingerbread house, man is about to stab woman (clay)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1302 – GENTLE – a little girl handles a puppy, almonds and milk, dusting the cover of a light, a baby under a towel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1303 – FLUID – splash of red + purple + green + orange + blue paint, pouring milk, pouring water, pouring tea
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1304 – GLOBE – 2 pictures of the globe / world, 2 pictures of a snow globe
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1305 – GLITTER – sparkling strip of ribbon, sparkles on the floor, a mask, sparkles in the sky
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1306 – FEMALE – female sign, a woman in red and white crosses her arms, a lioness and her cubs, a girl is shopping
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1307 – SHOW – a woman in green points to something, spotlights on three paintings, a couple watch television, spotlight on the dance floor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1308 – FILLET – cuts of chicken, plate of salmon + mussels + lemon slices, cuts of pork, cuts of beef
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1309 – EXPEL – finger walks to OUT door, woman kicks a man in an office chair, smoke from the exhaust of a car, referee blows whistle and gives red card
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1310 – EXHAUST – woman falls asleep while reading in bed, man drives invisible car, black smoke from the exhaust of a car, oil rig in the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1311 – GADGET – holograms from a smart phone, tech gadgets, collage of electronics, iMac + MacBook Pro, tablet + smart phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1312 – FIVE – used candles, candles in a cupcake, holding up the foot of a baby, a palm print
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1313 – GLUE – a dispenser, a man paints on a ladder, clear liquid from a tube, a bottle of glue
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1314 – EXCITED – an office team cheers, a woman throws her hands in the air, graduating class throws caps, 4 professionals drinks (at casino slots)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1315 – FAMOUS – paparazzi, old picture, statue in rio (Christ the Redeemer or aka Cristo Redentor), red carpet and gold stars
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1316 – GENUINE – a man nibbles, a woman nibbles, a woman inspects a diamond, a stamp of authenticity
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1317 – GIRDER – 3 pictures of girder (or stacks of girder), a structure in its building phase
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1318 – EXTINCT – some kind of bird, dinosaur, mammoth, picture of past species’ skeletons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1319 – FEVER – a woman is sick, a dog is sick, a young boy is sick, a thermometer and pills (medication)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1323 – GLACIER – 3 pictures of glaciers, icy mountain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1324 – FAT – a block of butter, a dish of mayo, a pig, 3 strips of bacon
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1325 – GOSPEL – a man sings, a preist, peasent washes the feet of another man, heart shaped shadow in an open book
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1326 – HERD – a herd of black and white cows, elephants in the waters, white horse leads a pack of brown, sheep + lamb
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1327 – GAMBLE – 2 pictures of russian roulette, LAS VEGAS Nevada sign
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1328 – HALF – a glass half full, 1 and a halved avocado, 1 and a halved kiwi, 50%
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1329 – GREEK – statue, pi (3.14 with rings around it)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1330 – LOTTERY – marking a lottery, 2 picture of lottery balls, a man holds a fan of money in each hand
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1331 – GRINDER – a grinder (bowl and mallet), a pepper mill, a man welding a car, a manual coffee grinder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1332 – GRADIENT – a curvy road, a colour spectrum, a man rides his bike on the road, a street car
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1333 – HOBBY – a man and a woman look at paint colours, a man is fishing, person plays golf, a green basket of yarn (for knitting)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1334 – HUGE – a blue whale flips, an ice berg, an elephant, looking up at tall trees
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1335 – HUMAN – drawing of a person, explanation of how muscles/tendons/ligaments are joined, the human body (front and back), a team of office personnel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1336 – HOOD – a woman in a hoody and shades, a mechanic looks under roof of a car, a man in a hoody, a dog in a hoody
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1337 – GROUND – something black (the ground), 2 bowls of grounded coffee powder + 1 bowl of coffee beans, red chili powder, a plate of grounded pork
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1338 – HEAP – chocolate bars and coco powder, cooked chicken drum sticks, bundle of money, junk yard
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1339 – HARP – 2 pictures of a harp, an icon angel plays the harp, a musical instrument?
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1340 – HEAR – ear is listening, man is listening to headphones, construction man perks his ears, dog uses string phone
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1341 – HUG – 2 pictures of a daughter hugging their mother, 2 pictures of a little girl hugging a large teddy bear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1342 – HOOP – woman uses a hoopla hoop, basket ball on the court, a pair of earrings, a stencil of a person dunking a basketball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1343 – VALVE – a flat bicycle tire, repairing a pipe line, valves of pipes, valves and pipes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1344 – GROWL – a fierce pit ball, an angry lion, an angry tiger, a wolf snarls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1345 – HOLIDAY – people going skiing, a couple sits on the beach, roller coaster, a couple sits in the lawn chairs on a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1346 – HOLE – a woman flicks her golf ball, broken rear wind shield, a man matches orange cube with square slot, drilling through a plank of wood
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1347 – HOP – a boy and a girl jumps for joy, a mug of beer, a rabbit, a silhouette bike rider
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1348 – HOLLOW – man with a fish bowl for his head, a tree trunk on its side, a hole in the trunk of a tree, a bare tree on a beach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1349 – HOLY – man sits on cliff, cross on a red book (bible), a nun prays, people sit in the mass (star of David)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1350 – SON – mother holds baby son, son gives his mom flowers and a kiss, son hugs his mom, son jumps up behind mom
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1351 – PEAR – pear covered in chocolate and almond slices, a pair of socks, 2 pictures of a pear
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1352 – DECAY – rusting wall, rotting pears, pictures of a person’s dental hygiene, woman at the dentist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1353 – DUST – something on a person’s finger, wiping the steering wheel of a car, a woman cleans, dusting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1355 – COIN – 3 pictures of a gold coin + person is stacking coins
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1356 – FLUFF – a blue (aqua) coloured fluff, white bunny, picture of ducklings (or chicks), dandelion fluff
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1357 – PLOUGH – tractor ploughs land, stars in the sky, 2 pictures of cows pulling a plough
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1358 – BIOLOGY – stencil of a human’s top torso and DNA bottom, strands of DNA (helix), a green globe of the world in the palm of a person’s hands, a scientist/doctor
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1359 – MUSICIAN – boy with a guitar, picture collage of people playing musical instruments, person plays the clarinet, string band (group)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1360 – FOLDER – woman sits in front of red towers of binders, an open cabinet drawer, a woman holds a blue folder, magnifying orange folders
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1361 – GEM – colourful rings, ring on a finger, illustration of different diamonds, scatter of diamonds
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1362 – WING – woman stands by her luggage in front of a plane, a bird about to take off, a dove, a cupid
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1363 – CHEMIST – 3 people wearing lab coats, a man in blue (aqua) scrubs examines green fluid, 2 pictures of chemists examining the fluids in their beakers/flasks
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1364 – SIEGE – 1 woman icon (in colour) stands out amongst the white ones that circles around her, lifting a basket over the castle walls, a launcher, 2 men pulling a Trojan horse
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1365 – FORTRESS – 3 pictures of a castle by the waters, 1 castle in the meadows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1366 – PHYSICS – 2 pictures of the swinging pendulums, E=mc2 by albert Einstein, an atom (molecule)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1367 – BANANA – 2 glass of milkshakes, a bunch of bananas and a peeled banana, a banana, a banana split
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1368 – LEARNER – 3 girls holding their note books, 2 men examine what is wrong with a car, woman learns how to drive, a girl is studying
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1369 – RINGING – turning off the alarm clock (or snoozing), pressing the desk bell for assistance, Santa rings his bell, pressing the door bell
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1370 – FLOOD – piggy banks in life savers float on water, a river, car drives through water, house is flooded
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1371 – FILING – a binder of paper, a drawer of files, a folder of folders, folder in the cabinet drawer
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1372 – BACKPACK – red jacket hanging by a back pack, man and woman go back packing, camp bag and utensils, walkway to a home
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1373 – SETTLE – people in line wait for woman to pay for her groceries, walkway to a home, husband and wife with 2 kids, using a debit / credit card
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1375 – DEER – reindeers, a collage of deer, 2 pictures of a single buck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1376 – EAGLE – arms of (on a) flag, 2 pictures of an eagle flying, a golden bird
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1377 – SQUIRREL – 3 pictures of a squirrel, 2 chestnuts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1378 – ZEBRA – a fallen zebra, zebras eating, 2 pictures of a cross walk in the city
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1380 – HIPPO – 4 pictures of a hippo (grey/dark)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1381 – EYES – many pair of eyes looking up, a ball of eyes, a man is wearing a sleeping mask over is eyes, 4 owls on a branch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1382 – MALE – a construction man with a sledge hammer and blue hard hat, a man does push up on a yoga ball, white icon carries male symbol around his shoulders, a man prays
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1383 – SHAVE – shaver and a kiwi fruit, a man shaves, a woman shaves her man, a woman shaves her legs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1384 – SPOOL – sewing machine, a roll (spool) of orange cable, spools of ribbon, spools of thread
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1385 – COW – black and white cows, brown and white cow, man feeds brown cows, a boy in cow boy outfit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1386 – CORNER – a speeding car is stopped, a man corners a woman, a woman peeks around the corner, corner of a blank page
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1388 – WHALE – 3 pictures of the great blue whale, 1 picture of a killer whale
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1389 – SHOULDER – the back of a topless man, woman getting a massage, naked man bows, a woman flexes and shows her muscles from behind
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1398 – ANT – 2 pictures of ant(s), ant moving a branch (twig), ants moving a rock
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1399 – CAMEL – camel walking in the dessert, camel laying down, person walks a camel, 2 girls riding a camel
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1400 – AIR – blowing up balloons, wind mills in the water, a pump, gauges
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1401 – HEN – 2 pictures of a chicken, a hen and her chicks, girls in the back of a limo
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1402 – THUMBS – group gives thumbs up, 2 thumbs down versus 2 thumbs up, person gives 2 thumbs up, woman gives 2 thumbs up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1403 – TOES – feet standing by the pool, foot covered in sand, standing on a scale, a person’s toes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1404 – NECK – man rubs his neck, class stretches their necks, neck of bottles, woman rubs her neck
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1405 – TONGUE – a hound pants, a green snake, a person sticks out their tongue, a woman licks her lips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1406 – DAD – family at the beach, father and son at the beach, father and son at home, father and daughter in the grass
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1407 – HANDS – a circle of hands, holding hands, cupping a plant in the palms of a person hands, stacking hands (fists)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1408 – STOMACH – digestive system of the human body, man measures his waist, woman touches her belly, man clutches his stomach
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1409 – RISE – light beyond the horizon, air balloon, sun light over a green field, 3 man trying the make (pull) arrow (performance) go up
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1410 – FINGERS – finger painting (hands covered in paint), 2 pictures of a person typing on a key board, a finished manicure
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1411 – FOOT – 5 rulers, picture of a foot, a paw print, kicking a soccer ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1412 – JAR – jars of spice, jars of oil (jam), jar of slice cucumber, kiwi besides an opened jar
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1413 – SIT – woman offers man a sit, a couple sits on the park bench, 2 senior sits on bench, an elderly sits in wheel chair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1414 – WOMAN – woman with blond hair, woman in red and white folds her arms, a woman with blue eyes, a woman cooking in the kitchen
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1415 – GUN – a gun, a man hunts, flexed biceps of a man, a water gun
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1416 – MAN – man crosses his arms, man thinks, man as a cashier, man points at you
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1417 – HEAD – 2 pictures of a woman with a headache, a skeleton skull, wires attached to a man’s head
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1418 – DAY – sun light over a green field, day light, September 24, Effie tower
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1419 – EYE – threading a needle, eye make-up on a woman’s face, a man winks, woman wears fake pink eye lashes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1420 – CUB – mother bear and cub, a scout, lioness and her cubs, a fox and her cubs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1421 – LEGS – bare legs, woman wears red and white stripped socks and black stilettoes, sitting over the deck of a pool, chicken legs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1422 – FOG – fog in the forest, wolf howls at the moon, fog in the road, riot outside the castle walls
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1423 – BAG – tied black garbage bag, red make-up bag, a white shopping bag, an orange suitcase
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1424 – LIP – lip stick kiss, a woman touches her face, a person gets injection under her lips, a woman touches her lower lips
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1425 – WAR – kids playing tug a war, army men (soldiers), a solider, solider toys (figures)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1426 – BIKE – a bicycle in the field, person sits next to their bike, a bike by the wall, a motor cycle
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1427 – PEN – handwriting, person writing (working), a bug on a pen, a pen of pigs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1428 – BAND – hair ties, a girl in red shirt and head band, people playing the trumpet, people playing music (piano, cello, trumpet)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1431 – MEN – 4 pictures of men working together
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1432 – BELL – woman in bed holds alarm clock, ringing the door bell, a bell, 2 red peppers
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1433 – WAY – 2 monks, a smart phone to find directions, way out through a maze, man decides between two roads
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1435 – VAN – a van, a trailer, a hippy van, a van
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1436 – SEA – a scuba diver, blue water at a tropical island, blue water at the beach, sailing in the blue waters of the ocean
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1437 – MAP – 2 pictures of finding directions on a local map, map of the world, a construction drawing
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1438 – BOMB – a woman holds a bundle of dynamite, dropping a bomb with a green parachute, count-down until BOOM!, a dynamite ball
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1439 – TOP – 2 pictures of a spinning top, a person stands on the highest tower of stacked coins, a man with a mustache in a top hat
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1440 – RUN – a woman is fixing her stockings, a man is blowing his nose, a woman is running, 2 people runs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1441 – WAX – a lit candle, a sealed scroll, person waxing their legs, a seal of 100%
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1442 – BASE – baseball base, column, foot of a statue, person slides into base in baseball game
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1443 – BATH – dog gets a bath, 2 pictures of a woman soaking in a tub, bird in bird bath
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1444 – BEADS – abacus, droplets of water on the surface of a fabric, cross necklace and a bible, a bead necklace
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1445 – TUB – dog gives cat a bath in tub, a tub of margarine, a bath tub, a hot tub
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1446 – YAK – a woman covers her moth, 2 pictures of a buffalo, a man pukes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1447 – RUB – man rubs his eyes, man rubs his temples, woman gets foot spa, woman rubs her eyes
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1448 – ANTS – 4 picture of ants
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1449 – ARCH – bridge over a river, a man raises eye brow, a arch over the road, a walkway under arches
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1450 – FACT – TRUTH comes after a bunch of lies, books on shelves, a loud speaker, I (for information)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1451 – DIRT – a pile of dirty dishes in the kitchen, a girl covered in mud (chocolate), a man covered in chocolate, a green car drives through the dirt
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1452 – CARE – a woman chats with a senior in a wheel chair, woman at the dentist, taking blood pressure, nurse gives older woman a blanket
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1453 – FANGS – a snake (cobra) hisses, a lion roars, a vampire licks her fangs, face of a snake
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1455 – COWS – 4 picture of a herd of cows
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1456 – GRIP – metal mesh covering a wheel of a truck, 2 people shakes hands, holding a baby’s hand, gripping a strength builder
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1457 – BOOTS – rain boots, winter boots, leather boots, adult boots and a pair of child’s boots
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1458 – FORM – a woman is doing work, a sheet of paper is printed from the screen of a computer, 2 pictures of a check list
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1459 – HEAT – a woman holds a yellow mug, woman in the sauna, woman wipes the sweat of her face, woman is feeling hot
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1460 – HATE – woman rejects lettuce, dark brunette woman stares at woman with light brown hair, a man is mad, 2 woman fighting
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1461 – HELP – 2 man working, hands in the middle (team), man helps a woman bench press, a woman behind a senior woman (her mom)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1462 – DRUG – a child and a white inhaler, dropping 2 tablets into 2 glass with water, pills, different medication
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1463 – FOWL – picture of 4 birds, a peacock, a collage of hens/chickens, a field of chickens
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1464 – GATE – a white wooden fence, an iron fence, a pebble and stone paved pathway, a lit arch
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1465 – FOOD – skewers of veggie, a ham sandwich, a plate of veggies, a plate of shrimps
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1466 – DOLL – a voodoo doll with pins in it, 3 pictures of a doll
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1467 – CENT – a penny in a box, 1%, 2 copper pennies, pennies dropping into a piggy bank
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1468 – HILL – a sail boat + a boat + a rainbow over the hill, a pile of coffee beans, a house in the distant field, a single tree in the field
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1469 – CORD – logs (lumber) stacked in front of a house, a growing embryo (human child), a red corded phone, a green cable cord
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1470 – DESK – a man is doing calculations, a cup of coffee around work, desks, a man in a wheel chair works
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1471 – EGGS – a (stuffed) bunny sits with a row of Easter eggs, a carton of eggs, a pile of eggs, Easter eggs
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1472 – COAL – black rocks (coal), a pair of feet in socks in front of the fire place, smoke (emissions) from a plant, a man’s face covered in coal
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1473 – FUEL – gas station, gas stove, cut trees, gas pump
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1474 – DOOR – red egg-shaped door to a house, woman does laundry, man knock on door, an (empty) room
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1475 – KNEE – 2 pictures of a (girl) woman hurts her knee, 2 pictures of a person with knee pain
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1476 – LOAF – 4 pictures of a loaf of bread (2 circle shaped, 1 stick, 1 sliced)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1477 – HOPE – man crosses his fingers over his chest (and heart), a lit candle in the palm of a persons hands, erasing IM from imPOSSIBLE, a girl prays
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1478 – BUTTON – sewing a needle through a button (TAILORING), a man with a tight shirt, using a television remote, a man buttons his suit
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1479 – CANVAS – a framed (blank) canvass, a woman paints, painting of 2 sails, a pair of shoes (converse)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1480 – BUCKET – a reddish-pink bucket of apples, a bucket with ice and a bottle of wine, a pail of yellow paint, spilled buckets of buttons
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1481 – LAMP – a red desk lamp, camera light, a lamp (electric), a lamp (fuel)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1482 – LOVE – a mother kisses her baby, a couple kisses, a man feeds a woman salad, 2 red hearts
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1483 – CANNON – a clown inside a cannon, 2 pictures of a cannon, 2 pirate ships
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1484 – BUTTER – square butter slices, butter on bread, a block of butter, a melting heart shaped butter
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1485 – CIRCLE – circle of hands, 2 gold (wedding) rings, yellow stars in a circle on a blue flag, 4 silver rings on purple
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1487 – HOUR – 3 pictures of clocks, green number 1
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1488 – LOSS – performance arrow goes down at the BANQUE, a woman rips red paper heart, a woman measures her waist, a man combs his hair
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1489 – BREATH – man wears breathing mask (for sleep apnea), a set of lungs, a woman’s chest, a woman tests her breath after brushing her teeth
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1490 – CHEESE – diary products, 2 pictures of a block of cheese, a storage (racks) of cheese
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1491 – MARK – A+, a girl kisses a pink balloon, marking “x” on a checklist, a treasure map
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1492 – CACTUS – 4 pictures of a cactus plant
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1493 – BELIEF – a man in a suit holding cross necklace prays, different religion icons, picture (variation) of the last supper, cross on a red book (bible)
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1494 – MAID – woman makes the bed, woman holds vacuum cleaner, a woman cleans, placing an orange flower on a bed
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1495 – LIST – 4 pictures of a checklist
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1496 – BRANCH – birds landing on a branch, glass windows of a BANK, a bird in the tree, a bag of FRANCHISE items
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1498 – CELLAR – 3 pictures of wooden barrels stacked, stairs to lower level
4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 1499 – BEGGAR – woman asks for money with hat, a quarter in a person’s palms, a man sitting in the streets with a cup, holding out a palm
itouchapps net 4pics 1 word
www itouchappsnet com 4pics 1word
applying tile child hugging mom peeling off postage stamp holding arms 4 pics 1 word 629
need help with 4 pics 1 word picture are old time clock abandon building books in a row old and some kind of land mark
mask stage dome building 4 pics 1 word 634
a spoonful of sugar a couple having dinner abottle of honey and two waiter standing answer from 4 pics 1 word
4 pics 1 word 8 letters a painting with a man pouring a drink into his mouth champagne glasses stacked up on a table a piece of pie with sauce flowing over it
4 pics 1 word answers to new levels with gingerbread house tortoise and deer man on tank
www itouchapps net/4-pics-1-word-game-solutions
what is the 4 pics 1 word cir pic no 1345
4 pics 1 word game solutions
4 pic1 words man hold a can crowd od people car over a man head
4 pics 1 word apps net
Four pictures one word students writing cartoon with pencil writing recipe cursive writing
4 pics itouchapps cheat
4 pics 1 word in touch apps
4 pics 1 word answers and cheat /i-touchapps net-=
4 pics 1 word a man on one knee a man a lady against a wall and man with a rose bud in his hands
what we call the lady streching a woman holding barbel a family jogging a picture of thumbs up
4 pics 1 word answers castle whole b
need help with 4 pics 1 word picture are old time clock abandoned building books in a row old and some kind of land mark
what do you call 3 monsters standing 6 letters 4 pics 1 word
guy with a magnifying glass lady with binoculars helicopter and boat a lady zoomed in
what is the 4 pics 1 word for pic no 1352 that has aline of cars leaving a woman setting on a suitcase and men pointing at their watchs
itouch apps 4pics1word
what is the answer to level 907 on 4 pic 1 word with a judge and letters ltd
4 pics 1 word 2 birds river keyboard
4pics1word 5 letters pictures of bottle of 404 correction paper computer key oops
answer in level 330 a man singing a red balloon and bursting bottles 3 letters
4 pics 1 word 5 letters airplane flying over Grand Canyon graduate boy golding diploma
4 pics 1 word thumbs up sun hearts
eiffel tower eagal pizza cold drink money related word
4 pic 1word 366 7letters a man ina lab a microscope 3 plates with some colourful powder
what is the 4 pics 1 word car pic no 1345
you can help me puzzle lotum game answers
4pics 1word cheats level1940 to1980
man with earphones and mike hanging singer small boy dancing man with mike in hand 4 pics one word answer
4 pics 1 word thumbs up hearts
4 pics 1 word sun thumbs up hearts
4 pics 1 word line of cars woman with headset
4 pics 1 word tossing coin magician costume
7 letter word four pictures 1- owl looking thru magnifying glass young girl looking thru magnifying glass kitten sees reflection in water kitten playing with a vall
4pics1word t-rex man eating sandwich sharkwearing coat and tie
answer for 4 pics 1 word for 7 letter word with pictures of a woman with a beautiful dress a rich looking lady with a shaky dress and cigarette her hand two native American children with their native dress and a lady with white shaky dress and it starts w
4 pics 1 word 4 letters cash register
4 pics 1 word worm in apple mosquito
what is the word that has to do with a dog wearing a scarf someone holding a striped cup someone hugging a person and someone wearing striped socks
how to go back or forward whn playing 4pics 1word
Man crashes bicycle in to tree pan baidu com
4 pic 1 word answer for a color yellow green vest
4 pics 1 word 7 letters salad fries pudding
itouchapps net 4 pics one word
eight letter word for mermaid unicorn
1 word 6 letters 4 pics baby in purple coat 2 people in heavy jackets
4 pics 1 word news army
4 pics level 1866 code lock
4 pics 1 word 6 letter answers FNINLHWTWCOC pics are woman in white dress thinking of family with car and $ military men shooting guns man looking up at devil and angel and man and woman fighting over material things
4 pics 1 word sunrising beach colorful houses
4pics 1 word candy wedding kimono
itouchapps net 4 pics 1 word
www itouchapps net/4-pics-1-word-game-solutions/
what is the answer to the ine with pictures of a mailbox a http website in 4 pics one word
gap dog run horse jump golf 4pics 8 letters
guy holding magnifying glass lady looking through binoculars helicopter and a boat lady zoomed in 6 letters 3rd letter a
4pics1word a man on his knee with a rose a man with a rose bud in his hands a man and a woman standing against a wall
4pics1word judge lawyer arguing spinning top train exiting tunnel
bear with fish in mouth us flad desurt two wolf 4pic one word
4pic in 1 word biscuit in piggys mouth
pic of cat and pic of worm on dirt and pic of two women holding hands up in stop position
what do you call 3 monsters standing 4 pics 1 word 6 letters
4 pics 1 word answers home plate cheesecake paint brush lamp
4 pics 1 word hen shopping cart
4 pics 1 word sun hearts thumbs up
4 pics 1 word decorated egg
4 pics 1 word woman getting massage olives women holding her fat
4letter word for a staff a pic of a statute holding something a ferris wheel and a girl poking something
4pics itouchapps cheat
four pics one word piggy bank man holding leaf lady smiling with gold hair lady posing
4 pics 1 word angry couple in bed
4 pics 1 word answer level 171 for my phone rio junior tv
4 pics 1 word key with double arrow road with white arrow
Ice map jug have meter with blue liquid and tube glass with blue liquid earth with different flags
Cat takes ringing cellular phones in with her newborn kittens pan baidu com
4 pictures one word game
4 pics 1 word 2 with money one with a thumb up and 1 mouth open
4 pics 1 word man woman sitting at desk man with backpack for money with a person is shine and dumb girl with guitar
4 pics one word itouchapps net
4pics1word 0 5=1/2
clock &boys runing 4 pics 1 word
5 letter word 2 people making order in restaurant a cartoon police screaming
6 letters a to do list and 2 men sitting with laptop on their knees 3 like robots men walking in a line answer please 4pics 1 word
four words relating a deep blue sea with sea leaves a sea with stones and a woman opening her hands
www itouchapp
| i don't know |
Who made a century on his Test debut for England v New Zealand in 2004? | 1st Test: England v New Zealand at Lord's, May 20-24, 2004 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo
New Zealand 50 in 16.1 overs (Richardson 16*, Fleming 31*)
New Zealand 100 in 32.3 overs (Richardson 36*, Astle 23*)
Nathan Astle 50 in 58 balls, 8x4
New Zealand 150 in 44.5 overs (Richardson 44*, Astle 60*)
Mark Richardson 50 in 140 balls, 9x4
Tea - New Zealand 172 for 3 (Richardson 56*, McMillan 4*)
New Zealand 200 in 69.1 overs (Richardson 67*, Oram 16*)
Oram 50 in 54 balls, 9x4
New Zealand 250 in 79.5 overs (Richardson 78*, Oram 51*)
New Zealand 300 in 92.3 overs (Tuffey 2*, Cairns 15*)
New Zealand 350 in 100 overs (Cairns 47*, Martin 1*)
Cairns 50 in 37 balls, 9x4
England 1st innings
Lunch - England 27 for 0 (Trescothick 10*, Strauss 15*)
England 50 in 18.1 overs (Trescothick 19*, Strauss 26*)
England 100 in 28.3 overs (Trescothick 51*, Strauss 43*)
Trescothick 50 in 95 balls, 9x4
Strauss 50 in 90 balls, 5x4
Tea - England 136 for 0 (Trescothick 60*, Strauss 65*)
England 150 in 41.1 overs (Trescothick 66*, Strauss 74*)
England 200 in 54.4 overs (Strauss 91*, Butcher 5*)
Strauss 100 in 276 mins off 199 balls, 12x4
England 250 in 76.4 overs (Butcher 23*, Hoggard 3*)
England 300 in 95.5 overs (Hussain 29*, Flintoff 1*)
Lunch - England 330 for 6 (Flintoff 10*, Jones 11*)
England 350 in 104.1 overs (Flintoff 22*, GO Jones 15*)
England 400 in 114 overs (Flintoff 47*, GO Jones 37*)
Flintoff 50 in 64 balls, 6x4, 2x6
100 run Partnership between Flintoff and Jones in 108 balls
New Zealand 2nd innings
New Zealand 50 in 16 overs (Richardso 17*, McCullum 26*)
Brendon McCullum 50 in 54 balls, 8x4
MH Richardson 50 in 188 minutes off 127 balls including 5x4
150 2nd wicket partnership off 256 balls (Richardson 50, McCullum 87)
Lunch New Zealand 198/4 (Richardson 72, Oram 3)
New Zealand 200 in 68.3 overs (Richardson 76*, Oram 4*)
New Zealand 250 in 86.1 overs (Richardson 94*, Astle 24*)
MH Richardson 100 in 402 mins off 289 balls, 10x4
Tea - New Zealand 269 for 5 (Richardson 101*, Astle 29*)
New Zealand 300 in 109.3 overs (Cairns 9*, Vettori 5*)
England 2nd innings
England 50 in 24.5 overs (Strauss 33*, Hussain 5*)
Andrew Strauss 50 in 97 balls, 8x4
England 100 in 39.5 overs (Strauss 59*, Hussain 22*)
100 run Partnership between Strauss and Hussain in 183 balls
England 150 in 53 overs (Hussain 31*, Thorpe 5*)
50 run Partnership between Thorpe and Hussain in 118 balls
England 200 in 72.1 overs (Hussain 49*, Thorpe 34*)
Nasser Hussain 50 in 158 balls, 7x4
100 run Partnership between Thorpe and Hussain in 181 balls
England 250 in 81.3 overs (Hussain 78*, Thorpe 44*)
Thorpe 50 in 97 balls, 6x4
N Hussain 100 in 292 mins off 203 balls, 15x4
| Andrew Strauss |
Stephen King's acclaimed novel 11.22.63. is centred on which historical event ? | Durham alumni Andrew Strauss named England Test and One Day Cricket captain - British Universities & Colleges Sport
Durham alumni Andrew Strauss named England Test and One Day Cricket captain
Durham alumni Andrew Strauss named England Test and One Day Cricket captain 12/01/2009
Former Durham student Andrew Strauss was named as England Test and One Day captain at the end of last week.
Strauss, a former member of Durham’s Hatfield College, was an integral member of the University Cricket Club during his time as a student at Durham, a period where he made great progress as a cricketer.
He made his First-class debut for Middlesex in 1998, and made his One Day International debut in Sri Lanka in 2003. He quickly rose to fame on his Test match debut replacing the injured Michael Vaughan at Lords against New Zealand in 2004. He became only the fourth batsman to score a century at Lord's on his debut and was close to becoming the first Englishman to score centuries in both innings of his debut when he was run out for 83. He was however given the man of the match award for his efforts in the England win.
Strauss also scored a century and was named man of the match in his first overseas Test match, in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, in December 2004. Despite a brief spell out of the test side in 2007, Strauss reclaimed his place in 2008 for the tour of New Zealand and subsequently reestablished himself in the side with a career best century in the third and final test of that series, and a further three centuries in 2008.
Strauss, who has deputised as captain in the past, follows the footsteps of Nasser Hussain who captained England for a total of 45 Test matches between 1999 and 2003.
Peter Warburton, Director of Sport, commented ‘We are all absolutely delighted that Andrew has been awarded the captaincy of England. He did outstandingly well when he took over the reins, on a temporary basis in 2006 and I am sure he will lead England to success in 2009. If you had to choose two Countries to play against the West Indies in the Caribbean and Australia in England would come fairly high on anyone’s list. We wish him well.’
Durham's current programme remains as strong as ever with a string of MCC University Academy players already tied to First Class Counties. The Academy, under the stewardship of former England Batsman Graeme Fowler, remains at the forefront of British University cricket, developing First Class County players on an annual basis.
| i don't know |
What nickname was given to Lloyd George's budget of 1909 ? | The 1909 budget and the destruction of the unwritten constitution | History and Policy
The 1909 budget and the destruction of the unwritten constitution
The 1909 budget and the destruction of the unwritten constitution
Iain McLean |
Tweet
Executive Summary
The centenary of the Lords' rejection of the 'People's Budget' in November 1909 is a good occasion to review the constitutional crisis that began with their rejection and lasted until spring 1914.
The crisis destroyed the traditional doctrine of the unwritten British constitution both as a description of what happens and as a prescription of what ought to happen.
The doctrine holds both that Parliament is sovereign and that it ought to be.
However, for those five years Parliament was not sovereign because it was deadlocked.
When it seemed that the elected house would finally get its way over the two unelected houses (Lords and monarch), the politicians and lawyers who had defended, and even defined, parliamentary sovereignty abandoned the doctrine in favour of an ill-defined conception of popular sovereignty.
But for the outbreak of World War I, the consequence would quite possibly have been an outbreak of civil war in the United Kingdom.
The lesson for modern policy discussion is that a constitution that cannot withstand an opposition coup d'état should be scrapped in favour of one that entrenches popular sovereignty.
Although an elective dictatorship of the Commons (in effect of the governing party) is to be avoided, any checking and balancing bodies must also be answerable to the people.
King, Lords, and people: the first phase
The General Election of 1906 marked one of the largest swings to the left in British democratic history. At the previous General Election in 1900, the Conservatives - then known as Unionists - had won 402 seats; the Liberals 186 (if the two Labour members are counted with them), and Irish nationalists a practically invariant 82, as they did in every election from 1885 to 1910. In 1906 these numbers flipped. Liberals won 400 seats; Labour won 30 after a secret non-aggression pact with the Liberals; and Irish nationalists 83. Against these three forces of what contemporaries sometimes called the 'progressive alliance', the Unionists mustered a mere 157.
The results in terms of the popular vote were closer. This is because of the well-known exaggerative effects of the British electoral system. It was after his defeat in 1906 that a Unionist ex-MP and statistician, James Parker Smith, first discovered the so-called 'cube law' describing the exaggerative effects. Roughly, as between the top two parties, the ratio of their seat shares is the cube of the ratio of their popular vote shares. So a Unionist landslide became a Liberal landslide after a relatively modest net transfer of votes.
Nevertheless, what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. Nobody saw the exaggerated Unionist victories of 1895 and 1900 as reasons for a coup d'état against the governments of Lord Salisbury and his nephew Arthur Balfour. By contrast, the Unionist coup d'état against the three Liberal governments elected at the General Elections of 1906 and 1910 had momentous consequences. It probably worsened the tragedy of Ulster; and it certainly destroyed the unwritten British constitution.
Facing the Liberal-dominated Commons was a Unionist-dominated Lords and two successive kings who intervened on the Unionist side - Edward VII, who died in May 1910, and his successor George V. According to the leading constitutional lawyer (and, at this time, by his own description, 'fanatical' Unionist) A. V. Dicey, Parliament 'in the mouth of a lawyer' comprised three houses: monarch, Lords, and Commons. Parliament was sovereign, and no body on earth could override it. But what if there was a deadlock between the elected house and the two unelected ones? Dicey and the equally eminent Sir William Anson weighed in with all their academic authority on the side of the two unelected houses. They contributed materially to the coup d'état.
The pattern was set early in the Parliament of 1906. The Lords did not obstruct some radical legislation. Most notably, they did not block the revolutionary Trade Disputes Act 1906, a Labour bill which fundamentally altered the balance between labour and capital by giving trade unions exemption from tort actions against them. However, they blocked multiple measures associated with the 'old Liberalism' of land reform, temperance and chapel. These included Education, Plural Voting, and Licensing bills. The Liberal government knew that there was no point, except a rhetorical one, in even introducing disestablishment of the Anglican church in Wales, which a majority of Welsh MPs had demanded since popular suffrage in Wales began in 1868. It would have been (and later was, in 1912, 1913, and 1914) thrown out by a huge Lords majority including at least 15 Church of England bishops. For different reasons, they did not press Irish Home Rule, the platform of the Irish Party. They were aware that anti-Irish and anti-Catholic opinion still affected their target voters. They had a Commons majority without the Irish Party. So there was neither need to promote, nor point in promoting, legislation on Ireland that would also have been rejected by a huge Lords majority, as had the previous Home Rule bill of 1893.
Liberal ministers became more and more frustrated. They also faced a crisis of public finance from 1907 onwards. Tax receipts dropped with a cyclical depression; and two big expenditure increases were needed, one to pay for an accelerated programme of battleship construction ('We want eight, and we won't wait' demanded the Unionists) and the other to pay for the first old age pensions, introduced in the 1908 Budget.
The 1909 Budget was discussed in the Cabinet for a long time. Before it even got there, the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury, Sir George Murray, was denouncing Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George. In December 1908, Murray wrote, on Treasury notepaper, to ex-Liberal and ex-Prime Minister Lord Rosebery to say 'I cannot believe that your House will swallow the Budget if the mature infant turns out to be anything like the embryo which I now contemplate daily with horror'. Rosebery was by then a cross-bench peer. The Permanent Secretary was urging the House of Lords to reject his Chancellor's budget.
The 1909 budget
Lloyd George was thus thrown on more sympathetic officials while drafting his budget. The 1909 budget proposed to close the gap between tax and spending by three main measures. One was to make income tax more progressive on high incomes (known then as 'supertax'). A second was an increase in alcohol duties. The third, and smallest in expected yield, was a series of land taxes. Rich people did not like the first. The Irish Party did not like the second. But it was the land taxes that provoked the fury of the Lords.
Lloyd George made his strategy clear in a Cabinet paper of March 1909. His medium-term objective was a register of land values. But a separate Valuation Bill would have been defeated in the Lords. Therefore he had to attach his valuation proposals to the budget. However, unless he also included a projected revenue from the new taxes, however trivial, the Clerk of the House of Commons would tell the Speaker that the valuation proposals were 'outside the proper limits of a finance Bill'. So the Lords were perhaps right, in pursuit of the class interests of land, to attack the budget so furiously.
Most evidence suggests that Lloyd George and the other Cabinet radical, Winston Churchill, did not initially set out to provoke the Lords. But when the Duke of Buccleuch refused to pay a guinea subscription to his local football club on the grounds of the swingeing impact of land tax, Lloyd George saw his opportunity. He now set out to goad the Lords into the unprecedented step of rejecting the budget - something which was previously thought to be an intolerable breach of the Commons monopoly of supply which (it was thought) the English Civil War had established. At Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on October 10 1909, Lloyd George said:
The question will be asked 'should 500 men, ordinary men chosen accidentally from among the unemployed, override the judgment - the deliberate judgment - of millions of people who are engaged in the industry which makes the wealth of the country?' That is one question. Another will be, who ordained that a few should have the land of Britain as a perquisite; who made 10,000 people owners of the soil, and the rest of us trespassers in the land of our birth...?
The Lords rejected the budget on 30 November 1909, by 350 votes to 75. This forced an immediate General Election in January 1910, where otherwise the Liberals would not have had to dissolve until 1912. During the campaign, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith said that the Liberals would 'not assume office ... unless we can secure the safeguards which experience shows us to be necessary'. Commentators assumed that this meant that Edward VII had promised Asquith that, if the Liberals and allies won, he would be willing to create enough peers to force Lords reform through the House of Lords.
He had not. The election result produced a second victory for the 'progressive alliance', but now the Irish Party held the balance of power. It could force Home Rule on to the Commons agenda. But Home Rule would depend on overcoming the Lords' veto. Edward's secretary told Asquith's that 'The King regards the policy of the Government as tantamount to the destruction of the House of Lords' and therefore he was not prepared to create peers until after a second general election. If the Unionists had been elected in 1906, they could have got their programme through Lords and monarch unimpeded (as in the Parliaments of 1886, 1895, and 1900). The Liberals and allies needed to win three times in a row.
They did. The death of Edward brought the more uncompromising Unionist George V to the throne. The politicians spent the summer of 1910 trying to secure a Unionist-Liberal deal that would have isolated the extremists - the Irish Party, the Labour Party, and perhaps the increasingly militant Ulster unionists. They failed. Asquith turned to the new king for a promise that, if the Liberals and allies won a third time, he would create the necessary peers. One of his secretaries advised him to refuse. This would have put the minority Unionist leader Balfour into office, and would have been disastrous for the monarchy. By dint of creative deception, the king's other secretary saved the monarchy by steering George away from this into an extremely grumpy agreement to create peers if the Liberals won the third election.
King, Lords, and people: the second phase
They did, in December 1910. Once again the Irish Party was pivotal, and was in a position to force Home Rule through. To get it, they first had to cooperate with the Liberals in enacting Lords reform. The result of the Parliament Bill was in doubt until the last vote in the Lords, on 10 August 1911, when the few Liberals and some bishops joined Unionist 'hedgers' to outvote the 'ditchers' (as in 'die in the last') by 131 to 114.
The Parliament Act 1911 restricted the Lords' ability to veto Commons bills by a provision whose dire effect was presumably unappreciated by its drafters. To be passed without Lords' consent, a Commons bill must be presented unaltered in three successive sessions. As everybody knew that Home Rule was next on the agenda, this implied that the Liberals must get it right the first time it was presented, in 1912. We now all know, with the infinite wisdom of hindsight, that the bill should have allowed an opt-out to the most heavily Protestant parts of Ulster, where politicians and (Protestant) people violently objected to Home Rule. It would have been administratively difficult and would have involved defying the pivotal Irish Party, but recognising the realpolitik that they had nowhere else to go. It was not done. So the Ulster Protestants had 2½ years to plan their paramilitary resistance. This culminated in the spring of 1914 with the two events that made up the Unionists' coup d'état against the elected government: the Curragh mutiny and the Larne gunrunning.
In March 1914 the Secretary for War decided that troops stationed in Ireland should be ready to go to the aid of the civil power in order to protect arms dumps in Protestant territory from possible raids by the Ulster Volunteer Force. This was not an unreasonable request. A previous attempt by a Unionist MP to arm the paramilitaries had been broken up by the police. One of the most ardent Unionists, Henry Wilson, Director of Military Operations at the War Office, was in fact advising the Ulster Protestants rather than the government he served. On March 20, about 60 cavalry officers at the Curragh, Co. Kildare, said they would resign their commissions rather than carry out this order. Advised daily by Wilson, with other Unionist cheerleaders including the party leader Andrew Bonar Law and the Boer War hero Field-Marshal Lord Roberts (who authorised a letter to go out in his name encouraging soldiers to disobey orders), the contingent mutineers took their argument to London and won. The Secretary for War promised that no soldiers would be asked to enforce the Home Rule Bill in Ulster.
Meanwhile, a pirate captain was on the high seas. Major F. H. Crawford had resigned from the army to become the paramilitaries' Director of Ordnance. With the 'very large cheque' that his 1915 memoir hints may have been supplied by Walter Long or Bonar Law, he went to Hamburg cash in hand to buy 30,000 rifles, three million ammunition rounds, and a ship to carry them in. After eloping from Danish customs, changing the name of the ship, and transferring the cargo to a second ship as the two steamed up the Irish Channel without lights, Crawford landed the munitions at Larne, Co. Antrim, on the night of 24/25 April 1914. Militarily, the operation was a brilliant success. The paramilitaries completely excluded the police, Customs, and the army from Larne, while sending a dummy decoy ship to Belfast to attract Customs' attention. From that point on the threat of civil war was no longer a bluff. The Government of Ireland bill passed three times by the elected house of parliament was unworkable. When the Irish civil war was pre-empted by the outbreak of the First World War, Home Rule was put into cold storage. When revived after the war it was too late. The Irish Party had been cut down by its failure to achieve Home Rule, to be replaced by Sinn Fein, whose guerrilla war of 1920-21 secured independence for the Irish Free State, leaving the six counties of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom with a large and potentially mutinous Catholic minority. The rest is (also) history.
The destruction of the unwritten constitution
These events are so familiar to historians of the period that it is easy to overlook their enormity. In 1909 the House of Lords voted, by a huge majority, to overturn the Commons monopoly of supply that had remained unchallenged since the 17th century. Two successive kings vetoed the proposals of their Liberal governments, which had to be elected three times in a row in order to carry out their programme. The Curragh officers dictated terms to the elected government, restricting its right to send troops to the aid of the civil power. The Larne gunrunners defied Danish and UK law to import German rifles and ammunition to Ulster. The gun-running may have been financed by the Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, who had said at Blenheim Palace in July 1912, 'I can imagine no length of resistance to which Ulster can go in which I would not be prepared to support them'. Crawford wrote in his 1915 'Diary of the Gunrunning' that on 27 March 1914 he had
arrived in London. Called and saw [Unionist frontbencher] Walter Long MP. He sent his secretary to see Bonar Law. The latter when introduced to me said, with a twinkle in his eye, 'I have heard of you before, Mr Crawford'. I had a private letter from the Chief [Sir Edward Carson], whom I left in Belfast, to him. I had to see WL [Walter Long] about the finances of the business, and make my final arrangements for paying [a] very large cheque
Even if Crawford's claims be dismissed as fantasy, the role of other Unionist financiers, including Lord Milner and Rudyard Kipling, is publicly admitted - even celebrated. How did so many Unionists persuade themselves that they had the right to stage a coup d'état against the elected government? And what does the story imply for constitutional theory?
We can start with the resolution by which the Lords voted down the 1909 budget: 'that this House is not justified in giving its assent to the Bill until it has been submitted to the judgment of the country'. The Unionists were so angry that they were prepared to drop parliamentary sovereignty right at the start of the constitutional conflict. From 1909 to 1914 they were confident that they, and not the elected government, represented the will of the people. After the first 1910 election, that story fell in relation to the budget. One might have thought that if any election ever determines the will of the people, then three victories in a row for one side, two of them at elections forced by the vetoes of the two unelected chambers, would settle the matter. But the Unionist vetoes multiplied once the conflict had entered its second phase.
Chance took a hand in the unexpected election of Bonar Law as Unionist leader in 1911. He came through the middle when two better-known candidates were deadlocked. A Scots-Irish-Canadian from a Presbyterian background, he was the first non-Anglican (excluding Disraeli) to lead the Conservatives, and the first to have gut sympathy with Ulster Protestants. Already in July 1912 he stated that there were 'no lengths' to which they might not go in which he would not support them. As they were already raising a paramilitary force, these were weighty words.
Before Curragh and Larne, Unionists cast around for any argument that might stop Home Rule in its tracks. Concentrating only on the constitutional lawyers, we find Dicey, in a book published in 1913, extolling 'the old Whig doctrine that oppression, and especially resistance to the will of the nation, might justify what was technically conspiracy or rebellion.... What are the limits within which the tyranny either of a king or of a democracy justifies civil war is not an inquiry on which I will enter'. After Curragh, Sir William Anson, Warden of All Souls College, Oxford, wrote to the
Times
to say of the Ulster Protestants, 'I for one believe, with a conviction which no results of a Referendum or a General Election can alter, that they are justified in their resistance'. At the time, Anson was the constitutional law tutor of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII).
Thus Dicey believed that the will of the people was with the paramilitaries. He offered no evidence for this. Anson believed that they were right to fight even if the will of the people was not with them. These were the two leading constitutional lawyers of their day. The concept of parliamentary sovereignty, which lawyers have for 120 years studied in the pages of Dicey's textbooks, was torn down by the same A. V. Dicey in his polemical publications. It is impossible to defend him on the ground that the first describe a formal position and the second outline his political position. For his political position was inconsistent with any normative belief in parliamentary sovereignty.
Why were the Unionists so sure that the will of the people was on their side, despite their loss of three consecutive General Elections (the second and third forced by Unionist vetoes)? They were caught in two contradictory beliefs: one, that Ireland must remain for ever part of the UK; two, that when the will of the people was counted, the will of the Irish people was not to count. Or, at least, the will of Irish nationalist people was not to count.
Conclusions
Given the intellectual vacuity of parliamentary sovereignty as a normative position, the way forward is to revive an idea that the English Levellers put forward in 1647, and the framers of the US Constitution put forward in 1787: 'We the People'. The people are ultimately sovereign. Parliament's moral authority can only derive from the fact that it is elected. However, as Dicey said, 'Parliament means, in the mouth of a lawyer ..., the King, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons'. Of these three chambers only one is elected. In order to embody the sovereignty of the people, or even to reconstruct Parliamentary sovereignty on to morally defensible grounds, it is necessary for the other two chambers to be elected. Otherwise, the risk remains, however remote, of a constitutional crisis as severe as that of 1914.
The Lords in 1909, and their apologists such as Dicey, complained that the Commons had become an elective dictatorship. Many may argue that the issue to be addressed today is the untrammelled power of the Commons, which in practice means the untrammelled power of the government of the day. There need to be some checks and balances on that power. But the crisis of 1909-14 shows that an unelected Lords and unelected monarch cannot represent 'us, the people'. An elected replacement for the Lords would of course have to be elected on a different basis and for different terms to the Commons. The best idea around was put into circulation by the Conservatives' Mackay Commission in 1999. The Lords should be elected from large, multi-member districts - possibly the UK's standard regions, which also serve as European Parliament constituencies. They would serve for one long, non-renewable, fixed term: say of 15 years, or of three Parliaments. And nobody would be eligible to move immediately from either house to the other. The elected Lords would still be party nominees; but these changes would ensure that they behaved differently to MPs. In a little-noticed Commons statement in July 2009, Jack Straw signalled that the Labour government supported a plan of this sort, which, he said, would guarantee that at any time the Commons' mandate was more recent than the Upper House's. In the background papers for the draft Lords Reform Bill in 2009 Queen's Speech, the Government again signalled support for this. Given that all three main British parties are committed to an elected Upper House, this is how the next government, of any party, could bring it about.
What about Dicey's third chamber, the monarchy? In 1914 the UK had a monarch of strong personal opinions, which happened to be conservative. The UK needs a head of state for the very occasional crisis, but perhaps the people should have some choice in how conservative or how liberal their head of state should be:
ARTHUR: I am your king!
OLD WOMAN: Well, I didn't vote for you.
ARTHUR: You don't vote for kings.
OLD WOMAN: Well, how did you become king, then?
ARTHUR: The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite, held Excalibur aloft from the bosom of the water to signify by Divine Providence ... that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur ... That is why I am your king!
(from screenplay of
| People's Budget |
Which 1925 film starring Ramon Novarro was reshot in 1959 , to much box office and Academy Award success ? | David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George
Student Activities
David Lloyd George, the son of William George and Elizabeth Lloyd, was born in Manchester on 17th January, 1863.
David's father, a schoolmaster, died a year after he was born and his mother took her two children to live with her brother, Richard Lloyd, a shoemaker in Llanystumdwy , Caernarvonshire .
The Lloyd family were staunch Nonconformists and worshipped at the Disciples of Christ Chapel in Criccieth . Richard Lloyd was Welsh-speaking and deeply resented English dominance over Wales.
Lloyd George was an intelligent boy and did very well at his local school. It was decided that he should become a solicitor and after passing the Law Society examination was articled in January 1879, to a firm of solicitors in Portmadog .
After completing his training, David Lloyd George established his own law practice in Criccieth . He soon developed a reputation as a solicitor who was willing to defend people against those in authority.
In 1888 Lloyd George married Margaret Owen , the daughter of a prosperous farmer. He remained an active member of the Disciples of Christ Chapel and it was during his church work that he gained his early training as an orator. Lloyd George developed a reputation as a fiery preacher and was often asked to speak at Temperance Society meetings in Wales .
Political Influences
Lloyd George joined the local Liberal Party and became an alderman on the Caernarvon County Council. He also took part in several political campaigns including one that attempted to bring an end to church tithes. Lloyd George was also a strong supporter of land reform. As a young man he had read books by Thomas Spence , John Stuart Mill and Henry George on the need to tackle this issue. He had also been impressed by pamphlets written by George Bernard Shaw and Sidney Webb of the Fabian Society on the need to tackle the issue of land ownership.
In 1890 Lloyd George was selected as the Liberal candidate for the Caernarvon Borough constituency. A by-election took place later that year when the sitting Conservative MP died. Lloyd George fought the election on a programme which called for religious equality in Wales, land reform, the local veto in granting licenses for the sale of alcohol, graduated taxation and free trade. Lloyd George won the seat by 18 votes and at twenty-seven became the youngest member of the House of Commons .
Opposition to Boer War
Lloyd George's dramatic oratory soon brought him to the attention of the leaders of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons . However, it was felt he was too radical and they suspected that he would lose his seat in the 1900 General Election because of his opposition to the Boer War . However, in Caernarvon he was seen as the most important figure in Parliament defending Welsh rights and was re-elected.
The leadership of the Liberal Party also disapproved of Lloyd George's role in the campaign against the 1902 Education Act . In his speeches on this issue he appeared to be encouraging people to break the law by supporting John Clifford and his National Passive Resistance Committee. As a result of Clifford's campaign, over 170 Nonconformists went to prison for refusing to pay their school taxes.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
After the 1906 General Election , the leader of the Liberal Party , Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman , became the new Prime-Minister. Lloyd George was given the post of President of the Board of Trade . In 1908 the new prime minister, Henry Asquith , promoted him to the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lloyd George now had the opportunity to introduce reforms that he had been campaigning for since he first arrived in the House of Commons .
Lloyd George had been a long opponent of the Poor Law in Britain. He was determined to take action that in his words would "lift the shadow of the workhouse from the homes of the poor". He believed the best way of doing this was to guarantee an income to people who were to old to work. Based on the ideas of Tom Paine that first appeared in his book Rights of Man in 1791, Lloyd George's measure, the Old Age Pensions Act , provided between 1s. and 5s. a week to people over seventy.
To pay for these pensions Lloyd George had to raise government revenues by an additional £16 million a year. In 1909 Lloyd George announced what became known as the People's Budget . This included increases in taxation. Whereas people on lower incomes were to pay 9d. in the pound, those on annual incomes of over £3,000 had to pay 1s. 2d. in the pound. Lloyd George also introduced a new supertax of 6d. in the pound for those earning £5000 a year. Other measures included an increase in death duties on the estates of the rich and heavy taxes on profits gained from the ownership and sale of property. Other innovations in Lloyd George's budget included labour exchanges and a children's allowance on income tax.
Ramsay MacDonald argued that the Labour Party should fully support the budget. "Mr. Lloyd George's Budget, classified property into individual and social, incomes into earned and unearned, and followers more closely the theorical contentions of Socialism and sound economics than any previous Budget has done."
The Conservatives , who had a large majority in the House of Lords , objected to this attempt to redistribute wealth, and made it clear that they intended to block these proposals. Lloyd George reacted by touring the country making speeches in working-class areas on behalf of the budget and portraying the nobility as men who were using their privileged position to stop the poor from receiving their old age pensions . After a long struggle with the House of Lords Lloyd George finally got his budget through parliament.
With the House of Lords extremely unpopular with the British people, the Liberal government decided to take action to reduce its powers. The 1911 Parliament Act drastically cut the powers of the Lords. They were no longer allowed to prevent the passage of 'money bills' and it also restricted their ability to delay other legislation to three sessions of parliament.
When the House of Lords attempted to stop this bill's passage, the Prime Minister, Henry Asquith , appealed to George V for help. Asquith, who had just obtained a victory in the 1910 General Election , was in a strong position, and the king agreed that if necessary he would create 250 new Liberal peers to remove the Conservative majority in the Lords. Faced with the prospect of a House of Lords with a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservatives agreed to let the 1911 Parliament Act to become law.
National Insurance Act
Lloyd George's next reform was the 1911 National Insurance Act . This gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. All wage-earners between sixteen and seventy had to join the health scheme. Each worker paid 4d a week and the employer added 3d. and the state 2d. In return for these payments, free medical attention, including medicine was given. Those workers who contributed were also guaranteed 7s. a week for fifteen weeks in any one year, when they were unemployed.
Lloyd George's reforms were strongly criticised and some Conservatives accused him of being a socialist. There was no doubt that he had been heavily influenced by Fabian Society pamphlets on social reform that had been written by Beatrice Webb , Sidney Webb and George Bernard Shaw in the early 1900s. However, he had also been influenced by non-socialist writers such Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth .
Although most Labour Party members of the House of Commons had welcomed Lloyd George's reforms, politicians such as James Keir Hardie , Fred Jowett and George Lansbury argued that the level of benefits were far too low. They also complained that the pensions should be universal and disliked what was later to be called the Means Test aspect of these reforms.
Marconi Scandal
In 1912 Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton of the political weekly, The Eye-Witness , accused Loyd George, along with Herbert Samuel and Rufus Isaacs of corruption. It was suggested that the men had profited by buying shares based on knowledge of a government contract granted to the Marconi Company to build a chain of wireless stations.
In January 1913 a parliamentary inquiry was held into the claims made by The Eye-Witness . It was discovered that Rufus Isaacs had purchased 10,000 £2 shares in Marconi and immediately resold 1,000 of these to Lloyd George. Although the parliamentary inquiry revealled that Lloyd George, Herbert Samuel and Sir Rufus Isaacs had profited directly from the policies of the government, it was decided the men had not been guilty of corruption.
When in opposition, Lloyd George had always been a supporter of women's rights, however, when in power, he did little to help the cause. This upsets members of both the NUWSS and the WSPU and resulted in many activists leaving the Liberal Party . In July 1912, Christabel Pankhurst began organizing a secret arson campaign. One of their first targets was Lloyd George and they successful burnt down a house that was being built for him.
First World War
At the end of July, 1914, it became clear to the British government that the country was on the verge of war with Germany. Four senior members of the government, David Lloyd George, Charles Trevelyan , John Burns , and John Morley , were opposed to the country becoming involved in a European war. They informed the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith , they intended to resign over the issue. When war was declared on 4th August, three of the men, Trevelyan, Burns and Morley, resigned, but Asquith managed to persuade Lloyd George, to change his mind.
The progressive wing of the Liberal Party , was disappointed with Lloyd George's unwillingness to oppose Britain's involvement in the First World War. In fact, he soon emerged as one of the main figures in the government willing to escalate the war in an effort to bring a quick victory. When the war appeared to be going badly in 1915, Lloyd George was asked to become Minister of Munitions. The coalition government was impressed with Lloyd George's abilities as a war minister and began to question Asquith's leadership of the country during this crisis.
The consequences of the Battle of the Somme put further pressure on Asquith. Colin Matthew has commented: "The huge casualties of the Somme implied a further drain on manpower and further problems for an economy now struggling to meet the demands made of it... Shipping losses from the U-boats had begun to be significant... Early in November 1916 he called for all departments to write memoranda on how they saw the pattern of 1917, the prologue to a general reconsideration of the allies' position."
It has been suggested that Herbert Asquith and the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) was never able to get total control of the war effort. It has been argued by John F. Naylor : "Neither this flawed body - partly advisory, partly executive - nor its two successors, the Dardanelles committee (June - October 1915), and the war committee (November 1915 - November 1916) enabled the Asquith coalition to prevail over the military authorities in planning what remained an ineffective war effort."
Prime Minister
At a meeting in Paris on 4th November, 1916, David Lloyd George came to the conclusion that the present structure of command and direction of policy could not win the war and might well lose it. Lloyd George agreed with Maurice Hankey , secretary of the Imperial War Cabinet, that he should talk to Andrew Bonar Law , the leader of the Conservative Party , about the situation. Bonar Law remained loyal to Asquith and so Lloyd George contacted Max Aitken instead and told him about his suggested reforms.
On 18th November, Aitken lunched with Bonar Law and put Lloyd George's case for reform. He also put forward the arguments for Lloyd George becoming the leader of the coalition. Aitken later recalled in his book, Politicians and the War (1928): "Once he had taken up war as his metier he seemed to breathe its true spirit; all other thoughts and schemes were abandoned, and he lived for, thought of and talked of nothing but the war. Ruthless to inefficiency and muddle-headedness in his conduct, sometimes devious, if you like, in the means employed when indirect methods would serve him in his aim, he yet exhibited in his country's death-grapple a kind of splendid sincerity."
Together, Lloyd George, Max Aitken , Andrew Bonar Law and Edward Carson , drafted a statement addressed to Asquith, proposing a war council triumvirate and the Prime Minister as overlord. On 25th November, Bonar Law took the proposal to Asquith, who agreed to think it over. The next day he rejected it. Further negotiations took place and on 2nd December Asquith agreed to the setting up of "a small War Committee to handle the day to day conduct of the war, with full powers", independent of the cabinet. This information was leaked to the press by Carson. On 4th December The Times used these details of the War Committee to make a strong attack on Asquith. The following day he resigned from office.
On 7th December George V asked Lloyd George to form a second coalition government. Max Aitken later recalled that it was the most important thing that he had done in politics: "The destruction of the Asquith Government which was brought about by an honest intrigue. If the Asquith government had gone on, the country would have gone down."
Virginia Woolf dined with the Asquiths "two nights after their downfall; though Asquith himself was quite unmoved, Margot started to cry into the soup." His biographer, Colin Matthew , believes he was pleased that he was out of power: "He was not a great war leader, and he never attempted to portray himself as such. But he was not a bad one, either. Wartime to him was an aberration, not a fulfilment. In terms of the political style of Britain's conduct of the war, that was an important virtue, but it led Asquith to underestimate the extent to which twentieth-century warfare was an all-embracing experience, and his sometimes almost perverse personal reluctance to appear constantly busy and unceasingly active told against him in the political and press world generally."
Lloyd George decided to establish what he described as "virtually a new system of government in this country". John F. Naylor has explained: "Hankey headed the operation - the secretary himself drew up the procedural rules - with these responsibilities, among others: (1) to record the proceedings of the War Cabinet; (2) to transmit relevant extracts from the minutes to departments concerned with implementing them or otherwise interested; (3) to prepare the agenda paper, and to arrange the attendance of ministers not in the War Cabinet and others required to be present for discussion of particular items on the agenda; (4) to receive papers from departments and circulate them to the War Cabinet or others as necessary. Thus Hankey established the precepts for a co-ordinating and record-keeping organization which the cabinet secretariat and its seamless successor, the Cabinet Office (from 1920), subsequently followed. The creation of the cabinet secretariat was his greatest achievement."
A.J.P. Taylor has argued in English History 1914-1945 (1965): "Where the old cabinet had met once a week or so and had kept no record of its proceedings, the war cabinet met practically every day - 300 times in 1917 - and Hankey, brought over from the Committee of Imperial Defence and its successors, organized an efficient secretariat. He prepared agenda; kept minutes; and ensured afterwards that the decisions were operated by the department concerned. Hankey was also tempted to exceed his functions and to initiate proposals, particularly on strategy, instead of merely recording decisions."
Lloyd George, who had upset the radicals in his party by not opposing conscription in 1916, was now in overall charge of the war effort. However, Lloyd George found it difficult to control the tactics used by his generals on the Western Front but he had more success with the navy when he persuaded them to use the convoy system to ensure adequate imports of food and military supplies. At various stages advocated a campaign on the Italian front and sought to divert military resources to the Turkish theatre.
The military situation became worse after Germany concluded a separate peace with Russia. The War Cabinet, in a panic, talked of pulling back to the Channel ports and evacuating all British troops to England.
According to the historian, Michael Kettle , a group of military leaders became involved in a plot to overthrow David Lloyd George. Those involved in the conspiracy included General William Robertson , Chief of Staff and the prime ministers main political adviser, Maurice Hankey , the secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), General Frederick Maurice , director of military operations at the War Office and Colonel Charles Repington , the military correspondent of the Morning Post . Kettle argues that: "What Maurice had in mind was a small War Cabinet, dominated by Robertson, assisted by a brilliant British Ludendorff, and with a subservient Prime Minister. It is unclear who Maurice had in mind for this Ludendorff figure; but it is very clear that the intention was to get rid of Lloyd George - and quickly."
On 24th January, 1918, Repington wrote an article where he described what he called "the procrastination and cowardice of the Cabinet". Later that day Repington heard on good authority that Lloyd George had strongly urged the War Cabinet to imprison both him and his editor, Howell Arthur Gwynne . That evening Repington was invited to have dinner with Lord Chief Justice Charles Darling , where he received a polite judicial rebuke.
General William Robertson disagreed with Lloyd George's proposal to create an executive war board, chaired by Ferdinand Foch , with broad powers over allied reserves. Robertson expressed his opposition to General Herbert Plumer in a letter on 4th February, 1918: "It is impossible to have Chiefs of the General Staffs dealing with operations in all respects except reserves and to have people with no other responsibilities dealing with reserves and nothing else. In fact the decision is unsound, and neither do I see how it is to be worked either legally or constitutionally."
On 11th February, Repington, revealed in the Morning Post details of the coming offensive on the Western Front . Lloyd George later recorded: "The conspirators decided to publish the war plans of the Allies for the coming German offensive. Repington's betrayal might and ought to have decided the war." Repington and his editor, Howell Arthur Gwynne , were fined £100 each, plus costs, for a breach of Defence of the Realm regulations when he disclosed secret information in the newspaper.
General William Robertson wrote to Repington suggesting that he had been the one who had leaked him the information: "Like yourself, I did what I thought was best in the general interests of the country. I feel that your sacrifice has been great and that you have a difficult time in front of you. But the great thing is to keep on a straight course". General Frederick Maurice also sent a letter to Repington: "I have the greatest admiration for your courage and determination and am quite clear that you have been the victim of political persecution such as I did not think was possible in England."
Robertson put up a fight in the war cabinet against the proposed executive war board, but when it was clear that Lloyd George was unwilling to back down, he resigned his post. He was now replaced with General Henry Wilson . General Douglas Haig rejected the idea that Robertson should become one of his commanders in France and he was given the eastern command instead.
On 9th April, 1918, Lloyd George, told the House of Commons that despite heavy casualties in 1917, the British Army in France was considerably stronger than it had been on January 1917. He also gave details of the number of British troops in Mesopotamia , Egypt and Palestine . Frederick Maurice , whose job it was to keep accurate statistics of British military strength, knew that Lloyd George had been guilty of misleading Parliament about the number of men in the British Army . Maurice believed that Lloyd George was deliberately holding back men from the Western Front in an attempt to undermine the position of Sir Douglas Haig .
On 6th May, 1918, Frederick Maurice wrote a letter to the press stating that ministerial statements were false. The letter appeared on the following morning in the The Morning Post , The Times , The Daily Chronicle and The Daily News . The letter accused David Lloyd George of giving the House of Commons inaccurate information. The letter created a sensation. Maurice was immediately suspended from duty and supporters of Herbert Henry Asquith called for a debate on the issue.
Maurice's biographer, Trevor Wilson : "Despite containing some errors of detail, the charges contained in Maurice's letter were well founded. Haig had certainly been obliged against his wishes to take over from the French the area of front where his army suffered setback on 21 March. The numbers of infantrymen available to Haig were fewer, not greater, than a year before. And there were several more ‘white’ divisions stationed in Egypt and Palestine at the time of the German offensive than the government had claimed."
The debate took place on 9th May and the motion put forward amounted to a vote of censure. If the government lost the vote, the prime minister would have been forced to resign. As A.J.P. Taylor has pointed out: "Lloyd George developed an unexpectedly good case. With miraculous sleight of hand, he showed that the figures of manpower which Maurice impuhned, had been supplied from the war office by Maurice's department." Although many MPs suspected that Lloyd George had mislead Parliament, there was no desire to lose his dynamic leadership during this crucial stage of the war. The government won the vote with a clear majority.
Frederick Maurice , by writing the letter, had committed a grave breach of discipline. He was retired from the British Army and was refused a court martial or inquiry where he would have been able to show that David Lloyd George had mislead the House of Commons on both the 9th April and 7th May, 1918.
According to Trevor Wilson : "And although Lloyd George subsequently claimed that the government had been supplied with its figures concerning troop strengths on the western front by Maurice's own department (figures which happened to be inaccurate), these had only been provided after the statements by Lloyd George to which Maurice took exception, and had been corrected by the time Lloyd George made his rebuttal to Maurice in the parliamentary debate of 9 May. Whether, even so, a serving officer should have taken issue with his political masters in the public way Maurice did must remain a matter of opinion. Haig, for one, certainly thought not, as he recorded in his diary. Maurice himself took the view that, as a concerned citizen, he was obliged to rebut misleading statements by ministers which served to divert responsibility for setbacks on the battlefield from the political authorities, where it belonged, to the military. To this end he was prepared to sacrifice his career in the army." Lloyd George endured three years of frustration before he was ousted from power by the Conservative members of his cabinet.
Lloyd George's decision to join the Conservatives in removing Herbert Asquith in 1916 split the Liberal Party . In the 1918 General Election , many Liberals supported candidates who remained loyal to Asquith. Despite this, Lloyd George's Coalition group won 459 seats and had a large majority over the Labour Party and members of the Liberal Party who had supported Asquith.
Herbert Asquith lost his seat in East Fife in 1918 and William Wedgwood Benn led the groups opposed to Lloyd George's government. John Benn , who was also opposed to Lloyd George, gave the group the name, Wee Frees, after a small group of Free Church of Scotland members who refused to accept the union of their church with the United Presbyterian Church .
Versailles Peace Conference
At the Versailles Peace Conference Lloyd George clashed with Georges Clemenceau about how the defeated powers should be treated. Lloyd George told Clemenceau that his proposals were too harsh and would "plunge Germany and the greater part of Europe into Bolshevism." Clemenceau replied that Lloyd George's alternative proposals would lead to Bolshevism in France.
At the end of the negotiations Clemenceau managed to restore Alsace-Lorraine to France but some of his other demands were resisted by the other delegates. Clemenceau, like most people in France, thought that Germany had been treated too leniently at Versailles.
David Low on the David Lloyd George Coalition
During the 1918 General Election campaign, Lloyd George promised comprehensive reforms to deal with education, housing, health and transport. However, he was now a prisoner of the Conservative Party who had no desire to introduce these reforms. To represent the coalition, the cartoonist, David Low invented a two-headed ass. During the 1918 General Election campaign, Lloyd George promised comprehensive reforms to deal with education, housing, health and transport. However, he was now a prisoner of the Conservatives who had no desire to introduce these reforms.
| i don't know |
What term describes the point at which a celestial object in orbit around the Earth , such as the Moon , makes its closest approach to Earth ? | Moon Glossary: Lunar Terms and Definitions
Moon Glossary: Lunar Terms and Definitions
Moon Glossary: Lunar Terms and Definitions
A
Albedo — This term is a unit-less measure that refers to the how much an object diffusely reflects light from the sun.
Angular Diameter — The measurement of the diameter of a distant object from the perspective of the angle resulting between the observer and the object's outer edges. Also known as the 'visual diameter'.
Annular Eclipse — Refers to an solar eclipse where the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth, but with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun to the observer, leaving a bright ring around the circumference of the Moon.
Anomalistic Month — The length of time that the Moon takes to pass between perigee (or apogee) passages — that is, the 27.55455 day period during which the Moon moves from its closest (or farthest) point to the Earth, all the way around and back again.
Anorthositic Rock — A calcium-rich rock type found in abundance on the Moon.
Aphelion — The farthest point from the Sun in a planetary body's orbit.
Apogee — The farthest point from the Earth in the Moon's orbit.
Apogean Tide — The name for low tide when the Moon is at it's farthest point from the Earth.
Apolune — The farthest point from the Moon in an object's orbit around it.
B
Basalt — Volcanic rock formed by rapidly cooling lava. Found on the moon and the earth.
Breccia — A type of rock that is composed of a matrix of different materials, minerals and fragments of other rocks. Found on the moon and the earth.
C
Celestial equator — The projection of the Earth's equator into space. It could be considered an invisible belt that surrounds the Earth in the minds of astronomers.
Celestial Mechanics — The specialized areas of astrology that describes the gravitational effects of heavenly bodies as well as their motion.
Colongitude — Also called selenographic colongitude, it is the longitude of the Moon's morning terminator.
Conjunction — The term applied when two planets are in close proximity to each other in the sky, from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer.
Crater Wall — The cliff-like wall formed by the impact of a meteor with a celestial body such as a planet or moon.
Crescent Moon — The famous image of the Moon frequently used in the media, consisting of only a thin crescent slice of the Moon being visible from Earth. This phase of the moon occurs just after the New Moon phase, which is also known as Dark of the Moon. There is also a Crescent Moon phase just prior to the next New Moon as well.
D
Dark of the Moon — So named because during this phase, the Moon is not visible in the sky, Dark of the Moon is also known as New Moon.
Declination — Declination is the position of a celestial body, such as the Moon, in the equatorial coordinate system. Declination is measured by degrees in relation to the celestial equator.
Diurnal — In astronomy, diurnal generally refers to the motion of an object in a 24 hour period. An example would be Moon-rise. These activities repeat every 24 hours. The diurnal arc describes the amount of time a celestial object takes to transition from fully risen to fully set.
DST — Daylight Savings Time.
E
Earthshine — The light of the sun that is reflected back into space by the Earth, and which can illuminate other objects such as the Moon.
Eclipse — Any interference between the light from the Sun and the object being illuminated. The Moon frequently moves between the Earth and the Sun, blocking out the Sun's rays.
Ecliptic — A term applied to the invisible path in the sky that the Sun moves through during the year, in relation to Earth and the other planets.
Elongation — The angle found between a planet and the Sun, from the perspective of the Earth.
Ephemeris — An astronomical text which contains the position of celestial bodies in the sky as seen from Earth at specific times. These positions are given in coordinates that astronomers can then use to locate and view these bodies.
Equatorial Tide — A tide with a period of 328 hours (approximately every two weeks) that occurs when the Moon is positioned above the equator.
F
Far Side — The side of the Moon which faces away from the Earth and which is not visible via planetary observation.
First Quarter Moon — During this phase of the Moon fifty percent of it is illuminated and visible from the Earth. It occurs after the Crescent phase and before the Waxing Gibbous phase.
Full Moon — During this phase of the Moon it is entirely illuminated and visible from the Earth. The Moon is opposite the Sun in this phase, with the Earth in between.
G
Gibbous Moon — There are two Gibbous phases of the Moon, with the first representing the growing moon between the First Quarter and the Full Moon and the second when it describes the Moon growing smaller as it shrinks down from the Full Moon to the Last Quarter. These phases are referred to as the Waxing and Waning Gibbous, respectively.
Gravity — Gravity is the attractive force which governs the motion of the celestial bodies. Gravity controls the orbits of all planets in our solar system as well as our solar system's relative motion to the Universe. It also plays a significant role in the distribution of mass throughout the Universe.
Grazing Occultation — A phenomenon in which the varied topography of the Moon's surface causes stellar objects such as stars to disappear and reappear at the northern or sudden limit of the Moon intermittently. This occurs due to the motion of the Moon itself across the path between a certain patch of the heavens and the Earth.
Greenwich Mean Time — Time derived from the annual average movement of the sun over the zero degrees longitude position of the Greenwich Observatory in England. The mean is used in order to compensate for the Sun's non-uniform motion. It has since been replaced in astronomical circles by Universal Time.
H
Half Moon — Term that is used to describe the First Quarter Moon and the Last Quarter Moon.
I
Intercalation — The source of leap years, or the addition of an extra day or other period of time in order to reconcile the solar year with that of the calendar we use. This is necessary because the solar year contains approximately 365.25 days, making it necessary to add a full extra day to the calendar every four years. In the past, much longer periods of time were used during intercalation. Intercalary days or months can also be added to the lunar calendar.
L
Lacus — Areas on the Moons surface that have the topography of lakes are prefaced with this Latin term for lake.
Last Quarter — The phase of the Moon between the Waning Gibbous and the Waning Crescent, where fifty percent of the Moon is still visible before the Waning Crescent phase wipes it from the sky.
Latitude — Coordinate system used on a planetary body to give the location of a point in relation to its equator. There are ninety degrees of latitude north and south of the equatorial line.
Librations — The gentle rocking motion of the Moon as it orbits the Earth that allows observation of the side that normally faces away from our planet. In total, through this irregular motion fifty-nine percent of the Moon can be seen.
Limb — The outermost edge of a planetary body or celestial object.
Longitude — Coordinate system used on a planetary body to give the location of a point in relation to a reference meridian. Meridians are lines drawn by cartographers and astronomers that pass through the northern point on the horizon, meeting at the celestial pole. As there is no natural starting meridian, the base or center meridian is chosen arbitrarily on each planet or moon. On Earth's Moon, Sinus Medii represents the zero degree point for longitude, with ninety degrees of longitude available to the east and west.
Lunar Day — There are two definitions of this term. The first refers to the period of time it takes for the Moon to spin completely on its axis in terms of its position to the sun. The second is the amount of time it takes for the Moon to complete a single orbit around the Earth. Due to the eccentric orbit, a Lunar Day varies in length. Lunar Eclipse — This event occurs when the Full Moon moves through the shadow cast by the Earth as it passes between the Sun and the Moon.
Lunar Interval — The difference in time between a phase of the Moon or tide occurring at the Greenwich meridian and a local meridian. This interval represents the passage of the Moon during this time.
Lunar Rays — Lines scored into the crust of a celestial body caused by mass ejected on impact from a meter. Found on both the Moon and Mars.
Lunitidal Interval — The period of time that occurs between the Moon passing over a point on Earth and the next high tide for that point.
M
Magnitude — The brightness of a celestial body. A lower magnitude number indicates a brighter object.
Mare — Name given to plains composed of basalt on the Moon. From the Latin word for 'sea', so-called due to their large landmass. These basalt deposits were left by the eruptions of now-extinct volcanoes.
Mascon — A region in the crust of a celestial body which is denser than average and as such acts to create a local gravitational anomaly. On the moon, there are several basins which demonstrate these properties.
Meridian — Meridians are lines drawn by cartographers and astronomers that pass through the northern point on the horizon of a planetary body or moon, meeting at the celestial pole.
Meteoroid — A meteoroid is any body drifting in space that has a large enough mass to be detected but which is significantly smaller than an asteroid. The exact limit at which a meteoroid is reclassified as an asteroid is up for debate, but generally, any object smaller than 50 meters in diameter is considered a meteoroid.
Moon — The natural satellite in orbit around the planet Earth. Also the classification for any natural satellite found in orbit around any other planet.
Moon Rise — Similar to sunrise, it is the first appearance that the Moon makes over the Earth's horizon, and as such it is relative to the geographical position of the observer.
Moon Set — The opposite of Moon Rise, it is the when the Moon disappears behind the Earth's horizon, relative to the observer.
N
Nadir — The point with a negative ninety degree inclination in relation to the observer, or the point directly beneath their feet.
Neap Tide — When the Moon is at its First Quarter or Last Quarter, its forces are partially cancelled out by the Sun. This leads to a lower high tide than normal.
Near Side — The side of the Moon that is visible from the Earth.
New Moon — If the Moon is on the same side of the Earth as the Sun, then the face of the Moon that can be seen from the Earth is no longer illuminated by the Sun's rays — as only the opposing side is facing the Sun. As a result, it is invisible in the Earth's sky.
Nodes — Also called Lunar Nodes, these are the points where the orbit of the moon intersects the path of the Sun in terms of how it appears to move against the stars. This solar path is called the ecliptic.
Nodical Month — A period of 27.212220 days representing the movement of the Moon starting and finishing at a specific Lunar Node.
O
Occultation — The act of one celestial body obscuring another as a result of moving between the observer and the object being observed. The most well known occultations are the lunar and solar eclipses.
Old Crescent Moon — Phase of the Moon that occurs between the Last Quarter and the New Moon. In this phase, the Moon is visible only as a very thin crescent.
Opposition — The term used to describe two celestial bodies as being opposite each other in the sky, relative to the observer. An example is when the Moon is opposite the Sun, with the observer on the Earth in the middle.
Orbital Eccentricity — Objects orbit in an elliptical fashion; eccentricity can be thought of as the amount by which the orbit of a celestial body deviates from a circular shape.
P
Palus — A Latin term meaning 'swamp' that is used to describe topographical features on the moon which resemble dark plains or swamps.
Parallax — The apparent motion of an observed object against the background caused by the movement of the observer. An example of this is the motion of the stars as seen from observatories on Earth.
Partial Eclipse — When a celestial body gets between another object and a light source, it casts 2 shadows. The umbra blocks all of the light from the light source (usually a sun), and the penumbra blocks only a portion of that light. A partial eclipse occurs when an object finds itself in the penumbra.
Penumbra — The name given to the shadow cast by a celestial object that only blocks a portion of the light.
Perigee — The closest point to the Earth in the Moon's orbit.
Perigean Tide — The tide that occurs when the moon is at its closest point to the earth during its orbit. These tides are higher than normal.
Perihelion — The closest point to the Sun in a planetary body's orbit.
Perilune — The closest point to the Moon in an object's orbit around it.
Phases — When applied to the Moon, the phases refer to the different illumination that it undergoes during it's orbit around the Earth and the Sun. The most commonly known phases of the Moon include Full Moon and the Quarter Moon.
Q
Quadrature — Term that describes two celestial bodies appearing to be ninety degrees apart, from the perspective of the observer. An example is when the Moon appears to be at a right angle to the Sun, as viewed from Earth.
R
Radius — Half the diameter of any sphere or circle.
Regression of nodes — The westward movement of the nodal points of the Moon's orbit where it intercepts the orbit of the sun, also known as the elliptic.
Revolution — A way to describe the movement of one celestial body as it orbits another. A complete revolution is a complete orbit.
Rille — Grooves in the Moon's surface which resemble canals or canyons.
Rotation — The motion of a sphere which is spinning around its own axis. An example would be a basketball spinning on the tip of a finger.
S
Saros Cycle — This cycle predicts the occurrence of eclipses, as after a period of 18 years and 11.3 days the Earth, Moon and Sun all line up in the formation necessary to generate this celestial event.
Satellite — Any object that orbits another celestial body.
Selenography — The study of the topography and features of the Moon's surface.
Sidereal Month — Period of 27.32166 days which represents the Moon's movement through space relative to a start point amongst the stars.
Sinus — Latin term that describes topographical features of the moon that resemble bays.
Solar Eclipse — Term that describes when the Sun is obscured by the Moon from the perspective of Earth.
Spring Tide — When the conjunction or opposition of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon occurs, approximately at the times of the Full Moon and the New Moon, the Sun acts to augment the tidal forces of the Moon, creating a higher than normal tide.
T
Tektites — Objects made from natural glass that are created from the impact of meteorites. They can be found on the Earth and the Moon.
Terminator — The line which delimits night (shadowed portion) and day (sunlit portion) on a celestial body. The Moon's phases illustrate this.
Tides — The rising and falling levels of the ocean in comparison with the bodies of land on Earth. Tides are the result of the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon acting upon the planet.
Transit — The movement of a celestial body across another, from the viewpoint of an observer.
Tropical Month — The period of time, (27.321582 days ), that it takes for the Moon to return to a specific celestial longitude (its position in reference to the stars).
U
Umbra — The name given to the shadow cast by a celestial object that entirely blocks out illumination.
W
Waning Moon — The term used to describe the period of the Moon as it moves from a Full Moon to a New Moon, decreasing in visibility with respect to an Earth-bound observer.
Waxing Moon — The term used to describe the period of the Moon as it moves from a New Moon to a Full Moon, increasing in visibility with respect to an Earth-bound observer.
X, Y, Z
Young Crescent Moon — Name for the initially visible crescent of the Moon immediately after the New Moon.
Zenith — The point with a ninety degree inclination in relation to the observer, or the point directly above them.
Standard
| Apsis |
Which actor's last TV appearance before his death in 1985 was as Daniel Reece in Dynasty ? | earth science - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com
earth science
July 18, 2009 By Doug G. (CARROLLTON, TX)
Rate this list:
ablation
the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
abnormal
not typical or usual or regular
Drought= Abnormal dry weather for a specific area that is sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrological imbalance.
abrasion
erosion by friction
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
abrupt
exceedingly sudden and unexpected
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
perfect or complete or pure
Absolute age=Time measured in years.
absolute magnitude
(astronomy) the magnitude that a star would have if it were viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (32.62 light years) from the earth
Absolute magnitude=The brightness that a star would appear to have if it were 32 light-years (10 parsecs) away.
absolute zero
the lowest temperature theoretically attainable
Absolute Zero=Considered to be the point at which theoretically no molecular activity exists or the temperature at which the volume of a perfect gas vanishes.
the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths
Absorption spectrum=See "spectrum."
abundant
present in great quantity
Eutrophic lake=A lake characterized by abundant dissolved nitrates, phosphates, and other plant nutrients and by a seasonal deficiency of oxygen in bottom water.
abyssal
relating to ocean depths from 2000 to 5000 meters
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
a supplementary component that improves capability
Andesite minerals commonly include plagioclase and hornblende, with lesser amounts of mica, pyroxene, and various accessory minerals.
occurring at the same time, along with, or as a consequence
Cyclone=A low pressure region with its accompanying surface wind.
an increase by natural growth or addition
Accretion=Accumulation of dust and gas into larger bodies.
accumulate
get or gather together
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
accumulated
periodically gathered over time
Earthquake=A sudden motion or trembling of the Earth caused by the abrupt release of slowly accumulated elastic energy in rocks.
accumulation
the act of gathering up
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste
Acid precipitation=A condition in which natural precipitation becomes acidic after reacting with air pollutants.
precipitation forming when gas emissions combine with water
(Often called " acid rain.")
being or containing an acid
Acid precipitation=A condition in which natural precipitation becomes acidic after reacting with air pollutants.
action
something done (usually as opposed to something said)
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
active
characterized by energetic movement
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
adiabatic
occurring without loss or gain of heat
Adiabatic rate=The rate of temperature change in the atmosphere due to the raising or lowering of an air mass.
adjacent
having a common boundary or edge
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
adjustment
the act of making something different
Asthenosphere=The shell within the earth, some tens of kilometers below the surface and of undefined thickness, which is a shell of weakness where plastic movements take place to permit pressure adjustments.
advection
(meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties
Advection fog=Fog that forms when warm moist air from the sea blows onto cooler land, where the air cools and water vapor condenses at ground level.
a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas
Aerosol=Any small particle that is larger than a molecule and suspended in air.
a representative who acts on behalf of others
Deposition=The laying-down of rock-forming materials by any natural agent.
a sum total of many heterogeneous things taken together
An aggregate of cloud droplets forms a visible cloud.
air mass
a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally
Adiabatic rate=The rate of temperature change in the atmosphere due to the raising or lowering of an air mass.
the ratio of reflected to incident light
Albedo=Reflectivity of an object; ratio of reflected light to incident light.
alloy
a mixture containing two or more metallic elements
Control rod=A column of neutron-absorbing alloys that are spaced among fuel rods to fine-tune nuclear fission in a reactor.
alluvial
relating to deposits carried by rushing streams
Alluvial fan=A fan-like accumulation of sediment created where a steep stream slows down rapidly as it reaches a relatively flat valley floor.
alluvial fan
a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out
Alluvial fan=A fan-like accumulation of sediment created where a steep stream slows down rapidly as it reaches a relatively flat valley floor.
alluvium
clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down
Alluvium=A general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel or similar unconsolidated material deposited by a stream or other body of running water.
the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
Alpha Centauri=The closest bright star to our solar system.
brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun
Alpha Centauri=The closest bright star to our solar system.
alternate
go back and forth
Composite cone=A volcano that consists of alternate layers of unconsolidated pyroclastic material and lava flows. (syn: stratovolcano)
Composite Volcano=A steep volcanic cone built by both lava flows and pyroclastic eruptions.
alternative
one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
alternative energy
energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
elevation above sea level or above the earth's surface
Altimeter=An instrument used to determine the altitude of an object with respect to a fixed level.
a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles
E.g., Altostratus.
a silvery ductile metallic element
Bauxite=A gray, yellow, or reddish brown rock composed of a mixture of aluminum oxides and hydroxides.
amplify
increase the volume of
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
not using or dependent on oxygen
Anaerobic=Without oxygen; anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that live without oxygen.
analysis
abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts
Cost benefit analysis=A system of analysis that attempts to weigh the cost of an act or policy, such as pollution control, directly against the economic benefits.
a gauge for recording the speed and direction of wind
Anemometer=an instrument that measures wind speed
Aneriod Barometer=A barometer whose pressure sensor consists of an aneroid capsule, a thin, hollow disk partially evacuated and sealed.
containing no liquid or actuated without the use of liquid
Anemometer=an instrument that measures wind speed
Aneriod Barometer=A barometer whose pressure sensor consists of an aneroid capsule, a thin, hollow disk partially evacuated and sealed.
angular
having the shape of intersecting lines or planes
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
antecedent
a preceding occurrence or cause or event
Antecedent stream=A stream that was established before local uplift started and cut its channel at the same rate the land wasrising.
sloping downward away from a common crest
Dome=A circular or elliptical anticlinal structure.
anticyclone
winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center
Anticline=A fold in rock that resembles an arch; the fold is convex upward and the oldest rocks are in the middle Anticyclone: An area of high pressure, also called a High, around which the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere (and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).
anticyclonic
of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a high pressure center
Anticyclonic=The wind circulation pattern in Highs, or anticyclones, that has a sense of rotation opposite to that of cyclones and the Earth's rotation.
anvil
a heavy block on which hot metals are shaped by hammering
The base of cumulus clouds is generally found from 500 to 3000 meters Large cumulonimbus clouds may extend to over 18,000 meters and be topped with anvil-shaped ice clouds.
Aphelion =The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun.
Apogee =The point in orbit farthest from the Earth.
the farthest point in an orbit around the Earth
Aphelion =The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun.
Apogee =The point in orbit farthest from the Earth.
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
Apparent magnitude=The brightness of a star as seen from Earth.
imprecise but fairly close to correct
Air mass=A large body of air that has approximately the same temperature and humidity throughout.
aquifer
underground layer of rock or sand that yields groundwater
Aquifer=A body of rock that contains significant quantities of water that can be tapped by wells or springs.
area
the extent of a 2-dimensional surface within a boundary
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
a colorless and odorless inert gas
Argon (A) at 0.93%; and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.033%.
an impressive display
Crystal=A solid element or compound whose atoms are arranged in a regular, orderly, periodically repeated array.
artesian
rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure
Artesian aquifer=An inclined aquifer that is bounded top and bottom by layers of impermeable rock so the water is under pressure.
artificial
contrived by art rather than nature
Artificial channel=Any channel dredged to modify the natural channel or to alter the course of a stream.
select something or someone for a specific purpose
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
asteroid
a small celestial body composed of rock and metal
Asteroid=A rocky space object that can be from a few hundred feet to several hundred km wide.
asthenosphere
the lower layer of the crust
Asthenosphere=The shell within the earth, some tens of kilometers below the surface and of undefined thickness, which is a shell of weakness where plastic movements take place to permit pressure adjustments.
astronomer
a physicist who studies celestial bodies and the universe
Constellation=One of 88 groups of stars that astronomers refer to for convenience in referring to the positions of objects in the night sky.
astronomical
relating to the branch of physics studying celestial bodies
Astronomical unit=(AU) The average distance from the Earth to the Sun; 1 AU is 149,597,870 kilometers (92,960,116 miles).
the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies
Astronomy=Astronomy is the study of everything that lies beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body
Adiabatic rate=The rate of temperature change in the atmosphere due to the raising or lowering of an air mass.
atmospheric
relating to or located in the mass of air surrounding Earth
Atmosphere=One atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch (105 Newtons per square meter); the average atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth.
atmospheric pressure
the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
Atmosphere=One atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch (105 Newtons per square meter); the average atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth.
atoll
an island consisting of a coral reef surrounding a lagoon
Atoll=A circular reef that surrounds a lagoon and is bounded on the outside by deep water of the open sea.
the smallest component of an element
Chemical bond=The linkage between atoms in molecules and between molecules and ions in crystals.
relating to the smallest component of an element
Conduction=The transport of heat by atomic or molecular motion.
aurora
bands of light caused by charged solar particles
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
aurora borealis
the aurora of the northern hemisphere
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
automatic
operating with minimal human intervention
Convection=Fluid (gas or liquid) circulation driven by temperature and density differences; the transfer of heat by this automatic circulation (currents).
a slide of large masses of snow, ice and mud down a mountain
Avalanche=A large mass of material falling or sliding rapidly due to the force of gravity.
average
an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual
Astronomical unit=(AU) The average distance from the Earth to the Sun; 1 AU is 149,597,870 kilometers (92,960,116 miles).
axis
a straight line through a body or figure
Eccentricity=A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit; the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis.
single-celled organisms that can cause disease
Anaerobic=Without oxygen; anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that live without oxygen.
an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
Altimeter=A barometer with a scale calibrated in units of elevation rather than pressure.
a structure or object that impedes free movement
Barrier island=A long, narrow, low-lying island that extends parallel to the shoreline.
a long narrow sandy island running parallel to the shore
Barrier island=A long, narrow, low-lying island that extends parallel to the shoreline.
a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore
Barrier reef=A reef separated from the coast by a deep, wide lagoon.
serving as or forming a bottom layer
Basal slip=Movement of the entire mass of a glacier along the bedrock.
large mass of intrusive igneous rock believed to have solidified deep within the earth
Batholith=A large plutonic mass of intrusive rock with more than 100 square kilometers of surface exposed.
solid unweathered rock beneath surface deposits of soil
Basal slip=Movement of the entire mass of a glacier along the bedrock.
benefit
something that aids or promotes well-being
Cost benefit analysis=A system of analysis that attempts to weigh the cost of an act or policy, such as pollution control, directly against the economic benefits.
big bang
(cosmology) the cosmic explosion that is hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
big bang theory
(cosmology) the theory that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature
The big bang theory postulates that 10 to 20 billion years ago, all matter exploded from an infinitely compressed state.
pertaining to life and living things
The fragments are clastic, but they are of biological origin.
biomass
the total mass of living matter in a given unit area
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
major ecological community with distinct climate and flora
Biome=A community of plants living in a large geographic area characterized by a particular climate.
the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems
Bioremediation=The use of microorganisms to decompose an environmental contaminant.
the regions of the Earth where living organisms exist
Biosphere=The zone inhabited by life.
any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons
Bitumen=A general name for solid and semi-solid hydrocarbons that are fusible and soluble in carbon bisulfide.
black hole
a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star
Black hole=An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
black ice
a thin coating of ice on a road or sidewalk
Black ice=Thin, new ice on fresh or salt water that appears dark in color because of its transparency.
blackbody
a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it
Blackbody temperature=The temperature of an object if it is reradiating all the thermal energy that has been added to it; if an object is not a blackbody radiator, it will not reradiate all the excess heat and the leftover will go toward increasing
a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds
Blizzard conditions are common in a well-developed Alberta Clipper.
subshrubs of southeastern United States forming slow-growing clumps and having blue flowers in short terminal cymes
Blue stars=These are the hottest stars, with a surface temperature of more than 37,000ðF.
Body wave=A seismic wave that travel through the interior of the Earth.
change from a liquid to vapor
Boiling point=The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vaporous state.
the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level
Boiling point=The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vaporous state.
an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding)
The boiling point of pure water at standard pressure is 100ðC or 212ðF.
Bolide=An exploding meteorite.
boulder
a large smooth mass of rock detached from a place of origin
Cobbles=Rounded rock fragments in the 64 to 256 mm size range, larger than pebbles and smaller than boulders.
Brahe
Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler first discovered that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, not circles; he based his discovery on the careful observations of Tycho Brahe.
breccia
a rudaceous rock consisting of sharp fragments embedded in clay or sand
Breccia=A course-grained rock, composed of angular, broken rock fragments held together by a mineral cement or a fine-grained matrix.
broad
having great extent from one side to the other
Bajada=A broad depositional surface extending outward from a mountain front formed by the merging of alluvial fans.
a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region
A butte is smaller and more tower-like than a mesa.
calcium
a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light
Basalt=A dark-colored, very fine grained, mafic, volcanic rock composed of about half calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar and half pyroxene.
a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone
Caliche=A hard soil layer formed when calcium carbonate precipitates and cements the soil.
a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano
Caldera=A large circular depression caused by an explosive volcanic eruption.
unit of heat raising 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade
Results in liberation of 80 calories per cubic centimeter.
giving birth to a calf
Calving=A process in which large chunks of ice break off from tidewater glaciers to form icebergs.
capability to perform or produce
Capacity=The maximum quantity of sediment that a stream can carry.
capillary
a minute blood vessel connecting arterioles with venules
Capillary action=The action by which water is pulled upward through small pores by electrical attraction to the pore walls.
capillary action
a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
Capillary action=The action by which water is pulled upward through small pores by electrical attraction to the pore walls.
a small container
Anemometer=an instrument that measures wind speed
Aneriod Barometer=A barometer whose pressure sensor consists of an aneroid capsule, a thin, hollow disk partially evacuated and sealed.
an abundant nonmetallic element in all organic compounds
Argon (A) at 0.93%; and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.033%.
an atom of carbon
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
Argon (A) at 0.93%; and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.033%.
cavern
a large cave or a large chamber in a cave
Cavern=An underground cavity or series of chambers created when groundwater dissolves large amounts of rock, usually limestone. (syn: cave)
Celestial sphere=An imaginary sphere around the Earth that all the stars and planets are placed on.
celestial
relating to or inhabiting a divine heaven
Asteroid number=Asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered; it has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N.
Asteroid=One of the many small celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
celestial body
natural objects visible in the sky
Asteroid number=Asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered; it has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N.
Asteroid=One of the many small celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
celestial sphere
the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected
Cavern=An underground cavity or series of chambers created when groundwater dissolves large amounts of rock, usually limestone. (syn: cave)
Celestial sphere=An imaginary sphere around the Earth that all the stars and planets are placed on.
Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer
Celsius and -459.67o
Cenozoic
of or relating to or denoting the Cenozoic era
Cenozoic era=The latest of the four eras into which geologic time is subdivided; 65 million years ago to the present.
an area that is in the middle of some larger region
Barchan dune=A crescent shaped dune, highest in the center, with the tips facing downwind.
a fluorocarbon with chlorine
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=( CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
chain reaction
a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
chamber
a natural or artificial enclosed space
Cavern=An underground cavity or series of chambers created when groundwater dissolves large amounts of rock, usually limestone. (syn: cave)
Celestial sphere=An imaginary sphere around the Earth that all the stars and planets are placed on.
channel
a deep and relatively narrow body of water
Antecedent stream=A stream that was established before local uplift started and cut its channel at the same rate the land wasrising.
channels
official routes of communication
Braided stream=A stream that divides into a network of branching and reuniting shallow channels separated by mid-channel bars.
character
a property that defines the individual nature of something
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
chart
a visual display of information
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
Chemical bond=The linkage between atoms in molecules and between molecules and ions in crystals.
an electrical force linking atoms
Chemical bond=The linkage between atoms in molecules and between molecules and ions in crystals.
chemist
a scientist who specializes in chemistry
Atmospheric chemists divide the atmosphere into the heterosphere, where gases are well mixed, and the homosphere, where gases are found in differentiated layers.
variety of silica containing microcrystalline quartz
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
a fluorocarbon with chlorine
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun
Chromosphere=A turbulent diffuse gaseous layer of the Sun that lies above the photosphere.
a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain
Cirque=A steep-walled horseshoe-shaped recess high on a mountain that is formed by glacial erosion.
cirrus
a wispy white cloud at a high altitude
Cirrus=A principal cloud type present at high altitudes, generally above 7000 meters, and composed of ice crystals.
capable of being taken apart
The fragments are clastic, but they are of biological origin.
(geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks
Clastic rocks=sedimentary rocks formed from fragments of other rocks.
the weather in some location averaged over a period of time
Biome=A community of plants living in a large geographic area characterized by a particular climate.
scissors for cutting hair or finger nails
Alberta Clipper=A fast moving winter storm originating in the Alberta, Canada region.
a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
Argon (A) at 0.93%; and Carbon Dioxide ( CO2) 0.033%.
the shore of a sea or ocean
Barrier reef=A reef separated from the coast by a deep, wide lagoon.
cold front
the front of an advancing mass of colder air
Cold front=the leading edge of an advancing cold air mass that is under running and displacing the warmer air in its path.
break down, literally or metaphorically
Degeneracy pressure=The strength of the atomic particles that holds a white dwarf star from further collapse.
collide
crash together with violent impact
Cold front=A front that forms when moving cold air collides with stationary or slower moving warm air.
a line of units following one after another
Column=A dripstone or speleothem formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and fuse together.
a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness
Coma=The dust and gas surrounding an active comet's nucleus.
a small frozen mass that travels around the sun
Coma=The dust and gas surrounding an active comet's nucleus.
the quality of being adequately or well qualified
Competence=A measure of the largest particles that a stream can transport.
one of the individual parts making up a larger entity
Advection=In meteorology, the horizontal component of a convection current in air, i.e.
involving the joint activity of two or more
Current=A continuous flow of water in a concerted direction.
changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state
A cloud forms in the atmosphere as a result of condensation of water vapor.
condense
cause a gas or vapor to change into a liquid
Advection fog=Fog that forms when warm moist air from the sea blows onto cooler land, where the air cools and water vapor condenses at ground level.
the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
Conduction=the movement of heat to an object by its contact with a hotter object.
a shape with a circular base and sides tapering to a point
They occur with composite volcanic cones associated with convergent plate margins.
confined
being in captivity
Artesian Well=A well in an aquifer where the groundwater is confined under pressure and the water level will rise above the top of the confined aquifer.
restricting the scope or freedom of action
Confining pressure=See "confining stress."
disposed or willing to comply
Conformable=The condition in which sedimentary layers were deposited continuously without interruption.
one after the other
Contour interval=the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
Contour line=line on a topographic map that connects points on land that have the same elevation.
consist
have its essential character
Andesite=A fine-grained gray or green volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and granite, consisting of about equal amounts of plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals.
obvious to the eye or mind
Butte=A conspicuous, isolated, flattop hill with steep slopes.
constant
uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing
Altitude=height (number of degrees) of an object above the horizon.In meteorology, the measure of a height of an airborne object in respect to a constant pressure surface or above mean sea level.
a configuration of stars as seen from the earth
Constellation=a group of stars that appears to form a pattern in the sky.
one of the individual parts making up a composite entity
One other important constituents of air is water vapor (H2O) which varies from 0% to about 4%.
form or compose
Eccentricity=The shape of the ellipse that constitutes the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Echo sounder=An instrument that emits sound waves and then records them after they reflects off the sea floor.
the act of using something up
Consumption=Any process that uses water, and then returns it to the Earth far from its source.
contact
the act of touching physically
The black color is caused by precipitation of very fine grained metal sulfide minerals as hydrothermal solutions cool by contact with sea water.
contain
hold or have within
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite=Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
continent
one of the large landmasses of the earth
Accreted terrain=A land mass that originated as an island arc or a microcontinent that was later added onto a continent.
continental drift
the gradual movement of very large land masses
Continental Drift=The theory that horizontal movement of the earth's surface causes slow, relative movements of the continents toward or away from one another.
continental shelf
the relatively shallow seabed surrounding a continent
Carbonate platform=An extensive accumulation of limestone such as the Florida Keys and the Bahamas, formed on a continental shelf in warm regions where sediment does not muddy the water and reef-building organisms thrive.
continental slope
the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone
Continental glacier=A glacier that forms a continuous cover of ice over areas of 50,000 square kilometers or more and spreads outward in all directions under the influence of its own weight. (syn: ice sheet)
Continental margin=The region between the shoreline of a continent and the deep ocean basins including the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
continuous
moving in time or space without interruption
Continental glacier=A glacier that forms a continuous cover of ice over areas of 50,000 square kilometers or more and spreads outward in all directions under the influence of its own weight. (syn: ice sheet)
Continental margin=The region between the shoreline of a continent and the deep ocean basins including the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
Contour interval=the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
Contour line=line on a topographic map that connects points on land that have the same elevation.
a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
Contour interval=the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
Contour line=line on a topographic map that connects points on land that have the same elevation.
control rod
a steel or aluminum rod that can be moved up or down to control the rate of the nuclear reaction
Control rod=A column of neutron-absorbing alloys that are spaced among fuel rods to fine-tune nuclear fission in a reactor.
transfer of heat through a fluid caused by molecular motion
Advection=In meteorology, the horizontal component of a convection current in air, i.e.
the act of coming closer
Convergence=The flow of the wind resulting in a horizontal inflow of air into a region.
tending to come together from different directions
They occur with composite volcanic cones associated with convergent plate margins.
converted
spiritually reborn
Desertification=A process by which semiarid land is converted to desert, often by improper farming or by climate change.
convex
curving or bulging outward
Anticline=A fold in rock that resembles an arch; the fold is convex upward and the oldest rocks are in the middle Anticyclone: An area of high pressure, also called a High, around which the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere (and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).
core
the center of an object
Core, inner=spherical center of the Earth, about 1200 km in diameter and made of solid iron and nickel.
Coriolis effect
(physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the diverging winds to the right, forming a pinwheel pattern with the air spiraling clockwise.
one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object
Corona=The very hot outermost layer of a star's atmosphere.
a reciprocal connection between two or more things
Corona=The luminous irregular envelope of highly ionized gas outside the chromosphere of the Sun.
Correlation=the process of matching rock layers from different locations.
cosmic
pertaining to or characteristic of the universe
Cosmic ray=Electromagnetic rays of extremely high frequency and energy; cosmic rays usually interact with the atoms of the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the Earth.
cosmic ray
highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin; consisting chiefly of protons and alpha particles; collision with atmospheric particles results in rays and particles of many kinds
Cosmic ray=Electromagnetic rays of extremely high frequency and energy; cosmic rays usually interact with the atoms of the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the Earth.
Crater
a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Corvus
Crater=A depression formed by the impact of a meteorite. 2) A depression around the orifice of a volcano.
crater
a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano
Ash Flow=A turbulent mixture of gas and rock fragments, most of which are ash-sized particles, ejected violently from a crater or fissure.
craton
the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian
Craton=A segment of continental crust, usually in the interior of a continent, that has been tectonically stable for a long time commonly a billion years or longer.
Cretaceous
of or relating to or denoting the third period of the Mesozoic era
Cretaceous period=A geological term denoting the interval of Earth history beginning around 144 million years ago and ending 66 million years ago.
crevasse
a deep fissure
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
consisting of or containing or of the nature of crystals
Cleavage=The way crystalline minerals split or break along an even plane (planar surfaces).
cumulonimbus
a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms
The dense, cold air distorts into a blunt wedge and pushes under the warmer air, creating a narrow band of violent weather commonly accompanied by cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds.
cumulus
a globular cloud
The dense, cold air distorts into a blunt wedge and pushes under the warmer air, creating a narrow band of violent weather commonly accompanied by cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds.
occurring in or belonging to the present time
Advection=In meteorology, the horizontal component of a convection current in air, i.e.
a periodically repeated sequence of events
Climate refers to yearly cycles of temperature, wind, rainfall, etc., and not to daily variations (see "weather").
cyclical
recurring in a repeated sequence of events
Effluent stream=A stream that receives water from groundwater because its channel lies below the water table. (syn: gaining stream)
El Nino=(Niño, Nin~o) The cyclical warming of East Pacific Ocean sea water temperatures off the western coast of South America that can result in significant changes in weather patterns in the United States and elsewhere.
cyclone
a violent storm in which air moves in a circular direction
Anticyclonic=The wind circulation pattern in Highs, or anticyclones, that has a sense of rotation opposite to that of cyclones and the Earth's rotation.
cyclonic
of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a low pressure center
Cyclonic=Air flow around the center of a surface Low. In the Northern Hemisphere, this flow is counterclockwise as seen from above.
a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
The data is then used to record the topography of the sea floor.
the remains of something that has been destroyed
A mixture of these materials is commonly called a debris flow.
decay
the organic phenomenon of rotting
Absolute Date=An estimate of the true age of a mineral or rock based on the rate of decay of radioactive minerals.
decomposition
the organic phenomenon of rotting
Chemical weathering=breakdown or decomposition of a rock that takes place when minerals are changed into different substances.
decrease
a change downward
Generally, with the passage of a cold front, the temperature and humidity decrease, the pressure rises, and the wind shifts (usually from the southwest to the northwest in the Northern Hemisphere).
define
show the form or outline of
Eccentricity=A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit; the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis.
defined
showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
definition
a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase
Blizzard=Although blizzard is often used to describe any major snow storm with strong winds, the technical definition for a blizzard requires at least 3 hours in duration; low temperatures (usually less than minus 7C or 20F), strong winds (greater than 55 km/h or 35 mph), blowing snow which reduces visibility to less that 1 kilometer (0.6 miles).
the act of letting the air out of something
Deflation=Erosion by wind.
deflect
turn from a straight course or fixed direction
In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the diverging winds to the right, forming a pinwheel pattern with the air spiraling clockwise.
degree
a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series
Altitude=height (number of degrees) of an object above the horizon.In meteorology, the measure of a height of an airborne object in respect to a constant pressure surface or above mean sea level.
the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
Delta=A fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed at the mouth of a stream or river.
demise
the time when something ends
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
dense
having high compaction or concentration
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
density
the amount per unit size
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
deposit
the act of putting something somewhere
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
the act of putting something somewhere
Deposition=The laying-down of rock-forming materials by any natural agent.
a sunken or lowered geological formation
Blowout=A small depression created by wind erosion.
move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way
Anticyclone=A system of rotating winds that develop where descending air spreads out over the Earth's surface.
describe
give a statement representing something
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch
Example: crater
Desert pavement=A continuous cover of stones created as wind erodes fine sediment, leaving larger rocks behind.
desertification
a gradual transformation into arid, uninhabitable land
Desertification=A process by which semiarid land is converted to desert, often by improper farming or by climate change.
progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
Aa flows commonly developed from pahoehoe flows as they cool and lose gas.
Devonian
from 405 million to 345 million years ago
Devonian=A period of time in the Paleozoic Era that covered the time span between 408 and 360 million years.
dew
water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight
Dew Point=(or Dew Point Temperature) The temperature to which air must be cooled for saturation to occur.
dew point
the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins
Dew Point=(or Dew Point Temperature) The temperature to which air must be cooled for saturation to occur.
the length of a straight line through the center of a circle
Ash=(volcanic) Fine pyroclastic material less than 2 mm in diameter.
differential
a quality that distinguishes between similar things
Differential weathering=The process by which certain rocks weathers more rapidly than adjacent rocks usually resulting in an uneven surface.
differentiated
made different or shown to be different
Atmospheric chemists divide the atmosphere into the heterosphere, where gases are well mixed, and the homosphere, where gases are found in differentiated layers.
spread out; not concentrated in one place
Chromosphere=A turbulent diffuse gaseous layer of the Sun that lies above the photosphere.
dinosaur
an extinct terrestrial reptile of the Mesozoic era
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary=A major stratigraphic boundary on Earth marking the end of the Mesozoic Era, best known as the age of the dinosaurs.
an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule
Argon (A) at 0.93%; and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.033%.
direction
a line leading to a place or point
Anticline=A fold in rock that resembles an arch; the fold is convex upward and the oldest rocks are in the middle Anticyclone: An area of high pressure, also called a High, around which the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere (and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).
discordant
not in agreement or harmony
Discordant=Pertaining to a dike or other feature that cuts across sedimentary layers or other kinds of layering in country rock.
something with a round shape resembling a flat circular plate
Anemometer=an instrument that measures wind speed
Aneriod Barometer=A barometer whose pressure sensor consists of an aneroid capsule, a thin, hollow disk partially evacuated and sealed.
displace
cause to move, usually with force or pressure
This occurs when warm equatorial waters move in and displace the colder waters of the Peru Current, cutting off the upwelling process.
dissolve
pass into a solution
Cavern=An underground cavity or series of chambers created when groundwater dissolves large amounts of rock, usually limestone. (syn: cave)
Celestial sphere=An imaginary sphere around the Earth that all the stars and planets are placed on.
distort
twist and press out of shape
The dense, cold air distorts into a blunt wedge and pushes under the warmer air, creating a narrow band of violent weather commonly accompanied by cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds.
distributary
a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it
Distributary=A channel that flows outward from the main stream channel, such as is commonly found in deltas.
the act of spreading or apportioning
Epidemiology=The study of the distribution of sickness in a population.
moving away in different direction from a common point
The opposite of convergence is divergence.
tending to move apart in different directions
Continental rifting=The process by which a continent is pulled apart at a divergent plate boundary.
diversion
a turning aside
Diversion=All processes that transfer ground or surface water from its natural place and path in the hydrologic cycle to a new place and path to serve human needs.
divide
a serious disagreement between two groups of people
Atmospheric chemists divide the atmosphere into the heterosphere, where gases are well mixed, and the homosphere, where gases are found in differentiated layers.
a belt of calms between the Atlantic and Pacific trade winds
Doldrums=the rainy equatorial belt of low pressure and slowly rising air.
dome
a concave shape whose concavity faces downward
Compound Volcano=A volcano that consists of a complex of two or more vents, or a volcano that has an associated volcanic dome, either in its crater or on its flanks.
Doppler
Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853)
Doppler effect=The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both.
Doppler effect
change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other
Doppler effect=The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both.
dormant
inactive but capable of becoming active
Dormant volcano=This term is used to describe a volcano which is presently inactive but which may erupt again.
in the direction of a stream's current
Discharge=The volume of water flowing downstream per unit time.
emptying something by allowing liquid to run out of it
Drainage Basin=The area of land drained by a river system.
the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet
Divide=The higher land separating two adjacent drainage basins.
drift
be in motion due to some air or water current
Often these snow storms have high winds reaching 100 km/h which reduce visibility through blowing and drifting snow.
the form of calcium carbonate found in stalactites and stalagmites
Column=A dripstone or speleothem formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and fuse together.
very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower
They are smaller in size than either drizzle or rain drops.
drought
a shortage of rainfall
Drought=Abnormal dry weather for a specific area that is sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrological imbalance.
a mound of glacial drift
Drumlin=a long, canoe-shaped hill made of till and shaped by an advancing glacier.
a ridge of sand created by the wind
Barchan dune=A crescent shaped dune, highest in the center, with the tips facing downwind.
duration
the period of time during which something continues
Blizzard=Although blizzard is often used to describe any major snow storm with strong winds, the technical definition for a blizzard requires at least 3 hours in duration; low temperatures (usually less than minus 7C or 20F), strong winds (greater than 55 km/h or 35 mph), blowing snow which reduces visibility to less that 1 kilometer (0.6 miles).
dust bowl
a region subject to dust storms
Dust Bowl=The term given to the area of the Great Plains including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico that was most greatly affected during the Great Drought of the 1930's.
the third planet from the sun
Air pressure=(barometric pressure) weight of the atmosphere per unit area
Air=The mixture of gases that make up the earth's atmosphere.
vibration from underground movement along a fault plane
Aseismic ridge=A submarine mountain chain with little or no earthquake activity.
earthy
of or consisting of or resembling the soil
Chalk=A very fine grained, soft, earthy, white to gray bioclastic limestone made of the shells and skeletons of marine microorganisms.
conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual
Eccentric=Noncircular; elliptical (applied to an orbit).
eccentricity
strange and unconventional behavior
Eccentricity=A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit; the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis.
a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return
Eccentricity=The shape of the ellipse that constitutes the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Echo sounder=An instrument that emits sound waves and then records them after they reflects off the sea floor.
one celestial body obscures another
Our Sun's corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse.
ecliptic
the great circle representing the annual path of the sun
Ecliptic=The plane of Earth's orbit about the Sun. The sun's apparent path across the sky that tracks a circle through the celestial sphere.
economical
using the minimum of time or resources for effectiveness
Disseminated ore deposit=A large low-grade ore deposit in which generally fine-grained metal-bearing minerals are widely scattered throughout a rock body in sufficient concentration to make the deposit economical to mine.
in a manner using the minimum of time or resources
Aquifer=A porous and permeable body of rock that can yield economically significant quantities of ground water.
edge
a line determining the limits of an area
Cold front=the leading edge of an advancing cold air mass that is under running and displacing the warmer air in its path.
effect
a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the diverging winds to the right, forming a pinwheel pattern with the air spiraling clockwise.
physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)
E=mc2 Einstein's famous theory of relativity formula known as the energy-mass relation.
eject
put out or expel from a place
Ash Flow=A turbulent mixture of gas and rock fragments, most of which are ash-sized particles, ejected violently from a crater or fissure.
El Nino
(oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time
Effluent stream=A stream that receives water from groundwater because its channel lies below the water table. (syn: gaining stream)
El Nino=(Niño, Nin~o) The cyclical warming of East Pacific Ocean sea water temperatures off the western coast of South America that can result in significant changes in weather patterns in the United States and elsewhere.
elastic
capable of resuming shape after stretching or compression
Earthquake=A sudden motion or trembling of the Earth caused by the abrupt release of slowly accumulated elastic energy in rocks.
electrical
relating to or concerned with electricity
Capillary action=The action by which water is pulled upward through small pores by electrical attraction to the pore walls.
electromagnetic
pertaining to or exhibiting magnetism produced by electric charge in motion
Cosmic ray= Electromagnetic rays of extremely high frequency and energy; cosmic rays usually interact with the atoms of the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the Earth.
electromagnetic radiation
radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
Electromagnetic radiation=The transfer of energy by an oscillating electric and magnetic field; it travels as a wave and also behaves as a stream of particles.
the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic spectrum=total range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma waves.
radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
Electromagnetic spectrum=total range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma waves.
an elementary particle with negative charge
Electron=A fundamental particle which forms a diffuse cloud of negative charge around an atom.
concerned with principles governing behavior of electrons
There are three common types of barometers used widely today: mercury barometer; aneroid barometer; electronic barometer.
a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
Compound=A pure substance composed of two or more elements whose composition is constant.
elongate
make long or longer by pulling and stretching
Bar=An elongate mound of sediment, usually composed of sand or gravel, in a stream channel or along a coastline.
emergent
coming into existence
Emergent coastline=A coastline that was recently under water but has been exposed either because the land has risen or sea level has fallen.
the act of causing to flow forth
Emission nebula=A glowing cloud of interstellar gas.
spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a self-luminous source
Emission spectrum=See "spectrum."
emit
give off, send forth, or discharge
Some cosmic rays come from outside the solar system while others are emitted from the Sun and pass through holes in the corona.
energy
forceful exertion
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
constituting the full quantity or extent; complete
Basal slip=Movement of the entire mass of a glacier along the bedrock.
the act of going in
See glossary entries for more on these types.
environment
the totality of surrounding conditions
Chemical weathering=The chemical decomposition of rocks and minerals by exposure to air, water, and other chemicals in the environment.
of or relating to the external conditions or surroundings
Bioremediation=The use of microorganisms to decompose an environmental contaminant.
the longest unit of geological time
Archean Eon=A division of geologic time 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago.
a point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake
Epicenter=the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
Epidemiology=The study of the distribution of sickness in a population.
a period marked by distinctive character
Epoch=a subdivision of a geological period on the geologic timetable.
equal
having the same quantity, value, or measure as another
Andesite=A fine-grained gray or green volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and granite, consisting of about equal amounts of plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals.
equator
an imaginary line around the Earth forming a great circle
Coriolis Effect=the effect of Earth's rotation that causes the deflection of moving objects towards or away from the equator.
equilibrium
a stable situation in which forces cancel one another
The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure between a liquid and its vapor is equal to the external pressure on the liquid.
when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator
Autumnal Equinox=see Equinox
eroded
worn away as by water or ice or wind
Angular unconformity=An unconformity in which younger sediment or sedimentary rocks rest on the eroded surface of tilted orfolded older rocks.
erosion
the process of wearing or grinding something down
The oldest known rocks formed at the beginning of or just prior to the start of the Archean Eon.
Arête=A sharp narrow ridge between adjacent valleys formed by glacial erosion.
erratic
liable to sudden unpredictable change
Erratic=(glacial) Large rocks or other debris deposited by a glacier, usually in an area far removed from its source.
erupt
start suddenly
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
eruption
the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge
Ash flow=A mixture of volcanic ash, larger pyroclastic particles, and gas that flows rapidly along the Earth's surface as a result of an explosive volcanic eruption. (syn: nuee ardente)
Ash=flow tuff-A pyroclastic rock formed when an ash flow solidifies.
producing or characterized by eruptions
Eruptive Vent=The opening through which volcanic material is emitted.
escape velocity
the minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field
Black hole=An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
(geology) a long winding ridge of post glacial gravel and other sediment; deposited by meltwater from glaciers or ice sheets
Esker=a long, winding ridge formed when sand and gravel fill meltwater tunnels beneath a glacier.
estuary
the wide part of a river where it nears the sea
Estuary=A bay that formed when a broad river valley was submerged by rising sea level or a sinking coast.
eutrophic
(ecology) of a lake or other body of water rich in nutrients and subject to eutrophication
Eutrophic lake=A lake characterized by abundant dissolved nitrates, phosphates, and other plant nutrients and by a seasonal deficiency of oxygen in bottom water.
move out of an unsafe location into safety
Evacuate=Temporarily move people away from possible danger.
evaporative
relating to or causing or being caused by evaporation
Downbursts occur in regions of a severe thunderstorm where the air is accelerated downward by exceptionally strong evaporative cooling occurs (a dry downburst) or by very heavy rain which drags dry air down with it (a wet downburst).
something that happens at a given place and time
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
exceed
be or do something to a greater degree
Accumulation area=The upper part of a glacier where accumulation of snow during the winter exceeds melting during the summer, causing a net gain of glacial ice.
excess
the state of being more than full
Blackbody temperature=The temperature of an object if it is reradiating all the thermal energy that has been added to it; if an object is not a blackbody radiator, it will not reradiate all the excess heat and the leftover will go toward increasing its temperature.
expand
extend in one or more directions
The difference between the exterior air pressure and the interior pressure causes the disk to expand or contract slightly.
exposure
the state of being vulnerable to something
Aspect=The orientation of a slope with respect to the Sun; the geographic orientation or exposure of a slope.
extend
stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope
Antarctic Ozone Hole=An extended area of extreme depletion of the ozone layer which forms over the southern polar region eachaustral spring (September through November).
extinct
no longer in existence
The major volcanic cones of the Cascade Mountains (in Washington, Oregon, and California) are believed to be dormant rather than extinct.
extinction
no longer in existence
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
of or relating to a temperature scale proposed by the inventor of the mercury thermometer
Fahrenheit.
fan
a device for creating a current of air by movement
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
faucet
a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid
When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it spreads outward in all directions in a circle, like a fast-running faucet hitting the sink bottom.
a prominent attribute or aspect of something
Correlation=Demonstration of the equivalence of rocks or geologic features age from different locations.
fine-grained
consisting of fine particles
Andesite=A fine-grained gray or green volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and granite, consisting of about equal amounts of plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals.
fine-tune
make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring
Control rod=A column of neutron-absorbing alloys that are spaced among fuel rods to fine-tune nuclear fission in a reactor.
fission
reproduction of a unicellular organism by cell division
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
fissure
a long narrow depression in a surface
Ash Flow=A turbulent mixture of gas and rock fragments, most of which are ash-sized particles, ejected violently from a crater or fissure.
easily ignited
Coal=A flammable organic sedimentary rock formed from partially decomposed plant material and composed mainly of carbon.
a hard kind of stone
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
flood
the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto land
Artificial levee=A wall built along the banks of a stream to prevent rising flood water from spilling out of the stream channel onto the flood plain.
flood plain
a low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding
Artificial levee=A wall built along the banks of a stream to prevent rising flood water from spilling out of the stream channel onto the flood plain.
fluid
continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow
Contact metamorphism=Metamorphism caused by heating of country rock, and/or addition of fluids, from a nearby igneous intrusion.
a nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
focus
the concentration of attention or energy on something
Eccentricity=A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit; the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis.
a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement
E=mc2 Einstein's famous theory of relativity formula known as the energy-mass relation.
fossil
the remains of a plant or animal from a past geological age
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
fracture
breaking of hard tissue such as bone
Black smoker=A jet of black water spouting from a fracture in the sea floor, commonly near the mid-oceanic ridge.
the resistance when a body is moved in contact with another
Abrasion=The mechanical wearing and grinding of rock surfaces by friction and impact.
fuel
a substance that can be consumed to produce energy
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
fundamental
serving as an essential component
Cross cutting relationships=A fundamental principle of geology, which states that rocks that cut through other rocks are younger than the rocks being cut.
a particle that is less complex than an atom
Electron=A fundamental particle which forms a diffuse cloud of negative charge around an atom.
any igniter used to initiate the burning of a propellant
Column=A dripstone or speleothem formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and fuse together.
fusion
the act of melding or melting together
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
galaxy
a collection of star systems
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet
Electromagnetic spectrum=total range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma waves.
existing as or having characteristics of a gas
Chromosphere=A turbulent diffuse gaseous layer of the Sun that lies above the photosphere.
gear
a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
having the earth as the center
Epicycle=a small orbit along which a planet traveled in Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system.
of or relating to or based on geology
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
the time of the physical formation and development of the earth (especially prior to human history)
Archean Eon=A division of geologic time 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago.
geological
of or relating to or based on geology
Cretaceous period=A geological term denoting the interval of Earth history beginning around 144 million years ago and ending 66 million years ago.
a specialist in the history of the Earth recorded in rocks
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
geology
science of the history of the earth as recorded in rocks
Cross cutting relationships=A fundamental principle of geology, which states that rocks that cut through other rocks are younger than the rocks being cut.
geothermal
of or relating to the heat in the interior of the earth
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
gigantic
so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
glacial
relating to or derived from a slowly moving mass of ice
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
glacier
a slowly moving mass of ice
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
global
involving the entire earth
The boundary is defined by a global extinction event that caused the abrupt demise of the majority of all life on Earth. see Key bed
Crevasse=A fracture or crack in the upper 40 to 50 meters of a glacier.
globe
an object with a spherical shape
On the date of the equinox (literally, meaning "equal nights") nights are of equal length all across the globe from pole to pole.
an alphabetical list of technical terms in a field
See glossary entries for more on these types.
a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
C horizon=The lowest soil layer composed of partly weathered bedrock grading downward into unweathered parent rock.
evaluation of performance by assigning a score
C horizon=The lowest soil layer composed of partly weathered bedrock grading downward into unweathered parent rock.
grain
a cereal grass
Andesite=A fine- grained gray or green volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and granite, consisting of about equal amounts of plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals.
gravitational
of or relating to or caused by gravitation
Black hole=A small region of space that contains matter packed so densely that light cannot escape from its intense gravitational field.
gravitational field
a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass
Black hole=A small region of space that contains matter packed so densely that light cannot escape from its intense gravitational field.
the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
Atmosphere=The envelope of gases that surround a planet's surface held by the planet's gravity.
ground level
the height of the ground on which something stands
Advection fog=Fog that forms when warm moist air from the sea blows onto cooler land, where the air cools and water vapor condenses at ground level.
underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks
Aquifer=A porous and permeable body of rock that can yield economically significant quantities of ground water.
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent
One other important constituents of air is water vapor ( H2O) which varies from 0% to about 4%.
heat energy
a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
natural objects visible in the sky
Disk=The visible surface of the Sun (or any heavenly body) projected against the sky.
hemisphere
half of a sphere
Anticline=A fold in rock that resembles an arch; the fold is convex upward and the oldest rocks are in the middle Anticyclone: An area of high pressure, also called a High, around which the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere (and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).
high frequency
3 to 30 megahertz
Cosmic ray=Electromagnetic rays of extremely high frequency and energy; cosmic rays usually interact with the atoms of the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the Earth.
at an elevated level in rank or importance
Altostratus cloud=A high-level stratus cloud.
horizon
the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor
A cloud-like streamer or trail often seen behind aircraft flying in clear, cold, humid air.
humidity
wetness in the atmosphere
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds
Also a synonym for a tropical cyclone, or hurricane.
an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Bitumen=A general name for solid and semi-solid hydrocarbons that are fusible and soluble in carbon bisulfide.
hydroelectric
of or relating to or used in the production of electricity by waterpower
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
hydrogen
a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
a compound of an oxide with water
Bauxite=A gray, yellow, or reddish brown rock composed of a mixture of aluminum oxides and hydroxides.
hypothesis
a tentative insight that is not yet verified or tested
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
a conjectural possibility or circumstance
Celestial spheres=A hypothetical series of concentric spheres centered at the center of the Earth.
a large mass of ice floating at sea
Calving=A process in which large chunks of ice break off from tidewater glaciers to form icebergs.
being the exact same one
The temperature recorded is considered identical to air temperature.
igneous
produced by the action of fire or intense heat
Contact metamorphism=Metamorphism caused by heating of country rock, and/or addition of fluids, from a nearby igneous intrusion.
igneous rock
rock formed by the solidification of molten magma
Crystalline=Rock types made up of crystals or crystal fragments, such as metamorphic rocks that recrystallized in high temperature or pressure environments, or igneous rocks that formed from cooling of a melt.
imbalance
a lack of harmony or evenness
Drought=Abnormal dry weather for a specific area that is sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrological imbalance.
the striking of one body against another
Abrasion=The mechanical wearing and grinding of rock surfaces by friction and impact.
impermeable
preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through
Artesian aquifer=An inclined aquifer that is bounded top and bottom by layers of impermeable rock so the water is under pressure.
inclined
at an angle to the horizontal or vertical position
Artesian aquifer=An inclined aquifer that is bounded top and bottom by layers of impermeable rock so the water is under pressure.
have as a part, be made up out of
Andesite minerals commonly include plagioclase and hornblende, with lesser amounts of mica, pyroxene, and various accessory minerals.
indicate
designate a place, direction, person, or thing
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
infinitely
continuing forever without end
The big bang theory postulates that 10 to 20 billion years ago, all matter exploded from an infinitely compressed state.
influence
a power to affect persons or events
Continental glacier=A glacier that forms a continuous cover of ice over areas of 50,000 square kilometers or more and spreads outward in all directions under the influence of its own weight. (syn: ice sheet)
Continental margin=The region between the shoreline of a continent and the deep ocean basins including the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
live in; be a resident of
Biosphere=The zone inhabited by life.
initial
occurring at the beginning
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
injection
the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
Recharge could result from reservoirs, storage basins, leaky canals, direct injection of water into an aquifer, or by spreading water over a large land surface.
the means whereby some act is accomplished
Altimeter=An instrument used to determine the altitude of an object with respect to a fixed level.
interact
do something together or with others
Cosmic ray=Electromagnetic rays of extremely high frequency and energy; cosmic rays usually interact with the atoms of the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the Earth.
interaction
a mutual or reciprocal deed
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
interior
inside and toward a center
The difference between the exterior air pressure and the interior pressure causes the disk to expand or contract slightly.
intermediate
lying between two extremes in time or space or state
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite= Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
interplanetary
between or among planets
Comet=An interplanetary body composed of loosely bound rock and ice, that forms a bright head and extended fuzzy tail when it enters the inner potion of the solar system.
the distance between things
Contour interval=the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
Contour line=line on a topographic map that connects points on land that have the same elevation.
intrude
enter uninvited
Dike=A sheetlike body of igneous rock that cuts across layering or contacts in the rock into which it intrudes.
tending to enter uninvited
Batholith=A large plutonic mass of intrusive rock with more than 100 square kilometers of surface exposed.
the act of turning inside out
Atmospheric inversion=See "inversion (atmospheric)."
impossible or nearly impossible to see
Eclipse=A phenomenon that occurs when a heavenly body is shadowed by another and therefore rendered invisible.
a particle that is electrically charged positive or negative
Anion=An ion that has a negative charge.
converted totally or partly into ions
Corona=The luminous irregular envelope of highly ionized gas outside the chromosphere of the Sun.
Correlation=the process of matching rock layers from different locations.
remote and separate physically or socially
Butte=A conspicuous, isolated, flattop hill with steep slopes.
atom with same atomic number, different number of neutrons
Daughter isotope=An isotope formed by radioactive decay of another isotope.
having a sharply uneven surface or outline
Aa=A lava flow that has a jagged, sharp, broken surface (like glass).
jet
a hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish
Black smoker=A jet of black water spouting from a fracture in the sea floor, commonly near the mid-oceanic ridge.
jet stream
a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts
Current=A horizontal movement of water, such as the Gulf Stream off the east coast of North America, or air, such as the jet stream.
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler first discovered that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, not circles; he based his discovery on the careful observations of Tycho Brahe.
Jupiter
supreme god of Romans; counterpart of Greek Zeus
Asteroid number=Asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered; it has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N.
Asteroid=One of the many small celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907)
The value is 0o Kelvin, -273.15o
Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler first discovered that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, not circles; he based his discovery on the careful observations of Tycho Brahe.
lagoon
a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef
Atoll=A circular reef that surrounds a lagoon and is bounded on the outside by deep water of the open sea.
lahar
an avalanche of volcanic water and mud down the slopes of a volcano
Debris Flow=A mixture of water-saturated rock debris that flows downslope under the force of gravity (also called lahar or mudflow).
land mass
a large continuous extent of land
Accreted terrain=A land mass that originated as an island arc or a microcontinent that was later added onto a continent.
the descent of a large mass of dirt and rock down a slope
Some common types of erosion includes landslides, rockfalls, creep, etc.
lapse
drop to a lower level, as in one's morals or standards
Dry adiabatic lapse rate=The rate of cooling that occurs when dry air rises without gain or loss of heat.
lava
rock that in its molten form issues from volcanos
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
layer
a single thickness of some substance or material
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
layered
with one thin piece on top of another
Banded iron formation=Iron-rich layered sedimentary rocks precipitated from the seas mostly between 2.6 and 1.9 billion years ago, as a result of rising atmospheric oxygen concentrations.
leach
cause (a liquid) to percolate
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
leading edge
forward edge of an airfoil
Cold front=the leading edge of an advancing cold air mass that is under running and displacing the warmer air in its path.
levee
an embankment built to prevent a river from overflowing
Artificial levee=A wall built along the banks of a stream to prevent rising flood water from spilling out of the stream channel onto the flood plain.
level
a relative position or degree of value in a graded group
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
the act of freeing someone or something
Results in liberation of 80 calories per cubic centimeter.
light year
the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year
Absolute magnitude=The brightness that a star would appear to have if it were 32 light-years (10 parsecs) away.
light-year
the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year
Absolute magnitude=The brightness that a star would appear to have if it were 32 light-years (10 parsecs) away.
the act of connecting things
Chemical bond=The linkage between atoms in molecules and between molecules and ions in crystals.
fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
Aneroid means "without liquid."
the part of the Earth consisting of the crust and mantle
Asthenosphere=The portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere.
the act of putting something in a certain place
Climate=typical weather patterns over a period of years in a given location
Climate=The composite pattern of long-term weather conditions that can be expected in a given region.
a rarified quality
Continental climate=large yearly temperature ranges
Continental Crust=Solid, outer layers of the earth, including the rocks of the continents; thick, low density, granitic, and old.
low frequency
30 to 300 kilohertz
Electromagnetic spectrum=The entire range of electromagnetic radiation from very long wavelength ( low frequency) radiation to very short wavelength (high frequency) radiation.
low-grade
of inferior quality
Disseminated ore deposit=A large low-grade ore deposit in which generally fine-grained metal-bearing minerals are widely scattered throughout a rock body in sufficient concentration to make the deposit economical to mine.
Corona=The luminous irregular envelope of highly ionized gas outside the chromosphere of the Sun.
Correlation=the process of matching rock layers from different locations.
lunar
of or relating to or associated with the moon
When the Earth lies directly between the Sun and the Moon, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon and we observe a lunar eclipse.
lunar eclipse
the earth interrupts light shining on the moon
When the Earth lies directly between the Sun and the Moon, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon and we observe a lunar eclipse.
magma
molten rock in the earth's crust
By far the most common variety is vitric ash (glassy particles formed by gas bubbles bursting through liquid magma).
magnesium
a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite=Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
magnetic
of or relating to or caused by attraction for iron
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
magnetic field
the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
magnitude
the property of relative size or extent
Absolute magnitude=The brightness that a star would appear to have if it were 32 light-years (10 parsecs) away.
major
greater in scope or effect
Blizzard=Although blizzard is often used to describe any major snow storm with strong winds, the technical definition for a blizzard requires at least 3 hours in duration; low temperatures (usually less than minus 7C or 20F), strong winds (greater than 55 km/h or 35 mph), blowing snow which reduces visibility to less that 1 kilometer (0.6 miles).
mar
render imperfect
Asteroid number=Asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered; it has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N.
Asteroid=One of the many small celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
margin
the boundary line or area immediately inside the boundary
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
marine
of or relating to the sea
Chalk=A very fine grained, soft, earthy, white to gray bioclastic limestone made of the shells and skeletons of marine microorganisms.
Mars
Roman god of war and agriculture
Asteroid number=Asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered; it has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N.
Asteroid=One of the many small celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun. Most asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
matrix
an enclosure within which something originates or develops
Breccia=A course-grained rock, composed of angular, broken rock fragments held together by a mineral cement or a fine-grained matrix.
the greatest or most complete or best possible
Angle of repose=The maximum slope or angle at which loose material remains stable.
determine the dimensions of something or somebody
The type normally used by meteorologists measures the altitude with respect to sea level pressure.
a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
There are three common types of barometers used widely today: mercury barometer; aneroid barometer; electronic barometer.
flat tableland with steep edges
A butte is smaller and more tower-like than a mesa.
the atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere
The most common layer designations are: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the exosphere.
Mesozoic
of or relating to or denoting the Mesozoic era
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary=A major stratigraphic boundary on Earth marking the end of the Mesozoic Era, best known as the age of the dinosaurs.
metal
a chemical element or alloy that is usually a shiny solid
The black color is caused by precipitation of very fine grained metal sulfide minerals as hydrothermal solutions cool by contact with sea water.
metamorphic
having undergone transformation by pressure, heat, etc.
Basement rock=The older granitic and related metamorphic rocks of the Earth's crust that make up the foundations of continents.
metamorphic rock
rock altered by pressure and heat
Basement rock=The older granitic and related metamorphic rocks of the Earth's crust that make up the foundations of continents.
change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat or introduction of new chemical substances
Burial metamorphism=Metamorphism that results from deep burial of rocks in a sedimentary basin.
a stony or metallic object from space that hits the earth
The boiling point of pure water at standard pressure is 100ðC or 212ðF.
Bolide=An exploding meteorite.
the earth science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere
Advection=In meteorology, the horizontal component of a convection current in air, i.e.
meter
a basic unit of length (approximately 1.094 yards)
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
containing crystals that are visible only under a microscope
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
any organism of microscopic size
Bioremediation=The use of microorganisms to decompose an environmental contaminant.
a unit of atmospheric pressure equal to one thousandth of a bar
One is in millibars.
mineral
a solid inorganic substance occurring in nature
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
changed in form or character
Because of their semi-plastic condition, bombs are often modified in shape during their flight or upon impact.
modify
cause to change; make different
Artificial channel=Any channel dredged to modify the natural channel or to alter the course of a stream.
moisture
wetness caused by water
Dew= Moisture condensed onto objects from the atmosphere, usually during the night, when the ground and leaf surfaces become cooler than the surrounding air.
molecular
relating to the simplest units of an element or compound
Absolute Zero=Considered to be the point at which theoretically no molecular activity exists or the temperature at which the volume of a perfect gas vanishes.
the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
Aerosol=Any small particle that is larger than a molecule and suspended in air.
reduced to liquid form by heating
Measuring less than 1/10 inch in diameter, ash may be either solid or molten when first erupted.
the natural satellite of the Earth
Aristotle postulated that the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars are imbedded in the spheres.
accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier
End moraine=A moraine that forms at the end, or terminus of a glacier.
the act of changing location from one place to another
Conduction=The transport of heat by atomic or molecular motion.
muddy
soft and watery, of soil
Carbonate platform=An extensive accumulation of limestone such as the Florida Keys and the Bahamas, formed on a continental shelf in warm regions where sediment does not muddy the water and reef-building organisms thrive.
narrow
not wide
The oldest known rocks formed at the beginning of or just prior to the start of the Archean Eon.
Arête=A sharp narrow ridge between adjacent valleys formed by glacial erosion.
natural gas
a fossil fuel in the gaseous state
Energy resources=Geologic resources, including petroleum, coal, natural gas, and nuclear fuels, used for heat, light, work, and communication.
an immense cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space
Absorption nebula=A cold nebula that absorbs light.
characterized by denial or opposition or resistance
Anion=An ion that has a negative charge.
having a surplus of electrons
Anion=An ion that has a negative charge.
net
an open fabric of string or rope or wire woven together
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
neutron
an elementary particle with zero charge
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
newton
force imparting acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to 1 kilogram
Atmosphere=One atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch (105 Newtons per square meter); the average atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth.
nickel
a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite
Core, inner=spherical center of the Earth, about 1200 km in diameter and made of solid iron and nickel.
nitrate
any compound containing the nitrate group
Eutrophic lake=A lake characterized by abundant dissolved nitrates, phosphates, and other plant nutrients and by a seasonal deficiency of oxygen in bottom water.
a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues
The principal gases that compose dry air are Nitrogen (N2) 78.09%;
northern lights
the aurora of the northern hemisphere
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
nuclear
constituting the core or central part
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
nuclear fission
a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
nuclear fuel
fuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity
Energy resources=Geologic resources, including petroleum, coal, natural gas, and nuclear fuels, used for heat, light, work, and communication.
nuclear fusion
a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
nucleus
a part of the cell responsible for growth and reproduction
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
nutrient
any substance that can be metabolized to give energy
Eutrophic lake=A lake characterized by abundant dissolved nitrates, phosphates, and other plant nutrients and by a seasonal deficiency of oxygen in bottom water.
a tangible and visible entity
Albedo=Reflectivity of an object; ratio of reflected light to incident light.
observe
watch attentively
When the Moon lies directly between the Earth and the Sun, the Moon blocks our view of the Sun and we observe a solar eclipse.
ocean floor
the bottom of a sea or ocean
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
oceanic
relating to or occurring or living in or frequenting the open ocean
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid- oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
opposite
being directly across from each other
Anticyclonic=The wind circulation pattern in Highs, or anticyclones, that has a sense of rotation opposite to that of cyclones and the Earth's rotation.
the path of a celestial body in its revolution about another
Aphelion =The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun.
Apogee =The point in orbit farthest from the Earth.
a mineral that contains metal valuable enough to be mined
It is the principle ore of aluminum.
organic
having properties characteristic of living beings
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
organism
a living thing that can act or function independently
Bioclastic sedimentary rock=Sedimentary rocks such as most limestone, that are composed of broken shell fragments and similar remains of living organisms.
orientation
the act of determining one's position
Aspect=The orientation of a slope with respect to the Sun; the geographic orientation or exposure of a slope.
orifice
an opening, especially one that opens into a bodily cavity
Crater=A depression formed by the impact of a meteorite. 2) A depression around the orifice of a volcano.
any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical
Bauxite=A gray, yellow, or reddish brown rock composed of a mixture of aluminum oxides and hydroxides.
a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for respiration
Oxygen (O2) 20.946%;
ozone
a colorless gas that is a screen for ultraviolet radiation
Antarctic Ozone Hole=An extended area of extreme depletion of the ozone layer which forms over the southern polar region eachaustral spring (September through November).
ozone hole
an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone
Antarctic Ozone Hole=An extended area of extreme depletion of the ozone layer which forms over the southern polar region eachaustral spring (September through November).
ozone layer
a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun
Antarctic Ozone Hole=An extended area of extreme depletion of the ozone layer which forms over the southern polar region eachaustral spring (September through November).
being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting
Barrier island=A long, narrow, low-lying island that extends parallel to the shoreline.
parsec
a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.262 light years
Absolute magnitude=The brightness that a star would appear to have if it were 32 light-years (10 parsecs) away.
(nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything
Aerosol=Any small particle that is larger than a molecule and suspended in air.
pascal
a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter
Bar=A unit of pressure, equal to the sea-level pressure of Earth's atmosphere; 1 bar = 0.987 atmosphere = 101,300 pascals = 14.5 lbs/square inch = 100,000 Newtons per square meter.
passive
lacking in energy or will
Usually, the continental shelf will be wider along a passive continental margin, and narrower along an active margin.
pattern
a perceptual structure
In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the diverging winds to the right, forming a pinwheel pattern with the air spiraling clockwise.
percent
a proportion in relation to a whole
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite=Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
perfect gas
a hypothetical gas with molecules of negligible size that exert no intermolecular forces
Absolute Zero=Considered to be the point at which theoretically no molecular activity exists or the temperature at which the volume of a perfect gas vanishes.
an amount of time
Climate=typical weather patterns over a period of years in a given location
Climate=The composite pattern of long-term weather conditions that can be expected in a given region.
in a sporadic manner
Crystal=A solid element or compound whose atoms are arranged in a regular, orderly, periodically repeated array.
allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
Aquifer=A porous and permeable body of rock that can yield economically significant quantities of ground water.
a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
Petroleum, asphalt, natural mineral wax, and asphaltites are all bitumens.
the period from about 5,400 million years ago until the present
The most recent eon, the Phanerozoic Eon, is further subdivided into eras.
any distinct time period in a sequence of events
Condensation=The change of state of water from the vapor to the liquid phase.
phosphate
a salt of phosphoric acid
Eutrophic lake=A lake characterized by abundant dissolved nitrates, phosphates, and other plant nutrients and by a seasonal deficiency of oxygen in bottom water.
the intensely luminous surface of a star
Chromosphere=A turbulent diffuse gaseous layer of the Sun that lies above the photosphere.
physic
a purging medicine
Energy=Usable heat or power; in physics, it is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
physicist
a scientist trained in the science of matter and energy
Named for J. Christian Doppler, an Austrian physicist, who in 1842 explained why the whistle of an approaching train had a higher pitch than the same whistle when the train was going away.
physics
the science of matter and energy and their interactions
Energy=Usable heat or power; in physics, it is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
pinwheel
a hand-held toy with vanes that spin in the wind
In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the diverging winds to the right, forming a pinwheel pattern with the air spiraling clockwise.
plain
simple
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
a celestial body that revolves around the sun
Aphelion =The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun.
Apogee =The point in orbit farthest from the Earth.
planetary
of or relating to or resembling the physical or orbital characteristics of a planet or the planets
Eccentricity=A value that defines the shape of an ellipse or planetary orbit; the ratio of the distance between the foci and the major axis.
branch of geology studying the earth's crust
The continental drift theory has been replaced by the more complete plate tectonics theory.
of igneous rock that has solidified beneath the earth's surface; granite or diorite or gabbro
Batholith=A large plutonic mass of intrusive rock with more than 100 square kilometers of surface exposed.
polar
of or existing within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles
Antarctic Ozone Hole=An extended area of extreme depletion of the ozone layer which forms over the southern polar region eachaustral spring (September through November).
pollution
contamination of the natural environment
Cost benefit analysis=A system of analysis that attempts to weigh the cost of an act or policy, such as pollution control, directly against the economic benefits.
pore
any tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid
Capillary action=The action by which water is pulled upward through small pores by electrical attraction to the pore walls.
full of vessels or holes
Aquifer=A porous and permeable body of rock that can yield economically significant quantities of ground water.
portion
something determined in relation to a thing that includes it
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
in a manner displaying affirmation or certainty
Cation=A positively charged ion.
prior
earlier in time
The oldest known rocks formed at the beginning of or just prior to the start of the Archean Eon.
Arête=A sharp narrow ridge between adjacent valleys formed by glacial erosion.
a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
Calving=A process in which large chunks of ice break off from tidewater glaciers to form icebergs.
extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary
Disk=The visible surface of the Sun (or any heavenly body) projected against the sky.
prolong
lengthen in time; cause to be or last longer
Drought=Abnormal dry weather for a specific area that is sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrological imbalance.
a hygrometer consisting of a dry-bulb thermometer and a wet-bulb thermometer; their difference indicates the dryness of the surrounding air
One of the two thermometers that make up a psychrometer.
Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance
Epicycle=a small orbit along which a planet traveled in Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system.
radar
measuring instrument using pulses of microwave radiation
Doppler Radar=Weather radar that measures direction and speed of a moving object, such as drops of precipitation, by determining whether atmospheric motion is horizontally toward or away from the radar.
radiation
the act of spreading outward from a central source
Electromagnetic radiation=The transfer of energy by an oscillating electric and magnetic field; it travels as a wave and also behaves as a stream of particles.
radiator
heater consisting of a series of pipes for circulating steam
Blackbody temperature=The temperature of an object if it is reradiating all the thermal energy that has been added to it; if an object is not a blackbody radiator, it will not reradiate all the excess heat and the leftover will go toward increasing its temperature.
an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m
Electromagnetic spectrum=total range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma waves.
radioactive
exhibiting or caused by emissions in nuclear decay
Absolute Date=An estimate of the true age of a mineral or rock based on the rate of decay of radioactive minerals.
the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation
Daughter isotope=An isotope formed by radioactive decay of another isotope.
water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
Climate refers to yearly cycles of temperature, wind, rainfall, etc., and not to daily variations (see "weather").
range
a variety of different things or activities
Cobbles=Rounded rock fragments in the 64 to 256 mm size range, larger than pebbles and smaller than boulders.
ranging
wandering freely
Also the thinnest layer in sedimentary rocks, commonly ranging in thickness from a centimeter to a meter or two.
rapid
characterized by speed
Debris Avalanche=A rapid and unusually sudden sliding or flowage of unsorted masses of rock and other material.
marked by an uncommon quality
Catastrophism=The model that Earth change occurs through a series of rare but cataclysmic events.
rate
a quantity considered as a proportion of another quantity
Absolute Date=An estimate of the true age of a mineral or rock based on the rate of decay of radioactive minerals.
ratio
relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
show a response to something
Acid precipitation=A condition in which natural precipitation becomes acidic after reacting with air pollutants.
reaction
an idea evoked by some experience
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
reactor
apparatus to maintain and control a nuclear reaction
Control rod=A column of neutron-absorbing alloys that are spaced among fuel rods to fine-tune nuclear fission in a reactor.
recent
of the immediate past or just previous to the present time
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
record
anything providing permanent evidence about past events
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
reduce
make smaller
Often these snow storms have high winds reaching 100 km/h which reduce visibility through blowing and drifting snow.
to throw or bend back from a surface
Albedo=Reflectivity of an object; ratio of reflected light to incident light.
the capability of quiet thought or contemplation
Albedo= Reflectivity of an object; ratio of reflected light to incident light.
the extended spatial location of something
Alberta Clipper=A fast moving winter storm originating in the Alberta, Canada region.
relative humidity
the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature; expressed as a percentage
Dew point=The temperature at which the relative humidity of air reaches 100 percent, and the air becomes saturated.
the quality of having significance vis-a-vis something else
E=mc2 Einstein's famous theory of relativity formula known as the energy-mass relation.
release
grant freedom to; free from confinement
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
the act of taking out or causing to leave
Erosion=The removal of weathered rocks by moving water, wind, ice, or gravity.
removed
separate or apart in time
Elastic deformation=A deformation such that if the stress is removed, the material springs back to its original size and shape.
resemble
be similar or bear a likeness to
Anticline=A fold in rock that resembles an arch; the fold is convex upward and the oldest rocks are in the middle Anticyclone: An area of high pressure, also called a High, around which the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere (and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).
resource
aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
regard highly; think much of
Altimeter=An instrument used to determine the altitude of an object with respect to a fixed level.
moving or directed or tending in a backward direction
They were created to explain retrograde motion.
reverse
change to the contrary
Equinox=The date when the sun is directly overhead at noon on the equator, occurring on or around both March 21 and September 22, the former is the vernal (spring) equinox and the latter the autumnal (fall) equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the reverse on the Southern Hemisphere.
naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride
Chemical sedimentary rock=Rocks such as rock salt, that form by direct precipitation of minerals from solution.
rod
a long thin implement made of metal or wood
Control rod=A column of neutron-absorbing alloys that are spaced among fuel rods to fine-tune nuclear fission in a reactor.
turn on or around an axis or a center
Axis of rotation=An imaginary straight line through a planet's poles on which the planet rotates.
rotation
the act of turning as if on an axis
Anticyclonic=The wind circulation pattern in Highs, or anticyclones, that has a sense of rotation opposite to that of cyclones and the Earth's rotation.
the act of making a sudden noisy break
Brittle fracture= Rupture that occurs when a rock breaks sharply.
saturated
unable to dissolve still more of a substance
Debris Flow=A mixture of water- saturated rock debris that flows downslope under the force of gravity (also called lahar or mudflow).
the process of totally infusing something with a substance
Condensation Level=The altitude at which a rising air parcel reaches saturation, usually the cloud base height.
sea floor
the bottom of a sea or ocean
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep- sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
level of the ocean's surface
The type normally used by meteorologists measures the altitude with respect to sea level pressure.
sediment
matter that has been deposited by some natural process
Abyssal fan=A large, fan-shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
sedimentary
formed by or containing the accumulation of deposited matter
Angular unconformity=An unconformity in which younger sediment or sedimentary rocks rest on the eroded surface of tilted orfolded older rocks.
sedimentary rock
rock formed from consolidated clay deposits
Angular unconformity=An unconformity in which younger sediment or sedimentary rocks rest on the eroded surface of tilted orfolded older rocks.
subject to or caused by an earthquake or earth vibration
Blue stars=These are the hottest stars, with a surface temperature of more than 37,000ðF.
Body wave=A seismic wave that travel through the interior of the Earth.
semiarid
somewhat arid
Desertification=A process by which semiarid land is converted to desert, often by improper farming or by climate change.
any device that receives a signal or stimulus (as heat or pressure or light or motion etc.) and responds to it in a distinctive manner
Anemometer=an instrument that measures wind speed
Aneriod Barometer=A barometer whose pressure sensor consists of an aneroid capsule, a thin, hollow disk partially evacuated and sealed.
separate
standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
similar things placed in order or one after another
Catastrophism=The model that Earth change occurs through a series of rare but cataclysmic events.
several
of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
Asteroid=A rocky space object that can be from a few hundred feet to several hundred km wide.
shallow
lacking physical depth
Braided stream=A stream that divides into a network of branching and reuniting shallow channels separated by mid-channel bars.
shape
a perceptual structure
Abyssal fan=A large, fan- shaped accumulation of sediment deposited at the bases of many submarine canyons adjacent to the deep-sea floor. (syn: submarine fan)
Abyssal plain=A flat, level, largely featureless part of the ocean floor between the mid-oceanic ridge and the continental rise.
a boundary line between land and water
Barrier island=A long, narrow, low-lying island that extends parallel to the shoreline.
impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism
Epidemiology=The study of the distribution of sickness in a population.
significant
rich in implication
Aquifer=A body of rock that contains significant quantities of water that can be tapped by wells or springs.
signified
the meaning of a word or expression
It is a secondary characteristic of an air mass classification, signified by the small "c" before the primary characteristic, which is based on source region.
signify
denote or connote
It is a secondary characteristic of an air mass classification, signified by the small "c" before the primary characteristic, which is based on source region.
silica
a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite=Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
a salt or ester derived from silicic acid
Amphibole=A group of double chain silicate minerals.
silt
mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake
Alluvium=A general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel or similar unconsolidated material deposited by a stream or other body of running water.
similar
having the same or nearly the same characteristics
Alluvium=A general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel or similar unconsolidated material deposited by a stream or other body of running water.
fall or descend to a lower place or level
Hot fluids rise, cold fluids sink.
skeleton
the structure providing a frame for the body of an animal
Chalk=A very fine grained, soft, earthy, white to gray bioclastic limestone made of the shells and skeletons of marine microorganisms.
snowfall
precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals
Surprisingly, snowfall need not be falling as long as the amount of snow in the air (falling or blowing) reduces visibility to less than 400m (0.25 miles).
soil
material in the top layer of the surface of the earth
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
relating to the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun
Alpha Centauri=The closest bright star to our solar system.
the moon interrupts light from the sun
Our Sun's corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse.
solar energy
energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it
Alpha Centauri=The closest bright star to our solar system.
solar wind
a stream of protons moving radially from the sun
Aurora borealis=The Northern Lights caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere; a similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.
not soft or yielding to pressure
Measuring less than 1/10 inch in diameter, ash may be either solid or molten when first erupted.
capable of being dissolved in some solvent
Bitumen=A general name for solid and semi-solid hydrocarbons that are fusible and soluble in carbon bisulfide.
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
The black color is caused by precipitation of very fine grained metal sulfide minerals as hydrothermal solutions cool by contact with sea water.
(acoustics) a wave that transmits sound
Eccentricity=The shape of the ellipse that constitutes the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Echo sounder=An instrument that emits sound waves and then records them after they reflects off the sea floor.
the place where something begins
Consumption=Any process that uses water, and then returns it to the Earth far from its source.
span
the distance or interval between two points
Devonian=A period of time in the Paleozoic Era that covered the time span between 408 and 360 million years.
stated explicitly or in detail
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
a broad range of related objects or values or qualities
Absorption spectrum=See "spectrum."
speed of light
the speed at which light travels in a vacuum
Black hole=An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
sphere
a round three-dimensional closed surface
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
spherical
relating to or resembling a ball
Core, inner= spherical center of the Earth, about 1200 km in diameter and made of solid iron and nickel.
separate into parts or portions
Cleavage=The way crystalline minerals split or break along an even plane (planar surfaces).
spring
move forward by leaps and bounds
This movement is amplified by a spring or gear mechanism to indicate changes in air pressure on a scale or recording chart.
spring equinox
March 21
Equinox=The date when the sun is directly overhead at noon on the equator, occurring on or around both March 21 and September 22, the former is the vernal ( spring) equinox and the latter the autumnal (fall) equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the reverse on the Southern Hemisphere.
squall
utter a sudden loud cry
Precipitation is generally at and/or behind the front, and with a fast-moving system, a squall line may develop ahead of the front.
squall line
a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely
Precipitation is generally at and/or behind the front, and with a fast-moving system, a squall line may develop ahead of the front.
a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from a cave roof
Column=A dripstone or speleothem formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and fuse together.
a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting from a cave floor
Column=A dripstone or speleothem formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and fuse together.
a unit of pressure: the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at sea level and 0 degrees centigrade
The boiling point of pure water at standard pressure is 100ðC or 212ðF.
Bolide=An exploding meteorite.
stationary
not capable of being moved
Cold front=A front that forms when moving cold air collides with stationary or slower moving warm air.
steep
having a sharp inclination
Alluvial fan=A fan-like accumulation of sediment created where a steep stream slows down rapidly as it reaches a relatively flat valley floor.
stratified
deposited or arranged in horizontal layers
Drumlin=An elongate hill formed when a glacier flows over and reshapes a mound of till or stratified drift.
stratify
form, arrange, or deposit in layers
Drumlin=An elongate hill formed when a glacier flows over and reshapes a mound of till or stratified drift.
atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere
The most common layer designations are: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the exosphere.
a large dark low cloud
Altostratus cloud=A high-level stratus cloud.
stream
a natural body of water flowing on or under the earth
Alluvial fan=A fan-like accumulation of sediment created where a steep stream slows down rapidly as it reaches a relatively flat valley floor.
a long flag; often tapering
A cloud-like streamer or trail often seen behind aircraft flying in clear, cold, humid air.
special emphasis attached to something
Compressive stress=Stress that acts to shorten an object by squeezing it.
structure
a complex entity made of many parts
Cross cutting relationship=Any relationship in which younger rocks or geological structures interrupt or cut across older rocks or structures.
sufficient
of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement
Disseminated ore deposit=A large low-grade ore deposit in which generally fine-grained metal-bearing minerals are widely scattered throughout a rock body in sufficient concentration to make the deposit economical to mine.
sulfide
a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive
The black color is caused by precipitation of very fine grained metal sulfide minerals as hydrothermal solutions cool by contact with sea water.
surface
the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle
Atmosphere=The envelope of gases that surround a planet's surface held by the planet's gravity.
supported or kept from sinking or falling by buoyancy
Aerosol=Any small particle that is larger than a molecule and suspended in air.
technical
of or relating to aptitude in a practical skill
Blizzard=Although blizzard is often used to describe any major snow storm with strong winds, the technical definition for a blizzard requires at least 3 hours in duration; low temperatures (usually less than minus 7C or 20F), strong winds (greater than 55 km/h or 35 mph), blowing snow which reduces visibility to less that 1 kilometer (0.6 miles).
a practical method or art applied to some particular task
Absolute dating=A technique that geologists use to assign specific dates to rock formations and geologic events.
pertaining to the structure or movement of the earth's crust
Basin=A low area of the Earth's crust of tectonic origin, commonly filled with sediment.
the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust
The continental drift theory has been replaced by the more complete plate tectonics theory.
temperature
the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
Absolute Zero=Considered to be the point at which theoretically no molecular activity exists or the temperature at which the volume of a perfect gas vanishes.
for a limited time only; not permanently
Evacuate= Temporarily move people away from possible danger.
a place where something ends or is complete
End moraine=A moraine that forms at the end, or terminus of a glacier.
terrain
a piece of ground having specific characteristics
Accreted terrain=A land mass that originated as an island arc or a microcontinent that was later added onto a continent.
Tertiary
from 63 million to 2 million years ago
Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary=A major stratigraphic boundary on Earth marking the end of the Mesozoic Era, best known as the age of the dinosaurs.
theoretically
in theory; according to the assumed facts
Absolute Zero=Considered to be the point at which theoretically no molecular activity exists or the temperature at which the volume of a perfect gas vanishes.
theory
a belief that can guide behavior
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
(physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts
E=mc2 Einstein's famous theory of relativity formula known as the energy-mass relation.
thermal
relating to or associated with heat
Blackbody temperature=The temperature of an object if it is reradiating all the thermal energy that has been added to it; if an object is not a blackbody radiator, it will not reradiate all the excess heat and the leftover will go toward increasing its temperature.
measuring instrument for measuring temperature
Dry=bulb thermometer=A thermometer used to measure the ambient temperature.
not thin
Continental climate=large yearly temperature ranges
Continental Crust=Solid, outer layers of the earth, including the rocks of the continents; thick, low density, granitic, and old.
thrive
make steady progress
Carbonate platform=An extensive accumulation of limestone such as the Florida Keys and the Bahamas, formed on a continental shelf in warm regions where sediment does not muddy the water and reef-building organisms thrive.
thunderstorm
a storm resulting from strong rising air currents
Downbursts occur in regions of a severe thunderstorm where the air is accelerated downward by exceptionally strong evaporative cooling occurs (a dry downburst) or by very heavy rain which drags dry air down with it (a wet downburst).
tidal
of or relating to or caused by tides
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
low-lying coastal land drained by tidal streams
Calving=A process in which large chunks of ice break off from tidewater glaciers to form icebergs.
tilt
lean over; tip
Angular unconformity=An unconformity in which younger sediment or sedimentary rocks rest on the eroded surface of tilted orfolded older rocks.
concerned with topography
Contour interval=the difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines
Contour line=line on a topographic map that connects points on land that have the same elevation.
the configuration of a surface and its features
The data is then used to record the topography of the sea floor.
topsoil
the layer of soil on the surface
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
an extended area of land
Delta=The nearly flat, alluvial, fan-shaped tract of land at the mouth of a stream.
transfer
move from one place to another
Convection=Fluid (gas or liquid) circulation driven by temperature and density differences; the transfer of heat by this automatic circulation (currents).
send from one person or place to another
Convective zone=The subsurface zone in a star where energy is transmitted primarily by convection.
occurring among members of a family usually by heredity
Convective zone=The subsurface zone in a star where energy is transmitted primarily by convection.
transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity
Also refers to thin, transparent ice on road surfaces.
transport
move something or somebody around
Bed load=That portion of a stream's load that is transported on or immediately above the stream bed.
trigger
lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun
Branching chain reaction=A nuclear fission reaction in which the initial reaction releases two or three neutrons, each of which triggers the fission of additional nuclei.
relating to part of the Earth's surface with hot climate
Also a synonym for a tropical cyclone, or hurricane.
the lowest atmospheric layer; from 4 to 11 miles high
The most common layer designations are: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the exosphere.
tuff
hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash
Ash flow=A mixture of volcanic ash, larger pyroclastic particles, and gas that flows rapidly along the Earth's surface as a result of an explosive volcanic eruption. (syn: nuee ardente)
Ash=flow tuff-A pyroclastic rock formed when an ash flow solidifies.
turbulent
characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination
Ash Flow=A turbulent mixture of gas and rock fragments, most of which are ash-sized particles, ejected violently from a crater or fissure.
exhibiting the qualities that identify a group or kind
Climate= typical weather patterns over a period of years in a given location
Climate=The composite pattern of long-term weather conditions that can be expected in a given region.
furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme
The ultimate base level is usually sea level, but this is seldom attained.
as the end result of a succession or process
Drainage basin=The region that is ultimately drained by a single river.
having wavelengths shorter than light but longer than X-rays
Chert=A hard, dense, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz. (syn: flint)
Chlorofluorocarbons=(CFC's); gases containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms that break down the ozone layer and weaken protection from ultraviolet waves.
unconsolidated
loose and unstratified
Alluvium=A general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel or similar unconsolidated material deposited by a stream or other body of running water.
undefined
not precisely limited, determined, or distinguished
Asthenosphere=The shell within the earth, some tens of kilometers below the surface and of undefined thickness, which is a shell of weakness where plastic movements take place to permit pressure adjustments.
uneven
not fairly matched as opponents
Differential weathering=The process by which certain rocks weathers more rapidly than adjacent rocks usually resulting in an uneven surface.
universe
everything that exists anywhere
Big Bang Hypothesis=The theory that the universe was originally a single dense sphere of hydrogen that exploded into a gigantic expanding cloud that eventually condensed into separate galaxies.
the upper part of the mantle
Asthenosphere=The portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere.
valley
a long depression in the surface of the land
Alluvial fan=A fan-like accumulation of sediment created where a steep stream slows down rapidly as it reaches a relatively flat valley floor.
vapor
a visible suspension in the air of particles of a substance
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
vapor pressure
the pressure exerted by a vapor
The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure between a liquid and its vapor is equal to the external pressure on the liquid.
the process of being or becoming different
Climate refers to yearly cycles of temperature, wind, rainfall, etc., and not to daily variations (see "weather").
become different in some particular way
One other important constituents of air is water vapor (H2O) which varies from 0% to about 4%.
marked by diversity or difference
Extend varying distances outward from the exposed continental margins.
velocity
distance travelled per unit time
Black hole=An object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
a hole for the escape of gas, air, or liquid
Ash=Fine particles of pulverized rock blown from an explosion vent.
vernal
suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh
Equinox=The date when the sun is directly overhead at noon on the equator, occurring on or around both March 21 and September 22, the former is the vernal (spring) equinox and the latter the autumnal (fall) equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the reverse on the Southern Hemisphere.
at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
In meteorology, horizontal air flow is called advection, whereas convection is reserved for vertical air flow.
vicinity
a surrounding or nearby region
Most of the May 18, 1980 deposits in the upper valley of the North Fork Toutle River and in the vicinity of Spirit Lake are from the debris avalanche.
visibility
quality or degree of being able to be seen
Often these snow storms have high winds reaching 100 km/h which reduce visibility through blowing and drifting snow.
visible
capable of being seen or open to easy view
Cloud=A visible collection of minute particle matter, such as water droplets and/or ice crystals, in the free air.
volcanic
igneous rock produced by eruption and solidified on or near the earth's surface; rhyolite or andesite or basalt
Andean margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: active continental margin)
Andesite=Intermediate volcanic rocks containing 54 to 62 percent silica and moderate amounts of iron and magnesium.
volcano
a fissure in the earth's crust through which gases erupt
Active continental margin=A continental margin characterized by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate beneath a continental plate. (syn: Andean margin)
Active volcano=A volcano that is erupting; or one that, while not erupting at the present, has erupted within (geologically) recent time and is considered likely to do so in the (geologically) near future.
volume
the property of something that is great in magnitude
Absolute Humidity=The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the air to the volume occupied by the gas; the density of water vapor in the air, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air.
wastage
the process of wasting
Ablation area=The lower portion of a glacier where more snow melts in summer than accumulates in winter so there is a net loss of glacial ice. (syn: zone of wastage)
Abrasion=wearing away of a rock by grinding action.
water level
the level of the surface of a body of water
Artesian Well=A well in an aquifer where the groundwater is confined under pressure and the water level will rise above the top of the confined aquifer.
water table
underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water
Cone of depression=A cone-like depression in the water table formed when water is pumped out of a well more rapidly than it can flow through the aquifer.
wave
(physics) a movement up and down or back and forth
Alternative energy resources=All energy resources other than fossil fuels and nuclear fission; including solar energy; hydroelectric power; geothermal energy; wind energy; biomass energy; tidal, wave, and heat energy from the seas; and nuclear fusion.
wavelength
a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding
Doppler effect=The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both.
substance solid at normal temperature and insoluble in water
Petroleum, asphalt, natural mineral wax, and asphaltites are all bitumens.
weather
atmospheric conditions including temperature, precipitation
A horizon=The uppermost layer of soil composed of a mixture of organic matter and leached and weathered minerals. (syn: topsoil)
Aa=Hawaiian term used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments.
Wegener
German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930)
Continental drift=The theory proposed by Alfred Wegener that continents were once joined together and later split and drifted apart.
wetland
a low area where the land is saturated with water
Clean Water Act=A federal law mandating the cleaning of the nation's rivers, lakes, and wetlands, and forbidding the discharge of pollutants into waterways.
whistle
the sound made by something moving rapidly
Named for J. Christian Doppler, an Austrian physicist, who in 1842 explained why the whistle of an approaching train had a higher pitch than the same whistle when the train was going away.
a faint star of enormous density
Degeneracy pressure=The strength of the atomic particles that holds a white dwarf star from further collapse.
air moving from high pressure to low pressure
The surface movement that is commonly called wind.
| i don't know |
Which county won Cricket's County Championship for the first time in its history in 1979 ? | History
HISTORY
CONTACT US
Early Years
Essex CCC was formed in 1876 as a result of a meeting held at the Shire Hall, Chelmsford on 14th January of that year.
A ground was acquired at Brentwood and a number of matches were played, some against First-Class opposition. However, it was not until 1894 that Essex were accorded official First-Class status and they competed in the County Championship for the first time in 1895.
In 1886, the Club moved from Brentwood to Leyton and this remained the headquarters until the 1933 season. During this impecunious time, Essex developed a policy of taking cricket around the County, venturing to Clacton, Southend, Chelmsford, Colchester, Westcliff and Romford as well as continuing to play at Brentwood and Leyton. Because of pressure on the Club’s finances and a need to serve the rapidly expanding centres away from London, the Club had to sell the Leyton ground in 1933 – offices were set up in Chelmsford and Ilford was added to the festival weeks.
The Dominant Years
In 1979 the Club won its first honours – the Benson & Hedges Cup and the County Championship. These successes heralded relative prosperity and further success for the Club, making it a cricket force to be reckoned with in the eighties, nineties, and beyond.
Keith Fletcher built a team in the late 1970s that dominated domestic cricket from 1979 to 1992, when Essex won six of thirteen County Championship titles. Two cricketers wrote their names into club history and earned legendary status. Both were integral in the side of 1979 that lifted the County Championship title just a few weeks after they had won the Benson & Hedges Cup to secure their first piece of silverware in the club’s history. East had a memorable career during which he took nearly 1300 and scored more than 8,300 runs ensured he was an influential force in four more title achievements for the County until he retired.
Limited Overs success in mid 2000s
Essex found a winning formula in limited overs cricket in the mid-2000s with the signings of David Masters, Chris Wright and Jason Gallian. They lifted the Totesport League trophy in fine style in 2005 and followed that up by retaining the crown in 2006. Essex continued their impressive Limited Overs form in 2008 with the Friends Provident Trophy and NatWest Pro40 Division Two titles.
In the Friends Provident Trophy Essex were runners up to Kent in the group stage, but comfortably qualified for the quarter-finals. Essex inflicted a crushing defeat on Leicestershire in the quarter final with a margin of 118 runs. Ravi Bopara scored a memorable 201 not out off just 138 balls to lead Essex into the semi-finals much to the delight of the Essex fans. The Eagles then beat Yorkshire at Chelmsford before winning the Battle of the Bridge contest at Lord’s against Kent in front of 30,000 people.
Essex clinched the Pro40 Division Two title and sealed the Limited Overs double in 2008 with a victory against arch rivals Kent again. Needing a win away, the Essex fans turned out in force at Canterbury cheering The Eagles onto the victory target of 247. Mark Pettini was given out first ball of the innings before an unbeaten 68 from Grant Flower and fifties from Jason Gallian and Ravi Bopara helped Essex pick up the Pro40 Division 2 title.
Although Essex did not win the Twenty20 tournament in 2008, making the finals at The Rose Bowl with a young team was a success. The tournament also saw the emergence of club legend Graham Napier as a big-hitting batsman (hitting a world record 16 sixes in his 152 not out off just 58 balls against Sussex at Chelmsford).
One point promotion in 2009
Essex secured top flight cricket for the first time since 2003, beating Northamptonshire to promotion by a single point. Ryan ten Doeschate smashed a stunning 108 off just 59 balls as Essex snatched a shock five-wicket win at Derby to earn promotion back to Division One. Dutch international ten Doeschate hit eight sixes in an unbroken stand of 156 with Mark Pettini (85) as Essex won the match with five overs to spare.
All-rounder ten Doeschate spoke following promotion and said: “The belief in the camp is very strong and it was a must- win game, so there wasn’t really any other choice. Whatever Derby had set us we would have given it our best try.”
Although Essex would only stay in Division One for a season, some of the younger players gained valuable experience of the highest level in the game which would only stand the club in good stead going forward.
Coaching changes bring Championship success
Three consecutive third place finishes in the County Championship, plus two years of Quarter-Final appearances in both Limited Over competitions, saw Paul Grayson leave his position as Head Coach towards the end of the 2015 season. In December, Chris Silverwood was announced as his replacement and the County embarked on a fresh start. A considerable focus on youth ensued with players such as Jamie Porter, Dan Lawrence and Tom Westley forming the backbone of the side for 2016. Chris Silverwood was looking to claim the one promotion slot on offer in his first season in charge.. He did it and Essex were crowned Specsavers County Championship Division Two Champions.
Graham Napier and David Masters embarked on their final seasons in professional cricket looking to claim silverware and go out on a high. Napier went on to have his most successful season ever being the leader in all three formats, including 63 wickets in his final County Championship season. Jamie Porter backed up 50 wickets in a Championship season again, claiming 55 wickets to continue to show maturity beyond his years. Tom Westley and Nick Browne both scored 1000 runs again whilst captain Ryan ten Doeschate was to prove to be the leader Silverwood expected and score over 1100 runs with the bat in Championship cricket.
Essex clinched the title after the second day against Glamorgan at Chelmsford attaining the 5 bonus points required to be promoted. Although Chris Silverwood’s team went on to lose the game, they claimed a draw against rivals Kent and lifted the trophy in front of jubilant fans at Canterbury.
Championship promotion was the number one aim at the start of the year but The Eagles also had some success in the shorter forms of the game. Essex reached the quarter-finals of both the NatWest T20 Blast and Royal London One-Day Cup before being knocked out by Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire respectively.
With the return of Essex academy players’ Adam Wheater and Varun Chopra who have proven Division One credentials, and the influx of some exciting signings over the winter, Essex will look to maintain their position in Specsavers County Championship Division One in 2017.
Essex Eagles Twenty20 – Through the Years
| Essex |
What form of entertainment , not necessarily musical , has a name which means ' empty orchestra ' ? | Cricinfo - England
England
List of winners | Competition sponsors | Wooden spoon
At least four possible dates have been given for the start of county cricket in England. The first, patchy, references began in 1825. The earliest mention in any cricket publication is in 1864 and eight counties have come to be regarded as first-class from that date, including Cambridgeshire, who dropped out after 1871. For many years, the County Championship was considered to have started in 1873, when regulations governing qualification first applied; indeed, a special commemorative stamp was issued by the Post Office in 1973.
However, the Championship was not formally organised until 1890 and before then champions were proclaimed by the press; sometimes publications differed in their views and no definitive list of champions can start before that date. Eight teams contested the 1890 competition - Gloucestershire, Kent, Lancashire, Middlesex, Nottinghamshire, Surrey, Sussex and Yorkshire. Somerset joined in the following year, and in 1895 the Championship began to acquire something of its modern shape when Derbyshire, Essex, Hampshire, Leicestershire and Warwickshire were added. At that point MCC officially recognised the competition's existence. Worcestershire, Northamptonshire and Glamorgan were admitted to the Championship in 1899, 1905 and 1921 respectively and are regarded as first-class from these dates. An invitation in 1921 to Buckinghamshire to enter the Championship was declined, owing to the lack of necessary playing facilities, and an application by Devon in 1948 was unsuccessful. Durham were admitted to the Championship in 1992 and were granted first-class status prior to their pre-season tour of Zimbabwe.
In 2000, the Championship was split for the first time into two divisions, on the basis of counties'standings in the 1999 competition. From 2000 onwards, the bottom three teams in Division One were relegated at the end of the season, and the top three teams in Division Two promoted.
County Champions
The title of champion county is unreliable before 1890. In 1963, Wisden formally accepted the list of champions "most generally selected'' by contemporaries, as researched by the late Rowland Bowen.
| i don't know |
Which Wagner opera features the Good Friday music ? | Parsifal (Wagner) - Music
The Music of Parsifal
An Opera by Richard Wagner
One hesitates to write about the music of Parsifal" without having actually heard it. It is rash to judge any composer merely by the written notes, and it is peculiarly rash in the case of Wagner. Taking, however, the score itself and placing it alongside the printed impression of those who have been fortunate enough to hear the work at Bayreuth, one cannot well go far astray in attempting a few brief notes.
Libretto for Wagner's Parsifal (Mainz, 1877)
It is certainly safe to say, at the outset, that in "Parsifal" the music is everything. The libretto has been described as "a farrago of odds and ends, the very dust-bin of Wagners philosophies, beliefs, vegetarian, anti-vivisection, and other fads." It does, indeed, smell of the lamp. It lacks spontaneity and dramatic "go." Nothing happens for several hours -- nothing but discourses, philosophical and retrospective. Yet the glorious music carries it all off: floats this inorganic medley on its great waves of sound, making the listener forget entirely the imperfections of the "book."
Music has not known such fervour since the days of Palestrina. A holy and solemn grief pervades it. We seem to be constantly reminded of the great tragedy of Calvary. Wagner wrote once to Liszt: "In all my relations to the suffering world, I feel led and guided by one thing alone -- compassion." And, listening to this fascinating, luxuriant, mellow, soothing music, it would really seem as if compassion had been the one thought in the composers mind all through. "The muted pauses, the golden stream of tone, and the almost miraculous musicianship fill the listener with awe," writes one who has been at Bayreuth. Much has been said of the "miraculous musicianship," of the deft way in which Wagner has here, as elsewhere, woven his thematic material. The score is indeed built up in a masterly fashion; but the dramatic influence of the music is so overpowering that all thought of the technical side of the work may be entirely dismissed. The "mood pictures" are the really potent factors.
The First Act, like the last, partakes somewhat of the nature of a grand Communion service, the music being rich and tender, and charged with a noble passion. The short orchestral Prelude, a favourite concert number, attunes the mind to the fundamental thoughts of the drama. Here the principal "motives" which recur throughout are enunciated: among others the Love and the Grail themes, and the Saviours Lament theme, which contains some of the most poignant bars Wagner ever wrote. In the last part of the Act a profound impression is made by the clangour of the cathedral bells, at first heard faintly, then working up to a grand peal. The choral music and the "tonal panorama" of boys voices are particularly fine, Wagner having here emulated with striking success the service of Rome. The Sorcery motive arrests by its Chopin-like chromatics; and when Parsifal enters we hear again the Swan motive from "Lohengrin" -- a fine conception.
The sensuous beauty of the Second Act, devoted to the presentation of the working of the evil element, is in marked contrast to the First and Third Acts. It is full of rich, luscious melody, dance-like in form and colour, and "asking nothing of the hearer but self-relaxation." The Prelude, again short, is of a passionate, stormy, almost sinister nature, and is based chiefly on the Klingsor and Kundry themes heard in the previous Act. The crowning scene of this Second Act -- perhaps of the whole work -- is the duet between Parsifal and Kundry. Herein "the entire gamut of passion, maternal, exquisite, voluptuous, is traversed by a master hand." So, too, with the wonderful choral scene for sopranos only in the lovely magic garden of Kilngsors castle. This is written in as many as eighteen separate groups, and frequently in twelve real parts. Its sweet, plaintive melody and graceful rhythm cannot escape notice; any more than the enchanting waltz and Kundrys tender recital of the woes and sufferings of Parsifals mother, and the glissando passage of the harps (through two octaves) to express the act of hurling the spear at Parsifals head. One phrase of Kundrys description of her sin and punishment has been often cited as the most astonishingly unvocal specimen in all Wagners writings:
No wonder an early critic remarked that the singers parts are peculiarly trying and thankless!
In the Third Act the gloom deepens to an almost distressing degree. Yet there is some glorious music in it; notably the Good Friday music, also familiar in the concert-room. The Prelude is again short. Its vague rhythm and darkly-tinted intricate harmonies are probably to be taken as illustrating the blind wanderings of Parsifal in search Monsalvat. The last scene is gorgeously led up to-a fitting close to the great life -- work of the last of our really great composers of the nineteenth century.
Search this Site
| Parsifal |
What type of implement is an Indonesian kris ? | Wagner Overtures and Orchestral Music | gramophone.co.uk
Home » Reviews » Wagner Overtures and Orchestral Music
Wagner Overtures and Orchestral Music
View record and artist details
Record and Artist Details
Parsifal, Good Friday music (concert version)
Richard Wagner Composer
Wagner Overtures and Orchestral Music
(Das) Liebesverbot, Overture
Buy from Amazon
The opening moments of the Rienzi Overture (the first item on the disc) are certainly gripping: hushed string responses to the opening trumpet and a vivid sense of presence and deep perspectives. But it soon turns into a bullish, noisy, all-stops-out performance, with the brass exciting huge swathes of reverberation from the recesses of the Lukaskirche (or is it from a machine?). Turn to Bohm and the Vienna Philharmonic or the recent Norrington for a more varied slow build, a greater measure of dignity, and acknowledgement of the piece’s antecedents (French and Italian opera) and hints of the Dutchman just around the corner.
I regret the decision to mike and mix the Dresden orchestra as a glamorous luxury product. Tannhauser’s opening Pilgrims Song, and its second strain, are harmonized with varied solemn colourings which would have been worth hearing from the Staatskapelle, where the individual timbres are still distinctive, and are fully heard in the recent, more drily recorded account from Barenboim in Chicago, where they are less so. Shockingly distinctive, however, and far from distinguished, is the quick-marched, short-winded trombone blasting that Sinopoli seems to want for the fortissimo statement of the song (where is the dignity in this?). The only merit in the separated-off ‘Paris’ Tannhauser Bacchanale (as opposed to the concert version, which intercuts the Bacchanale before the triumphant return of the Pilgrims) is that it is rarely recorded. Unfortunately the orchestra sound as under-rehearsed here as the engineers (fallible string playing and balances).
Sinopoli at last sounds properly engaged in the Parsifal items, and the disc is worth an audition for some exalted playing here – particularly from the cellos in the Prelude – but not worth buying for it.'
| i don't know |
Which Welsh town was granted city status in 2012 ? | Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee - BBC News
BBC News
Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee
14 March 2012
Close share panel
Image caption St Asaph's Cathedral building dates to the 13th Century
Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph are to gain 'city status' to mark this year's Diamond Jubilee.
The towns beat off competition from 22 others across the UK to win the "civic honours" accolade.
The awards were granted by The Queen under the royal prerogative, following advice from ministers.
Events to mark The Queen's 60 years on the throne began last month and come to a head with four days of celebration in the first weekend of June.
The grant of city status is purely honorific and confers no additional powers, functions or funding.
Local authorities were invited last year to submit bids for their towns to take on city status in a process overseen by the deputy prime minister's office.
The winners are Chelmsford in Essex, Perth in Perthshire and St Asaph in Denbighshire.
'High quality'
Only one title was expected to be awarded but the government said the awards to towns in England, Scotland and Wales were made "in recognition of the significance of every part of the UK" in Jubilee year, as well as the "high quality" of the bids submitted.
Chelmsford, home to Essex County cricket team and Anglia Ruskin University, is one of the fast-growing towns in the south-east of England.
The leader of Chelmsford Council, Roy Whitehead, said he was delighted with the announcement, which he called a "tremendous honour".
I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride
Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister
Perth, on the banks of the River Tay, is one of Scotland's largest towns and will become the country's seventh city.
Pete Wishart, the SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire, said the award was "fantastic news".
St Asaph, which has a population of about 3,500, will become one of the smallest cities in the UK.
It is one of the few towns in the UK with a cathedral never to have had city status and it also played an important role in the history of the Welsh language. The priest who translated the bible into Welsh, William Morgan, later became the bishop of St Asaph.
In recent times, it is more popularly known as the birthplace of Liverpool striker Ian Rush.
The current Bishop of St Asaph, Rt Rev Dr Gregory Cameron, said he was pleased "these decisions are made not on the size of the population but on the quality of community life".
St Asaph was chosen ahead of Wrexham, a much larger town in north Wales.
The other unsuccessful towns which entered the 2012 contest were: Bolton, Bournemouth, Colchester, Coleraine, Corby, Craigavon, Croydon, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dudley, Gateshead, Goole, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Reading, Southend, St Austell, Stockport and Tower Hamlets.
'Civic pride'
Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said the three towns had won out from an "exceptional" field of entrants.
"I have been moved by the pride and passion which people have shown in putting their nominations forward," he said.
"The standard of application was very high and those who missed out should not be downhearted. I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride, of collective ownership and community spirit."
There are currently 66 cities in the UK. City status is rarely granted, with only 14 new cities created during the 20th century.
In the last contest - held in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee - Preston, Newry, Lisburn and Newport were among the winners. In 2000, Brighton and Hove, Inverness and Wolverhampton were given the status to mark the new millennium.
The government also announced on Wednesday that the right to use the title of Lord Mayor will be bestowed on the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. It was chosen ahead of 11 other cities.
| St Asaph |
The Blowfly is known in the UK by what other common name ? | Did You Know? - Scotland's Cities
Did You Know?
- Scotland's Cities
Background
In many parts of the world "city" is applied to any large or important town - or can even be applied to small locations where the founders had big aspirations! In Scotland (and in the rest of the UK) a city used to be defined as somewhere that had a diocesan cathedral (headed by a bishop). In the 19th century, a number of large towns were given a royal charter, which gave them additional honorific status and so the title was strenuously sought. In the four largest cities in Scotland, the most senior elected local government official is designated as "Lord Provost" instead of just provost (equivalent of mayor in England).
For over 100 years, no further city charters were allocated in Scotland, although in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 14 towns were upgraded in the 20th century, most recently Armagh and St David's in 1994 and Sunderland in 1992. Then, to mark the Millennium, followed by the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations, two Scottish towns (Stirling and Inverness) were awarded "city" status after competing with a number of other locations.
Prior to the creation of cities, a number of towns had been awarded the status of a "Royal Burgh", usually granted by a charter from the king. Many of the very earliest royal burghs were created by King David I (1124-1153). This gave the people who lived there certain rights and responsibilities. Many were sea ports and burgh status gave the "burgesses" (people of status who lived in the burgh) the right to own land and trade abroad. Nearly all the royal burghs sent a representative to the Scottish parliament and by 1707 (when the parliament was merged with the one in London) there were 70 royal burghs.
Strictly speaking, burghs in Scotland were abolished in 1975 a result of local government reorganisation, but the term remains in common usage.
Below, you will find brief details of all of Scotland's present cities (and a few towns that are often referred to as cities or aspire to the title, but have never been given official recognition).
Edinburgh
Although the volcanic rock on which Edinburgh Castle stands and the nearby Arthur's Seat were defensive strongholds from the earliest times, Edinburgh did not crop up very often in Scottish history until the reign of Malcolm III (1058-1093) when he who built a fortress on the site of the present castle. King Robert Bruce granted Edinburgh a charter in 1329 but it did not become the national capital until 1437, following the murder of King James I at Perth, which had been the capital up to that point (though Stirling and even Forfar had been the base for government). Prior to that date, however, Edinburgh had been the usual residence of the king.
In 1603 King James VI of Scotland acceded to the English throne and promptly moved to the "bright lights" of London. In 1633 Edinburgh was again officially recognised as the capital of Scotland - after all, the Scottish Parliament continued to sit and legislate there until 1707 when the Union of the Scottish and English Parliaments took place.
Geographically, Edinburgh has expanded greatly since the days of the old walled city and now covers an area of about 260 square kilometres (100 square miles). As a result, the population is now around 400,000.
Glasgow
Legend has it that St Mungo founded Glasgow in 543AD when he established a church on the banks of the Molendinar Burn (a tributary of the river Clyde). As it was near a crossing point on the Clyde and the river became an important artery, Glasgow grew in importance. William the Lionheart gave the town an official charter in 1175. A university was established in Glasgow in 1451, the second in Scotland after St Andrews. A charter as a royal burgh was granted in 1454. Glasgow cathedral became an archbishopric, and hence city status, in 1492.
By the second half of the 19th century, Glasgow had a population of 800,000 and became known as the "Second City of the Empire". By 1931, the population had peaked at 1.13 million. As its heavy industries declined and as many residents moved to more salubrious surroundings in the suburbs, outside the city boundary, the population declined and is currently around 600,000. Unlike Edinburgh, Glasgow has not expanded its boundaries over the years - those living on its outskirts have resisted such moves.
Aberdeen
Often referred to as the "Granite City" or "Silver City" because of the large number of buildings made out of this hard, sparkling, local stone, Aberdeen is located in the north-east of Scotland, on the North Sea coast, between the River Don, to the north, and the River Dee, two miles to the south.
William the Lion granted Aberdeen a charter as a royal burgh in 1179 and from the wording it appears that Aberdeen was already a Royal Burgh and trading community of some importance. According to tradition, the people of Aberdeen helped Robert the Bruce in 1306 by entering the castle and killing the English defenders. Later the town's motto became "Bon Accord", which was the password on the night the castle was taken. Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community in 1319 when he granted the "Great Charter". Further royal charters granting burgh status were granted in 1489 and 1498. The present city was incorporated in 1891 when the two ancient burghs of Old and New Aberdeen, which for centuries had been legally separate, were united.
Aberdeen's current population is around 200,000, many of them involved in the North Sea oil industry.
Dundee
King William the Lion made Dundee, at the mouth of the river Tay on the east coast, a Royal Burgh in the twelfth century and its ancient rights were re-established by a Charter of King Robert the Bruce in 1327. The Great Charter of Charles I, dated 14th September 1641, finally confirmed these rights. The Burgh of Dundee was constituted a "City" by Royal Charter on 26 January 1889, the title of "Lord Provost of the City of Dundee" following a few years later.
Dundee's population is 143,000. Many of its old industries have declined (from whaling in the 19th century to the post-war decline of jute manufacture) but Dundee is trying to reposition itself as the "City of Discovery".
Inverness
Located at the mouth of the river Ness before it flows into the Moray Firth, Inverness is sometimes referred to as the "Capital of the Highlands". This is not just because the Royal Court of the Pictish King Brude (or Bridei) was here in the 6th century, but also because it has long been the social and cultural capital of the Highlands.
Inverness was awarded its charter as a Royal Burgh in 1158 by King David of Scotland. But it took the Millennium celebrations in 2000 before the burgh competed with other locations to be awarded the status of "city" by the Queen in 2001 (along with Brighton and Wolverhampton in England). Even before this event, Inverness had been an expanding and vibrant city but being able to refer to itself as the "City of Inverness" seems to have kick-started another growth spurt. Its population is around 42,000 but, unlike many other parts of Scotland, the numbers living and working in the city are rising.
There used to be a Royal Burgh coat of arms for the Inverness which incorporated a camel and an elephant (a reminder of its foreign trade links) but it lost that with the formation of the Highland Council, covering a large part of the north of Scotland. But to qualify for a coat of arms as a city, it must have its own local authority (as is the case with the other - much larger - cities). Undaunted, the Lord Lyon who administers all matters to do with coats of arms, is to be asked to provide special dispensation.
Stirling
There had been a gap of over 100 years between awarding "city" status to Dundee and then Inverness, but a year after that accolade, Queen Elizabeth II marked her Golden Jubilee on the throne by officially declaring Stirling (population 39,000) to be Scotland's newest city on 24th May 2002. Ayr (population 45,0000), Paisley (80,000 Paisley "Buddies") failed (this time?) in their bid. Three main factors were taken into account when assessing the bids - notable features (including significance regionally or nationally), historical (including Royal) features and a forward-looking attitude.
Like a good number of other locations, Stirling had been an ancient capital of Scotland (Robert the Bruce held a parliament there in 1326). Stirling's location at the lowest crossing point (until the 20th century) of the river Forth meant that it had a strategic importance. Having a royal castle (on top of a volcanic plug, as in the case of Edinburgh) strengthened that role. While this led to economic growth for Stirling, it also meant that it was a target of English invasions. Wallace's defeat of the English at Stirling Bridge and Robert the Bruce's victory over King Edward II at nearby Bannockburn bear witness to that.
Perth
Often called the "Fair City of Perth" this royal burgh (a status granted by King William the Lionheart in 1210 - and celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2010) was often referred as a city, though it lacked official recognition after a local government reorganisation in 1975 when the definition of a city was re-examined and a list of approved cities omitted Perth. It was therefore considered to be a "former city", like Brechin and Elgin. However, it is claimed that Perth (currently with a population of 43,450) has been recognised as a city since 1600 when King James VI bestowed a so called "Golden Charter". In more recent times, 19th century official documents such as the Acts of the UK Parliament which were given Royal Assent have also constantly referred to Perth as a city. It was a capital of Scotland for a spell in the 13th and early 14th centuries. For reasons of status, Perth has been agitating to formally become recognised as a city (road-signs around the borders state "The City of Perth", and directional signs within indicate "City Centre". The campaign proved to be successful in March 2012 when, as part of Queen Elizabeth's diamond jubilee celebrations, Perth was one of three cities awarded that status. The others were St Asaph in Wales (admittedly it has a cathedral but a population of under 3,500) and Chelmsford in England (32 miles / 51 kilometres northeast of central London) were the other winners of the contest for city status.
Aspiring "Cities"
Here is a selection of towns that are either often referred to as "City" without being officially recognised or those that aspire to the status.
Brechin
Brechin in Angus qualified under the old definition of a "city" because it had a cathedral within its boundary. These days it is the Brechin City football (soccer) club which perpetuates the name of this town, which has a population of under 8,000.
Paisley
The only "City of Paisley" is in Oregon, USA. Despite its size (population of Paisley in Scotland is 80,000) and having a magnificent abbey, a centre of local government in the area and a university, it has failed to be awarded the status of a modern city in Scotland. Paisley has perhaps suffered from its close proximity to Glasgow, though the "Paisley Buddies" would never agree that the town has been overshadowed by its larger neighbour.
Ayr
Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns, born in nearby Alloway, was full of praise for "Auld Ayr, wham ne�er a town surpasses, for honest men and bonnie lassies". The town has a long history, too, with its "Low Green" designated as a public open space by William the Lion in around 1205, shortly after granting it Royal Burgh status. But that has not been enough to gain the title of city for this Clyde coastal town with a population of 48,000. Like Paisley, Ayr put its name forward in both the Millennium and Queen's Golden Jubilee.
Elgin
Elgin claims that it was granted city status during the reign of King David I in the 12th century and has described itself as such ever since. Others argue that King David only raised the town to that of a "royal burgh" and not a city. The community council in Elgin describes their location as "City and Royal Burgh of Elgin" and Moray Council support the campaign for official recognition. And the local football (soccer) team, formed in 1893, is Elgin City.
Cathedral "Cities"
It has been argued that the original definition of a "city", namely that it has a cathedral, should be revived. If that unlikely claim should be upheld, Elgin, Dunfermline, Brechin, St Andrews, Kirkwall, Dunblane and the villages of Dunkeld, Fortrose, Dornoch and Whithorn would all be recognised. Of course, what these locations are really looking for, apart from prestige, is a share in the funds allocated by the Scottish Executive as a "city growth fund".
Use the "Back" button on your browser or click here to return to the Index of "Did You Know?"
Where else would you like to go in Scotland?
Links Pages
| i don't know |
Which UK TV game show introduced us to Dusty Bin ? | 3-2-1 - UKGameshows
3-2-1
Ted Rogers
Co-hosts
Comedy regulars: Mike Newman, Chris Emmett, Duggie Brown, Felix Bowness, Debbie Arnold, Bernie Clifton, George Roper, David Ismay
Hostesses: Mireille Allonville, Jenny Layland, Patsy Ann Scott, Annie St. John, Karen Palmer, Gail Playfair, Tula, Alison Temple-Savage, Libby Roberts, Fiona Curzon, Karan David, Caroline Munro, Lynda Lee Lewis
Announcers: Anthony Schaeffer (1984-5), John Benson (1986-8)
Broadcast
Yorkshire Television for ITV, 29 July 1978 to 24 December 1988 (146 episodes in 10 series + 8 specials)
Synopsis
Three for the price of one
Once entertaining (but in retrospect, truly cringeworthy) prime-time show, which was Yorkshire TV's greatest contribution to ITV game shows before Countdown hit the airwaves. Divided into three key parts - first, the rather jolly quiz where each of the three couples were given two rounds of 10 questions, their money being equal to 10 x first round score x second round score. Contestants were invariably middle-aged couples, and there was a curious affinity for contestants from the North-East and Midlands.
Ted in the middle of his intricate "3-2-1" trademark. A glamorous audience looks on.
In the very early series (such as the picture below), the quiz was actually in 3 rounds, with £1 paid for the first round questions. Anyway, the maximum was always £1000, which was a lot of money in those days. Also in those years, the winning couple actually sat out the rest of the show and came back to earn more money next week as reigning champions.
Contestants play the "1000 to 1" quiz
The quiz rules changed many times over the years. Originally the couples had to name up to ten things that belonged to a particular category, alternating answers and Ted letting the female have the example as their first answer. Partners could help but in mime only. Something the judges felt didn't fit or a repetition ended the round prematurely, which would cue in a quick joke from the resident comedians. Later the quiz changed so that whilst they were always given the example and they had to answer alternately, there were ten proper questions connected by a theme (complete the phrase or saying, name these celebrities whose surnames all begin with an F, that sort of thing). The round still ended there and then if a wrong answer was given, but they could at least pass and move on (but couldn't come back to it later).
The third and final incarnation of the quiz for its very final series was a straight buzzer quiz - everyone was spotted £10 to begin and each correct answer meant another £10 was added. There were ten questions in round one. In round two (after a quick performance from an upcoming star, one of which was a pre-fame mulleted Shane Richie ), there were fifteen questions worth whatever you earnt in round one. This was a bit rubbish really, as it didn't lend itself to the shock results that sometimes happened when the leaders from round one mess-up early from previous series.
The second round also changed over the years. In the early series, a physical game was played that fitted in with the show's theme. This was the version that made the most sense, but the low budgets at the time made the games extremely naff. As more money was available in later series, a computer game (a simple version of Breakout) was used.
Ted Rogers falls at the knees of one of the hostesses.
The most modern series used a second round that was essentially just 60% of round three, so let's explain round 3.
Hostess Mireille Allonville.
The two remaining couples were brought various cryptic clues by cabaret acts, including magicians and comedy routines. Also in every show was the obligatory dance routine by the in-house "Brian Rogers Connection", which we presume was not a literal title. Previous dance/hostess troupes include "Lipstick" and "The Gentle Secs".
Ted and dancers with Dusty Bin in his Pearly King garb.
After three clues, a tie-breaker question was read out (see "Key Moments") and the winning couple went on to receive two more objects to which famously impenetrable cryptic clues were attached.
Bin there, done that
They had to try to solve the clues in order to keep the star prize (invariably a car) but eliminate the booby prize, Dusty Bin, a 1980s technological marvel on roller skates powered by four Duracell AA - pick him and all you went home with was a dust bin (a brand new one, mind).
- Dusty Bin as the cameraman.
Host with the most
Why did the show work? It's somewhat of a mystery. No-one understood the cryptic clues, the jokes were extremely thin (especially so in the earliest series), but the prizes were pretty good for their day. But for our money, it's Ted Rogers that really carried the show off. The show may look naff by today's standards, but Rogers was a very affable host, always with a nice word to say about people and even the occasional good ad lib to boot.
That hand signal in full flow. Nice purple.
Key moments
The famous episode (pictured below) that's so good it deserves a full script:
Rogers: "This is a composer. German by birth, English by adoption. Best known for an oratorio published in 1741. It was called Messiah. You're bound to know his handle."
Female contestant: (presses buzzer) "Oh God, I used to have it at school... Handel's Water Music..."
Rogers: "So who's the composer?"
Female contestant: "Chopin?"
Rogers: (shrugs shoulders and turns to other team) "So I can offer it to you."
Male contestant: "Beethoven?"
"You're bound to know his 'handle'..." (cough)
Catchphrases
Ted's warning the contestants of the consequences of being left with Dusty Bin: "Remember all you win is a brand new dustbin!" he'd explain, just in case (as many viewers thought) that they might win a state of the art robot worth more than any other prize ever offered on the show.
Who could forget "Whiplash" Rogers' 3-2-1 hand movement?
Inventor
Based on the Spanish show Un, Dos, Tres, devised by Ibanez Serrador. It was called 3-2-1 because it was three things in one - a quiz, a game and a variety show.
Theme music
Trivia
Note the little Yorkshire Television "Y" symbol in the show's logo.
The technical term for the clue objects that were brought to the table was a McGuffin, so called because that's the name Alfred Hitchcock used to describe key objects that provided red herrings in his mystery films.
Dusty Bin cost £10,500 to build (quite a chunk of change in those days) and never broke down. It was built by special effects company Rowley Electronics , who later went on to devise the effects used on Fun House .
Popular DJ Janice Long appeared as a contestant with her then husband Trevor on the very first show in 1978.
By 1987, there was a write-in competition in the TV Times. Five winners got a ceramic Dusty Bin. The winner got a 21-inch colour television.
3-2-1 keeps turning up in critics' lists of the "worst ever" TV shows. In July 2006 it was included among John Naughton's 50 worst list in Radio Times and then a few months later it featured in a list of the "Terrible 20" worst ever shows in Jeff Evans' book The Penguin TV Companion, alongside recent flops Shafted and Celebrity Wrestling , long-forgotten one-shot Top of the World and sixteen programmes from outside the game show arena.
Web links
| 3 2 1 |
In which country is the Kensington Oval cricket stadium ? | BBC News | TV AND RADIO | Entertainer Ted Rogers dies
Wednesday, 2 May, 2001, 19:25 GMT 20:25 UK
Entertainer Ted Rogers dies
TV presenter Rogers was once a Butlins Redcoat
TV presenter Ted Rogers - best known for presenting quiz show 3-2-1 with sidekick Dusty Bin - has died in London aged 65.
The star died on Wednesday morning in St Thomas's Hospital, where he was being treated for heart problems, his agent said.
Rogers: Was due to perform in America later this year
Rogers had been diagnosed with an irregular heartbeat six months ago, and fell ill again several days ago.
The wise-cracking presenter had been due to perform in America with his friend Jackie Mason later this year.
He also shared a stage with many of the stage and screen legends such as Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby and Shirley Bassey during his lifetime.
Rogers' agent of the past decade, Phil Dale, said the presenter died at 6am.
Ted was a truly delightful man. He was one of the most genuine of game show hosts
Vernon Lawrence
Yorkshire TV
"Around six months ago he wasn't feeling very well and saw the doctor who sent him for tests," he said.
"He was put on a course of medication. Then a few days ago he was feeling very ill and he was sent to St Thomas's."
Mr Dale said he understood the comic was having, or had undergone, surgery to repair a heart valve.
Rogers found his biggest TV fame on 3-2-1, in which contestants had to solve a series of cryptic clues to land rewards such as dream holidays - and avoid the booby prize Dusty Bin.
Instead of a catchphrase, the star developed a hand gesture in which he counted down the figures as he said the show's name.
Continued working
The show was made by Yorkshire Television and ran from 1978 to 1987.
Rogers, lived in Haslemere, Surrey, and had two teenage children from his second marriage to Marion.
The presenter also had two children from his first marriage, to childhood sweetheart Marge.
Mr Dale added: "He continued working and has always done his summer seasons - last year he was in Weymouth.
"He also did panto every year and did the cruises. But this year he was due to work with his old friend Jackie Mason instead of doing panto and they were going to do an old Vaudeville-type act in America."
'Delightful'
"He worked with many of the greats, stars like Sinatra, Hope and Crosby."
Vernon Lawrence, who was head of entertainment at Yorkshire TV and executive producer of 3-2-1, said: "Ted was a truly delightful man. He was one of the most genuine of game show hosts and the 3-2-1 audiences particularly loved him because of the warm way he treated losing contestants.
"He made the show a massive hit and even when it ended it was still very high in the ratings thanks to his contribution."
John Whiston, Yorkshire TV's director of programmes, said: "YTV is saddened to hear of the death of Ted Rogers.
"For all of us who grew up watching 3-2-1 and for all the staff here who worked on the show Ted brought fantastic humour and energy into our lives."
He has recently been seen in the credits for ITV quiz show Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, alongside Dusty Bin, bemoaning the show's success.
Along with other presenters Nicholas Parsons, Jim Bowen, Tom O'Connor and Henry Kelly he performed a short slot for the Alliance & Leicester.
Search BBC News Online
| i don't know |
Hadrian's Wall was completed in which century ? | Building Hadrian's Wall
Building Hadrian's Wall
Who built the Wall
The construction of the wall was the most elaborate project in the Roman world and was undertaken by the II Augustus, VI Victrix and XX Valeria Victrix legions. Detachments of the British fleet were used to build some of the forts granaries. The legions contained specialist skilled craftsmen such as engineers, stone masons and carpenters, while the general soldiers were also used to building. The Roman army also had it's own supply train of mules and oxen to help with the huge task of moving the building materials up to the Wall.
The entire project was without precedent, as before this time only relatively short city walls had been built out of stone. Even building city walls had fallen out of practice in the Roman world. While the Roman army did have experience of building forts, however these were made out of earth, or a stone face on an earth bank rather than a free standing stone wall.
Recent finds at Vindolanda have discovered the remains of a timber building with a large number of rooms, some of which would have been painted from this period. It seems likely that this may have been where Hadrian's party had been housed when he came to see the project. Vindolanda would have been a good site from where Hadrian could have watched the start of his project.
Hadrian's love of architecture
Hadrian had a huge interest in architecture and had a very high opinion of his own skills - Trajans brilliant architect Apollodorus was exiled on a mere pretext because he doubted Hadrians architectural abilities. Hadrian was especially interested in building on a colossal scale as shown by three of his other projects: Tivoli, his mausoleum which is now the Castel Sant Angelo in Rome and the Panthenon.
The Wall was therefore designed to be impressive. The turrets and milecastles regularly spaced, often with little concern shown to the topography of the land. The turrets in particular seem to meet a cosmetic as much as a practical purpose, it should come as no surprise that there's evidence that the wall was actually whitewashed.
Design of the Wall
The Wall was either 10 or 8 feet wide and probably about fifteen foot high. In the West the Wall was initially built in turf and only later rebuilt in stone. Every mile along the Wall was a fortlet (milecastle)with two regularly space towers between the milecastles. There were also two gateways for the main routes North of the Wall, these were for Dere street which crosses the Wall at Portgate just North of Corbridge, and just to the North of Carlisle - however little is known of their design. Just behind the Wall is the Vallum, a massive ditch, which would have originally been twenty feet wide and ten feet deep.
Later forts were moved up to the Wall. These were built roughly seven and a half miles apart, although the spacing is nowhere near as rigid as the milecastles (the distance varies from about six to nine miles), with the forts built near major river crossings. Where possible the forts have been built astride the Wall. It is thought that the Vallum was built at the same time as the forts were moved, although the Vallum obviously was designed to restrict access to the Wall from the South, it's exact purpose is unknown. It's size would make it a major monument in it's own right. Possible reasons that have been suggested for it include acting as a customs barrier or defending the Wall from the South.
The milecastles were about 60 by 50 Roman feet with Walls about 10 feet wide, the North side was the Wall itself. The milecastles usually contained one or two buildings, which were made from stone or timber and would have provided accomodation for perhaps a dozen men or less (the towers provide almost as much accomodation). They had a gate in the South side and to the North through the Wall, with the Northeern Gateway surmounted with a tower. The milecastles were built of stone (when the Wall was stone) and turf for those sections which had a turf Wall.
The towers were probably 30 foot high with the the top accessed by a ladder. The towers and milecastles may have given access to the Wall, although it whould be remembered that the top of the wall was NOT a fighting platform lined with soldiers repelling invaders. However it may have had a parapet allowing sentries to patrol the Wall.
As none of the Wall, towers or Milecastles survive to anywhere near their full height it's not really known what the top would have looked like. For example it's really only assumed that there was a parapet, it may have just been a Wall, similarly the design for the the top of the towers is not really known, with the assumption that they would have been similar to those shown on Trajan's column. The turret may have had flat or pitched roof.
The design had a number of changes during the construction of the Wall. The two most important of these was the change from Wide to Narrow gauge; that is from a ten foot width to an eight foot width. Presumably this was done to save time and effort building the Wall. The second was to move the forts up to the course of the Wall itself.
Originally the forts would have been located a few miles to the South of the Wall along the course of the Stanegate. This had the advantage of being much easier to supply than if the forts were along the Wall itself; however it also had the disadvantage of taking longer for the troops in the forts to reach the Wall itself. Moving the forts would have involved a major amount of extra work, including demolishing some of the turrets and milecastles already built. It can't have been a decision taken lightly and there must have been very good operational reasons for implementing it. At first the forts were built with three gateways facing North of the Wall, but in later forts this was reduced to one.
Completion of the Wall
The date when the Wall was finished is harder to say, the initial scheme probably took about three years, however the final work of rebuilding the turf wall in stone was completed only just before Hadrians death. The cost of the project would have been enormous even allowing for the fact that the army supplied the labor and the quarries belonged to the state. Indeed some believe that the fighting in Britain at the start of Hadrians reign was deliberately exaggerated to justify the scale of the project.
The Romans lack of experience in building such a monumental structure was to show through in a couple of ways:
i. A number of major redesigns were required during the building of the Wall, (For example the forts being moved up to the line of the wall).
ii. The construction was flawed - The Wall had been built with facing stones that were unusually long, with a front tapering to a point, this made them particularly prone to topple outwards. This meant it had to be rebuilt at the end of the second century by the Emperor Severus.
The rebuilding required was in fact so complete that until the start of the twentieth century it was believed that the Wall been built by Severus (and that Hadrian had only built the Vallum). Hadrian would have found this especially galling as he had a reputation as one of Rome's vainest emperors!
Hadrian died in AD 138 after a long illness. He had been one of Rome most capable and energetic emperors and had dedicated his life to the improvement of the state. He was a great patron of the arts and he ruled firmly and with the exception of his suppression of the Jewish revolt, humanely.
| 2nd century |
"From which Shakespeare play do we get the quotation "" hubble bubble toil and trouble fire burn and caluldron bubble "" ?" | Facts About Hadrian’s Wall | Primary Facts
Facts About Hadrian’s Wall
Posted on
by James • 13 Comments
Here are some facts about Hadrian’s Wall, built by the Romans in the 2nd century AD.
Hadrian’s Wall is located in the north of England , not far from the border with Scotland. It stretches for about 73 miles, from Bowness on Solway on the west coast, to Wallsend on the east coast.
The 73 mile length was equivalent to 80 Roman miles. The Roman mile was based on the distance that a legion, or group, of soldiers could march in 2,000 steps.
The wall and most of its defenses were built between about 122 and 128 AD. Its purpose was to mark the northern extent of the Roman Empire, which then covered much of Europe.
Hadrian’s Wall was originally constructed in two parts, with the western part of the wall built first. It was originally made from turf, allowing it to be built more quickly.
The Romans also built 16 forts along the length of the wall, the remains of which can be seen today. Each one could house 800 soldiers and had its own prison, hospital, bakery and stables.
The emperor, Hadrian, after whom the wall is named, wanted to make sure the soldiers stationed on Hadrian’s Wall were happy. He personally met with the troops and encouraged practice drills.
Although much of the wall is still standing, over the centuries people have taken away the stones for building. Several nearby monasteries contain stones taken from from Hadrian’s Wall.
Map showing Hadrian’s Wall (Credit)
A national trail was opened in 2003, which follows the path of the wall from coast to coast. Walkers are urged to walk only in warmer months, to avoid damaging the remains further.
Walking the trail is popular, attracting thousands of people each year. Most people walk from west to east, and the walk takes about six days.
Hadrian’s Wall is just one of several Roman walls built throughout Europe, including the less well known Antonine Wall, located in Scotland.
What next? Discover more Roman facts by visiting our Roman resources page.
| i don't know |
What was the name of the U.S. Space station , launched into Earth orbit in May 1973 ? | Skylab: First U.S. Space Station
Skylab: First U.S. Space Station
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor |
February 1, 2013 06:40pm ET
MORE
The Skylab Orbital Workshop experienced a failure that led to a replacement shield to protect against solar heating.
Credit: NASA.
Skylab was the first space station operated by the United States. It spent six years orbiting Earth until its decaying orbit caused it to re-enter the atmosphere. It scattered debris over the Indian Ocean and sparsely settled areas of Western Australia.
Three crews successfully lived on board the station for several months each. The last crew spent 84 days in orbit — an American record that stood until the shuttle era. [ Photos: Skylab, the 1st U.S. Space Station ]
Rocky start
Various NASA centers had kicked around ideas for a space station for years before Skylab launched. However, the agency was very focused on the space race and moonshots that dominated public consciousness in the 1960s. Money for other endeavors was not as available.
As Apollo began to wind down in the early 1970s, NASA began an Apollo Applications Program to fly unused hardware from the moon program. One idea, proposed by famous Apollo rocket engineer Wernher von Braun , would be to build a space station out of an unused rocket stage. The design evolved over the years as NASA struggled with reduced funding.
Skylab finally aimed for space on May 14, 1973. However, a meteoroid shield that was supposed to shelter Skylab accidentally opened about 63 seconds into the launch. The still-thick atmosphere tore the shield off, plunging Skylab into a serious situation. The facility experienced communications problems with the antenna as a result of the incident, but that was the least of the agency's worries.
"When the meteoroid shield ripped loose, it disturbed the mounting of workshop solar array wing No. 2 and caused it to partially deploy. The exhaust plume of the second stage retro-rockets impacted the partially deployed solar array and literally blew it into space," NASA wrote.
Workers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center scrambled to stabilize the station. Among other measures, they put the station in an attitude that would minimize overheating, and came up with ways to cope with the station's reduced power situation.
Meanwhile, the first crew – led by Apollo 12 commander Pete Conrad – would need to make the station habitable before they could get to work. The crew's first challenge during the spacewalk, just hours after launch, was deploying the solar array, but initial attempts met with no luck as a metal strip holding it down refused to give way.
Crew members emerged from an expected communications blackout in a foul mood, according to an official NASA account of the mission. "The astronauts were venting their frustration with four-letter words, while Houston repeatedly tried to remind them that communication had resumed," NASA wrote.
Realizing the tools they had with them that day would not work, Conrad abandoned the exercise and focused on trying to dock his spacecraft with the station. Unfortunately, the docking mechanism failed and the crew had to depressurize the spacecraft and bypass electrical connections to achieve it.
In subsequent days, Conrad's crew erected a sun shade , successfully deployed the stuck array, and began operational work aboard the station. While the incident was frustrating for the teams involved, it also demonstrated that it was possible to fix a badly damaged space station while it is in orbit.
Cutaway view of Skylab
| Skylab |
On which TV show did Mr Blobby first make his appearance ? | China's First Space Station: A New Foothold in Earth Orbit
China's First Space Station: A New Foothold in Earth Orbit
By Leonard David, Space.com's Space Insider Columnist |
May 6, 2011 07:00am ET
MORE
China is developing its first full-fledged space station, called Tiangong (Heavenly Palace). Early tests of China’s skills at rendezvous and docking, shown in this artist's illustration, are set to begin in 2011.
Credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
China's state-run news outlets report that preparations of the country's first space station module, called Tiangong-1, are in full swing for a launch in the second half of this year and will be followed by an unpiloted spacecraft.
The spacecraft twosome, the station module and China's Shenzhou 8 vehicle, will mark the country's first round of orbital rendezvous and docking tests – viewed as a springboard to larger space adventures. A Long March 2F rocket is the booster of choice for the individual launches, according to reports by China's Xinhua news agency. [ Photos: China's First Space Station ]
Take a look at how China's first space station, called Tiangong ("Heavenly Palace") will be assembled in orbit in this SPACE.com infographic. See the full infographic on the Tiangong space station here .
Credit: Karl Tate/SPACE.com
According to state media reports, the Tiangong-1 space station module is outfitted with a docking port on its front and rear ends. It will tip the scales at roughly 8 1/2 tons and purportedly will have a two-year lifetime in Earth orbit.
Next year, China's Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 10 missions, each carrying astronauts, are expected to link up with the station module, according to current plan.
By honing their skills at rendezvous and docking, Chinese space officials see the target practice as a step forward in assembling a far heftier space facility, now slated to be completed around 2020, according to Yang Liwei, deputy head of China’s Manned Space Engineering Office. Yang was China’s first person to orbit the Earth, in 2003.
China currently has a 21-member astronaut corps that includes two women and is undergoing training for future docking and rendezvous milestones. The two women are pilots drawn from the People's Liberation Army Air Force.
This illustration depicts a Chinese Shenzhou vehicle approaching the Tiangong 1 space lab during orbital rendezvous and docking tests, a precursor for space station construction.
Credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
Larger space station
According to an April 26 Xinhua report, China's goal is to build a 60-ton space station that would consist of three modules and also would make use of a cargo spaceship delivering supplies to the orbital complex.
The full-size station would have a 59-foot (18.1-meter) core module with a maximum diameter of 14 feet (4.2 meters) and a launch weight of between 20 and 22 tons (18,100 to 19,900 kilograms). That central module would be launched first, according to the plan. [ How China's First Space Station Will Work (Infographic) ]
The two follow-on laboratory modules would each be 47 feet long (14.4 meters), with the same maximum diameter and launch weight of the core module.
Details of the station construction job were outlined in a press meeting held April 25 by the China Manned Space Engineering Office.
Wang Wenbao, director of the CMSEO, recently called upon Chinese people around the world for a logo and a distinctive name for the country’s first crewed space station.
Chinese media reports also state Wang has requested ideas and logo concepts for the space station to be sent to an organizing committee via online polls that will run over next several months.
Work is underway in readying China's thrust into a space station era with Tiangong-1, the first Chinese space station module.. The banner above the hardware reads: "Carry on the spirit of human spaceflight, insure the complete success of the docking mission."
Credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office/Banner translation - Gregory Kulacki
China's Skylab
Call it "China's Skylab," said Gregory Kulacki, senior analyst and China project manager for the global security program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. Skylab was the name of the first American space station launched by NASA.
"The 60-ton Chinese station is approximately the same size as America's first space station and is being launched at a comparable stage in the history of China's human space flight program ," Kulacki told SPACE.com.
NASA's Skylab was lofted back in 1973. It was visited by a trio of crews, three astronauts each time.
The last team to visit that U.S. station set a world record at the time for longest stay in orbit, 84 days. The 100-ton facility re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in 1979.
High hopes
China’s goal for the program, Kulacki said, is equally simple: to acquire experience living and working in space.
"The planned scientific and technical experiments will be informed by developments in space science since the late 1970s," he added, "and China has high hopes that their experience in space will lead to breakthroughs that can be applied back on Earth."
Domestic proponents of China’s human spaceflight program argue that America's program -- which served as a model for the Chinese -- stimulated U.S. technical and economic development, Kulacki noted. "The Chinese political leaders funding the program hope they are right."
Kulacki said that Chinese opponents who question the diversion of the country's still limited human, technical and financial resources to human spaceflight argue that China is simply repeating what was accomplished decades ago, by the United States.
"Moreover there is no evidence that China's accomplishments in human spaceflight provide increased political legitimacy or support for the Chinese Communist Party, despite the expansive propaganda efforts surrounding the program,” Kulacki advised.
Another take on what's in the offing from China comes from Dean Cheng, a Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation’s Asian Studies Center – and a specialist in China's military and space capabilities .
Cheng said China’s moves to deploy a space lab are a continuation of its Project 921, begun in 1992.
"It reflects the long-term nature of China's space planning and underscores the persistent and consistent nature of their space efforts," Cheng said. "Nearly 20 years after the plan was first set in motion, the Chinese are still at it, in a slow, methodical fashion."
Moreover, Cheng noted that the Chinese do not see themselves in a race with the United States. Or, if they do, it is a marathon, not a sprint.
"They are operating according to their timelines, not in response to American efforts or out of fear that they will be left behind by the United States," Cheng said.
Such an approach has the potential of creating a "frog in the pot" effect for the United States, Cheng said.
"The slow, persistent Chinese approach ensures that there is not a 'Shenzhou moment' comparable to a 'Sputnik moment'… until the Chinese do make a major breakthrough ? at which point, it is an open question whether they [the U.S.] will be able to catch up or not."
Military implications
Cheng sees potential military implications from the imminent testing of rendezvous and docking know-how by China.
"Not so much in terms of manned military missions … Rather, rendezvous and docking skills can be transferred to unmanned spacecraft, whether it is for kinetic kill operations or inspection of foreign satellites -- say, for intelligence or war-fighting purposes or other malign purposes ," Cheng said.
All of this underscores why repeated attempts by the U.S. to ignite cooperation in the area of manned space are unlikely to bear fruit, Cheng said, "but likely to result in catastrophe."
That is, if there is a failure in the cooperation (not technical failure, but failure of political will, or failure of political steadfastness to see things through), then it will have enormous repercussions, which would be bad for the larger Sino-US relationship, Cheng added.
Cheng said that the Chinese are explicitly following a policy of "indigenous innovation" -- a heavy emphasis on self-reliance.
"China's space program is largely home-grown and a point of pride to the Chinese," he added. "Why should they cooperate with the U.S.? What is in it for them … especially in light of the export control regulations aimed at China?"
Winner of this year’s National Space Club Press Award, Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society’s Ad Astra and Space World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999.
| i don't know |
In 2012 , which town became the first in Essex to be granted city status ? | Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee - BBC News
BBC News
Three towns win city status for Diamond Jubilee
14 March 2012
Close share panel
Image caption St Asaph's Cathedral building dates to the 13th Century
Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph are to gain 'city status' to mark this year's Diamond Jubilee.
The towns beat off competition from 22 others across the UK to win the "civic honours" accolade.
The awards were granted by The Queen under the royal prerogative, following advice from ministers.
Events to mark The Queen's 60 years on the throne began last month and come to a head with four days of celebration in the first weekend of June.
The grant of city status is purely honorific and confers no additional powers, functions or funding.
Local authorities were invited last year to submit bids for their towns to take on city status in a process overseen by the deputy prime minister's office.
The winners are Chelmsford in Essex, Perth in Perthshire and St Asaph in Denbighshire.
'High quality'
Only one title was expected to be awarded but the government said the awards to towns in England, Scotland and Wales were made "in recognition of the significance of every part of the UK" in Jubilee year, as well as the "high quality" of the bids submitted.
Chelmsford, home to Essex County cricket team and Anglia Ruskin University, is one of the fast-growing towns in the south-east of England.
The leader of Chelmsford Council, Roy Whitehead, said he was delighted with the announcement, which he called a "tremendous honour".
I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride
Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister
Perth, on the banks of the River Tay, is one of Scotland's largest towns and will become the country's seventh city.
Pete Wishart, the SNP MP for Perth and North Perthshire, said the award was "fantastic news".
St Asaph, which has a population of about 3,500, will become one of the smallest cities in the UK.
It is one of the few towns in the UK with a cathedral never to have had city status and it also played an important role in the history of the Welsh language. The priest who translated the bible into Welsh, William Morgan, later became the bishop of St Asaph.
In recent times, it is more popularly known as the birthplace of Liverpool striker Ian Rush.
The current Bishop of St Asaph, Rt Rev Dr Gregory Cameron, said he was pleased "these decisions are made not on the size of the population but on the quality of community life".
St Asaph was chosen ahead of Wrexham, a much larger town in north Wales.
The other unsuccessful towns which entered the 2012 contest were: Bolton, Bournemouth, Colchester, Coleraine, Corby, Craigavon, Croydon, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dudley, Gateshead, Goole, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Reading, Southend, St Austell, Stockport and Tower Hamlets.
'Civic pride'
Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said the three towns had won out from an "exceptional" field of entrants.
"I have been moved by the pride and passion which people have shown in putting their nominations forward," he said.
"The standard of application was very high and those who missed out should not be downhearted. I hope the competition has given the residents of all the places which applied a sense of civic pride, of collective ownership and community spirit."
There are currently 66 cities in the UK. City status is rarely granted, with only 14 new cities created during the 20th century.
In the last contest - held in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee - Preston, Newry, Lisburn and Newport were among the winners. In 2000, Brighton and Hove, Inverness and Wolverhampton were given the status to mark the new millennium.
The government also announced on Wednesday that the right to use the title of Lord Mayor will be bestowed on the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. It was chosen ahead of 11 other cities.
| Chelmsford |
In which city will you find the cricket ground known as the Gabba ? | Does Chelmsford really deserve its new city status? | Daily Mail Online
comments
Yesterday, I had the misfortune to be absent from my home town. Therefore, I could not join in the cheers, or the popping of champagne corks, at the news that Chelmsford is one of the three new cities created to commemorate the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee.
Like all Chelmsfordians, I feel my breast swell with pride at the thought that this humble Essex town in which I was born, where I went to school, and from which I still catch the train to London every day is now a city.
It also means that the local Blue Square League South soccer club, Chelmsford City — The Clarets — no longer violates the Trade Descriptions Act.
Accolade: Chelmsford is to be awarded city status
To think that the old place can stand with Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol and other heaving, vibrant, buzzing metropolises across our nation should be really rather a thrill. In truth, though, I am a little, well, bemused by it.
I congratulate those who ran the campaign for the honour (though I must admit it completely passed me by), and I hope they are basking in their success. But, to be honest, I can’t quite see why Chelmsford got lucky.
It has not had a good press. Indeed, it has hardly had any press at all. For much of its existence it has succeeded in being almost entirely anonymous.
John Betjeman, who rather liked Essex, described its landscape as ‘sweet, uneventful countryside’.
And Chelmsford has, for much of the past 2,000 years, been a textbook example of uneventfulness, sweet or otherwise.
Charles Dickens passed through in 1835 — it was just before the railway removed the necessity for an overnight stop on the way from London to Ipswich and Norwich.
Dickens made a point of coming before he was famous: I have been unable to find any record of his returning as one of the greatest celebrities in the world.
Uninspiring: Charles Dickens called Chelmsford, which hosts the annual V Festival (left) 'the dullest and most stupid spot on the face of the earth'
However, this is not surprising, when one reads what he wrote to a friend from there.
‘If anyone were to ask me what in my opinion was the dullest and most stupid spot on the face of the Earth, I should decidedly say Chelmsford.’
Some would argue — perhaps unfairly — that things have got worse since then.
It is not that Chelmsford is squalid or decaying — far from it. It is affluent, clean, and (with the exception of the apparently obligatory Friday night roarings and vomitings by Essex men whose income exceeds their tolerance of alcohol) remarkably orderly.
Nor is it particularly stupid — despite the image conveyed by the TV reality show The Only Way Is Essex.
It boasts two of the best grammar schools in England (I must declare an interest: I attended one of them) and seems to have a production line of smart, intelligent, young people determined to make their way in the world and be a credit to our country.
Academic success: Chelmsford boasts two of the best grammar schools in the country: King Edward VI Grammar School and Chelmsford County High School for Girls (pictured)
The place got on the map in the first century AD, when the Romans decided to beat up the local tribe of ancient Britons, the Iceni.
They founded a settlement called Caesaromagus as a staging post between London and Colchester, and — their most poisonous legacy by far — linked these places with the suicidally dangerous and overcrowded road now known as the A12.
Having built the A12, the Romans proceeded for several years to chase Queen Boadicea up and down it.
Three points were thus made about Chelmsford that hold good today: the no-nonsense nature of the Essex girl, the thrill of the boy racer and a healthy distrust of external cultural influences. After Boadicea and her tribe had been dispensed with, the town lapsed into 1,900 years of solid boredom.
It was rich enough by the late Middle Ages, though, to build a decent church. Much of that, however, fell down in 1801, causing the first serious excitement in the town in the Christian era.
The ruins were rebuilt and it became a cathedral in 1913. It may not be Canterbury or York, but it provided an entry for the guidebooks.
Out on the town: Chelmsford has its fair share of night spots where locals can knock back a few drinks after a hard week
One for the guidebooks: Chelmsford Cathedral
However, only a mother could really love Chelmsford, even if we who are its sons feel a native’s fondness for it.
I feel my lifetime has coincided with the obliteration of almost all that was distinguished, notable or remarkable about the place.
It was put on the map in 1920 when the first wireless broadcast was made from Guglielmo Marconi’s factory in New Street.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
Marconi’s eventual collapse 13 years ago was just one of Chelmsford’s many light engineering businesses to go under.
What used to be ball bearing or electrical factories are now yuppie flats or gymnasiums.
In a world where everything is made by the Chinese, a country unaffected by health and safety regulations and where trades unions do as they are told, towns all over England, like Chelmsford, became a mixture of dormitories and retail outlets. But even retailing is now suffering, because of the internet.
Death of industry: Chelmsford's small factories have been replaced with flats or gymnasiums
When I was a child, Chelmsford did at least have some half-distinguished buildings that might, now, lend themselves to the idea of a city: but most of them, including a street of pleasant Georgian shops and houses and a solid Victorian Corn Exchange, were pulled down in 1970 to make way for a hideous shopping centre.
The rise of the Essex Girl: We are not a stupid bunch, despite the image conveyed by the The Only Way Is Essex
The most notable architectural monument that replaced them — a brutalist multi-storey car park radiating all the subtlety of a torpedo — regrettably still stands.
Cities are supposed to have a ‘vibrant’ cultural life, and, indeed, Wikipedia, in its entry on Chelmsford, says the town — sorry, I must get used to saying city — boasts just that.
It seems to consist of nightclubs, bars and restaurants, which I suppose is a start. However, we await the trappings of other cities, and perhaps in time they will come.
The City of Chelmsford Symphony Orchestra would be rather agreeable, perhaps with its own Symphony Hall built on the site of the next shopping mall or factory (I believe there are one or two left) to go out of business. Perhaps I will live long enough to see Opera East established in the city’s as yet unbuilt opera house — I presume there are plans.
Chelmsford has a county cricket ground — in the news most recently, sadly, as the scene of a match-fixing incident for which a former cricketer is now serving a prison sentence — but The Clarets must raise their game to get into the Premiership.
What next? Michelin-starred restaurants? An opera house?
The charming little town museum awaits its transformation into a municipal art gallery, of the sort most cities have.
And from its present position at 91st in the league table, the town’s Anglia Ruskin University can aspire, like most city universities, to join the Russell Group (which represents Britain’s 20 finest).
Perhaps Michelin-starred restaurants will soon litter the banks of the Chelmer and Blackwater canal.
Perhaps great international institutions will relocate their headquarters to some of the endless new office blocks that litter the Chelmsford landscape, and which make parts of it seem like a caricature of Slough.
But most of all, perhaps this leap in Chelmsford’s status will help undo one of the greatest wrongs done to the place in its long and eventless history, and about which locals still seethe.
A dozen or so years ago, a branch of Waitrose opened in the town. The middle classes — with which Chelmsford abounds — rejoiced. At last, civilisation had come.
But it closed after just two years. Canny Chelmsfordians were not prepared to pay luxury prices for their grub. It was as if night had fallen, permanently.
The granting of city status is one in the eye for Waitrose, as for all Chelmsford’s critics.
And the day the store re-opens, I at least will concede that it was not preposterous to make it a city after all.
| i don't know |
Under which Roman emperor did the Roman Empire reach its greatest extent, teritorially ? | When was the Roman Empire at its largest? - Historum - History Forums
When was the Roman Empire at its largest?
User Name
Please login or register for a new account .
Need help with the website? Contact Us anytime.
Ancient History Ancient History Forum - Greece, Rome, Carthage, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and all other civilizations of antiquity, to include Prehistory and Archaeology discussions
Posts: 1
When was the Roman Empire at its largest?
According to all references I've read the roman empire reached its greatest size under Trajan. What I'm wondering about is how the size of the empire under Trajan compares to that under the military emperor Septimus Severus 100 years later?
Glancing at a map it seems the Severus' empire might even be slightly larger?
From: Not sure what it is
Posts: 6,850
Maybe it's because Trajan's realm was so big that it was considered "too big" that later Hadrian abandoned some of its territories.
Quote:
Originally Posted by karlth
According to all references I've read the roman empire reached its greatest size under Trajan. What I'm wondering about is how the size of the empire under Trajan compares to that under the military emperor Septimus Severus 100 years later?
Glancing at a map it seems the Severus' empire might even be slightly larger?
Welcome to Historum, Karlth; a clever first post
.
Indeed.
Contrary to common belief, the maximal extension of this empire was reached not during the little more than two years (114-116) of nominal military occupation of the Parthian Mesopotamia & Armenia, which were never "romanized".
The maximal effective extension of the Roman Empire was under Severus I, when large portions of land of Mesopotamia, North Africa and the trans-Danubian border were acquired in a more stable (centuries-long) way, i.e. they were regularly romanized.
For some months under this ruler (208-211) most of Caledonia was militarily occupied too; naturally, it was never romanized either.
| Trajan |
Who is the queen of Denmark ? | Roman Empire Map
Submit questions - New Articles
Rome at its height of power in 117 A.D.
The traditional date for the founding of what eventually became the Roman Empire is 753 B.C. This is the year, according to legend, that Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome (also known as the Eternal City and the City of Seven Hills ).
The Roman Republic began after the overthrow of the monarchy around 509 B.C. Two consuls, advised by the Senate, governed the Republic from its creation to about 27 B.C. The election of consuls took place annually. During this period a constitution gradually developed, based upon a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances within the government. Public offices during this era were generally limited to one year so that no single person could control and dominate the people. This Republic system lasted roughly 450 years before it eventually transitioned to a single-ruler, Emperor-based government at the beginning of the empire period in the late first century .
The date of the transition to a Roman Emperor-based government is a subject of disagreement among historians, scholars and others. Some believe the change took place in 44 B.C. when Julius Caesar became perpetual dictator. Others believe the transition occurred at the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. or when the Senate granted extraordinary powers to Octavian (Augustus) in 27 B.C. The first true Emperor is Augustus Caesar, who ruled from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D. After his reign came that of Tiberius (14 to 37 A.D.), Caligula (37 to 41 A.D.), Claudius (41 A.D. to 54 A.D.), and Nero (54 to 68 A.D.).
After the death of Nero, until the end of the first century, the empire was reigned by Galba (68 to 69), Otho (69), Vitellius (69), the Vespasian (69 to 79). After Vespasian General Titus became emperor. Titus was the man who led a campaign against Judea and destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in 70 A.D. Domitian followed him as Emperor in 81 A.D. Emperor Domitian exiled the apostle John to the Island of Patmos in 95 A.D. Following him as ruler is Nerva (96 to 98) and Trajan (98 to 117).
How long was apostle Paul a Roman prisoner?
The Year of Four Emperors
After the death of Nero , around May of 68, Rome entered a short period of chaos and civil war known as the 'Year of Four Emperors.' In this period, four Roman emperors would rule in quick succession. Galba reigned from June 68 A.D. to his murder by Praetorian guards in January 69 A.D. Otho then came to power and lasted only until he committed suicide in April 69 after losing a battle. Vitellius then took the reins of power but he too, like Galba, was murdered. After Vitellius' death, the Senate declared Vespasian Emperor on December 20 of 69.
At the Peak of Power
After Domitian's death, the empire reached its peak of power and wealth under the rule of the 'Five Good Emperors.' These rulers, known for their moderate policies, were in contrast to their more tyrannical and oppressive predecessors and successors. This period was particularly notable for its peaceful method of succession, where each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir. This prevented the political turmoil associated with unstable and weak governments. Secure from both internal and external threats these Roman rulers governed during a time of unprecedented territorial, economic, and cultural expansion.
Roman Emperors during
| i don't know |
Which imperial measure is the equivalent of 91.44cm ? | Metric - US/Imperial Conversion Charts
Metric - US/Imperial Conversion Charts
If you need to convert from Imperial or US Standard units to Metric, or the other way around, one of the tables below should help. Or you can use our Unit Converter
Example 1: Convert 500 millimeters to inches:
500 mm x 0.03937 = 19.7 inches
Example 2: Convert 500 millimeters to feet:
500 mm x 0.03937 = 19.7 inches, and there are 12 inches in a foot, so
19.7/12 = 1.64 feet (or 1 foot and 7.7 inches)
Note: values are accurate to 4 significant digits only.
1 pint (16 fl oz)
0.8327 UK pt
To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, first multiply by 9/5, then add 32.
To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, first subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9
(To find out why, visit the Temperature Conversion page)
History of Measurement
Years ago people came up with standard length measures, but they didn't all agree on one system.
The Imperial System (which uses yards, feet, inches, etc to measure length) was developed over hundreds of years in the UK, then the French developed the Metric System (meters) in 1670, which soon spread through Europe, even to England itself in 1963. But the USA and a few other countries still prefer feet and inches.
| The Yard |
Who in the Bible's Book of Judges is the son of Manoah ? | Imperial Measurements
Imperial Measurements
What is the Imperial System?
Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824.
Imperial units are not used in the United States. However the U.S. system of units is similar to the Imperial system which was used officially in the United Kingdom until 1995. The customary units in use there are historically derived from units which were in use in England at the time of settlement. The measurements of most of these units in England itself were subsequently changed.
The distinction between the imperial system and the U.S. customary units (also called standard or English units) or older British/English units/systems and newer additions is often not drawn precisely. Most length units are shared between the imperial and U.S. systems, albeit partially and temporally defined differently.
In the 1970s the metric system and SI units were introduced in Canada to replace the imperial system. Within the government, efforts to implement the metric system were extensive; almost any agency, institution, or function provided by the government uses SI units exclusively. Imperial units were eliminated from all road signs.
Some imperial measurements remain in limited use in Australia, India, Malaysia and New Zealand. Real estate agents continue to use acres and square feet to describe area in conjunction with hectares and square metres.
Imperial and US Measuring System
2000 pounds = 1 short ton
2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Liquid Capacity
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
4 gills = 1 pint
144 sq. inches = 1 square foot
9 sq. feet = 1 square yard
43,560 sq. ft = 1 acre
4840 sq. yards = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 square mile
Troy Weights
8 fl.drams = 1 fl. ounce
16 fl. ounces = 1 pint
Volume Measurement
1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot
27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard
Apothecaries Weights
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
1 fluid dram (fl dr)
60 min
1 fluid ounce (fl oz)
8 fl dr
1 cup (cp) or (c)
2 gi or 8 fl oz
236.588 2 mL
2 cups or 4 gi or 16 fl oz
473.176 5 mL
1 (liquid) QUART b (qt)
2 pt or 32 fl oz
946.352 9 mL
1 (liquid) US gallon (US gal)
4 qt or 128 fl oz or 231 cu in
3.785 412 L
238.481 0 L
Imperial Measuring Terms:
Avoirdupois - The avoirdupois system is a system of weights (or, properly, mass) based on a pound of sixteen ounces. It is the everyday system of weight used in the United States. It is still widely used by many people in Canada and the United Kingdom despite the official adoption of the metric system,
Troy weight - A system of units of mass customarily used for precious metals, black powder, and gemstones.
Peck - A peck is an imperial and U.S. customary unit of dry volume, equivalent in each of these systems to 8 dry quarts, or 16 dry pints. Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel.
Bushel - A bushel is a unit of dry volume, usually subdivided into eight local gallons in the systems of Imperial units and U.S. customary units. It is used for volumes of dry commodities, not liquids, most often in agriculture.
Dram - The dram was historically both a coin and a weight. Currently it is both a small mass in the Apothecaries' system of weights and a small unit of volume. The Greek drachm is a weight of 1⁄100 Greek mine, which is about 4.37 grams. The Roman drachm is a weight of 1⁄96 Roman pounds, which is about 3.41 grams.
Pennyweight - A pennyweight (dwt) is a unit of mass which is the same as 24 grains, 1/240th of a troy pound, 1/20th of a troy ounce, approximately 0.055 ounces or approximately 1.555 grams.
Grain - A grain is a unit of measurement of mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical cereal. Since 1958, the grain or troy grain measure has been internationally defined with the metric system equation: 1.0gr = 64.79891mg - i.e. 1 grain is exactly 64.79891 milligrams. The grain is the only unit of mass measure common to the traditional three English mass and weight systems (avoirdupois, Apothecaries', troy). Moreover, the measure for pearls and diamonds, the pearl grain and the metric grain, are equal to quarter of a (metric) carat, i.e. 50mg (0.77gr).
Scruple - A unit of apothecary weight. It is equivalent to a twenty-fourth part of an ounce, 1.3 grams, or 20 grains.
Minim- The minim is a unit of volume in both the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Specifically it is 1/60 of a fluidram or 1/480 of a fluid ounce.
Gill - The gill is a unit of measurement for volume equal to a quarter of a pint. It is no longer in common use, except in regard to the volume of alcoholic spirits measures.
Rod - The rod is a unit of length equal to 5.5 yards, 11 cubits, 5.0292 meters, 16.5 feet, or 1/320 of a statute mile. A rod is the same length as a perch and a pole.
Chain - A chain is a unit of length; it measures 66 feet or 22 yards (20.1168m). There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. An acre is the area of 10 square chains.
Hundred weight -A unit of measurement for mass in U.S. customary units and was historically used in the Imperial system in the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth. However, its definition differs in the two systems. In Imperial units, a hundredweight ('long') is defined as 112 pounds avoirdupois, or 8 stone, or four quarters (50.80234544 kg). In U.S. customary units, a hundredweight ('short') is defined as 100 pounds (equivalent to 45.359237 kg). The short hundredweight is also the normal hundredweight in Canada. The short hundredweight is also called a cental.
Furlong - A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and U.S. customary units. It is equal to one-eighth of a mile or 660 feet or 201.168 metres.
Acre - The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. One acre comprises 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet.
Link - The link is a unit of length in the imperial system. The unit was based on Gunter's measurement where a metal chain consisting of 100 links was in surveying property. In the English-speaking world prior to the 20th century, links were commonly used for this function but are rarely used now. 1 link = 0.01 chain = 7.92 inches = 201.168 millimeters
BTU - The British thermal unit is a unit of energy used in the power, steam generation, heating and air conditioning industries. In North America, the term BTU is used to describe the heat value (energy content) of fuels, and also to describe the power of heating and cooling systems, such as furnaces, stoves, barbecue grills, and air conditioners.
One BTU is approximately:
1 054 - 1 060 J (joules)
2.931 by 10-4 kWh (kilowatt hours)
252 - 253 cal (calories, or "little calories")
0.25 kcal (kilocalories, "large calories", or "food calories")
25 031 - 25 160 ft-pdl (foot-poundal)
778 - 782 ft-lbf (foot-pounds-force).
| i don't know |
Scamper is a dog in which series of Enid Blyton stories ? | Good Old Secret Seven - Enid Blyton
Enid Blyton
There are no items in your shopping cart.
~ $ 8.95 Shipping within Australia ~
Good Old Secret Seven - Enid Blyton
Good Old Secret Seven
Book 12 in the Secret Seven Series
Condition: Used. Library stamp on several pages and ticks next to a book list.
Dimensions : 13cm x 19cm x 1.5cm
About the Secret Seven Series
All the books are about the same seven children and their dog, Scamper, and each book is complete in itself.
About Enid Blyton
How Did Enid Blyton Become a Writer?
In her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1952), Enid Blyton says that, from an early age, she "liked making up stories better than I liked doing anything else." As a child she would go to bed at night and stories would flood into her mind "all mixed-up, rather like dreams are, but yet each story had its own definite thread—its beginning and middle and ending." Enid Blyton did not realise at the time that that was unusual, remarking in a letter to psychologist Peter McKellar on 15th February 1953: "I thought all children had the same 'night stories' and was amazed when one day I found they hadn't." She described her "night stories" as "all kinds of imaginings in story form," saying: "Because of this imagining I wanted to write—to put down what I had seen and felt and heard in my imagination."
The young Enid was keen to develop her writing and story-telling skills. She told stories to her brothers, made up her own rhymes based on the rhythm and rhyme-scheme of popular nursery-rhymes, kept a diary, wrote letters to real and imaginary recipients, entered literary competitions and paid great attention in English lessons at school. She also read widely. As well as fiction and poetry, she read biographies of famous authors and borrowed books from the library on the Art of Writing.
The advice Enid Blyton gives in The Story of My Life to children who want to write is: "Fill your mind with all kinds of interesting things—the more you have in it, the more will come out of it. Nothing ever comes out of your mind that hasn't already been put into it in some form or other. It may come out changed, re-arranged, polished, shining, almost unrecognizable—but nevertheless it was you who put it there first of all. Your thoughts, your actions, your reading, your sense of humour, everything gets packed into your mind, and if you have an imagination, what a wonderful assortment it will have to choose from!"
Enid began submitting her work to publishers when she was in her teens, but at that stage she received countless rejection slips. However, that only made her all the more determined to persevere with her writing: "It is partly the struggle that helps you so much, that gives you determination, character, self-reliance—all things that help in any profession or trade, and most certainly in writing." As we know, Enid Blyton went on to achieve phenomenal success, beginning with the publication of magazine articles and poetry when she was in her twenties.
From Where Did Enid Blyton Get Her Ideas For Her Stories?
Enid Blyton maintained that the gates of her imagination were always ready to swing open at the slightest touch. All the things she had experienced in her life provided her with material for her stories. These life experiences:
"... sank down into my 'under-mind' and simmered there, waiting for the time to come when they would be needed again for a book—changed, transmuted, made perfect, finely-wrought—quite different from when they were packed away.
And yet the essence of them was exactly the same. Something had been at work, adapting, altering, deleting here and there, polishing brightly—but still the heart, the essence of the original thing was there, and I could almost always recognize it."
In a letter to Peter McKellar on 26th February 1953 she elaborated on this, saying that things she had seen on holidays, such as islands, castles and caves, would pop up frequently in her stories as she wrote:
"These things come up time and again in my stories, changed, sometimes almost unrecognisable—and then I see a detail that makes me say—yes—that's one of the Cheddar Caves, surely! Characters also remind me of people I have met—I think my imagination contains all the things I have ever seen or heard, things my conscious mind has long forgotten—and they have all been jumbled about till a light penetrates into the mass, and a happening here or an object there is taken out, transmuted, or formed into something that takes a natural and rightful place in the story—or I may recognise it—or I may not—I don't think that I use anything I have not seen or experienced—I don't think I could. I don't think one can take out of one's mind more than one puts in... Our books are facets of ourselves."
Other Books in the Series
The Secret Seven
Secret Seven on the Trail
Go Ahead Secret Seven
Puzzle for the Secret Seven
Secret Seven Fireworks
| The Secret Seven |
What rank does an officer in the British Army hold who wears the insignia of a crown and two stars on his shoulder straps ? | Enid Blyton - The Secret Seven
The Secret Seven
Buy all the Secret Seven books with free worldwide shipping
The Secret Seven are a secret society who hold regular meetings and organize things to do, whether it's helping the community in some way, solving mysteries that turn up, or just having fun playing Red Indians in the woods.
The Seven have a secret password, a badge, and a secret headquarters in a garden shed. The Seven are led by Peter and include Peter's sister Janet, and their friends Jack, Colin, George, Pam and Barbara. They are joined by their golden spaniel, Scamper.
The society was actually formed in a short story prior to the first book in this series. The first was At Seaside Cottage, featuring Peter and Janet, and the second was The Secret of Old Mill, which featured the entire gang in their first Society meeting.
Peter enforces the rules and delegates tasks for the members. The Seven investigate mysteries by shadowing, interviewing and, most importantly, looking for clues. The Seven tackle all sorts of mysteries from missing dogs to mail robbery, and always come out on top.
| i don't know |
Which type of pastry canape's name literally means ' flight in the wind ' ? | French Culinary-Baking Terms | The Bakery Network
French Culinary-Baking Terms
Although many of the terms below do not relate specifically for baking, you may encounter from time to time, a collection of these terms used through professional kitchens around the world.
A
A la Literally means ‘in the style of.’ A la Translates from French as ‘in the fashion of’.
A la Broche Meat roasted on a spit.
A la Carte Menu items prepared fresh to order. A French term, A la carte translates as ‘by the menu’.
A la Grecque Translates from the French as ‘in the Greek style’.
A L’Espagnole Literally translates from French as, ‘in the Spanish style’.
Al a Minuta A French term literally meaning cooked in a minuet; often applied to food cooked at the table, for example traditional stroganoff.
Al Dente An Italian term which describes the consistency of pasta when cooked correctly. Al dente literally translates as “to the tooth”, i.e. the pasta should be slightly firm to the bite.
Abatis Chicken giblets.
Abats Offal. A French term indicating the head, heart, livers, kidney, tongue, feet, etc, of an animal.
Aboyeur A person responsible for the calling of an order within a kitchen, making sure that each section is aware of any requirements.
Agneau Lamb. See also ‘mouton’.
Aiguille a Brider A trussing needle.
Aiguille a Larder A larding needle.
Aiguillettes Thin long strips, vertically cut, principally of duck breast and other poultry. From the French word aiguille meaning ‘little needle’.
Aile The wing of poultry or game, also known as ‘aileron’.
Airelles Cranberries.
Akami Japanese term describing a cut from the lean loin of a tuna fish, used in sushi and sashimi.
Akami Japanese term describing a cut from the lean loin of a tuna fish, used in sushi and sashimi.
Alfresco Outdoors, in the open air. An Italian term meaning ‘in the fresh’.
Aloyau A whole unboned sirloin of beef.
Amandine A French term meaning cooked, filled or served with almonds. For example salmon amandine. From the French word amande meaning ‘almond’.
Amuse-Bouches Cocktail canapés.
Amuse-Gueule Translates from the French as to ‘entertain the mouth’.
Anglaise Means plain in style. When applied to fish it means flour, egg washed and bread crumbed. In the case of vegetables it often means boiled. In French cooking it is egg beaten with oil and seasoning..
Animelles A French term indicating the delicate tender parts of a lamb, especially the fillet and loin. Also referred to as ’criadillas’.
Annoncer To call out orders in a kitchen or restaurant.
Antipasti Food served at the beginning of an Italian meal, either as a starter or as a snack. Antipasti translates from Italian as ‘before food’.
Aperitif An alcoholic beverage drunk before the beginning of a meal. A French term derived from the Latin word aperire meaning ‘to open’.
Apparell A culinary term for a prepared mixture ready for further processing. For example bombe apparell or croquette apparell.
Apricoter To coat with strained and reduced apricot jam.
Aretes Fish bones.
Aromates Herbs used as a flavouring.
Aromatic Having a distinctive and pleasant smell; fragrant. Derived from the Greek word aromatikos meaning ‘spice’.
Assaisonner To season.
Asseoir A French word meaning to ‘to seat’.
Assiette A French word meaning to ‘place at table’. See also ashet.
Assiette Anglaise A selection of sliced cold meats.
Au Bleu A method of preparing and cooking trout in court-bouillon, a specific dish known as ‘truit au bleu’.
Au Four Baked in an oven.
Au Gratin Sprinkled with breadcrumbs, cheese or both and browned under a grill before serving. Translates as ‘with a crust’.
Au Jus Describes a meat which is served in its own cooking juices. Translates as ‘with the juice‘.
Au Naturel A food that is served plainly and simply, often uncooked unseasoned food. Translates as ‘in the natural state’.
Au Vin Blanc Prepared with the addition of white wine.
B
Badam An Asian term, meaning an almond processed for cooking.
Ballotine Fish, meat or poultry that has been boned, stuffed, rolled and tied in a bundle. Usually braised or poached. A term traditionally applied only to poultry.
Barbue Brill.
Bard To cover the breast of a bird with thin slices of fat prior to roasting. A French term, derived from the Arabic word bardaa meaning ‘padded saddle’.
Barde De Lard A thin slice of salted and fatty bacon.
Barista A person employed to operate an espresso machine in a coffee shop. An Italian word, barista translates as ‘worker in’ or ‘owner of’ a bar.
Baron Legs with the loins attached.
Baron D’agneau The saddle and legs of lamb or mutton left in one piece and roasted. Also a double loin of beef left in one piece and cooked whole.
Barquette A boat shaped pastry case.
Basting The spooning of melted fat over foods, usually over roasted or grilled meats, to prevent them becoming dry and enhance flavour.
Batarde The French term for butter sauce.
Batterie De Cuisine A set of cooking utensils, pots, pans, etc. A French phrase translating as ‘set of implements for cooking‘.
Beard The removal of the beard from shell fish.
Beat To mix or stir moist ingredients together vigorously in order to combine them, make smooth or to incorporate air.
Beurre Manie An equal quantity of flour and butter, rubbed together and used for thickening sauces
Bien Cuit Well cooked.
Biscotto The Italian word for ‘biscuit’.
Bisque The name given to certain shellfish soups that are thickened with rice, originally prepared using breadcrumbs.
Bistro A Russian word meaning ‘quick’.
Blanc A liquor of water, salt and lemon juice, which is slightly thickened with flour and used For cooking. Also the French term for white.
Blanch The placing of root vegetables into cold water or green vegetables into boiling water, brining to the boil, draining off and then refreshing in cold water. To cook potatoes in oil without them taking any colour. To quickly plunge into boiling water to add the removal of a skin, e.g. tomatoes. Derived from the French word blanchir meaning to ‘whiten’.
Blanchir A French word meaning to ‘whiten’.
Blanquette A white stew cooked in a stock from which the sauce is to be made.
Blin A Russian word meaning ‘pancake’.
Blini A buckwheat pancake.
Blonde The French term for pale yellow, derived from the Latin word blundus.
Blue A term meaning extremely rare, almost without cooking; for example a blue steak.
Boeuf Beef.
Bolt To filter an ingredient, especially flour, through a sieve or muslin cloth. Also known by the French term buleter.
Bombay Duck Canned, smoked and especially dried bummaloe fish, usually dried, salted and then grilled. Imported from India and served as a pungent relish with curry dishes. The name comes from Bombay in Indian, form where the fish was originally exported.
Bombe An ice cream made in a dome shaped mould.
Bonbon A sweet confection; something that is sweet. A French word translating as ‘good-good’
Bon Ton A French term meaning of good taste or style; literaly translates as ‘good tone’.
Bonne A dated term for a female waitress. A French term translating as ‘good girl’.
Bonne Bouche A small piece of tasty food. A French term literaly translating as ‘good mouth.’
Boteillier A butler, derived from the old French word boteillier meaning ‘cup-bearer’.
Bouchee Small puff pastry cases. From the French word bouche meaning ‘mouth’.
Bouillon Unqualified stock.
Boulangerie The bakery section.
Boult To filter an ingredient, especially flour, through a sieve or muslin cloth. Also known by the French term buleter.
Bouquet Garni A collection of herbs placed inside a small muslin bag or into a metal infuser, to facilitate their removal after use. Traditionally they were tied inside two pieces of celery. Also known as a faggot.
Braciola Thin slices of meat wrapped around a stuffing and poached in white wine. An Italian word meaning ‘cooked over coals’.
Braiser A French term indicating the slow cooking of a food, usually covered and with only a small amount of liquid or stock.
Braisiere A braising pan.
Brasare An Italian word meaning to ‘cook slowly’.
Brasserie A restaurant serving a wide range of both food and drink. Derived from the old French word bracier meaning ‘brew’.
Brider To truss poultry of feathered game.
Brin A sprig.
Brine Water containing a significant amount of salt, used for curing and preserving meat, fish or vegetables.
Briser To break bones.
Broach A spit used for roasting meat over an open fire. Also a tool used for making holes in casks. Derived from the old French word broche meaning ‘long needle’.
Brochettes A kebab skewer, taken from the French word broche meaning ‘long needle’. Any food, especially fish or meat that is cooked on a brochette. Also known as an attereaux.
Broil To grill.
Bruscare An Italian word meaning to ‘roast over coals’.
Brun The French term for brown in colour.
Brunoise Small neat dice, usually of vegetables. Also a garnish for consomme.
Buffets A self-service meal of various dishes set out on a service table or counter. A selection of refreshments. A French word translating as ‘sideboard’.
Buleter A French term meaning to filter an ingredient, especially flour, through a sieve or muslin cloth. Also known as bolting.
C
Caldi Italian term indicating that the food is served hot.
Canapé A small cushion of toasted bread on which savoury foods are served
Carte Du Jour A menu displaying the dishes available in a restaurant on a particular day. A French term literaly translating as ‘card of the day’.
Cartoccio A cartouche, an Italian word meaning ‘paper coronet’.
Cartouche A circle of greaseproof paper cut to size and placed on top of a sauce to prevent a skin forming as the liquid cools. A small hole in placed in the centre to allow steam to escape. From the French word carta meaning ‘paper’.
Cassolette A small china container or pot, usually heatproof, used for serving one portion of fine ragouts, eggs etc.
Chantilly Whipped cream flavoured with icing sugar and white wine or brandy.
Chapelure A French term indicating brown bread crumbs.
Charcuterie Cold cooked meats, usually cured. Derived from the old French char cuite meaning ‘cooked flesh’.
Chateaubriand The head end of a fillet of beef. A thickly cut beefsteak obtained from the middle part of a prim fillet. Named after the 19th century French nobleman Francois Rene de Chateaubriand.
Chaud-Froid A creamed veloute, béchamel or demi-glace with added gelatine or aspic that sets when cold and is used for masking cold savoury foods. A French term literaly translating as ‘hot-cold’.
Chaufroiter A French term indicating a food that has been coated with chaud-froid sauce.
Chef Translates from the French as the boss, top man, a chief. Sous Chef: Second in command, French for underling, one beneath. Chef de Partie: Known for many things, a bit chef able to cover many aspects of the kitchen. Head of a section. Chef de Cuisine: Speciality chef, also known as cuisinier. Commis Chef: An apprentice or assistant. Master chef: A chef demonstrating exceptional ability, knowledge and skill.
Chemise The lining of a mould with a savoury jelly or fruit ice cream.
Chiffon A term describing a food with a light fluffy texture, usually created by the addition of whipped egg white or gelatine. Derived from the French word chiffe meaning ‘flimsy stuff’.
Chiffonade Coarsely shredded lettuce, spinach or other salad vegetable. Traditionally sautéed in butter and used as a garnish for soups.
Chine A French term indicating the removal of the spine from a cut of meat. Also any cut of meat that includes a piece of the backbone.
Chinois A fine-meshed conical sieve that requires the food to be pushed through with a ladle or spoon. Most often used to strain sauces.
Choucroute A sauerkraut popular in the Alsace region of France.
Cimier A saddle of venison, usually of stag.
Ciseler To score both sides of a small fish to allow heat to penetrate quicker. Also to shred finely.
Clarify To clear stocks, soups or cooking fats.
Cloche A round silver, metal or glass cover designed to keep food hot. Glass is often used to cover cakes and cheeses, helping to keep them fresh and aid display. A very strong, saltless, chicken stock produced by sweating chicken trimmings in butter with mushrooms, covered with white stock, and reduced by boiled slowly for an hour. A French word meaning ‘bell’.
Cloute An onion studded with cloves and used to flavour a white sauce. Derived from the French word clou meaning ‘clove’.
Coat To cover a food with an outer coating such as breadcrumbs, icing or sauce.
Cocotte A small dish used for the cooking and service of a single portion. Derived from the Latin word cucuma meaning ‘cooking pot’.
Cocotte a Oeuf An individual porcelain egg dish.
Column Cutters Long cylindrical cutters used in cold buffet work.
Compote Fresh or dried fruit cooked in a light syrup.
Condimenter To season with condiments. Derived from the Latin word condimentum meaning ‘to preserve’.
Condire A French word meaning ‘to preserve’.
Confit A method of cooking meat slowly in its own fat, then storing it in that fat. Usually applied to duck, goose and pork, with vegetables also then being cooked in the same fat. Derived from the Latin word conficere meaning ‘put or make together’.
Consommé A basic clear soup. Derived from the Latin word consummare meaning ‘accomplish’.
Consommer A French word meaning to ‘use up’.
Contiser A French term indicating the insertion of thinly sliced truffle into meat or fish.
Contrefilet A boned sirloin of beef.
Coquere An old French word meaning ‘cook’.
Corbeille de Fruit’s A basket of fresh fruit.
Cordon A thin thread of sauce. Derived from the old French word corde meaning ‘small cord’.
Coulis A thin puree of fruit or vegetables used as a garnish. Derived from the old French word coleis meaning ‘flowing’. Traditionally also an essence produced from shellfish, and used as a base for sauces.
Coupe A silver cup or goblet. A combination ice cream with fruit and liqueur.
Couronne To arrange and serve food in the shape of a crown.
Court-Bouillon A liquor made from carrots, onions, wine, peppercorns and herbs. Often used for cooking fish.
Crapandine Poultry and game split down the back and laid flat for roasting.
Crèmeux A French term indicating ‘creamy’.
Crepe A thin pancake usually served rolled or folded with a sweet or savoury filling. Derived from the old French word crespe meaning ’curled’.
Croquant A French term indicating crisp crackling.
Croquettes Cooked foods, often potatoes, moulded into cylinder shaped pieces, egg, breadcrumb and fried. Derived from the French word croquer meaning ‘to crunch’.
Croustadines Small pieces of puff pastry cut into various shapes and used as ‘bouchees’.
Croute A cushion of fried bread upon which foods are served. A pastry crust. Derived from the old French word crouste meaning ‘crust’.
Croutes De Flute A French loaf cut into thin slices and toasted on both sides.
Crouton A small cube of fried bread used to garnish soup. Bread cut into heat or other fancy shapes, fried and used to garnish various foods. A French word meaning ‘little crust’.
Cru Raw.
Crudités A selection of raw vegetables eaten as an appetizer or snack, often served with a dip or as a garnish. Celery, cucumber, baton carrots, young asparagus tips, small cauliflower florets, mangetout and baby sweet corn are some of the vegetables used. Derived from the Latin word cruditas meaning ‘raw’.
Crustaces et Coquillages Indicates shellfish.
Cuisine A style of cooking noted for its high quality. A range of food produced by a restaurant, individual or country. A French word meaning ‘kitchen’, and derived from the Latin word coquina meaning ‘to cook’.
Cuisine Minceur A low-calorie form of French cooking. A French term translating as ‘slimness cooking’.
Cuisson A liquid used for cooking.
Cuissot A large leg of pork or venison.
Cuit Cooked.
Cutlet A cut of meat taken from the leg or rib sections; usually applied to lamb, pork or veal. Derived from the French word cotelette meaning ‘little rib’.
D
Darne A round cut of fish taken across the bone. The middle section of a salmon.
Dariole A small flower pot shaped mould. A French word translating as ‘custard tart’.
Deglacer The swilling out of a pan with wine or stock in order to use the sediment.
Degorger The use of salt to draw water out of a food. The use of salt to draw out the bitter juices of some foods, for example aubergines.
Degraiser To degrease, the removal of fat from the surface of sauces, soups, stocks, etc.
Dejeuner Luncheon.
Demi-Deuil A French term indicating poultry that has been studded with truffle.
Demi-Glace Equal quantities of brown stock and brown sauce then reduced by half. Half glazed reduced espagnole.
Denerver A French term indicating the removal of sinew.
Denoyauter A French term indicating the removal of the stone from a fruit, for example an olive.
Depouiller A French term indicating the slow, continuous, cooking of a food in order to remove any fat or scum as it rises to the surface. To skim.
Desosser To bone, the removal of bones from meat, poultry, etc.
Dessaler A French term indicating the removal of salt.
Devilled The addition of hot condiments.
Diable Devilled.
Dice To cut food into small equal sized cubes.
Dorer To cook a food until it is a golden-brown colour.
Double De Mouton The two legs of mutton or lamb cooked whole and in one piece.
Douilles Piping tubes.
Dress The cleaning, trimming and garnishing of food ready for presentation.
Duxelles Finely copped mushroom and shallots, sweated in half oil and butter then seasoned and garnished with fresh chopped parsley. Allowed to dry, then used for sauces, soups and stuffing. Named after the Marquis d’Uxelles, a 17th centaury French nobleman.
Duxelles Stuffing Dry Duxelles simmered in white wine until completely reduced, then tomato is added along with crushed garlic and breadcrumbs. Used to stuff vegetables.
E
Eau De Vie Literaly translates as ‘water of life’, eau de vie is the French name given to any number of fruit brandies. Especially used to flavour sauces and sweets, they include examples such as kirsch (cherry) and framboise (raspberry).
Ebarber A French term indicating the removal of the border from oysters, mussels or fish.
Ecumer To skim.
Emincer To slice thinly, or to cut into very small pieces.
Empanadillas Small crescent shaped pastries traditionally served as tapas. Available with a variety of either sweet or savoury fillings.
En Branche Vegetables cooked and served as whole leaves.
Endive An edible plant with tightly packed curly leaves, used as a salad or garnish. A term used in North America to indicate chicory.
Entrecote Steak from a boned sirloin. A French word translating as ‘between the rib’.
Entrée A light dish or appetiser served before the main course during a formal dinner. Also a dish served as an accompaniment to a main meal. Traditionally a main course dish consisting of meat or poultry. See also under ‘appetiser’.
Entremets Traditionally a light dish served between the main course and desert at a formal dinner. Also a sweet dessert served at the end of a meal, or after the cheese course of a formal meal. A French word translating as ‘between the course’.
Epaule A French term indicating the ‘shoulder’.
Eplucher A French term indicating to ‘peal’ or ‘skin’.
Escalope A thin slice of boneless meat of fish, especially veal and poultry beaten flat prior to cooking. A French word meaning ‘shell’.Escarole Endive salad.
Espagnole Brown sauce.
Essence De Volaille A very strong, saltless, chicken stock produced by sweating chicken trimmings in butter with mushrooms, covered with a white stock, and boiled slowly for an hour.
Estomac A French term indicating the stomach of an animal.
Estouffade Traditionally a brown stock, but more commonly a beef stew.
Etamine A muslin cloth used for straining sauces, soups and other liquids.
Etuver To stew, braise or steam meat in its own juice. An old French word literaly meaning ‘steam bath’.
F
Farce A French stuffing, often made from sausage meat, also known as forcemeat. Derived from the Latin word farcire meaning ‘to stuff’.
Farci A French term meaning to be stuffed with forcemeat; usually applied to fish, poultry and vegetables. Derived from the Latin word farcire meaning ‘to stuff’.
Farinaceous Any food that contains or consists mainly of starch; potatoes, rice and noodles for example. Farinaceous is a term generally taken to mean any pasta dish.
Farineux et Riz Indicates farinaceous and rice dishes.
Faux-filet A boned-out sirloin.
Feuillete A puff pastry case cut into a diamond, round, square or triangular shape. Derived from the French word feuille meaning ‘leaf’.
Fines Herbs This is a traditional mixture of the fresh herbs chervil, chives, tarragon and parsley. Often referred to in many classical French recipes.
Flambé Food covered in a warm spirit and then set alight in order to impart flavour. Derived from the old French word flamber meaning ‘to pass through flame’.
Fleuron A small crescent shaped piece of puff pastry, used as a garnish for fish.
Floured To cover or coat food, work surfaces or utensils with flour.
Foie Gras Fat goose liver
Fold The mixing of a light airy mixture with a heavier one. The two are blended together with a spatula or spoon in a gentle motion, combining the mixture without loosing any air.
Fond A basic simplified stock.
Fond De Volaille A white poultry stock.
Fouette To whisk.
Fourre Stuffed with a filing, for example an omelette.
Frappe Chilled. A beverage chilled or poured over crushed ice. Also a dish consisting of fruit-flavoured water ice, served as a starter or cold dessert.
Frapper A French word meaning to ‘chill’.
Freddi Italian term indicating that the food is served cold.
Friandises An alternative name for petits fours.
Fricassee A white stew of meat or poultry in which the food is cooked in the sauce. Derived from French word fricasser meaning to ‘cut up and cook in sauce’.
Frire A French word translating as ‘fry’.
Fritto Misto An Italian term indicating a deep-fried mixture of meat or fish together with vegetables. Literaly translating as ‘fried mixture’.
Friture Frying fat or oil, also a pan set-aside containing hot oil or fat and used for frying.
Froth A mousse. Either a very light and fluffy forcemeat, or light iced cream.
Fume Smoked. Derived from the Latin word fumus meaning ‘smoke’.
Fume Negro Literally meaning black smoke.
Fumet A strongly flavoured, concentrated stock prepared by cooking meat, fish or vegetables. An essence of fish or game.
G
Galantine A dish consisting of boned fish, meat or poultry which is shaped, usually stuffed and cooked in a stock, cooled, glazed with aspic and served.
Garni A French term indicating garnished. Derived from the French word garnir meaning ‘adorn’.
Garnish A decorative item, usually edible, used to decorate a dish.
Gibier Indicates game dishes.
Givre Frosted.
Glace Iced. To glaze cakes or pastries with apricot jam, fondant or icing. Also to be dusted with icing sugar and browned under a salamander.
Glace De Viande A meat glaze. Usually a brown stock reduced slowly to a glue-like consistency, although poultry and fish glazes may be produced in the same way.
Glacer A French term meaning to colour a dish under a grill.
Glacier An ice cream maker. A chef that specializes in pastry work and ice cream.
Glaze To coat with melted butter, jelly or sauce. To colour a sauce or sugar coated dish under a grill. To baste a meat with its own juices, to brush meat etc.
Gratinate Sprinkled with breadcrumbs or cheese and browned under a salamander.
Gravlax Raw salmon cured with salt and fresh dill, usually served with a sweet mustard sauce. Also known in Sweden as ‘gravad lax’ and in Norway as ‘gravlaks’.
Grease The coating of a tin or baking tray with butter, fat or oil in order to prevent sticking. Animal fat, especially from cooked meat. Derived from the Latin word crassus meaning ‘fat’.
Grenouilles Frogs’ legs.
Gros Sel Coarse salt. See also ‘migonette’.
H
Hache A French word meaning ‘minced’.
Hacher To chop.
Haute Cuisine Classic, high-quality French cooking. Translates into English as ‘high cooking’.
Historier To decorate or embellish a dish.
Hors D’Oeuvre Small starter dishes, served hot or cold, an appetizer. A French term that translates as ‘outside the work’.
Hure The cooked head of a pig or boar.
I
Insalata Italian term for salads.
J
Jardinière To cut into thin baton shapes.
Julienne To cut into very thin baton strips.
Jus A basic thin gravy, consisting mainly of the natural juices of the food it is served with. Also the juice of a fruit. for example lemon. A French word translating as ‘juice’. See also brown stock.
Jus de Citron Lemon juice.
Jus de Veau A brown veal gravy, produced from blanched veal bones browned together with mirepoix. Covered with white stock and boiled for several hours, skimmed and strained.
Jus de Viande A simple and basic gravy. Produced from the natural juices of roasted meat, deglazed with a little brown stock.
Jus Lie Thickened gravy.
Jus Roti Roast gravy.
K
Knock-Up The creation of ridges around the edge of a pie by pressing with the fingers.
Knock Back To push back a yeast dough after it has risen.
L
Larding The insertion of small strips of fat through a piece of lean meat. Usually pork fat is used, as this helps keep the meat moist during cooking.
Lardons Small strips of bacon.
Le Buffet Froid The cold buffet.
Le Chateaubriand The top end of a fillet of beef.
Le Chaud-Froid A creamed veloute with added gelatine, used for masking cold dishes.
Le Contrefilet A boned sirloin of beef.
Le Court-Bouillon A blanc used for the cooking of oily fish, calf’s brain etc.
Leaven To add yeast or other agent to a food in order to make it rise, especially a dough. To cause a bread or cake to rise by the addition of leaven. Derived from the Latin word levare meaning ‘to rise’.
Legumes et Pommes de Terre Indicates vegetables and potatoes.
Liaison A blend of egg yolk and cream used as a thickening agent. The addition of cream or butter to a soup or sauce. Derived from the French word lier meaning ‘bind’.
Lier A French word meaning ‘bind’.
Luter The sealing of a cocotte with pastry paste prior to cooking.
M
Macedoine A French term usually taken to mean mixed vegetables cut into 5mm dice, served hot or cold as a garnish or side dish; but traditionally it was also applied to assorted diced fruits.
Macerate The marinating of fruits in wine or liqueur, usually over night, in order to impart flavour and moisture.
Manche A Gigot Basically this is a handle that is attached to a cooked leg of lamb or mutton, used to give a firmer grip while carving.
Mangier A French word meaning ‘food’.
Marinade A blend of herbs, condiments, acids and oils used to impart flavour and improve the flavour of meat, poultry and game prior to cooking.
Mariner A French term describing the process of marinating meats in order to improve flavour and tenderness.
Mask The coating of an item with sauce.
Masquer To mask. To cover any hot or cold food with a sauce or jelly. Also to cover the bottom of a dish or mould with a sauce or jelly.
Matignon Equal amounts of thinly sliced carrots and onion, a third of the amount of raw ham and celery, simmered in butter with bay leaf and thyme, then deglaced with Madeira.
Mecerer To macerate, also to pickle briefly. A French term traditionally describing the process of preserving fruits in liquor.
Medallion The preparation of food into a flat round medallion shape.
Melange The combination of two or more fruits or vegetables prepared together. A French word meaning ‘to mix’.
Mesclun A mixture of young salad leaves, usually including dandelion, endive, radicchio and rocket. Literaly translates from the old French as ‘mixture’.
Meze An assortment of snacks served either as a starter or as a complete light meal. Especially popular in Asia and usually served including stuffed vine leaves, savoury pastries and spiced dips. Derived from the Persian word meza translating as ‘taste,’ or ‘relish’.
Mie-De-Pain Fresh white bread with the crusts removed, allowed to dry and rubbed through a course sieve to produce breadcrumbs. Used with flour and whisked egg to coat fish, meat, etc.
Mignardises An alternative name for petits fours.
Migonette Coarsely ground pepper. See also ‘gros sel’.
Mijoter A French term describing the process of simmering a food slowly for a long period.
Mille-Feuilles Translates as a thousand leaves, a puff pastry and cream slice. Translates from the French as a ‘thousand leaves’.
Mirepoix A selection of roughly cut vegetables and herbs used for the flavouring of soups and sauces. Traditionally in French cookery carrots, onions celery, bacon, bay leaf and thyme are used. Named after the Duc de Mirepoix an 18th centaury French diplomat and general.
Mirepoix-Bordelaise Carrots, onions, parsley stalks, bay leaf and thyme, stewed slowly in butter until moist. Used chiefly for hot lobster and shellfish dishes.
Mis-En-Place Literally translates as in its place. Basic preparations prior to service. Literally translates from the French as ‘in its place’.
Monter To whip egg, egg white or butter into a sauce, soup, etc.
Mornay A food served in a cheese sauce, for example cauliflower mornay. Named after the 17th century French writer Philip de Mornay.
Mortifer A French term meaning the hanging of meat, game or poultry.
Mouiller A French term meaning to moisten ingredients with water or stock prior to cooking.
Moule A mould.
Mousseline A mixture of pureed raw fish or poultry, blended with egg whites and cream until light and fluffy. Usually poached or baked in small moulds using a bain marie, and served with a strongly flavoured sauce.
Muslin A thin loosely woven cotton fabric, originally used to wrap butter, and traditionally used to strain soups, sauces, etc.
N
Napper A French term describing the coating of a prepared dish with sauce.
Noisette A small round cut of meat, often lamb. Also to be shaped or coloured like a nut. A French word translating as ‘little nut‘.
Noix A nut. Also the cushion piece of a leg of veal.
O
Oeuf Sur Le Plat Egg cooked in an egg dish.
P
Panache Mixed, multi coloured ice cream or jelly in a mould. Also mixed fruits or vegetables. Derived from the Italian word pennacchio meaning ‘plume of feathers’.
Panade A thick paste produced using starchy ingredients such as flour, potato or rice blended together with water or stock. Used as a thickener for sauces, or as a binding agent for stuffing. There are five basic types of panade: 1) White bread crumbs soaked in milk, lightly seasoned with salt and white pepper, then gently heated until the liquid evaporates, allowed to cool before use. 2) Choux paste produced without the addition of eggs. 3) Flour blended with egg yolks, melted butter, grated nutmeg, salt and white pepper, then softened with boiled milk and allowed to cool before use. 4) Rice cooked in a white consomme and blended into a smooth paste when cooked. 5) Potatoes prepared and cooked in milk, minced and seasoned with salt, white pepper, nutmeg, then reduced and blended with butter. Derived from the Latin word panis meaning ‘bread’.
Pane To pass fish, chicken, etc. through seasoned flour, beaten egg and white breadcrumbs.
Pantry A highly ventilated cold room used for storing food. A small closed space connected to a kitchen, and used for storing food and utensils. Derived from the French word paneterie meaning a ‘cupboard for bread’.
Papillote A term used to describe food that has been cooked and served inside a buttered paper bag to preserve flavour and moisture. Often grease proof paper or parchment is used, and a method traditionally reserved for the cooking of fish. A French word translating as ‘butterfly’.
Parer A French term meaning the trimming of any food and remove all superfluous parts.
Partie Any section of a kitchen that is responsible for a particular course. A French word translating as ‘divide’.
Pass To push through a metal sieve, strainer or muslin.
Passer To strain.
Pate Savoury mixtures of animal livers, blended with other meats, vegetables and condiments. They may be either smooth or coarse in texture. Also the French term for a pastry or other dough, and translating as ‘paste’.
Patisserie Indicates pastry. Also an establishment the specialises in the production and sale of cakes and pastries. Derived from the old French word pasticier meaning to ‘make pastry’.
Patty A small flat individual cake, produced from minced meat, vegetables or other ingredients.
Pauillac A milk fed lamb.
Paupiette A French term meaning a thin strip of meat, poultry or fish rolled in a stuffing and then poached.
Paysanne Literally means in a county style, usually vegetables cut into 15mm round or square shapes. Usually a combination of potatoes, carrots, turnips and cabbage.
Pesce Italian term indicating the seafood selection on a menu.
Petits Fours Very small bite size sweet biscuits or cakes, served at the end of a meal with coffee. See also ‘friandises’. A French term translating as ‘little oven’.
Piccata An Italian term describing thin slices of meat sautéed, and served in a spicy lemon and butter sauce.
Pincer A French term describing the browning of vegetables or bones in an oven.
Piquant Having a flavour, taste or smell that is spicy or savoury, often with a slightly tart or bitter edge to it.
Pipe The use of a piping bag for the ornamental decoration of food.
Piquer The insertion of large lardoons of bacon, fat, ham or truffle into meat or poultry. A French term meaning to ‘attach ingredients’.
Plier To fold over.
Pluck The removal of feathers from poultry and game. Also the stomach of a sheep traditionally used when making ‘haggis’.
Poach The cooking of a food by submerging it in a simmering liquid. Derived from the old French word pochier meaning to ‘enclose in a bag’.
Poele A frying pan.
Poissons et Coquillages Indicates fish dishes.
Polpetta An Italian term meaning a thin strip of meat, poultry or fish rolled in a stuffing and then poached.
Potages Indicates soups. A French word translating as ‘what is put in the pot’.
Prick This is the piercing of the skin of fruit, meat, vegetables, etc, to allow the release of air, fat or moisture.
Primeurs Early season fruit or vegetables, a term especially applied to spring vegetables. Derived from the Latin word primus meaning ‘first’.
Printaniere Literally means springtime, generally a garnish of spring vegetables.
Puree A smooth blend of food. Derived from the French word purer meaning to ‘squeeze out’.
Q
Qandi To candice. An Arabic word meaning ‘crystallized into sugar’.
Quenelle Meat pounded, sieved and shaped like a brazil nut. Often poached. Derived from the German word knodel meaning ‘dumpling’.
R
Racines Root vegetables.
Rafraichir To chill a food. Also the rapid cooling of a food by running it under cold water.
Ragouts A rich slow-cooked Italian stew of meat and vegetables, often richly seasoned. Derived from the French word ragouter meaning ‘renew the appetite.
Ramekins Small round moulds, made of porcelain, glass or earthenware. Used for cold desserts and hot puddings, or for the presentation of sauces and dips. Derived from the Dutch word rameken meaning ‘little cream’.
Rape Grated.
Reduce The concentration of a sauce, stock or other dish by boiling.
Reduire To reduce a liquid to the desired consistency by gentle heating and evaporation.
Rechauffer The reheating of leftover food, literaly translating from the French as ‘reheat’. Derived from the Latin word calere meaning ‘make or be warm’.
Releve A braised or roasted joint of meat served with garnish.
Remouillage Bones boiled up again with fresh water after the stock has been poured off.
Render The heating of animal or poultry fat slowly until a liquid, before being strained and cooled. Beef dripping, for example, is extracted from beef fat. Derived from the Latin word reddere meaning ‘give back’.
Renverser To demould, to turn a food out onto a dish.
Repere A French term describing flour blended with water or egg whites, and used to seal the lids of cooking pots.
Revenir A French term describing the process of quickly frying meat or vegetables in hot oil, so sealing in flavour and juices prior to cooking.
Ribbon Long thin vegetable shavings produced using a peeler, typically of cucumber, carrot or courgette. Also a term describing the consistency of eggs beaten with sugar until stiff; when the whisk is removed the batter runs off in smooth, thick ribbons.
Rissoler To bake or fry sharply to a brown colour. For example pommes rissolees, browned potatoes.
Rocher A scoop of ice cream.
Rondeau A large shallow pan.
Rostir The act of roasting.
Roux Plain flour and fat, usually butter, cooked together and used as a thickener for sauces, soups, etc. Roux Blonde: 10oz of flour cooked in 8oz of butter to a light yellow colour. Roux Brun: 10oz of flour browned slowly in 8oz of dripping, used for brown stocks. Roux Blanc: 10oz of flour cooked slowly in 8oz of butter, stirred continually and kept white. Used for white sauces and soups.
S
Sabayon Egg yolks and water cooked until creamy, may be used as a sweet sauce.
Saignant Underdone.
Saisir To seal meat over a moderate heat without browning.
Salamander A cooking utensil consisting of a metal plate fitted with a handle, designed to be heated and used for browning food. When hot it is held over the food to produce a brown or caramelized surface. A term often applied to mean a grill.
Salmagundis A French term literally meaning ‘seasoned salt meats’, but more generally used to indicate a mixture of different types of foods; often a mixed salad of various ingredients such as meat, poultry, fish and vegetables arranged in neat rows on a platter
Salpicar A Spanish word meaning ‘sprinkled with salt.’
Salpicon Meat, poultry, fish, or game cut into very small cubes for use in ragouts. Also finely diced fruits for use in sweets. Derived from the Spanish word salpicar meaning ‘sprinkle with salt’.
Sauté To cook quickly in shallow oil. The tossing of food in hot oil.
Scorch To burn the surface of a food slightly, a superficial burn.
Score Incisions made through meat, fish or vegetables to assist the cooking process. Often made to assist marinating. Derived from the old Norse word skor meaning to ‘notch’.
Seal The application of intense heat to meat or vegetables causing the pores to seal, so keeping in flavour.
Sear The browning of fish, poultry or meat quickly over a high heat, keeping the centre rare.
Season The addition of condiments to food so enhancing flavour.
Shred To cut into thin strips. Derived from the German word screade meaning ‘to cut’.
Shuck A term describing the removal of oysters and clams from their shells. Also the removal of corn from its husk, and the shelling of beans and peas.
Sift The working of ingredients through a sieve to form a fine powder; also used to aerate flour when baking. Derived from the old English word siftan.
Singe The burning off of the down of a plucked bird by passing over a flame.
Sippets A white loaf cut into 10mm slices with the crusts removed, then cut into small cubes and shallow fried until golden brown. Used as a garish for soups. Derived from the German word supan meaning to ‘take liquid’.
Skillet Another term for a frying pan, now more often referring to a small shallow metal dish used for the table service of sizzling stir fries. Derived from the old French word escuelete meaning ‘small platter’.
Skim The removal of fat or scum from the surface of a liquid, also known as skimming. Derived from the French word escumer meaning ‘scum’.
Snail Butter Butter creamed, and mixed with finely chopped shallots, crushed garlic, parsley, salt and pepper.
Snip The cutting of herbs or leaf vegetables into small pieces. Derived from the German word snippen, an imitation of the sound made by scissors.
Sop A piece of food that is soaked, or dipped, in a liquid before being eaten. Derived from the German word supan meaning to ‘take liquid’.
Sopp An English word meaning bread dipped into a liquid.
Soufflé A sweet or savoury, hot or cold, dish. Very light in texture, with a high
egg white content. Derived from the French word souffler meaning ‘puff-up’.
Suer A French term indicating the slow cooking of meats, poultry, fish, etc in a pan with little fat.
Supreme A delicate fillet cut from poultry or fish.
T
Table D’Hote A meal of several courses, of a limited choice and at a set price. Translates from the French as ‘host’s table’.
Tamis An extremely fine sieve for straining food. Originally a piece of unbleached calico cloth.
Tammy An extremely fine woollen strainer.
Tenderize The breaking down of meat fibbers prier to cooking, so making it less chewy and more digestible. This is achieved by either pounding the meat, marinating or by sprinkling with a commercial tenderizer.
Terrine A small round or oval earthenware mould, or the food contained within it; usually straight sided and with a fitted lid. A term often used to describe a coarse pate or similar cold food served in a small dish. Derived from the old French word terrin meaning ‘earthen’.
The Pass The hot plate where food is plated and garnished ready for service in a restaurant. An interface between the kitchen and eatery where orders are placed and collected.
Tina A French term describing a square or rectangular earthenware casserole dish, originally used to cook foods au gratin. Any food cooked in such a dish.
Timbale A half conical shaped mould of various sizes. Also, a flat bottomed conical shaped silver serving dish. A type of hot meat loaf. Derived from the French word tamballe meaning ‘a drum’.
Tomated A French term indicating the addition of tomato puree to a preparation, so adding colour and flavour.
Tomber des Legumes A French term describing the cooking of prepared vegetables in water and butter, heated gently until the liquid is completely evaporated.
Tourner A French term meaning vegetables prepared and cut into a regular barrel shape.
Tranche A thin rectangular piece of puff pastry. Also to slice or cut foods. A French word meaning ‘slice’.
Trancher To carve or slice meat, fish, game, etc.
Troncon A French term meaning a cut of flat fish taken across the bone, sometimes also applied to a similar cut taken from an oxtail.
Trousse A French word meaning ‘to truss’.
Truss The tying of game or poultry with string to retain its shape during cooking. Derived from the French word trousser meaning ‘to tie’.
Turn The cutting of potatoes and other vegetables into barrel or olive shapes. To cut a groove or channel in a mushroom. Derived from the Latin word tornare meaning ‘turn on a lathe’.
V
Vandyking An English method of preparing whole fish by cutting a “v” shape into its tail, named after the painter Anthony Van Dyck, famous for his v-shaped beard. Also a method of preparing fruits and vegetables by cutting “v” shapes along the circumference, for example tomatoes.
Varak Ultra thin edible sheets of gold or silver used for cake and sweet decorations.
Veau Veal.
Veloute A basic sauce. The base of a creamy soup or sauce, the blend of fresh stock and a roux. An old French word meaning ‘velvety’.
Velveting A method of marinating meats used in Oriental cookery; a blend of corn flour, soy sauce and seasoning used to coat food prior to cooking.
Verjus The juice of an unripe fruit, especially sour grapes.
Vesiga A jelly like substance obtained from the spinal marrow of the great sturgeon. Used in Russian cookery.
Viandes Indicates meat dishes.
Voiler A French term describing small pieces of confectionary coated with spun sugar.
Vol-Au-Vent A puff pastry case. A French term translating as ‘flight in the wind’.
Volaille Indicates poultry dishes.
W
Whites The name given to the protective clothing worn by a chef. Traditionally consisting of a white cotton tunic or jacket, blue checked cotton trousers, white apron and hat. Its is now common for almost any colour or pattern to be used as part of the kitchen uniform.
Z
Zabaione An Italian word for a ‘sabayon’.
Zakuska A selection of blinis and breads served with various toppings, especially caviar, and vodka. Traditionally served as a starter, but now more often served as a pre theatre buffet. A Russian word translating as ‘hors d’oeuvres’.
Zesting To grate the glossy rind from a citrus fruit.
Zuppe Italian term indicating the soup section on a menu.
| Vol-au-vent |
Which Russian revolutionary was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in 1879 ? | canape : definition of canape and synonyms of canape (English)
7 External links
Name
The name comes from the French word for "couch," [1] drawing on the analogy that the garnish sits atop the bread as people do a couch. [2]
Details
This section does not cite any references or sources .
Because they are often served during cocktail hours, it is often desired that a canapé be either salty or spicy , in order to encourage guests to drink more. A canapé may also be referred to as finger food , although not all finger foods are canapés. Crackers or small slices of bread or toast or puff pastry , cut into various shapes, serve as the base for savory butters or pastes, often topped with a “canopy” of such savory foods as meat , cheese , fish , caviar , foie gras , purées or relish .
Traditionally, canapés are built on stale white bread (though other foods may be used as a base), cut in thin slices and then shaped with a cutter or knife. Shapes might include circles, rings, squares, strips or triangles. These pieces of bread are then prepared by deep frying , sautéeing , or toasting . The foods are sometimes highly processed and decoratively applied (e.g., piped) to the base with a pastry bag . Decorative garnishes are then applied. The canapés are usually served on a canapé salver and eaten from small canapé plates. The technical composition of a canapé consists of a base (e.g., the bread or pancake), a spread, a main item, and a garnish . The spread is traditionally either a compound butter or a flavored cream cheese . Common garnishes can range from finely chopped vegetables, scallions , and herbs to caviar or truffle oil .
Vol-au-vent
| i don't know |
What name did the Beckhams give to their fourth child and first daughter ? | Beckham baby: Why the middle name Seven? - BBC News
BBC News
Beckham baby: Why the middle name Seven?
By Caroline McClatchey BBC News Magazine
11 July 2011
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
David and Victoria Beckham have named their fourth child Harper Seven. Does their unusual choice of middle name reflect a modern trend?
The Beckhams' sons are Brooklyn Joseph, Romeo James and Cruz David, but for their first daughter, the celebrity couple have decided to hold back on her first name and go freestyle for her second.
As with the birth of their boys, the papers and internet are buzzing with theories on why the Beckhams chose Harper Seven.
Harper has become an increasingly popular name in the US, where the family are now based. It was the 887th most popular for a girl in 2004 but rose to 119 last year.
Image caption The Beckhams knew they were having a girl
Seven has been the focus of speculation. There are suggestions it was because she weighed 7lbs 10oz, arrived at 0755 LA time and was born in the seventh month, but the number also has great significance for her father, who played number seven shirt for Manchester United and England.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a middle name is a forename other than a first name, occurring between a person's first name and surname. So "middle name" embraces both a maiden name retained in the child's name as well as an additional "Philip" or "John" after the first name.
Naming conventions vary from country to country but in the English-speaking world, middle names are often a relative's name, usually old-fashioned and highly embarrassing, or a family surname.
There can be more than one. British musician Brian Eno is actually Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, while Canadian actor Kiefer Sutherland is Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland.
Julia Cresswell, author of several books including Naming Your Baby, says middle names were not as common in the past. She says they were a "status thing" and if a husband married a better-connected wife for instance, they made sure her surname passed to their child.
"It tended to be used by those who had family connections.
"It then became a classy thing to do to give more than one name to your child. People have had middle names for centuries but it is only since the 20th Century that it's become the norm for nearly everybody."
Celebrity middle names
Elton Hercules John - British singer/songwriter
Jennifer Love Hewitt - US actress
Emile William Ivanhoe Heskey - English footballer
Hugh John Mungo Grant - British actor
Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson - Harry Potter actress
She points to the Royal family, with their "stream of names", as a good example of it being an "upper-class thing" - Prince Charles is followed by Philip Arthur George, while Prince William also has the names Arthur Philip Louis.
But Cresswell says their purpose has now changed.
"Growing populations and growing mobility mean you need to distinguish yourself. That's why we use so many different first names these days. There were only a dozen names in regular use in the distant past.
"If you Google John Smith, you get hundreds of hits. Google John Seven Smith and you are not likely to find more than one."
A middle name can be a good safety net if a child hates their first name. And sometimes the initial letter of a middle name becomes very much part of the person, such as former US President George W Bush.
Image caption Lucky number Seven? A girl after three boys
Family psychologist Dr Pat Spungin says some people adopt their middle name to mark a new chapter in their life or because it is a better representation of "the new them".
The Beckhams are not the first to call their child after the lucky number Seven - US rapper and actor Andre 3000, also known as Dre, has a son called Seven. In the TV comedy Seinfeld, George Costanza wanted to call his baby Seven.
And Cresswell points out that there was a character called Seven of Nine in Star Trek Voyager, but she doesn't "have the Beckhams down as Trekkies".
| harper seven |
Which was the second bridge to be built over the Thames in central London? | Harper Seven Beckham: Possible Meaning And Reasons Behind The Name | Stylist Magazine
People
Who (or what) is Harper Beckham named after?
Unless you've been living on another planet for the past 24 hours, you'll know that Victoria and David Beckham have welcomed a fourth member to their family. Harper Seven Beckham was born at 7.55am on 10 July at Cedars Sinai hospital in Los Angeles, weighing 7lbs 10oz. A jubilant David confirmed the happy news on Facebook (where he also posted a picture of a pregnant Victoria earlier this week, featured above), saying, "Victoria is doing really well and her [Harper's] brothers are delighted to have a baby sister."
While Stylist breathed a sigh of relief that the Beckhams did not name their daughter Justine Bieber (as per their son Romeo's suggestion), an element of mystery surrounds their choice. "Seven" is generally considered to be a nod to Beckham's football number when he played for Manchester United and England (although Seinfeld fans are also citing an episode in which one of the characters, George, wants to give his child the numerical name), but what "Harper" stands for is not yet entirely clear. And so Stylist decided to take a (tongue-in-cheek) look at the possible meanings behind the unusual name...
Picture credits: Rex Features
Harper's Bazaar magazine
As a modern-day style icon, Victoria has graced the cover of fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar - "the fashion resource for women who are the first to buy the best, from casual to couture" - six times globally, making it a very possible source of inspiration for Baby Beckham's name.
Harper Lee
Despite once telling a Spanish journalist "I haven't read a book in my life," it's possible that VB has since undergone a literary epiphany and named her darling daughter after Harper Lee, the author of Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill A Mockingbird. What better way for Beckham junior to begin school life than with the name of a literary great?
Harpist
A quick flick through any baby name dictionary reveals that the meaning of the name "Harper" is quite literally what it says on the, erm, birth certificate - an old-English term for a harpist or "minstrel". Perhaps Victoria is hoping her daughter will have inherited her musical talents?
Stephen Harper
We're not sure the Beckhams have ever met the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, but there's an (admittedly slim) outside chance they named their bundle of joy after the Conservative Party leader.
Michelle Harper
Michelle Harper, the New York-based model and muse, is a more likely contender as inspiration for baby Beckham. The socialite is chic, sophisticated and is rarely seen without Dior, Balenciaga or Louboutin as companions - not unlike Victoria herself, in fact.
Harper, 1966 film
We imagine David Beckham loves his mystery drama movies - especially those starring a cool private investigator played by Paul Newman. Could it be he persuaded Victoria to name their baby girl after this award-winning whodunit, co-starring the ever-elegant Lauren Bacall and Julie Harris?
Harper Simon
Sure, she's a Spice Girl and he's friends with Snoop Dogg, but could it be that both Beckhams harbour a secret passion for psychedelic country and rock music? If so, it's possible they've chosen to name their newborn after Harper Simon, the American singer-songwriter and son of Paul Simon of Simon & Garfunkel fame.
Harper in Wizards of Waverly Place
Having fully embraced the US way of life since their move to the States, we're in no doubt that The Disney Channel plays a big part in the three Beckham boys' homelife, so perhaps the name was inspired by Harper Finkle, the character played by Jennifer Stone in the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place. Not the most obvious choice - but it sure beats Cinderella.
HarperCollins
It may be that the Beckhams are hoping to bestow a bookworm-ish quality with their name choice, in honour of HarperCollins. As well as publishing the Collins English Dictionary (serious factual kudos) the News Corp-owned company is also famed for its children's books, including much-loved favourite Charlotte's Web.
Other celebrity baby Harpers
Finally, perhaps the name choice Harper was simply inspired by the Beckhams' fellow A-list parents and neighbours over in LA. Lisa Marie Presley, the only daughter of Elvis, chose the name Harper Vivienne Ann for one of her twins born in 2008 (the other was named Finley Aaron Love), and Foo Fighters rocker Dave Grohl also called his second daughter Harper Willow.
Read more on:
| i don't know |
Which singer duetted with Joe Cocker on their 1982 smash hit record ' Up Where We Belong ' ? | Joe Cocker - up where we belong - YouRepeat
Add our chrome extension to repeat YouTube videos at the click of a button
Joe Cocker - up where we belong
Choose your time range using the slider.
Start:
Use this link to share your repeat
GIF Creation Settings
Separate tags with commas or press enter (max 5 tags)
Quick GIF Create
Righteous Brothers - UNCHAINED MELODY - GHOST
Joe Cocker
John Robert Cocker OBE — known as Joe Cocker — is an English rock and blues singer, who came to popularity in the 1960s, and is known for his gritty voice, his idiosyncratic body movement in performance and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of The Beatles. His cover of The Beatles' "With a Little Help from My Friends" reached number one in the UK in 1968, and he performed the song live at Woodstock in 1969. His 1975 hit single, "You Are So Beautiful", reached number five in the US. Cocker is the recipient of several awards, including a 1983 Grammy Award for his US number one "Up Where We Belong", a duet with Jennifer Warnes. In 1993 he was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male, and in 2007 he received an OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music. Cocker was ranked #97 on Rolling Stone's 100 greatest singers list.
Place of birth: Sheffield
| Jennifer Warnes |
By what name is the former Marriage Guidance Council now known ? | Joe Cocker RIP - Cambodia Expats Online
Cambodia Expats Online
It is currently Fri Jan 20, 2017 8:57 am
All times are UTC+07:00
Post by Pizzalover » Tue Dec 23, 2014 2:13 pm
Joe Cocker obituary
Sheffield-born rock star with a raucous vocal style whose 1968 version of With a Little Help from My Friends became his unofficial theme tune
Adam Sweeting
Monday 22 December 2014 19.29 GMT
In a musical career lasting more than 50 years, Joe Cocker, who has died of lung cancer aged 70, bounced between the euphoria of chart-topping success and the misery of drug and alcohol abuse. In the latter part of his life, the singer had re-established himself as a soulful interpreter of material from a broad range of songwriters.
Cocker’s background and upbringing in Sheffield, where he was born, son of Harold and Marjorie, established his credentials as a ballsy, salt-of-the-earth performer cut from stalwart working-class stock. At first it seemed as if the young Joe was destined for an unglamorous future working as a fitter for the East Midlands Gas Board. As his mother commented: “When Joe left school at 16, I thought he was going to take up gas fitting as a career. I even got him a lot of books on the subject, and he was interested in gas for a time, but there was always the music. He told me he didn’t want a job where he worked for years and years and then got presented with a gold watch at the end.”
Cocker gained his first toehold in music with the aid of his brother, Victor. He sang with Victor’s band the Headliners at a local youth club, then later played drums in Victor’s skiffle group, the Cavaliers. By 1963, they were transformed into Vance Arnold & the Avengers. He took the opportunity to reinvent himself as the vocalist Cowboy Joe, as the Avengers played warm-up gigs for better known names such as the Hollies. He also made guest appearances with other local artists including Dave Berry and the Cruisers.
Joe Cocker with Jennifer Warnes in 1983. Their duet Up Where We Belong for the film An Officer and a Gentleman was a smash hit
Cocker was already beginning to develop the intense, raucous vocal style which would make him an international name, and he was spotted by the record producer Mike Leander, who helped him to make a demo recording. This earned him a contract with Decca records in 1964, for whom he made his debut on disc with a version of the Beatles tune I’ll Cry Instead. Despite Cocker’s convincing performance, the single failed to chart and the Decca contract lapsed.
After touring as an opening act for Manfred Mann and the Hollies, Cocker reverted to his gas board job, persevering with music in his free time. He struck up a songwriting partnership with the bass player Chris Stainton and, in 1965, the pair put together the first incarnation of the Grease Band, which included the guitarists Henry McCullough and Alan Spenner. Two years of club and pub dates, mainly in northern England, earned the band a committed following.
In 1968, EMI’s Regal Zonophone label released the Stainton/Cocker composition Marjorine – the performing credit read merely “Joe Cocker” – and it reached No 48 on the UK singles chart. Much more spectacular was his version of the Lennon/McCartney song With a Little Help from My Friends – Cocker’s friends on the recording session included the future Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page – which topped the UK charts that November. An enthusiastic public endorsement from the Fab Four themselves did Cocker no harm at all, and the song would become his unofficial theme tune.
With the British public converted to his cause, Cocker set about wooing the American market. A string of concert dates and TV appearances climaxed with his appearance at the Woodstock festival in August 1969, where his extraordinary performance of With a Little Help from My Friends, complete with unearthly screams, hideous grimaces and apparently uncontrollable bodily gyrations, became one of the most unforgettable sequences from the ensuing movie of the event.
The following year was another momentous one for Cocker. His album Joe Cocker!, produced by Leon Russell and Denny Cordell, earned critical raves and raced up the American charts. It also gave Cocker another hit, with a Beatles cover, She Came in Through the Bathroom Window. Then the Grease Band split up after Cocker cancelled an American tour, but the singer was warned by the US Immigration Department that his failure to fulfil the dates could jeopardise his future ability to work in the US. Cocker duly assembled the 21-piece collective known as Mad Dogs and Englishmen and undertook a punishing 65-date campaign packed into only 57 days. It spawned a bestselling double live album and accompanying feature film, but the sprawling and chaotic project left Cocker exhausted and facing a crippling pile of bills.
He lapsed into a long period of hard drinking and heroin addiction, and it was not until 1972 that he returned to the stage as part of the 12-piece line up known as Joe Cocker and the Chris Stainton Band. However, he was having difficulty keeping control, and was drinking so heavily that often he was barely capable of performing. That October, he was fined $1,200 in Australia following his arrest for possession of marijuana, then had to make a rapid exit from the country to avoid a list of further charges, including assault.
Cocker stumbled through the rest of the 1970s as a shadow of his former self, still touring and knocking out uneven albums, including Jamaica Say You Will (1975), Stingray (1976) and Live in Los Angeles (1976). However, he did manage to notch up a big hit in 1975 with You Are So Beautiful (which enjoyed a renaissance when it featured prominently in Brian De Palma’s 1993 film, Carlito’s Way), while a switch to Asylum Records in 1978 spurred the singer to raise his game with Luxury You Can Afford. Better still was his 1982 release on Island records, Sheffield Steel, which featured powerful performances of songs by Jimmy Webb, Bob Dylan and Steve Winwood and remains arguably the definitive Joe Cocker album.
Cocker confirmed his resurgence with his duet with Jennifer Warnes on the schlocky power ballad Up Where We Belong, from the hit movie An Officer and a Gentleman (1982). The song won a Grammy and an Oscar.
Subsequently, his career saw him coasting along comfortably, enjoying respect from his peers and loyalty from a broad international audience, though somewhat lacking in further artistic landmarks. In his determination to stay on the wagon, he received unstinting support from his wife Pam, whom he married in 1987. As a diversion from the music industry, the couple joined the trend for celebs to get into the catering business by opening the Mad Dog Ranch café in Colorado.
Through the 80s and 90s, Cocker released a string of albums including Unchain My Heart (1987), One Night of Sin (1989) and Night Calls (1991), all of which sold respectably if unspectacularly. More convincing was Have a Little Faith (1994), which was well received internationally and generated a couple of minor UK hit singles with Take Me Home and Let the Healing Begin. A&M seized the moment to release a four-disc box set entitled The Long Voyage Home (1995), a thorough survey of his career, which helped to remind anybody who had not been listening closely of the breadth and longevity of Cocker’s catalogue.
Not that Cocker’s accomplishments had been overlooked by music industry insiders. He had become a regular guest at assorted big-ticket rockbiz shindigs such as the Prince’s Trust Rock Gala and Nelson Mandela’s 70th Birthday Tribute, both in 1988. In 1989 he appeared at an inauguration party for the new US president, George HW Bush. He popped up at Rock In Rio II in 1991 and at the Montreux jazz festival in 1992, and came full circle by joining the bill for Woodstock II in 1994.
In 2002, he joined Phil Collins on drums and the Queen guitarist Brian May to perform With a Little Help from My Friends at the Party at the Palace concert held for the Queen’s Golden Jubilee. He was appointed OBE in 2007 and played concerts in London and Sheffield to mark the event.
In the same year, his 20th studio album Hymn for My Soul, a collection of songs by such greats as Stevie Wonder, Dylan, John Fogerty and the Beatles, took him back into the UK top 10. Hard Knocks (2010) topped Billboard’s independent albums chart.
In March 2011 Cocker performed at a benefit concert for the R&B guitarist Cornell Dupree, who had played with him live and on record, at BB King’s Blues Club in New York, and who died a few weeks later. During a concert at Madison Square Garden in September this year, Billy Joel paused to pay tribute to Cocker, surprising listeners by commenting that he was “not very well right now” and proposing him for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Cocker will be remembered as one of the most soulful white rock singers to have emerged from Britain – the only homegrown performers comparable to him might be Free’s Paul Rodgers or Family’s Roger Chapman.
Perhaps more importantly, he showed enough character to fight his way back after being written off as another casualty of 70s rock’n’roll excess.
He is survived by Pam.
• Joe Cocker (John Robert Cocker), singer, born 20 May 1944; died 22 December 2014
| i don't know |
By what name is the Russian city of Stalingrad now known ? | Russia revives Stalingrad city name - Telegraph
World War Two
Russia revives Stalingrad city name
The Russian city of Volgograd where the Red Army decisively turned back Nazi forces in a key Second World War battle will once again be known as Stalingrad, at least on the days commemorating the victory.
The battle of Stalingrad is still a proud memory for Russians and the city name carries positive associations despite the name of Stalin Photo: REX FEATURES
By Foreign Staff
| Volgograd |
In Troy weight , how many grains are there in a pennyweight ? | Remembering the horrors of Stalingrad - BBC News
BBC News
Remembering the horrors of Stalingrad
By Daniel Sandford BBC News, Volgograd
31 January 2013
Close share panel
Media captionUp to a million soldiers died in the six months of intense warfare
As the Russian city once known as Stalingrad (now Volgograd) prepares to mark 70 years since the end of the famous battle against Nazi Germany, some of its survivors spoke to BBC News about their experiences.
At the centre of the commemorations is an ancient Tatar burial mound called Mamayev Kurgan, still the highest point in the city that once bore the name of Soviet leader Josef Stalin.
Commanding a spectacular view over the River Volga, it was one of the most important strategic sites during the battle and was fought over bitterly. Tens of thousands of bodies are still entombed in the hill.
On top of the mound is a vast statue to the Mother of the Nation, bearing a sword and apparently urging the Red Army on to victory, but 50 metres (yards) down the slope is the solemn Hall of Heroes.
Here, throughout the day, four Russian soldiers stand guard over a giant eternal flame in a round chamber, with the names of many of the Soviet dead written in gleaming mosaics on the wall. The sounds of heavenly chanting are played through hidden speakers in the wall.
Bodies from the battle are still being found all over the city and there are relatives still discovering where their fathers, brothers, mothers and sisters were buried.
Father missing
Image caption Valentina Savelyeva spent her life trying to find out about her father
Valentina Savelyeva is 75. For 67 of those years she was looking for the site of her father's body. He had been an anti-aircraft gunner during the Battle of Stalingrad and went missing in action. His body was found in 1961 and reburied in Mamayev Kurgan. But through incompetence or neglect, the Soviet authorities never told her mother.
After her mother's death she continued her search through the military commissariat, and the local museum. Eventually she found what she was looking for in a computer record at Mamayev Kurgan - just two miles (3km) from her home.
Now her father's name, TT Ponomarev, has been inscribed long with 17,000 other new names on a section of the memorial that has been added for the 70th anniversary.
"They have only started putting up these plaques now," she complained, the tears running down her cheeks.
"Seventy years after the battle - with my generation dying out and my mother already dead. And it turns out that all along we lived so close to this hill, without knowing my father was buried here. "
"No-one seems to care about our fathers and that has always haunted me. And I am still angry. I feel like I have been travelling for a long time, but I arrived late for his funeral. There is no joy or satisfaction. It's good that he is here. I know where to go but I have a feeling inside that I missed something, that I came too late."
Valentina Savelyeva's first memories are some of the most terrible that a child can experience.
Brother lost
Image caption The battle is remembered for ferocious street fighting
She was five years old when Adolf Hitler's Sixth Army stormed into Stalingrad in the summer of 1942. Soon her home was destroyed in the brutal street fighting. In November, as winter set in, she and her mother fled to a nearby ravine leading down to the Volga.
"When I close my eyes, I can see the Volga on fire because of spilt oil," she says.
"We dug holes in the clay to live in - not trenches, but holes, like real animal holes. Soon there was heavy fighting inside the ravine. German tanks moved up and down, while female Soviet pilots dropped bombs on them, and therefore on us. Everything was on fire and we heard thunder and planes roaring.
"The most horrible moment was around 20 November when the Germans broke through down the ravine towards the Red October plant. It was very scary.
"At first we just sat there in our dugouts, then our parents went out to help the wounded with their disjointed limbs. They would bandage the hands and legs, then medical staff would appear and take them away. Down by the Volga there was a hospital."
There was no food, only the local mud, which happened to be slightly sweet.
"We ate clay and nothing but clay," she explained. "And we drank water from the Volga. My mother would throw away the bits of clay that were soaked in blood, and then take the rest and filter it through a piece of cloth."
The sugar in the clay kept her alive, but not her little brother who died of hunger and cold.
Pincer movement
Image caption Germans took most of the city before getting trapped by the Soviets
The Sixth Army had pushed through the southern Soviet Union at breathtaking speed, heading for the Caucasus where there was oil, and also for Stalingrad, near the mouth of the strategic River Volga.
There it was that the Red Army made its stand, clinging on to ever-narrower strips of the west bank of the river. The order from Stalin was "No surrender". The order from Hitler was "No retreat".
The exact figure for how many soldiers died in Stalingrad is hard to estimate, but it is probably close to a million. The fighting was at incredibly close quarters in the ruins of a once-mighty industrial city. Big guns, tanks, and aircraft were all used against the men standing their ground in the rubble.
The German troops got bogged down in the street fighting as winter closed in. Their commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus, suggested a tactical retreat but Hitler refused.
The Soviet troops secretly massed to the East and the North. Then, in a classic pincer movement, they cut off the Sixth Army from its supply lines. Slowly the mighty force that had taken Paris starved and froze to defeat.
Narrow escape
The bank of the river was covered in dead fish mixed with human heads, arms, and legs, all lying on the beach
Konstanin Duvanov, Soviet soldier who fought at Stalingrad
In pictures: Stalingrad anniversary
In 1942 Konstanin Duvanov was a soldier of 19. He had retreated all the way from Ukraine with the Red Army back to his home city, Stalingrad. One of his most vivid memories of the almost unrecognisable city was also the burning Volga.
"Everything was on fire," he says.
"The bank of the river was covered in dead fish mixed with human heads, arms, and legs, all lying on the beach. They were the remains of people who were being evacuated across the Volga, when they were bombed."
Konstantin Duvanov fought on in Stalingrad until the end of the battle.
By chance he was in the city's Red Square guarding a captured German communications vehicle when - on 31 January 1943 - Paulus surrendered in the basement of the Univermag department store, and was led out to a Red Army car.
"Half an hour later," he recounts, "we saw a sergeant carrying three captured German machine guns over his shoulder.
"He went up to the car and saw Paulus inside. He said 'Ah! The general who killed so many people just sitting there in the car as if nothing happened'. So he loaded a machine gun and aimed it.
"Paulus opened his mouth and became white as paper. Because you know - in one millisecond there would be no field marshal. But suddenly a lieutenant emerged and pushed the machine gun away. He shut the the car door and shouted to the driver: 'Move for God's sake, otherwise he'll be killed here'."
Paulus survived the war and went on to live in East Germany. Of his men, 91,000 were captured at Stalingrad. Only 6,000 returned home, the rest having died either on their way to Soviet prison camps, or once they had got there.
Stalingrad was rebuilt, and eventually renamed. But the dominant feature on the skyline is the giant statue on Mamayev Kurgan, standing defiantly above the frozen earth where tens of thousands of men lie buried.W
That is where Russia's leaders - and survivors from both the Red Army and the Sixth Army - will remember the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which ended 70 years ago.
| i don't know |
Which reptile's name comes from the Spanish ' el lagarto ' , meaning ' the lizard ' ? | Alligator - definition of alligator by The Free Dictionary
Alligator - definition of alligator by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alligator
Related to alligator: Chinese alligator
al·li·ga·tor
(ăl′ĭ-gā′tər)
n.
1. Either of two large semiaquatic reptiles, Alligator mississipiensis of the southeast United States or A. sinensis of China, having sharp teeth and powerful jaws. They differ from crocodiles in having a broader, shorter snout.
2. Leather made from the hide of one of these reptiles.
3. A tool or fastener having strong, adjustable, often toothed jaws.
[Alteration of Spanish el lagarto, the lizard : el, the (from Latin ille, that; see al-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots) + lagarto, lizard (from Latin lacertus).]
alligator
(ˈælɪˌɡeɪtə)
n
1. (Animals) a large crocodilian, Alligator mississipiensis, of the southern US, having powerful jaws and sharp teeth and differing from the crocodiles in having a shorter and broader snout: family Alligatoridae (alligators and caymans)
2. (Animals) a similar but smaller species, A. sinensis, occurring in China near the Yangtse River
3. (Animals) any crocodilian belonging to the family Alligatoridae
4. (Tools) any of various tools or machines having adjustable toothed jaws, used for gripping, crushing, or compacting
[C17: from Spanish el lagarto the lizard, from Latin lacerta]
al•li•ga•tor
(ˈæl ɪˌgeɪ tər)
n.
either of two crocodilians of the genus Alligator, of the southeastern U.S. and E China, characterized by a broad snout.
[1560–70; < Sp el lagarto the lizard < Vulgar Latin *ille that + *lacartus, for Latin lacertus lizard ]
al·li·ga·tor
(ăl′ĭ-gā′tər)
A large, meat-eating, aquatic reptile having sharp teeth and powerful jaws. Alligators have a broader, shorter snout than crocodiles, and their teeth do not show when the jaws are closed. There are two species of alligators: one living in the southeast United States and one living in China.
alligator
- From Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard," which may have come from Latin lacerta; the alligator has a shorter, blunter snout than a crocodile.
See also related terms for shorter .
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
| The Independent Florida Alligator |
"According to Dr Johnson , what in England is "" given to horses , but in Scotland supports the people "" ?" | In the Croc Tank - FlyingClassroom.com
In the Croc Tank
by Barrington Irving
October 29, 2014
The largest live crocodile ever measured was 20.3 feet long and found right here in Australia’s Northern Territory. After decades of merciless hunting, Australia’s crocodile population dropped to 3,000 in the 1970s. Thanks to a hunting ban, populations have since rebounded. Today, 140,000 saltwater crocs are estimated to live in Australia, with 80,000 in the Northern Territory alone.
A big one patrols the dam up the road from where we were studying cane toads (left). We had no desire to cross his path. Instead, we stopped by Crocosaurus Cove in downtown Darwin to meet “Chopper”—a 1,750-pound adult male—and learn more about these amazing creatures.
What is a Crocodile Exactly?
The word crocodile comes from the Greek word krokodeilos—meaning “pebble worm.” Alligator, on the other hand, comes from the Spanish word for lizard: el lagarto. Neither name is very accurate. Crocodiles are reptiles, but they’re not lizards. And although they’re not technically dinosaurs, the two share a common ancestor: birds.
Like birds, female crocs lay eggs. And after guarding their nests for 2-3 months, female crocs will help their babies hatch. They’ve even been seen feeding pieces of meat to their hatchlings—just like mama birds!
Crocs are highly-social animals. They live in groups and establish territories. Usually they can settle territorial disputes through growls and groans, but if all else fails, violent fights can break out. The staff at Crocosaurus Cove believe Chopper lost his two front feet (below) in territorial battles with younger crocs in the wild. At 80 years old, he was getting too old to fight them off.
All photos by Oliver Uberti
Crocs are very intelligent, too. They have the most advanced brain of all reptiles. Being smart means they can learn routines like seasonal migrations and when and where animals come to the river to drink. This allows them to predict the best time and place to catch a meal.
Stealth Mode
Crocs are stealth hunters. Rather than waste energy chasing prey, crocs will wait for food to come to them and then STRIKE like an uncoiled spring. Did you know crocs can literally jump out of the water? They use their powerful tails to swim upward at speed and then launch their bodies out to nab birds flying across the water’s surface.
We hear stories of crocs taking down zebra, cattle, and kangaroos, but those big animals are rare feasts. More commonly, their diet consists of smaller prey like fish, crabs, and snails. Juveniles dine off a kids’ menu of insects, shrimp, frogs, and fish. But no cane toads!
Because large crocodiles have such a massive bite—like a 3.5 ton truck falling on your foot—their teeth don’t need to be sharp to punch through skin and bone. Each tooth is hollow at the base, so when the old one breaks off, there’s a new one to replace it immediately.
To hunt in murky water, crocs have excellent hearing and an excellent sense of smell. But they also have a sixth sense. Each scale of a saltwater crocodile’s skin has tiny, black dots on it. These “dermal pressure receptors” detect minute pressure changes in the water, such that the croc can tell if a fish is swimming past even if it can’t see it.
Croc Power!
Life underwater means going without oxygen. To survive, crocs evolved with special superpowers.
When they dive, their ear flaps and nostrils seal off; a third eyelid covers the eye; and the valve at the back of the tongue closes to keep water out of the throat. A croc’s four-chambered heart—the most advanced in the animal kingdom—contains two valves to redirect blood to the brain and other essential organs. If a crocodile wants to stay underwater for an extended period, it can slow its heart rate to less than 5 beats per minute and then switch back instantly to STRIKE!
Even crocodile blood is super-powered. All vertebrates, including humans, have a special protein in their red blood cells called “hemoglobin” that transports oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our body. Crocodile hemoglobin is like a Boeing 747 Dreamlifter; it can carry more oxygen than any other animal. In fact, researchers have been able to use this oxygen-rich croc blood to help human beings survive dangerous and complicated heart transplants.
See, humans and crocs can live together after all!
| i don't know |
Which bridge in central London was originally known as the Strand Bridge when opened in 1817 ? | City Walk: Bridges of London, London, England
Author: clare
1) Lambeth Bridge
Lambeth Bridge spans the River Thames between Lambeth Palace on the East side of the river and Thames House (headquarters of MI5), Millbank Tower and Tate Britain on the West side.
This fine foot and road bridge was designed by Sir George Humphries, Sir Reginald Blomfield and G. Topham Forrest and built by Dorman Long. It was inaugurated by King George V in 1932.
The bridge is 776 ft long and 60 ft wide; its steel latticework is painted red – the same colour of the benches in the nearby... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Tagishsimon
Sight description based on wikipedia
2) Westminster Bridge
“Earth hath nothing to show more fair,” wrote William Wordsworth, while looking out over early morning London from Westminster Bridge in 1802. Of course, he was standing on the first bridge, constructed in 1750 by the Swiss architect Charles Labelye.
The bridge you can cross today was opened in 1862 and was designed by Thomas Page, who also worked on the designs for the Thames Embankment. The bridge spans the Thames from the County Hall and the London Eye on the East side of the river to... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Iridescent
Sight description based on wikipedia
3) Hungerford Bridge
In 1845 the Hungerford Bridge was a suspension bridge that farmers from the south of England used for crossing the River Thames when they freighted their produce to the Hungerford Market, which was the most important market in the south of the capital at that time.
In 1859 the bridge was bought by the South Eastern Railway Company, who wanted to build a railway bridge from the south of England to the capital. Businessmen working in London were leaving their city houses to live in the country... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and ChrisO
Sight description based on wikipedia
4) Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. The name of the bridge is in memory of the British victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the views of London from the bridge are widely held to be the finest from any spot at ground level. The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809-10 by John Rennie and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge. From... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Adrian Pingstone
Sight description based on wikipedia
5) Blackfriars Bridge
To get to the Tate Modern from the Inns of Court, you will, of course, cross the Blackfriars Bridge, which received Grade II Listed status in 1972. The Bridge House Estates own the bridge and are responsible for its upkeep.
This foot and road bridge is 923 ft long with five wrought iron arches to match its sister railway bridge, now demolished. It was built by the P.A. Thom & Company firm to designs by Thomas Cubitt and was opened by Queen Victoria in 1869.
As you cross, you will... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Adrian Pingstone
Sight description based on wikipedia
6) Millennium Bridge
The Millennium Bridge has three claims to fame: it is the newest bridge to span the Thames; it is the only pedestrian-only bridge in London and it holds the record for being the bridge with the shortest opening-closing time in history, as it was closed only two days after being inaugurated.
The bridge was designed, as its name suggests, to be opened in 2000, the start of the 21st century. In 1996 Southwark Council held a competition and invited architects from all over the world to design a... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Arpingstone
Sight description based on wikipedia
7) Southwark Bridge
Southwark Bridge is an arch bridge for traffic linking Southwark and the City across the River Thames, in London. It was designed by Ernest George and Basil Mott. It was built by Sir William Arrol & Co. and opened in 1921. A previous bridge on the site, designed by John Rennie, opened in 1819, and was originally known as Queen Street Bridge, as shown on the 1818 John Snow Map of London. The bridge was notable for having the longest cast iron span, 73 m, ever made. The bridge provides access... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Steve F-E-Cameron
Sight description based on wikipedia
8) Cannon Street Railway Bridge
Cannon Street Railway Bridge spans the River Thames between Southwark Bridge upstream and London Bridge downstream.
The bridge isn’t very attractive – it has a rather utilitarian look about it with its steel girders and cast-iron Dorric pillars. When it was designed in 1863 by John Hankshaw and John Wolfe-Barry for South Eastern Railway, it had decorations and ornaments, but these were removed during the bridge’s complete renovation in 1979.
In 1989 the pleasure boat Marchioness sank... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and David Jones
Sight description based on wikipedia
9) London Bridge
We all know the children’s nursery rhyme “London Bridge is Falling Down”. Today’s London Bridge is not falling down, but its predecessors were all destroyed during wars or by fires.
The first bridge to span the Thames at this spot was a Roman pontoon bridge built in 50 AD, replaced in 55 AD by a piled bridge, which was destroyed in 60 AD by Queen Boudicca. The bridge was rebuilt but fell into disrepair when the Romans left. It was rebuilt in 990 and again destroyed – this time by... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and burge5000
Sight description based on wikipedia
10) Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London. The bridge consists of two towers which are tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal walkways which are designed to withstand the horizontal forces exerted by the suspended sections of the bridge on the landward sides of the towers. The vertical component of the forces in the... view more
Image Courtesy of Wikimedia and Yorick Petey
Sight description based on wikipedia
The Most Popular Cities
| Waterloo |
Which type of coal contains the highest carbon count and the fewest impurities ? | Waterloo Bridge London | Nearby hotels, shops and restaurants | LondonTown.com
Theatre | Until 23rd September 2017
Fortune Theatre 2 minutes walk from Waterloo Bridge
One of the less well-known West-End fixtures, this adaptation of Susan Hill's gothic novel has been packing out houses since ... More
Theatre | Until 14th January 2017
Adelphi Theatre 3 minutes walk from Waterloo Bridge
Inspired by a true story and based on the 2005 British film of the same name, Cyndi Lauper and Harvey ... More
Theatre | Until 4th February 2017
Vaudeville Theatre 3 minutes walk from Waterloo Bridge
An all-star cast which includes Katherine Parkinson (famous for The IT Crowd and Humans), Ralf Little (The Royle Family, Two ... More
Theatre | Until 15th October 2017
Cambridge Theatre 3 minutes walk from Waterloo Bridge
The Royal Shakespeare Company's multiple award-winning musical adaptation of Roald Dahl's celebrated children's book Matilda is a big hit at ... More
| i don't know |
In which century were the Royal Marines founded ? | A History of the Royal Navy: The Royal Marines
A History of the Royal Navy: The Royal Marines
Britt Zerbe
See others in the series
Description Bibliographic Info
The Royal Marines are the elite force of the Royal Navy. Founded in 1755, but tracing their origins as far back as 1664, the Marines are an iconic amphibious infantry force, combining military and naval skills and operations. During World War I, the Marines were key players in the amphibious landings at Gallipoli and in World War II the Marines were active in a number of theatres including the capture of Madagascar and the defence of Crete. In the post-war world, the Marines were active in the ill-fated Suez crisis. Today's Marines are highly-skilled maritime-focused commandoes who have played a pivotal role in recent conflicts in the Falklands, Afghanistan and Iraq. This book provides a complete history of the force from formation to the present day. As well as covering the campaigns fought by the Marines - from the Napoleonic Wars to the twenty-first century - the book also looks aspects of change and continuity in marine identity over the 300 years of their existence. As the first complete history of the Royal Marines, this book will be essential reading for all military and naval history enthusiasts.
Imprint: I.B.Tauris
Illustrations: 50 bw integrated, 16 colour in 8pp plates, 2-3 map
Description
The Royal Marines are the elite force of the Royal Navy. Founded in 1755, but tracing their origins as far back as 1664, the Marines are an iconic amphibious infantry force, combining military and naval skills and operations. During World War I, the Marines were key players in the amphibious landings at Gallipoli and in World War II the Marines were active in a number of theatres including the capture of Madagascar and the defence of Crete. In the post-war world, the Marines were active in the ill-fated Suez crisis. Today's Marines are highly-skilled maritime-focused commandoes who have played a pivotal role in recent conflicts in the Falklands, Afghanistan and Iraq. This book provides a complete history of the force from formation to the present day. As well as covering the campaigns fought by the Marines - from the Napoleonic Wars to the twenty-first century - the book also looks aspects of change and continuity in marine identity over the 300 years of their existence. As the first complete history of the Royal Marines, this book will be essential reading for all military and naval history enthusiasts.
Bibliographic Info
| 17 |
Gideon , whose story is told in the Book of Judges , was a member of which tribe ? | A History of the Wind Band: The Nineteenth-Century American Wind Band
The Nineteenth-Century American Wind Band
Giuseppe Creatore and his Italian Band in Boston 1
Creatore! Creatore! There's a fury in your form
That can lash the tamest music to a shrill and shrieking storm;
To every order telegraphed from that hypnotic eye
Reverberating kettledrums respectfully reply,
While swaying like a wind-swept reed your body cleaves the air,
Inciting boom and clash, and crash, and bray, and blow, and blare.
You frown upon the oboe, and it grievously makes moan,
You draw from the euphonium a grumbling undertone;
You throw a double duck fit, just as if you liked to work,
To get results from yonder where the queer tympani lurk;
Meanwhile the evolutions that you set yourself to do
Resemble macaroni when it bubbles in the stew.
Old Patsy Gilmore, bless him, was a leader who could show
Contortionists and gymnasts things they really ought to know,
While our Philip Sousa, with his short but gifted arms,
And his limber neck, possess many captivating charms;
But as spectacles, we own it neither one of them would do
For an instant in competing with a whalebone man like you.
Blessings on you, Creatore: if we all could work like that
We would not get results that seem trifling, tame and flat.
If we could but hurl ourselves at what is given us to do
And keep that whirlwind up until we get completely through,
We'd make a noise perhaps ourselves to echo through the land
And get as much good out of life as you do from that band.
--G. Schlotterbeck, as quoted in the New York Journal
Bands in the 19th century had an enormous impact on the cultural and social lives of the populace of the United States. It was a time when brass bands impacted the war effort perhaps more than any time since the Saracen bands of the Ottoman empire. The golden age of professional bands was ushered in with the music of Patrick Gilmore, John Philip Sousa, and the Italian Giuseppe Creatore, to name a few. Plus, many civic bands were formed to provide performance outlets for the populace in general. It was a rich and colorful time in America's music history.
Bands in the United States in the early 19th century were a reflection of European tradition. The instrumentation of the United States Marine Band of 1800 -- 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, bassoon, two horns, and a drum -- was influenced by Harmoniemusik and European military practice. Imitation continued to be a factor, especially as European musicians migrated to America. Later, the French Revolution impacted the accepted number of players in bands as well as the type of instruments used. The popularity of Janissary percussion created the need for more wind instruments, especially brass, to balance the ensemble.
THE BRASS BAND MOVEMENT
Keyed Brass
At the same time that band instrumentation was going through a dramatic change, the makeup of brass instruments was also undergoing a dramatic evolution. Joseph Haliday of Dublin, Ireland invented and patented the keyed bugle [also known as the Royal Kent bugle] in 1810. Despite the obvious unwieldiness and suspect tone quality, the keyed bugle was a notable step forward in the process of creating brass instruments, which were not limited to the notes available on the overtone series. And with the arrival of the keyed bugle in America about 1815, there began a gradual evolution of American bands to brass bands only. In 1817 the Parisian instrument maker Halary built an entire family of keyed brass instruments that he named ophicleides. Keyed bugles (soprano voices) and ophicleides [large keyed bugle used as a baritone or bass voice, doubled up in the shape of a Russian basshorn] (middle and lower voices) became increasingly popular with American bandsmen in the 1820s-30s. However, the newly invented valved brass gradually made these instruments obsolete, beginning with the ophicleides (1840s), followed by the keyed bugles (1850s). The inevitable decline of the keyed bugle was postponed due to the popularity of soloists such as Ned Kendall. 1 Kendall's popularity had its complement in Europe with renowned virtuosos such as Paganini and Liszt and paved the way for the popularity of the great cornetists who followed, beginning with no less than Patrick Gilmore.
Valved Brass
Inventors began experimenting with keyed and valved brass late in the eighteenth century, but the invention of the first successful valve for brass instruments is attributed to Heinrich Stoelzel and Freiderich Bluhmel, two Berlin musicians who patented their design in 1818. Other patents followed in the 1830s: Uhlmann's Vienna twin-piston valve (1830), the Rad-Maschine rotary valve patented by Joseph Riedl in 1832, the Berliner-Pumpen valve patented by Wieprecht and Moritz in Prussia in 1835, and Pèrinet's improved piston valve introduced in 1839. 2
Around 1825 in France, an instrument maker (possibly Halary) experimented with adding valves to a small conical and circular coiled instrument known as the cornet simple or cornet de poste. The result became known as the cornet à pistons. The mellow tone quality created by the conical design, coupled with the enhanced technical facility provided by the valves, guaranteed the new cornet popularity as a melodic and solo instrument, which has lasted until today. 3
The Saxhorn
Adolph Sax 3
By 1835, brass bands began to supplant other forms of wind bands in the United States. A conglomeration of brass instruments--including keyed bugles, ophicleides, natural French horns, trumpets, post horns, and trombones--comprised the instrumentation of many of these bands, and quality undoubtedly suffered from lack of intonation, balance, and blend produced by the wide variety of horn lengths and timbre. The curious mixture, while inevitable during this time, was no doubt frustrating to any serious bandmaster trying to lead a band of high quality.
In an effort to address this problem, during the 1840s a number of instrument makers in Europe began making sets of chromatic valved bugles designed for all possible voices from bass to soprano. One of these makers, Adolph Sax, had the promotional and business savvy to make his newly manufactured saxhorn the instrument of choice for brass bands. The saxhorn (the universal name for this class of instrument) had much to offer: more consistent tone quality in all registers, better intonation, greater technical facility, and the ability to create a homogeneous sound from the bass to soprano register. The conical design, like that of the cornet, created a warm, mellow sound especially pleasing to the listener.
Banding for Good Health
Between the manufacture of the saxhorn family and his new invention, the saxophone, Adolph Sax had every reason to promote the playing of wind instruments. One example of Sax's self-serving, yet amusing promotional ventures was printed in La France Musicale before eventually finding its way to Boston and Dwight's Journal of Music in 1862:
Persons who practice wind instruments, are, in general, distinguished--and anybody can verify the statement--by a broad chest and shoulders, an unequivocal sign of vigor. In the travelling bands that pass through our cities, who has not seen women playing the horn, the cornet, the trumpet, and even the trombone and ophicleide, and noticed that they all enjoyed perfect health, and exhibited a considerable development of the thorax? In an orchestra a curious circumstance can be noticed; and that is the corpulence, the strength which the players of wind instruments exhibit, and the spare frames of the disciples of Paganini. The same may be said, with more reason, of pianists. 1
The popularity of the saxhorn was aided by a quintet of English musicians, the Distin family (father and four sons), who performed successful concerts throughout Europe and America. In 1846 Distin & Sons became the official British agent for selling saxhorns. Although the keyed bugle and ophicleide were still used for some time, the cornet and saxhorn became the core instruments for what was rapidly becoming a significant musical movement. Similar to the movement in Great Britain, by the middle of the nineteenth century brass bands were forming in towns throughout the United States.
Eventually brass players in America no longer relied on European manufacturers for their instruments. Prior to the Civil War, a number of manufacturers were building quality instruments that rivaled the imports. Boston was the main center of instrument manufacturing, followed by New York, Philadelphia, and several smaller New England towns. No less than Alan Dodworth of the famous Dodworth Band wrote in Dodworth's Brass Band School: "It is conceded by nearly all, that the finest quality of instruments are now made here, by our American manufacturers." 4
The music performed by the American brass bands was a mixture of fashionable pieces such as polkas, galops, quadrilles, and waltzes composed by both European and American composers. Patriotic selections and marches by American composers were thrown in for good measure. The most substantial repertoire consisted of light classics such as overtures by Verdi or Rossini. The following lists a program of the American Brass Band performed on February 3, 1851: 5
Programme
BRASS BANDS AND THE CIVIL WAR
By the time war was declared between the states in 1861, brass bands were abundant across America. Bands not only played concerts but also participated in political rallies, parades, picnics and dances. Many bands were also attached to local militias. They participated in musters and ceremonies and customarily wore the uniform of their units. So it was inevitable that brass bands would become an integral part of the Civil War. Bands both in the North and the South were used at rallies to encourage men to enlist. In the Federal army were hundreds of bands representing as many regiments, since in 1861 almost anyone who could raise a regiment was given the rank of colonel and command of the outfit. A band was strong inducement to enlist.
Bandsmen of the 107th U.S. Colored Infantry, 1865 4
At the beginning of the war bands were plentiful throughout the armies. By late 1861, however, the realities of the cost of what now appeared to be a lengthy war prompted a reduction in the number of active bands in the war effort. Dictates from the War Department terminated the establishment of new regimental bands and the replenishment of vacancies in existing bands. Benjamin F. Larned, Paymaster-General of the Army, estimated that the Federal Government could save $5 million annually by abolishing all regimental bands, so in July of 1862 the War Department gave a directive that all regimental bands be mustered out within 30 days. Those bandsmen recruited from the infantry were transferred back to their units, while bandsmen mustered in as musicians could either be discharged, or, by their own consent, be transferred to brigade bands. The directive allowed for smaller bands -- 16 musicians maximum plus a bandleader per brigade (a brigade consisted of three or more regiments). A number of bandleaders who went home reorganized their musical units and then re-enlisted to form brigade bands.
Confederate Bands, while fewer in number and smaller in size, were still a popular entity. For example, North Carolina provided a good number of bands, including two from the Moravian communities flourishing around Salem. These bands, whose duties had been limited to playing for religious and community functions, became the 21st and 26th Regimental Bands of North Carolina. A group from Bethania (mostly Moravians) became the nucleus of the 33rd North Carolina Band.
Responsibilities of Bandsmen
Drummer boys playing cards, 1862 5
Military bandsmen on both sides of the conflict soon found their responsibilities more demanding than their initial job of playing at rallies, musters, and various social events. In addition to their assignments of leading the troops in the march and playing during battle (sometimes in the thick of it), they also had non-musical responsibilities. They served as stretcher bearers, assisted surgeons in amputations and other operations, and helped bury the dead. Julias A. Leinbach was a band member of the 26th North Carolina Band who kept a war diary. On the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, nearly three- fourths of the men of the 26th were killed in battle. Leinbach described the events, which followed:
It was therefore with heavy hearts that we went about our duties caring for the wounded. We worked until 11 o'clock at night....At 3 o'clock [the next morning] I was up again and at work. The second day our regiment was not engaged [because casualties were so high], but we were busily occupied all day in our sad tasks [of caring for the wounded]. While thus engaged, in the afternoon, we were sent...to play for the men [who were not injured], thus perhaps, [to] cheer them somewhat.... We accordingly went to the regiment and found the men much more cheerful than we were ourselves. We played for some time, the 11th N.C. Band playing with us, and the men cheered us lustily. Heavy cannonading was going on at the time, though not in our immediate front. We learned afterwards, from Northern papers, that our playing had been heard across the lines and caused wonder that we should play while fighting was going on around us. Some little while after we left, a bomb struck and exploded very close to the place where we had been standing, no doubt having been intended for us. We got back to camp after dark and found many men in need of [medical] attention. Some of those whom we had tried to care for during the day had died during our absence.... We continued our administrations until late at night and early the next morning. 6
- Back to Top -
Interaction between Union and Confederate Bands
The bands were important to the morale of the troops -- so much so that, on occasion, they were required to play in the very thick of battle. During the battle of Dinwiddie Court House, General Sheridan (never known for his humanitarianism) rounded up all the bands under his command and placed them on the firing line with his infantry. They were then ordered to play their gayest tunes and to "never mind if a bullet goes through a trombone or even a trombonist, now and then." Not to be outdone, a Confederate band was also ordered to the front. The commander of the 1st Maine Cavalry observed:
Our band came up from the rear and cheered and animated our hearts by its rich music; ere long a rebel band replied by giving us southern airs; with cheers from each side in encouragement of its own band, a cross-fire of the "Star Spangled Banner", "Yankee Doodle", and "John Brown", mingled with "Dixie" and the "Bonnie Blue Flag". 7
Unidentified band at Lookout Mountain, Georgia 6
When the battle was not raging, the bandsmen had the more pleasant task of entertaining the soldiers in evening concerts, thus providing an opportunity for the bands to perform more challenging selections which displayed their playing skills. If the armies were in close proximity to each other, Union and Confederate bands traded selections back and forth. Lieutenant Thompson of the 13th New Hampshire describes such an incident occurring just after the Battle of Cold Harbor, June 8, 1864:
This evening the Band of the Thirteenth goes into the trenches at the front, and indulges in a "competition concert" with a band that is playing over across in the enemy's trenches. The enemy's Band renders Dixie, Bonnie Blue Flag, My Maryland, and other airs dear to the Southerner's heart. Our Band replies with America, Star Spangled Banner, Old John Brown, etc, After a little time, the enemy's band introduces another class of music; only to be joined almost instantly by our Band with the same tune. All at once the band over there stops and a rebel battery opens with grape. Very few of our men are exposed, so the enemy wastes his ammunition; while our band continues its playing, all the more earnestly until all their shelling is over. 8
Over-the-Shoulder Saxhorns
A set of over-the-shoulder saxhorns 7
Civil War valved brass instruments are classified into four major categories: bell front, upright, circular, and over the shoulder. Subcategories include those instruments using string linkage rotary valves (similar to those found on French horns of today), and the Berliner piston valve. The over the shoulder saxhorn is the style most often associated with Civil War bands. The "over-the-shoulder" design of these instruments allowed the sound to carry to the troops marching behind the band. It is speculated that this design was first introduced by the Dodworth Brass Band of New York City in the 1830s. In an article titled "Band Music: Then and Now" appearing in the American Art Journal, July 17, 1880, Harvey Dodworth said:
Speaking of instruments, bugles used to be the principal, with trumpets, trombones, serpents and ophicleides. Then my father, Thomas Dodworth, and my elder brother, Allen invented a very powerful and effective instrument, to which they gave the name ebor corno, and it was identically the same subsequently brought out in France by Saxe [sic], and there christened the saxe-horn. But my father and brother got it up, and we used it in the old National Band, years before the Frenchmen knew anything about it. Our band changed from the bugle to the cornet principle, valves instead of keys in all its instruments, and those made for us to our order were on the principle of the Saxe instruments all the way through, except that the bells of ours were over our shoulders, and threw the sound back, instead of turned upward. Many of those olde instruments are in use yet, and hold their own even among the most modern. 9
Balance of sound was undoubtedly a factor, as pictures indicate many Civil War bands using a variety of horns with bells of different horns pointing forward, backward, and upward. Allen Dodworth recommended bands whose performance was strictly military to use over the shoulder instruments and upright instruments for all other bands not strictly involved with the military. G. F. Patton (author of Practical Guide to the Arrangement of Band Music) suggested that the instruments playing accompaniment needed to point in the same direction so as to enhance the harmonic blend, while the direction of the cornets did not matter since the higher melodic line carries above the accompaniment anyway. 10
8th New York State Militia Band, in Arlington, Virginia, 1861. 8
PROFESSIONAL BANDS
Numerous musicians played important roles in fostering a band movement that would capture the imagination and hearts of Americans well into the 20th century. One reason for the incredible growth in music interest was due to the large number of accomplished musicians who migrated from Europe to live in America. As teachers, performers, and conductors, these musicians impacted the general populace most profoundly.
The Dodworth Family
The Independent Band of New York was founded in 1825. Among the musicians in this ensemble were Thomas and Allen Dodworth, both recent arrivals to America from the British Isles. Thomas Dodworth, Sr. played trombone, while his son Allen was a gifted piccolo player who often soloed with the band. During the 1830s, as brass bands gradually replaced ensembles of mixed instrumentation, the Independent Band dissolved. However, instead of disbanding completely, about half the members stayed together to form the National Brass Band under Allen Dodworth's direction. In 1836 it became known simply as the Dodworth Band, quickly establishing an excellent reputation for high standards of performance. Harvey Dodworth, Allen's younger brother, took over the band in the late 1830s and maintained it until 1890 when he relinquished the leadership to his son Olean. On occasion two other brothers, Charles and Thomas, also played with the band.
Sheet music for Glendon Polka by Allen Dodworth, 1852. 9
As was the custom of the day, the Dodworth band was often under contract with a military regiment. The Dodworth Band's longest attachment was with the 71st Regiment Band of New York, in which both Harvey and his younger brother Thomas served during the Civil War including the engagement at Bull Run (First Manassas). Following the war, Harvey led the band in the first concerts to be held in Central Park. Also, the band's instrumentation grew with the addition of a saxophone, bass clarinet, and two helicons. With the addition of more instruments, and thus a more flexible instrumentation, the Dodworths were able to offer the band's services for a variety of events--it functioned as a cornet band, a reed/brass band, or as an orchestra. For a time the Dodworth Band was without peer in New York City. Not until the 1870s, faced with the popularity of Patrick Gilmore's Band, did the influence of this great organization begin to decline. Nevertheless its legacy had cast a large shadow. No less than Gilmore himself wrote:
brass instruments were never played with greater delicacy or refinement than by the Dodworth organization ...to be a member of this organization or to be graduated from it was to be looked upon as a star in the profession. 11
In addition to running the band, the Dodworths were collectively and singly involved in other ventures: a music store, a publishing company, and a school for bandsmen that reportedly trained 50 bandmasters and 500 bandsmen for service in the Civil War. 12 In time Allen retired from the band's leadership to start his own dance academy. The Dodworths' flexible and innovative thinking allowed them to bridge the trends of the professional band before, during, and after the Civil War when the instrumentation of bands went from woodwinds and brass, to strictly brass, then gradually back to woodwinds and brass.
Great Entertainers
People have always enjoyed entertainment, often paying exorbitant amounts to attend events. As a result, contemporary society has made multimillionaires of any number of entertainers and athletes. When one attends a professional sports event or a rock concert, even though multiple thousands may be in attendance, ticket prices are exorbitant--the justification being that you won't see anything quite like "this" anywhere else. So it was in America during the 19th century. People were always looking for something bigger or more spectacular to capture their imaginations. Ole Bull, the virtuoso violinist, performed in two hundred concerts between 1843-1845 and grossed four hundred thousand dollars before returning to Norway. He literally "played to the audience" with his lavish rendition of "Yankee Doodle" and tugged at the patriotic heartstrings when he played the Grand March to the Memory of George Washington. Or consider the spectacle of pianist Henri Hertz who arrived in American at the end of Bull's sojourn and remained for six years. His spectacular trills, runs, and arpeggios dazzled the audience as much as the advertised one thousand candles used to light the performance hall. Liberace had nothing on Hertz. The visual and sound spectacle added something of a P.T. Barnum quality to the performance, and indeed Barnum himself was the agent for the soprano Jenny Lind when she toured America. For her efforts she pocketed one hundred thirty thousand dollars in profits after two years of concerts.
All of the above suggests that America was ripe for a flamboyant conductor heading a world class ensemble. The first was a Frenchmen named Jullien, who conducted an orchestra in a series of extraordinarily popular concerts in America. Upon his return to Europe an Irish immigrant named Patrick S. Gilmore traveled in the United States and other parts of the world with a concert band the likes of which no one in America and perhaps even in Europe had previously heard. The year he died a young upstart named Sousa formed a professional band which would thrill audiences (albeit with more music and less hype) for decades. During the time of Gilmore's and Sousa's success there were thousands of concerts played by innumerable professional and community bands across the country. From the end of the Civil War until the Great Depression these bands were the heart and soul of music-making in the U.S.
Monsieur Antoine Jullien
Jullien's Showmanship
Despite his acknowledged high level of musicianship, Antione Jullien was not above plenty of hype when he was performing before an audience. For example, whenever Beethoven was about to be played Jullien would precede the performance with a ritual in which he turned back the cuffs of his coat and the white lacy wristbands of his shirtsleeves. At this signal someone would bring out a silver tray upon which lay a jeweled baton and white kid gloves. With great care the gloves were put on and the baton picked up, with the assistant departing after a low bow. After a pause as if to pay homage, the music would finally begin. 2
Title page of Antione Jullien's
Music for the Million (1853) 10
Antoine Jullien was trained at the Paris Conservatory before embarking on a career as a composer and conductor, first in Paris at the Jardin Turc. In 1838 he went to London where he was successful as a conductor of promenade concerts, balls, and festivals. Fifteen years later the lure of success and money in America set up six months of concertizing. He took a group of 27 instrumentalists whom he augmented with over 60 local musicians in New York and began promoting a series of "Monster Concerts for the Masses" which began at Castle Garden on August 29, 1853. After a six-month tour of the country he returned to New York in May 1854 where he gave a series of farewell concerts which culminated at the Crystal Palace with a "Grand Musical Congress" managed by P.T. Barnum, involving 1500 performers.
The repertoire consisted of serious works of European composers as well as efforts of Americans, such as the symphonies of William Henry Fry. Lighter repertoire consisted of polkas, quadrilles, waltzes, and novelty pieces. Among the players, Theodore Thomas was chosen as a first violin. In time Jullien triumphantly returned to Europe, but eventually met with financial disaster, and died in an insane asylum near Paris in 1860.
PATRICK S. GILMORE
Patrick S. Gilmore 11
Born in County Galway, Ireland on Christmas day in 1829, Patrick Gilmore joined a military band stationed in Canada at age 18. After one year he left military service and moved to Boston, establishing a reputation as a cornetist. When he was 23 he accepted the leadership of the Boston Brass Band--the first leader of the ensemble to play cornet, as the other three, Ned Kendall, Joseph Green, and Eben Flagg, were all virtuosos on the keyed bugle. After three years Gilmore was approached with an offer to lead the Salem Brass Band with the promise of "one thousand a year and all the money he can make." He accepted. The Salem band's fame led to many engagements, including leading the Guards Militia Company of Charleston down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington during the inaugural parade for James Buchanan--much to the frustration of the other Boston bands who felt the honor should have gone to them. It was just prior to this event that the great playoff between Gilmore and Kendall occurred.
Gilmore vs. Kendall
Ned Kendall was revered in New England as the greatest keyed bugle player of his time. His prowess was such that music deemed technically too difficult for the instrument, was mastered by this celebrated musician. Kendall, upon visiting England, was pleased to find that his reputation had preceded him across the Atlantic. In December 1856 Gilmore announced a concert in which Kendall would be guest soloist with the Salem Brass Band, with Gilmore conducting. Kendall was scheduled to play a variety of solos, followed by a contest between Kendall on the keyed bugle and Gilmore on the cornet. For the contest Kendall was to play each section followed immediately by Gilmore's repeat of the famous bugle feature Woodup Quickstep. The first half of the concert was a triumph for Kendall who endeared himself to an audience who had assembled to hear one of America's most celebrated musicians. However when the contest began, the deck was clearly stacked in Gilmore's favor. The cornet was a far superior instrument to the now outdated bugle, which could not keep up with the rapid facility that the cornet provided for Gilmore. Gilmore simply played faster and cleaner on a piece which, while very difficult on keyed bugle, provided no insurmountable problems when played on the cornet. Gilmore, ever the gentleman, at the end of the contest quietly asked Kendall to take the podium and conduct while Gilmore sat in the ensemble as a section player--perhaps his only time to play under the legendary musician. This meeting could only hasten the demise of the bugle and provide more opportunity for valved instruments, such as the saxhorn, to become the instrument of preference. 13 It also didn't hurt Gilmore's growing popularity as a soloist and bandleader.
Civil War Engagement
The Boston Brigade Band 13
After five successful years at Salem, Gilmore was lured back to Boston where he took over the Boston Brigade Band. He changed the name to the Gilmore Band and took complete control of the operations of the ensemble, including expenses such as uniforms, rehearsal hall, and music, as well as collecting all the profits. 14 This ensemble was similar to the Dodworth Band in that it had a large flexible instrumentation capable of providing music for a variety of venues. 15 During the Civil War Gilmore and his band enlisted as a unit in October, 1861 and served with the 24th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment until the dissolution and mustering of all volunteer bands in August 1862. At first no one dreamed the war would last as long as it did, so after 10 months of service, with no immediate end in sight, most volunteer bands went by the wayside in a cost-cutting procedure. Back in Boston, Gilmore conducted a number of concerts to keep the morale up during the time of war. Music selections were diverse, with light selections including Oh! Susanna and Nelly was a Lady intermixed with hymns such as Nearer My God to Thee and patriotic numbers including Battle Hymn of the Republic.
Meanwhile the Governor of Massachusetts asked him to reorganize the military bands in the state. Gilmore sent out a number of new bands and even accompanied one to New Orleans, where General Banks requested that he be in charge of all music under his command. It was during this time that Gilmore had the opportunity to create the first of many band extravaganzas that would make him a celebrity. 16
The First of Several Oversized Concerts
On March 4, 1864, at the request of General Banks, Gilmore oversaw the music celebrating the inauguration of Governor Michael Hahn. For the event Gilmore created a Grand National Band consisting of 500 Army bandsmen plus addition drum and bugle players. He also organized a chorus of 5000 children. In addition to many other patriotic tunes, during the last number, Hail Columbia, Gilmore shot off thirty-six cannon by electric buttons from the podium. As the cannon fired methodically in time with the beat, the bells from churches and cathedrals throughout the city chimed to create a most spectacular effect. It was a sensational event, on the order of something Jullien would have conceived, and undoubtedly whetted Gilmore's appetite for similar events in the future. 17 Afterwards, Gilmore, sensing the end of the conflict, wrote the music and words to When Johnny Comes Marching Home under the pen name Louis Lambert, which became a popular song selling copies by the tens of thousands. 18
National Peace Jubilee
The "Anvil Chorus"
The high point of the opening concert of the National Peace Jubilee undoubtedly was the "Anvil Chorus" from Il Trovatore during which Gilmore, six-foot baton in hand, directed the thousands of musicians present with the aid of fifty firemen pounding anvils, as well as multiple cannon fired in synchronization, augmented by church and cathedral bells. 3
After the war Gilmore returned to Boston and provided audiences with music as he had done in the past. At the same time he dabbled in and out of the instrument manufacturing business. However, Gilmore grew restless, so in 1867 he embarked on his next great venture. As Gilmore later wrote:
A vast structure rose before me, filled with the loyal of the land, through whose arches a chorus of ten thousand voices and the harmony of a thousand instruments rolled their sea of sound, accompanied by the chiming of bells and the booming of cannon, all pouring forth their praises and gratification in loud hosannas with all the majesty and grandeur of which music seemed capable.
Interior of the National Peace Jubilee Hall 14
The ensuing National Peace Jubilee of 1869 was an enormous undertaking. Gilmore had to rely on all the methods of persuasion at his disposal to pull off such a monumental project. The logistical nightmare included building a hall that would seat up to 50,000 and finding over 1000 instrumentalists and 10,000 singers from various cities. He then had to arrange for all the musicians to arrive at Boston at the same time, coordinate their arrival at the hall, arrange for the rehearsal, and work with the school system to create a large children's chorus. Gilmore also secured the services of E. & G. G. Hook to build an enormous pipe organ for the occasion. Eventually he secured the support of enough musicians, educators, and businessmen to bring the colossal event to fruition. It was a resounding success. Performances were given over a five-day period in which Gilmore put the massive forces at his disposal to good use. Ole Bull served as concertmaster, while Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the words for a Hymn of Peace. President Grant and the entire cabinet were in attendance. 19
The celebration continued for five days. After the opening concert came a symphony and oratorio concert followed by a "People's Day". The fourth concert was more classically oriented (Beethoven's Fifth Symphony) while the final concert featured the huge children's chorus. Following is the program for the "People's Day":
Third Day's
The World Peace Jubilee
World Peace Jubilee Coliseum 16
With part of the profit that Gilmore realized, he and his wife Ellen took an extended trip to Europe. Perhaps it was here that he got the idea for his next big adventure--a monster concert with double the forces of the National Jubilee. So in 1872, the World Peace Jubilee was held. Gilmore developed a band and orchestra of two thousand performers and a chorus of twenty thousand to perform in a coliseum with a capacity of one hundred thousand. In addition to these forces he added a number of ensembles from Europe: the Band of the Grenadier Guards under Daniel Godfrey, the Emperor William's Household Cornet Quartette, the orchestra of Johann Strauss, with Strauss conducting, the Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regiment Band under Heinrich Saro, the National Band of Dublin under Edwin Clements, and the Garde Républicaine Band under Paulus. Among the American bands present were the United States Marine Band under Herman Fries and the New York 9th Regiment Band under D. L. Downing. Outside the event itself, Americans benefited from the opportunity to hear some of the best ensembles of Europe. The superiority of the Europeans' musicianship provided the Americans a standard for which to strive during the next decades. 20 For the most part, the siren song for creating gargantuan concerts had now left Gilmore. This allowed him to devote his time and energy to developing a first class touring ensemble--an effort which was perhaps his greatest legacy.
Gilmore's Contemporaries
After the Civil War, with the exception of Gilmore's Boston band, New York City was home to the best bands in America. The premiere band undoubtedly was the Dodworth Band. Allen Dodworth and his younger brother Harvey not only maintained high standards of musicianship, but, as already mentioned, were also innovators in instrumentation, Harvey having introduced the saxophone, bass clarinet, and tuba to American bands. Harvey had assumed leadership of the 13th Regiment Band in 1839 at the age of seventeen. In 1860 Allen retired from band directing to pursue teaching and coach dancing. Harvey, at his brother's urging, accepted leadership of the Dodworth band, but popular demand forced him to continue with the 13th Regiment. So, Harvey found himself in the position of simultaneously directing two of the best bands in New York. Although, the 13th Regiment Band was considered the fourth best band in the city, in 1867 it became the "official" Central Park Band and enjoyed the patronage of thousands of New Yorkers who attended the summer concerts. 21
Manuscript of Captain Finch Quickstep by Grafulla 17
The 7th Regiment Band under the leadership of C. S. Grafulla was the chief rival of the Dodworth band. Grafulla, a prolific arranger for band music, compiled one of the best band libraries and directed his ensemble in outstanding performances.
The competition was fierce between regiments of the New York National Guard, and the notoriety showered on the bands of the 13th and 7th was apparently too much for Colonel James Fisk, Jr. of the 9th Regiment. In 1870 he called in D. L. Downing, who had a reputation as a bandmaster, composer, and arranger, to build a band second to none. In three years Downing built an extensive library and hired some of the best musicians available, creating what was considered the third best group in the city by establishing a standard of performance that was widely praised.
Gilmore's Band
Not to be outdone by the other bands in the city, the 22nd Regiment pursued the only other bandleader in the United States whose band was comparable in quality to these New York ensembles. In 1873 Gilmore accepted the leadership of the 22nd Regiment Band of New York, stipulating the same conditions he negotiated with the Boston Brigade Band fourteen years earlier. This ensemble, universally known as Gilmore's Band, became an oustanding ensemble, enjoying an international reputation. Soloists included Matthew Arbuckle and Jules Levy on cornet and Frederick Innes on trombone.
Building a band in New York when there were several fine ensembles already established made it no easy task to find steady engagements. The problem was exacerbated by the financial panic of 1873--a time when many banks across the nation failed. Gilmore realized it was in his best interests to travel to other cities where outstanding bands were not so entrenched. The band toured the United States and Canada several times, including Europe in 1878, extending Gilmore's reputation farther than ever before. Orchestras in America were, at best, still struggling, so it was through the efforts of the professional bands such as Gilmore's that the general populace was first introduced to the music of the great masters. By now professional bands had long since evolved past the brass band of Civil War times and the instrumentation of Gilmore's band reflected instrumentation similar to contemporary practice. Following is the instrumentation used for the European tour:
2 piccolos
This instrumentation allowed for a wealth of color possibilities not previously enjoyed by American ensembles.
Gilmore's Band at Manhattan Beach, New York, 1884 18
Eventually, Gilmore's band was considered without peer in America, if not the world, and engagements were plentiful. By 1880 a typical year's engagements consisted of a summer concert series at Manhattan Beach, winter concerts at Madison Square Garden (formerly Gilmore Garden), and tours during the fall and spring under the management of David Blakely. Through his nationwide tours--and he was essentially the only touring band of the time--the general populace not only enjoyed the popular music of the day but were exposed to the music of the European masters. Where else would they hear the music of Wagner, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Berlioz, Rossini, Verdi, etc.? Gilmore's library had amassed ten thousand pieces, and he employed two or three men to write new arrangements for the band. It was said that the players were so accomplished that they could read many of the most difficult arrangements at sight without the need for rehearsal. 23
The end came unexpectedly during a tour in the fall of 1892. Gilmore had planned what he referred to as the Columbian Tour in which he enlisted the participation of one hundred players. He was to open the tour at the St. Louis Annual Exposition and arrive back in New York at Christmas. The band made the trip to St. Louis and had begun their engagement of concerts. Gilmore conducted his last concert on September 23, and died in great pain the next evening in his room at the Linden Hotel. Charles W. Freudenvoll, the assistant conductor, had visited Gilmore that afternoon and was conducting the concert in Gilmore's absence when word arrived of his death in the middle of the program. The concert ended with word of Gilmore's death announced by Frank Gaiennie, general manager of the exposition. The next morning the band marched at the head of a cortege to the train station where Gilmore's body would be transported back to New York for burial. They played Gilmore's own composition Death at the Door and Handel's "Death March" from Saul. 24
Efforts were made to keep the band together. D. W. Reeves tried unsuccessfully to tour with the group, as did Victor Herbert who did a credible job for a few years. Herbert's other musical interests were too time-consuming, and he resigned in 1897. It could be said that no one else had the ability to sustain an organization of this caliber other than Gilmore. Yet it must also be acknowledged that Reeves and Herbert were operating at something of a disadvantage. Within a year a number of players had "deserted" the Gilmore band to perform under the baton of a much younger director who had just started his own professional band--John Philip Sousa.
CONCERT SOLOISTS
Herbert L. Clarke 19
Today a highlight of many band concerts, especially summer park concerts or the marvelous concerts performed by professional service bands, is the featured soloist playing with the entire ensemble as accompaniment. While audiences marvel at the technique displayed by these principal chair players, and while a fair number of these musicians have established name recognition, interest today in this type of playing pales in comparison with that of the golden era of the professional band. Players on various instruments were featured from time to time, as well as vocalists singing the popular songs and arias of the day.
Matthew Arbuckle 20
However, no group of soloists seemed to capture the imagination of the populace as the cornet soloists. The cornet was the logical replacement for the keyed bugle that had been the solo instrument of choice some years earlier. No doubt Patrick Gilmore himself, having been a soloist of notoriety before taking the podium permanently, had a preference for this agile instrument. The list of cornetists who became household names was formidable. Gilmore at one time or other had under his baton Matthew Arbuckle, Jules Levy, Alessandro Liberati, Ben Bent, and Herbert L. Clarke.
In addition to the personal confidence, discipline, and outstanding musicianship that drove these men to perform in front of the public night after night, most of them enjoyed an equal dose of ego to sustain them. Some egos were more famous than others. Charles Seymour, who became a respected soloist and bandmaster in the St. Louis area, relates a personal observation upon attending a Gilmore concert in his younger years. Seymour went to the concert to hear Ben Bent, whom he admired. Much to his surprise, Bent did not play one note during the concert. Upon inquiry he discovered that Bent was engaged to play only when Arbuckle lay out to rest. As the story goes, Arbuckle was so incensed at having the younger player as an understudy for his position that Bent played nary a note the entire season. Arbuckle's frustration was just beginning because the next year Gilmore employed Jules Levy as cornet soloist.
His Own Greatest Fan
Jules Levy's prodigious ego was easily observed in his attire. He refused to wear the uniform of the 22nd Regiment, preferring to wear a dress suit adorned with his medals and a monocle stuck in his eye. The battle of the soloists went well for Gilmore and the press for some time until one night the battle turned into a brawl. Gilmore intervened, but not before tearing Levy's coat and messing up Levy's medals.
A furious Levy immediately challenged Gilmore to a duel to the death with pistols. Cooler heads prevailed upon Levy to agree to pistols at a shooting gallery, with the winner picking up the tab for dinner for the whole crowd at Delmonico's. Six shots were allowed apiece, with Gilmore eventually winning what some observers acknowledge was a contest fixed in Gilmore's favor. Upon reading of the setup in the next morning's paper, Levy was filled with anger and shame. He left Gilmore's organization and led a checkered career to the end of his life.
Another example of his egotism occurred when he was making an appearance in 1890 with the City Guard Band of San Diego. Arriving after the band had started playing, Levy heard the applause that was being acknowledged by R. E. Trognitz, who had just completed a solo on the alto saxophone. Levy cried, "That's for me." He then shoved Trognitz aside and took the bows himself. 4
It was paramount in publicity to use whatever inflated or colorful description one could get away with when describing a performer, as this would whet the appetites of the public to come to the concert. So it is no surprise that the "Phineas T. Barnum" in Gilmore led him to use descriptions such as "the greatest living cornet player" and "the great favorite American cornet player" when billing Levy and Arbuckle, making each feel that perhaps they had received top billing. 25
There was at least one incident in which Gilmore's sense of promotion probably got the better of him. The rivalry between Arbuckle and Levy was anything but a secret, so Gilmore, realizing that each had their own following of admirers, decided to make the most of this battle of egos and boost ticket sales in the process. Gilmore let little hints drop with the press, who in turn devoted columns to the bitter rivalry between the two superstars. Then the public got involved, siding with their favorite player:
Jules Levy 21
When Arbuckle played his solo, his fans applauded and whistled, while the Levy crowd sat on their hands and booed. When Levy played, his cohorts made the garden resound with their bravos, while the Arbuckle clique hissed. 26
To the audience's credit there was a difference between the two players. Levy was a great technician who loved to take a simple song and embellish it with intricate variations, while Arbuckle, who also was blessed with technique, preferred to inspire the audience with his beautiful tone and musical turn of phrase.
Hi Henry, a cornetist himself and leader of Hi Henry's Minstrels, was in attendance for some of these programs and wrote:
A just comparison of these two great artists is no disparagement to either. They were not at all comparable. Levy may be said to play that which no other living man can as brilliantly repeat. Arbuckle, while playing nothing others could not render, delivered it in such finished style that none could simulate it.
Other soloists enjoyed fame with various bands, including Frederick Innes and Arthur Pryor on trombone, Simone Mantia on euphonium, and Bohumyr Kryl and Herman Bellstedt on cornet. A number of these eventually formed their own bands, notably Innes, Pryor, and Kryl.
JOHN PHILIP SOUSA
John Philip Sousa, U.S. Marine Band 22
Renowned to this day as the March King, perhaps no bandmaster has enjoyed as much notoriety as John Philip Sousa has. Sousa was born on November 6, 1854 in Washington D. C. where his father had taken a position as a trombonist in the U.S. Marine Corps Band. He learned to play the trombone, baritone, E-flat alto horns, and cornet, but his principal instrument was the violin. In June of 1868 Sousa enlisted as an apprentice for the Marine Band where he served for almost seven years. For the next five years he played in or conducted a variety of theater orchestras, including the orchestra directed by Offenbach at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. During this sojourn in Philadelphia, Sousa heard Gilmore's band for the first time. In 1879 he conducted Arthur Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore with a touring company, and in 1880 he composed and compiled music for a variety show, Our Flirtations, then took it on tour. While on tour in St. Louis he received a telegram inviting him to become the fourteenth director of the Marine Band, a position he eventually accepted.
The Marine Band
Program cover from 1892 Marine Band tour 23
The Marine Band Sousa inherited had little semblance to the Marine Band of today. The literature selection was archaic and a high level of performance standards was lacking. Sousa straightway ordered music from European composers so the band's literature would reflect the contemporary composers of the day. He then proceeded with more rigid rehearsals than the men were accustomed to and set in motion procedures that would allow disgruntled bandsmen to seek a quick discharge. The membership shrank to thirty-three, providing Sousa the opportunity to recruit younger replacements, which soon brought the band back to original strength. Sousa reorganized and reshaped the Marine Band into a first-rate performance ensemble. These improvements elevated concert attendance in the thousands. The Marine Band was also considered an outstanding marching unit--something for which his professional band would never be noted. 27
The March King
Sousa was a rather prolific composer who especially enjoyed writing art songs and operettas that were somewhat in the style of Jacques Offenbach and Sir Arthur Sullivan. His compositions in these genres have been relegated to obscurity, but Sousa will always be known for his marches, the art form in which he was most successful. From his first march, The Review (1873), to The Northern Pines and Kansas Wildcats (1931), Sousa wrote at least 136 marches, giving him the title of the "March King". The Gladiator and The Rifle Regiment (both 1886) brought Sousa his first popular success, while the addition of other notables such as Semper Fidelis (1888), The Washington Post (1889), and The High School Cadets (1890) increasingly made Sousa a household name. Dealers ordered piano arrangements of these marches in lots of 20,000. The Washington Post enjoyed international success because of a new dance craze, the two-step. In Europe the two-step was often referred to as a "Washington Post". His popularity continued with such favorites as The Liberty Bell and Manhattan Beach (1893), King Cotton (1895), Hands across the Sea (1899), The Stars and Stripes Forever! (1896), The Fairest of the Fair (1908), and The Gallant Seventh (1922), to name a few.
Sousa Forms His Own Band
Cover of sheet music for vocal/piano arrangement of Stars and Stripes Forever (1898) 24
In 1892 Sousa made two decisions which would make him a wealthy man. First, he negotiated royalty contracts for the publication of his music in lieu of flat fee payments, and second, he resigned from the Marine Band and formed his own professional band. 28
While on tour with the Marine Band in 1892, Sousa was approached by David Blakely who had managed several tours in the past for Gilmore. Blakely, speaking on behalf of a syndicate of businessmen, offered him four times his military salary of $1500, plus twenty percent of the profits, to form and direct a professional band. Sousa accepted. Sousa's band soon established itself as the foremost professional band in America if not the world. As fate would allow, Sousa formed his band right at the time of Gilmore's sudden death. Its first concert was presented at Plainfield, New Jersey, on September 26, 1892, two days after Gilmore's death.
The instrumentation of Sousa's Professional Band in 1892 parallels today's standards:
2 flutes
3 percussion 29
After a somewhat rocky first year, Sousa prepared for another season in 1893 by rehearsing the band for an extended engagement at the Chicago Exposition. He had added nineteen players from Gilmore's band, including soloist Herbert L. Clarke, and was undoubtedly anticipating having a better quality group than he had the previous year. This was an opportunity for Sousa to establish his name and ensure the success of the band for years to come. H. W. Schwartz described the first rehearsal in New York during April:
For two and one-half hours in this first rehearsal he drilled the different sections of the band on how to play sixteen bars of an overture! He started with the clarinet section. If this section had been a bunch of dubs, the long time he spent with them would not have been so remarkable, but these men were the cream of clarinet players, the best in the land, each chair occupied by a finished artist, personally selected by Sousa for the job.
First Sousa asked the solo clarinet to play a few bars of the music alone. This he did, and to other members of the band his playing was above criticism. Then Sousa asked him to play it again, this time using a little different breath control and somewhat different phrasing and tone quality. The solo clarinet began to sweat, and he became a bit irritated when Sousa asked him to play it again and again, like a beginner. Finally he grasped what Sousa was striving for, and when he had played it to Sousa's satisfaction, he was a little surprised at how much more musical it sounded.
Then Sousa turned to the assistant solo clarinet and asked him to play it exactly the same way. After a few trials the assistant solo clarinet protested that it was asking too much to expect his playing to sound the same as that of his partner. He had his own style of playing, he said, and he had his own individual quality of tone. Patiently Sousa persisted and asked him to try it. Eventually the second man played the passage so it was indistinguishable from that of the first. Then Sousa proceeded to the next stand of first clarinets, and in time this man was playing the passage so it had the same sound produced by the first two men. Eventually Sousa had all six first clarinetists playing the passage with the same breath control, same phrasing, and same quality of tone, and when they played together, they played as one man.
The same procedure was followed with each section in each family of instruments. Each part in those sixteen bars was played again and again, until every man in the band was breathing and phrasing and interpreting the music so that the whole ensemble blended perfectly and performed smoothly as a unit. At no time did Sousa show impatience, but neither did he compromise with a single man or a single note. The skepticism and even rebellion of the men were turned to admiration and wholehearted co-operation . . .
Sousa dismissed the band with this parting shot: "Now, gentlemen, you know what I want in the future. You reed players will discard your coarse military reeds and adopt the narrow, light symphonic reeds. And you cup mouthpiece players will look to your mouthpieces and play with a delicate embouchure. Forget how you may have played in other bands. I want this band to play great music with the precision and polish of the finest symphony orchestra." 30
The Sousa Band at Willow Grove Park, Philadelphia
Sousa in foreground wearing white uniform 25
Sousa worked very hard to please the audience wherever he went. His success is noted in the fact that even when all other touring professional bands were defunct, the Sousa band continued to play to enthusiastic audiences. A typical program consisted of nine selections, which by appearance would seem like a fairly short concert. Sousa, however, was not one for milking applause from the audience, so between numbers he inserted up to two encores, always before the applause had an opportunity to die down. The encores might be light classics or a popular tune, or, as one might expect, a march from his own pen. Sousa felt the encores kept the audience from becoming restless from too much time in between selections, and also added an element of surprise and anticipation from both audience and performer alike. Sousa would announce an encore to the players within earshot during the applause, and word would then spread rapidly through the ranks. With little or no time to find the written music, it was up to the veterans of the band to play from memory until the less experienced bandsmen could locate the selection and eventually join in.
Soloists were always an important part of the concert repertoire, and Sousa usually featured one of his best players second on the program after the opening selection and two encores. Soloists included Arthur Pryor on trombone, Herbert L. Clarke, Frank Simon and Bohumir Kryl on cornet, and J. J. Perfetto and Simone Mantia on euphonium. To add a touch of elegance to the concerts Sousa also included female soloists in his concerts, including singers, violinists, and harpists. The coloratura soprano Estelle Liebling estimated that she sang over 1600 concerts with the band. 31
Representative programs of the Sousa Band at the turn of the century follow:
October 18, 1906 at the Boston Food Fair
Afternoon from 2 to 4
1. Overture, Oberon
8. Plantation Songs and Dances
Clarke
Seven encores were also selected, mostly by the king. 33
Sousa and his Band toured the United States yearly, made four tours of Europe between 1900-05, and took one world tour (1910-11). During WWI the band was inactive while Sousa served in the U.S. Navy. He organized band units and toured with the Jackie Band--an ensemble of more than 300 sailors formed to aid the war effort. After the war the Sousa Band actively toured again until the Depression and Sousa's declining health brought the band's demise in 1931.
Sousa Band at Chautauqua, New York (1925?) 27
Program for Creatore appearance at
Willow Grove Park,Philadelphia 28
At the turn of the century, word came to Italy that opportunities were abundant for musicians in America. The result was over a dozen Italian bands storming America's shores seeking their fortune. At first they enjoyed the promised success, but over time the sheer numbers of bands advertising the Italian mystique proved to be too much. All this came from the popularity of one man--Giuseppe Creatore. Creatore was a trombone player in Ellery's Royal Italian Band, which arrived in New York City from Naples in 1899. This fifty-five-member ensemble became known simply as the Italian Band. The Italian Band was not an especially polished ensemble, but being from Europe surely didn't hurt their prospects for employment either. It was during an engagement at Willow Grove in Philadelphia that Creatore went from trombonist to conductor in one of those storybook situations in which the conductor becomes ill and a member of the ensemble takes the podium at the last second. Creatore conducted with such authority, flamboyance, and energy that he was an immediate success. Successive performances allowed him to solidify his superiority over the regular conductor to the extent that at the end of the tour a number of the musicians cast their lot with Creatore, who formed a new band.
It was in the fall of 1901 when Creatore returned to Naples to recruit musicians that he boasted about the concerts, touring, favorable reviews, and contracts that he enjoyed in America. Indeed he was a sensation. He returned to New York in 1902 with his band of sixty hand-picked men. His engagement at Hammerstein's Roof Garden eventually played to standing room only, and the headlines exclaimed: "A SVENGALI TO HIS BAND" and "WOMEN ON TABLES IN HYPNOTIC FRENZY". He was reported to have created a hypnotic spell over the musicians--one that exacted the most inspired performance. Stories claimed he also had a spell over the audience, especially the women who reportedly jumped on the top of tables and writhed and emoted as if in a frenzy. For a time, Creatore was paid top dollar and was booked months in advance, enjoying widespread acclaim. It was as if America finally had another Jullien to embrace. While Creatore was on tour in Kansas City, the music critic for the Journal explained the phenomena thus:
Creatore starts the band in a mild, entreating way. A simple uplifting of the arms. Then suddenly, with a wild shake of his shaggy head, he springs across the stage with the ferocity of a wounded lion. Crash! Bang! And a grand volume of sound chokes the hall from pit to dome.
Then he doubles up like a question mark and, with glaring eyes and gritting teeth, with oustretched prompting finger, creeps stealthily around, the very picture of hate and malice personified. Suddenly a wild leap into the air, and with his long hair standing straight up, he lands like a bucking bronco.
Now he leans over the row of music stands, he smiles the smile of a lover--pleading, supplicating, entreating, caressing--with out-stretched hand, piercing the air with his baton, like a fencing master. Almost on his knees, he begs, he demands, he whirls around with waving arms. He laughs, he cries, he sings, he hisses through his clenched teeth.
He feels the music with every fibre. Now it is the rushing winds; now the mad plunging of galloping hours; now the booming of the surf on bleak rocks; and now the birds singing in the treetops, the sound of angel's wings.
He throws up his hands like an Aztec in prayer, there is a wild burst of melody and it is over. He bows and smiles, then goes behind the scenes and combs his hair. 34
Creatore had his share of critics who felt his conducting was excessive, flagrant, and overly sentimental. The excess of Italian bands fighting for engagements, coupled with the waning market for emotional Italian conductors, eventually brought an end to Creatore's meteoric rise to stardom.
Patrick Conway 29
Patrick Conway spent most of his life in central New York State. Born on July 4, 1865, he began playing cornet on his doctor's suggestion that it might strengthen his lungs (his father, two sisters and a brother all died from tuberculosis). In time he studied music at Cornell and the Ithaca Conservatory. In 1895 Conway was engaged to teach music at Cornell University where he organized the Cornell Cadet Band and directed it for thirteen years. It was during this time that the City of Ithaca requested him to organize a city band. This ensemble grew in prestige and at the turn of the century took its first tour. This led to engagements at Willow Park in 1903, and beginning in 1906 at Young's Pier in Atlantic City, which would last for many years to come. During this time Conway became friends with Sousa, as their bands frequently played engagements at the same locations. 35 For example, in 1915 Conway's and Sousa's bands were engaged at the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, as well as Charles H. Cassassa, whose band was the official band of the exposition. On several occasions the bands combined forces, with each conductor sharing the podium in front of some 170 musicians. 36 In 1908 Conway moved to Syracuse, N.Y. to organize and conduct the Syracuse Symphony as well as to direct the leading theater orchestra of the city. However, each summer he continued to tour with "Patrick Conway and his Band"--an ensemble of fifty to sixty select musicians, as well as a dozen soloists. He also became a recording artist for the Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, N.J., where he turned out dozens of recordings. 37
In 1916 Conway accepted a captain's commission to organize an official band and head up a music program for the Air Service--an effort which is considered the predecessor of the U.S. Air Force Band. His experiences teaching in Ithaca, coupled with his experience in the military, prompted Conway to establish the Conway Military Band School in 1922 as an affiliate of the Ithaca Conservatory of Music. Conway's motivation to establish the school was at least twofold. First, he realized that the era of professional bands was in decline and they would not maintain the level of popularity enjoyed over previous decades. Second, he correctly observed that school band programs would become a dominant influence in maintaining the band heritage. During this time most band directors in the education field lacked formal training, while conversely, performers in professional bands had limited teaching experience. Conway's Military Band School allowed the professionals to pass on their expertise to students in a structured educational environment. The school attracted serious students from all over the country who learned to be competent performers and conductors. 38
Conway was a cornet soloist but did not solo with his band. He never toured extensively, nor did he use gimmicks to advertise his band. He could not provide his musicians permanent employment but was able to employ the finest musicians for brief engagements. Unlike many other conductors his baton technique was most conservative. What made an impression on the listening public were high quality performances of musical excellence. What made an impression on the musicians under his baton was not only his musicianship and skill in molding together a first-class ensemble but also his demeanor as a gentleman.
Frederick Innes 30
Frederick Innes deserted the band of the First Life Guards in England to come to America. He served in Gilmore's band and the Boston Brigade Band where he developed a reputation as a trombone soloist--a reputation which allowed him to return to Europe and appear in that capacity in Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, as well as his home in England. He returned to the U.S.A. in 1880 at Gilmore's behest to compete with Jules Levy. His habit of playing cornet solos on the trombone both infuriated Levy and impressed the audiences.
In 1887 Innes formed his own band and began touring the country. For some years he directed the 13th Regiment Band of Brooklyn, N.Y. before accepting the same position with the Denver Municipal Band in 1914. Two years later he resigned that position to form the Innes School of Music. In 1923 he became president of the Conn National School of Music in Chicago.
As a performer, Innes was considered by Sousa and Clarke to be the best of his time. As a conductor he was noted for adding chimes, double bass, and harp to the band instrumentation. Innes' repertoire tastes included conducting entire concerts of the music of Wagner and playing transcriptions of entire symphonies. He conducted all his concerts by memory. 39
Arthur Pryor 31
Having played about 10,000 solos in his career, Arthur Pryor was known as the "Paganini of the trombone". His playing expressed a lyricism coupled with dazzling technique that was perhaps unequaled for his time. Pryor came to the Sousa Band as trombone soloist in 1892, leaving a position as conductor of the Stanley Opera Company. He became the star attraction of Sousa's band, also serving as assistant conductor from 1895 to 1902. 40
"Paganini of the Trombone"
At a performance in Leipzig before an audience estimated at twenty-five thousand, Pryor received a tremendous ovation. At the intermission members of the Gewandhous Symphony Orchestra came to the stage to disassemble his trombone and inspect it, questioning how anyone could achieve technique on the trombone such as Pryor's without the benefit of some mechanical aid. The only aberration from the norm was that Pryor's horn had a small bore (.458 of an inch) and a small bell (six and one-quarter inch diameter). 5
In 1903, the last year he played with Sousa before resigning to form his own band, Pryor was a part of the Sousa Band's European tour. His solo performances were most favorably received. In England the Birmingham Post said:
A trombone solo Love Thoughts contributed by Mr. Arthur Pryor was an achievement quite unique. The player realized a tone quality which no other soloist on that instrument has ever produced, and yet in the way of rapid scale passages, his performance was especially astonishing.
The Dublin Mail wrote:
His execution . . . savors of the marvelous. It was almost too much to believe that such a pure and exquisitely beautiful tone could be produced on an instrument, whose usual characteristics are aggressive.
As director of his own band, he made six nationwide tours between 1903 and 1909 before settling in to less stringent engagements at Asbury Park, New Jersey, Willow Park Grove, New Jersey, and Royal Palm Park, Miami, Florida. He retired in 1933. Pryor made some 1000 recordings with his band before 1930. He also directed the Sousa Band in several recordings, even after he had left the group. 41
5 Burke, p. 635.
PICTURE CREDITS
1 Panoramic photograph of Giuseppe Creatore's Italian Band on steps of Mechanics Building, Huntington Ave., Boston, by E. Chickering & Co. (1903). From the From the Panoramic Photographs Collection, Photographs and Prints Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/pan/6a25000/6a25100/6a25123r.jpg.
3 Photograph of Adolph Sax, photographer unknown. Public domain.
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolphe_Sax.jpg
4 Excerpt from a photograph of the band of the 107th U.S. Colored Infrantry, unknown photographer, taken at Arlington, VA, November 1865. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwmhtml/images/0300.jpg.
5 Excerpt from a photograph of drummer boys playing cards, unknown photographer, winter 1862. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwmhtml/images/0560.jpg.
6 Excerpt from a photograph of an unidentified band at the Seminary Building, Lookout Mountain, Georgia. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwmhtml/images/0160.jpg.
7 Photograph of a set of over-the-shoulder saxhorns from the Smithsonian Institution, Division of Musical Instruments. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwmhtml/images/0640.jpg.
8 Photograph of the 8th New York State Militia Band, Elmira, New York, in Arlington, Virginia, 1861, photographer unknown. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used within permissions granted by the Library of Congress.
http://memory.loc.gov/music/cwband/cwphoto/0290.jpg.
9 Cover of sheet music, Allen Dodworth, Glendon polka (New York: Wm. Hall & Son, 1852. From the Historic American Sheet Music web site, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University. Used by permission.
Source: http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/n/n06/n0600/.
10 Title page of Louis Antoine Jullien's Music for the Million (New York: S.C. Jollie, 1853). From Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, American Memory, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/music/sm2/sm1853/210000/210610/001.jpg.
11 Photograph of Patrick Gilmore in uniform of 22nd Regimental Band, after 1873, photographer unknown, Gilmore Collection 1. From the Patrick Gilmore Collection, American Bandmasters Association Research Center , Special Collections in Performing Arts, Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/SCPA/ABA/Gilmore/1.html.
13 Engraving of the Boston Brigade Band, artist unknown. From the web site Brass Bands in the American Civil War . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.jvmusic.net/sitebuilder/images/Boston_Brigade_Band-357x240.jpg.
14 Wood engraving illustration of rehearsal inside the National Peace Jubilee Hall, artist unknown, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 5 June 1869, p. 188. From the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3b40000/3b41000/3b41800/3b41822r.jpg.
16 View of the Great Coliseum for the World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival, lithograph by Emil Ackermann and Edward Knobel (1872), image ID DL*63.0176. From the Harry T. Peters Collection, Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Used by permission.
Source: http://americanhistory.si.edu/petersprints/enlarge.cfm?id=326066.
17 Excerpt from C.S. Grafulla, "Captain Finch Quickstep", Port Royal Band Books, 1864. From the Band Music of the Civil War Era website, Music Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwmhtml/images/finch.jpg.
18 Photograph of Patrick Gilmore Band at Manhattan Beach, New York (1884), photographer unknown, Gilmore 3. Copied from a print at Boston Public Library, Brown Collection. From the Patrick Gilmore Collection, American Bandmasters Association Research Center , Special Collections in Performing Arts, Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/SCPA/ABA/Gilmore/3.html.
19 Photograph of Herbert L. Clarke, photographer unknown, Gilmore 5. From the Patrick Gilmore Collection, American Bandmasters Association Research Center , Special Collections in Performing Arts, Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/SCPA/ABA/Gilmore/5.html.
20 Photograph of Matthew Arbuckle, by Houseworth's Celebrities, San Francisco (April 1876?), Gilmore 6. From the Patrick Gilmore Collection, American Bandmasters Association Research Center , Special Collections in Performing Arts, Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/SCPA/ABA/Gilmore/6.html.
21 Photograph of Jules Levy with medals. From the web site The Internet Bandsman's Everything Within . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.harrogate.co.uk/harrogate-band/misc10.htm.
22 Photograph of John Philip Sousa, director of U.S. Marine Band, photographer unknown (1892). From the John Philip Sousa Collection, Marine Band Library. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/imgs/sub/library_archives/1892sousaportrait.jpg.
23 Program cover from 1892 U.S. Marine Band tour. From the Historic Marine Band Tour Documents Collection, Marine Band Library. Used by permission.
Source: http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/imgs/sub/library_archives/1892program001.jpg
24 Cover of sheet music for vocal/piano arrangement of Sousa's Stars and Stripes Forever (Cincinnati: John Church, 1898). From the Historic American Sheet Music web site, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University. Used by permission.
Source: http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/b/b03/b0367/b0367-1-72dpi.jpeg.
25 Colored photograph of Sousa Band at Willow Grove Park, postcard by J. M. Canfield, publisher no. 212. From the Willow Grove Park website . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.wgpark.com/perform.html.
26 Panoramic photograph of Sousa Band at Chautauqua, New York, by Harold Wagner? (1925?). From the Panoramic Photographs Collection, Photographs and Prints Division, Library of Congress. Used by permission.
Source: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/pan/6a27000/6a27200/6a27273r.jpg.
27 Program for Creatore appearance at Willow Grove Park, Philadelphia (1914). From the Willow Grove Park collection of Richard Karschner. Used by permission. Source: Digital image provided by Richard Karschner.
28 Photograph of Patrick Conway, photographer unknown. From the Willow Grove Park website . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.wgpark.com/other.html.
29 Photograph of Frederick Innes, photographer unknown. From the Willow Grove Park website . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.wgpark.com/other.html.
30 Colored photograph(?) of Arthur Pryor, photographer unknown. From the Willow Grove Park website . Used by permission.
Source: http://www.wgpark.com/other.html.
| i don't know |
The Eiffel Tower has a restaurant named after which author ? | Jules Verne Restaurant Eiffel Tower Paris France
By: Jennifer Miner 20 Comments
Unknown structure in a quiet town somewhere
Quick, what’s the most iconic symbol of Paris, France? The Eiffel Tower, of course. Even the most intrepid travelers who seek unique and offbeat activities while exploring Paris, can’t help but stop in their tracks and appreciate the Eiffel Tower. No vacation in Paris is complete without at least a cursory stop at the Eiffel Tower, and for most tourists, walking to the top observation deck of the Eiffel Tower is as important a Paris activity as is exploring the Louvre and Musee d’Orsay. But here’s something that is truly special: a meal at the Jules Verne restaurant, i.e. Le Jules Verne, which sits a flight above the highest observation deck the stair-climbing tourists can go. It’s a luxury restaurant with seasonal menus created by world-famous chef Alain Ducasse and the quiet attentiveness that marks top restaurant service throughout Paris. The food’s a knockout, and then, well…and then there’s the view. Dining at Le Jules Verne in the Eiffel Tower is part of a complete luxury travel experience in Paris , France.
They let us in with jeans and sneakers, which were the nicest clothes we had packed
Going up, in the private elevator. Kids and adults alike go “whee!”
A private elevator takes guests right up to Le Jules Verne , and the windows on the elevator provide an eye-popping view. Skipping the two-hour wait to climb up the Eiffel Tower removed the theme-park-like element of the destination, and instantly lands guests in the realm of elegance and glamour. The elevator attendant is used to the gasp of tourists, apparently; ours laughed happily at my children’s obvious delight. TIP: There’s a strictly enforced dress code at this restaurant. No shorts, even in the heat of summer. Jeans and sneakers are okay, though many arrive wearing much more formal attire.
View of Eiffel Tower observation deck from our table at Le Jules Verne restaurant
Warning: The original stairwell to the now-closed third level of the Eiffel Tower may lead to philosophical musing
Le Jules Verne is one of the most exclusive restaurants in Paris (a city that has more than a fair share of exclusive world-class restaurants to begin with). If lunch or dinner at Le Jules Verne is a Paris vacation goal, please make a reservation as soon as you book your air fare and hotel room. Yes, even as much as three months ahead of time. TIP: While no one needs to plan their Paris travel dates AROUND their reservation, a la the French Laundry in Napa Valley , you certainly ought plan that particular day around the lunch or dinner reservation at Le Jules Verne.
So this was delicious
And this was pretty great too
With only one lunch seating and one or two dinner seatings daily, the restaurant is always completely booked throughout the year. Reserving, and securing, a table by a window is much more likely the earlier you make your reservation. The curving layout means that there are a lot of tables with A+ views, and the tables set in the interior are still not too far from the windows, hence, bathed in light. The views of Paris are still easily seen from those tables.
As prettily presented as it was tasty
I’d say this was the piece de resistance, but all courses were amazing
We had a lunch reservation, but from what I understand the views at dinner are spectacular. Watching the sun set and the glittering lights take over Paris is surely a sight to behold.
Evening at Le Jules Verne in the Eiffel Tower
Evening reservations are harder to get than lunchtime ones, I’d say, but after lunch at this restaurant, dinner is going to be a very small affair that night anyway. Unless you order a la carte, both lunch and dinner here are such extensive multi-course meals that it’s impossible to finish dessert. Prepare to pace yourself. (We didn’t, and were so uncomfortably full that the delicious desserts’ charms were wasted on us.)
This one I managed to eat as well, but not the mango tart
Think of eating here as more than just having a meal. It’s a complete Parisian experience, with some of the best Michelin-starred French food you’ll eat on your trip, but also that incredible 360-degree view of Paris . Imagine spending a few hours being comfortably perched above the higher observation deck of the Eiffel Tower, luxuriating though multiple courses and wine that perfectly suits each plate at your table: That’s Le Jules Verne experience. Typical tourists and offbeat world travelers alike can respect that dining at Le Jules Verne is a unique way to see the Eiffel Tower. Does it cost a pretty penny? Oh mais oui. It’s very expensive even for a luxury vacation. But some things are worth saving up for. Lunch or dinner at this top Paris restaurant is, as part of a memory-creating luxury vacation in Paris, worth all those pretty pennies.
| Jules Verne |
Who wrote the music of the oratorios The Apostles and The Kingdom ? | Restaurants in the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France | USA Today
Restaurants in the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France
The Eiffel Tower has restaurants on the first and second floors.
(Photo: Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images )
"Best Restaurants in Elizabeth City, NC"
"The Iron Lady," as the French call the Eiffel Tower, is Paris' face to the world. The lacy ironwork and the iconic shape have drawn tourists since it opened in 1889, but visitors can get more than just breathtaking views of the City of Light. The tower is the home to restaurants that serve everything from a sandwich to go to a Michelin-starred, multicourse meal.
Le Jules Verne
The kitchen at Le Jules Verne (lejulesverne-paris.com) is run by acclaimed chef Alain Ducasse and adds one Michelin star to his collection. It has its own private elevator to the second level, so there's no need to fight the hordes waiting to ascend the tower. It serves lunch and dinner, with luxurious takes on French staples such as foie gras, Bresse chicken and lamb. Save some money by going at lunch and getting the menu; on weekdays at the time of publication, the cost was $123 for your choice of one each among three starters, three main dishes and three desserts. The dinner menu was $289; a la carte items ran as high as $133. Finish off with a "bolt," a small chocolate cake with gooey chocolate/praline in the center and a side of hazelnut ice cream. It's shaped to look like one of the bolts that hold the tower together. Make reservations early; if you want a prime seat by a window, you might need to call or reserve online as early as six months in advance.
Le 58 Tour Eiffel
If you want a more casual -- or cheaper -- option, Le 58 Tour Eiffel is on the first level of the tower (restaurants-toureiffel.com/restaurant-tour-eiffel-58.html). Its simpler fare includes lunch offerings of simple salads as appetizers and main dishes such as salmon, pasta and hamburgers. Lunch main dishes are under $29, and the three-course meal was just $33, at the time of publication. The dinner menu is a bit more upscale, with escargots, lobster salad, roasted guinea fowl and veal. A la carte dinner main courses run from $29 to $49, with a three-course menu for $119. It offers children's menus and can accommodate vegetarian requests if you mention it when making a reservation.
Les Buffets
If a sit-down meal isn't what you had in mind, or you just get hungry while you're visiting the Eiffel Tower, small fast-food stands are available on the ground underneath the tower and on the first and second floors (restaurants-toureiffel.com/restaurants-les-buffets-tour-eiffel.html). You can take advantage of small seating areas or grab your food to go, with easily mobile offerings such as sandwiches, hot dogs and pastries. At the time of publication, you could get a drink with a pizza, sandwich or hot dog for $11.
Une Petite Coupe
If you take the extra time -- and pay the extra money -- to go to the very top of the Eiffel Tower, a reward awaits. A champagne bar (www.tour-eiffel.com/component/content/article/114-bar-a-champagne) is open from noon until 10 p.m. It doesn't serve food, but you can choose from regular or rose champagne. As they say, when in Paris. ... A flute of bubbly cost $14 to $22, at time of publication.
References
| i don't know |
What was the name of the first Aintree Grand National winner to be trained by a woman ? | Grand National Betting - Woman Trainer to Win at Aintree
Woman Trainer
Betting on if a Woman will be the trainer of the National Winner
This type of Grand National bet began as a result of one woman and that is Jenny Pitman who in 1983 became the most popular women in the racing game by becoming the first women to train a winner of the Grand National betting with Corbiere. Jenny had a second victory in 1995 with Royal Athlete and also trained the winner of the void race in 1993.
While back then there where very few women trainers but today that has changed and there are now quite a few top class women trainers and the most popular one today is Henrietta Knight the trainer of the legend Best Mate. Other noteworthy women trainers to look out for in the Grand National Betting Odds are Mrs Sue Smith, Miss V Williams and Miss Lucinda Russell. Any horse that comes from these stables would have a good chance of winning the Grand National.
A women trained winner of the Grand National does not come around very often that is why the UK Bookmakers my open a book on this market should their be a couple of entries by the women trainers and especially if one of their horses is fancied as this is a very topical and good novelty Grand National bet.
Free Bets & Betting Offers
| Corbiere |
Rudyard Kipling was the cousin of which British Prime Minister ? | Buy Aintree Grand National 2017 Tickets
Follow us on Twitter
Aintree Grand National Tickets
Buy Tickets and Grandstand badges for all 3 days of the Grand National Meeting 2017 at Aintree Racecourse on 6th, 7th and 8th April 2017 - Buy 100% Guaranteed Aintree Grand National tickets online or call the ticket hotline 0844 800 4648... Don't miss out, buy your tickets today for Aintree races!
The Grand National is watched by 600 million people worldwide, the Grand National is one of the most celebrated horse races in the world. Lottery became the first winner of The Grand National in 1839. The famous Aintree Racecourse is home to The Grand National, one of the world's greatest horse races. Whether it's top quality racing on the opening day at Aintree, the unmissable social occasion of Ladies Day on Friday, or the famous Grand National on Saturday, you will find tickets available for all enclosures, stands and hospitality within our website for Aintree races.
The Grand National at Aintree has been a British sporting institution since 1839, when a horse called Lottery won the first Grand National and Captain Becher parted company with his horse at a now famous brook.
In those days the horses had to jump a stone wall, cross a stretch of ploughed land and finish over two hurdles. The race was then known as the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase.
Mr Edward William Topham, a respected handicapper, was responsible for turning the National into a handicap in 1843 after it had been a weight-for-age race for the first four years. The Topham family owned substantial tracts of land around Aintree and in 1949 they bought the course outright from Lord Sefton, from whom the land had previously been leased since the racecourse opening in 1829.
The Grand National has produced a colourful array of stories throughout its illustrious past. Here are our favourites, including video clips:
Red Rum
It was nearly 40 years ago now that Red Rum recorded the first of the three victories in the Grand National that earned him pride of place in the record books forever. He still remains the only horse to have won the Grand National three times and, as that statistic suggests, the great horse was a phenomenon.
Bred to be a sprinter, Red Rum went on to win the gruelling four-and-a-half mile chase in 1973, 1974 and 1977, as well as finishing second on his other two starts, to become the greatest Grand National performer ever. All of this was achieved after overcoming the debilitating bone disease pedalosteitis, which should have rendered him unraceable. However, fate stepped in: Red Rum was at probably the only yard in the country where the training took place on a beach. The sea water, into which trainer Donald ‘Ginger’ McCain banished Red Rum after viewing the hobbling horse, worked an amazing transformation.
On March 31, 1973, he started 9/1 favourite for his first Grand National. However, by the time the runners had reached the Chair the giant Australian chaser, Crisp, who was shouldering top weight of 12st (a weight that is now forbidden in the National), had built up a massive lead and appeared unstoppable with four fences to go. But, conceding 23lb to Red Rum, his stamina started to wane and he slowly began to falter at the famous Elbow after being more than 15 lengths in front of his rival at the last. Red Rum wore Crisp down, getting up on the line to beat him by three-quarters of a length in a then record time of 9 min 1.9 sec, knocking nearly 20 seconds off Golden Miller's previous best under 12st 2lb in 1934 - this new record would stand for the next 16 years.
In 1976, Red Rum had given Eyecatcher 17lb and beat her by eight lengths; in 1977, he gave her 21lb and a 31-length beating, rating an improvement at the age of 12 of two stone. The treble, five years in the taking, had been achieved.
The celebrations in Southport which received the three-times Grand National winner home were long and rapturous. But the greatest Aintree horse of all time was not yet finished. Up until the morning of the 1978 Grand National, Red Rum was being trained for a sixth attempt at the great race.
He had run well all season, amassing two seconds and a fourth under mighty weights in his five races. But, after his customary pre-National work-out on the day before the big race, Red Rum pulled up lame. The problem proved to be a hairline fracture and the horse had to be retired.
Retired, that is, from the realm of racing. But Red Rum's career as a celebrity continued - a role to which he was as well-adapted as to tackling the Aintree fences. He thrived as the centre of attention, as anyone who saw the 1977 episode of Sports Personality of the Year Awards can testify. Hearing the voice of Tommy Stack, who was speaking from his hospital bed with a broken pelvis, Red Rum immediately pricked his ears, displaying the great intelligence and showmanship so evident in the horse throughout his life. The horse led the parade in many Grand Nationals.
Red Rum died on Wednesday, October 18, 1995 and was buried by the winning post on Aintree's Grand National course. His grave is marked by an engraved stone listing his Grand National record, and a life-size bronze commemorates this legendary horse, along with a race staged at the Grand National meeting, the Red Rum Chase, named in the great horse's memory.
Aldaniti
There was hardly a dry eye among the crowd when Aldaniti won the Grand National in 1981. It was a victory for both courage and determination in the face of adversity.
In late 1979, Bob Champion, the successful jockey, was told that he had cancer and only months to live, while Aldaniti had almost been retired because of leg trouble. Against all the odds, the gallant partnership held on to beat Spartan Missile, ridden by John Thorne, a 54-year-old grandfather and amateur rider.
The winner's true-life story inspired the 1983 film Champions, starring John Hurt. Aldaniti died at the age of 27 in March, 1997. Bob Champion made a full recovery and, with the help of Aldaniti, has raised millions of pounds for cancer research.
Aldaniti's name was a jumble from the names of four grandchildren of his breeder, Tommy Barron: ALastair and DAvid Cook plus NIcola and TImothy Barron.
The Pitmans
The Pitman family has a special association with the Grand National. In 1983, Jenny Pitman became the first woman to train a winner of the race when Corbiere beat Greasepaint. She followed up this victory in 1995 with Royal Athlete who succeeded at the long odds of 40/1, but experienced heartbreak when Esha Ness "won" the 1993 void race.
Mark, her son, must have gone through similar emotions when he was caught by Seagram when riding Garrison Savannah in 1991, also trained by his mother.
Years earlier, Richard Pitman, then-husband to Jenny and Mark's father, was caught even closer to the winning post by Red Rum, the Aintree specialist, when he partnered the gallant top weight Crisp in 1973.
Mrs Pitman was awarded an OBE in the 1998 New Year's Honours List and in the same year fought a successful battle against cancer. She has now retired from training but Mark Pitman is carrying on the family tradition.
Devon Loch
The 1956 National is remembered more for the defeat of Devon Loch than for the victory of E.S.B. Owned by Her Majesty The Queen Mother, Devon Loch had the race won when he inexplicably gave a half-leap just 50 yards from the finish, sprawling and almost unseating Dick Francis, the unfortunate jockey, and leaving the crowd stunned. Afterwards, The Queen Mother famously said "That's racing".
Debate still rages as to why the incident happened - according to some reports, Devon Loch suffered a cramp in the hindquarters and this caused the collapse. However, other reports claim that a shadow thrown by the water jump (which horses only jump on the first circuit of the Aintree course) may have confused Devon Loch into thinking another jump was required and - confused as to whether he should jump or not - he half-jumped and collapsed. Reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed, as Devon Loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case.
Whatever the truth, the incident so puzzled Francis that he became a thriller writer, inventing mysteries himself. Over the decades Francis has learned to be as philosophical. In compensation, his wife Mary once said that had he won the Grand National there would have been no bestselling autobiography and no thrillers.
"As I said in my autobiography, an ambulance came by and the driver said, ‘Jump in the back!’ I was never more pleased to get away from all the people who were rushing towards me. What happened? I’ve thought about it time and time again...I remember jumping the last fence and I could hear the crescendo of cheering building up in the stands. There were 500,000 people there that day. They were all cheering for the Queen Mother. She was there and the Queen was there and Princess Margaret was there.
"I never thought about it at the time but I heard them cheering and I just rode to the finish. I was winning easily. I didn’t have to pick up my stick or anything like that. I’ve looked at the newsreel time and again and as the horse approaches the water jump – which this time round he didn’t need to cross – you can see him prick up his ears and gallop past it. As it pricked up its ears – Christ! – his hindquarters refused to act and down he went on to his belly. How I didn’t fall off him I don’t know."
Devon Loch is a metaphor now used in modern day sports and otherwise to explain the sudden, last-minute failure of teams or a sportsman to complete an expected victory, e.g. "United can only hope Arsenal do a Devon Loch collapse."
Foinavon
Foinavon sensationally won the 1967 National in bizarre circumstances. At the smallest fence on the second circuit, the 23rd, the riderless Popham Down cut right across the course causing a pile-up that almost brought the entire field to a standstill. John Buckingham, Foinavon's jockey, was able to steer his mount wide of the melee and thus won on the 100/1 outsider. The Aintree executive named the fence in honour of the horse.
Fence 7 or 23 (depending on the circuit), at 4ft 6in, one of the smallest jumps on the course, is situated between the more daunting Becher's Brook and Canal Turn.
Foinavon has sometimes been likened to a slow plodding carthorse, but records show that his 1967 winning time was one of the fastest in this gruelling race. Equally, this so called no-hoper had taken part in some top class races before attempting the National and he had finished fourth in a King George and took part in a Gold Cup at Cheltenham, so perhaps his odds of 100/1 may have been a bit generous (although the Tote SP was 444/1). Nevertheless, his owner was so unenthusiastic about his chances that he was not even at Aintree for the race.
Buckingham said later that at the time he did not realize that they were the only pair to jump the fence at the first attempt but he just kept going. Although some 17 horses remounted and finished the race the distance Foinavon had "stolen" at the fence meant that he lead over the final seven fences to go on to collect his prize, 15 lengths clear of the fast-closing favourite, Honey End, and Red Alligator, which went on to win in 1968.
Foinavon did also run in the following years Grand National but fell or was brought down at the water jump.
Foinavon was at one time owned by Anne, Duchess of Westminster, whose colours were also carried by the much superior Arkle. Both were named after Scottish mountains.
The "Iron" Duke of Alburquerque
Beltrán Alfonso Osorio y Díez de Rivera, known as the the "Iron" Duke of Albuquerque (1918-1994), surely ranks as the worst jockey in horse-racing history. After receiving a film of the Grand National as a gift for his eighth birthday, the Duke became obsessed with it: "I said then that I would win that race one day," he later recalled. He nearly died trying.
This magnificently barking mad Spanish aristocrat and amateur jockey entered the National seven times with impressively consistent results. Generally he would start with the others, gallop briefly and then wake up in the Royal Liverpool Infirmary (where apparently he always booked a private room when he rode in the race). Each year, Peter O'Sullevan would gravely intone: "And the Duke of Albuquerque's gone".
On his first attempt in 1952, he fell from his horse at the sixth fence, nearly broke his neck and woke up later in hospital with a cracked vertebra. He tried to win again in 1963, and fell from his horse yet again, this time at the fourth fence. Undeterred, he returned in 1965 but again fell from his horse after it collapsed underneath him, breaking his leg.
His ineptitude was so apparent that in 1963 bookies even offered odds of 66/1 - against him even finishing the race atop his horse!
He returned in 1973 when his stirrup broke, although he clung on for eight fences before being sent into inevitable orbit.
In 1974, after having sixteen screws removed from a leg he had broken after falling in another race, he also fell while training for the Grand National and broke his collarbone. Nevertheless, he then competed in a plaster cast, this time actually managing to finish the race for the only time in his splendid career, but only in eighth (and last) place aboard Nereo: "I sat like sack of potatoes and gave the horse no help" he said after the race.
One anecdote from this race is that he barged into Ron Barry at second Canal Turn; Barry said "What the f*** are you doing?", to which he replied: "My dear chap I haven't a clue...I've never got this far before!"
In 1976, he sustained his most serious injuries after being trampled in a race by several other horses. He suffered seven broken ribs, several fractured vertebrae, a broken wrist and thigh, and a major concussion, and was in a coma for two days. After recovering he announced, at the age of 57, that he planned to race yet again. Race organisers wisely revoked his license "for his own safety".
Though the Iron Duke never won the Grand National, he certainly broke more bones than any other jockey in attempting to do so.
NOTABLE DATES IN GRAND NATIONAL HISTORY
1837: THE DUKE wins the first Great Liverpool Steeplechase at Maghull, some three miles from the present site of Aintree racecourse.
1839: Aintree becomes the new home for the event, with LOTTERY carrying off the prize and Captain Martin Becher christening the now-famous brook as he crawls in for safety after a fall.
1847: MATTHEW records the first Irish-trained victory on the day the race is officially named the Grand National.
1887: GAMECOCK wins the National at 20-1 and follows up by winning the Champion Chase over the big fences the very next day.
1897: MANIFESTO, the 6-1 favourite, records the first of his two wins in the race. He ran eight times up to the age of 16, also finishing third three times and fourth once.
1907: Jockey Alf Newey brings EREMON home in front, despite riding without stirrups from the second fence.
1927: Ted Leader rides SPRIG to a popular victory in the first National to be covered by a BBC radio commentary.
1934: The legendary GOLDEN MILLER becomes the only horse ever to win the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup in the same season, carrying 12st 2lb to victory in record time.
1947: CAUGHOO beats 56 opponents at a mist-shrouded Aintree and is then accused of only going round once.
1956: DEVON LOCH and jockey Dick Francis, looking certain to give the Queen Mother victory when clear on the run-in, suddenly sprawls flat on the ground yards from the winning post, allowing ESB to win.
1967: The year of the horrific pile-up at the 23rd. John Buckingham and complete outsider FOINAVON avoid the melee and gallop on to a 100-1 win.
1974: Grand National character the Duke of Alburquerque completes the course for the one and only time in numerous attempts on NEREO, despite breaking his collarbone only a week before the race.
1977: The incomparable RED RUM rewrites the record books with his historic third victory. 'Rummy' had five runs, with three wins and two seconds, from the age of eight to 12.
1979: RUBSTIC makes history by becoming the first Scottish-trained winner. His homecoming party was heralded by a piper leading him back to the hamlet of Denholm, Roxburghshire.
1981: ALDANITI, nursed back from career-threatening injury three times, wins a fairytale National ridden by Bob Champion, who fought, and beat, cancer.
1982: Dick Saunders, at the age of 48, becomes the oldest winning jockey on GRITTAR. Geraldine Rees becomes the first woman to complete the course, riding the leg-weary CHEERS.
1983: Years of doubt about the National's future are ended when the Jockey Club, helped by public donations, buys the course. CORBIERE's victory ensures Jenny Pitman goes into the history books as the first woman to train the winner.
1987: Jim Joel becomes the oldest winning owner at 92. He is on his way back from South Africa when MAORI VENTURE wins a thrilling race from The Tsarevich.
1993: The darkest day in the history of the National. There is chaos after a second false start as 30 out of the 39 jockeys began the race despite a false start being called, leading to a void result for the seven horses who finished. John White passes the post first on the Jenny Pitman-trained ESHA NESS, only to discover the race has been declared void.
1994: MIINNEHOMA, owned by comedian Freddie Starr, gives multiple champion trainer Martin Pipe his first National victory, and 51-year-old grandmother Rosemary Henderson completes the course on her own horse FIDDLERS PIKE, who finishes fifth.
1995: Jenny Pitman, the first lady of Aintree, gains her second success - two years late - with ROYAL ATHLETE.
1997: A bomb hoax causes Aintree to be evacuated, but the great race is staged two days late and is won in spectacular style by LORD GYLLENE.
1999: Father-and-son trainer-jockey team Tommy and Paul Carberry combine to land a first Irish win for 24 years with BOBBYJO.
2000: Ted and 20-year-old Ruby Walsh emulate the feat of their compatriots 12 months previously as PAPILLON lands a gamble, backed from a morning 33-1 into 10-1 before taking the prize.
2001: RED MARAUDER and Smarty are the only horses to put in clear rounds in a race run in atrocious conditions, though all horses return fine.
2003: MONTY'S PASS lands a massive gamble, with owner Mike Fuller netting close to £1million from ante-post bets. The horse is backed from 40-1 into 16-1 and romps home.
2004: Ginger McCain, veteran trainer of Red Rum, enjoys an emotional victory as 12-year-old AMBERLEIGH HOUSE lands the spoils, having been third in 2003.
2005: HEDGEHUNTER becomes the first horse since Corbiere in 1983 to carry more than 11st to victory in the great race, romping clear in great style under Ruby Walsh to slam Royal Auclair by 14 lengths.
2008: COMPLY OR DIE allows David Pipe to join his legendary father, Martin, in the record books as a National-winning trainer in just his second season. The race also carries record prize money of £800,000.
2009: MON MOME becomes the biggest-priced winner since Foinavon when powering home at 100-1 for trainer Venetia Williams and jockey Liam Treadwell.
2010: DON'T PUSH IT, trained by Jonjo O'Neill and owned by legendary gambler JP McManus, provides perennial champion jockey Tony McCoy with his first success at the 15th attempt.
Aintree Grand National 2012 news 6th Jan 2012: Ticket sales are ahead of Aintree Gramd National meeting 2011
Aintree Grand National 2012 news 12th Jan 2012: Group rate tickets sales available until Friday 3rd February 2012
Aintree Grand National 2012 news 16th Jan 2012: Prize fund reaches £975,000
Aintree Grand National 2012 news 3rd Feb 2012: Last day for discount group bookings for Aintree races 2012
Aintree Ladies day 20012 news 6th Feb 2012: Known as the biggest social and style day out in the North West, Ladies' Day - Friday 13th April promises to be more stylish than ever. Raceday fashions provide a spectacle of colour in the Red Rum Garden with some amazing prizes up for grabs for Aintree's most stylish racegoers. With make-up sampling, goody bag giveaways and fashion shows all happening in this area, it’s the ultimate raceday style experience. Exclusive designer retailers Cricket and Flannels have noted early interest in what to wear for Ladies day Aintree 2012.
Aintree Ladies day 20012 news 6th Feb 2012: Where to go after the race? 'San Carlo' and 'Bar and Grill' looks like selling out of all tables very soon. For late night Ladies Day Aintree racegoers 'Playground' and 'News Bar' is a great place to party.
Aintree Grand National 2012 news 8th Feb 2012: Many of the best chasers in training are among the entries announced today for the 2012 running of the world’s most famous Jump race, the John Smith’s Grand National.
Aintree Grand national 2013 news - 4th Feb 2013: New record prize money.
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 4th Feb 2013: Demand for tickets is good, Tattersalls for the Saturdaybis expected to tell out by the end of February.
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 4th Feb 2013: The Saturdays will perform on Thursday 4th April, The opening day of Aintree Races 2013
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 9th Feb 2013: Total prize money for the 2013 John Smith's Grand National meeting at Aintree sets a new record at £2,725,000 - an increase of £185,000 (+7.3 per cent) for the three days over Aintree 2012. Thirteen out of the 21 races at the Aintree Grand National meeting 2013, from Thursday to Saturday, April 4-6, have increased prize money. The John Smith's Grand National is worth £975,000 again, with an estimated purse of nearly £550,000 for the winner and prize money down to 10th place. It is the richest British steeplechase race by far and has risen in value from £600,000 under John Smith's sponsorship. In line with the Jockey Club Racecourses' prize money pledge, Aintree's total prize money for 2013 has increased to £3,386,500 (from £3,106,000).
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 9th Feb 2013: Hotels, bar and restaurants are reporting good bookings/reservations - San Carlo in
Liverpool
city centre is fully booked on Friday and Saturday evenings...
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 12th Feb 2013: Favourite Seabass given 11st 2Ib in 2013 John Smith's Grand National at Aintree.
Aintree Grand National 2013 news - 26th Feb 2013: It's has been announced that Katherine Jenkins will sing the National Anthem prior to this year’s Grand National at Aintree Racecourse.
Aintree Grand National 2014 news - 29th May 2013: Tickets on sale for Aintree Grand National 2014
Aintree Grand National 2015 - Aintree racecourse has confirmed that aintree races will include local legends the Christians, X Factor contestant Jake Quickenden and stars from the commitments.
Aintree Grand National 2016 - The headline news yesterday was that the organisers of the Crabbies Grand National 2016 have decided to push back the start time to 5.15pm in a bid to attract a bigger TV audience.
Aintree Grand National 2016 news - 14th Jan 2016: The crabbie's grand national at Aintree races is now less than three months away and the Aintree racecourse box office has announced that tickets and hospitality are selling at a faster rate than the same time last year for all three days of the aintree grand national meeting. Grand opening day, Thursday 7th April 2016 is 37% ahead, Ladies day, Friday 8th April is 43% ahead and the grand national day, Saturday 9th April is 26% up on this time last year.
Aintree Grand National news - 9th April 2016: Aintree Grand National meeting 2017 has a new sponsor Randox Health. Aintree Grand National news - 22nd July 2016: Hospitality packages on sale for Aintree Grand national 2017.
Buy or sell your Aintree races 2017 tickets in a safe and guaranteed way on Buy Sell My Tickets - Aintree Grand National's No.1 ticket market.
Thu 6 Apr 2017 14:00
Aintree Racecourse
Fri 7 Apr 2017 14:00
Aintree Racecourse
Sat 8 Apr 2017 14:00
Aintree Racecourse
| i don't know |
Who was the last English king to die in battle ? | Frequently Asked Questions | Britroyals
Frequently Asked Questions
When did the last British King fight in a battle?
George II was the last British King to lead his army in person, during the War of the Austrian Succession, at the Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, 27th June, 1743. The last English King to die in battle was Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22 August 1485 defeated by Henry Tudor who became Henry VII ending the Wars of the Roses between the Houses of York and Lancaster and starting the Tudor dynasty. The last British King to die in battle was James IV of Scotland killed at the Battle of Flodden Field in Northumberland on 9 September 1513 when the Scots invaded England hoping to take advantage of Henry VIII's absence in France, but were defeated by English forces under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey.
How far back can the British Royal Family trace their roots? Is Queen Elizabeth II really directly descended from Alfred the Great?
She is the 32nd great granddaughter of King Alfred who 1,140 years ago was the first effective King of England. He ruled from 871 to 899.
I thought that American Independence was in 1776. Why is it quoted as 1783?
The Continental Congress of the 13 American colonies declared independence in 1776. However, the war continued and independence from Britain was not achieved until the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Was George III really mad?
For most of his reign King George III was an astute king and politician with a strong sense of duty. Later in his reign he suffered from recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. This baffled medical science at the time, although it is now generally thought that he suffered from the inherited blood disease porphyria. He suffered his first attack in 1788 and by 1810 was unfit to rule. In 1811 his son George, Prince of Wales, became Regent for 9 years until his father died in 1820.
Who would now be King or Queen if Edward VIII had not abdicated?
Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 less than a year after becoming King to marry Wallis Simpson. His younger brother Bertie became King George VI and was the father of the present Queen Elizabeth II . He died in 1952, and Edward who had no children died in 1972. So even if Edward had not abdicated Elizabeth would now be Queen. She would have come to the throne in 1972 instead of 1952.
Why did Edward VIII have to give up the throne to marry a divorcee but Prince Charles is still in line to the throne?
Royals who are divorced or marry divorcees do not lose their position in the line of succession. Edward VIII had a number of affairs with married women including Wallis Simpson who was already divorced and still married to her second husband. His parents King George V and Queen Mary did not approve and refused to meet her. When George V died Prime Minister Baldwin made it clear that the Government, popular opinion in the country and the oversees Dominions (now the Commonwealth nations) did not approve of his plans to marry Wallis. Social attitudes towards divorce and a women looking for a third marriage were considered scandalous at the time, and if Edward married against the advice of his Ministers it would have caused the Government to resign and a constitutional crisis. Edward chose to abdicate.
The 1772 Royal Marriages Act requires members of the Royal Family to obtain permission from the Sovereign to marry. Queen Elizabeth II gave her permission for Prince Charles to marry Camilla, and more recently for Prince William to marry Catherine Middleton.
Would Princess Diana have become Queen?
If Prince Charles had become King during their marriage then she would have been his consort with the title Queen Diana. They divorced in 1996 and she died in a car crash in Paris on 31st August 1997. Although popularly known as 'Princess Diana' this was not her title - because she became a princess by marrying Prince Charles her title was Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of Wales, or more simply Diana, Princess of Wales.
Who is Prince Henry shown as fourth in line to the Throne? What about Prince Harry?
Prince Harry's name is Henry Charles Albert David . Harry is his nickname
Is Kate Middleton the first commoner to marry an heir to the throne?
The Queen's husband Prince Philip is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, Diana's family had titled ancestry and Camilla is the granddaughter of a baron. Prince William's wife Catherine (Kate) nee Middleton comes from a middle class background with no aristocratic or titled connections. She is not however the first commoner to marry a future king. Notably Anne Hyde first wife of King James II, and Elizabeth Woodville, who married King Edward IV in 1464 and became a key figure in the Wars of the Roses were commoners with no direct connections to nobility. Edward VIII married Wallis Simpson but had already abdicated as King.
Why are William and Harry referred to as Wales when their name is Windsor?
Members of the Royal Family who are titled His (or Her) Royal Highness do not traditionally need or use a surname. Windsor is the name of the Royal House to which they belong. Their titles are HRH Prince William of Wales and HRH Prince Henry of Wales . During their tours of duty with the Armed Forces, the Princes chose to show their surname as Wales. Members of the royal family who are not HRH (for example Prince Edward's children Louise and James) use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor.
Why are Prince Andrew's daughters princesses when Prince Edward's daughter is not? Also why do Princess Anne's children Peter and Zara not have titles?
You become a prince by being the son of a prince, or princess by being the daughter of a prince or by marrying a prince. So Prince Andrew's daughters are Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. The Queen's daughter Princess Anne has the title Princess Royal, but her children Peter and Zara do not have titles. It is traditional that they would have been made a Duke and Duchess or Earl and Countess, but it is understood that Princess Anne asked the Queen not to give her children titles so they could live as private individuals. Prince Edward declined to be made a Duke on his marriage and became Earl of Wessex, so that his wife Sophie is Countess of Wessex. The Royal Family is descended directly from the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Wessex. On their marriage is was anounced that their children would not be titled Prince and Princess but as the children of an Earl, so they are Lady Louise and James Viscount Severn.
Why are Roman Catholics excluded from the Line of Succession to the British throne?
In 1534 Henry VII I broke with the Church of Rome over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and made himself Head of the Church of England. Every King or Queen since Elizabeth 1 has held the title 'Supreme Governor of the Church of England' and 'Defender of the Faith'. As it is a Protestant Church all those in the Royal line of succession and their spouses have to be Protestants. The Act of Settlement (1701) laid down that only Protestant heirs of Princess Sophia, granddaughter of James I, may succeed to the British throne. Neither Catholics, nor those who marry a Catholic, nor those born out of wedlock, may remain in the line of succession. Prince Charles has let it be known that when he becomes King he will take the title 'Defender of Faith' instead of' 'Defender of the Faith' to include faiths other than the established Church of England.
In Aprl 2013 the Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 changed the succession laws so that a person is not disqualified from succeeding to the Crown as a result of marrying a Roman Catholic . They will however not be allowed to become a Roman Catholic as the British Monarch is head of the Protestant Church of England.
Why are younger brothers higher in the line of succession than their older sisters?
The line of succession to the British throne used until recently the system of male primogeniture whereby younger sons have precedence over their older sisters. So Prince Andrew and Prince Edward are above their older sister Princess Anne in line of succession, and Prince Edward's son James is above his sister Louise. While male precedence may now be considered to be out of line with current 'equal-rights' thinking and is proposed to be changed, it has not prevented some of the most successful and longest reigning British monarchs from being queens including Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II.
It does allow the succession to inherit through the female line, so the children of daughters can succeed to the throne as is the case with the current Queen. The French and German monarchies used a system of Salic law whereby females had no right to inherit and could not pass it to their offspring. The last time that the British throne passed to a son in precedence to a first born daughter was when Queen Victoria's son Edward VII inherited the throne over his older sister Princess Victoria. Had she become queen she would have been Queen Victoria II and her son Kaiser Wilhelm II would have also been King William V and ruled over a huge combined British and German Empire. This could have significantly changed 20th century European history with the 1st World War unlikely to have happened as it did but replaced with other nationalist, republican and fascist struggles leading possibly to the downfall of both monarchies and a changed map of Europe.
In Aprl 2013 the Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 changed the succession laws so that a person is able to marry a Roman Catholic and remain in the line of successsion, and the right of male primogeniture no longer applies to children born after 28 October 2011. It meant that if the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's first child had been a girl and their second a boy, male primogenture would no longer have applied and he would not have had precedence over his older sister. However, their first child born on 22 July 2013 was a boy Prince George so it did not apply. Their second child Princess Charlotte will not lose her place even if she has a younger brother. This current line of succession is shown at Line of Succession.
King
William IV was 64 years old when he became king in 1830 and succeeded his elder brother George IV. Prince Charles the current heir to the throne became 68 on 14th November 2016 and is now the longest waiting heir to the throne. Edward VII became king after the death of his mother Queen Victoria in 1901 when he was 59 years and 2 months old. Kings & Queens by age of accession to the throne .
Could the Queen choose to pass the throne directly to Prince William?
The Queen cannot choose. Prince Charles as her eldest son and Prince of Wales is next in line to the throne and will become King as long as he is living when the Queen dies or should she abdicate. It would require a change to British constitutional law for this not to happen.
Will Charles become King George VII?
Charles can choose to rule as King Charles III or take another name. Kings often take a different regnal (ruling) name from their first given name. Charles' grandfather George VI was Prince Albert ("Bertie") before he became king, and his great great grandfather Edward VII was also Prince Albert. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649 after the English Civil War, and Charles II was popularly known as the 'merrie' monarch as he had so many mistresses. Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) the Stuart pretender to the throne styled himself Charles III before he was defeated at Culloden in 1746. It is thought possible that Prince Charles may choose to become King George VII after his grandfather.
Will Camilla become Queen?
Prince Charles and Camilla were married on 9th April 2005. She was given the title Duchess of Cornwall because of sensitivity following the death of Diana. As the wife of the Prince of Wales her title should be Princess of Wales and, although before the marriage it was announced that she would take the title Princess consort, she is expected to become Queen consort when Charles becomes King.
Is there a royal connection between Camilla's family and the royal family?
In 1889 Camilla's great-grandmother Alice Keppel was the mistress of Edward VII when he was Prince of Wales. Edward VII was the great-great-grandfather of Prince Charles the current Prince of Wales.
Why is the Queen's husband Prince Philip not King Philip?
The husband of a queen is known as a Prince consort and does not become King. Queen Victoria's husband was Prince Albert, and Queen Elizabeth's husband is Prince Philip The Duke of Edinburgh . The wife of a king is a Queen consort and does take the title Queen although she does not rule as the monarch. The only exceptions were William III and Mary II who ruled jointly from 1689 until Mary's death in 1694.
Were Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip related before their marriage?
The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh are both great great grandchildren of Queen Victoria . The Queen is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria’s eldest son King Edward VII and the Duke of Edinburgh is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria’s daughter Princess Alice.
What relation is Queen Elizabeth II to King George III ?
George III was her 3rd great grandfather. If you you follow the line of succession on her grandfather's side - George VI (father), George V (grandfather), Edward VII (great grandfather), Victoria (2nd great grandmother) , Edward Duke of Kent (3rd great grandfather), George III (4th great grandfather) - then he was her 4th great grandfather. However her grandmother Queen Mary of Teck was also descended from George III - she and George V were 2nd cousins once removed. If you follow Queen Elizabeth's line through her grandmother - George VI (father), Queen Mary (grandmother), Mary Adelaide (great grandmother), Adolphus of Hanover (2nd great grandfather), George III (3rd great-grandfather) - he is more closely related as her 3rd great grandfather. You can see this on the Royal Family tree .
How rich is Queen Elizabeth?
Her estimated personal fortune is around £350 million (US $435M). The Duchy of Lancaster estate, a portfolio of land, property and assets, is held in trust for the monarch and worth around £348 million. She also owns properties privately that have never been valued, including Sandringham House, Balmoral Castle reputedly worth £160 million and the Castle of Mey. Her investment portfolio in blue-chip British companies is around £110 million, her personal art collection is worth at least £2 million, and she owns personal jewellery and a large stamp collection built up by her grandfather George V.
Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, the Crown Jewels and the Royal Art Collection are held in trust for the nation.
The Crown Estate, which manages on behalf of the monarch the property and land owned by the Crown, including properties in Regent Street and St James in London, offshore wind farms around Britain's coast and rural estates in Scotland, is worth around £11 billion and generates £285 million (2014/15) income a year. This income is given to the national Treasury for use in public finances, in return for a grant (£38 million in 2012) for the cost of running the monarchy. This arrangement dated from 1760 when George III gave up the right to the income from the Crown's estates in return for a Civil List paid to members of the Royal Family.
In 2013 this changed to a Sovereign Support Grant based on 15% of the income from the Crown Estate. This means that for the year from April 2016 the nation will keep £242.2 million of the Crown Estates income, and the monarchy will receive £42.7 miilion towards the cost of the Royal household, their travel, attending formal functions and repairs to buildings including Kensington Palace which is the home of Prince William, the Duchess of Cambridge and their children Prince George and Princess Charlotte.
Does the Queen pay taxes?
Yes, in 1992 The Queen offered to pay income tax and capital gains tax on a voluntary basis. Since 1993, her personal income has been taxable as for any other UK taxpayer.
Does the Queen rule or does Parliament?
The British Monarchy is a constitutional monarchy in which the King or Queen reigns as Head of State but with limits to their power, and the day-to-day government is carried out by Parliament. The political party with the most elected seats in the House of Commons elects a Prime Minister who is invited by the monarch to form a government. A new Parliament is opened by the monarch in an official ceremony, and the Prime Minister during his or her term in office regularly meets with the King or Queen to discuss political matters and events.
How many British Prime Ministers and US Presidents have there been during the Queen's reign?
Queen Elizabeth II has worked with 13 different Prime Ministers since she became Queen: Winston Churchill (1951-55), Anthony Eden (1955-59), Harold Macmillan (1959-63), Alec Douglas-Home (1963-64), Harold Wilson (1964-70 & 1974-76), Edward Heath (1970-74), James Callaghan (1976-79), Margaret Thatcher (1979-90), John Major (1990-97), Tony Blair (1997-2007), Gordon Brown (2007-2010), David Cameron (2010-2016) and Theresa May (2016 - present).
There have been 12 US Presidents during her reign: Harry Truman (1945-1953), Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61), John Kennedy (1961-63), Lyndon Johnson (1963-69), Richard Nixon (1969-74), Gerald Ford, (1974-77), James Carter (1977-81), Ronald Reagan (1981-89), George Bush (1989-93), William Clinton (1993-2001), George W Bush (2001-09), Barack Obama, (2009-present).
There have been 7 Archbishops of Canterbury and 7 Popes during her reign.
Which King or Queen reigned for the longest time?
The longest reigning British monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who including today has reigned for 64 years, 11 months, and 13 days which is the longest reign in over 1,200 years of British History. On 10th September 2015 she surpassed her great great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years, 7 months and 2 days from 1837-1901. See Kings and Queens by length of reign .
Which King or Queen reigned for the shortest time?
Edward VI named his cousin Lady Jane Grey as his successor and she was proclaimed queen on July 10, 1553 by her father-in-law the Duke of Northumberland. She was 16 years old. Meanwhile Edward's half sister Mary eldest daughter of Henry VIII was also proclaimed queen. The situation was resolved 9 days later on July 19 1553 when Mary arrived in London and was proclaimed as the rightful queen. Mary was crowned Queen on Oct 1, 1553. Lady Jane Grey was executed on February 12, 1554. Another who was not crowned was Edward V . His father Edward IV died on April 9, 1483, but he was usurped by his uncle Richard III who proclaimed himself king 2 months later on June 26 and crowned on July 6, 1483. The date that Edward died is unknown - he was presumed murdered with his brother in the Tower of London at sometime in September that year. The shortest reigning crowned king was Edmund II for 7 months from 25 April - 30 November 1016. Kings and Queens by length of reign .
Which King had the most illegitimate children?
Henry I is purported to have had 20-25 illegitimate children by at least six women, but few details are known. Charles II famously fathered numerous illegitimate children, of whom he acknowledged fourteen. His mistresses included Lucy Walter (2 children), Moll Davis (1) , Nell Gwyne (2), Louise de Keroualle (1), Barbara Villiers (6), Elizabeth Killigrew (1), Catherine Pegg (1), Frances Stuart (became the face of Britannia on coins), and at least five others. William IV had 10 illegitimate children born between 1794 and 1807 by his mistress actress Dorothea Bland (known as Mrs Jordan).
Is David Cameron descended from royalty? How close would he be in line to the throne?
David Cameron, the previous British Prime Minister, is the great, great, great grandson of Elizabeth Fitzclarence (Jan 17, 1801 - Jan 16, 1856) who was an illegitimate daughter of William IV and his mistress Irish actress Dorothea Bland who was known by her stage name as 'Mrs Jordan'. They lived together for 20 years when he was Duke of Clarence and had 5 sons and 5 daughters. When he became heir to the throne William married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen but they had no surviving children so when he died having no legitimate children his niece Victoria became Queen.
David Cameron is the 5th cousin, twice removed of Queen Elizabeth II, but illegitimate lines have no claim to the throne. The Royal Marriage act of 1772, instigated by William IV's father George III, requires members of the royal family to obtain permission from the monarch to marry. So William and Dorothea would have had to get permission from his brother George IV to marry and it would also have required ratification by Parliament. She was Catholic and would have had to renounce her Catholic faith for William to remain in the line of succession to the throne. In the very unlikely event that they had been allowed to marry and had done so before their children were born then their eldest son George Augustus would have had a claim to the throne. His great grandson Geoffrey Fitzclarence, 5th Earl of Munster, was a Conservative politician in Winston Churchill's government. David Cameron's line through their 3rd daughter Elizabeth would have had only a very remote claim.
How big was Henry VIII?
When Henry VII I came to the throne in April 1509 he was 17 years old, 6ft 2in tall, and had pale skin, blue eyes and auburn hair. He was physically active and enjoyed sport, hunting and jousting. A Venetian visitor described him as 'His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on, a vigorous player of tennis, rider of horses, and skilled wrestler'. However he became fatter with age and gluttony. His suits of armour show that in 1512 he had a 32 inch waist , which increased to 35 inch by 1520s, and then grew to an enormous 54 inch by 1545. He suffered increasingly of ill health, swelling of the joints and an ulcerated leg claimed to have been caused by a jousting accident. His pain added to his mood swings and unpredictable temper. In 1544 his portrait shows him puffy and bloated. By 1546 he could hardly walk and was carried around on a wooden chair . He had to be winched on to his horse and his armour cut open to accommodate his swollen legs. He is estimated to have weighed 25 stone (350 lbs or 158kg) when he died in January 1547
Why was Queen Mary I known as Bloody Mary?
Queen Mary's father Henry VIII split with Rome over his divorce from her mother Catherine of Aragon and made himself head of the Protestant Church of England. When she became queen, Mary sought to re-establish Roman Catholicism as the official religion and carried out persecution of Protestant clergy and followers. Over 200 died including Thomas Cranmer and several bishops who were burnt at the stake between 1555 and Mary's death in 1558. She was succeeded by her half sister Elizabeth I , daughter of Ann Boleyn, who re-established Protestantism as the official Church of England.
How many British monarchs have been killed while they were king or queen?
- King Edmund I was killed in 946 during a feast at Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, by an outlawed robber.
- King Edward The Martyr was murdered by members of Aethelred's household at Corfe Castle in 978
- King Edmund II Ironside was assassinated in London in 1016
- King Harold II was killed by an arrow in his eye at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
- King William I The Conqueror suffered a fatal internal injury in 1087 after being thrown against the pommel of his saddle near Nantes in France.
- King William II Rufus was killed in 1100 with an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. Supposedly an accident, it has been suggested that he was shot deliberately on the instructions of his brother Henry.
- Richard I The Lion Heart was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging Châlus-Chabrol in France in 1199.
- Edward II was murdered in 1327 at Berkeley Castle on the orders of his wife, Isabella
- Richard II was starved to death in 1400 while imprisioned in Pontefract castle. He had been forced to abdicate in 1399 by his cousin Henry IV Bolingbroke.
- Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471 during the 'Wars of the Roses' between the Lancastrians and Yorkists.
- Edward V and his younger brother were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1483 and never seen again. Their fate remains a mystery but the two princes are believed to have been murdered on orders from their uncle Richard III.
- Richard III was killed in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field.
- Henry VIII executed two of his six wives, Anne Boleyn in 1536 and Catherine Howard in 1542.
- Charles I was executed by Parliament in 1649 following the Civil War.
Scottish Kings killed include James II at Roxburgh in 1460 when a cannon exploded, James III in battle near Stirling in 1488 by supporters of his son, James IV by Henry VIII's forces at Flodden in 1513, and Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587 on orders from her cousin Elizabeth I.
Why was Edward I not Edward IV as he followed Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr & Edward the Confessor?
The practice of using Roman numerals to distinguish kings and queens started only after there had been several with the same name, and particularly when there was a succession of father, son, grandson like Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III. Before then it was common for chroniclers and historians to use sobriquets such as Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr, Edward the Confessor, Edmund Ironside, Aethelred the Unready, Alfred the Great, Harold Harefoot etc before this became impractical.
It would be interesting to consider how the present Queen would be known if she were to be referred to in this way. 'Elizabeth the Great', 'Elizabeth the Steadfast ', 'Elizabeth the Dutiful', have been suggested, as well as 'Elizabeth the Diplomat' for her work and visits to so many countries, 'Elizabeth the Survivor' referring to her reign as the longest in British history,'Elizabeth the Wise', 'Elizabeth the Magnificent', 'Elizabeth the Supreme', 'Elizabeth the Faithful' for her untiring service over 60 years to her people and the Commonweatlh, 'Elizabeth the Enduring', 'Elizabeth the Correct', 'Elizabeth,the Benevolent', 'Elizabeth,the Tolerant', 'Elizabeth the Stalwart', 'Elizabeth the Beloved' and 'Elizabeth Britannia'. If you have a suggestion please contact us .
What about King Arthur of the knights of the round table and Camelot?
King Arthur is a legend and folklore of a Celtic king who fought to defend Britain from Saxon invaders in the 6th century. There is no historical evidence that he existed. Interestingly, Henry VII sought to revive the legend naming his eldest son Arthur. Unfortunately Prince Arthur died in 1502 aged 15 before he became King. His younger brother Henry followed his father instead and became Henry VIII .
Why was there no king or queen between 1649 and 1660?
The English Civil War (1642-1649) was fought between the royalist forces loyal to King Charles I and the parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. The Royalist were defeated at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 and following attempts to organize a Scottish invasion, Charles was caught and executed on January 30, 1649. It was the first time a British monarch had ever been publicly executed in recorded history. After the execution of the King, a republic was declared known as the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) and then the Protectorate (1653-1658) with rule by parliament under Cromwell. Following his death in 1658, Cromwell was succeeded briefly by his son Richard before the monarchy was restored and Charles II became king in 1660.
What is the Stone of Destiny?
The Stone of Destiny is a symbolic stone that was used in the crowning of Kings of Scotland at the Palace of Scone in Perthshire, Scotland. It is a block of sandstone which measures approximately 26 inches long x 16 wide x 11 high which rested beneath the throne. According to legend it was brought to Scotland by Fergus Mor from Ireland, where it had reached by way of Spain and Egypt from the Holy Land. It was used in the crowning of kings from Kenneth MacAlpin in 841 to John Balliol in 1292. In 1296 King Edward I of England took the stone to London where it was kept in Westminster Abbey for use in coronations. In 1950 a group of students stole the stone and took it back to Scotland in two pieces which were repaired by a Glasgow stone mason. They left it at Arbroath Abbey from where it was returned to Westminster Abbey. In 1996 the British Government decided in response to calls by Scottish nationalists to return it to Scotland. It arrived back on St Andrews Day 30 November 1996, almost exactly 700 years after it had been removed by Edward, and is now in Edinburgh Castle.
When did Wales become part of the United Kingdom?
Wales became incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, after it had been annexed by Edward I of England in 1282. Edward dubbed his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales, since which time the eldest son of each English monarch has borne the same title. In the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Wales became legally part of the Kingdom of England, and subsequently part of the United Kingdom.
When did Scotland become part of the United Kingdom?
The Crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603 when James VI King of Scotland became James I King of England. In October 1604, one year later , he decreed that the Royal Title would use the term Great Brittaine to refer to the "one Imperiall Crowne" made up of England and Scotland. However despite James' wishes political union between Scotland and England did not take place until 1707 in the reign of Queen Anne. See union of the United Kingdom .
When did Ireland become part of the United Kingdom?
Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1800 when the Act of Union with Ireland was passed by both the Irish and British parliaments
Why is Northern Ireland part of the United Kingdom when Southern Ireland is a different country?
Northern Ireland, predominantly Protestant, and Southern Ireland, Catholic, split in 1920 with 6 of the 9 counties of Ulster remaining within the United Kingdom, and the remaining 26 counties being given home rule under the Government of Ireland Act. In 1922 the Southern counties became the Irish Free State and then since 1949 the Republic of Ireland.
| Richard III of England |
Which sister ship of the Titanic never entered commercial service and was sunk by a mine while serving as a hospital ship in 1916 ? | Bones of the Last English Monarch to Die in Battle have been Found and Verified – GenealogyBlog
About This Nautamagazine
Bones of the Last English Monarch to Die in Battle have been Found and Verified
DNA testing has proven that bones found under a car park belong to Richard III, the last English Monarch to die in battle. This story can be read in full at The Telegraph :
Richard III: tests on skeleton could ‘rewrite history books’, says lead scientist
Richard III: The King in the Car Park on Channel 4 tells the story of the discovery of a remarkable skeleton beneath a Leicester car park. Florence Waters talks to the scientist who must prove whether it is the 15th-century king.
Tomorrow could be a landmark moment in British history. If the skeleton of a man found with an arrowhead embedded in his curving spine – dug from beneath a Leicester council car park in September last year and now lying in the city’s university lab – is identified as that of King Richard III, the implications will be enormous.
“If it is Richard III we would know an awful lot about his death and burial,” says Professor Lin Foxhall, head of Leicester University’s archaeology department, which has led the dig. “We would have hard, hard evidence to compare against the various historical accounts.”
The scientific team has been on lock-down in case the results of the investigation are leaked before the official announcement, but Foxhall hinted that the department was “very excited”. She’s optimistic that there are sufficient pieces of the puzzle in order for them to reach a “meaningful conclusion”.
All of this will be detailed in a film-length Channel 4 television documentary in which a host of scholars and scientists have been invited to present their case. As one of the most notorious historic villains, both in British chronicles and Shakespeare’s plays, conflicting ideas about Richard III have kept debate surrounding his life – and his death – alive.
He was the king, according to one chronicler, who emerged from the womb two years late “with teeth and hair to his shoulders”. But not all that was written about him is so easy to dismiss. If enough clues conspire, the results could “rewrite the history books”, says Foxhall.
| i don't know |
What is the name of the ' world's highest ' restaurant , on the 122'nd floor of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai ? | the worlds highest restaurant? - At.Mosphere Restaurant, Dubai Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
Restaurant details
Good for: Bar Scene, View, Special Occasion Dining, Business meetings, Romantic
Dining options: Lunch, Drinks, Dinner, After-hours, Free Wifi, Full Bar, Parking Available, Private Dining, Reservations, Seating, Serves Alcohol, Valet Parking, Validated Parking, Waitstaff, Wheelchair Accessible
Neighbourhood: Downtown Dubai
Description: At.mosphere Restaurant sports sleek and stylish interiors where guests can enjoy contemporary international cuisine. The venue can accommodate 80 guests including a private dining room that can seat 12 people. It is open through the week offering a full à la carte menu for lunch and dinner. Some of the specialties include prime cuts of beef, organic poultry and seafood – all freshly sourced and prepared. This dining room allows you to relax with soft tempo music in the background. The interior is comprised of hand-polished mahogany wood walls with furniture in shades of amethyst and cocoa. It contains a beverage display wall, decanting tables and overhead glass displays. A sleek exhibition grill, divided by a marble and glass wall, separates the private and main dining area.
There are newer reviews for this restaurant
“the worlds highest restaurant?”
Reviewed 29 September 2015
Atmosphere restaurant is on the 122nd floor (or thereabouts) of the Burj Khalifa and is definitely a fantastic experience. The views are stunning and the food is good but very expensive - I have had much better food for a third of the price - but you are paying for the experience. You do need deep pockets though
Visited August 2015
| Atmosphere |
"According to Dr Johnson , "" Claret is the liquor for boys ; port , for men "" , but he "" who aspires to be a hero "" must drink - what ?" | At.mosphere: inside the Burj Khalifa restaurant - Burj Khalifa Dubai www.burj-khalifa.eu
Burj Khalifa Dubai www.burj-khalifa.eu
At.mosphere: inside the Burj Khalifa restaurant
March 28, 2011
Source: www.hoteliermiddleeast.com
Why the new restaurant at the top of Burj Khalifa promises to offer far more than a great view.
At.mosphere. Burj Khalifa
As with anything linked to the Burj Khalifa, the opening of its restaurant, At.mosphere on the 122nd floor, was surrounded by media attention.
But where there is hype, there is also criticism. Billed as the highest restaurant in the world at 442 metres (although this accolade is debated by some), the restaurant soon came under fire for its “equally steep prices” thanks to a controversial minimum charge.
Notwithstanding, the restaurant has been fully booked for its dinner service and during my visit, members of the team received calls from various clients all vying for a table.
So, aside from the view — which is undeniably fabulous — what else does this restaurant offer? And is the interior as spectacular as the view from 442 metres up the world’s tallest tower?
Considering the intimidating exterior, At.mosphere is actually a rather cosy outlet, with an intimate setting for the main grill restaurant and a cool, more spacious lounge area.
As At.mosphere interior designer Adam Tihany says, with the great height in mind, achieving a feeling of comfort and security was a key consideration.
“The brief was to create a world class, memorable and unique restaurant and lounge. Exuding elegance and ensuring a comfortable environment, the plan was to leverage the full advantage of the altitude, views and at the same time offer a warm and soothing ambience, suitable for day and night,” says Tihany.
Easier said than done, however, considering the Burj Khalifa’s centre core of structure, elevators and stairs.
“[These] represented a planning challenge, which we have overcome by designing all the public spaces around the perimeter of the floor, taking advantage of the spectacular 360º,” says Tihany.
“Being situated on the 122nd floor is exhilarating, and my design concept ensures everyone is comfortable. The restaurant and lounge are very intimate and warm,” he adds.
This is enhanced by muted, calming shades of purple and brown, and a combination of textures such as silk, velvet and leather.
The aim was to create a relaxed place rather than an “ultra-fine dining” experience, says executive chef Dwayne Cheer, and this theme runs from the décor through to the kitchen.
“We want people to feel at home and feel comfortable, not with food that’s over complicated or molecular — something that’s honest and tastes how it should,” says Cheer.
“It’s all about the product and evolving it into something that’s sublime or to make it taste like it should. So a celeriac puree tastes like celeriac.
[The goal is] to be able to transform it from something raw to something velvety and sublime that tastes like ‘wow this is celeriac’.”
As a result, the quality of raw ingredients used at At.mosphere is vital — and it is the quality of produce that is reflected in the menu prices, not the height of the building in which the restaurant is situated. Cheer is adamant that quality makes a difference, such as sourcing a fresh diver scallop from Norway rather using frozen.
“Some chefs will tell you that you cook it and you can’t taste the difference, I’m telling you that you can and it’s important,” says Cheer.
“I buy scallops that work out to be AED 255 per kilo whereas scallops down the road cost AED 65 a kilo. Down the road you [the guest] pay AED 100, here you pay AED 140, so I’m not making a lot of money as we don’t want to freak people out by how much it costs, so at the moment our profit margins are very low because of the quality that we use.”
Profits across At.mosphere will be boosted ultimately by The Lounge, which enables people to come to At.mosphere for a few drinks, afternoon tea or light dinner.
“For any chef that works in this environment it’s the perfect harmony between quality products and getting the money for them. If we sell 10 burgers in the Lounge or 10 ‘AFC’ (At.mosphere Fried Chicken), then I can buy a kilo of truffles, so eventually we will make more money in The Lounge and that will help the restaurant.”
The Grill at At.mosphere
The undulating wood panels and glass railings are one of the signature pieces of the design, according to Tihany, who says they create softness and pay homage “to the ‘curvy’ architecture of the building itself”.
Hand-polished mahogany panels clad the walls and arch up across the ceiling, leading the eye to the ubiquitous floor-to-ceiling windows.
The Grill has a capacity for 68 seated, although exec chef Dwayne Cheer says that on the busiest evening so far, they did 90 in The Grill and 270 in The Lounge.
The entrance
The entrance to the restaurant is through Burj Khalifa’s Corporate Suites lobby with guests exiting the express elevator on Level 123 to face a two-storey glass atrium.
The sculpture hanging from the ceiling was created by Carol Bove and is constructed from hundreds of bronze rods. A flight of cantilevered staircases leads guests to the arrival lobby, which of course, has panoramic views of the city.
The Lounge
Opposite the restaurant is a separate doorway leading to At.mosphere Lounge, which can seat 135 people in addition to a private area for 35 people.
Deeper shades of amethyst in a rich combination of patterned velvets, natural woven textiles and leathers create what Tihany terms “an effervescent setting for a fashionable and trendy crowd”.
Here, the polished wood beams and panelled walls and ceilings gently undulate upward, suggesting a lighter, more animated atmosphere.
The lounge and its surroundings rest on a marble-clad, elevated platform overlooking the sunken and lushly textured lounge furnishings, where each seat affords an incomparable view. Within the area is a VIP section.
At night, the DJ transforms the windows into canvases onto which contemporary images are projected from concealed video projections — all while overlooking the Dubai skyline.
In private
The private dining room features unique art and lighting and can seat 12 people. The custom-designed chandelier was supplied by Lasvit, while the ‘Width of Circle’ artwork was by Corey McCorkle.
Interior designer Adam Tihany asserts that these pieces “contribute to the bespoke nature of the project and highlight its elegance and uniqueness”.
The Lounge bar
In place of the traditional lounge design is a round “conversation table” created by Tihany, anchored by a glass-enclosed back room, discretely displaying the beverage selection through etched and backlit glass walls.
Show kitchen
Composed of marble and surrounded by glass, a sleek exhibition grill at the back of the room separates the main dining area from a private dining room and offers guests a discrete glimpse into the art of culinary creations.
The show kitchen features a Josper charcoal oven, which uses a very traditional method of cooking with a cast iron door and charcoal only — like “a closed barbecue” according to Rashid B. Bahar, business development manager at Technical Supplies & Services Company L.L.C. (TSSC), which supplied At.mosphere.
“This gives a number of advantages when cooking but most importantly for the guest, a true barbecue taste! This all happens front of house without any possibility of the guest smelling any of the exhaust from the oven due to this unique system,” explains Bahar.
Menu Highlights
The Grill – meaty treats include a 300g Aged Prime Angus Sirloin (priced at AED 270), 150g Japanese Kobe fillet (AED 440) and 250g Grade 7 Australia Wagu Sirloin (AED 450).
The Lounge – a martini menu created by executive chef Dwayne Cheer and the mixologist at Armani Dubai includes Blue Cheese, Tomato, Beetroot and Espresso Martinis with accompanying food item, e.g salmon and a beetroot sorbet with the Beetroot Martini.
Signature dish – At.mosphere ‘surf and turf’, which is a beef tartare with caviar. Cheer says this is one dish that will definitely stay on the menu, which he plans to change with the seasons.
Minimum spend: to reserve a table in The Lounge, guests must commit to a minimum spend of AED 200 per person; in The Grill for lunch it is AED 300 per person; and for dinner in The Grill there is a minimum spend of AED 450 per person.
Suppliers
Food service equipment: TSSC including MKN (Germany) cooking equipment, Hoshizaki (Japan) ice makers, Follett (United States) Ice Bins and a Meiko (Germany) Conveyor Type Dishwasher.
Show kitchen: Josper (Spain) charcoal oven supplied by TSSC
Lighting: Lasvit
| i don't know |
Which was the first horse to complete the Cheltenham Gold Cup-Grand National double in the same season ? | Facts & Figures
Facts & Figures
It is illegal for anyone aged under 18 to gamble
Facts & Figures
Records
The first race was held in 1839, but it started in inauspicious circumstances, going off two hours late after confusion over weighing procedures. The aptly named, and 5-1 favourite, Lottery came home first.
The 1929 National featured the most starters in the race when 66 horses lined up.
The smallest field was in 1883 when just 10 faced the starter.
The fastest ever time is the 8 minutes 47.8 seconds Mr Frisk recorded in taking victory in 1990.
The slowest time is the 14m 53s it took Lottery to win the first National in 1839.
The smallest number of finishers was in 1928 when Tipperary Tim, a 100-1 outsider, was the first of two past the post.
The greatest number of horses to finish was 23 in 1984. Hallo Dandy, ridden by Neale Doughty, was the winner. 17 completed last season.
The 1997 Grand National, which was won by Lord Gyllene, was the 150th running of the race at Aintree and Sir Peter O'Sullevan's 50th and final commentary for the BBC.
2013 saw the first screening of the race by Channel 4.
The shortest price winner was Poethlyn at 11-4 in 1919.
The Course
The first five Grand National's included one jump that was a stone wall. It was situated where the water jump now stands.
Becher's Brook earned its name when a top jockey, Captain Martin Becher, took shelter in the brook after being unseated. "Water tastes disgusting without the benefits of whisky" he reflected.
The Chair is the tallest fence at 5ft 2ins, and the broadest. The fence got its name as it was once alongside the seat used by the distance judge.
The fences at Aintree are made up of spruce from the Lake District. The cost of the building work is tens of thousands of pounds and takes a month to complete.
As well as horse racing, Aintree has also hosted a European and five British Grand Prix. Stirling Moss won his first Grand Prix in Liverpool in 1955.
The change seemed to work in 2014 as no horse lost his jockey until the Canal Turn, although there were plenty of early casualties last year.
Horses
Red Rum is the most successful horse, having won the Grand National three times: 1973, 1974 and 1977.
The oldest winning horse is Peter Simple, aged 15 (1853); the youngest winning horses were Alcibiade (1865), Regal (1876), Austerlitz (1877), Empress (1880), Lutteur III (1909), all aged 5.
Abd-El-Kader was the first horse to win back-to-back Nationals, in 1850 and 1851. The Colonel, (1869 & 1870), Reynoldstown (1935 & 1936) and Red Rum (1973 & 1974) have also retained the crown. Can Many Clouds join this elite club this year?
Moiffa won in 1904 - having disappeared a year earlier. On a trip to Liverpool from New Zealand, Moiffa's ship was shipwrecked. The horse was presumed lost at sea before turning up on an outcrop south of Ireland.
The legendary Golden Miller won in 1934 and became the only horse to complete the Cheltenham Gold Cup-Grand National double in the same season. Garrison Savannah narrowly failed to emulate the feat in 1991.
Manifesto has run in more races than any other horse. Between 1895 and 1904, he ran in eight races, winning two and coming third on three occasions. He only failed to finish once.
Two Russian horses, Reljef and Grifel, competed in the 1961 Grand National, but neither finished. Horses from Hungary, the Czech Republic and Norway have also run in previous Grand Nationals, although all with similarly disappointing results. Hungarian chaser Buszke was pulled up in 1868, while Gyi Lovam, the first Czechoslovakian challenger in 1931, came to grief at Becher�s, was remounted but fell again four fences later. The Czech-trained Essex, Fraze and Quirinus all carried automatic top-weight in the 1980s and 1990s but failed to complete. The 2000 renewal saw the first Norwegian-trained runner in the shape of Trinitro, but he got no further than the first fence where he fell.
Japanese thoroughbred, Fujino-O captured four consecutive renewals of the prestigious Nakayama Daishogai in his homeland before being sent to Britain to be prepared for Aintree by trainer Fulke Walwyn. The seven year-old was given the automatic top-weight of 12st and failed to get competitive under his welter burden in 1966, eventually refusing under Jeff King.
Five winners were bred in France � Alcibiade (1865), Reugny (1874), Lutteur III (1909), Mon Mome (2009) and Neptune Collonges (2012). Mely Moss, who was runner-up to Papillon in the 2000 Grand National and the 1996 and 2015 runners-up Encore Un Peu and Saint Are, were also French breds.
In 1998, Earth Summit, owned by a six-strong partnership, became the first winner of the Grand National who was also successful in both the Scottish and Welsh Grand Nationals.
Only three greys have won the Grand National - The Lamb (1868 and 1871), Nicolaus Silver (1961) and Neptune Collonges (2012). Suny Bay finished second to Lord Gyllene in 1997 and filled the same spot behind Earth Summit in 1998. King Johns Castle was second in 2008.
Thirteen mares have won the Grand National, but the most recent was Nickel Coin back in 1951. Since then, the mares Gentle Moya (2nd 1956), Tiberetta (3rd 1957 and 2nd 1958), Miss Hunter (3rd 1970), Eyecatcher (3rd 1976 and 1977), Auntie Dot (3rd 1991), Ebony Jane (4th 1994) and Dubacilla (4th 1995) have all finished in the first four.
The complete list of winning mares is: Charity (1841), Miss Mowbray (1852), Anatis (1860), Jealousy (1861), Emblem (1863), Emblematic (1864), Casse Tete (1872), Empress (1880), Zoedone (1883), Frigate (1889), Shannon Lass (1902), Sheila's Cottage (1948) and Nickel Coin (1951).
In 1923, Sergeant Murphy became the first US bred horse to win the race. He is also the joint-second oldest horse to win, at age 13, alongside Why Not (1884). The US bred Battleship, son of the famous Man o' War, became the first (and so far only) horse to have won both the Grand National (in 1938) and the American Grand National (which he won four years earlier).
1991 was the seventh and final year that the Grand National was sponsored by Seagram. Aptly, the race was won by a horse named Seagram, bred in New Zealand. 1997 saw another New Zealand-bred winner in Lord Gyllene.
Jockeys
Tony McCoy is the most experienced jockey in the history of the National - his final ride in 2015 was his 20th National. McCoy won his only National on Don't Push It in 2010. He took the record from Tom Olliver who rode in 19 Nationals - winning three - despite spending time behind bars in a debtor's prison. In 2016 Richard Johnson will ride in the National for the 20th consecutive year since Celtic Abbey became his first mount in 1997 (unseating him at The Chair). Johnson has twice been runner-up, on What's Up Boys (2002) and Balthazar King two years ago, but is yet to win.
George Stevens is the most successful jockey in the history of the National with five wins. His final triumph came in 1870 on The Colonel. Stevens died three months after finishing sixth in the 1871 race.
Together with the Lincoln Handicap run on the Flat at Doncaster, the Grand National forms leg two of the �Spring Double�. The only jockey to have won both contests is Dave Dick, who captured the Lincoln on Gloaming in 1941 and the Grand National on E.S.B. in 1956.
Bruce Hobbs is the youngest jockey to have ever won the race. The 17-year-old triumphed aboard Battleship in 1938.
The late Dick Saunders is the oldest ever winner of the Grand National, partnering Grittar to victory in 1982. Saunders was 48 at the time. He was the first member of the Jockey Club to partner a Grand National winner.
Brian Fletcher (1968 Red Alligator, 1973 and 1974 Red Rum) shares a 20th century record with the legendary Jack Anthony (1911 Glenside, 1915 Ally Sloper, 1920 Troytown), both jockeys having ridden three National winners.
Plenty of riders have won the Grand National on their first attempt. The most recent are Ryan Mania (2013 Auroras Encore), Liam Treadwell (2009 Mon Mome), Niall �Slippers� Madden (2006 Numbersixvalverde), Ruby Walsh (2000 Papillon), Jason Titley (1995 Royal Athlete), Nigel Hawke (1991 Seagram), Jimmy Frost (1989 Littler Polveir), Dick Saunders (1982 Grittar) and Maurice Barnes (1979 Rubstic).
Ruby Walsh holds the best record of current jockeys, having won the Grand National twice, on Papillon in 2000 and Hedgehunter in 2005.
Jockey William Watkinson recorded the first riding success for Australia in 1926. He was killed at Bogside, Scotland, less than three weeks after winning the Grand National.
Prince Karl Kinsky, an Austro-Hungarian nobleman, was the first jockey from outside Britain and Ireland to ride when he made a winning debut on board his own mare Zoedone in 1883.
Tsuyoshi Tanaka, the son of a champion boxer, became the first Japanese jockey to ride in the Grand National in 1995, although his taste of the Aintree experience proved to be brief as he fell at the first fence on The Committee.
American amateur Tim Durant was 68 when 15th on Highlandie in 1968 (although he remounted at Becher�s second time).
In 2012, Richard Johnson beat the record for the most rides in the National without a win. He has now ridden in the race 19 times without bettering the runner up spot in 2002 on What�s Up Boys. There are 12 other riders who have never won (or have not as yet won) the National, despite having had more than 12 rides in the race. They are:
David Casey (1997-2015): finished third once in 15 attempts;
Jeff King (1964�1980): finished third once in 15 attempts;
Robert Thornton (1997�to date): never in first three in 14 attempts;
Bill Parvin (1926�1939): finished second once in 14 attempts;
Tom Scudamore (2001-2015): never in first three in 14 attempts;
Graham Bradley (1983�1999): finished second once in 14 attempts;
Chris Grant (1980�1994): finished second three times in 13 attempts;
Stan Mellor (1956�1971): finished second once in 13 attempts;
David Nicholson (1957�1973): never in first three in 13 attempts;
George Waddington (1861�1882): finished second once in 13 attempts;
Walter White (1854�1869): finished second once in 13 attempts;
Andrew Thornton (1996-2013): never in first three in 13 attempts.
Peter Scudamore technically lined up for thirteen Grand Nationals without winning but the last of those was the void race of 1993, which meant that he officially competed in twelve Nationals.
Many other well-known jockeys have failed to win the Grand National. These include champion jockeys such as Terry Biddlecombe, John Francome, Josh Gifford, Stan Mellor, Jonjo O'Neill (who never finished the race) and Fred Rimell.
Three jockeys who led over the last fence in the National but lost the race on the run-in ended up as television commentators: Lord Oaksey (on Carrickbeg in 1963), Norman Williamson (on Mely Moss in 2000), and Richard Pitman (on Crisp in 1973). Pitman's son Mark also led over the last fence, only to be pipped at the post when riding Garrison Savannah in 1991.
Female Jockeys
Since Charlotte Brew became the first in 1977, female jockeys have participated in 19 Grand National's. Brew attracted huge media attention when partnering her own horse Barony Fort. She was a guest on the BBC Sports Personality of the Year show and the Daily Mirror arranged a day-trip on Concorde to Washington. She was also unseated in the 1982 race.
Geraldine Rees became the first to complete the course (albeit in last place) in 1982. She fell at the first a year later and went on to train for 12 years in Lancashire, before retiring in 2010.
In 2012 Katie Walsh (sister of two-time winner Ruby Walsh) achieved the best placing by a woman to date - 3rd place on Seabass. In 2013, she rode that same horse when he was sent off as favourite, but he could only finish 13th. She also led up Papillon, when trained by her father and ridden by Ruby to win in 2000.
National winning trainer, Venetia Williams, also rode in the race, falling at Becher�s first time when riding 200-1 chance Marcolo in 1988.
Nina Carberry, now assistant to trainer Noel Meade, is the most experienced female rider, having finished on four of her five starts.
Gee Armytage had to pull up her aptly-named mount, Gee-A, in 1988. A dual Cheltenham Festival-winning rider, she is the sister of Marcus Armytage - rider of the 1990 winner Mr Frisk - and became personal assistant to multiple champion jump jockey A P McCoy.
Rosemary Henderson finished fifth when aged 51 on her own 100/1 shot Fiddlers Pike in 1994. She subsequently wrote a book, �Road To The National�, about her exploits.
There was huge media interest in Carrie Ford when she finished fifth in 2005 on Forest Gunner, trained by her husband Richard. Ford, then 33, had given birth to her daughter Hannah 10 weeks earlier.
Here is the complete record of lady jockeys to date:
Year
| Golden Miller |
Who is the mother of the actor Toby Stephens ? | Synchronised bids to win Gold Cup & Grand National in same year
Home » Racing & Sport » International » Synchronised bids to win Gold Cup & Grand National in same year
Synchronised bids to win Gold Cup & Grand National in same year
Posted on
April 17, 2012
Tony McCoy on Synchronised celebrates his win in the Betfred Cheltenham Gold Cup in March. The pair will be looking to make it a memorable double in the Grand National on Saturday and their price has tumbled this week as more and more punters back them for Aintree success.
The John Smith’s Grand National is undoubtedly the world’s most famous race and with record prize money of £975,000, it’s also easily Britain’s richest Jumps race.
The race is over a gruelling four miles and four furlongs (7200 metres) and due off at 5.15pm (SA time) on Saturday, and will take around 10 minutes to run.
Cheltenham Gold Cup hero Synchronised heads a maximum field of 40, as he bids to become the first horse since Golden Miller in 1934 to win the Gold Cup and Grand National in the same season. He is ridden by the champion jockey Tony McCoy, who won the great race in 2010 on Don’t Push It.
He will face strong opposition from last year’s winner Ballabriggs, trained by Donald McCain. Ballabriggs will attempt to be the first since the legendary Red Rum, trained by McCain’s father Ginger, to land back-to-back victories in the world’s greatest steeplechase some 36 years ago.
On His Own, the mount of Ruby Walsh, heads Willie Mullins’ team while the Irish jockey’s sister Katie will be aboard Seabass for their father, Ted Walsh.
Nina Carberry, who is also bidding to become the first female rider to win the race, will be aboard Organisedconfusion for her uncle, Arthur Moore.
Among the other major contenders are Giles Cross, West End Rocker, Junior, Cappa Bleu, Chicago Grey and Killyglen.
More than £300million is expected to be bet on the Grand National and one of the best-backed horses throughout the industry this week since the rains came has been West End Rocker, who is now as low as 11-1 from 20-1 earlier this week.
However, Synchronised is the most popular choice to land the money as he ticks all the right boxes – he’s got stamina in abundance, had the quality to win a Gold Cup and has the assistance of the world’s best Jumps jockey.
The chief supporting race is the Grade 1 John Smith’s Aintree Hurdle, in which Oscar Whisky and Thousand Stars, who fought out the finish last year, do battle again over two and a half miles (4000m) at 2.50pm.
The Nicky Henderson-trained Oscar Whisky got the verdict by a neck over Willie Mullins’ runner when just holding on for victory in the Grade 1 on Merseyside last April.
Thousand Stars gained some revenge of sorts in the Ladbrokes World Hurdle at the Cheltenham Festival when finishing one place and a length and a half in front of his old rival when fourth to Big Buck’s.
However, these two are unlikely to have things all their own way as the field of six horses declared includes Champion Hurdle winner Rock On Ruby.
Noel Fehily, who partnered the Paul Nicholls-trained seven-year-old at Cheltenham, will again be in the saddle. Nicholls’ stable jockey Ruby Walsh will be aboard Zarkandar, who was fifth in the Champion.
Share this article:
| i don't know |
Who wrote the music of the oratorios The Creation and The Seasons ? | oratorio | music | Britannica.com
Oratorio
choral music
Oratorio, a large-scale musical composition on a sacred or semisacred subject, for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra . An oratorio’s text is usually based on scripture, and the narration necessary to move from scene to scene is supplied by recitatives sung by various voices to prepare the way for airs and choruses. A basically dramatic method is used in all successful oratorios, though they may or may not be produced with theatrical action. The oratorio is not intended for liturgical use, and it may be performed in both churches and concert halls. The principal schools of oratorios are the Italian, essentially a form of religious opera; the German, developed from treatment of the Passion story; and the English, synthesized by the composer George Frideric Handel from several forms. The term oratorio derives from the oratory of the Roman church in which, in the mid-16th century, St. Philip Neri instituted moral musical entertainments, which were divided by a sermon, hence the two-act form common in early Italian oratorio.
The golden age of oratorio: 1600–c. 1750
The earliest surviving oratorio is Rappresentazione di anima et di corpo ( The Representation of Soul and Body ) by Emilio del Cavaliere , produced in 1600 with dramatic action, including ballet. Toward the mid-17th century Giacomo Carissimi introduced a more sober type with a Latin text based on the Old Testament . His oratorios (some short, some longer) are simple and free from extravagance and make effective use of the chorus. Their style is basically operatic, though, and the most memorable episodes are those in which the narrative is interrupted and the characters express their emotions. Latin- and Italian-language types of oratorios continued in use, but the vernacular Italian oratorio volgare, sung by virtuoso singers, was more popular and flourished until the late 18th century. Stage action had been abandoned in the oratorios of Italy by the late 18th century. The French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier , who studied with Carissimi, successfully transferred the Italian oratorio to France.
Similar Topics
Pulitzer Prize
The German oratorio began with Heinrich Schütz , a composer whose style is a blend of German and Italian elements. His oratorios, confined to Gospel subjects, show great powers of emotional expression and anticipate those of Johann Sebastian Bach in their vigorous treatment of the choruses. In his Easter Oratorio (published 1623) Schütz retains the old convention of setting the words of each character for two or more voices. His oratorios achieve a balance between austerity and exuberance, but by the late 17th century this balance had been disturbed. Passion oratorio texts (dealing with the death of Jesus) of this period often abandon biblical words for a mixture of rhymed paraphrase and lyrical commentary of a more or less sentimental nature.
Listen: Bach, J.S.: St. John Passion, BWV 245
The aria “Lasset uns den nicht Zerteilen” from J.S. Bach’s St. …
J.S. Bach ’s two great Passion oratorios, the Passion According to St. John (first performed 1724) and the Passion According to St. Matthew (1729), restored the balance attained by Schütz, though they are written on a greater scale and are enriched by the introduction of the later Italian aria . Bach, besides increasing the significance of the chorale , or congregational hymn , used the evangelist’s narrative as a framework for binding the dramatic element (the words of the characters) to the epic and contemplative sections (arias, chorales, opening and final choruses). There is nothing novel about Bach’s settings except their genius, which holds the long and complex structure in perfect balance. The Christmas Oratorio and other works by Bach that bear the name oratorio are more properly church cantatas.
G.F. Handel ’s oratorios are essentially theatrical presentations that reflect his experience as an opera composer. Most of his oratorios use biblical stories put into modern librettos. Influenced by opera, masque, and even Greek tragedy, they were performed by opera singers in theatres (though ecclesiastical prejudice forbade stage action) and have no direct connection with the church. The breadth of Handel’s achievement in the genre has been distorted by the concentration of posterity on such oratorios as Saul and Israel in Egypt (1739), Messiah (1742), and Samson (1743). In these and Handel’s other oratorios, his mastery of characterization and of every type of choral utterance is crowned by a deep and sympathetic pondering of the moral issues involved in the story.
Oratorio after 1750
Listen: “Creation, The”: excerpt from “The Creation”
Excerpt from the oratorio The Creation (1798) by Joseph Haydn.
After Bach and Handel, oratorio on the European continent, apart from the works of Joseph Haydn , ceased to represent a vital, creative tradition. Haydn’s Die Schöpfung (1798; The Creation ) shows the impact of Handel’s oratorios and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s operas, fusing these epic and dramatic elements with Haydn’s own mature mastery of symphonic style to make the work a masterpiece. Haydn called Die Jahreszeiten (1801; The Seasons ) an oratorio, though its content is secular and its form a loosely articulated series of evocative pieces. Ludwig van Beethoven’s single oratorio, Christus am Ölberg (1803; Christ on the Mount of Olives), does not succeed, nor do most of those occasioned by the 19th-century large halls, choral societies, and festivals, especially in Germany and England.
Christianity Quiz
Felix Mendelssohn ’s Elijah (1846) is one of the few 19th-century oratorios still performed. Mendelssohn’s promotion of the revival of Bach’s music and his experience of Handel’s music led him to attempt a fusion of the two styles. Elijah is remarkable for the vitality of the choruses, but Mendelssohn’s earlier oratorio St. Paul (1836) has been criticized as expressing no religious emotion except in terms of respectable complacency .
Germany produced little of consequence after Mendelssohn, unless Ein deutsches Requiem ( A German Requiem; 1868), a setting of texts from Martin Luther’s Bible by Johannes Brahms , is classed as an oratorio. The two oratorios of Franz Liszt , Christus (composed 1855–56) and Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth ( The Legend of St. Elizabeth; 1873), combine devotional and theatrical elements on the grandest scale. Italian oratorio remained in abeyance after the 18th century, and Slavic composers produced few oratorios. Perhaps the only French oratorio of major importance is L’Enfance du Christ (1854) by Hector Berlioz , a series of theatrical tableaus.
Connect with Britannica
Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest
A masterpiece of 20th-century English oratorio is Sir Edward Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius (1900). The poem by Cardinal Newman on which it is based has a dramatic framework within which the music could expand without becoming disorderly. Igor Stravinsky’s opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927), with a Latin text, was most successful in the opera house. The Swiss Frank Martin was one of the most active oratorio composers in the mid-20th century. A number of large-scale works, generally secular in content, have come out of the Soviet Union and eastern European communist countries and China. An especially notable oratorio is the St. Luke Passion of the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki . See also Passion music .
More about oratorio
oratorio - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
The large-scale musical composition for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra using a sacred or semisacred text is known as an oratorio. It is not intended for use during religious ceremonies, but texts are usually based on scripture. The narration used to shift the vocal setting from scene to scene is most often sung in recitative, or free declamatory, style. Recitatives are sung by various voices to prepare for solo arias and choruses. The word oratorio comes from the oratory of a church in Rome where St. Philip Neri instituted musical entertainments in the mid-16th century for the reform of the youth of the city. The principal types of oratorio are the Italian, basically a form of religious opera; the German, which developed from treatment of the Passion story; and the English, created by George Frideric Handel as a synthesis of several forms. All three types reached their climax in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany and Handel in England.
Article History
| Joseph Haydn |
Two of the planets in our Solar system don't have moons: Venus - and which other ? | Haydn, Franz Joseph
Encyclopedia > People > Literature and the Arts > Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies
Franz Joseph Haydn
Haydn, Franz Joseph (fränts yōˈzĕf hĪˈdən) [ key ], 1732–1809, Austrian composer, one of the greatest masters of classical music. As a boy he sang in the choir at St. Stephen's, Vienna, where he received his principal musical training. He struggled in poverty for years, earning a meager living as a teacher and accompanist. Eventually, his compositions came to the attention of some of Vienna's music-loving aristocrats, and under their patronage his career progressed rapidly. Most of his prodigious musical output was produced during the 29 years of his service as musical director to the princes Esterházy, beginning in 1761. During the 1780s, when he received commissions from London and Paris and honors from all over Europe, he formed a close friendship with Mozart, an association that influenced the music of each. In 1791 and 1794 he made lucrative visits to London, where he held concerts featuring his own music. During this period he wrote the 12 so-called Salomon Symphonies (after the impresario who had arranged his tours), much chamber music, and a large number of songs with English texts. Haydn's works are notable for their originality, liveliness, optimism, and instrumental brilliance. He established the basic forms of symphonic music and string quartet, which were to be a model and inspiration for the works of Mozart, and of Beethoven, who studied under Haydn. Important in the development of the classic sonata form, his string quartets and symphonies expanded the three-movement sonata form of C. P. E. Bach, adding one or two minuets before the last movement. Two great oratorios, The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801), were written in his old age. His works include over 100 symphonies, many known by such names as the Farewell Symphony (1772), the Surprise Symphony (1791), the Military Symphony (1794), and the Clock Symphony (1794); over 80 string quartets; much other chamber music; more than 50 piano sonatas; and numerous operas, masses, and songs.
See biographies by L. Nohl (1902, 7th ed. 1971), R. Hughes (rev. ed. 1978), and K. and I. Geiringer (3d ed. 1982); C. Rosen, The Classical Style (1972); H. C. R. Landon, The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn (1955), Haydn: Chronicle and Works (5 vol., 1976–80).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
| i don't know |
Which U.K. pop group of the 1980's had No.1 hits with their first three releases ? | Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com
Back To The 'Records & Trivia' Index
Most Number 1s
This, possibly the most important record, is held by Elvis Presley. He has had 21 chart-toppers, 18 of them different songs (three titles have topped the chart on two distinctly separate chart runs as part of the series of re-issues to commemorate what would have been Elvis' 70th birthday in 2005). You can see how this record has 'changed hands' over the years here .
The Beatles are the top group with 17 number 1s. Madonna is the top woman with 13 (as of April 2008). Top female group is The Spice Girls with 9.
Only seven acts in chart history have got into double figures with their tally of chart-toppers. They are: Elvis Presley (21, 18 different songs), The Beatles (17), Cliff Richard (14 : six of them with The Shadows, one with The Drifters, one with The Young Ones), Westlife (14 : one of them with Mariah Carey), Madonna (13), The Shadows (11 : six of them with Cliff Richard, two of these also with The Norrie Paramor Strings) and Take That (11: one featuring Lulu).
Westlife hold the record for getting into double-figures in the shortest time (2 years and 10 months [ie. 149 weeks] - more than 3 months quicker than The Beatles (who took 165 weeks). Unlike Westlife, however, The Beatles tended to spend several weeks at the summit, slowing down their release rate.)
It is worth pointing out that Paul McCartney has appeared on more Number 1s than any other artist under a diverse range of credits. He has, in fact, appeared on 24 Number 1s; solo (1), with Wings (1), Stevie Wonder, The Christians et al (1), Ferry Aid (1), Band Aid (1), Band Aid 20 (1) and The Beatles (17).
In total, twenty-one artists have appeared on ten or more number one singles. They are:
Paul McCartney (24), Elvis Presley (21), John Lennon (20), George Harrison (18), Ringo Starr (16), Cliff Richard (15), Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan (14), Robbie Williams, Madonna (13), Gary Barlow, Brian McFadden (12), Mel C , Geri Halliwell (11), Mel B, Emma Bunton, Howard Donald, Jason Orange, Mark Owen (10).
Artist with Most Weeks at Number 1
It's Elvis Presley. He has topped the chart for a total of 80 weeks (as of w/e 5th Feb 2005).
Top group is The Beatles (69 weeks). Top female performer is Madonna (29 weeks - as of w/e 17th May 2008).
In his many different manifestations, however, Paul McCartney has spent 93 weeks at the top.
Most Consecutive Number 1s
7 - by The Beatles and Westlife.
The Beatles' stretch began with "A Hard Day's Night" in 1964 and lasted to "Yellow Submarine"/"Eleanor Rigby" in 1966. The run was broken when "Penny Lane"/"Strawberry Fields Forever" merely made the number 2 position the following year!
Westlife's stint began with their debut, "Swear it Again" in 1999 and ran through to "My Love" in November 2000 (though one hit was a 'duet' with Mariah Carey). It was broken by "What Makes A Man" which peaked at number 2 the following month.
Beatles fans are, however, quick to point out that "Ain't She Sweet" (which made number 29 in 1964) was recorded in 1961, well before their EMI contract. It was issued by Polydor to 'cash in' on the success of the fab four. Fans argue that this was not an "official" Beatles release. If this logic is accepted (though the track did make the charts), The Beatles run of successive number ones begins with "From Me To You" in April 1963 - making a total of 11.
Top female group is The Spice Girls (6 in a row from "Wannabe" through to "Too Much").
Longest Span of Number 1 Singles
47 years, 6 months and 23 days. Held by Elvis Presley. His first number 1 was "All Shook Up" in 1957 (w/e 13th June). His most recent chart-topper was the re-issue of "It's Now Or Never" in 2005 (w/e 5th Feb).
Runner up is Cliff Richard. His first chart-topper was "Living Doll" in 1959. His latest was "The Millennium Prayer" in 1999, a span of 40, 4 months and 15 days. (+ 21 days for total span).
Longest span for a female artist with solo credit is Madonna on 20 Years, 7 Months, 1 Day (from "Into The Groove", 3rd Aug 1985 to "Sorry", 4th March 2006 - ie. a total span of 1074 weeks). [NB: if we include "4 Minutes" - which also credited Justin Timberlake, the span runs through to 10th May 2008 (22 years, 9 Months, 13 Days) but then this record is broken by Cher - see below.]
Kyie Minogue is still both popular and productive and, on 15 Years, 9 Months, and 23 Days (ie. 825 weeks from "I Should Be So Lucky", 23rd Jan 1988 to "Slow"; 15th Nov 2003), regularly poses a threat to Madonna in this regard.
If we allow 'credits' on singles rather than solo performances, Cher easily takes the record. Her duet with Sony, "I Got You Babe" (Aug 1965) to "Believe" (Oct-Dec 1998) gives a total span of 33 years, 3 months, and 14 days [ie. 1738 weeks].
Also worthy of a mention is Tammy Wynette. Her single "Stand By Your Man" made no. 1 in 1975. She was a guest vocalist on the 'various artists' single "Perfect Day" which topped the chart in 1997-8 (22 Years, 7 Months, 24 Days - ie. 1183 weeks).
Diana Ross, though not individually credited, provided vocals on the Supremes 1964 chart-topper "Baby Love". She most recently had a solo no. 1 with "Chain Reaction" in 1986 (21 Years, 4 Months, 1 Day - or 1114 weeks - total span).
First Artist To Enter At Number 1
Al Martino's "Here In My Heart" was the track to Top the first ever chart (Nov 1952) so, technically, this was the first track to debut at Number 1. But ignoring this, the first artist to enter at Number 1 in the established chart was Elvis Presley ("Jailhouse Rock", Jan 1958).
First Artist To Enter At Number 1 With Consecutive Releases
Slade. In 1973 they debuted at the top with both "Cum On Feel The Noize" and "Skweeze Me Pleeze Me."
Fastest Hat-Trick of Number 1s
A one-a-week series of re-issued Elvis Presley singles in 2005 enabled him to have three different chart-toppers in just four weeks; ("Jailhouse Rock" w/e 15th Jan; "One Night" / "I Got Stung" w/e 22nd Jan; "It's Now Or Never" w/e 5th Feb).
The record for the fastest hat-trick of non re-issued number ones is held by John Lennon. Following his death in December 1980, there was an almost frenzied buying of his singles. This resulted in him topping the chart no fewer than three times within an 8 week period ["(Just Like) Starting Over" w/e 20th Dec 1980; "Imagine" (a re-entry but nevertheless, not a re-issue, w/e 10th Jan 1981; "Woman" w/e 7th Feb 1981.]
First Artist To Enter At Number 1 With A Hat-Trick of Consecutive Releases
Take That. In fact, from July 1993 to April 1994, all four of their single releases went straight in at No.1 ("Pray", "Relight My Fire" [featuring Lulu], "Babe", "Everything Changes"). The band repeated this feat in the period from Oct 1994 to March 1996.
Most Entries at Number 1
From May 1999 to November 2006, Westlife entered the chart at No. 1 on 14 occasions.
First Entry At Number 1 By A Debuting Act
Excluding Al Martino, who was No. 1 in the first ever chart, Billy Preston was the first artist to enter at No. 1 with a debut single. To be fair, he performed the song ("Get Back," 1969) with The Beatles and so, quite literally, can't claim the entire credit for this feat. The Band Aid charity ensemble made its debut at No. 1 ("Do They Know It's Christmas?", 1984) but this comprised a number of already successful artistes.
The first act to make its chart debut at No. 1 on its own 'merit' was the Danish vocalist Whigfield (1994). Her song "Saturday Night" (with its associated dance) had been huge on the continent for some months and the demand from Brits returning home built up an enormous head of steam prior to its release.
First British act to debut at No. 1 was Robson & Jerome ("Unchained Melody" / "White Cliffs Of Dover", 1995). First solo male to debut at No. 1 was Babylon Zoo (a name used by British vocalist/multi-instrumentalist, Jas Mann) with "Spaceman" (1996). First British female act to make her debut at No. 1 was Billie ("Because We Want To", 1998). First all-girl group to make their chart debut at No. 1 was the Irish quartet B*Witched (with "C'est La Vie") in 1998. First British all-girl group to make its debut at No. 1 was Girls Aloud ("Sound Of The Underground", 2002).
Most Entries at Number 1 by a Debuting Act
On 11 Nov 2000, Westlife became the first act to have their first seven singles enter the chart at Number 1 as "My Love" crashed in at the top spot.
First Act To Reach Number 1 With Their First Three Releases
Gerry And The Pacemakers. Their debut single, "How Do You Do It?" was released in March 1963. After five weeks it made number 1. It was followed later that year by "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (both topped the charts four weeks after first appearing in the Top 40).
This feat was not matched until 21 years later when Frankie Goes To Hollwood took each of their first three singles to the top (1984).
Self-Replacement At Number One
On nine occasions in history, one title by an act has knocked another hit, by the same act, off the number one spot:
Ray Conniff and his Orchestra (Jan 1957) "Just Walking In The Rain" replaced by "Singing The Blues."
Norrie Paramor and the string section of his orchestra (Mar 1963) - "The Wayward Wind" was replaced by "Summer Holiday."
The Shadows (Aug 1960) "Please Don't Tease" knocked off the top spot by "Apache."
The Shadows (Jan 1963) "The Next Time" / "Bachelor Boy" replaced by "Dance On!"
The Shadows (Mar 1963) "Summer Holiday" replaced by "Foot Tapper."
The Shadows (Apr 1963) "Foot Tapper" replaced by "Summer Holiday."
The Beatles (Dec 1963) "She Loves You" replaced by "I Want To Hold Your Hand."
John Lennon (Feb 1981) "Imagine" replaced by "Woman."
Elvis Presley (Jan 2005) "Jailhouse Rock" replaced by "One Night" / "I Got Stung."
NB: Full credits:
-"Just Walking In The Rain" - Johnnie Ray, Ray Conniff and his Orchestra / "Singing The Blues" - Guy Mitchell, Ray Conniff and his Orchestra.
- "The Wayward Wind" - Frank Ifield, with Norrie Paramor and his Orchestra / "Summer Holiday" - Cliff Richard, The Shadows and the Norrie Paramor Strings.
- "Please Don't Tease", "The Next Time" / "Bachelor Boy" and "Summer Holiday" were credited to Cliff Richard and The Shadows.
Longest Gap Between Number 1s
31 years 0 months - for George Harrison. "My Sweet Lord" first made the top spot in Jan 1971. A few weeks after his death, it returned to number 1 (Jan 2002).
In second place is the artist who also holds the record for the longest gap between number 1s with different tracks and the record for longest gap between number 1s within the lifetime of the artist; Leo Sayer. In Feb 1977 he hit the top with "When I Need You". He didn't return until Feb 2006 (a day shy of 29 years gap) - with "Thunder In My Heart Again" (a remix of his 1977 hit, as 'Meck featuring Leo Sayer').
The longest run between original number 1s (i.e not a re-release/remix) is 18 years and 3 months for Blondie (Nov 1980, "The Tide is High", to Feb 1999, "Maria").
Biggest run for a female artist is 14 years 6 months by Diana Ross - from the prophetic "I'm Still Waiting" (Sep 1971) til "Chain Reaction" (Mar 1986).
Special mention must be made here of Stevie Winwood. Though not specifically credited, he hit number 1 with The Spencer Davis Group ("Somebody Help Me") in Apr 1966. A barren period then followed before a sample of his solo hit "Valerie" formed the basis of Eric Prydz's chart-topper "Call On Me" in Sep 2004; an hiatus of 38 years and 5 months between appearances, albeit uncredited, at number 1.
Longest Time For An Artist To Get To Number 1
34 Years, 10 Months, and 2 Days; Tony Christie. His first single, "Las Vegas", entered the Top 40 on w/e 16th Jan 1971, peaking at no. 21. His single from November of that year, "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" was used in 2005 by comedian Peter Kaye in various TV performances, ultimately leading to a re-release in aid of Comic Relief. That catapulted the track back into the chart - at no. 1 - on w/e 26th Mar 2005.
This broke the record set over 18 years previously by Jackie Wilson. His "Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town)" topped the chart in Dec 1986; 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days after it first entered the chart.
The longest time for a female soloist to take to reach Number 1 is 25 Years, 8 Months and 15 Days for Cher [from her first solo hit, "All I Really Want To Do", 19th Aug 1965 to "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)", 4th May 1991]. She had, though, previously topped the chart as half of Sonny and Cher before going solo.
In terms of contributing to a Number 1:
Ozzy Osbourne holds the male record. He first hit the Top 40 as a member of Black Sabbath with "Paranoid" on w/e 12th Sep 1970. 33 years, 3 months and 8 days later (w/e 20th Dec 2003; a total of 1736 weeks) he achieved the top spot with "Changes" (a duet with daughter Kelly - and a version of a Black Sabbath album track from 1972).
The previous record holder was Eric Clapton. He first hit the chart as a member of the Yardbirds in 1965 ("For Your Love", w/e 20th Mar 1965) but did not form part of a chart-topping combo until hit collaboration with Cher (her again!), Chrissie Hynde and Neneh Cherry ("Love Can Build A Bridge", w/e 25 Mar 1995); 30 years, 0 months and 5 days [1567 weeks].
Lulu holds the female record. Her first Top 40 hit was "Shout" (w/e 16th May 1964). She finally hit the top spot with Take That ("Relight My Fire", 9th Oct, 1993); 29 Years, 4 Months and 23 Days.
Posthumous Number 1s
A morbid one - but one about which, nonetheless, we receive constant emails. Artists which have topped the chart following their death are:
Artist
| Frankie Goes to Hollywood |
Which Scottish scientist is generally credited with the invention of the telephone? | Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com
Back To The 'Records & Trivia' Index
Most Number 1s
This, possibly the most important record, is held by Elvis Presley. He has had 21 chart-toppers, 18 of them different songs (three titles have topped the chart on two distinctly separate chart runs as part of the series of re-issues to commemorate what would have been Elvis' 70th birthday in 2005). You can see how this record has 'changed hands' over the years here .
The Beatles are the top group with 17 number 1s. Madonna is the top woman with 13 (as of April 2008). Top female group is The Spice Girls with 9.
Only seven acts in chart history have got into double figures with their tally of chart-toppers. They are: Elvis Presley (21, 18 different songs), The Beatles (17), Cliff Richard (14 : six of them with The Shadows, one with The Drifters, one with The Young Ones), Westlife (14 : one of them with Mariah Carey), Madonna (13), The Shadows (11 : six of them with Cliff Richard, two of these also with The Norrie Paramor Strings) and Take That (11: one featuring Lulu).
Westlife hold the record for getting into double-figures in the shortest time (2 years and 10 months [ie. 149 weeks] - more than 3 months quicker than The Beatles (who took 165 weeks). Unlike Westlife, however, The Beatles tended to spend several weeks at the summit, slowing down their release rate.)
It is worth pointing out that Paul McCartney has appeared on more Number 1s than any other artist under a diverse range of credits. He has, in fact, appeared on 24 Number 1s; solo (1), with Wings (1), Stevie Wonder, The Christians et al (1), Ferry Aid (1), Band Aid (1), Band Aid 20 (1) and The Beatles (17).
In total, twenty-one artists have appeared on ten or more number one singles. They are:
Paul McCartney (24), Elvis Presley (21), John Lennon (20), George Harrison (18), Ringo Starr (16), Cliff Richard (15), Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan (14), Robbie Williams, Madonna (13), Gary Barlow, Brian McFadden (12), Mel C , Geri Halliwell (11), Mel B, Emma Bunton, Howard Donald, Jason Orange, Mark Owen (10).
Artist with Most Weeks at Number 1
It's Elvis Presley. He has topped the chart for a total of 80 weeks (as of w/e 5th Feb 2005).
Top group is The Beatles (69 weeks). Top female performer is Madonna (29 weeks - as of w/e 17th May 2008).
In his many different manifestations, however, Paul McCartney has spent 93 weeks at the top.
Most Consecutive Number 1s
7 - by The Beatles and Westlife.
The Beatles' stretch began with "A Hard Day's Night" in 1964 and lasted to "Yellow Submarine"/"Eleanor Rigby" in 1966. The run was broken when "Penny Lane"/"Strawberry Fields Forever" merely made the number 2 position the following year!
Westlife's stint began with their debut, "Swear it Again" in 1999 and ran through to "My Love" in November 2000 (though one hit was a 'duet' with Mariah Carey). It was broken by "What Makes A Man" which peaked at number 2 the following month.
Beatles fans are, however, quick to point out that "Ain't She Sweet" (which made number 29 in 1964) was recorded in 1961, well before their EMI contract. It was issued by Polydor to 'cash in' on the success of the fab four. Fans argue that this was not an "official" Beatles release. If this logic is accepted (though the track did make the charts), The Beatles run of successive number ones begins with "From Me To You" in April 1963 - making a total of 11.
Top female group is The Spice Girls (6 in a row from "Wannabe" through to "Too Much").
Longest Span of Number 1 Singles
47 years, 6 months and 23 days. Held by Elvis Presley. His first number 1 was "All Shook Up" in 1957 (w/e 13th June). His most recent chart-topper was the re-issue of "It's Now Or Never" in 2005 (w/e 5th Feb).
Runner up is Cliff Richard. His first chart-topper was "Living Doll" in 1959. His latest was "The Millennium Prayer" in 1999, a span of 40, 4 months and 15 days. (+ 21 days for total span).
Longest span for a female artist with solo credit is Madonna on 20 Years, 7 Months, 1 Day (from "Into The Groove", 3rd Aug 1985 to "Sorry", 4th March 2006 - ie. a total span of 1074 weeks). [NB: if we include "4 Minutes" - which also credited Justin Timberlake, the span runs through to 10th May 2008 (22 years, 9 Months, 13 Days) but then this record is broken by Cher - see below.]
Kyie Minogue is still both popular and productive and, on 15 Years, 9 Months, and 23 Days (ie. 825 weeks from "I Should Be So Lucky", 23rd Jan 1988 to "Slow"; 15th Nov 2003), regularly poses a threat to Madonna in this regard.
If we allow 'credits' on singles rather than solo performances, Cher easily takes the record. Her duet with Sony, "I Got You Babe" (Aug 1965) to "Believe" (Oct-Dec 1998) gives a total span of 33 years, 3 months, and 14 days [ie. 1738 weeks].
Also worthy of a mention is Tammy Wynette. Her single "Stand By Your Man" made no. 1 in 1975. She was a guest vocalist on the 'various artists' single "Perfect Day" which topped the chart in 1997-8 (22 Years, 7 Months, 24 Days - ie. 1183 weeks).
Diana Ross, though not individually credited, provided vocals on the Supremes 1964 chart-topper "Baby Love". She most recently had a solo no. 1 with "Chain Reaction" in 1986 (21 Years, 4 Months, 1 Day - or 1114 weeks - total span).
First Artist To Enter At Number 1
Al Martino's "Here In My Heart" was the track to Top the first ever chart (Nov 1952) so, technically, this was the first track to debut at Number 1. But ignoring this, the first artist to enter at Number 1 in the established chart was Elvis Presley ("Jailhouse Rock", Jan 1958).
First Artist To Enter At Number 1 With Consecutive Releases
Slade. In 1973 they debuted at the top with both "Cum On Feel The Noize" and "Skweeze Me Pleeze Me."
Fastest Hat-Trick of Number 1s
A one-a-week series of re-issued Elvis Presley singles in 2005 enabled him to have three different chart-toppers in just four weeks; ("Jailhouse Rock" w/e 15th Jan; "One Night" / "I Got Stung" w/e 22nd Jan; "It's Now Or Never" w/e 5th Feb).
The record for the fastest hat-trick of non re-issued number ones is held by John Lennon. Following his death in December 1980, there was an almost frenzied buying of his singles. This resulted in him topping the chart no fewer than three times within an 8 week period ["(Just Like) Starting Over" w/e 20th Dec 1980; "Imagine" (a re-entry but nevertheless, not a re-issue, w/e 10th Jan 1981; "Woman" w/e 7th Feb 1981.]
First Artist To Enter At Number 1 With A Hat-Trick of Consecutive Releases
Take That. In fact, from July 1993 to April 1994, all four of their single releases went straight in at No.1 ("Pray", "Relight My Fire" [featuring Lulu], "Babe", "Everything Changes"). The band repeated this feat in the period from Oct 1994 to March 1996.
Most Entries at Number 1
From May 1999 to November 2006, Westlife entered the chart at No. 1 on 14 occasions.
First Entry At Number 1 By A Debuting Act
Excluding Al Martino, who was No. 1 in the first ever chart, Billy Preston was the first artist to enter at No. 1 with a debut single. To be fair, he performed the song ("Get Back," 1969) with The Beatles and so, quite literally, can't claim the entire credit for this feat. The Band Aid charity ensemble made its debut at No. 1 ("Do They Know It's Christmas?", 1984) but this comprised a number of already successful artistes.
The first act to make its chart debut at No. 1 on its own 'merit' was the Danish vocalist Whigfield (1994). Her song "Saturday Night" (with its associated dance) had been huge on the continent for some months and the demand from Brits returning home built up an enormous head of steam prior to its release.
First British act to debut at No. 1 was Robson & Jerome ("Unchained Melody" / "White Cliffs Of Dover", 1995). First solo male to debut at No. 1 was Babylon Zoo (a name used by British vocalist/multi-instrumentalist, Jas Mann) with "Spaceman" (1996). First British female act to make her debut at No. 1 was Billie ("Because We Want To", 1998). First all-girl group to make their chart debut at No. 1 was the Irish quartet B*Witched (with "C'est La Vie") in 1998. First British all-girl group to make its debut at No. 1 was Girls Aloud ("Sound Of The Underground", 2002).
Most Entries at Number 1 by a Debuting Act
On 11 Nov 2000, Westlife became the first act to have their first seven singles enter the chart at Number 1 as "My Love" crashed in at the top spot.
First Act To Reach Number 1 With Their First Three Releases
Gerry And The Pacemakers. Their debut single, "How Do You Do It?" was released in March 1963. After five weeks it made number 1. It was followed later that year by "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (both topped the charts four weeks after first appearing in the Top 40).
This feat was not matched until 21 years later when Frankie Goes To Hollwood took each of their first three singles to the top (1984).
Self-Replacement At Number One
On nine occasions in history, one title by an act has knocked another hit, by the same act, off the number one spot:
Ray Conniff and his Orchestra (Jan 1957) "Just Walking In The Rain" replaced by "Singing The Blues."
Norrie Paramor and the string section of his orchestra (Mar 1963) - "The Wayward Wind" was replaced by "Summer Holiday."
The Shadows (Aug 1960) "Please Don't Tease" knocked off the top spot by "Apache."
The Shadows (Jan 1963) "The Next Time" / "Bachelor Boy" replaced by "Dance On!"
The Shadows (Mar 1963) "Summer Holiday" replaced by "Foot Tapper."
The Shadows (Apr 1963) "Foot Tapper" replaced by "Summer Holiday."
The Beatles (Dec 1963) "She Loves You" replaced by "I Want To Hold Your Hand."
John Lennon (Feb 1981) "Imagine" replaced by "Woman."
Elvis Presley (Jan 2005) "Jailhouse Rock" replaced by "One Night" / "I Got Stung."
NB: Full credits:
-"Just Walking In The Rain" - Johnnie Ray, Ray Conniff and his Orchestra / "Singing The Blues" - Guy Mitchell, Ray Conniff and his Orchestra.
- "The Wayward Wind" - Frank Ifield, with Norrie Paramor and his Orchestra / "Summer Holiday" - Cliff Richard, The Shadows and the Norrie Paramor Strings.
- "Please Don't Tease", "The Next Time" / "Bachelor Boy" and "Summer Holiday" were credited to Cliff Richard and The Shadows.
Longest Gap Between Number 1s
31 years 0 months - for George Harrison. "My Sweet Lord" first made the top spot in Jan 1971. A few weeks after his death, it returned to number 1 (Jan 2002).
In second place is the artist who also holds the record for the longest gap between number 1s with different tracks and the record for longest gap between number 1s within the lifetime of the artist; Leo Sayer. In Feb 1977 he hit the top with "When I Need You". He didn't return until Feb 2006 (a day shy of 29 years gap) - with "Thunder In My Heart Again" (a remix of his 1977 hit, as 'Meck featuring Leo Sayer').
The longest run between original number 1s (i.e not a re-release/remix) is 18 years and 3 months for Blondie (Nov 1980, "The Tide is High", to Feb 1999, "Maria").
Biggest run for a female artist is 14 years 6 months by Diana Ross - from the prophetic "I'm Still Waiting" (Sep 1971) til "Chain Reaction" (Mar 1986).
Special mention must be made here of Stevie Winwood. Though not specifically credited, he hit number 1 with The Spencer Davis Group ("Somebody Help Me") in Apr 1966. A barren period then followed before a sample of his solo hit "Valerie" formed the basis of Eric Prydz's chart-topper "Call On Me" in Sep 2004; an hiatus of 38 years and 5 months between appearances, albeit uncredited, at number 1.
Longest Time For An Artist To Get To Number 1
34 Years, 10 Months, and 2 Days; Tony Christie. His first single, "Las Vegas", entered the Top 40 on w/e 16th Jan 1971, peaking at no. 21. His single from November of that year, "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" was used in 2005 by comedian Peter Kaye in various TV performances, ultimately leading to a re-release in aid of Comic Relief. That catapulted the track back into the chart - at no. 1 - on w/e 26th Mar 2005.
This broke the record set over 18 years previously by Jackie Wilson. His "Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town)" topped the chart in Dec 1986; 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days after it first entered the chart.
The longest time for a female soloist to take to reach Number 1 is 25 Years, 8 Months and 15 Days for Cher [from her first solo hit, "All I Really Want To Do", 19th Aug 1965 to "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)", 4th May 1991]. She had, though, previously topped the chart as half of Sonny and Cher before going solo.
In terms of contributing to a Number 1:
Ozzy Osbourne holds the male record. He first hit the Top 40 as a member of Black Sabbath with "Paranoid" on w/e 12th Sep 1970. 33 years, 3 months and 8 days later (w/e 20th Dec 2003; a total of 1736 weeks) he achieved the top spot with "Changes" (a duet with daughter Kelly - and a version of a Black Sabbath album track from 1972).
The previous record holder was Eric Clapton. He first hit the chart as a member of the Yardbirds in 1965 ("For Your Love", w/e 20th Mar 1965) but did not form part of a chart-topping combo until hit collaboration with Cher (her again!), Chrissie Hynde and Neneh Cherry ("Love Can Build A Bridge", w/e 25 Mar 1995); 30 years, 0 months and 5 days [1567 weeks].
Lulu holds the female record. Her first Top 40 hit was "Shout" (w/e 16th May 1964). She finally hit the top spot with Take That ("Relight My Fire", 9th Oct, 1993); 29 Years, 4 Months and 23 Days.
Posthumous Number 1s
A morbid one - but one about which, nonetheless, we receive constant emails. Artists which have topped the chart following their death are:
Artist
| i don't know |
"Which music hall star was known as ""The Cheeky Chappie""?" | Max Miller: remembering the Cheeky Chappie
Max Miller: remembering the Cheeky Chappie
Max Miller in 1951 Credit: Rex Features
7 May 2016 • 10:12am
Max Miller used to say, "There'll never be another," and how right he was.
The comedian was 68 when he died on May 7, 1963, and although more than half a century has passed since his death, his memory is still alive. In 2013 in Brighton – where Miller was born Thomas Henry Sargent on November 21, 1894 – a 'Max Miller Walk' street sign was unveiled by the British Music Hall Society and the comedian's appreciation society.
As a youngster, Miller really did run away from home to join the circus (Billy Smart's), where he first honed his skills as an entertainer. Yet it was music hall that turned him into one of the most celebrated and controversial comedians of the 20th century, inspiring people such as Max Bygraves, who acquired his own stage name during the war as a result of his Miller impressions in RAF reviews. Miller defied respectability and his risqué jokes brought him into conflict with the censors. There were even rumours that he had been banned by the BBC.
Max Miller was noted for his outlandish costumes Credit: Rex Features
Miller, known as the Cheeky Chappie, stood out in the drabness of the Forties and Fifties, not least for his flamboyant attire – the long fur coat over gaudy plus-fours, decorated jackets and ties, white trilby hat and diamond-topped walking stick.
People loved his subversive humour, as in the song With a Little Bit of Luck, when he sang "with a little bit of luck... someone else'll do the blinking work." Tunes such as Ride on Your Bicycle had a sentimental tinge, but it was the strong sexual themes that were at the cutting edge of daring comedy. "Nobody else dare sing 'em," he said of his song A Fan Dancer Minus Her Fan. "I've got the beginning and part of the end but what I want is that middle bit, that's what I'm after," he told a raucous audience.
Max Miller in 1951 at London's Palace Theatre Credit: Rex Features
My late mother once went to see him at the Finsbury Park Empire in the early Fifties and she said it was the women in the audience who were laughing the hardest, especially at the smutty jokes. Miller loved teasing his female fans. "There's a fellow standing there, not a stitch on. Can you imagine that? How's your memory, gal?," Miller would say to an older lady he picked out in the front row.
Miller kept a clean 'White Book' of jokes and his more notorious 'Blue Book' with the strong material. In The Max Miller Blue Book (published in 1975 by Robson Books and illustrated by cartoonist and jazz musician Wally 'Trog' Fawkes ), Barry Took wrote: "Max Miller's timing was as sharp as a razor and what made Max Miller a legend was his ability to make sex a cheerful business, something to enjoy and be happy about."
Credit: Martin Chilton
His act was carefully crafted, with a range of catchphrases such as "here's a funny thing" and "there'll never be another", and he would often pin the joke on pure innuendo, adding: "go on... make something of that. Filthy lot, filthy lot. You wicked lot... you're the sort of people who get me a bad name."
Not all of his jokes were blue, though. He used to tell one that went: "A Yorkshire man came to London and he couldn't get any Yorkshire pudding... so he went home and battered himself to death."
It was claimed that John Osborne modelled Archie Rice in his play The Entertainer on Miller but Osborne wrote: "This is not so. Archie was a man. Max was a god, a saloon-bar Priapus".
If you listen to him now, Miller is still funny, although some of his references – to Russia's five-year plans, the Folies Bergère and dock workers – naturally seem of a bygone age.
A tribute concert to Max Miller
Miller has inspired lots of comedians – a young Matt Lucas was on the bill of a 2002 concert in Brighton celebrating Miller's life – and among the patrons of the Max Miller Appreciation Society are Michael Aspel, Roy Hudd and Ken Dodd.
Stan Laurel, who saw Miller at the Holborn Empire during a Laurel and Hardy tour, said: "Max's act was a work of art. His timing was perfect; he projected his personality as well, if not better, than any performer I have seen on either side of the Atlantic."
Perhaps it's best to leave you with one of the Cheeky Chappie's jokes:
'I said to my father: "Dad, I want to get married."
He said: "Alright son, who do you want to marry?"
I said: "I'd like to marry Miss Green".
He said: "You can't".
I said: "Why not?"
He said: "She's your half-sister. When I was a lad I had a bike and I got around a bit."
I said: "Alright, I'll marry Miss White."
He said: "You can't, she's your half-sister. Forget about it."
Well, I was a bit despondent and I walked around and my mum said to me: "What's wrong with you?"
I said: "Well, I said to Dad I wanted to marry Miss Green and he said I couldn't because she's my half-sister. I said, "All right, I'll marry Miss White." He said: 'You can't, she's your half-sister."
She said: "Look, you go and marry which one you like. He's not your father anyway!"
Premium
03 Jan 2017, 6:10pm
Interview
31 Dec 2016, 10:41am
| Max Miller |
Which is the world's longest range of mountains? | Comedify.com - Max Miller
Comedify.com
Max Miller : The Cheeky Chappie
Thomas Henry Sargent (21 November 1894 – 7 May 1963), better known by his stage name Max Miller, was Britain's top music hall comedian in the late 1930s to the late 1950s. Nicknamed the "Cheeky Chappie", Miller was known for his risqué jokes (see censorship) and gaudy suits. Born Thomas Henry Sargent in Hereford Street, Brighton, Sussex, Miller became notorious for double entendres which saw him banned from the BBC. His jokes were reputedly written in two notebooks, white for 'clean' humour, blue for 'adult' jokes. He had the habit - to avoid censorship - of stopping before the end of a sentence which could only end with a dirty joke so he could then rebuke the audience for their "dirty minds." He was known for outlandish outfits, generally patterned plus fours and matching long jacket, a trilby hat and kipper tie. He was a popular singer of comedy songs, his most famous being Mary From the Dairy, which was his signature tune. He appeared in 14 films and made three Royal Variety Show...
| i don't know |
Which peace treaty ended the Russo-Japanes war? | Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian
Milestones: 1899–1913
The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The final agreement was signed in September of 1905, and it affirmed the Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
Photograph from the Russo-Japanese War
By 1904, Russia and Japan had endured several years of disputes over control of Manchuria. The Russians had entered the region during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 and, along with Germany and France, was a part of the “Triple Intervention” that forced Japan to give up its demands for ports in South Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula in the wake of its victory in China. Instead, Russia moved into the area and took control of Port Arthur, a warm water port with strategic and commercial significance. A Japanese attempt to stage a coup in adjacent Korea was thwarted in part by the Russian presence in the region, and the two nations’ divergent interests appeared more and more likely to clash.
In 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur before the formal declaration of war was received in Moscow, surprising the Russian navy and earning an early victory. Over the course of the next year, the two forces clashed in Korea and the Sea of Japan, with the Japanese scoring significant, but costly, victories. War casualties were high on both sides. At the battle over Mukden, the Russians lost 60,000 soldiers and the Japanese lost 41,000 soldiers. The military costs were high as well. A Russian fleet made the long trip from the Baltic Sea around Africa and India, only to be half destroyed by the Japanese upon its arrival in Northeast Asia. By 1905, the combination of these losses and the economic cost of financing the war led both countries to seek an end to the war.
Photograph of Attack on Port Arthur
The Japanese asked U.S. President Roosevelt to negotiate a peace agreement, and representatives of the two nations met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905. For the sake of maintaining the balance of power and equal economic opportunity in the region, Roosevelt preferred that the war end on terms that left both Russia and Japan a role to play in Northeast China. Though excited by the Japanese military victories, Roosevelt worried about the consequences to American interests if Japan managed to drive Russia out entirely.
The negotiations centered on access to ports and territories in Manchuria and Korea, control of Sakhalin Island, and the question of who was responsible for paying war costs. The chief aims of the Japanese negotiator included first control in Korea and South Manchuria, then the negotiation of an indemnity and control of Sakhalin Island. The Russians wanted to maintain Sakhalin Island, refused to pay a war costs indemnity to the Japanese, and hoped to maintain their fleet in the Pacific. The indemnity issue, along with the dispensation of Sakhalin Island, were the major sticking points in the negotiation, although given its financial straits in 1905, Russia was likely unable to pay an indemnity even if required by a treaty to do so.
When negotiations reached an impasse, Roosevelt stepped in with the proposal that Russia “buy back” the northern part of Sakhalin from Japanese control. The Russians were adamant that they would not pay any amount of money, which would act as a disguised indemnity, when the territory ought to be theirs. After long internal debate, Japan eventually agreed to take only the southern half of the island, without any kind of payment. Theirs had not been a decisive enough victory to force the point.
The Treaty ultimately gave Japan control of Korea and much of South Manchuria, including Port Arthur and the railway that connected it with the rest of the region, along with the southern half of Sakhalin Island; Russian power was curtailed in the region, but it was not required to pay Japan’s war costs. Because neither nation was in a strong financial position to continue the war easily, both were forced to compromise in the terms of the peace. Still, the Japanese public felt they had won the war, and they considered the lack of an indemnity to be an affront. There was a brief outbreak of protests and rioting in Tokyo when the terms of the agreement were made public. Similarly, the Russian people were also dissatisfied, angry about giving up half of Sakhalin.
Individuals gathered to work out what became the Treaty of Portsmouth
Throughout the war and the peace talks, American public opinion largely sided with Japan. Believing that the Japanese were fighting a “just war” against Russian aggression, and that the island nation was equally committed to the Open Door and the territorial integrity of China, the American people were anxious to support it. This sense did not really change over the course of the negotiations, in spite of the best efforts of the Russian negotiator to improve the press coverage of his nation’s position. The final decision of the Japanese to forgo an indemnity only served to strengthen U.S. approval of Japan’s actions throughout the conflict. The anti-treaty and, at times, anti-American demonstrations in Tokyo that followed the ratification of the treaty caught many Americans off-guard.
The Treaty of Portsmouth marked the last real event in an era of U.S.-Japanese cooperation that began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Instead, competition between the two nations in the Pacific grew over the years that followed. Conversely, Japanese relations with Russia improved in the wake of the treaty. Although the actual importance of Roosevelt’s mediation and personal pressure on the leadership in Moscow and Tokyo to the final agreement is unclear, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in moderating the talks and pushing toward peace.
| Portsmouth |
Which is the only Australian state capital not named after a person? | The Treaty of Portsmouth (Portsmouth Peace Treaty)
Rhode Island: Sarah Gold & Abbie Junior Website Division: The Treaty of Portsmouth: Diplomatic End to the Russo-Japanese War .
In Kansas, Christopher Gernon, Junior Performance Division, won the Kansas City competition with his re-enactment of Theodore Roosevelt's Treaty diplomacy that earned him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.
Educational Resources for the Study of the Treaty of Portsmouth
This website is a now focal point for scholars, recognized by the Library of Congress, a place for posting new research and inquiries into various aspects of the Treaty and its legacy.
In addition to the History of the Treaty, this site contains a catalog of local newspaper headlines from 1905 (the actual clips are available at the Portsmouth Public Library) and a continuously-updated Bibliography to the Russo-Japanese War and the Treaty.
The Portsmouth Peace Treaty Curriculum Guide
In 2005 for the Treaty 100th anniversary, Northeast Cultural Coop wrote a comprehensive school curriculum that helps teachers present the history of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty to New Hampshire schoolchildren.
Aided by Dr. Robert J. Lister, Superintendent and the Portsmouth School Department, the comprehensive curriculum allows New Hampshire public school teachers at the high school and middle school levels to put the Portsmouth Peace Treaty in context with developments in United States and World History. Teaching units also make the information accessible to 4th graders -- the traditional entry point in the state for public school students to learn New Hampshire history.
The curriculum itself is an intensively researched 200+ page, illustrated binder with accompanying CD of images and map of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Trail.
The curriculum guide is organized thematically under headings such as The Great Global Game, which puts this period of history and the involvement of the U.S. into the story of what was happening in the world as of 1905. Other sections of the guide include: --Setting the Stage, which puts the war and peace treaty into perspective for teachers who will want to teach about it; --The Russo-Japanese War,which includes details on the war itself, how and why it occurred, with suggested lessons on how to approach teaching about it in the classroom; --The Peace Process,which helps put the local history in perspective with ways to engage students in research to discover how NH played a role in this international event, with biographies of the key players; --The Aftermath, which deals with the negative reactions in both Russia and Japan to the treaty; --Literary Connections,which gives teachers materials from the time period that helps in the interpretation of the events, including works by Mark Twain, Leo Tolstoy, and others. --Other Connections, which includes several lessons on understanding other cultures, women in 1905, geography lessons on Japan and Russia, and information on facts from the time period, such as that the tallest building in the world in 1905 was the Eiffel Tower and that in 1905 Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity.
Thanks to a grant from the Center for Global Partnership of the Japan Foundation, one copy of the curriculum was provided to each school district in the state. Additional copies are available to interested teachers by contacting Northeast Cultural Coop or the Information Director for the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Forum ( [email protected] )
Humanities Council "Humanities To Go" Program offers Portsmouth Peace Treaty speakers
Portsmouth Peace Treaty Anniversary Committee co-chairman Chuck Doleac is an accredited NH Humanities Council "Humanities To Go" program presenter.
His talk, "Teddy Roosevelt's Nobel Prize: New Hampshire & the Portsmouth Peace Treaty" offers insight into why Roosevelt’s trust in Portsmouth to be the 1905 peace-making city was well founded. Negotiations there between the Russians and Japanese ended “World War Zero” and led to a Nobel Peace Prize for the President – America’s first.
Most recently presented to the Stratham Historical Society, the illustrated talk and exhibit panels are an engaging introduction to the subject. One woman at the Stratham talk noted, "I've lived in this area for nearly 90 years and had heard about the Portsmouth Peace Treaty. This is the first time I finally understood why it was so important!"
Click here to learn how your group or business can schedule a "Humanities To Go" talk.
Union-Leader Editor Visits Japan
Sherry Wood, night editor of the Union Leader newspaper in Manchester NH and author of "Keeping the Peace" a story for gradeschool children presented as part of the "Newspapers in Education" program in 2005, visits Japan, October 9-19, 2007. To follow her blog on the trip, arranged by the Foreign Ministry of Japan under its International Journalists program, click here .
Editor Sherry Wood (center) in Nichinan with (left to right) Suniyo Terai, translator; Takenori Okamoto, Nichinan Board of Education; (Wood), Nichinan Mayor Yoshiyoki Taniguchi; and Nichinan-Portsmouth sister City liaison Liz Southwell.
In November 2006, Peter Randall, author of There Are No Victors Here: A Local Perspective on the Treaty of Portsmouth was also the guest in Japan of the Japanese Foreign Ministry's "Opinion Leaders Program." On his return, he presented two illustrated talks -- at Green Acre Baha'i School and at the Portsmouth Athenaeum -- on his visit to Tokyo, Kyoto, Nichinan and Nagasaki. While in Tokyo he gave a recap of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Centennial events to a group hosted by Yomiuri Shimbun, the largest daily newspaper in the world. He commented:
"I believe it is quite important that we maintain good relations with Japan as Japan has a foreign policy of peace... This was the trip of a lifetime for me."
Portsmouth Christian Academy 8th Graders Study Treaty
Students from Mrs. Reardon's class at Portsmouth Christian Academy in Dover, New Hampshire, devoted the entire school year to a study of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, incorporating suggestions from the Curriculum Guide in all of their lessons. in Dover, New Hampshire. In May, the 8th graders led 5th graders from the school on a tour of the Exhibit and Portsmouth Peace Treaty Trail.
The following is a report on the Tour prepared by Gracie Derby, a student of class 8A.
"The Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty Tour
On May 24, 2006 the class of 8A at Portsmouth Christian Academy (P.C.A.), gave a tour of downtown Portsmouth, highlighting the Peace Treaty which ended the Russo-Japanese War between Russia and Japan.
The students dressed up in costumes of the day. Girls wore dresses with hats that they had made, while boys carried straw hats that a volunteer purchased for them. The students were separated into four groups and gave tours to the fifth graders of P.C.A. that came.
The tour started at the Portsmouth Historical Museum (the John Paul Jones House) then either went up towards Jumpin Jays or the Rockingham Hotel. It took about 45 minutes to go around the town, and then they were allowed 15 minutes at the museum to look around.
To prepare for this tour, the class picked topics that would add to their knowledge of the Russo-Japanese War. Then they wrote down what they believed to be most vital to the tour and added that to a script. Everyone in each of the four groups memorized the information in the script.
On the day of the tour, when the fifth graders arrived, the leader of each group went over safety procedures, while some went into the museum to wait for the first two groups to leave. As they walked they talked to the fifth graders about life in 1905, about the Russo-Japanese War, and the role Portsmouth played during the Peace Treaty.
The eighth graders were excited to give this tour and were very well prepared for the fifth graders. This was a great experience for all who were involved.
On October 26, Mary Reardon will present a workshop on this project at the New Hampshire Council for the Social Studies Annual Conference. The conference takes place at the Center of New Hampshire/Radisson Hotel in Manchester, New Hampshire.
"The world won the peace."
-- Comment from an 8th grader from the Portsmouth Christian Academy, whose school is using the Curriculum Guide. The 8th graders hosted guest speaker, Committee co-chairman Chuck Doleac.
| i don't know |
What was Lester Piggott's last Derby winner? | Lester Piggott: at 75 still the Derby's lord of the reins | Sport | The Guardian
The Observer
Lester Piggott: at 75 still the Derby's lord of the reins
The Epsom legend shares his views on modern-day racing and looks back at his illustrious past on the 60th anniversary of his first Derby ride
Lester Piggott, the 30-times champion jockey, at the Park Lane Hilton earlier this month. Photograph: Tom Jenkins for the Observer
Sunday 29 May 2011 03.00 EDT
First published on Sunday 29 May 2011 03.00 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
As the eye picks out Lester Piggott approaching, the mind relocates to Tattenham Corner, where the sharp angles of his frame would coast down the hill at the back of the Derby field, waiting to swoop, ready to assert his ownership of the world's most illustrious Flat race.
Piggott is only gliding across a hotel foyer, but the association with Epsom is still instant. In the handshake, his fingers are curled from all the reins he held to steer home 30 Classic winners and nine Derby champions. His face bears softened versions of the creases that scored his features when he was the famished, hardened lord of the weighing-room. And in his eyes now is more of the softness that was so rarely visible behind the mask of the ruthless pilot.
In the golden age of sports personalities – Muhammad Ali, Pelé – Piggott acquired charisma by turning his face away from noise and celebrity. He had no use for the tumble of words with which others described their activities. His silence was his calling card. The cold glint in his eye thrilled punters and terrified his rivals. All emotion was excised from the business of winning races. At Epsom, nothing before or since has matched the glamour of him sweeping into the home straight and picking off the leaders on the best horse in a Derby.
Saturday brings the 60th anniversary of his first Derby ride, on Zucchero, who finished 13th in 1951. He conquered Epsom's undulations and cambers for the first time three years later on Never Say Die and farmed the great mile-and-a-half fiesta, winning also on Crepello, St Paddy, Sir Ivor, Nijinsky, Roberto, Empery, The Minstrel and Teenoso, the last of his successful Derby mounts, in 1983.
He has a tip for us. Piggott first rode for the Queen at Newmarket in 1955 and as our conversation turns to the monarch's Carlton House, favourite for this year's Investec Derby, he says: "It'll probably win, too. He's the obvious one."
In his official biography, written with Dick Francis, Piggott picked out his greatest dislike as "people who talk too much", so there is nothing to be gained in his presence from journalistic babble. The trainer Jeremy Tree once asked him: "I've got to speak to my old school, Lester, all the boys at Eton, and tell them all I know about racing. What shall I say?" After a pause, Piggott replied: "Tell 'em you have flu." With his partial deafness and speech impediment, he said he learned to "lip read and watch people's faces," which he still does, intently.
He weighs each question carefully and then measures out an answer like a jockey just loosening the reins. He thinks, for example, that Frankie Dettori is the finest of the modern jockeys, and that today's whip is "rubbish" and much less painful to horses than the public understands: "I think today Dettori is still the best. There's a handful of really good jockeys but I think Dettori is the one. Beautiful balance on a horse. Of course, Ryan Moore's good and Kieren Fallon's good but if you really come down to it Frankie's still the best."
In his time Piggott was a famously vigorous coercer of horses but was also known for his artistry and his super-human judgment of pace, which looked bred into him through a long ancestry of jockeys and trainers.
"I never hit them unless they were answering it. If they were going forward you knew they were responding. But there were a lot of horses I rode I never hit at all because they didn't like it."
A quick statistical blizzard: Piggott's 30 Classic wins from 1954-1992 will probably never be surpassed. Since 1900, Willie Carson comes next, way back on 17. Piggott was 12 when he rode his first winner and 18 when he accompanied Never Say Die at Epsom. Back then he was an enfant terrible, often in trouble with the stewards.
He was champion jockey 11 times and rode 4,493 Flat winners as well as 20 over hurdles, including one at the Cheltenham Festival in 1954. He rode Nijinsky to a Triple Crown (the 2,000 Guineas, Derby and St Leger) in 1970 and won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe on Rheingold and Alleged (twice). When Vincent O'Brien, the great Irish trainer, talked him out of retirement he won the 1990 Breeders' Cup Mile on Royal Academy and the 2,000 Guineas with Rodrigo de Triano.
Working as an ambassador for the Qipco British Champions Series, Piggott granted the Observer a rare interview, and talked with the soft wit his closest friends and admirers always said was there. "People ask me why I ride with my bottom in the air. Well, I've got to put it somewhere," he once said.
The Long Fellow's style in the saddle expressed his journey across Britain's racecourses. The raised rear might as well have been a shark's fin.
There is a bit of fuss around him this week. "There's always some anniversary, isn't there. It's 60 years since I first rode in the Derby, you know?" he says. The question mark at the end of the sentence is a familiar racing habit used also by Henry Cecil, trainer of Frankel, brilliant winner of the 2,000 Guineas and an old Piggott ally.
Frankel was never going to be a Derby horse, Piggott insists: "No, he's too fast, isn't he? He ran the first five furlongs of the Guineas in about 58 seconds. Henry's got some other good ones. He trains in a very simple way and makes it look so easy. He has a good staff and a lot of people helping him. The old way. He trains like he did 30 years ago."
"The old way" is being swept away in racing's quest for modernisation and Piggott is happy to go along with it, to a point. "With the whip they have today they couldn't hurt a horse much. It's impossible. The whips are rubbish," he says. "It's all right people saying they shouldn't have whips but the ones they use today are hardly any good anyway. They're just half-and-half. The jockey had to have a whip because otherwise the horse used to go all over the place." He laughs at the thought of half-a-ton of horse without a tiller.
"Most horses hang one way or the other so you need something to correct them. The whip then was more of a whip. Today they're nothing like that. But, you know, I can see from the public point of view – at the end of a three-mile steeplechase it doesn't look good when they're whacking them. But not on the Flat."
He also regrets the rise in fixtures that serve only as betting shop fodder: "Except for the big meetings racing's become a weekend thing. The week-day racing is rubbish, isn't it? It's a lot of handicaps. People still bet on it, but it's mediocre. They went too much towards mediocrity. There's too much racing and too much mediocrity. But the sport has come through all these bad times and survived."
At 75 he no longer rides but still enjoys a punt. "We always have a bet in the bigger races. It wouldn't be any fun otherwise, would it?"
Money was Piggott's other great love, and his downfall, when he was sentenced in 1987 to three years in prison for failing to declare income of £3.25m to the Inland Revenue in the biggest tax-evasion case of its time. He served a year, was stripped of his OBE and saw his blossoming training career ruined. "I liked training a lot but it was a bad time for me, really, and I didn't continue," he says.
In 2007 he found himself in intensive care in a Swiss hospital with heart trouble: an affront to a man who has probably never eaten a Mars bar or sausage roll: "I don't know why it happened really. It's a funny thing. You wouldn't think I would get it because I was very fit but it can happen to anybody. It was just a blocked artery."
There is a placidity about him that speaks of an inner calm. But when I open his biography and show him some of the pictures he looks uncomfortable, as if to look back is too painful. "I'm quite busy, but it's not quite the same, really," he says at one point. People expect him to join them on the their nostalgia trips but he has to occupy the present, without riding, minus the thrill of the chase.
The Derby defined him because he mastered nature around Epsom and usually found his way on to the best animal, sometimes at another jockey's expense: "Of course there are bigger races later in the year now but the Derby still holds up. Look at last year [Workforce]: the winner was a great horse who won the Arc. So it holds up. The horse that wins the Derby has got to be able to do a lot of things.
"Where Sea The Stars [2009] was so good was that he was able to go through the gears. So few horses can do that. And he was a bit lazy, so we really never knew what he could do. To win the Arc so easily was fantastic.
"I thought Sir Ivor [1968] was probably the best of mine. He had this speed. He wasn't a mile-and-a-half horse but he had this terrific turn of foot. They were all great but I think he was the best. It depends a lot on the horse but it's a very tricky race. It was always the big thing. It was the thing. So you had to put a lot of thought into it. I was riding good horses. That helped."
Sometimes another jockey's good horse? "Not really. The intention was to get on the best one. That's why you're a jockey – to get on the best horse. The only controversy was Roberto [who was to be ridden by Bill Williamson, in 1972] – and that was the owner. He left it a bit late, but it was his idea."
A good idea, too, because John Galbreath saw the truth that still radiates from this mellow, shrewd-eyed horseman, with his winning energy and his poise. Around Epsom, with the right partner, Piggott would break the hearts of the opposition.
Piggott's Derby love affair
1951 Zucchero Piggott's first Derby, when he was just 15, was on a temperamental character who planted and refused to budge until the remainder of the field were almost out of sight. What did Piggott learn from this experience? "Not to get left at the start"
1952 Gay Time After winning well at Salisbury just seven days before the big race, PiggottPiggott considered his mount 'a certainty', but Charlie Smirke was in no mood to be upstaged and gave his young rival a famously hard time on the track. Smirke's mount, Tulyar, held off Gay Time by three-quarters of a length and Piggott was eventually unseated after the line
1954 Never Say Die The first of Piggott's nine successes in the race came aboard a 33-1 chance. The papers were in a frenzy about the youngest rider ever to win the race ever winner but, rather than stay out to celebrate, he was driven home by his parents where he to spend the evening mowing the lawn
1957 Crepello A heavily backed favourite, Piggott's winning ride cemented his reputation with punters and the press as being the best around. As he returned to the winner's enclosure, celebrity hairdresser 'Teasy Weasy' Raymond burst through the crowds to thrust a gold watch into the hands of the jockey as a thank-you present, while the horse's owner, Victor Sassoon gave Piggott his car, a Lincoln Continental limousine
1968 Sir Ivor Any regrets the rider might have had about his split with Noel Murless did not last long. Sir Ivor became the first of four winners Piggott would partner for Vincent O'Brien, eight years after his previous Derby win on St Paddy Piggott found Sir Ivor an easy ride – "it was as if he knew what he was supposed to do"
1970 Nijinsky Probably Piggott's most popular and famous winning ride in the race, the outstanding Nijinksy went on to become the first horse since Bahram in 1935 to win the Triple Crown. An iconic victory in the Derby, which took his record to eight from eight, was achieved in effortless fashion from French colts Gyr and Stintino
1972 Roberto Piggott had to be at his very strongest to force the winner home from Rheingold, who might have won but for continually bumping into his rival. Short of room for manoeuvre, it took a ride of astonishing power and determination to secure a short-head verdict in a photograph which took the judge what seemed like hours to resolve
1976 Empery A seventh Derby win made Piggott the winningmost successful rider in the history of the race, but punters could have been forgiven for being surprised by the 10-1 success over hot favourite Wollow. Piggott repeated the success on The Minstrel the following year
1983 Teenoso The last of Piggott's wins, gained in the most testing conditions many could ever remember at the track. Trainer Geoff Wragg, in his first season with a licence, was given a dream start to his career and the horse proved the win to be no fluke when winning the King George the following year
1994 Khamaseen Having returned to the sport after serving a prison sentence for tax evasion, Piggott was a 58-year-old grandfather when he finished fifth behind Erhaab, closing a chapter in the history of the Derby as he rode in the race for the 38th and final time
| Teenoso |
What name is given to the fur of the Coypu? | LESTER PIGGOTT'S EPSOM DERBY WINNERS
Never Say Die, Crepello, St. Paddy, Sir Ivor, Nijinsky, Roberto, Empery, The Minstrel and Teenoso.
Edition of 250
Approximate images size (cms): 56 x 43
This print is also available as an edition of 50 on Fine Art Canvas
Approximate images size (cms): 66 x 50
The image size quoted is approximate. If you are purchasing an unframed print please do not order a mount or frame until you have taken delivery.
To Order a Framed Print
Simply choose any of the framed print options from the drop-down menu below, then 'Add to cart'.
If you prefer to order by telephone or if you have any questions please call 0191 384 5343.
Code:
LESTER PIGGOTT'S EPSOM DERBY WINNERS
Never Say Die, Crepello, St. Paddy, Sir Ivor, Nijinsky, Roberto, Empery, The Minstrel and Teenoso.
Edition of 250
Approximate images size (cms): 56 x 43
This print is also available as an edition of 50 on Fine Art Canvas
Approximate images size (cms): 66 x 50
The image size quoted is approximate. If you are purchasing an unframed print please do not order a mount or frame until you have taken delivery.
To Order a Framed Print
Simply choose any of the framed print options from the drop-down menu below, then 'Add to cart'.
If you prefer to order by telephone or if you have any questions please call 0191 384 5343.
Code:
| i don't know |
Which sporting event takes place in Pasadena, California on New Year's Day? | Old Pasadena : Calendar of Events
give us feedback
Copyright 2007-2016 © Old Pasadena Management District, Pasadena California - All rights reserved.
Old Pasadena is the business district of Pasadena, a lively and diverse city located just ten miles from downtown Los Angeles. This eclectic old town area features entertainment and activities for kids and adults alike: museums, galleries, and music events, as well as movies, shopping, restaurants, and outdoor cafes. Families often stop by after sports events at the Rose Bowl; this clean and safe district is pedestrian friendly and provides convenient parking and easy access to public transportation, served by major bus lines and two Metro Gold Line stops. Welcome to Old Pasadena!
| Rose Bowl |
Which city was the interim capital of Pakistan while Islamabad was being constructed? | The Tournament of Roses in Pasadena
The Rose Bowl
The Rose Bowl is a post-season college football game between the top-ranked team from the Big-Ten (northern states from Iowa to Pennsylvania) and the top-ranked team from the Pac-10 (west coast states plus Arizona). It takes place annually on New Years Day at Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, CA.
Equestfest
The Equestrians who will participate in the Rose Parade gather for a pre-parade display of their talents. Stroll through the stables and talk to the riders. Learn about the various tack and the many different breeds. Watch these beautiful horses and talented riders perform drills and dances, and demonstrate trick riding and roping. As well as ongoing equestrian performances, demonstrations and exhibits, there is live music and food and drinks for sale.
| i don't know |
Which native American tribe were also known as the Dakota? | Facts for Kids: Dakota Indians (Dakotas, Dakota Sioux)
Dakota Indian Fact Sheet
Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Dakota Indian tribe for school or home-schooling reports. We encourage students and teachers to visit our Dakota Indian homepage for more in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Dakota pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
Sponsored Links
Dakota Tribe
What is the difference between the Lakota and Dakota Sioux? What do these words mean?
There is no real difference. "Lakota" and "Dakota" are different pronunciations of the same tribal name, which means "the allies." One Sioux dialect has the letter "L" in it, and the other dialect does not. This is only a pronunciation difference, not a political one. Of the 13 Sioux political subdivisions, seven pronounce the word "Lakota," four pronounce it "Dakota," one pronounces it "Nakota," and one is split between pronouncing it "Dakota" and "Nakota." But they all consider themselves part of the same overall culture.
"Sioux," on the other hand, is not a Lakota or Dakota name. It comes from the Ojibway name for the tribe, which means "little snakes." Many Lakotas and Dakotas use the word Sioux to refer to themselves when they're speaking English, however.
Where do the Dakota people live?
The original Dakota homelands were in what is now Wisconsin , Minnesota , and North Dakota and South Dakota . The Dakotas traveled freely, however, and there was also significant Dakota presence in the modern states of Iowa, Nebraska, Montana, and northern Illinois, and in south-central Canada. Today, most Dakota people live in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Saskatchewan.
How is the Dakota Indian nation organized?
There are 13 Sioux political subdivisions, combined into seven major tribes (the Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Teton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yankton, and Yanktonai Sioux tribes.) However, today, these divisions have more cultural significance than political. Each Dakota band is politically autonomous, which means it has its own land and leadership and makes decisions independently of other Dakota bands. Like most Native American tribes, each Dakota community lives on its own reservation ("reserve," in Canada), which belongs to them and is legally under their control. However, the US and Canadian governments still consider the Dakotas citizens. Each Dakota band has its own government, laws, police, and other services, just like a small country. The political leader of a band is called "itancan" in the Dakota language, usually translated as "chief" or "president" in English. The itancan used to be a man chosen by tribal councilmembers, but today Dakota tribal leaders can be of either gender and are popularly elected in most Dakota bands, just as mayors and governors are.
What language do the Dakota people speak?
Nearly all Dakota people speak English, but about 15,000 Dakota Indians are bilingual in their native Dakota language . Despite pronunciation differences, Lakota and Dakota speakers can understand each other easily, just like people who speak American English and Canadian English can. If you'd like to know a few easy Dakota words, "hau" (pronounced similar to the English word "how") is a friendly greeting in Dakota, and "wa�te" (pronounced wash-tay) means "good." You can see a picture glossary of Dakota animal words here .
What was Dakota culture like in the past? What is it like now?
There are many different Dakota bands, but the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota has an especially informative website where you can learn about Dakota history and culture.
Sponsored Links
How do Dakota Indian children live, and what did they do in the past?
They do the same things any children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Dakota children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian children had more chores and less time to play, just like early colonists' children. But they did have dolls and toys to play with, and older boys in some bands liked to play lacrosse . Dakota mothers, like many Native Americans, traditionally carried their babies in cradleboards on their backs. Here is a website with Native American cradle board pictures.
What were Dakota men and women's roles?
Dakota women were in charge of the home. Besides cooking and cleaning, a Dakota woman built her family's house and dragged the heavy posts with her whenever the tribe moved. Houses belonged to the women in the Dakota tribes. Men were hunters and warriors, responsible for feeding and defending their families. Usually only men became Dakota chiefs, but both genders took part in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine.
What were Dakota homes like in the past?
The Dakota people lived in large buffalo-hide tents called tipis (or teepees). Tipis were carefully designed to set up and break down quickly. An entire Dakota village could be packed up and ready to move within an hour. Originally tipis were only about 12 feet high, but after the Dakota acquired horses, they began building them twice that size. Here are some pictures of tepees and other Indian houses. Today, Native Americans only put up a tepee for fun or to connect with their heritage. Most Dakota families live in modern houses and apartment buildings, just like you.
What was Dakota clothing like? Did they wear feather headdresses and face paint?
Dakota women wore long deerskin or elkskin dresses. Dakota men wore breechcloths with leather leggings and buckskin shirts. The Dakota also wore moccasins on their feet and buffalo-hide robes in bad weather. In colonial times, the Dakota adapted European costume such as vests, cloth dresses, and blanket robes. Here are more pictures of Dakota clothing styles , and some photographs and links about Indian clothing in general.
Dakota warriors and chiefs were well-known for their impressive feather warbonnets , but they didn't wear them in everyday life. Both Dakota men and women wore their hair long, cutting it only when they were in mourning. There were many different traditional Dakota hairstyles, but long braids were the most common. Men often wrapped their braids in fur or tied quillwork strips around them. Here is a website with pictures of Indian hair . On special occasions, the Dakota Indians painted their faces and arms with bright colors and animal designs. They used different patterns for war paint and festive decoration.
Today, some Dakota people still wear moccasins or a beaded vest, but they wear modern clothes like jeans instead of breechcloths... and they only wear feathers in their hair on special occasions like a dance.
What was Dakota transportation like in the days before cars? Did they paddle canoes?
The Dakota tribes knew how to make birchbark and dugout canoes , but more often, they traveled overland. Originally the Dakota Indians used dogs pulling travois (a kind of drag sled) to help them carry their belongings. Here is an article with pictures of Indian travois . Once Europeans introduced horses to North America, the Dakota became known as expert riders and traveled greater distances. Horse riding is still popular in the Dakota nation today, but like other Americans, Dakota people also use modern vehicles like cars now.
What was Dakota food like in the days before supermarkets?
Originally the Dakota Indians were corn farmers as well as hunters, but once they acquired horses they mostly gave up farming, and moved frequently to follow the seasonal migrations of the buffalo herds. Most of their diet was meat, especially buffalo, elk and deer, which they cooked in pits or dried and pounded into pemmican. The Dakota also collected chokecherries, fruit, and potatoes to eat. Here is a website with more information about traditional Indian food.
What were Dakota weapons and tools like in the past?
Dakota warriors used bows and arrows, spears, war clubs, and buffalo-hide shields. Here is a website with pictures and information about Native weapons . Hunters also used snares, and when Dakota men hunted buffalo, they often set controlled fires to herd the animals into traps or over cliffs.
What other Native Americans did the Dakota tribe interact with?
The Dakota traded regularly with other tribes of the Great Plains. They particularly liked to trade buffalo hides and meat to tribes like the Arikara in exchange for corn. These tribes usually communicated using Indian Sign Language .
The Dakotas also fought wars with other tribes. Plains Indian tribes treated war differently than European countries did. They didn't fight over territory but instead to prove their courage, and so Plains Indian war parties rarely fought to the death or destroyed each other's villages. Instead, their war customs included counting coup (touching an opponent in battle without harming him), stealing an enemy's weapon or horse, or forcing the other tribe's warriors to retreat. Some tribes the Dakota frequently fought with included the Assiniboine , Ojibway , and Kiowa Indians.
What are Dakota arts and crafts like?
Dakota women are known for their native quillwork and beading , and the men are known for their elaborate buffalo-hide paintings . Dakota artists also make pottery , parfleche , and ceremonial calumet pipes carved from catlinite.
What kinds of stories do the Dakota people tell?
There are lots of traditional Dakota legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is very important to the Dakota Indian culture. Here is a Brule Sioux story about Thunderbird . Here's a website where you can read more about Dakota mythology .
What about Dakota religion?
Sorry, but we cannot help you with religious information. Religions are too complicated and culturally sensitive to describe appropriately in only a few simple sentences, and we strongly want to avoid misleading anybody. You can visit this site to learn more about Dakota religious traditions or this site about American Indian spirituality in general.
Can you recommend a good book for me to read?
You may enjoy Santee Dakota Indian Tales , a book of Dakota myths and legends. For younger readers, two excellent illustrated stories are Moon stick , a story about changes in the traditional Sioux Indian lifestyle, and Brave Bear and the Ghosts , a Dakota legend. If you want to know more about Dakota culture and history, three good sources for kids are The Dakota Sioux , If You Lived With The Sioux , and The Sioux and Their History . You can also browse through our reading list of recommended Native American books in general.
How do I cite your website in my bibliography?
You will need to ask your teacher for the format he or she wants you to use. The authors' names are Laura Redish and Orrin Lewis and the title of our site is Native Languages of the Americas. We are a nonprofit educational organization working to preserve and protect Native American languages and culture. You can learn more about our organization here . Our website was first created in 1998 and last updated in 2015.
Thanks for your interest in the Dakota Indian people and their language!
Sponsored Links
| Sioux |
Which horse, the 1977 Grand National winner, was owned by Fred Pontin? | The Great Sioux Nation
�What has been done in my country I did not want.
Did not ask for white people going through my country.
When the white man comes in my country
He leaves a trail of blood behind him.� -Red Cloud
HISTORY OF THE OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE:
http://www.lakotamall.com/oglalasiouxtribe/history.htm
The Oglala Sioux Tribe is part of the Great Sioux Nation of the Titowan Division. The Great Sioux Nation recognizes our land base in accordance with the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. The Great Sioux Nation extended from the Big Horn Mountains in the west to the eastern Wisconsin. The territory extended from Canada in the north to the Republican River in Kansas in the south. The Great Sioux Nation was reduced in the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty from the Big Horn Mountains in the west to the east side of the Missouri River, the Heart River in North Dakota in the north and the Platte River in Nebraska to the south. This includes the entire western half of South Dakota.
The Black Hills are located in the center the Great Sioux Nation. The Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota/Dakota people and today considered an important part of our spiritual lives. A direct violation of the 1868 Treaty was committed in 1874 by General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry. The 7th Cavalry entered the Black Hills, the center of the Great Sioux Nation and found gold in the Black Hills. The Gold Rush started the conflict between the United States and Great Sioux Nation. The Great Sioux Nation opposite this violation of the treaty. The United States Government wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people. The Great Sioux Nation refused to sell or rent their sacred lands.
The 7th Cavalry under General George A. Custer was requested to bring the Sioux bands in and place them on the reservation lands. On June 15, 1876, the Battle of the Little Big Horn between the 7th Cavalry and Lakota Nation with their allies Cheyenne and Arapahos at Greasy Grass, Montana took place. The Sioux Nation won a victory over General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry.
Chief Gall � Hunkpapa Sioux
Edward S. Curtis
The Great Sioux Nation scattered, some to Canada and others surrendered to the reservations. The United States Government demanded that the Lakota nation move to the reservations. The people finally surrendered after being cold and hungry and moved on the reservations. The government still insisted buying the Black Hills from the Lakota people. The Sioux (Lakota) Nation refused to sell their sacred lands. The United States Government introduced the Sell or Starve Bill or the Agreement of 1877. The Lakota people starved but refused to sell their sacred land so the U.S. Congress illegally took the Black Hills from the Great Sioux Nation. The Allotment Act of 1888 allotted Indian lands into 160-acre lots to individuals to divide the nation. The Act of 1889 broke up the Great Sioux Nation into smaller reservations, the remainder of which exist today at about one half their original size in 1889.
Many of the Lakota people began believed in the Ghost Dance experiences as the movement spread to the reservations. The U. S. Army feared the unity through prayer among the Tribes and ordered the arrest of Sitting Bull on the Standing Rock Reservation. In the process of the arrest Sitting Bull was shot by Indian Police on December 15, 1890.
Medicine Man Sitting Bull or Tatanka Iyotake - Hunkpapa
Edward S. Curtis
The Hunkpapa who lived in Sitting Bull's camp and relatives fled to the south onto the Cheyenne River Reservation. They joined the Big Foot Band in Cherry Creek, South Dakota then traveled to the Pine Ridge reservation to meet with Chief Red Cloud. The 7th Cavalry caught them at a place called Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The 7th Cavalry took all the weapons from the Lakota people. The 7th Cavalry massacred 300 people at Wounded Knee and left the bodies to freeze in the snow. The people of the Great Sioux Nation slowly recovered from this injustice and continue to survive in their homeland.
Of all the reservations in the Dakotas, Pine Ridge is the one most noted on the National level. Several possible explanations for this recognition exist. First, in early reservation history Pine Ridge was the site of the 1890 tragedy at Wounded Knee Creek in which most of Chief Big Foot's band of Minneconjou Teton Sioux were annihilated by the Seventh Cavalry. In more recent history, National media attention was focused on the 1973 armed occupation of the community of Wounded Knee by members of the American Indian Movement (AIM). Despite all the adversity encountered by the Oglala they remain a people of vitality, hopefulness, and with their cultural identity intact.
Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux � Black Elk
BLACK ELK: EARTH PRAYER & THE SUNSET
"I cured with the power that came through me. Of course, it was not I who cured, it was the power from the Outer World, the visions and the ceremonies had only made me like a hole through which the power could come to the two-leggeds."
"If I thought that I was doing it myself, the hole would close up and no power could come through. Then everything I could do would be foolish." � Black Elk
Below are Links to Native American People/Tribes Pages
| i don't know |
What is the German name for the Danube? | The Name of the Danube | Danube River
The Name of the Danube
The Name of the Danube
What's in a name?
"A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet.."
The Danube river passes through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova.
Its name in each of the countries languages is:
German: Donau
Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian: Dunav/ Дунав
Romanian: Dunarea
Ukrainian: Дунай
The name of the river originates from the a mythological source, from a Latin Roman river god, known as Danubius, or Danuvius. Additionally, the meaning can actually be derived from the ancient indigenous Slavonic tribes who called it the Great Water.
Legends have it that Danubius was very keen to colonise the places and peoples who lived along the Danube and to extent the boundaries and influences of the Roman empire to encompass this great watercourse. In an allegorical name.
Both in the past, as well as presently, it represents a major source of trade and connection, transporting people and goods across mainland Europe, and connecting the middle and northern countries with the south, the Balkan peninsula, and the Black Sea.
His vision was to exploit the different cultures and regions from which the Roman empire could prosper and annex the various riches that the basin possesses.
Was it a name that was given to the river because of its potentials, or because the people wanted it to represent, or evoke, its divine nature? The geopolitical structure of the region has significantly changed over times, and it significantly reflected on the economic changes in the region as well.
Although names do tend to remain untranslatable, the form and terms under which dialects take on a certain name makes linguistic sense.
In the geography of languages, it is a rule to see that linguistic varieties have a dialectic continuum, in which case the language spills across geo-political and cultural dividers, as bordering regions take on dialects that transcend those limits.
Further down the course, where it meets the Black Sea it is known as Istros, which is also based on a mythological river god, as he was known in Ancient Greece.
"The largest of the rivers of Europe, the Istros, rises from only a few springs and moves in a direction facing the first assaults of the sun. Later, many Rivers rise with one accord as though they were escorting him--for he is the King of the Rivers of that country--and flow perpetually, and those who live on their banks know each one by name. But as soon as they discharge into the Istros, the name which they had at their birth ceases to be used, they surrender it in his favour, all are called after him, and together pour their waters into the Euxeinos".
- Aelian, Greek natural history C2nd to 3rd A.D.
It is not uncommon to name natural splendours using mythological or divine function, in order to instil protection, guardianship, but mostly the magnificence of the setting by equating it to divinity and sanctity of legends. The Greeks put these practices to good use with their geographical entities and the renowned mythological figures.
If looked more in depth, one can find that the root of the word Istar, in ancient Greek, means flow, or flowing, and so on. One can see how these names take shape.
Moving along the way, linguistically and geographically, one can find an entire variety of meanings. It is said that Celts have given it a name Danuvius, based on their derivatives of the word danu, which means strong, or loud, ie. a loud river, or a river which makes noise.
On the other hand, In the Germanic languages, dune means wind-swept sand or sediment which have formed a bank, or a sandy bank. This could also be one of the possibilities.
For example, the gradual transformation of the name along the different cultural and linguistic regions signifies this language continuum. From German Donau to Hungarian Duna, and the Slavic languages Dunaj/ Dunai/ Dunav. This shows the variation of phonetics and how they are mutually intelligible.
It is interesting to note that the English designation, Danube, bears the closest resemblance to the actual root of the name, Danubius. The Romanian, the closest to Latin idiom, is the farthest from the root: Dunarea.
And, just as the river links other major waterways and a variety of regions which all have their own unique characteristics and appeal, so does the language along all the geographic and linguistic points.
The name has possibly changed and developed, just as the languages and dialects to, as generations modify their communication through cultural and geo-political development.
It often represents the relation between several factors: regional, social, and time variables. The results become quite obvious when the economic pursuits come into play, in particular in the past.
Overall, as it can be discerned, the variation is quite subtle. It manifests the separate languages developed from distinct dialects in the area, due to socio-cultural state of the region.
The most pronounced difference is the use of either Cyrillic or Latin alphabet and the variation of scripts, in accordance with religion and ethnicity.
It is evident that past settlers and colonizers of the region have left marks on cultural, social, and linguistic activities, in particular major powers - the Roman Empire, the Ottoman and the Hapsburg rules and eras. In addition to the main forces, regional differences in culture and tradition, along with social implications, all tend to powerfully shape the use of language and variables.
These idiom continua can contribute to creating geographical continua in cases when no geographical or geo-political boundaries matter, and the Danube is the perfect example of this. It is useful in expressing the individuality of the geographic entity, but more so, its greatness and contribution to the communities it flows through. Thus, it approximates the locales and makes for a moor integrative exposure, no matter the point in its course.
| Donau |
How is the fragrant white spring flower with the botanical name Convalleria Majalis popularly known? | Eurozine - What colour is the Danube? - L�szl� F�ldenyi
L�szl� F�ldenyi
What colour is the Danube?
Blue, muddy yellow or blood-red: the colour of the Danube varies according to history and geography. Never able to truly form the countries through which it runs into a single political entity, it nevertheless connects peoples and regions reconcilable only in dreams or poetry, writes L�szl� F�ldenyi.
As a child I once bathed in the Danube. It was on a mild spring evening in 1967. I'd come to Budapest from a town where there was no water far and wide – neither still nor flowing. Not even a puddle. On top of that, in the middle of the Hungarian plain I'd never even seen a hill, let alone a mountain. No water, not a mountain. So when I jumped into the water in northern Budapest with a view of the not so distant mountains, I was almost beside myself with joy. Like someone who has opened the door onto a new and unimagined world.
Via Danube: Literature in flow
L�szl� F�ldenyi's text is the opening speech at this year's Literatur im Herbst literary festival, taking place in Vienna from 28 to 30 October. Over three days, 23 authors from ten countries will be reading from and talking about their work, under the title Via Donau: Literatur im Fluss (Via Danube: Literature in flow).
"Blue Danube, red Danube, grey Danube, white Danube... The names for Europe's longest river with a length of 2900 kilometres are almost as various as the number of the countries through which it runs," writes Erich Klein in his introduction to the festival.
More on Literatur im Herbst 2011.
What seemed to me then as a huge novelty turned out to be anything but that. My experience might have been new, but as I swam around in the Danube I was overcome by almost atavistic sensations. Moreover, that northern part of Budapest where I experienced the Danube for the first time is called "Romans' beach" – after the Romans who used to live here and who, through the ruins, are present to this day. They also built the first bridges over the Danube, for example at Aquincum in the north of Budapest, near to Romans' beach, whose foundations, built with wooden stakes, were surveyed in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was as if I was submerged in a kind of common past. Unconsciously, I was experiencing the same thing as millions and millions of others before me. On that evening in May 1967 I still knew nothing about the Danube, had no idea about its history, about the blossoming cultures along its banks, didn't know the fantasies, ideas, hopes entwined around it. But my senses refused to be tricked. They knew very well that I wasn't bathing only in the Danube, but also in the myth of the Danube. That was also perhaps why I took such pleasure in the powerfully surging river. I was submerged in a myth. "Now and forever": that could be the motto of all water. Especially of rivers, which are eternally changing, assuming new forms, whose drops find themselves in permanent exchange – although from its source to its estuary the river is a single, constant whole.
Back then of course, in 1967, such thoughts didn't pass through my mind; I simply enjoyed plunging into the fast moving, powerfully surging current. It was only after I'd lived by the Danube for several decades that I understood why one has such thoughts particularly when looking at rivers – though of course it doesn't do any harm if the river is also big and powerful. In around 170 BC the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote the following words, albeit not at Romans' beach in Budapest but in Carnuntum, east of Vienna: "So remember these two points: first, that each thing is of like form from everlasting and comes round again in its cycle, and that it signifies not whether a man shall look upon the same things for a hundred years or two hundred, or for an infinity of time; second, that the longest lived and the shortest lived man, when they come to die, lose one and the same thing." I'm convinced that the sight of the Danube helped Marcus Aurelius attain these insights. After all, in the summer of 1936, almost two millennia later, it inspired similar thoughts in the great European poet of the century, Attilia J�zsef, who was born in Budapest and grew up in Hungary. By his time the banks of the Danube in Budapest hadn't been sandy for ages; by the end of the nineteenth century the water had already been coerced between elegant stone walls. But even the modern quays, which were able to tame the physical strength of the water, couldn't eradicate the archaic, ancient character of the river. Attila J�zsef's poem "By the Danube" begins with the words: "As I sat on the bottom step of the wharf / A melon-rind flowed by with the current; / Wrapped in my fate I hardly heard the chatter / Of the surface, while the deep was silent." The juxtaposition of permanence and transience is varied a few lines later: "[a]nd the sprightly waves / In playful gaiety laughed at me again, / Like a child on his prolific mother's knee, / While other thoughts were racing through her brain. / They trembled in Time's flow and in its wake, / Like in a graveyard tottering tomb-stones shake." But at the end of the poem the opposition between life and death is dissolved in all-encompassing time: "In the Danube's waves past, present and future / Are all-embracing in a soft caress." (Trans. from the Hungarian by John Szekely.) Looking at the Danube, Attila J�zsef experiences something similar to Marcus Aurelius: there's something inherent to this river that relativizes the antithesis between surface and depth, transience and permanence, life and death. The Danube: a seemingly unheeding, deeply natural force. And yet it offers deeply human insights to all those who listen to its message and understand it. As William Wordsworth put it in his sonnet "The source of the Danube" (1820), it inspires the imagination ("fancy"), which follows its "track of silver light" from its innocent, infant source to the terrifying Black Sea. And H�lderlin, in his poem "At the source of the Danube", written in 1801, professed in connection with the same river: "She comes to us / As a stranger, the awakener, / The human-forming voice." The Danube gives the inhabitants of its banks their humanity – by bestowing upon them insights that enable them to exceed the narrow seeming limits of the human.
A paradoxical river.
But let's leave the mythical and return to the everyday.
What colour is the Danube?
"Once you have heard the rushing of river, abandon forever forging plans for the future." These words were written by the Hungarian author Gyula Kr�dy in his Dream Diary, which appeared in 1925, precisely a quarter century after Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Not happy lines for the Danube basin, whose countries at the time had the First World War behind them, without suspecting that an even greater evil lay before them. It connects South and North, East and West, but also day and night, dream and waking. It flows through very different cultures, connects opposites, yet never subsumes them. The Danube, whose source for many centuries was just as mysterious as that of the Nile in Egypt, was never able to form the realm into a truly single entity – and yet it remained the sole and exceptional river for the residents of Ulm or Passau just as for those of Vienna, Budapest, Novi Sad and Nikopol, not to mention Braila or Sulina. It connected peoples and regions that seem irreconcilable. Perhaps only in dreams or poetry could they have been brought together. Maybe one explanation for why it was here, by the Danube, that two important books about dreams were written. A river, then, whose course somewhat resembles psychoanalysis, which not coincidentally was discovered on the banks of the Danube and reveals unexpected layers of the soul.
"Happy is he who forgets what cannot be altered." These words are all too familiar to us all: joy and melancholy exude from the lines of Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus, which was first performed near to where we are now, in the Theatre by the Wien, on 5 April 1874. One can sense the longing for the carefree suppression of memory, but also sadness about the inexorability of fate. These lines also arose on the banks of the Danube – the Danube that, in his waltz composed a few years earlier in 1866, the same Johann Strauss called blue (The Blue Danube). Spellbound by the sweet Danube, he wrote another waltz twenty-two years later, this time with the title Danube Maidens. It was based on a familiar legend about a merman king and his daughter. They all lived in the depths of the Danube in a castle made of blue-green crystal. The mermaids were indescribably beautiful and the earthly young men that caught a glimpse of them were forever devoted to them. One of the mermaids, the Danube Maiden, warned a young man and his father one winter about an impending storm, thus saving all the people who lived on the banks of the river. However the young man was unable to save himself: the following spring, enchanted by the Danube Maiden's beauty, he went out into the river in the hope of seeing her again. The next morning his empty canoe was found. The Danube Maiden Fountain, inspired by the legend, was unveiled in the city park of Vienna in 1865, followed a little later by the aforementioned waltz. The Danube Maiden had two faces, like the river itself: picturesque on the one hand, dangerous on the other. As it did for the German poet Heinrich von Kleist after the battle of Aspern on 21 and 22 May 1809. His friend and regimental comrade, the military writer R�hle von Lilienstein, later recalled that the Austrians would have been defeated by Napoleon at Aspern on the Danube, "had the ripping current unfortunately not torn apart the bridges before half of his army had crossed over to the Lobau." (Unfortunately, wrote R�hle, because he later fought on the side of the French.) Thus the Austrians were victorious, and Kleist wrote the next day a short couplet entitled "The Rescue of the Germans": "The Gods had all deserted us, but the Danube Maiden / had mercy on us, and I confer upon her Mars's temple." And how did Kleist know this Danube Maiden, which in the form of a flood destroyed the French pontoons, though it was only during the battle that he first set eyes on the Danube? He'd learned about her from the quill of the Austrian dramatist Karl Friedrich Hensler, whose romantic-comical musical The Danube Maiden premiered in Vienna in 1799 and was staged in Dresden in 1802. Hensler's play was the inspiration for Ludwig Tieck dramatic fragment The Danube Maid (1808), and also had an impact on Kleist's fantasy.
The Danube maid is seductive: she is beautiful, while also being equipped with the weapons of Mars. (A few days before the Battle of Aspern, the French marshal Lannes tripped and fell into the Danube; his friend Napoleon immediately jumped into the water and saved the marshal, who was later fatally wounded in the battle.) Her beauty makes the Danube a blue river, however she is also foreboding. Like a picture by Egon Schiele that bears the title "City on the Blue River", but whose subtitle is "Dead city"; in it, the painter allows the muddy yellow, the grey and even the black to shimmer through the blue of the Danube. For Strauss this river is blue, for Schiele black; after the battle of Aspern, Heinrich von Kleist probably found it red. And some find it muddy yellow, others steely grey. Does it even have a colour? A single colour, I mean?
No. If I again ask the question, "What colour is the Danube?" what comes to my mind is a palette of colours, in which alongside blue there also appear gloomy, dark, even foreboding colours and tones.
Because I'm from Budapest, what occurs to me for example is the muddy yellow colour that predominated during the catastrophic floods which struck Pest on 13 March 1838; even today countess small marble plaques on Pest walls recall this flood. The deluge, which made a deep impact on the collective Hungarian memory, was also the harbinger of the other great, political deluges of 1848, the revolution that began with the arrival of the latest political news from Vienna – news which of course came via the Danube, on a boat. This revolution, although defeated, was also the start of the subsequent development of the middle class in Hungary – an exceedingly contradictory process that repeatedly had recourse to the symbol of the calm yet dangerous Danube. It is no coincidence than it was in Hungary that the first stable bridge over the Danube – Chain Bridge – was inaugurated in 1849 as a symbol of the modernization process. Yet by the time the second bridge – Margaret Bridge – was inaugurated in 1873, the residents of Pest and Buda were plagued with worry. This inspired the great Hungarian poet J�nos Arany to write his ballad "Consecration of the Bridge". For him, Margaret Bridge was a symbolic construction: it opened not only the route from East to West, bit also the route from life into death. If I think of the Danube in Budapest, the term "dance of death" comes to mind. Why? Because in this poem the bridge is swarming with suicides – victims of modern society that cannot find a way out.
The development of the middle class was always a paradoxical process in most countries of the Danube basin. Hungary too. Two years after J�nos Arany's poem was written, Alfr�d Haj�s (1875-1955) was born, an important Hungarian architect of the twentieth century. Among his buildings is the Hungarian National Swimming Stadium, which still stands today on the most beautiful of all the islands on Danube, the Margaret Island. It was 1930. H�jos was originally called Guttmann; like the majority of important contemporary Hungarian architects he was of Jewish origin and, like his fellows in fate, did a great deal towards giving Budapest a modern architectural face in keeping with the times. Both the Swimming Stadium and Leopoldstadt, a new city district on the Pest bank of the Danube opposite the island, are influenced by the spirit of the Bauhaus. Between the wars, the residents of Leopoldstadt were predominantly Jewish, and today it is still the most homogenous looking part of Budapest. When I look at the Swimming Stadium on the Margaret Island or the buildings of Leopoldstadt on the quay on the Pest side of the river, it's not only the modernization process that comes to my mind, but inevitably also the emergency of autumn 1944 and winter 1945, when the Danube became a theatre of horror for Budapest's Jewish population. Not only did this sector of the population do the maximum for the civil development of Hungary, it also suffered the greatest.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the English poet William Bake described in his prophetic poem "Jerusalem" the impending apocalypse with the following words: "The Rhine was red with human blood, / The Danube rolled a purple tide; / On the Euphrates Satan stood / And over Asia stretched his pride." As far as the Danube was concerned, Blake's prophecy was borne out; at the beginning of 1945, as one survivor remembered it, the Danube "wasn't blue, wasn't brown, the Danube was red, from the blood of the Jews". When the Arrow Cross took over on 16 October 1944, they indiscriminately rounded up the Jews and drove a part of them to the banks of the Danube, where they shot them en masse, so that the dead fell into the river. The river carried away the first body on 23 November, and after that hundreds upon hundreds of new victims; around 3600 people were shot into the river over the course of the winter. Just over a dozen survived the execution; those who were shot into the water but managed to reach the shore alive were given the nickname "Danubers" by the inventive Budapesters. The Danube proved to be destructive and life-saving at the same time. As the Hungarian writer Istv�n �rk�ny put it, in winter 1944 Budapest was a "bloodbath city".
But this bloodbath on the Danube wasn't the first. Two years previously, in January 1942, Hungarian units carried out a mass murder upon the civilian population in the region of Novi Sad: 3340 people, predominantly of Serbian and Jewish origin, were shot down, most of them ending up in the icy waters of the Danube.
Budapest's magnificent bridges also suffered the war. During World War Two, the Germans first blew up Margaret Bridge (4 November 1944) and then, in January 1945, Franz-Josef Bridge, Chain Bridge and Elisabeth Bridge. This signalled the end of a fateful chapter of Hungarian history. The Danube was once more uncrossable – thus symbolically pre-empting the barbed wire put down shortly afterwards that was to make the passage between east and west impossible.
There is, however, another bridge that ought to be mentioned in this context: the Nibelungen Bridge in Linz. It was dreamed up by Hitler, who grew up nearby and whose intention it was to develop Linz into a metropole. The first step was to build the bridge, over which the first traffic crossed in 1940. The monumental urban architecture, which even in the designs appears terrifying, was prevented by war from being completed; had it been realized, not only would the Danube have been violated, its colour would have been changed to brown for ever. The spectre of the brown Danube also haunts us nowadays, by the way: one of the most disgusting websites on the Internet is the Austrian neo-Nazi site called "Alpen-Donau", whose server is located in the US.
*
Allow me once again to refer to J�nos Arany's poem "Consecration of the Bridge". In the poem the bridge is crowded with suicides. It doesn't lead from one bank of the Danube to the other, but becomes in effect a cul-de-sac. A paradox that has its roots deep in the history of the Danube. After all, the Danube was always a boundary, a limes, and whoever dared to overstep it always had to reckon with danger. Even the Romans conquered only the western part, Pannonia – and Diocletian organized his empire on the western bank of the Danube. The Danube was the boundary that shielded the southern and western civilizations against the East and the North. The Danube thus became a dividing line between civilization and barbarism, between radiant reason and unbridled instincts. For the first Hungarians it was the bridge between Christianity and paganism – let's not forget that bishop Gellert, the missionary from Venice, was thrown into the Danube by the pagans from the cliffs of what is today Gell�rt hill. And as late as 1817, the German writer Achim von Arnim referred to the Danube in his novel The Crown Watchmen as a river that contains "the arch enemy of Christendom, the Turks".
It is precisely because it is also a limit that the Danube fills the Hungarians not only with pride but also with fear. This river is like a wound, wrote S�ndor Pet�fi in the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, comparing it with a broken heart: "How often oh Danube are you split and stirred / by the raging storm and the ship's course! // And as mighty long and deep the wound does gape, / so your heart beats not with passion."
What is the origin of this sense of woundedness? Perhaps because the Danube is impossible to conquer. This mighty river has no consistent visage. It comes from afar – from the Black Forest, where, as a stream, it is perhaps still blue, and dies far away, in the Balkans, in the Black Sea, where it is impossible to see from one bank to another, and where all waters are said to be black. In order to master the Danube, in other words to feel at home on the banks of the Danube, you have to be able to balance between west and east, south and north, blue and black, between past and future. To again cite Attila J�szef's poem "By the Danube": "In the Danube's waves past, present and future / Are all-embracing in a soft caress."
This is the English translation of the speech L�szl� F. F�ld�nyi will be delivering at the opening of the Literatur im Herbst literary festival 2011, Vienna, 28-30 October
| i don't know |
In Norse mythology who was the God of Mischief? | Loki | Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Narfi and Vali (by Sigyn), Jörmungandr , Hel , Fenrir (by Angrboda), Sleipnir (by Svadilfari)
This article is about the Norse trickster god. For the king of Útgarðr , see Útgarða-Loki .
This article is about the god of mischief. For his uncle, the personification of fire, see Logi .
Loki is the Norse god of mischief, as well as of fire. He is the son of two giants, Fárbauti ("cruel striker") and Laufey (or Nál which means "needle", implying that she was skinny and weak.). His two brothers (who were to be beside him in Ragnarok ) are Býleistr (bee-lighting) and Helblindi (All blind or hel-blinder). He is referred to as the blood-brother of Odin . Loki becomes harbinger of Ragnarok and the father of the three chaos monsters: Fenrir , Jörmungandr , and Hel . Loki's mischief and intellect is not to be underestimated, as he is ultimately although indirectly responsible for the deaths of Balder and Thor , which were caused by Hodr and Jörmungandr (respectively). . [1]
Contents
Edit
It is said that when the brick mason, giant builder of Asgard 's walls, demanded an unreasonably high price for his work (he requested the sun , the moon , and Freya as his wife), it was Loki's idea to give him six months to build the wall. Thinking that surely the man would fail, and that Loki's plan was infallible, the gods all agreed; all except Freya, who was part of the bargain. When the brick mason and his stallion, Svadilfari , had made much progress on the wall before his time expired, the gods all turned to Loki, threatening him with death if he didn't find a way to make sure the wall wasn't finished within the sixth month. Fearing for his life, Loki took the form of a young mare and enticed Svadilfari away from his master, causing the mason to lose the bet. The union of Loki and Svadilfari brought Odin his eight-legged steed Sleipnir .
The Three Chaos Monsters
Edit
Some time after the wall was built, Loki, discontent with his faithful wife Sigyn , went to Jötunheimr where he wooed the giantess Angrboda . In the time they spent together, Angrboda gave birth to three children as terrible as their father: the first, the wolf Fenrir, whose mouth reached from the heavens to the earth; the second, Jörmungandr, the serpent that encircled the earth; and the third was the goddess Hel. After hearing of their birth and the prophecies surrounding them, Odin had them brought to him. Once they arrive, he retains custody of Fenrir, has Jormungandr thrown into the ocean to grow and gives Hel dominion over Nilfheim . In the tale of "The Binding of Fenris", we find that the eldest son of Loki and Angrboda was the wolf which ate Tyr 's hand.
The Dwarfs
Edit
It was Loki who tricked the two dwarf sons of Ivaldi and the dwarfs Brokk and Eitri to work against one another to create the gods well-known weapons and mounts. He betted his head that Eitri and Brokk could not make gifts superior to Skidbladnir , Gungnir and replacement hair for Sif , whose golden locks had been shorn by Loki as a prank (for which he was punished by Sif's husband, Thor). Eitri made the ring, Draupnir , the hammer Mjollnir and the boar, Gullinbursti . These objects were judged to be superior and Loki lost. However, when it came time for his head to be cut off, he protested against it, as any action could damage his neck, which was not part of the deal. Instead, Brokk had Loki's lips sewn together for a while.
The Theft of Idunn's Apples
Edit
After Balder's death, Aegir , god of the sea, invited all of the gods to his home so as they may forget their woes. It is here that Loki commits his final offense before his binding. Here he insults Bragi , calling him a coward and a poor man. He then goes on to insult Idunn , Gefjun , Odin, Frigg , Freyja , Njord , Freyr , Tyr, Heimdall , Skadi and finally Sif. After this, he is chased away by Thor.
The Binding of Loki
Edit
After Loki had been chased away by Thor for insulting all the gods and goddesses, Loki was then sought out and bound to a rock by the entrails of his son Narfi , who had been torn to pieces by his son, Vali , who had been transformed into a ravenous wolf. The faithful Sigyn kept watch over her husband, catching the poison from the serpent that Skadi placed over Loki's head. It was said that, when Sigyn left to empty the bowl, the poison would drip into Loki's eyes. His writhing from the pain caused earthquakes.
He was chained until the day of Ragnarök , the end of the gods, where he will fight amongst the jotnar and face Heimdallr. Upon the field of Vígríðr, the two will slay each other.
Powers
Loki is an antagonist in Valkyrie Profile .
Loki is a playable God in SMITE Battleground of the Gods
Loki can be chosen as a god to worship in Age of Mythology.
Literature
Loki is featured in the information book Worlds Worst Monsters and Villains.
Loki appears in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods.
Loki appears in the 1975 fantasy novel Eight Days of Luke by Diana Wynne Jones.
Loki is the protagonist of The Gospel of Loki by Joanne Harris, which presents a modern interpretation of the Norse sagas.
Loki is featured prominently in Wagner's cycle Opera Ring of the Nibelung , wherein the last installment Götterdämmerung he reveals his hope to turn into fire and destroy Valhalla, and at the last moment at the onset of Ragnarok Valhalla is set alight, destroying the Gods.
Loki is an antagonist in Rick Riordan's Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series.
Music
Rancid has a song written about Loki.
Film
Edit
Loki appeared as the primary antagonist on Marvel Entertainment's 2011 film Thor, The Avengers, Thor: Dark World, and the upcoming Thor: Ragnarok as a son of Odin and brother of Thor. Loki was portrayed by British actor Tom Hiddleston (The Hollow Crown).
Loki was portrayed by Richard Grieco in Almighty Thor.
In Hercules: Legendary Journeys, he is portrayed by Ian Hughes.
He is portrayed by Alan Cumming in Son of the Mask.
Portrayal
| LOKI |
"Which Dickens novel is subtitled ""The Parish Boy's Progress""?" | The Enigmatic Loki, a Trickster among Gods in Norse Mythology | Ancient Origins
21 December, 2014 - 22:29 Ryan Stone
The Enigmatic Loki, a Trickster among Gods in Norse Mythology
(Read the article on one page)
The Norse trickster god, Loki is undoubtedly the most debated figure from Norse mythology to this day. Though he appears to be a scheming, mischievous deity who has no real loyalties, scholars still explore what his purpose might have been in the ancient stories. Was he merely a plot device, a foil for the AEsir, the pantheon of gods in Norse religion? His character surely meant more to the non-Christian Scandinavians than can be gleaned now, and though that purpose cannot be fully realized due to a lack of sufficient sources, an overview of who Loki was and what he did can loosely be outlined.
According to Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda , Loki was the son of Fárbauti, a jötunn (giant), and Laufey, a lesser known female god. His jötunn heritage does aid in explaining the complexity of his character, as the jötunns once went to war against the AEsir and are considered, in many ways, their enemies. Loki, as the son of a giant as well as a goddess, straddles the two warring factions, a trait which plagues his character throughout his mythology. He marries the minor goddess Sigyn, but has many affairs, his most notable with the giantess Angrboða, by whom he gives birth to Hel, the queen of Niflheim; Fenrir, the oversized wolf who is fated to kill Odin at Ragnarök; and Jörmungandr, the World Serpent banished to the seas. The trickster god also, interestingly enough, is the mother of Odin's great eight-legged steed Sleipnir, as Loki mated with a powerful male stallion while disguised as a mare. As his parentage and his progeny are all outside the normal state of affairs even in the godly world, scholars believe that there must have been pertinence to his connection to so many dark and powerful figures in the Norse pantheon.
Loki's relationship with the other gods is what causes most of the concern and confusion in modern scholarship. Loki is not shown as an outright evil god, though he does appear to take great pleasure in fooling or insulting the AEsir. One of the most notable examples is his fluctuating relationship with Thor, as recorded in two different poems both from the Codex Regius, which houses the Poetic Edda . "Lokasenna" tells of when Thor comes to the great hall of the sea god AEgir and immediately becomes bothered by Loki and his antics. Three times Thor threatens to silence Loki with his hammer Mjölnir, and three times Loki proceeds to insult him and Odin. At the end of the tale, Loki flees the scene, hiding from the AEsir for his harsh words, only to be found and captured, and bound to the rock where he will remain until Ragnarök.
A depiction (1895) of Loki quarreling with the gods, as in the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna. Public Domain
For his mischief, Loki is hounded by the gods and bound to a rock where a serpent drips painful venom upon him. There he lies till Ragnarok. Painting illustrating Loki and Sigyn from Norse mythology. Public Domain
"Þrymskviða", contrastingly, details Thor and Loki on friendlier terms, as it is Loki to whom Thor turns for aid when Mjölnir, his powerful hammer, goes missing. Loki is the first person Thor seeks out, and together they work to uncover which god or magical creature has stolen the weapon. Loki goes out of his way to travel to Jötunheimr, the home of the giants, to ask the jötunn Þrymr what he knows, only to uncover Þrymr himself has taken Mjölnir and will only return it if Freyja will agree to marry him. In this tale, Loki and Thor retrieve the hammer with a clever plan of disguise, and Þrymr is punished for his misdeeds.
"Thor and Loki in the Chariot". Foster, Mary H. 1901. Asgard Stories: Tales from Norse Mythology. Silver, Burdett and Company. Page 41. ( Wikimedia Commons )
Though these are only two of many stories that describe Loki, these tales regarding his association with Thor reveal the wide spectrum of his personality and thus why his portrayals in the ancient Norse sagas constantly conflict. Just as modern scholars do not fully understand Loki's role, the Christian authors who finally wrote down the oral tradition did not seem to comprehend him well enough to know how to describe him either. Although Loki is neither depicted as completely evil nor completely helpful, he will fight against the Æsir during Ragnarök and eventually kill and be killed by Heimdall, the god who guards the rainbow bridge Bifröst which leads to the world of mortals. Loki appears to have no regret of his actions or sympathy for his family members—Hel, Jörmungandr, and Fenrir—thereby emphasizing the anomaly of his relationship with the AEsir.
| i don't know |
The lack of which vitamin caused scurvy in the early days of the navy? | 4 Diseases Caused by a Lack of Essential Vitamins and Minerals | Mental Floss
4 Diseases Caused by a Lack of Essential Vitamins and Minerals
Retronaut.com
Like us on Facebook
Companies pushing products with added vitamins and minerals can fool people into thinking that they’re eating a “healthy” food when they’re not—but it’s not like those vitamins and minerals are there for no reason. For much of human history, diseases of nutrient deficiency were the norm, and in some parts of the world, they still persist. Even into the 20th century, conditions caused by a lack of certain vitamins or minerals were endemic to North America and Europe. Artificially added nutrients may not make a food “healthy,” but they do stave off several debilitating, and sometimes fatal, diseases of malnutrition. Here are a few of those maladies.
1. Scurvy
Courtesy of The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
The disease of pirates: the grey-death. Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C, whose chemical name, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin term for scurvy, scorbutus. Even though the disease was known since ancient times (described by Hippocrates around 400 BCE), it was not a scourge to those who were largely land-bound. Even though its causes were unknown, many cultures realized that eating certain herbs could reverse the symptoms, and as long as there was access to fresh food, it was generally kept under control.
Scurvy didn’t become a significant problem until the Age of Discovery (beginning in the 15th century), when people at sea were not able to access that much-needed fresh food for months at a time. Preserved meats and carbohydrates contained no vitamin C, and unlike most animals, the human body is not able to create vitamin C on its own.
The early symptoms of scurvy include spongy gums, pain in the joints, and blood spots appearing under the skin. As the disease progressed, the teeth would become loose, extreme halitosis (bad breath) would develop, the afflicted would become too weak to walk or work, be in too much pain to eat, and would die “mid-sentence,” often from a burst blood vessel. Many of the early explorers lost great numbers of men to scurvy : Vasco de Gama lost 116 out of 170 men in 1499, and in 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230. A few deaths were attributable to other causes, but the vast majority were due to scurvy.
Courtesy of TaussMarine.com
Despite not being able to pinpoint the exact cause of scurvy, in the 18th century, Naval physician James Lind was able to prove , in what’s considered to be the first controlled scientific experiment, that scurvy could be prevented (and cured) by incorporating citrus fruits such as limes and oranges into the diet of sailors. Although his findings weren’t widely accepted at first, the British Navy eventually began issuing standard rations of lemon juice, and later, limes, to their sailors—which gave rise to the term “limey” in reference to the British.
These days, scurvy is an extremely rare condition, almost exclusively caused by someone eating a completely unvaried diet . In most cases, high levels of oral supplementation of vitamin C are enough to reverse the condition in a matter of weeks, and death by scurvy is almost unheard of.
2. Rickets
Courtesy of Blatner.com
This condition is brought on by a lack of vitamin D, which causes the body to be unable to absorb or deposit calcium. Less commonly, it can also be caused by a lack of calcium or phosphorus, but vitamin D deficiency is by far the most common cause. Unlike vitamin C, the human body is able to produce vitamin D, but only if it has the metabolic precursors available to it.
When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light (such as from the sun), cholesterol in the skin reacts and forms cholecalciferol, which is then processed in the liver and kidneys to create the active form of vitamin D. Even with a nominally healthy diet, without enough sun exposure, the body can’t produce the vitamin D precursors on its own. This is actually re-emerging as a health concern among some increasingly-indoor groups of people, and is one of the few hypovitaminosis (lack of vitamin) conditions not considered to be a “disease of the past.” Luckily, when the deficiency is recognized, cholecalciferol can be directly taken as a vitamin supplement or acquired from eating organ meats and oils, such as cod liver oil, allowing the body to resume producing vitamin D.
Rickets is a condition of children, as the deficiency’s most severe effects are on developing bones; in adults, “bone-softening,” or osteomalacia, can be caused by the same vitamin deficiency. But in adults, it both takes significantly longer to develop and tends to cause tip-off signs that something is wrong before bone warping sets in, such as extreme pain in the bones, and unexplained muscle weakness. In children, especially those that don’t or can’t receive regular check-ups, deformity and debilitation by the deficiency is often only noticed after significant damage has been done to their developing skeletons.
The most telling symptoms of rickets are at the epiphyses (growth plates) of bones: The body is unable to lengthen bones by depositing calcium, and ends up with bones that flare outward in a “cupping” appearance. This leads to costochondral swelling, or what’s known as the “rachitic rosary” along the ribcage of the child, as well as widened wrists and “thick” joints. Before widened wrists or rachitic rosary appears, the softening of the skull bones can lead to “Caput Quadratum”—a square-headed appearance, and often the first sign of skeletal growth problems. If left untreated, rickets also can cause an extremely curved back, stunted growth, and frequent fractures—all of which can lead to permanent and debilitating deformity.
3. Beriberi
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
This condition is largely confined to Asia, especially in countries where boiled rice is a staple. The Sinhalese term “beri-beri” means, “I cannot, I cannot,” and derives from the inability to perform even the simplest of tasks once the polyneuritis (nerve inflammation) caused by the deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) has permanently damaged the neurons, when the condition has progressed to the end-stage.
Although beriberi was known to exist in rice-eating countries several centuries back , its prevalence boomed with the introduction of steam-driven rice-polishing mills from Europe. The superior taste of the milled white rice led many locals to abandon the local (unpolished) brown rice, and in doing so, abandon their primary source of thiamine. From the 1860s to the turn of the 20th century, people whose plant consumption was limited to the polished white rice would often come down with weakness, pain, weight loss, difficulty walking, and emotional disturbances. Beriberi became one of the leading causes of mortality in the region.
In the 1880s, a doctor named Christiaan Eijkman began researching the causes of this epidemic at a laboratory in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia), and initially believed that the condition was caused by a bacterial infection. However, after years of study, he came to the conclusion that “white rice is poisonous.” He discovered this by feeding a group of chickens solely white rice, and another group unpolished brown rice. The chickens that ate the white rice came down with beriberi-like symptoms, while the others stayed healthy. Eijkman also discovered that when the chickens fed white rice were subsequently fed brown rice, they recovered from their illness! Later dietary testing on prisoners confirmed his results. Even though he didn’t know the cause of the condition, Eijkman proved that white rice was the culprit, and shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery.
Beriberi is occasionally seen in the modern world, but its primary cause is chronic alcoholism —the poor diets of some chronic alcoholics, combined with the decreased absorption of what thiamine is consumed, leads to symptoms that unfortunately are sometimes left undiagnosed until it’s too late. Recently, beriberi was also seen in Haitian prisons , when the prison system began buying imported polished rice from the United States, and stopped feeding their inmates the local brown rice.
4. Pellagra
Courtesy of Open Library
What causes blistering of the skin in the sun, pale skin, a craving for raw meat, blood dripping from the mouth, aggression, and insanity? If you answered “vampirism,” you’re close—the myth of the vampire may have its roots in the condition known as “pellagra.”
Pellagra is caused by a lack of vitamin B3 (niacin). First identified and commonly diagnosed in the Asturian Empire (now Northern Spain), it was originally called “Asturian leprosy.” However, the condition was seen throughout Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, wherever a large percentage of food energy was derived from corn, and fresh meat was not available. The area of highest prevalence was Northern Italy, where Francesco Frapoli of Milan called it “pelle agra,” meaning “sour skin.”
It was initially believed that either the corn itself, or some insect associated with corn, was causing pellagra. This belief was reinforced when much of France eliminated corn as a food staple and virtually eradicated the condition. Between the era that corn was introduced to Europe (the early 16th century) and the late 19th century, pellagra was found almost everywhere that poor people subsisted on cornmeal and little else.
Around the turn of the 20th century, people began to notice that despite subsisting on just as much corn as poor Europeans, poor Mesoamerican natives didn’t come down with the condition. It was eventually discovered that this was because the traditional processing of corn in the Americas involved “ nixtamalization ,” in which the kernels were soaked in limewater before hulling them. The alkali solution freed up the niacin that was present in the grain, but previously inaccessible.
Despite the extensive work of Dr. Joseph Goldberger in the 1910s and 1920s , which proved that pellagra wasn’t caused by a germ but by a dietary deficiency, the condition was occurring in epidemic proportions in the rural Southern US until the 1940s.
Today, pellagra is most common in the poorest regions of the world, especially places that rely upon food aid programmes. Some countries still ship unfortified cornmeal rather than corn masa (nixtamalized corn) or fortified cornmeal to developing countries or to their own impoverished populations. China, parts of Africa, Indonesia, and North Korea all have endemic pellagra among their lowest classes.
*******
The discovery of important vitamins and how to produce them has been so significant to human health that many of those who were integral to the discoveries have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine; more than 10 Nobel Prizes have been divided among almost 20 eminent scientists for the discovery or isolation of vitamins A, B1, B12, C, D, E, and K. Over the second half of the 20th century, after the beginning of widespread supplementation to everyday food items, the incidences of the conditions covered here went down dramatically across much of the world.
Of course, the minerals essential to the human body play similarly important roles in maintaining health. However, humans have not historically had a widespread significant problem acquiring these nutrients, as most plants absorb many minerals from the soil. With the increased processing of our food throughout the 20th century, however, some of these minerals have been lost, and have had to be re-added to the average Western diet through supplementation. In the rest of the world, displacement due to war, and unfortified food from aid programmes, has left survivors with enough calories, but not enough nutrients. Supplementation of assistance food and local fortification of salt and flour is beginning to help give displaced people (especially displaced children) a new chance at life without these and other nutritional diseases.
In the developed world, you won’t be the healthiest bloke on the block if you eat nothing but breakfast cereal and cartons of juice—but the food industry has ensured that you at least won’t die of malnutrition. Even people with healthy diets benefit from the supplementation of vitamins and minerals in common foodstuffs, and adding the nutrients costs next to nothing. Doctors and nutritionists still agree that the healthiest way to acquire your necessary vitamins and minerals is by eating a balanced diet and spending time outdoors each day, but in the course of modern life, that’s not always possible, and if people are going to eat poorly either way, we may as well keep them from dropping dead of scurvy!
| Vitamin C |
Who succeeded to the English throne in 1422 at the age of nine months? | A brief history of vitamin C and its deficiency, scurvy
A brief history of vitamin C and its deficiency, scurvy
by Harri Hemilä
This text is based on pages 1-3 and 101-4 of Hemilä (2006) .
This document has up to date links
to documents that are available via the net.
A few old and difficult to reach documents,
such as Funk's (1912) paper introducing the term "vitamine"
have been digitalized so that they can be read as original texts.
Harri Hemilä
We were all hearty seamen, no cold did we fear
And we have from all sickness entirely kept clear
Thanks be to the Captain he has proved so good
Amongst all the Islands to give us fresh food.
Song of James Cook’s Sailors
(Kodicek & Young 1969 )
Scurvy before James Lind
Scurvy, vitamin C deficiency, was a serious occupational disease of sailors in the Age of Sail. It has been estimated that over two million sailors perished from scurvy (Carpenter 1986; Harvie 2002; Bown 2003).
Vasco da Gama began his expedition to India in 1497 and when his ships arrived on southeast coast of Africa, most of the crew were afflicted with scurvy. Da Gama recorded that "Many of our men fell ill here, their feet and hands swelling, and their gums growing over their teeth so that they could not eat." As they sailed farther up the east coast of Africa, they met local traders, who traded them fresh oranges, and within 6 days of eating them, the crew recovered. Although da Gama recorded that "It pleased God in his mercy that ... all our sick recovered their health for the air of this place is very good," the crew were convinced that the oranges that they had eaten were powerful curatives, because they particularly asked for them the next time scurvy appeared (Carpenter 1986 pp 1-3). It is thought that scurvy was the cause of the deaths of 100 of Vasco da Gamas 160 men (Harvie 2002 pp 12).
The English sea captain Sir Richard Hawkins stated in 1622 that "In 20 years, since that I have used the sea, I dare take upon me to give accompt of 10,000 men consumed with scurvy" emphasizing the magnitude of the problem. Hawkins "wished that some learned man would write of it, for it is the plague of the sea, and the spoil of mariners." In the 1780s, twenty-one British warships were stationed in the West Indies, which had become the major theatre for naval battles involving France, Spain, and England during the War of American Independence. Sir Gilbert Blane, who was the personal physician to the admiral, counted that, during his first year in the West Indies, out of 12,019 mariners only 60 died from enemy action, whereas 1,518 perished from disease, with cases of scurvy outnumbering all other illnesses combined (Bown 2003 pp 199-225; Carpenter 1986 pp 91-7), corresponding to a mortality rate for scurvy of about 1 per 10 person-years.
When Commodore George Anson set out with 8 ships and 1,854 sailors to the South Seas in 1740, he returned in 1744 with only 1 ship and 188 men; the great majority of the rest died of scurvy (Gordon 1984 ; Carpenter 1986 pp 46-51; Watt 1998 ). In contrast, during James Cook’s second voyage towards the South Pole and round the World, from 1772 to 1775, he lost no men to scurvy: "… the Resolution performed a voyage of three years and eighteen days, through all climates … with the loss of one man only by disease, and who died of a complicated and lingering illness, without any mixture of scurvy. Two others were unfortunately drowned, and one killed by a fall; so that of the whole number with which I set out from England I lost only four" (Cook 1776 ). After this voyage, Cook was honored with the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, Cook’s most prestigious award. This was not for his navigational discoveries, but for his success in maintaining a long sea voyage without a death from scurvy among the men in his crew (Chick 1953 ; Kodicek & Young 1969). Still, Cook could not receive the medal in person because he had already left on yet another voyage, in which he was to be killed by natives on a beach in Hawaii.
Paradoxically, Cook’s success in preventing scurvy, far from hastening the cure of the disease, instead delayed the identification of the actual cure (Lloyd 1961). Cook was primarily a navigator and explorer and not a dietician, and he did not examine specifically which of the numerous antiscurvy measures was the actual reason for its absence. Cook’s experience could thus not be used to exclude useless treatments, and false explanations for the cause and treatment of scurvy prevailed for a long period in spite of his success in keeping his own sailors free of it ( Table 1 ).
Strong observational evidence had shown that fruit had been useful for treating and preventing scurvy since Vasco da Gama’s voyage, and Hawkins ( 1622 ) commented that "That which I have seene most fruitfull for this sicknesse, is sower oranges and lemmons." The benefit of fruit was, however, forgotten for a long period and was rediscovered only in the 1700s.
James Lind's treatise 1753
James Lind (1753) carried out a systematic review of all the earlier literature on scurvy and wrote the classic monograph A Treatise of the Scurvy. At the end of his treatise, Lind wrote a brief summary of each of the earlier publications on scurvy ("Bibliotheca scorbutica"; Lind 1753 pp 249-354). In the literature before Lind, the clinical definition of scurvy had become highly ambiguous and, for example, one of the earlier authors had stated "As this case cannot properly be referred to any other disease, it may justly be deemed scorbutic" (p 36). Because of the imprecise definitions of scurvy, and in many cases using the name for unrelated diseases as we define it nowadays, Lind discarded most of the earlier texts by eminent authors. Working for years as a surgeon on Navy ships, Lind had substantial personal experience with scorbutic patients, and his own clinical definition was based on "putrid gums, swelled legs, and spots, accompanying each other, and in their progress usually attended with rigid tendons in the ham, are observed in no other distemper" ( p 53 ). In contrast to most earlier authors on scurvy, Lind’s line of exploring the nature of the disease was empirical: "I shall propose nothing dictated merely from theory; but shall confirm all by experience and facts, the surest and most unerring guides" ( p 144 ).
In 1747, Lind carried out the first well described controlled trial in medicine, on HMS Salisbury (1753 pp 145-8 ). In this trial, Lind kept "12 patients in the scurvy … their cases were as similar as I could have them," in the same quarters; and he saw to it that they all had the same diet. Groups of 2 men were then allocated to 6 different daily treatments for a period of 14 days. One group was administered 2 oranges and 1 lemon per day for 6 days only, when the supply was exhausted. Other groups were administered vinegar, sea-water, and other supposed anti-scurvy remedies. From this trial, Lind concluded that "The most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of the oranges and lemons; one of those who had taken them, being at the end of six days fit for duty" ( p 146 ).
Lind’s trial was a milestone in medical research methodology (Dudley 1953 ; Thomas 1969 , 1997 ; Hughes 1975 ; McBride 1991; Dunn 1997; Friedman et al. 1998 p 1 ; Manchester 1998a; Sutton 2003 ; Currie 2003 ; Milne & Chalmers 2004 ). Hampton ( 2002 ) stated that "The elegant trial of the use of oranges and lemons for the treatment of scurvy was hardly bettered until the trial of streptomycin for tuberculosis designed by Austin Bradford Hill [in 1948]."
Thus, Lind’s trial provided further empirical evidence that citrus fruits could cure scurvy. However, most current authors refer to this trial out of context, claiming that it proved the essential role of fruit in preventing scurvy, and establishing a way to understand deficiency diseases (Carpenter 1986; Bartholomew 2002a , 2002b ). The trial is described in just 3 pages of a book of some 350 pages. Lind himself did not put as much weight on his trial as the current commentators retrospectively do (see Table). In fact, he drew his own conclusions, which were completely false, about the etiology of scurvy from observational data.
Lind was convinced that lack of fruit and vegetables was not the primary etiological cause of scurvy, and argued at length for this conclusion. "Before determining what are the true causes of scurvy being so often epidemic at sea, it may not be amiss to remark what they are not, although commonly accused" (1753 p 71 ). "Others have supposed such to be the constitution of the human body, that health and life cannot be preserved long, without the use of green herbage, vegetables, and fruits; and that a long abstinence from these, is alone the cause of scurvy. But if this were truly the case, we must have had the scurvy very accurately described by the ancients; whose chief study seems to have been the art of war; and whose manner of besieging towns was generally by a blockage, till they had forced a surrender by famine. Now, as they held out many months, sometimes years, without a supply of vegetables; we should, no doubt, have heard of many dying of the scurvy" ( pp 73-4 ). "There are persons everywhere, who, from choice, eat few or no green vegetables; and some countries are deprived of the use of them for five or six months of the year; as is the case of many parts in the highlands of Scotland, Newfoundland, etc., where, however, the scurvy is not a usual malady" ( p 74 ). Lind also describes his own experience while on board HMS Salisbury where he did not observe a correlation between the consumption of greens and the occurrence of scurvy, concluding that "although it is a certain and experienced truth, that the use of greens and vegetables is effectual in preventing the disease, and extremely beneficial in the cure … yet there are unquestionably to be found at sea, other strong sources of [scurvy]; which we shall hereafter distinguish by the name of the predisposing causes to it." ( p 76 ; Lind’s italics).
Thereafter Lind extensively describes his own notions of the etiology of scurvy concluding that "I am certain it will be allowed, by all who have had an opportunity of making observations on this disease at sea, or will attentively consider the situation of seamen there, that the principal
and main predisposing cause to it, is a manifest and obvious quality of the air, viz. its moisture" ( pp 84-5 ; Lind’s italics; Martini 2004). Lind also argued "I will venture to affirm, that, without any one exception, scurvy is unknown in dry places" ( p 98 ), "The lazy and indolent, and those of a sedentary life … are most subject to scurvy; while hard labourers … keep entirely free. … Those that are of a cheerful and contented disposition, are less liable to it, than others of a discontented and melancholy mind" ( p 105 ). Finally, when discussing "the cure of the disease, and its symptoms" in the latter part of his treatise, Lind stated "All mankind have not the benefit of a pure wholesome air, warm dry lodgings, with proper conveniences to guard against the inclemency of different weather and seasons… Experience shews, that the cure of the adventitious scurvy is very simple, viz. a pure dry air, with the use of green herbage or wholesome vegetables, almost of any sort; which for the most part prove effectual… Thus a free and pure countryair, with such moderate exercise as at the same time conduces to the agreeable amusement of the mind, is requisite" ( pp 178-9 ). "And by all faithful and accurate observations made on this disease, moisture is experienced to be the principal and main predisposing cause to it" ( p 206 ). Although proposing ‘moisture’ explicitly as the principal cause of scurvy, Lind did consider that diet may have importance as an ‘occasional cause’ of scurvy, i.e., secondary to moisture.
Scurvy as a deficiency of a nutrient
The correct explanation of the etiology of scurvy was proposed in 1734, i.e., before Lind’s trial and monograph, by John Bachstrom, a physician in Holland who claimed that the cause of scurvy was the absence of fresh vegetable food from the diet for a considerable time (Carpenter 1986 pp 44-5; Lind 1753 pp 314-7 ). Carpenter comments that "Bachstrom’s treatise seems to the modern reader a straightforward argument and one that deserved at least a serious consideration. But to the contemporary main-line physician it was not impressive because it dealt with a single disease in isolation and did nothing toward establishing a view of the nature of ‘disease’ in general – an ideal which the medical profession had as its goals, by analogy with the universal laws being developed by the physicists at that time. In other words, Bachstrom was ‘a mere empirick’." Lind explicitly disagreed with Bachstrom’s proposal that "a long abstinence from fruits and vegetables is alone the cause of scurvy" (1753 p 73 ).
One hundred years later, John Elliotson ( 1831 ), professor of medicine in London, proposed specifically that "scurvy is disease purely chemical. The body, structure, and functions are not in the least in fault; in one sense, each part of the system is ready to perform all its functions, but one of the external things necessary for its doing so is taken away. In the case of suffocation, the body is not at all in fault, but it suffers from a want of fresh air; so in scurvy, the functions are all right, but the food which the body by nature requires is withheld from it… The case of scurvy is exactly like the case of impending suffocation – the body would be in good health if not deprived of its proper external supply." A few years later, in 1842, George Budd also suggested that scurvy was a deficiency disease: "From this we must infer, that the ill effects of a diet consisting of sugar, starch, oil, fat, do not result from want of protein only but from want of other principles also requisite for the support of the body. Perhaps the deficiency of each principle shows itself in a particular way" (Hughes 1973 ; Carter 1977 ; Carpenter 1986 pp 98-9, 249-51; Cook 2004 ). These were visionary considerations far ahead of their time.
The concept of necessary minor constituents started to be accepted in main-line medicine over half a century after Elliotson and Budd published their arguments, in the early twentieth century. In 1906, Sir Frederick Hopkins wrote that "The animal body is adjusted to live either upon plant tissues or the tissues of other animals, and these contain countless substances other than the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Physiological evolution, I believe, has made some of these well-nigh as essential as are the basal constituents of diet… The field is almost unexplored; only is it certain that there are many minor factors in all diets of which the body takes account. In diseases such as rickets, and particularly in scurvy, we have had for long years knowledge of a dietetic factor; but though we know how to benefit these conditions empirically, the real errors in the diet are to this day quite obscure. They are, however, certainly of the kind which comprises these minimal qualitative factors that I am considering." Hopkins was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins, which he called ‘accessory food factors’ and in 1931 he became the president of the Royal Society (Hopkins 1906 , 1912 , 1912 , 1929 ; Harris 1947a, 1947b ; Needham 1962a,b; Kamminga 1997; Carpenter 2003b , 2004 ; NF 2007a ).
In 1912 , Casimir Funk assembled all the various strands of work supporting the deficiency theory of disease, concluding that "The diseases mentioned above [in the title of the paper] present certain general characters which justify their inclusion in one group, called deficiency diseases. They were considered for years either as intoxications by food or as infectious diseases, and twenty years of experimental work were necessary to show that diseases occur which are caused by a deficiency of some essential substances in the food. Although this view is not yet generally accepted, there is now sufficient evidence to convince everybody of its truth, if the trouble be taken to follow step by step the development of our knowledge on this subject. This article is written with the intention of giving a summary of the modern investigations … there is perhaps no other subject in medicine where so many contradictory and inexact statements were made, which instead of advancing the research retarded it by leading investigators in a wrong direction." Subsequent research confirmed most of Funk’s opinions and vindicated most of the arguments he provided in their support. Since his paper, additional work on the deficiency diseases can be thought of as elaboration of an existing theory (Carter 1977 ); however, see footnote to Table 1 . Funk (1912) also coined the term ‘vitamine’ (‘vital’ substances that were chemically ‘amines’), but the letter ‘e’ was later dropped out when it was found that not all these vital substances were ‘amines’, so that the term for later use became ‘vitamin’ (Drummond 1920 ; Rosenfeld 1997 ; Carpenter 2004 ).
Nevertheless, as to the actual cure of scurvy, it took several decades after Lind’s trial in 1747 before citrus fruits were properly utilized in preventing it. Sir John Pringle believed that scurvy was caused by putrefaction, his own theory being that ‘wort of malt’ was its cure and, because Sir John happened to be the president of the Royal Society, ‘wort of malt’ was a more respectable remedy for scurvy than lemons long after Lind’s controlled trial ( Table 1 ). In 1778, Pringle resigned his position at the Royal Society, and in 1795, Sir Gilbert Blane, a follower of Lind, was able to persuade the British Admiralty to issue a daily ration of lemon juice to all sailors, which virtually eliminated scurvy aboard Navy ships. It seems this defeat of vitamin C deficiency was a major reason why the British Navy was able to protect the country against Napoleon’s invasion and, in particular, why Nelson was able to beat the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 when their mariners were suffering from scurvy. Never before, and never since, has vitamin C as a chemical substance had such a crucial role in global politics (Bown 2003 pp 227-55).
Land scurvy and pediatric scurvy
Although scurvy caused its greatest evils on the long sea voyages, it has also been a problem on land, sometimes called the ‘land scurvy’ (Lind 1753 pp 52-63 ; Hess 1920 pp 1-22; Lorenz 1953 , 1957; Wilson 1975; Carpenter 1986 pp 98-132; Hughes 1990 ; Bollet 1992; Harvie 2002 pp 225-34). French explorer Jacques Cartier had winter on the Saint Lawrence River in 1535-6 since his ships were frozen in the ice, and most of his crew got scurvy. Local indians taught them to prepare juice of white cedar and "after drinking it two or three times, they recovered health and strength and were cured of all the diseases they had ever had" (Carpenter 1986 pp 7-12; Martini 2002). Juice made of pine needles was used also during the siege of Leningrad in the Second World War to prevent scurvy (Shishkin 1943). Land scurvy has been a problem in various circumstances. In the American Civil War of 1861-1865, 7,000 Union army deaths were directly attributed to scurvy, and another 45,000 deaths from dysentery and diarrhea followed from severe scurvy. In the California Gold Rush, some 10,000 men died from scurvy, half of them succumbing in the first two winters alone. In the Irish Famine, caused by the failure of the potato crops in the late 1840s, approximately one million people died of scurvy and other diseases.
In the late 1800s, scurvy became a pediatric problem when children were administered heated milk and artificial foods which did not contain vitamin C; this form of scurvy was called ‘the Barlow’s disease’ (Barlow 1894; Hess & Fish 1914 ; Aspin 1993 ; Rajakumar 2001 ; Carpenter 1986 pp 158-72, 2003a ). In Scandinavia, ‘land scurvy’ was explicitly described in the 1500s, being largely associated with wars (Olaus Magnus Gothus 1555). Nowadays, ‘land scurvy’ is a problem in the refugee camps, where its prevalence has been up to 44% at the upper extreme (in Somalia in 1985; WHO 1999 ), and in Afghanistan (Ahmad 2002). In the developed world, severe vitamin C deficiency is currently rare; nevertheless, because its clinical features are no longer familiar, even frank scurvy may remain undiagnosed (Sherlock & Rothschild 1967; Reuler et al. 1985; Scully et al. 1986; Fain et al. 1998 ; Hirschmann & Raugi 1999; Weinstein et al. 2001; Akikusa et al. 2003; Bingham et al. 2003; DeLuna 2003 ; Pimentel 2003).
Animal model for scurvy
Although there was strong observational evidence even before Lind’s trial that citrus fruits were beneficial for scurvy, there was no biological rationalization for fruit, and a large number of false theories about scurvy prevailed long after Lind’s controlled trial ( Table 1 ). Since vitamin C is synthesized by all mammals with the few exceptions of primates, the guinea pig and fruit-eating bats, a reasonable animal model for scurvy was not easy to find. Holst and Frölich (1907; Johnson 1954 ) were able to produce scurvy in guinea pigs by administering them a diet deficient in fruit, whereby a suitable animal model for vitamin C deficiency was identified. Since then, the guinea pig has been the most important animal model for studies examining the physiological effects of vitamin C. Carpenter (1986 p 173, 2003a ) considered that the Holst and Frölich paper has been the most important in the whole history of vitamin C and scurvy; however, see footnote to Table 1 .
Identification and synthesis of vitamin C
There were a few systematic efforts to isolate vitamin C, but it was first isolated by chance by Albert Szent-Györgyi ( 1933 , 1963 , 1971 ; Bendiner 1982 ; Hughes 1983; Edsall 1986; Straub 1987; Grazer 1988; NLM 2007b ), who had initially considered that "Vitamins were, to my mind, theoretically uninteresting. ‘Vitamin’ means that one has to eat it. What one has to eat is the first concern of the chef, not the scientist." Nevertheless, in 1928, while working in Frederick Hopkin’s laboratory, Szent-Györgyi isolated a sugar-like molecule from adrenals and citrus fruits. Since he did not know much about the substance, he proposed the name ‘ignose’ (‘ignorant’ plus ‘-ose’ which is the suffix for sugar), but the editor of the Biochemical Journal did not like jokes and rejected the name. Thereafter Szent-Györgyi proposed ‘Godnose’ (‘God knows’ the purpose of the substance), but the fate of this second proposal was the same, and the substance was finally named ‘hexuronic acid’ since it has 6 carbon atoms and is acidic. In 1932, when Szent-Györgyi showed that the substance cured scurvy in guinea pigs, the substance was renamed ‘ascorbic acid’ (‘scorbutus’ is scurvy in Latin). Szent-Györgyi spent the next several years "preaching vitamin C" (as he put it) all over Europe, suggesting that it might be valuable as a preventive or cure for the common cold and other illnesses. He attempted to interest some of the British biochemists in running some clinical trials, but they considered the idea crankish and refused to consider it. Vitamin C proved disappointing as a miracle cure, however, and Szent- Györgyi eventually got back to his basic research in other areas (NLM 2007b ). The Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology was awarded to Szent-Györgyi in 1937 for identifying vitamin C and for studies on energy metabolism (Szent-Györgyi 1937 ; Krebs 1970; Manchester 1998b; NF 2007b ). In parallel with Szent-Györgyi’s work, Charles King identified vitamin C at nearly the same time and this led to disagreements over who was first (King 1953 , 1968 , 1979 ; Szent-Györgyi 1938 ; Jukes 1988 ; Stare & Stare 1988 ; NLM 2007c ).
The chemical structure of vitamin C was solved by Sir Norman Haworth, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937 (NF 2007c ). In parallel with Haworth’s vitamin C synthesis, Tadeus Reichstein developed a more practical method of synthesizing vitamin C, which became commercially useful, and patents allowed Reichstein to amass considerable financial rewards. Although many people were surprised that Reichstein did not receive the Nobel Prize for the synthesis of vitamin C, he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1951 for isolating and identifying cortisone (Rothschild 1999; NF 2007d ). The Reichstein synthesis of vitamin C has been used to produce it for decades, but currently there is a change to synthetic processes involving genetically modified microbes. The current world production of vitamin C is about 100,000,000 kg per year, i.e., 15 grams per year per each inhabitant of the globe (Hancock & Viola 2002). Approximately half of the vitamin C produced is used in vitamin supplements and pharmaceutical preparations. A survey of female physicians in the USA found that 18% of them were regularly using vitamin C supplements (Frank et al. 2000 ), and about 30% of the general US adult population takes vitamin C supplements (FNB 2000 ). This high level consumption of vitamin C by people’s own initiative makes the health effects of supplementation of considerable public health interest, be they positive or negative. .
Scurvy and the physiological functions of vitamin C
Typical symptoms of classical scurvy include swollen and bleeding gums, dropping teeth, and poor healing of wounds (Wolbach & Howe 1926 ; Hess 1920; Crandon et al. 1940; Peters et al. 1948; Krebs 1953 ; Hodges et al. 1971 ; Carpenter 1986; Harvie 2002; Bown 2003). Since these symptoms are explained by the participation of vitamin C in the synthesis of collagen, major textbooks of biochemistry mention only the role of vitamin C in proline hydroxylation (e.g., Berg et al. 2002). Vitamin C, however, also participates in the enzymatic synthesis of dopamine, carnitine, and a number of neuroendocrine peptides (Englard & Seifter 1986; Levine 1986; Hughes 1988 ; Padh 1990; Rebouche 1991; Rice 2000). In addition, vitamin C participates in the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids (Ginter 1973, 1978; Hemilä 1992c ). The survival time of vitamin C deficient guinea pigs is extended by carnitine (Jones & Hughes 1982 ) and glutathione (Mårtensson et al. 1993 ), indicating that scurvy is not explained simply by the defects in collagen hydroxylation. Furthermore, vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent, antioxidant, and reacts with oxidants produced by phagocytes, through which it may affect the functions of the immune system (Hemilä 1992a , 2006 ). Thus the notion presented in the textbooks that vitamin C participates only in the hydroxylation of proline in collagen is grossly oversimplified and misleading.
A number of early animal studies indicated that vitamin C may affect susceptibility to infection (Robertsson 1934 ; Perla & Marmorston 1937a 1937b ; see Animal infections ). After James Lind’s treatise on scurvy, the next English treatise was written by Alfred Hess (1920; Darby & Woodruff 1962 ; Wiedemann 1993), a pediatrician in New York. In various parts of his monograph, Hess noted the increased risk of infection, in particular pneumonia, in vitamin C deficiency. A decade later, in a major medical journal, Hess ( 1932 ) commented that in “infantile scurvy … a lack of the antiscorbutic factor which leads to scurvy, at the same time predisposes to infections [particularly of the respiratory tract]. … Similar susceptibility to infections goes hand in hand with adult scurvy.” Such opinions did not leave traces in mainstream medicine and, according to the current widespread consensus, vitamin C has relevance only in preventing and curing classical scurvy.
Table 1: Erroneous theories of scurvy by eminent people maintained after James Lind’s controlled trial in 1747, which showed that citrus fruit cured scurvy
Person
The most important US nutrition scientist in the early 1900s
Caused by constipation and cured by laxatives
Modified of Carpenter (1986) Table 10.4.
* McCollum discovered vitamin A and was “one of the giants of nutritional biochemistry” (Simoni et al. 2002 ). For the work of McCollum, see McCollum (1953, 1967 1967extracts ), Rider ( 1970 ), Day ( 1974 , 1979 , 1997 ), Schneider ( 1986 ), Carpenter ( 2003b ), JHBSPH ( 2007 ).
Each year the E.V. McCollum Award is given by the American Society of Clinical Nutrition to a clinical investigator currently perceived as a major creative force, actively generating new concepts in nutrition, and personally seeing to the execution of studies testing the validity of these concepts (ASCN 2005 ). In 1972, the McCollum award was given to Victor Herbert (see pp 62-66 of Hemilä 2006 and Hemilä 1994b ), and in 1990 to Ranjit K. Chandra (see Smith 2005 ).
In 1917 , McCollum and Pitz published the results of a series of experiments with guinea pigs in a paper which was categorized as a “classic paper” by the Journal of Biological Chemistry (Simoni et al. 2002 ).
McCollum and Pitz ( 1917 ) stated in the Journal of Biological Chemistry paper that “the experimental data presented in this paper form a conclusive line of evidence which proves that scurvy in the guinea pig is not a deficiency disease in the sense in which Holst, Funk, Hess and others have regarded it … The efficiency of orange juice as an antiscorbutic may well be accounted for by its content of sodium and potassium citrates, both of which possess laxative properties” ( p 234 ), “chart 7 offers definite and convincing evidence that scurvy is in reality the sequel to retention of feces in the cecum” ( p 235 ), “we are inclined to attribute the beneficial effects of orange juice to its laxative action” ( p 237 ), “the observations reported in this paper furnish definite support for the idea that scurvy in the guinea pig is not the result of the deficiency of a specific protective substance… it becomes necessary to offer a new interpretation as to the etiology of experimental scurvy in the guinea pig. Our interpretation, that the first cause of the disease is associated with the retention of feces … is we believe supported by adequate experimental data” (pp 238-9 ). “The significance of this interpretation is far reaching. It removes from the list one of the syndromes (scurvy) which has long been generally accepted as being due to dietary deficiency” ( p 239 ). “This fact, together with convincing evidence that scurvy is not in reality a deficiency disease in the sense of being caused by a lack of specific protective substance, warrants an attitude of scepticism regarding the validity of the “vitamine” theory of the etiology of such other diseases as pellagra, rickets, etc., which have been attributed to specific dietary deficiency” ( p 239-40 ). "… There is therefore no reason whatever why we should assume as Voegtlin, Goldberger, Funk, and other have done that pellagra is due to a lack of a specific unidentified dietary factor, a “vitamine”" ( p 241 ).
McCollum ( 1917 ) repeated his conclusions in JAMA: “Scurvy in the guinea-pig is the result of the retention of feces… I am inclined to attribute the protective power of orange juice as an antiscorbutic to its content of certain salts of citric acid, rather than to the presence of an unidentified organic substance of the class of the so-called vitamins” ( p 1385 ). McCollum repeated these conclusion in JAMA also in 1918 .
References
NOTE: all the links in the main text should be freely accessible, but several of the links below require a permission from publisher.
Ahmad K (2002) Scurvy outbreak in Afghanistan prompts food aid concerns [news]. Lancet 359:1044
Akikusa JD, Garrick D, Nash MC (2003) Scurvy: forgotten but not gone. J Paediatr Child Health 39:75-7
Elliotson (1831) Clinical lectures. Lancet 15:649-56 CH BM
Englard S, Seifter S (1986) The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr 6:365-406
Fain O, Mathieu E, Thomas M (1998) Scurvy in patients with cancer. BMJ 316:1661-2
FNB [Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine] (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. Washington DC: National Academy Press vitamin C pp 95-185 Vitamin C
Frank E, Bendich A, Dennison M (2000) Use of vitamin-mineral supplements by female physicians in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 72:969-75
Friedman LM, Furberg CD, DeMets DL (1998) Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, 3rd edn. NY: Springer, page 1
Funk C (1912) The etiology of the deficiency diseases: beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra. J State Med 20:341-68
Hopkins FG (1906) The analyst and the medical man. Analyst 31:385-403 * also Lancet (1913);182:1309-10 Lancet (1921);197:1-7
Hopkins FG (1912) Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries. J Physiol 44:425-60 * excerpts Nutr Rev (1973);31:19-21
Hopkins F (1929) The earlier history of vitamin research. Nobel Lecture .
Hughes RE (1973) George Budd (1808-1882) and nutritional deficiency diseases. Med Hist 17:127-35
Hughes RE (1975) James Lind and the cure of scurvy: an experimental approach. Med Hist 19:342-51 *comments in: Med Hist (1976);20:433-8
Hughes RE (1988) Ascorbic acid, carnitine and fatigue. Med Sci Res 15:721-3 BM
Hughes RE (1990) The rise and fall of the “antiscorbutics”: some notes on the traditional cures for “land scurvy”. Med Hist 34:52-64
JHBSPH [Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health] (2007) Center for Human Nutrition: History
Thomas DP (1997) Sailors, scurvy and science. J R Soc Med 90:50-4 * comments (1997);90: 238 , 299 , 415 , 526-7
Watt J (1998) The medical bequest of disaster at sea: commodore Anson’s circumnavigation 1740-44. J R Coll Phys London 32:572-9
Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S (2001) An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Pediatrics 108:e55
WHO (1999) Scurvy and Its Prevention and Control in Major Emergencies. WHO/NHD/99.11 WHO 1999
Wiedemann HR (1993) The pioneers of pediatric medicine: Alfred Fabian Hess (1875-1933). Eur J Pediatr 152:461
Wilson LG (1975) The clinical definition of scurvy and the discovery of vitamin C. J Hist Med Allied Sci 30:40-60
Wolbach SB, Howe PR (1926) Intracellular substances in experimental scorbutus. Arch Pathol 1:1-24 * see Nutr Rev (1977) 35:299-301
**************
Other historical references available via the net.
Not included in the text.
James Lind's legacy to clinical medicine.
S M Mellinkoff
| i don't know |
What was the main American tank of World War II? | Tanks in World War II | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Tanks in World War II
204,343pages on
Tank
Tanks were an important weapons system in World War II . Although tanks were the subject of widespread research in the inter-war years , production was limited to relatively small numbers in a few countries. However, during World War II most armies employed tanks, and production levels reached thousands each month. Tank usage, doctrine and production varied widely among the combatant nations. By war's end, some consensus was emerging regarding tank doctrine and design.
Contents
Edit
The tank was invented by the British in World War I , with nearly simultaneous development in France. Tanks of the first World War reflected the novelty of the idea and the primitive state of the automotive industry. World War I tanks moved at a walking pace, were relatively unreliable, and were employed according to doctrines still being worked out at war's end.
The doctrine of armored warfare changed radically in the inter-war years as armies sought ways to avoid the deadlock imposed by modern firepower and looked for the means to restore offensive power on the battlefield. Initially, tanks had been used for close support of infantry, but as modern mechanized doctrine was developed by several Armies, tanks became an essential part of the combined-arms team. In addition to infantry support, tanks fulfilled traditional cavalry roles, provided mobile artillery support, and adopted combat engineering roles.
Tank design gradually improved in the inter-war period also. Reflecting the growth of the automotive industry, tanks improved their engines, transmissions, and track systems. By the beginning of the war, tanks were available that could travel hundreds of miles on their tracks with a limited number of breakdowns.
During the war, much more rapid changes in design took place. In particular, the gun-vs-armor race of the war led to rapid increases in firepower and armor thickness and design.
A German Tiger I tank in combat during the Battle of Kursk in 1943
Major themes
Edit
The United Kingdom, the United States, the USSR, France and Italy produced significant numbers of tanks before and during World War II. The early tanks of Germany were inferior to many of their opponent's tanks in the areas of armour and firepower. However, it was in their tactical employment that German tanks dominated all rivals early in the war. German doctrine stressed the use of rapid movement, mission-type orders and combined-arms tactics involving mobile infantry and air support; this doctrine was popularly called Blitzkrieg . This doctrine required the Germans to equip their tanks with radios, which provided unmatched command and control for flexible employment.
In contrast, for example, almost 80 percent of French tanks lacked radios, [1] essentially because their battle doctrine was based on a more slow-paced, deliberate conformance to planned movements. This required fewer radios at all levels. French tanks generally outclassed German tanks in firepower and armour in the 1940 campaign , but their poor command and control doctrine negated these advantages. By 1943, two-way radio was nearly universal.
A trend towards heavier tanks was unmistakable as the war proceeded. In 1939, most tanks had maximum armour of 30 mm or less, with guns no heavier than 37–47 mm. Medium tanks of 1939 weighed around 20 tonnes. By 1945, typical medium tanks had maximum armour over 60 mm thick, with guns in the 75–85 mm range and weights of 30 to 45 tonnes. Light tanks, which dominated most armies early in the war, gradually faded out of front line service.
Turrets , which had always been considered, but were not previously a universal feature on tanks, were recognised as essential. It was appreciated that if the tank's gun was to be used to engage both 'soft' (unarmored) and armoured targets, then it needed to be as large and powerful as possible, making one large gun with an all-round field of fire vital. Also, mounting the gun in a turret ensured that the tank could fire from hull down cover. Hull-mounted guns required that most of the vehicle be exposed to enemy fire. Multiple-turreted or multi-gun designs such as the Soviet T-35 , American Medium Tank M3 , French Char B or British A9 Cruiser Mk I slowly became less common during World War II. It was recognized that a tank crew could not effectively control the fire of several weapons; also, newer dual-purpose guns eliminated the need for multiple weapons. Most tanks still retained a hull machine gun, and usually one or more machine guns in the turret, to protect them from infantry at short range.
Tanks were adapted to a wide range of military tasks, including engineering . Specialized models, such as flame-thrower tanks , armoured recovery vehicles for towing disabled tanks, and command tanks with extra radios were also used. Some of these tank variants live on as other classes of armoured fighting vehicle , no longer called "tanks". All major combatant powers also developed tank destroyers and assault guns - armoured vehicles carrying large calibre guns, but often no turrets. Turreted vehicles are expensive to manufacture compared to non-turreted vehicles. One trend seen in World War II was the usage of older, lighter tank chassis to mount larger weapons in fixed casemates as tank destroyers or assault guns. For example, the Soviet T-34 could mount an 85 mm gun in the turret, but the same chassis could carry the much more effective 100 mm gun in a fixed casemate as the SU-100 . Likewise, the obsolete German Panzer II light tank, too vulnerable for a direct fire role, was modified to take a powerful 75 mm PaK 40 gun in an open-topped, fixed casemate as the Marder II self-propelled artillery piece. Fully enclosed casemates on the Germans' Sturmgeschütz assault guns from the beginning of the war set a pattern used later by the similarly fully enclosed Jagdpanzer casemate-style tank destroyers, with the Soviets' similar Samokhodnaya ustanovka assault guns being used for the same dual purpose roles.
Tanks of the Major Combatants
See also: Tanks in the Soviet Union#World War II
BT-7 tanks on parade.
The Soviet Union began and ended the war with more tanks than the rest of the world combined (18,000-22,000). At the start of World War II the most common tank in Soviet service was the Vickers-based T-26 , armed with a 45mm cannon capable of penetrating most German tanks at normal combat ranges. Few had radios. The design was mechanically sound although incapable of further development. The BT tank series, based on the Christie suspension system, were usually armed with the same 45 mm gun and were the most mobile tanks in the world. Close-support versions of both tanks existed, armed with 76.2 mm howitzers. However, the BT was at the end of its design life. The Red Army also fielded thousands of light recon tanks such as the amphibious T-37 and T-38 . These had limited combat value; although highly mobile, they were armed only with 7.62 mm machine guns and had very thin armour. The Red Army also had about 400 T-28 medium tanks, which were in most respects equal to the German Pzkw-IV. Again, though, this design dated from 1931 and was obsolescent.
The Soviet Union ended the 1930s with a huge fleet of tanks almost completely derived from foreign designs, but before 1941 developed some of the most important trend-setting tanks of the war. The problem the Soviet tank force faced in 1941 was not primarily the technical quality of its vehicles, but the very poor state of maintenance, the appalling lack of readiness, and the poor command situation brought on by the purges. The Red Army had in 1940 adopted an advanced doctrine that it was simply incapable of executing.
Several excellent designs were just entering production in 1940-41. On the eve of war, the Red Army had embarked on two closely related projects to reorganize its mechanized forces and re-equip them with modern designs incorporating the lessons of the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol ( Nomonhan ). Some of these designs leapfrogged other countries' tank designs. The most significant was the T-34 , originally designed as the successor to the BT series, but with its heavier armour and heavy dual-purpose gun it became the best medium tank of the first half of World War II. The T-34 eventually replaced almost all other Soviet tanks. The basic design was good enough to keep it battle-worthy beyond 1945, having been upgraded with heavier guns, new turrets and other modifications. The second significant design was the KV-1 tank . These were armed with the same excellent 76.2 mm gun as the T-34, and had the same V-2 diesel engine. However, the KV had a torsion bar suspension and much heavier armour than the T-34. The KV was slow, intended as a breakthrough tank. The KV-2 close-support version was armed with a 152 mm howitzer. The KV series was the main Soviet heavy tank until 1943, when production ended and most had been expended. Early in 1944 the KV's successor was the IS-2 , armed with a 122 mm gun, having thicker armour and better mobility. The new infantry-support tank of 1941, intended to be the replacement for the T-26, was the T-50 , armed with a 45 mm gun, with torsion-bar suspension and excellent armour for its class. Production problems with its new engine led to the tank being cancelled after less than 70 had been made. Finally, the light reconnaissance role was to be filled by the amphibious T-40 and the cheaper non-amphibious T-60 .
At the beginning of Germany's Operation Barbarossa most of the Soviet Union's tank forces were composed of the T-26 tank series and BT. A few T-40s had appeared, along with about 1363 mechanically unreliable early T-34 tanks , and 677 KV-1 and KV-2s. Many early T-34s were captured or destroyed. Much of this early failure was due to lack of coordination, ill-supplied and ill-trained tank crews, and the lack of readiness of the Red Army in general. Another difficulty for the T-34 was that it had only a four man crew, with the tank commander doubling as the gunner. Although spared from loading duties, as French tank commanders had been, it still crippled the tank commander's ability to maintain awareness of the battlefield while firing the tank's main gun, giving a tactical advantage to German armour.
In 1941 great numbers of T-60s appeared, supplemented in 1942 with the similar T-70 . Both light tanks had torsion-bar suspension, light armour, and small truck engines. Their simple construction kept them in production even though their combat value was limited. The T-60 had only a 20 mm gun while the T-70 had a 45 mm. However, both had one-man turrets, making them difficult to crew effectively. The T-70 formed the basis for the much more important self-propelled gun SU-76 later in the war.
By October 1942 Life magazine wrote, "The best tanks in the world today are probably the Russian tanks...". [2] The T-34 effectively made all German tanks produced to that date obsolete. In fact, at its height the T-34 was deemed so successful, and so capable in every role, that production of all other tanks except the IS-2 was stopped to allow all available resources to be used exclusively for this tank. The T-34 forced the Germans to adopt new, heavier designs such as the Panther and Tiger , which in turn forced upgrades to the Soviet, United States and British tank fleets. Perhaps more significantly to the ultimate course of the war, the move to more complex and expensive German tank designs overwhelmed the already critically strained German tank-production capability, reducing the numbers of tanks available to German forces and thus helping to force Germany to surrender the initiative in the war to the Allies. Later in the war the light tank role was increasingly filled by Lend-Lease supplies of United States M-3 light tanks and British and Canadian-built Valentine tanks. Ironically, the T-34 was as fast or faster than many of the light tanks that were supposed to scout for it, further encouraging reductions in Soviet light tank production.
Early T-34-85 built at Factory 112.
In response to better German tanks, the Soviets began to produce the T-34-85 in the winter of 1943-44. This model had a much larger turret mounting an 85-mm gun and a 3-man turret crew, finally allowing the tank commander to concentrate fully on maintaining tactical awareness of the battlefield. The Soviets also responded with the 122 mm-armed IS-2 heavy tank , which carried heavier armour than the KV without an increase in overall weight; this was achieved by thinning the rear armour and moving most of the armour to the front of the tank, where it was expected to take most of its hits.
The IS-3 variant , produced in mid-1945, had a much more streamlined look and a larger, bowl-shaped tapered turret. Remarkably, the IS-3 had thicker armour but actually weighed slightly less than the IS-2, remaining under 50 tons (as compared to the Tiger II's 68). The armour design of the IS-3 was an enormous influence on postwar tank design, as seen in the Soviet T-55 and T-62 series, the United States M48 and the Federal German Leopard .
Soviet tank production outstripped all other nations with the exception of the United States. The Soviets accomplished this through standardization on a few designs, generally forgoing minor qualitative improvements and changing designs only when upgrades would result in a major improvement.
Soviet tanks had turret and gun stabilization , starting with the T-28B, which had a rudimentary form as early as 1938. [3]
United Kingdom
Edit
Britain had been the worldwide trend-setter in tank development from 1915, but had lost its leadership position as the Second World War approached. Hampered by restricted expenditure in the years leading up the war and still organised for operations in Imperial defence as an expeditionary force, the British Army entered the war unprepared for the very sort of combat its influential theorists such as J.F.C. Fuller and B. H. Liddell Hart had advocated.
The British Army had developed two types of tanks - "Infantry Tanks" which were heavily armoured with good all terrain performance but were slow. This lack of speed was not considered a flaw as they were designed to support infantry assaults on enemy strong points or urban warfare where the ability to outpace a man on foot was deemed unnecessary. The other type were "Cruiser Tanks" which were intended for independent maneuvering, rapid breakouts and flanking attacks. Early Cruiser tanks gained performance at a cost in the armour they could carry. Reliability was an important issue especially in the harsh conditions of North Africa and the mountainous terrain of Southern Europe, where the A10 and A13 in particular picked up reputations for broken track and overheating engines.
Late model Churchill infantry tank
British tank crews were trained to fire on the move and the armament was mounted for optimum balance such that the gunner could aim with his body rather than use geared elevation. This reduced available space inside the turret. Both early Cruiser and Infantry tanks carried the QF 2pdr, a 40 mm anti-tank gun, a good match for the contemporary German 3.7 cm KwK 36, and effective against tanks of the time but increasingly outclassed as the war progressed. Production shortages caused by losses in France and the Battle of the Atlantic forced the British to delay widespread introduction of the 6-pdr (57 mm) anti-tank gun until 1942. The lack of an adequate HE shell for the 2-pdr and the growing number of 50mm KwK 38 anti-tank guns in the Afrika Korps gave the German army in Libya a huge advantage for much of late 1941 and early 1942. This began to be off set by late 1942 but the Wehrmacht continued to enjoy an 12-18 month lead in tank and anti-tank gun development and production until the end of 1944.
Performance
Edit
The A9 Cruiser Mk I was an effective tank in the French, Greek and early North African campaigns. The 2 pdr gun was better than comparable 37 mm weapons of Germany and the US, and lethal against tanks encountered during the North African campaign. However the minimal armor made the A9 vulnerable to most contemporary anti-tank weapons and the design was quickly superseded by the A10 Cruiser, Mark II.
A number of A10s were part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France in the early stages of World War II. The A10's cross country performance was recorded as poor, due to narrow, easily thrown tracks, but materiel losses incurred in the aftermath of Operation Dynamo ; the evacuation of the BEF from Dunkirk in late May 1940, meant they were could not be withdrawn from front line service quickly and so saw combat in small numbers North Africa, where reliability and suspension performance in the desert conditions was praised. Sixty worn out examples were also taken to Greece by the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment and although they performed well against the German tanks, over 90% were lost due to mechanical breakdowns as opposed to enemy action (mainly through broken tracks).[6]
As war broke out, the British had placed into production the A13, a new faster Cruiser tank utilizing the suspension and running gear concepts of the American designer J. Walter Christie . This new suspension provided a fast, highly maneuverable design that became the basis for the rapid evolution of the Cruiser tank. The A13 Christie was developed into the A15 Crusader then the A27 Cromwell . The use of the powerful Rolls Royce Meteor engine, derived from the Rolls Royce Merlin , gave the Cromwell high speed and mobility. The final British cruiser design to see service was the A34 Comet ; a development of the Cromwell, it carried a high velocity 77mm gun derived from the 17 pdr anti-tank gun; one of the most effective Allied anti-tank guns of WWII.
Beginning about mid-1942, many British tank units were equipped with vehicles supplied under lend-lease from the United States, such as the Stuart light tank, the Lee (or the British specification Grant variant thereof) and the Lee's/Grant's replacement the Sherman . In late 1943, the British found a way to mount the 17 pdr anti-tank gun to the Sherman to create the Firefly , a tank with a more capable gun than the 75mm or 76mm gun normally fitted. From mid-1944, as more were produced and British designs were introduced into service the Firefly became increasingly the most common Sherman in use by the British.
Specialist Tanks
Edit
Immediately before and during the war, the British produced an enormous array of prototype tanks and modified tanks for a variety of specialist engineering tasks (such as the Hobart's Funnies produced for the invasion of France in 1944).
For example, the Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers fired a short range 290 mm (11.4 inch) direct-fire mortar which was used for destroying buildings and clearing obstacles. It could also be equipped with a wide variety of combat engineering equipment such as small bridges, rolled-matt roadways, fascines, and mine rollers.
Many of the these ideas had already been tried, tested or were in experimental development both by Britain and other nations. For example, the Scorpion flail tank (a modified Matilda tank) had already been used during the North African campaign to clear paths through German minefields. Soviet T-34 tanks had been modified with mine-rollers, fascines and flamethrowers. Close-support tanks, bridgelayers, and fascine carriers had been developed elsewhere also. However, the Funnies were the largest and most elaborate collection of engineering vehicles available.
By early 1944, Hobart could demonstrate to Eisenhower and Montgomery a brigade each of swimming DD tanks, Crab mine clearers, and AVRE (Engineer) tanks along with a regiment of Crocodile flamethrowing tanks.
United States
Edit
Light Tank M3 in Fort Knox , 1942.
Prior to the entry of the United States in the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Army had only a few tanks. During the Louisiana Maneuvers in September 1941, it used trucks with the word "tank" painted on their side. Even after Pearl Harbor the 10th Armored Division did not have any tanks, so crews trained by marching down roads in groups and executing orders as if they were in tanks. [4]
The Light Tank M2 series was the most important pre-war US tank. These light tanks were mechanically very reliable, with good mobility. However, they had a high silhouette — from the use of an air-cooled radial engine for power — and poor armor. Only a few saw combat, on Guadalcanal . Their importance lies in the fact that they formed the basis for the much more successful Light Tank M3 series beginning in 1941. The Stuart was an improvement of the M2, with heavier armor and a 37 mm gun. From the M3A1 version, this gun was gyrostabilized . [5]
The new medium tank just entering production in 1940 was the M2 series. This was a poor design with thin armour, a high silhouette, a 37 mm main gun and seven machine guns.
From 1940, new tank designs were prepared. The Battle of France had shown the importance of medium tanks.[ citation needed ] The British Army sought to have the US manufacture British designs, but the US refused, offering instead to share the output of US factories building US designs. The United States Army had a requirement for a medium tank with a 75 mm gun, and developed the M3 Medium Tank as an interim design. The M3 medium was intended to quickly get a 75mm gun into the field, pending the design of a tank with a 75mm gun in a fully rotating turret. The British immediately ordered the M3 for their own use with modifications to their requirements. [6]
By February 1942, American civilian automobile factories only made weapons and military vehicles. [7] Automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Chrysler used their experience with mass production to quickly build tanks. The country manufactured as many tanks in the first half of 1942 than in all of 1941, with 1,500 in May 1942 alone. [8] American production equipped not only its forces, but through Lend Lease also supplied all the tank needs of the free French (after 1942) and Chinese. By 1944 most British units were also equipped with US-built tanks. Finally, the US supplied over 8,000 tanks to the USSR, half of them the M4 Sherman. Similarly to the Soviet Union, the United States selected a few good basic designs and standardized on those models. Given the lack of tank design and production experience, it is remarkable that the United States designs were as good as they were.
The first tanks of the United States to see combat were the Light Tank M3. They were deeply flawed in many ways, yet the M3 light ("Stuart") and M3 medium ("Lee" or "Grant") were the best tanks available to the Western Allies and were superior to many of their German counterparts in armour protection and firepower. The Light Tank M3 was about as well-armed as the (2 pdr-armed) British cruiser tanks in the desert, yet was much more reliable mechanically. Its 37 mm main gun was more powerful than the main guns carried by German reconnaissance tanks. The name given by the British to the Light Tank M3 was 'Stuart'; a nickname used was 'Honey'. The M3 and its improved derivative, the Light Tank M5 series, remained in service throughout the war. By 1943, its 37 mm gun made it a very dangerous tank to serve in, but no better replacement was available. The Light Tank T7 design was proposed as a successor in 1943, armed with a 57 mm gun and with better armour; however, the design was never standardized for production.
The appearance of the M3 Lee medium tank in the summer of 1942 finally gave the British a larger supply of medium tanks than they could otherwise have hoped for. Although poorly designed, with a very high profile, it was produced in great numbers and was very effective when engaging targets other than enemy tanks, such infantry and gun positions.
Light Tank M5 passes through the wrecked streets of Coutances in Normandy .
The M4A1, A2 and A3 compared.
The M3 had the significant disadvantage of its 75 mm main armament being mounted offset in the hull. It had a fully traversable turret with a 37 mm cannon as well, but the turret combined with a hull gun gave it a very tall profile. The United States 1st Armored Division also employed the M3 in Africa. It was a stopgap solution, never intended to be a design of major importance. In American and British service the M3 medium was phased out at the end of the North African campaign. It continued to serve in the Red Army for some time, and in a single campaign in the Pacific. Red Army crews nicknamed it "grave for seven brothers" referring to the seven-man crew.
The most important American design of the war was the M4 Sherman medium tank. The M4 became the second-most-produced tank of World War II, and was the only tank to be used by virtually all Allied forces (thanks to the American lend-lease program); approximately 40,000 M4 Shermans were produced during the war. [9] M4s formed the main tank of American, British, Canadian, French, Polish and Chinese units. The M4 was the equal of the German medium tanks, the Panzer III and Panzer IV, at the time it first saw service in 1942. The Red Army was supplied with about 4,000 M4s. [10] The M4, although reliable and easy to maintain, was already outgunned by the time the US encountered the up-gunned and up-armoured German medium tanks in Italy and Northern Europe (the Panzer IV and various German self-propelled guns) and by late 1943 the arrival of German Panther and Tiger I were even graver threats due to the range, accuracy and penetrating power of their main guns. While it is commonly believed that the Sherman had a tendency to explode catastrophically due to their use of petrol, this is incorrect. The Sherman suffered from thin armour and poor ammunition storage. Welded-on applique armour & water jackets were added to combat the problem. A U.S. Army study in 1945 concluded that 60–80 percent of the older dry-stowage & 10–15 percent of wet-stowage Shermans burned when penetrated.
The Sherman gained grim nicknames such as "Tommycooker" from the Germans, who called British soldiers "Tommies". The British and Canadians called the Sherman the "Ronson" after the Ronson cigarette lighter which had the slogan "Lights up the first time, every time!".
Flawed United States armour doctrine played a major role in keeping the M4 undergunned in 1944-1945. This doctrine emphasized that tanks were to be used primarily for infantry support and exploitation, while the role of fighting enemy tanks was to be carried out by the tank destroyer branch, armed with both towed and self-propelled guns such as the 3 inch Gun Motor Carriage M10 . The 3" GMC M10 was thinly armoured, with an open-topped turret mounting a 3-inch gun that was very powerful by mid-war standards.
Technically, the M4's design was capable of handling larger guns than the 75 mm and 76 mm guns with which they left the factory. The British fitted Shermans with the more powerful Ordnance Quick Firing 17 pounder gun, a variant known informally as the Firefly .
By the time of the Normandy campaign, the M4 had become the workhorse tank of the Allied forces. Some Shermans were equipped with the Duplex Drive system ( Sherman DD ), which allowed them to swim using a collapsible screen and inflated rubber tubes. Along with this were the M1 Dozer Blade (a Sherman with a bulldozer blade),the Sherman T34 (which had a multiple rocket launcher installed above the turret), the POA-CWS-H5 (a Sherman with a flame-thrower), and the Sherman Crab Mark I (a Sherman with a mine flail ), as well as many other variants.
The United States eventually deployed the Light Tank M24 , an improvement over the M3 light tank. The M24 had torsion-bar suspension, high mobility, and a compact 75 mm gun. Ergonomically the tank was quite good also. However, the M24 did not appear in combat until December 1944 and equipped only a few units by the end of the war.
Near the end of the war the M26 Pershing heavy tank was deployed operationally. The Pershing was a very modern design with torsion-bar suspension, heavy armor, and an excellent 90 mm gun. However, it was somewhat underpowered, having the same Ford GAA engine as the M4A3. The M26 basic design was good enough to form the basis for all postwar American tanks through the end of the M60 series.
France
Edit
A Char B1 infantry tank in 1940 in Northern France
At the start of the war, France had one of the largest tank forces in the world along with the Soviet, British and German forces. Like the British and the Soviets, the French operated two classes of tank: cavalry tanks and infantry tanks .
The French had planned for a defensive war and built tanks accordingly. Their infantry tanks were heavily armoured. But operationally in terms of control of their forces, the French were at a disadvantage and were outmaneuvered by the German forces. When the French were able to mount an attack their tanks could be very effective. On 16 May, during the Battle of France a single Char B1 heavy tank, the Eure, attacked and destroyed thirteen German tanks lying in ambush in Stonne , all of them Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs , in the course of a few minutes. [11] The tank safely returned despite being hit 140 times (this event is not verifiable in German documents and relies on the statements of the crew[ citation needed ]). In his book Panzer Leader, Heinz Guderian wrote of a tank battle south of Juniville: "While the tank battle was in progress, I attempted, in vain, to destroy a Char B with a captured 47 mm anti-tank gun; all the shells I fired at it simply bounced harmlessly off its thick armor. Our 37 mm and 20 mm guns were equally ineffective against this adversary. As a result, we inevitably suffered sadly heavy casualties".
The total tank assets in France and its colonies were perhaps less than 5,800 during the time of the German offensive. After the armistice in the unoccupied Free Zone of France a clandestine rebuild took place of 225 GMC Trucks into armoured cars. When all of France was occupied in 1942 the secret hiding places were betrayed to the Germans. [12] [13]
Germany
Main article: German tanks in World War II
Panzer III Ausf. D, Poland (1939).
Germany's armoured ( panzer ) force was not especially impressive from a technical standpoint at the start of the war. As noted above, it was their advanced combined arms doctrine and unrivalled command-and-control capability that gave German mechanized forces their advantage on the battlefield.
Pre-war plans called for two main tanks: the main tank was to be the Panzer III medium tank , supported by smaller numbers of the howitzer-armed Panzer IV . However, by the beginning of the invasion of Poland, only a few hundred of these vehicles were available. As a result, the invasions of Poland and France were carried out primarily with the less capable Panzer I and Panzer II light tanks , with some cannon-armed light tanks from Czechoslovakia . Even in 1941, Panzer III production amounted only to about 1,000 tanks, forcing the Germans to use Czech tanks as substitutes for the Panzer III. As the war proceeded, production of heavier tanks increased.
The Panzer III was intended to fight other tanks; in the initial design stage a 50 mm (2 inch) gun was specified. However, the infantry at the time were being equipped with the 37 mm (1.46 inch) PaK 36 , and it was thought that in the interest of standardization the tanks should carry the same armament. As a compromise, the turret ring was made large enough to accommodate a 50 mm (2 inch) gun should a future upgrade be required. This single decision later assured the Panzer III a prolonged life in the German army. The Panzer IV was intended to carry a gun that could be used in support of infantry or other tanks, and was initially armed with a short-barreled 75 mm howitzer to fire high explosive content (HE) fragmentation shells. In 1941 an average of 39 Panzer IV models tanks per month were built, and this rose to 83 in 1942, 252 in 1943, and 300 in 1944.
During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, it was discovered that the Soviet T-34 tank outclassed the Panzer III and IV. Its sloped armour could withstand most German weapons, and its 76.2 mm gun could penetrate the armour of all German tanks. This forced the Germans to improve their existing models. The Panzer III, which was intended to be the main medium tank, was upgraded to a longer, higher-velocity 50 mm gun.
A Tiger I deployed to supplement the Afrika Korps operating in Tunisia, January 1943.
Thus the Panzer IV, originally intended to be a support tank, became the de facto main medium tank re-armed with a long-barrelled, high velocity 75 mm gun to counter the T-34; the Panzer III, with its smaller turret ring, could not mount a gun larger than 50mm, which had become inadequate against Allied tanks.
The Germans also started to develop newer, heavier tanks. This included the Panzer V Panther , which was intended to be the new main German medium tank. The Panther tank was a compromise of various requirements. While sharing essentially the same engine as the Tiger I tank, it had better frontal armor, better gun penetration, was lighter overall and thus faster, and could handle rough terrain better than the Tigers. The tradeoff was much weaker side armor; the Panther proved to be deadly in open country and shooting from long range, but vulnerable to close-quarters combat or flank shots.
The Germans also started to develop a new series of heavy tanks. The first was the Tiger , which outclassed all its opponents in terms of firepower and armour when it was first put into operational use. The even heavier Tiger II supplemented the Tiger I late in the war. Its powerful gun and very heavy armor made it superior to every Allied or Soviet tank in a one-on-one confrontation, but the poor mobility and reliability limited its use. Plans were made for even heavier tanks, such as the Panzer VIII Maus , but only prototypes were produced.
Tanks of Other Combatants
Edit
By the time of the Sudeten crisis , Czechoslovak army used a complement of light tanks including 298 LT vz. 35 designed by Škoda , as well as 50 LT vz. 34 built by ČKD ; 150 LT vz. 38 were ordered but none were delivered before the German occupation. The LT-35 and LT-38 models were superior to the Panzer I and Panzer II light tanks used in the Wehrmacht, so the Germans ordered to resume the production of these models.
Before the end of production in 1942, 136 more LT-35 and a total of 1414 LT-38 were produced for the Wehrmacht at Škoda Works ; these tanks saw operational use in the Polish campaign, the Battle of France, and on the Soviet front. By 1942, Czech-built tanks became progressively vulnerable to Soviet T-34 medium tanks and new anti-tank cannons. Moreover, LT-35 and LT-38 proved unsuitable for harsh winter conditions in Russia, so they were withdrawn from front line service in 1942; the remaining units were either redeployed in a light reconnaissance role, or converted to Hetzer tank destroyers and artillery tractors.
Italy
Edit
M13/40 tanks in the desert, April 1941.
The Italian army was mainly equipped with tankettes of the L3 series in the 1930s, and these formed the main armour strength of Italy as late as 1940. Italy began fielding heavier tanks beginning with the M-11/39 of 1940. This tank and its successors, the M-13-14-15 series, were designated medium tanks by the Italians, but in fact were closely comparable in combat power to light tanks such as the Soviet T-26 . A single "heavy" tank, the P40 , was designed, but none saw service with Italian forces. The few produced after the Italian surrender were used by the Germans. The P40 design had firepower comparable to Allied and German medium tanks but was far lighter and thus less well armoured.
The Fiat-Ansaldo M11/39 medium tank was used from 1940 through the early period of World War II. The M11/39 was developed as a "breakthrough tank" (Carro di Rottura). It was replaced by the Fiat-Ansaldo M13/40 medium tank ("M" for Medium, according to the Italian tank weight standards at the time: 13 tonnes was the scheduled weight and 1940 the initial year of production), which was used in the Greek campaign and in the North African Campaign . The M13/40 was not used on the Eastern Front ; Italian forces there were equipped only with Fiat L6/40s and Semovente 47/32s . Armament was sufficient for 1940-41, but did not keep up with the increased armour and firepower on Allied or German tanks and anti-tank guns. Beginning in 1942, the Italian Army recognized the firepower weakness of the M13/40 series and employed the Semovente 75/18 self-propelled gun alongside the tanks in their armoured units.
The next tank in the series was the Fiat M14/41 , a slightly improved version of the M13/40 with a more powerful diesel engine. The tank was also employed in the North African Campaign . The vehicle was unreliable, cramped, and caught fire easily when hit. Following the withdrawal of Italian forces from North Africa the M14/41 was rarely encountered. A few captured M-11, M-13 and M-14s were pressed into service by British and Australian forces to fill the serious shortage of allied tanks in 1941.
The next in the series was the M15/42 , a 15 tonne tank first built in January 1943. Some 90 vehicles were built before the Italian armistice in September 1943 and in connection to that event they were used in battle against the Germans by the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete in Rome. After that point they were confiscated and used by the Germans who also built another 28 M15/42 tanks. It had a more powerful engine and air filters to cope with the harsh conditions of the desert, and a slightly improved version of the 47mm gun.
Japan
Edit
Like the US Army (which utilized French and British tanks in World War I), the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) did not have tanks of its own in World War I, so it started out by purchasing foreign tanks for evaluation during World War I, and then began developing its own designs. Like many other nations, the Japanese initially didn't embrace the tank, as it didn't have the cavalry tradition. Cavalry was used for reconnaissance in the mountainous countryside, and initially, as with most other armies, the first designs were constrained by the tank's infantry support role. Inspired by European designs, the Japanese tank program designed and developed the tanks which facilitated their campaigns in China and Nomonhan against the Soviet Union , prior to WWII. They introduced many innovations as they built their designs, including bell-crank suspensions, were pioneers in amphibious tanks, and the use of diesel engines as they were less likely to catch on fire versus the regular gas engines that were being used at the time. The Japanese Generals had made a mistake in their assessment of the tanks used against China, a country whose army had only three tank battalions, and few antitank weapons.
A Type 97 Te-Ke Japanese tankette in New Britain.
By 1937, Japan fielded 1,060 tanks in 8 regiments, most designed for and used in the infantry support role. But this focus left the IJA without a tank capable of taking on other tanks, a deficiency that was brought home hard during the battle of Khalkin-Gol (also known as Nomonhan ), a decisive defeat inflicted by the Russians on the Mongolian border in 1939. This proved fatal later when they faced the new generation of Allied tanks, as the great majority of the Japanese models were lightly armored, and not heavily gunned. With the priority of steel being consumed by the Imperial Japanese Navy and Air Force, the Japanese Army was relegated the remaining material for its tanks. Thus the 1930s designed vehicles went on being mass-produced, and the warning of Khalkin-Gol was too slowly recognized. By 1940 they had the fifth largest tank force in the world behind the Soviet Union, France, Britain and Germany, but were behind in medium and heavy tanks. After 1941, with the new focus on building warships and aircraft, and with the entry of the United States into the conflict, priorities shifted to weapons that were more conducive to naval warfare ; attacking across the Pacific, and defending the Empire from the advancing Americans.
The tanks that Allied forces in the Pacific faced were primarily designs of the 1930s, such as the Type 97 medium and Type 95 light tanks. Even so, these tanks were often delayed by shortages of raw materials, and even after arriving off of the assembly lines doctrine called for them to be held for the defense of the mainland, and not dispersed to the far flung Imperial Japanese Army or Navy forces. The Japanese built tanks to match up against the Allied tanks, such as the Type 2 Ho-I Infantry Support Tank with a 75 mm gun designed as a self-propelled howitzer or tank destroyer for the close fire support role, to provide Type 97 Chi-Ha equipped Japanese tank regiments with additional firepower against enemy armored fighting vehicles , but in limited amounts. [14] Between 1931 and 1945, Japan produced 6450 tanks. Half of them (3300) were made by the Mitsubishi Company. The sub-total of tanks produced between 1940 and 1945 is 4424, i.e. a yearly average comparable to Italy. For a country as large and as industrialized as Japan, that is modest. Before 1945, the fleet and the air force had priority. It changed when the homeland went under direct threat but it was too late.
Poland
Single-turret 7TP
Poland was the first to suffer the German Blitzkrieg, but it had some very good tanks in its amoured forces. The most important was the 7TP (siedmiotonowy polski - "7-tonne Polish") light tank, which was better armed than its most common opponents, the German Panzer I and Panzer II.
Like the similar Soviet T-26, the 7TP was a development of the British Vickers 6-ton (Mk.E) which the Poles purchased and licensed for local production. The main new features of 7TP were: a better, more reliable and powerful diesel engine (which made the 7TP world's first diesel tank), 37 mm anti-tank gun , and slightly thicker armour (17 mm in front instead of 13 mm). Only about 132 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. The weight increased after the initial 7-tonne prototype was made and the actual serial tanks weighed approximately 9 tonnes.
Like its British predecessor, the 7TP was initially produced in two variants: the twin turret version armed with 2 Ckm wz.30 machine guns , and a single turret version, armed with a 37 mm Bofors wz. 37 gun. After initial tests, it became clear that the twin-turret variant was obsolete and lacked firepower, so it was abandoned in favour of the more modern single turret design.
Poland also had the TK (also known as the TK-3) tankette which was based upon an improved chassis of the British Carden Loyd tankette . The 575 TK/TKS tankettes formed the bulk of the Polish armoured forces but with armament limited to machineguns, their combat value was limited. They suffered heavy losses during the Invasion of Poland . Only the handful of tankettes armed with 20 mm guns had a fighting chance against the enemy tanks; in one instance on 18 September 1939 a 20 mm gunned TKS destroyed three German Panzerkampfwagen 35(t) tanks.
All of the 7TP tanks took part in combat in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. Most of them were attached to two light tank battalions (the 1st and the 2nd).
Polish forces in exile after the fall of Poland were reequipped by their allies. Polish LWP forces fighting alongside the Red Army were equipped with T-34, T-70 and IS-2 tanks, along with ISU-122 and SU-76 self-propelled guns. Polish forces in the west were equipped out of British stocks including M3 and M5 Stuarts, M4 Shermans and a small number of Cromwells. Polish armour units were participants in the Battle of Berlin and played an important role in the campaign in Normandy.
See also
| Sherman |
If, in an American diner, you ordered 'Eve With the Lid On', what would you recieve? | A Poor Defense: Sherman tanks in WW2
A Poor Defense: Sherman tanks in WW2
By | Published: November 22, 2013
Contributed by Nicholas Hopkins
A Glimpse of the lives of American soldiers constructed with materials of the 3rdArmored Division Archives, housed at the University of Illinois Archives Research Center.
“Sherman Tank” RS 26/20/70, MMischnick Sherman, Germany, February, 15-26, 1945.
Experiencing WWII from the inside of a M4 Sherman tank was famously dangerous. Henry J. Earl retells his experience with the Sherman in a 1983 letter to Lt Colonel Haynes Dugan, one of the G-2 intelligence officers for the 3rd Armored Division.
The hit was low on the side. The interior of the tank was lit by a ball of fire caused by the terrific friction of the penetration. A white hot eighteen pound projectile entered the empty ammunition rack under the floor. The earlier modes of the M-4 “Sherman” medium tank did not store ammunition under the turret floor. The steel walls of the compartment prevented the molten metal from striking the interior of the hulland ricocheting throughout the tank. This saved the crew.” [i]
Unfortunately, many Sherman operators of WWII were not this lucky. The M4 Sherman was the primary tank utilized by the United States army during World War Two. It also became the main tank of the other Allied countries, except for Russia. The popularity of the Sherman was not due to its superior design, but its availability and mass production. On the contrary, this tank suffered from serious design flaws. Perhaps it is more appropriate to say that it was the soldiers within these tanks that bore the brunt of the Sherman’s problems.
Sherman tanks first saw action in North Africa in 1942. At the time they fared well against the German equivalent tank, the Panzer IV. It was for this reason that the Army thought the Sherman would be able to hold its own during the invasion of Normandy and into Europe. This was not the case. Death Traps, Belton Cooper’s aptly name book about American armored divisions in WW2 evidences this fact.
“The 3rd Armored Division entered combat in Normandy with 232 M4 Sherman tanks. During the European Campaign, the Division had some 648 Sherman tanks completely destroyed in combat and we had another 700 knocked out, repaired and put back into operation. This was a loss rate of 580 percent.” [ii]
“German Tiger Tank” RS 26/20/76 MMischnick , France, Aug.27-Sept. 2, 1944.
Sherman tanks were not nearly as efficient or as armored as the primary German tank, the Panzer IV. This was a fact even before the upgrading of Panzer gun barrels and armor in 1943. Shermans were under-gunned when fighting German Tiger tanks and out-maneuvered when facing German Panther tanks. These disparities are shown in an account of the famous Lt. Colonel William B. Lovelady, commander of the 3rd Armored Division’s 2nd Battalion, retold by Lt. Colonel Haynes Dugan.
“One of his Shermans turned the corner of a house and got off three shots at the front of a Panther, all bounced off. The Sherman then backed behind the corner and was disabled by a shot penetrating two sides of the house plus the tank.” [iii]
Because of their insufficient armor, the insides of Sherman tanks were prone to catching fire during combat. This problem was compounded when fires ignited shells and other munitions inside a tank. Sherman M4’s were jokingly referred to by British soldiers as “Ronsons”, a brand of lighter whose slogan was “Lights up the first time, every time!” [iv] Polish soldiers referred to them simply as “The Burning Grave”.
In the course of the war, tactics of coordination, as well as better ammo storage systems, were implemented to reduce the tank’s many deficits. Armored divisions also kept very efficient repair crews. [v] The faults of the Sherman were also balanced by the sheer number that could be manufactured and the speed of this production. Regardless of the reasons for the Sherman’s problems, individuals of the Third Armored division dealt with them in their daily lives. The Sherman M4 medium tank proved to be both a “death trap” for American soldiers and a poor defense against German tanks. However, its use by almost all of the Allied Forces was crucial to their ultimate success in WWII.
Clearly, the 3rd Armored Division Archives can lend perspective to both the heroic, and dangerous, actions of WWII and the most frustrating aspects of quotidian Army life. By utilizing the archives’ many personal stories of soldiers and the wide range of supplementary documents, one can find an answer or discover a brand new set of questions within the 3rd Armored Division Archives.
If you would like to listen to 3rd Armored Division Staff Sergeant Anthony Hufnagel describe his experience with the Sherman M4, listen to these two audio files:
audio file 2
[1] Letter to a Mr. von der Weiden from Henry J. Earl (1983). Haynes Dugan Papers, Record Series 26/20/76, Box 1, Folder, Jan-June, 1985.
[2] Cooper, Belton. Death Traps. Random House, 1998. xii.
[3] Correspondence from Haynes Dugan to Walter Stitt. Book Review, Record Series 26/20/76, Box 10, Folder 1998, January-September, p. 2.
[4] Correspondence from Haynes Dugan to Walter Stitt. Book Review, Record Series 26/20/76, Box 10, Folder 1998, January-September, p.4.
[5] Cooper, Belton. Death Traps. Random House, 1998. xiii.
Share This:
Holiday Greetings »
Glenn Pence
Given the Wehrmacht’s technical abilities, it is a good thing they couldn’t win the race for the atomic bomb. They had technically superior weapons systems on many fronts (the Tiger tank, the jet airplace, V2 rockets, and the M34 machine gun just to name a few). Thankfully, they did not have the natural resources (men, oil and manufacturing) to make war in the time frame they pursued. If they had remained “non-aggressive” for another 2-3 years (while building their arsenal) it might have been a very different world!
John Barker
I am amazed that in the year 2013 such ignorance still prevails, especially at the University level. A few points for you to research. Armored warfare was dangerous for just about everyone, no matter what tank they were in.Your comparison of the PzIV and M4 is incorrect.The M4 is almost a dead on equivelant of the Russian T-34 which seems to garner all sorts of accolades while the M4 is beat to death for being overly dangerous.Belton Cooper’s book is an example of one man’s view of the war and is full of errors.Any historian of WWII worth their salt wouldn’t touch it.Understanding armor in WWII means first understanding logistical, tactical, operational and strategic considerations.The M4 was a great tank because it was able to be easily produced by the thousands, was easy to modify because the US could do so, and was reliable.Getting tanks to the battlefield is one key element in winning a war; Panthers that break down or Tigers that run out of gas are worthless to the war effort.This ignorance is inexcusable…try reading more than one book before you write a paper.
nhopki2
Woah John. This is only a blog post. I don’t claim to be a military historian. I am an undergraduate researcher for the Third Armored Archives. Had I wanted write a historical essay I would have used more than one secondary analysis. However, I do stand by the general premise of what I wrote. Many of the personal accounts of WWII veterans stress how dangerous the M4 was, specifically because of what they characterized as poor engineering. That it is not say that Russian, French, British, and German tanks were vastly superior. I’m sure there were a number of fatalities caused by tank malfunctions in other tanks too, but the evidence that I have come across acknowledges a high number of problems with the M4 while characterizing German tanks as superior(see citations and give the linked audio a listen).
THartung
Wrong on the Sherman being comparable to the T34. Panthers didn’t break down once the bugs were worked out. The Tiger and all other vehicles were in danger of running out if fuel because it was in short supply. If the Americans produced paper tanks in the thousands, would that have made it a great tank? No. You comments are totally flawed. Sorry but you should do some research before making ignorant comments.
John Barker
1.)Sherman protection is comparable to T-34.Guns are comparable, M4 is superior due to 5 man crew vs 4
2.)Panther continued to have problems through the war.The final drive was too fragile and often gave out requiring days to be replaced.The engine overheated after a short time at battle RPM’s.As late as Jan. ’45 Guderian was reporting to Berlin that the tank crews were reporting a lack of faith in the mechanics of the Panther.
3.)The combat range of a Tiger is short due to the fuel consumption, not fuel availability.Can’t move 60 tons of steel without burning a lot of gas.
4.)Plain and simple wars are won with numbers.The M4 was made, like the T-34, in big numbers and the M4 was reliable and often required little maintenance.Maintenance could be done quickly and easily compared to tanks like the Panther and Tiger.This translates to more tanks on the battlefield.WWII was not a war of huge tank vs tank duels.Tanks more often were fighting against soft targets.
If you feel you can provide me with well researched proof of your claims, please do so.My assertions come from having read Hunnicutt, Zaloga, Yeide, Jentz and Spielberger (to name a few.)I’m guessing your knowledge comes from the history channel.
Fred Flint
nice reply. in addition the e8 version of the sherman stood up well againstthe t34 in korea
KazuakiShimazaki
The T-34 is praised while the Sherman is lambasted b/c the T-34 got similar concepts (except for the three-man turret) into service over one year earlier. Remember in 1941, the best American tank was the M3. By the time the M4 got into service, it is in clear second place chronologically to the T-34. Just as important, because it was a trend-setter, the T-34 got a real period of invulnerability that made them threats despite the lack of everything down to *armor-piercing shells* and sufficient *fuel*.
By the time the Sherman got into combat, the counters to the T-34, such as PzIVs equipped with long guns, 88mm antiaircraft guns being pressed into antitank roles … etc are coming on line. The Soviets were also more decisive in getting a gun that would be somewhat effective against Tiger and Panther in place for 1944 – while the Americans are debating the merits of a 75mm field gun and 76mm antitank gun, the Russians took the plunge to a 85mm gun so they don’t have to choose. While they are still disadvantaged, it is rare to hear of a Russian speaking the Anglo-American laments of complete ineffectiveness against Panthers and Tigers.
ButlerianHeretic
First, nearly all sources report that the Soviet 85mm tank gun had almost identical penetration to the US 76mm gun. The assumption most sources make it that Soviet armor piercing ammunition was not up to the same standard as US and German AP shot. Obviously it was a better support gun though thanks to a heavier HE shell.
Comparing horizontal armor and penetration of the M4A1 (early production with 75mm gun)
and the PzIVG (late production with improved armor and 75mm L/48 gun)
Both of these are the most modern medium tanks of each army in late 1942.
Neither can penetrate the mantlet and front turret of the other at any range.
PzIVG glacis is 50 mm @ 9 degrees = 51 mm
M4A1 penetrates 50mm at 2000m
M4A1 glacis is 51mm @ 55 degrees = 89mm
Pz1VG penetrates 96 mm at 500m
and penetrates 85mm at 1000m
So it looks like the M4A1 can defeat the PzIVG glacis at about twice the range that the PzIVG can defeat the M4A1.
The original T-34/76 has similar results against the German tanks. The T-34’s armor is a bit stronger 47 mm @ 60 degrees = 94mm horizontally, but its gun is a bit weaker and can only penetrate the PzIVG at 1000m instead of almost 2000m. Still it can penetrate the PzIVG at twice the range that the PzIVG can penetrate it.
Neither the Sherman nor the T-34 can penetrate the other frontally at any range (at least, not without precisely targeting weaknesses in the armor).
Colin Kelly
Wow this is a shoddy article.
“Experiencing WWII from the inside of a M4 Sherman tank was famously dangerous.”
Famously dangerous compared to what exactly? Certainly not compared to being an infantry man. US infantry divisions, with few exceptions, suffered casualties of 100-200% their entire strength over the 11 months from June 1944 to May 1945. In comparison not a single US Sherman unit in WWII suffered 100% their strength in human casualties, even the ones that first saw action in Tunisia and saw combat for 2.5 years.
Certainly not compared to German crews. Many German units in 3 months in Normandy saw 33% losses in their crews. And as German tanks ran out, many tank crews were forced into the infantry which drastically reduced their odds of survival
So famously dangerous compared to what? Those not fighting? Those not in front line roles? The M4 certainly had its defects, but it was a much safer vehicle to fight in than many other combat occupations..
“Sherman tanks first saw action in North Africa in 1942. At the time they
fared well against the German equivalent tank, the Panzer IV.”
Fared well? It was much superior to any German tank in wide spread service in North Africa. Even the Germans commented that it was the best tank on the field other than the handful of tigers that arrived. German crews in Mark III tanks especially felt unease dealing with Sherman tanks at ranges over 800 meters and from the side.
Its quality had no doubt evaporated by 1944, but in 1942 and 1943 it was better, then equal to the tanks it was facing beyond a handful of tigers in use.
“The 3rd Armored Division entered combat in Normandy with 232 M4 Sherman
tanks. During the European Campaign, the Division had some 648 Sherman
tanks completely destroyed in combat and we had another 700 knocked out,
repaired and put back into operation. This was a loss rate of 580
percent.”
The 3rd Amored Division is by far, and I mean by far, the worst tank casualty unit in the US army in WWII. The next is the the 7th AD with 360 total write offs (55% the losses of 3rd AD), followed by the 4th AD with 313 total write offs (48% the losses of 3rd AD), and followed by 2nd AD with 276 write offs (43% the losses of 3rd AD) etc. Indeed 3rd AD makes up 20% of total Sherman losses in US Armored Divisions that served in Europe, despite being 1 of 15 that saw service.
The 3rd AD was also a very hard fighting unit. It took 76.000 Germans POW (equivalent of ~5 German divisions, and 5x the divisions strength) not including those in the Rhur pocket, and claimed the destruction of 1500 tanks and SPGs (probably too high given they are unverified claims, but gives a good idea of how much tank combat its units saw).
So its losses are not representative of most tank units, and its feats can explain the high losses, because it was also inflicting heavy losses on the Germans.
“The Sherman M4 medium tank proved to be both a “death trap” for American
soldiers and a poor defense against German tanks. However, its use by
almost all of the Allied Forces was crucial to their ultimate success in
WWII.”
It hardly proved a poor defense against German tanks. While it was arguably a less formidable tank that it could have been due to faulty US tank doctrine, it was a major threat to German tanks. This is evidence by post war interrogations where the German tank crews rated allied Tanks and Tank Destroyers their greatest threat.
However there can be no doubt US tankers had a rather low opinion of their armor. US Army questionnaires asking soldiers to rate their weapons are interesting in this regard. US Infantry felt their infantry weapons, almost without exception, as equal or better than what the Germans have. They felt their artillery was absolutely superior to the German stuff. However, US tankers by and large felt their tanks were inferior. Indeed, it says much about the fearlessness of the Allied Tanker who continued to fight day in and day out in a tank they felt was outclassed by the enemy.
The Sherman was not the best tank in WWII, it was probably barely adequate by 1944-45. Still it worked as part of an excellent combined arms team which usually negated its flaws. It was available in such numbers, separate tank battalions could be attached to almost every US infantry division, meaning most US infantry divisions had more tanks available to them then German panzer divisions. US infantry more often then not went into battle supported by Sherman tanks, which blew Germans out of strong points and blasted to pieces MG pits.
John Barker
Colin- A very well thought out and worded response, I applaud you. I’d like to once again point out that the M4 was a superb tank throughout the war, from intro to the end. Those that evaluate and criticize the Sherman make a number of errors, first being to think only of the most common Sherman, the 75mm variants seen at its introduction in Africa and serving later in Italy and Europe (and elsewhere.) This extremely versatile tank was equipped with a 75mm gun, a 76mm and a 105mm howitzer. Our British allies fielded some of their Shermans with a very high velocity 17 pounder. To add to its versatility the tank could have been outfitted with the turret and 90mm gun of the Pershing M26, this was not done as it was not seen as being advantageous over getting the M26 to Europe. All the guns that the M4 was equipped with served very well. Further the tank went through various engine upgrades, transmission upgrades, suspension upgrades, armor upgrades and modifications throughout the hull and turret. One version of the M4, the Jumbo, had extremely thick armor for use as a breakthrough tank.
Secondly the fault that so many fall into is to compare the tank to other armor as if WWII was a tank versus tank slugfest and the main purpose of a tank was to fight other tanks. It was not. A tanks main purpose is to create breakthroughs in the line and exploit enemy territory behind the lines, wreaking havoc on communication, supply, HQ and reinforcing infantry. When Germany fielded the Panther, a tank which is designed around tank killing, it was a recognition that the war was lost for them as they were not creating an offensive weapon but a defensive one.
Keep in mind that interviewing US soldiers about their tanks is hardly an interview of an unbiased source. Many politicians had started beating the drum of the “inadequacies” of the M4 and reporters were jumping in to the act with this “story.” The true value and performance qualities of a weapon are rarely appreciated by politicians, reporters and even the average tanker. The M4 excelled because it was reliable, versatile and durable and could do its job well. When an armored commander needed a job done he knew he was going to have the tanks to do it in the numbers he needed. This is what wins wars and this is how the M4 helped to win WWII.
Steve S
For those that think the German Tiger tank was superior to the Sherman I recommend reading Tigers In The Mud by Otto Carius. Carius was a tiger tank commander in Russia during World War II. He details numerous mobility and maintenance issues with the Tiger. For example it was too wide to fit on a train without having its tracks removed and a transport set installed. It was so heavy that multiple tank retrievers had to be used to retrieve a damaged or inoperative tank and then it frequently tore the transmissions out of the tank retriever. The engine overheated at high rpm. the driver had to be very careful because the transmission in the tank was too weak and frequently was damaged by rough handling. The tiger could go about 56 miles on 150 gallons of gas. It was built to go 45 km/h but in reality the operators held it to about 25 km/h on the road because it would be damaged otherwise. Many tigers were lost because they became stuckk or broke down and could not be retrieved simply because they weighed too much
leo mathew
Many Law firms schools in India are teaching the students who all came to study the law like barandbench. They are learning legal cases how to face it and before the lawyer they should know about all the cases. The Lawyers should face many cases like legal and illegal cases.
Kno Wan
1. The Sherman was more efficiently armored than the Panzer IV, and significantly better protected overall.
2. The ‘Lights up first time, every time’ slogan was invented in the 1950s, so the Sherman could not possibly have been nicknamed ‘Ronson’ during WW2.
That nickname is a post-war invention.
3. Death Traps is an exceptionally bad source, as it is full of mistakes, factual errors and outright inventions by the author.
John Barker
Kno Wan- Good points. I just wanted to point out that studies showed that the burn up rate in an M4 was similar to comparable tanks, caused by the propellant in the ammunition cooking off. The U.S. remedied this by coming up with a wt storage bin for the ammunition…one of the advantages of the M4-the industry behind it.
Fred Flint
concur veterans dont know the big picture. by the way the panzer vi was not the weapon of the blitz. german victories were won with tanks less capable then the sherman against foes with technically better tanks.
sikanni
Blitzkrieg (1939+) was won because of the tactics developed by the Germans, not because they had superior tanks. Most the Panzer divisions were mostly equipped with Panzer IIs III’s with a smattering of IV’s (with the short-barrelled 75) … some even had the Czech T38’s. But its the tactics and the air superiority of the Luftwaffe that made “Lightning War” so effective … that and the fact that their opponents were totally unprepared for this.
sikanni
Oh, goodness gracious, tactical air support in Normandy! Making movement impossible to suicidal except at night? What about the Falaise Gap? I don’t think those Tiger IIs were flipped upside down by their own crews, do you?
Mr. History
Here is the truth and nothing but the truth from Mr. History.
1. The M4 Sherman used early in the war was effective against German tanks at that time (1942-1943).
2. The Sherman had good FM radio system that operated generally better than AM comm radios in German tanks, especially in rugged, uneven terrain, or where obstacles were present.
3. The M4 was reliable, with 2 x 6 cyl Cadillac engines.
4. Later German tanks brought havoc on Shermans, which had generally, in most cases not been upgraded.
5. Weaknesses of Sherman- low velocity 75 mm gun. Thin frontal armor (less than 75 mm). Gas power plant, subject to explosion.
6. Strengths of M4 Sherman- reliability, numbers, radio, speed.
5. British lend-lease M4 Shermans fitted with the upgraded, retrofitted 17 pounder cannon (76.2mm) were considerably more effective against German panzers (tanks). These US built/UK upgraded tanks became known as Sherman Fireflies, and could engage German armor successfully.
6. American tank crews that had learned to attack heavier panzers from behind attained much more success killing German tanks.
7. M4 Shermans that were struck by 88 mm German shells were usually destroyed or badly damaged. Some M4s were cleaned out and put back in service after US crew’s body parts removed.
8. German panzer crews feared the Sherman…if they encountered them en mass.
9. Tank crews operating the M4 Sherman could be taught to lower risk by attacking German panzers from behind, where armor was thinner, and where tank was more vulnerable.
10. M4 Shermans were used after Second World War in Korea (1950-53) and in Israel against Arab armies.
Nem
At the end of the day, who can say which tank is the best.
Personally if it was a 1v1 in open country I’d choose a Tiger.
If I was fighting a campaign it would be Shermans.
It really comes down to what are your requirements. Just my opinion btw.
dracopticon
And if I had unlimited fuel and engineering material and staff close by, I’d choose the Tiger tank in a jiffy. One-on-one against a similarly supported Sherman, it would be a push-over for Tiger, every time.
dracopticon
Mr John Barker, sir, you are poor excuse for a person wanting do discuss WW2 knowledge about the Sherman tank. It so shines through that you cannot take these informations solely on the fact it would belittle the American main tank during world war 2, and by that would belittle the whole of USA. While that is not true, because it only shows how bad the decision makers were during these days, it does in your eyes, and that you cannot allow yourself to believe. And to bad mouth Mr. Louch and his extensive research on the matter is so utterly childish it stinks. Please grow up Mr Barker.
Chris Prom
| i don't know |
Which stand-up comedian has played football at semi-professional level and once worked full-time as a pharmaceuticals sales director? | IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Desperate Housewives"
Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Desperate Housewives"
1-50 of 186 names.
Mae Whitman
Mae was born in Los Angeles, California to Pat Musick, a voice artist, and Jeffrey Whitman, a personal manager and set construction coordinator. She began her career with a voice-over for a Tyson Chicken commercial. Whitman attended Ribét Academy, a private preparatory school in Los Angeles. She was later transferred to Whitefish Bay High School, where she graduated.
Whitman made her first silver screen debut playing Meg Ryan's youngest daughter, "Casey Green", in When a Man Loves a Woman (1994). Among her notable childhood roles were that of "Patricia Whitmore", daughter of the President in Independence Day (1996); George Clooney's daughter, "Maggie Taylor", in One Fine Day (1996); and the charming daughter, "Bernice Pruitt", of Sandra Bullock, in Hope Floats (1998).
As she has grown older, Mae has made several guest appearances in television shows such as JAG (1995), State of Grace (2001), Desperate Housewives (2004), Grey's Anatomy (2005) and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999), just to name a few, as well as some voice-over work.
In 2015, she starred in the movie The Duff (2015) portraying a high school student who realized she is the approachable one, the designated ugly fat friend, the DUFF.
We should expect to see great things from Mae Whitman as her career progresses, for she has shown what a strong, dynamic, and talented actress she has become.
Felicity Huffman
Felicity toiled away for 20 years in ill fated television shows, Broadway plays and independent films in the shadow of her successful husband, actor William H Macy, then she got the part of Lynette Scalo in the television series Desperate Housewives and the film Transamerica resulting in a Golden Globe nomination for both.
Jesse Metcalfe
Jesse Eden Metcalfe was born in Carmel Valley, California, to Nancy (DeMaio) and Jeff Metcalfe. He has Italian, Portuguese, English, French, and Irish ancestry. He was raised in Southeastern Connecticut. Metcalfe attended the Williams School, a private high school in New London, Connecticut. He pursued his higher education at New York University where he studied acting and film at the prestigious Tisch School of the Arts.
Metcalfe first appeared on the small screen in NBC's daytime drama, 'Passions', but rose to fame on the mega-hit series, 'Desperate Housewives' playing teenage boy-toy, John Rowland. He's since been the lead in both studio and independent features. Best known for carrying Twentieth Century Fox's successful teen-comedy "John Tucker Must Die" and starring opposite Michael Douglas in "Beyond A Reasonable Doubt".
2011 saw Jesse cast in TNT's reboot of the iconic series, 'Dallas'. Playing the Christopher Ewing, son of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy).
Metcalfe is an avid art enthusiast and collector, plays both guitar and piano, enjoys basketball, boxing and weight training.
Dougray Scott
Born in Scotland, trained at the Welsh College of Music and Drama where he was named most promising drama student. Scott's early work was in Scottish national theatre and television, first appearing in the series Soldier Soldier as well as on the stage in the Tim Fleming directed production of Wallace. Early television credits to follow included The Rover, Taggart: Nest of Vipers, Lovejoy, and Soldier Soldier. Scott followed this up with impactful turns in the films You Don't Have to Say You Love Me, Black Beauty, and Another Nine & a Half Weeks. Shortly thereafter, Scott could be seen opposite Drew Barrymore in the hit film Ever After, opposite Robert Duvall, Tea Leoni, and Vanessa Redgrave in the film Deep Impact, as well as the second installment in the hit Mission: Impossible franchise, Mission: Impossible 2. Scott also appeared opposite Kate Winslet in Michael Apted's Enigma as well as the 2002 film Ripley's Game, opposite Ray Winstone. Starring opposite Jennifer Connelly in the 2005 film Dark Water and the 2007 film Hit Man, Scott soon appeared in US television for the first time in the ABC miniseries The Ten Commandments as well the Hallmark TV movie Arabian Nights.
US television audiences next saw Scott in the NBC series Heist as well as the hit ABC series Desperate Housewives. He followed these impressive turns with the BBC miniseries adaptation of the cult classic novel The Day of the Triffids. Scott was most recently seen in the critically-acclaimed movie My Week With Marilyn, the hit Netflix series Hemlock Grove, and the Cinemax series Strike Back. Scott can next be seen in the films Last Passenger and Lionsgate's The Vatican Tapes.
Scott's impressive theatre resume includes the 2000 Donmar premiere of To The Green Fields Beyond, directed by Sam Mendes, The Rover, directed by Jules Wright, and The Power and the Glory, directed by Tim Luscombe.
Justine Bateman
Bateman was born in Rye, New York. Her younger brother is actor/director Jason Bateman.
Bateman played the role of superficial Mallory Keaton on the television sitcom Family Ties from 1982 to 1989, for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award. Bateman hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live during its 13th season in 1988. That same year, she starred in the lead role in Satisfaction, a film about an all-girl band that also starred Julia Roberts and Liam Neeson. Bateman starred as the lead vocalist and also performed the vocals on the soundtrack. Bateman co-starred in the 1996-97 NBC sitcom version of the British TV comedy Men Behaving Badly with Rob Schneider and Ron Eldard. She has appeared in several made-for-TV movies, indie films and plays.
Taking a break from the entertainment business, Bateman established a clothing design company, Justine Bateman Designs, and ran it from 2000 until 2003. She was known for her unique one-of-a-kind hand knits and sold to BendelsNY, Saks, and Fred Segal. Justine returned to acting with Out of Order, a Showtime series with Eric Stolz, Felicity Huffman, and Bill Macy. In the third season Arrested Development episode, "Family Ties", her character is initially believed to be Michael Bluth's sister, but she turns out to be a prostitute taken advantage of by his father and pimped by his brother. Michael Bluth was played by Justine Bateman's real-life brother, Jason Bateman. In 2006, she guest starred in the tenth episode of Men in Trees as Lynn Barstow; this turned into a recurring role for the following eight episodes. She also starred as Terry in Still Standing. In 2008, she portrayed a drug dealer who rents a room from Carlos and Gabrielle Solis, in a guest role on Desperate Housewives. That same year, Bateman appeared on an episode of Showtime's Californication. In 2009, she took on the role of Lassiter's ex-wife in USA Network's Psych. Also she was in the third episode of Criminal Minds:Suspect Behavior. The actress made her first script sale to Disney's Wizards of Waverly Place.
Digital career: In the Fall of 2007, Justine helped produce the very successful Speechless campaign in support of the Writers Guild of America strike. Justine began a digital production company, FM78.tv, at this time and her digital future was secured. To accommodate demand, she soon after replaced FM78 with the production and consulting company SECTION 5. Since then she has been sought after as an authority in the space for various panels including The Cannes Lion Int'l Ad Festival, Digital Hollywood, NATPE, and The Branded Content Summit and has been involved creatively in a multitude of digital projects. She acted in John August's (Big Fish, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) web-series Remnants, Illeana Douglas' (Cape Fear, Good Fellas) IKEA-sponsored web-series Easy to Assemble (for which she won the 2010 Streamy Award for "Best Ensemble Cast" and was nominated for a 2010 Streamy Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Web-Series, and Anthony Zuiker's (CSI creator) digi-novel series Level 26: Dark Prophecy. Bateman served as a producer on Easy to Assemble, created Digital Components for Level 26, is currently writing an adaptation of The Clique for a Warner Bros web-series, producing the film short "Z", and is in talks with various Brands to produce a selection of her scripts. Justine also Co-Produces and Co-stars with fashion maven, Kelly Cutrone, in their internet talk show, Wake Up And Get Real. Personal life: She served on the National Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild, until July 2009, when she resigned just prior to the end of her initial 3-year term. In 2008, Bateman testified before the United States Senate Commerce Committee in support of net neutrality. A dedicated advocate for Net Neutrality, Justine serves as an Advisor to FreePress.com
Helena Mattsson
Helena Mattsson was born and raised in Stockholm, Sweden, with her two sisters. In her early teens she was discovered by one of the biggest modeling agencies in Sweden. After graduating from her Performing Arts High School in Stockholm, Helena traveled to London and New York to continue to study acting. Her big break came at the age of 19 when she left London for Los Angeles and was cast as the lead in the Warner Brother's comedy "Sweden Ohio".
Mattsson recently had recurring roles on ABC's "Desperate Housewives" and CW's "Nikita." In 2012 she was cast as Alexis Blume in "666 Park Ave" for ABC.
Her feature film credits include: "Seven Psychopaths" with Colin Farrell, "Guns, Girls and Gambling" with Gary Oldman, "Surrogates" with Bruce Willis and "Iron Man 2" with Robert Downey Jr.
Beau Mirchoff
Beau Mirchoff was born on Friday the 13th of January, 1989, in Seattle, Washington. Two days later, he moved to his family's home in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, on Vancouver Island. His father Bill, is a podiatrist from California and his mother Kelley, is a full-time homemaker from Washington State. Beau started training as an actor at the age of 13 in Vancouver, British Columbia. This required him to take a two hour ferry-boat venture from Vancouver Island to the mainland of British Columbia, and ride the bus an hour into the city. He did this every week until moving to Los Angeles in February of 2009 where Beau began training at the Michael Woolson Studio - the same studio he trains at today. In 2009 Beau landed the role of Danny Bolen on ABC's Desperate Housewives. In 2010 he snagged the role of Matty Mckibben on MTV's Awkward; he won a Teen Choice Award in 2012 for this portrayal. During the hiatuses from television Mirchoff focuses on the theatre: in 2012 he portrayed Treat in a production of Lyle Kessler's Orphans at the Hudson Theatre; in 2013 he played Kent in Neil Labute's Reason's to be Pretty at the MW Theatre. Other notable films include: Scary Movie 4, The Grudge 3, I am Number 4, and Poker Night alongside Ron Perlman, Giancarlo Esposito, Titus Welliver, and Ron Eldard.
Malese Jow
Malese Jow, originally from Tulsa, Oklahoma, has developed into an actress, songstress, and entertainer.
Malese began her acting career in 1999 with McDonald's commercials when the head of advertising heard her sing and booked her in several spots and jingles. Then in 2002, at the ripe age of 11, Malese competed on Ed McMahon's "Next Big Star" (PAX) where she won 4 rounds in the kids vocalist category. To take a break from music, Malese then began to focus on her acting career. In the fall of 2003, she booked the starring role of "Geena Fabiano" opposite Emma Roberts for Nickelodeon's hit show "Unfabulous," which aired worldwide on Nickelodeon for three seasons. She continued to build her teen fan base by guest-starring on Disney's "Hannah Montana" and "Wizards of Waverly Place", Nickelodeon's "iCarly", CBS's "The Young and the Restless", and Lionsgate's feature film adaptation of "Bratz-the Movie".
Since then, Malese has made a seamless transition from successful teen star to a maturing actress with more serious roles such as the major recurring character of "Anna" on season 1 of CW's "Vampire Diaries". Anna re-appeared as a shocker in the season 2 finale in May, and all "Team Anna" fans are anxiously anticipating season 3 to see what happens to her endearing/resurrected character. She also guest starred on TNT's "Leverage" and ABC's "Desperate Housewives" in 2011. On the big screen, Malese was the supporting lead "Alice" in the Academy Award nominated feature "The Social Network", written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by David Fincher.
As for upcoming releases, Malese filmed her second series regular role for the Nickelodeon network as bad girl "Cadence Nash" in "The Troop", and recurred on several episodes of their hit show "Big Time Rush" as the new edgy, rocker girl "Lucy Stone" for the second season, all airing in mid to late 2011.
Wendy Makkena
Wendy Makkena recently wrapped the film "The Discovery" with Riley Keough, Rooney Mara, Jason Segel, and Robert Redford, playing the role of Maggie, Mr. Redford's beloved wife. Her film "Fair Market Value" had its World Premiere at The Bentonville Film Festival in April. She recurs on the CBS show NCIS as psychiatrist Dr. Rachel Cranston. Ms. Makkena also starred in the Fox series "Oliver Beene", the CBS series "Listen Up" opposite Jason Alexander, the ABC series "The Job" opposite Denis Leary, the CBS series "Judging Amy" opposite Tyne Daly, recurred on "NYPD Blue" opposite David Caruso, and played the lead character of All The Way Mae in the TV series "A League of Their Own", directed by Penny Marshall. She has also appeared in "Alpha House"(Amazon); "Rizzoli and Isles" (TNT); "The Good Wife"(CBS); "Desperate Housewives" (ABC); "Law & Order" (NBC); "Law and Order:SVU" (NBC); CSI(CBS); "House" (Fox). She has also had leading roles in the popular films "Finding North", "Camp Nowhere", "Noise", and "Air Bud". She is best known to audiences for her role of Sister Mary Robert in "Sister Act".
Ms. Makkena is also an accomplished theatre actress, her roles on stage as varied as they are on screen. In Cynthia Ozick's "The Shawl", director Sydney Lumet was looking for a woman to play the lead opposite Diane Wiest. Auditioning for Mr. Lumet despite the fact that she was over twenty years too young for the part of a Polish Concentration Camp survivor, she convinced him and the show's sold out audiences. The New York Times said, "Ms. Makkena is every bit Ms. Wiest's equal, wearing her character's angular brittleness with a heartbreaking air of apology, even in the simple way she wraps her arms around her chest" though no one ever recognized her once the curtain came down. On Broadway she has appeared in numerous productions, including the leading role of Terry in the Tony Award Winning Best Play, "Side Man"; "Pygmalion" with Peter O'Toole; and "Lend Me A Tenor". Off-Broadway she has appeared in Richard Greenberg's "American Plan", Donald Marguelies's "Loman Family Picnic", and "Prin" with Eileen Atkins.
Also Off Broadway-- at Playwrights Horizons on Theater Row she starred in "The Water Children" (NY & LA), for which she won an LA Drama Critic's Circle Award and the Robbie Award for Best Actress.
She was selected by Harold Pinter to appear in the American Premiere of "Mountain Language" opposite David Strathairn, and performed in the "The Birthday" with Jean Stapleton. She is also proud to have worked with such artists as Beth Henley and Julie Taymor. She was thrilled this summer to renew her relationship with the renowned New York Stage & Film Company. And she is looking forward to returning to the stage in New York this October with Shem Bitterman's "In Harms Way" which originally opened this year in LA to rave reviews.
Wendy is a classically trained Julliard Harpist, performing at Carnegie Hall at age ten, plays R&B Guitar, and danced for six years with The New York City ballet.
Carol Burnett
The entertainment world has enjoyed a five-decade love affair with comedienne/singer Carol Burnett. A peerless sketch performer and delightful, self-effacing personality who rightfully succeeded Lucille Ball as the carrot-topped "Queen of Television Comedy," it was Burnett's traumatic childhood that set the stage for her comedy.
Carol's rags-to-riches story started out in San Antonio, Texas, on April 26, 1933, where she was born to Jodie and Louise Burnett, both of whom suffered from acute alcoholism. As a child, she was left in the care of a beloved grandmother, who shuttled the two of them off to Hollywood, California, where they lived in a boarding house and shared a great passion for the Golden Age of movies. The plaintive, loose-limbed, highly sensitive Carol survived her wallflower insecurities by grabbing attention as a cut-up at Hollywood High School. A natural talent, she attended the University of California and switched majors from journalism to theater. Scouting out comedy parts on TV and in the theater, she first had them rolling in the aisles in the mid-1950s performing a lovelorn novelty song called "I Made a Fool of Myself Over John Foster Dulles" (then Secretary of State) in a nightclub act. This led to night-time variety show appearances with Jack Paar and Ed Sullivan and where the career ball really started rolling.
Carol's first big TV breaks came at age 22 and 23 as a foil to a ventriloquist's dummy on the already-established The Paul Winchell Show in 1955, and as Buddy Hackett 's gawky girlfriend on the short-lived sitcom Stanley . She also developed an affinity for game shows and appeared as a regular on one of TV earliest, Stump the Stars in 1958. While TV would bring Carol fans by the millions, it was Broadway that set her on the road to stardom. She began as the woebegone Princess Winnifred in the 1959 Broadway musical "Once Upon a Mattress" which earned her first Tony Award nomination. [She would later appear in three TV adaptations - Once Upon a Mattress , Once Upon a Mattress and Once Upon a Mattress .] This, in turn, led to the first of an armful of Emmy Awards as a repertoire player on the popular variety series The Garry Moore Show in 1959. Burnett invented a number of scene-stealing characters during this time, most notably her charwoman character. With the phenomenal household success of the Moore show, she moved up quickly from second banana to headliner and appeared in a 1962 Emmy-winning special Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall co-starring close friend Julie Andrews . She earned the Outer Critics Circle Award for the short-lived musical "Fade Out, Fade In" (1964); and made her official film debut opposite Bewitched star Elizabeth Montgomery and Dean Martin in the lightweight comedy Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? .
Not surprisingly, fellow redhead Lucille Ball , who had been Carol's treasured idol growing up, subsequently became a friend and mentor to the rising funny girl. Hilarious as a guest star on The Lucy Show , Carol appeared as a painfully shy (natch) wallflower type who suddenly blooms in jaw-dropping fashion. Ms. Ball was so convinced of Carol's talent that she offered Carol her own Desilu-produced sitcom, but Burnett had her heart set on fronting a variety show. With her own team of second bananas, including character crony Harvey Korman , handsome foil Lyle Waggoner , and lookalike "kid sister" type Vicki Lawrence , the The Carol Burnett Show became an instant sensation, and earned 22 Emmy Awards during its 11-year run. It allowed Carol to fire off her wide range of comedy and musical ammunition--whether running amok in broad sketch comedy, parodying movie icons such as Gloria Swanson , Shirley Temple , Vivien Leigh or Joan Crawford , or singing/gushing alongside favorite vocalists Jim Nabors , Steve Lawrence , Peggy Lee , Sammy Davis Jr. , Ella Fitzgerald and Mel Tormé . She managed to bring in huge stars not known at all for slapstick comedy, including Rock Hudson and even then-Governor Ronald Reagan while providing a platform for such up-and-coming talent as Bernadette Peters and The Pointer Sisters In between, Carol branched out with supporting turns in the films Pete 'n' Tillie , The Front Page and Robert Altman 's A Wedding .
Her program, whose last episode aired in March of 1978, was the last truly successful major network variety show to date. Carol took on new challenges to display her unseen dramatic mettle, and accomplished this amazingly in TV-movie showcases. She earned an Emmy nomination for her gripping portrayal of anti-Vietnam War activist Peg Mullen in Friendly Fire , and convincingly played a woman coming to terms with her alcoholism in Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice . Neither character bore any traces of the usual Burnett comedy shtick. Though she proved she could contain herself for films, Carol was never able to acquire crossover success into movies, despite trouper work in The Four Seasons , Annie (as the hammy villainess Miss Hannigan), and Noises Off... . The last two roles had been created onstage by Broadway's Dorothy Loudon .
Carol would return from time to time to the stage and concert forums with productions of "Plaza Suite", "I Do! I Do", "Follies", "Company" and "Putting It Together". A second Tony nomination came for her comedy work in "Moon Over Buffalo" in 1995. Carol has made frequent appearances on her own favorite TV shows too, such as Password All-Stars (along with Elizabeth Montgomery , Carol was considered one of the show's best players) and the daytime soaper, All My Children .
During the early 1990s, Carol attempted a TV comeback of sorts, with a couple of new variety formats in Carol & Company and The Carol Burnett Show , but neither could recreate the magic of the original. She has appeared, sporadically, on various established shows such as "Magnum, P.I.," "Touched by an Angel," "Mad About You" (for which she won an Emmy), "Desperate Housewives," "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (Emmy nomination), "Hawaii Five-0," "Glee" and "Hot in Cleveland." Befitting such a classy clown, she has received a multitude of awards over time, including the 2003 Kennedy Center Honors and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005. She was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1985. Her personal life has been valiant--tears in between the laughs. Married three times, her second union with jazz-musician-turned-variety-show-producer Joe Hamilton produced three daughters. Eldest girl, Carrie Hamilton , an actress and former teen substance abuser, tragically died of lung and brain cancer at age 38. Shortly before Carrie's death, mother and daughter managed to write a play, together, entitled "Hollywood Arms", based on Carol's 1986 memoir, "One More Time". The show subsequently made it to Broadway.
Today, at age 80 plus, Carol has been seen less frequently but still continues to make appearances, especially on TV. Most recently she has guested on the shows "Hot in Cleveland" and the new "Hawaii Five-0". As always she signs off a live appearance with her signature ear tug (acknowledging her late grandmother), reminding us all, between the wisecracks and the songs, how glad and lucky we all are to still have some of "this time together".
Charles Mesure
Charles Mesure was born Wednesday, August 12, 1970, in Somerset, England. When he was five, his family moved to Australia and he grew up in Sydney.
He studied law at Sydney University and was very active in SUDS, the school's dramatic society. He sang tenor in an a capella group called Cinco. After he graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney in 1995, he moved to New Zealand where he soon got his first TV gig on "City Life." He also acted in plays at the Court and Circa theatres. He won Best Supporting Actor in 2003 for his role as DSS Kees Van Dam on "Street Legal."
In 2004 he moved to the US and had guest roles on several hit series, notably 12 episodes of "Crossing Jordan" (including the landmark 100th episode) and two episodes of "Without a Trace." Both featured him in season-ending cliffhangers.
In 2008, he returned to New Zealand for major roles in three series. He was nominated Best Actor in the TV Guide "Best on the Box" People's Choice Awards for his recurring role in "Outrageous Fortune." His character, Detective Sergeant Zane Gerard, was responsible for the biggest cliffhanger in NZ TV history. The second series, the award-winning family adventure "Kaitangata Twitch" with Charles as dad Carey Gallagher, finished its 13-episode run in July 2010. The same month, the complex mystery "This Is Not My Life" began 13 episodes with Charles in the lead as Alec Ross, a man who suspects his perfect family and life aren't for real.
Charles returned to the US in 2009 and was cast in "V" in the recurring role of mercenary Kyle Hobbes. He was a regular on the second season that ended in March 2011.
In July 2011, Charles was cast in the role of Ben Faulkner on the eighth and final season of "Desperate Housewives." Ben was Australian, a self-made construction millionaire, a man both charming and ruthless, who moved to Wisteria Lane and was immediately claimed by Renee Perry -- "Dibs!" In the last episode of the series, Ben and Renee got married.
In 2013, Charles traveled to South Africa to play a drunken American playboy in "Marple: A Caribbean Mystery," based on Agatha Christie's book, and to Miami for a final-season episode of "Burn Notice" where he was a criminal computer expert.
In January 2014, Charles filmed an action role in an episode of "The Mentalist." Immediately afterward, he flew to Vancouver to play the role of Blackbeard in "Once Upon a Time," sharing scenes with Colin O'Donoghue's fellow pirate Captain Hook. On Twitter, he described Blackbeard's costume as the coolest he'd ever worked in.
Mason Cook
At just 15 years old, Mason Cook has made quite an impact on film and television. Mason currently stars as Ray DiMeo on the new ABC television comedy Speechless, premiering in fall 2016.
In 2015, Mason notably was nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for "Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series" for his guest lead role in the Emmy-award winning children's series, The Haunting Hour.
Also in 2015, Mason was seen in the lead role of Bart Sheffield in the Lifetime Television original production of If There Be Thorns, the movie adaptation of the third installment in the popular Flowers in the Attic book series, and completed his second season as a series regular on the hit TNT television series, Legends.
Mason made his television-acting debut as Casey, a cardiac asthmatic patient, on ABC's hit series Grey's Anatomy at the age of nine. Mason's numerous television appearances include recurring roles on The Goldbergs (ABC), The Middle (ABC), and Raising Hope (FOX). In addition to many others, Cook has also appeared on The Night Shift (NBC), Desperate Housewives (ABC), Criminal Minds (CBS), Hot in Cleveland (TV LAND), and Monday Mornings (TNT). Mason landed the coveted lead role of Eddie Munster in the 2012 re-imagining of cult television classic The Munsters, called Mockingbird Lane, where, while promoting the special, Mason made a hilarious appearance as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.
Cook has made a name for himself in feature films as well, having made his theatrical film debut in 2011 as Cecil Wilson in the highly popular family film, Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World with Jessica Alba, Joel McHale, and Jeremy Piven.
In addition, Mason had large supporting roles in two of 2013's most talked about summer feature films. His standout performance as Will in the Walt Disney blockbuster, The Lone Ranger, starring Johnny Depp, helped the film earn more than $255 million worldwide. In New Line Cinema's, The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, Cook starred alongside Steve Carell, Jim Carrey, and Olivia Wilde.
Aside from acting, Mason enjoys skateboarding, snowboarding, surfing, soccer, and video games. Mason Cook is an active participant in youth-centric charitable service.
Daniel Roebuck
Having made his feature film debut starring in the teen comedy Cavegirl Daniel Roebuck quickly realized that there was only one direction to travel in his career. Up!
Soon after Cavegirl, Roebuck established himself as one of the industry's youngest character actors with his haunting portrayal as the teenage killer, Samson in The River's Edge.
Daniel Roebuck was born and raised in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, A fan of movies and television from a very early age he was immediately drawn to the actors and comedians. As his obsession with performing grew his parents unwittingly fomented his future by gifting him with a cardboard TV on his seventh Christmas.
At the age of 10, he started performing in talent shows doing impressions of movie stars he loved. He joined a local circus two years later and made his debut as one of the youngest clowns in the country. Roebuck's clown act eventually segued into a magic act and he performed that throughout Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York.
It was only a matter of time before Roebuck discovered the theater and from that point he never looked back. Over the next few years while still in Pennsylvania, Roebuck continued to hone his craft, acting in, directing, and even writing over 40 plays. He also began performing stand up comedy.
Now, nearly 30 years later, Roebuck has amassed a substantial resume as an actor, writer and director. He has moved easily between all mediums having continued working on television, in movies and on the stage.
His film credits are myriad, having starred in blockbusters like The Fugitive, US Marshals,and final Destination, as well as popular titles including Agent Cody Banks and it's sequel, That's What I Am, Money Talks, Flash Of Genius and so many more.
Lately, Roebuck has enjoyed working in a number of horror movies - his favorite genre. He has collaborated with filmmaker Rob Zombie on Halloween, Halloween 2, Devil's Rejects, and Lords of Salem (as well as a commercial for AMDRO, the insecticide). He also appeared in Don Coscarelli's cult favorite Bubba Ho Tep as well as the director's Reggie's Tales and John Dies At The End.
Daniel has also been a familiar face on television for nearly 3 decades, he was a regular for three seasons on the evergreen hit drama, Matlock, portraying attorney 'Cliff Lewis," the junior partner of the law firm headed by Andy Griffith's beloved character, 'Ben Matlock.' Interestingly, his landing the role was the fulfillment of a promise made several years earlier with his first appearance on "Matlock" in its inaugural season. At that time, Roebuck was told that Griffith had been so impressed with his work that he would be back as a regular on the show. It took five seasons, two more guest shots as different characters, and a change of networks, but Griffith kept his promise and Roebuck indeed became a series regular.
He portrayed the irascible Rick Bettina on many episodes of Nash Bridges and in the fall of 2003 Daniel returned to series television as Pete Peterson, the gay owner of a local diner in A Minute With Stan Hooper.
As a television guest star, Daniel has played countless characters. Some of his most memorable are a cop who literally turns into a pig on Grimm, a Romulan on Star Trek, Next Generation, a gun toting hostage taker on NYPD Blue, a cranky studio owner on Sonny With A Chance and a grieving father on Glee. He played other memorable roles on New Adventures of Old Christine, NCIS, Ghost Whisperer, CSI, Boston Legal, CSI Miami, Law And Order, Desperate Housewives and Hot in Cleveland.
On the popular show, Lost, Roebuck portrayed the infamous Dr. Leslie Arzt, the aggravating science teacher whose explosive exit in the finale of the first season remains one of television's most surprising and talked about moments.
He has starred in dozens of TV Movies. Perhaps his most famous turn was his critically acclaimed portrayal of Jay Leno in The Late Shift. He stepped into another pair of famous shoes when he played Garry Marshall in Behind The Camera; Mork and Mindy, The Unauthorized Story. Other Movies for television include A Family Lost, A Glimpse Of Hell, Murder At The Presidio, Shredderman Rules, A Borrowed Life, Quints and many others. Daniel's voice over work includes Christmas Is Here Again (a film he also produced),The Haunted World Of El Super Beasto and the groundbreaking video game, L.A. Noire.
The theater remains Roebuck's first love and he has continued that passion in the Los Angeles area. He appeared in the world premiers of Sarcophagus and Crooks. He has also starred in No Time For Sergeants, Here Lies Jeremy Troy, Arsenic and Old Lace and The Man Who Came To Dinner among others. In 2006 Daniel founded THE Saint Francis Stage Company.
Behind the camera, Roebuck has produced, written and directed/co-directed a number of documentaries including Halloween: The Happy Haunting of America and it's sequel as well as Goolians, Movieland Memories and a number of documentaries for the Monsterama series.
Daniel has fulfilled nearly every dream of his childhood like appearing in Mad Magazine, becoming a toy and a Halloween mask and having his mug on a few trading cards.
When not performing, Roebuck writes articles about Horror Movies, raises two children, teaches The Audition is the Job Experience and mentors young actors.
Jacqui Holland
Jacqui Holland is the product of a Kindergarten Teacher and a Dirty Old Man. She was born in the suburbs of Cincinnati, Ohio. After many a wretched snowy winter, she headed to Hollywood to put her acting and writing skills to work. Once arriving, Jacqui landed roles in several sitcoms, including How I Met Your Mother, Desperate Housewives and Suburgatory. She also appeared in numerous films, including Hollywood Sex Wars and My Best Friend's Girl opposite Kate Hudson. In 2012, Jacqui added feature film Producer and Writer to her resume with Silent But Deadly. She also won Best Actress at The International Hoboken Film Festival for her role in the film. Most recently, she starred and produced the stylish horror/dark comedy Two Faced. Jacqui continues to expand her horizons, writing, producing and acting. When she's not working, Jacqui enjoys hiking, Kundalini yoga and medicinal cookies. She is also the proud mother of two Pomeranians; Bunny and Boots.
Sharon Lawrence
You may know her from multiple nominated and SAG Award winning portrayal of ADA Sylvia Costas Sipowitz in NYPD Blue, as a stay-at-home prostitute in Desperate Housewives and a murderous realtor on Monk, as a serial killer on Law and Order:SVU, coming to terms with her long lost daughter on Rizzoli & Isles, bantering with Alfred Molina on Ladies Man or beating up Larry David on Curb Your Enthusiasm. Sharon grew up in Charlotte and Raleigh North Carolina, graduated form UNC-CH with a degree in Journalism and spent her college summers doing musicals in summer stock. She became an Actors Equity Member in 1984 and a SAG-AFTRA member in 1987. Recent work includes Blunt Talk opposite Sir Patrick Stewart and an arc on NBC's upcoming series Game Of Silence. Recent film includes Solace opposite Sir Anthony Hopkins, Of Music and Mind with Joaquim De Almeda and Aunjanue Ellis and award winning The Bridge Partner with Beth Grant. An accomplished stage actress, Sharon played twenty different women in the Coward cabaret Love, Noel at the Wallis. At the Pasadena Playhouse she starred in Noel Coward's final play, A Song at Twilight and as Vivian Leigh in Orson's Shadow -(Ovation nomination, winner LA Drama Critics Circle Award). At the Taper she created the role of Maureen in the premier of Theresa Rebeck's Poor Behavior and was featured Carl Reiner's gala Enter Laughing. Broadway credits include Cabaret, Fiddler On The Roof and as Velma Kelly in Chicago. Former Chair of Women In Film Foundation; serves on the Board of Directors of the SAG-AFTRA Foundation, WeForShe.org, HealTheBay.org and UNC-Chapel Hill General Alumni Association Twitter-@sharonlawrence
Max Carver
Max Carver was born in San Francisco, CA to parents Robert Martensen, a doctor and writer, and Anne Carver, a philanthropist and community activist. He made his acting debut with his twin brother, Charlie, in the ABC hit television series, Desperate Housewives. They played sons to Felicity Huffman and Doug Savant. Carver has also guest starred on a number of shows, including NBC's The Office and Nickelodeon's Victorious.
In 2012, Carver graduated from the University of Southern California with a bachelor's degree in English. Next year, he will make his film debut opposite Britt Robertson in the novel adaptation of Undiscovered Gyrl, written and directed by Allison Burnett.
Currently, Carver recurs as a pair of twin Alpha werewolves in Season 3 of MTV's Teen Wolf. He resides in Los Angeles and is represented by Rebel Entertainment Partners and Sweeney Entertainment.
Gale Harold
Gale Harold was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. After studying photography and printmaking at the San Francisco Art Institute, Harold began studying acting at the suggestion of writer and producer Susie Landau Finch, who at the time was working at American Zoetrope. After three years of training and theatre work, Harold was cast and starred for five years as "Brian Kinney", the lead character in the Showtime adaptation of the British series "Queer As Folk".
Harold's film credits include Wake, Particles of Truth (Tribeca Film Festival), Rhinoceros Eyes (Toronto Film Festival), Fathers and Sons, The Unseen, and Falling For Grace.
Along with executive producer David Bowie and producer Mia Bays, Gale co-produced the film Scott Walker: 30th Century Man, directed by Stephen Kijak. The film's world premiere was at the London Film Festival, and debuted internationally at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film's U.S. premiere was at the South By Southwest Film Festival.
Harold appears as Connor Lang in Rockne S. O'Bannon and Kevin Murphy's SYFY series, "Defiance".
Gale recently had regular roles on the series "The Secret Circle" and 'Hellcats". He has recurred on Emmy and Golden Globe award winning shows including "Deadwood", "Desperate Housewives", and "Grey's Anatomy". He has made guest appearances on "Street Time" "The Unit", "Law and Order SVU", and "CSI: NY".
Harold's stage credits include Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer opposite Carla Gugino and Blythe Danner for the Roundabout Theatre Company, Williams' Orpheus Descending directed by Lou Pepe at Theater/Theatre. Harold's performance was called "brilliant" by the LA Times. The play received the McCulloh Award For Revival from the Los Angeles Dramatic Critics Circle 2011. He has also performed in Austin Pendelton's Uncle Bob at the Soho Playhouse, Gillian Plowman's Me and My Friend at The Los Angeles Theatre Center, and various productions with A Noise Within Repertory Company.
John Rubinstein
John Rubinstein is an actor, director, composer, singer, and teacher. He was born in Los Angeles, California in 1946, the same year his father, the renowned Polish-born concert pianist Artur Rubinstein , became an American citizen. He is the youngest of four children. His sister, Eva, danced and acted on Broadway, creating the role of "Margo" in the original production of "The Diary of Anne Frank"; she later became an internationally known photographer. His brother, Paul, recently retired from his career as a stockbroker in New York; his sister, Alina, is a psychiatrist in Manhattan. John attended St. Bernard's School and Collegiate School in New York City, and then returned to Los Angeles in 1964 to study theater at UCLA. During his college years, he began his professional career as an actor, appearing in 1965 with Howard Keel in Lerner and Loewe's "Camelot" in San Carlos and Anaheim; playing a role in the Civil War film, Journey to Shiloh ; and starting his long list of television appearances in shows, such as The Virginian , Dragnet 1967 and Room 222 . It was also at UCLA that he began composing and orchestrating music: incidental music for theatrical plays, and a musical, "The Short and Turbulent Reign of Roger Ginzburg", with book and lyrics by David Colloff , that won the 1967 BMI Varsity Musical Award as Best Musical.
Rubinstein made his Broadway acting debut in 1972, and received a Theater World Award, for creating the title role in the musical "Pippin", directed by Bob Fosse . In 1980, he won the Tony, Drama Desk, Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, and Drama-Logue Awards for his portrayal of "James Leeds" in Mark Medoff 's "Children Of A Lesser God", directed by Gordon Davidson . Other Broadway appearances were in Neil Simon 's "Fools", and David Rabe 's "Hurlyburly", both directed by Mike Nichols ; Herman Wouk 's "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial", which earned him another Drama Desk nomination; David Henry Hwang 's "M. Butterfly"; "Getting Away With Murder", by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth , directed by Jack O'Brien, and the musical "Ragtime", directed by Frank Galati . In 2014, he joined the Broadway cast of the hit revival of "Pippin," directed by Diane Paulus, this time playing Pippin's father, Charlemagne. He repeated this role on the national tour throughout the United States, Japan, and Europe in 2014-2016. In 1987, he made his off-Broadway debut at the Roundabout Theater as "Guildenstern" in Tom Stoppard 's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", with Stephen Lang and John Wood , and subsequently performed in "Urban Blight" and "Cabaret Verboten". In 2005, he received the Lucille Lortel Award for Best Lead Actor in a Play, as well as nominations for both the Outer Critics' and Drama League Awards, for his portrayal of "George Simon" in Elmer Rice 's "Counselor-at-Law", directed by Dan Wackerman, at the Pecadillo Theatre.
His appearances in regional theaters include the musicals "Camelot" (at various times as "Tom of Warwick", "Mordred" and "King Arthur") and "South Pacific"; the role of "Billy" in David Rabe 's "Streamers", "Ariel" in "The Tempest", "Marchbanks" in Shaw's "Candida", both Sergius and Bluntschli (alternating nights with Richard Thomas) in Shaw's "Arms And The Man", several roles in Arnold Weinstein's "Metamorphoses", directed by Paul Sills at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, "Sight Unseen" at L.A.'s Odyssey Theatre, "The Torch-Bearers" and "Our Town" at the Williamstown Theater Festival, Arthur Miller's "Broken Glass" at Monterey Peninsula College, and Warren Smith in "On A Clear Day You Can See Forever" (in a 160-city National Tour). In 1985 He starred in "Merrily We Roll Along" at the La Jolla Playhouse, in a version newly re-written by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth, directed by James Lapine. He was the original Andrew Ladd III in A.R. Gurney's "Love Letters" at the Long Wharf Theater in New Haven, opened the play in New York off-Broadway, and later performed it on Broadway, in San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles and Washington D.C. He created the role of Molina in "Kiss Of The Spider Woman", the musical by Terrence McNally, John Kander, and Fred Ebb, directed by Harold Prince, and the role of Kenneth Hoyle in Jon Robin Baitz's "Three Hotels". In 1997, he played Tateh in the American premiere run of the musical "Ragtime", by Terrence McNally, Stephen Flaherty, and Lynn Ahrens, directed by Frank Galati, at the Shubert Theater in Los Angeles, receiving both an L. A. Drama Critics Circle nomination and a Drama-Logue Award as Best Actor in a Musical, and continued in the show both in Vancouver and on Broadway. He appeared opposite Donald Sutherland in Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt's "Enigmatic Variations" at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, and at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End; played the Wizard of Oz in the hit musical "Wicked", by Winnie Holzman and Stephen Schwartz, directed by Joe Mantello, at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles for 18 months; and starred with John Schuck and Ken Page in the world premiere of a musical version of "Grumpy Old Men" in Winnipeg at the Manitoba Theatre Centre.
His 24 feature films include Atlas Shrugged Part II; Hello, I Must Be Going, which opened the 2012 Sundance Festival; 21 Grams; Red Dragon; Mercy; Another Stakeout; Someone To Watch Over Me; Daniel; The Boys From Brazil; Rome and Jewel; Choose Connor; Sublime; Jekyll; Kid Cop; Getting Straight; Zachariah; The Trouble with Girls; Journey To Shiloh; and The Car. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Jeff Maitland III in the ABC series "Family", a role he played for five years; and he starred for two years with Jack Warden in the CBS series "Crazy Like A Fox". He has acted in over 200 television films and series episodes, including Arthur Miller's "The American Clock" (CableAce Award Nomination), "Feud!", "When We Rise", "Mrs. Harris", "Perfect Murder, Perfect Town", "Norma And Marilyn", "The Sleepwalker", "Working Miracles", "In My Daughter's Name", "Perry Mason", "Voices Within: The Lives Of Truddi Chase", "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles", "Skokie", "Movieola", "Roots: The Next Generations", and "A Howling In The Woods". He has played recurring parts on "This Is Us", "The Fosters", "Perception", "The Mentalist", "Desperate Housewives", "Parenthood", "No Ordinary Family", "Greek", "The Wizards of Waverly Place", "Dirty Sexy Money", "Day Break", "Angel", "The Guardian", "The Practice", "Star Trek: Enterprise", "Girlfriends", "Robocop: the Series", "The Young and the Restless", and "Barbershop."
Mr. Rubinstein has composed, orchestrated, and conducted the musical scores for five feature films, including Jeremiah Johnson (directed by Sidney Pollack) and The Candidate, (directed by Michael Ritchie), both starring Robert Redford; Paddy (with Milo O'Shea); The Killer Inside Me (with Stacy Keach); and Kid Blue (with Dennis Hopper); and for over 50 television films, among them the Peabody Award-winning "Amber Waves", "The Dollmaker" (starring Jane Fonda), "A Walton Wedding", "The Ordeal Of Patty Hearst", "Choices Of The Heart", and "Emily, Emily", as well as the weekly themes for "Family" and "China Beach".
He spent six years as host for the radio program "Carnegie Hall Tonight", broadcast on l80 stations in the United States and Canada, and two years as the keyboard player for the jazz-rock group Funzone. He has recorded over 100 audio books, including 25 of the best-selling Alex Delaware novels by Jonathan Kellerman, the Pulitzer Prize-winning "Independence Day" by Richard Ford, Tom Clancy's "Debt Of Honor" and "Op Center", and E. L. Doctorow's "City of God", "World's Fair", and "All The Time In The World".
In 1987, Rubinstein made his directorial debut at the Williamstown Theater Festival, staging Aphra Behn's "The Rover", with Christopher Reeve and Kate Burton; the following season he directed the first American-cast production of Christopher Hampton's "Les Liaisons Dangereuses", with Dwight Schultz and Dianne Wiest. Off-Broadway, he directed the New York premieres of "Phantasie", by Sybille Pearson, and "Nightingale", by Elizabeth Diggs; and the world premiere of A. R. Gurney's "The Old Boy", with Stephen Collins. At the Cape Playhouse in Massachusetts, he staged "Wait Until Dark", with Hayley Mills and William Atherton. For NYU, he directed productions of "The Three Sisters" and "Macbeth"; for UCLA, "Company"; and for USC, "Brigadoon", "Into The Woods", "On The Town", "City of Angels", and "The Most Happy Fella". In Los Angeles, at Interact Theatre Company, of which he has been a member since 1992, he co-directed and starred in the revival of Elmer Rice's Counsellor-At-Law, winning Drama-Logue Awards and L.A. Drama Critics Circle Awards in both categories, as well as Ovation Awards for Ensemble Acting and Sound Design; the production itself won 22 awards; he also directed and acted in Sondheim and Lapine's "Into The Woods" and "A Little Night Music", and Meredith Willson's "The Music Man", and also directed Sheridan's "The Rivals" and Frank Loesser's "Guys and Dolls". For television, he directed the CBS Schoolbreak Special "A Matter Of Conscience", which won the Emmy Award for Best Children's Special in 1990, an episode of the CBS series "Nash Bridges", the ABC AfterSchool Special miniseries "Summer Stories", and three episodes of the TV series "High Tide".
In 2011, Rubinstein provided commentary for the online web-casting of the XIVth International Tchaikovsky Competition, a classical music competition held in Moscow. He teaches courses in musical theater audition and acting for the camera, and directs the annual spring musical, at the University of Southern California.
He is married to Bonnie Burgess, and has five children: Jessica, Michael (the actor Michael Weston), Peter, Jacob, and Max.
James DuMont
Actor/Producer James DuMont is one of the busiest performers in & out Hollywood, working in both feature films and television. He recently snagged the supporting lead role of J. Parnell Thomas in the autobiographical feature, Trumbo opposite Bryan Cranston, directed by Jay Roach & WB Nowlin in the Hank Williams bio-pic I Saw The Light opposite Tom Hiddleston as well as recurring for a 2nd season on the F/X series American Horror Story.
DuMont's most recent supporting role was as Rayon's father opposite Oscar winner, Jared Leto in Focus Features' Dallas Buyers Club and in director Lee Daniels' The Butler, portraying Chief of Staff Sherman Adams opposite Robin Williams' Dwight D. Eisenhower. DuMont also appeared in TriStar Pictures' When the Game Stands Tall with Jim Caviezel and Laura Dern and Corporal Dooley in the James Brown bio-pic, Get On Up, starring Chadwick Boseman. James can be seen in the indie thriller Catch Hell starring Ryan Phillippe, which is also his directorial debut and this summer in the highly anticipated Jurassic World. Mr. DuMont can next be seen in Little Boy starring Emily Watson and Tom Wilkinson from Open Road Pictures and the indie comedy Mind Puppets starring Kevin Pollak & Vinne Jones.
DuMont had a supporting role in Barefoot, opposite Evan Rachel Wood & Scott Speedman; Baytown Outlaws, with Billy Bob Thornton and Eva Longoria; and Jean-Claude Van Damme and Scott Adkins' Universal Soldier - Day of Reckoning.
On the small screen, DuMont had recurring roles as Foster on this season's American Horror Story-Freak Show & Dr. Morrison on America Horror Story-Coven, and he completed his fourth and final season as Captain Richard La Fouchette on the critically-acclaimed HBO series, Treme, working opposite Oscar-winning actress Melissa Leo. Prior to that, he had a recurring role opposite Ray Romano on TNT's Men of a Certain Age.
DuMont was recently seen in the Hallmark movie, Remember Sunday on ABC, with Zachary Levi and the Lifetime/History Channel mini-series, Bonnie and Clyde.
Born and raised in Chicago and New York City attended Boston University then left for New York City, DuMont worked steadily in theater, discovered Buddhism (which he still practices today) and made his Broadway debut in Six Degrees of Separation (which required nudity for the part). Journalist George Plimpton wrote a piece for Esquire magazine about James and his experience as "the Nudist Buddhist." After Six Degrees of Separation closed, DuMont performed opposite Mary Louise Parker, Brooke Smith and Sam Robards in Throwing Your Voice, a role that won him a rave review from the New York Times. DuMont then decided to "go nude" once more in the national tour of Six Degrees of Separation.
When that tour ended, DuMont moved to Los Angeles, where he produced award-winning plays and started booking television acting gigs on The George Carlin Show, Lois & Clark, Grey's Anatomy, Mad Men, Rizzoli and Isles, Harry's Law and Desperate Housewives.
On the film front, his early feature credits included Speed, S.W.A.T., Catch Me If You Can, War of the Worlds, Seabiscuit and Ocean's 13.
DuMont, meanwhile had started to produce shorts and features. His short film, The Confession, won 20 of 25 international film festivals with documentary filmmaker Michael Moore calling it "one of the darkest, funniest shorts I have ever seen."
DuMont also co-produced Statistics, winner of the Audience Award at the Silverlake Film Festival. He also starred in and produced the critically-acclaimed stage production, Serious Games & Morphic Resonance, which won both the L.A. Weekly Award for Best Ensemble and the Los Angeles Times 'Critic's Choice Award.'
With over 100 major feature films and television shows under his belt, DuMont's career is showing no signs of slowing down. He's currently developing feature films with producing partners in New York City, Los Angeles and Louisiana, his own Web Series while revising & adapting his one-man play, My Life as a DJ into a feature film.
Currently living in both Los Angeles and New Orleans, DuMont considers himself to be "Bayou Coastal.
Kathryn Joosten
Kathryn is best known for her portrayals of "Karen McCluskey" on Desperate Housewives on ABC and of "Mrs. Landingham", secretary to the President ( Martin Sheen ), on the critically-acclaimed NBC drama, The West Wing . She has also recurred on Dharma & Greg , and guest-starred on many hit television series, such as Becker , Arli$$ , Ally McBeal , Providence , Scrubs and over twenty other prime-time shows. Kathryn will also be seen later this year on ABC's daytime drama, General Hospital . Her credits are impressive for any actor, let alone one that only began the craft at age 42.
Although only put into action well into her middle years, Kathryn's dream began in her twenties, when her mother died of cancer in 1963. While dying in the hospital, her mother shared that her biggest regret was not following her dreams. Kathryn vowed, at that moment, that she would someday pursue her own dream of acting.
At the time, she was entering into a new career as a psychiatric nurse in a medium security wing for disturbed teenagers. Through that job, she met and married a psychiatrist, gave birth to two boys and settled down as a suburban housewife in Lake Forest, Illinois, a well-to-do suburb of Chicago. But Kathryn never forgot her dream of acting, something that she never had time to pursue in-between caring for her children and husband. In 1980, her husband's alcoholism led Kathryn to a divorce and a difficult situation; a single mother with two young sons. Rather than lose hope, she took the opportunity to change her life forever and follow her lost dream.
Kathryn took classes at Steppenwolf Theater in Chicago and performed at community theaters all over Northern Illinois. By day, she supported her family hanging wallpaper and painting the mansions of Lake Forest, working as a sales person for a Welcome Wagon company and using her contacts to book film and print locations in the houses she was painting. By night, Kathryn was improving her skills and moving from community theater to semi-professional theater. Her first break was in 1991. Disney held a cattle call for street performers for Disney World. After standing in line for five hours, Kathryn got the part and moved shop to Orlando, Florida. Though she was living behind an adult arcade in the "tourist unfriendly" part of Buena Vista, Kathryn was finally earning her living through performance and loving it. The part only lasted for a year and, once again, Kathryn was forced to supplement her acting income with other work -- bar-tending and catering during the day, theater at night. Though the acting gig was over, the move to Florida proved one thing to Kathryn...she had the talent to make it as an actor. She did it once and she could do it again. Unfortunately, it took her two and half years to realize it wouldn't happen in central Florida.
In December 1995, Kathryn again packed a truck and drove to Hollywood. Although she didn't have an agent and had no contacts, Kathryn never hesitated following her dream. In only five months, she landed her first part...two lines in Family Matters . In the six years since then, she has appeared in over a dozen plays, six movies, eleven national television commercials, two pilots, ten drama series and over twenty sitcoms. From her many roles, Kathryn is recognized as one of Murphy Brown 's secretaries, Frasier 's agent's mother and the bingo buddy to Drew Carey 's girlfriend, on The Drew Carey Show . But it is her portrayal of "Mrs. Landingham", the foil, friend and secretary to Martin Sheen 's "President Bartlet" on The West Wing that propelled her into the spotlight she truly deserves. She followed that up with her last huge roll as Karen McCluskey for 8 seasons on ABC's Desperate Housewives , which won her two Emmy awards. Joosten made a guest appearance on CBS daytime soap The Bold and the Beautiful as part of the show's 6000th episode, which featured several other real-life lung cancer survivors discussing their experiences. She was named the national spokesperson for the Lung Cancer Profiles campaign on behalf of Pfizer. Joosten died of lung cancer on the morning of June 2, 2012. Her death happened 20 days after the onscreen death of her character Karen McCluskey on the final episode of Desperate Housewives. The hit show ended its eight-year run on ABC last month with a series finale in which Joosten's character passed away. Her character's battle with brain cancer was a story line in the show.
Lori Alan
Lori Alan started talking as soon as she fell out of the womb, and hasn't stopped since. A native of the Washington, DC area, her passion for entertaining led the five-year-old actress to make her television debut as the star of a Shakey's Pizza commercial. She went on to graduate with honors from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and set off cutting her teeth on the comedy circuit, as a longtime member of New York's Gotham City Improv (Groundlings East).
Lori is perhaps best known for her award-winning voice-over work. Recently honored by her peers at the First Annual Voice Arts Awards (the Academy Awards for Voice-Overs) Lori took first-place prizes for Outstanding Body Of Work and Outstanding National Television Commercial. She starred as Diane Simmons on Family Guy, Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob: Squarepants, Sue Richards, The Invisible Woman, on Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear Solid video game trilogy. She's proud to be a part of the Pixar Family. Voicing characters in Wall-e, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Monster's University, Bonnie's Mom in Pixar's Toy Story 3, and Mother's Sadness in Inside Out.
Lori has firm roots in theatre, where she's thrived for over three decades. She mounted a smash solo show, Lori Alan: The Musical, She had the honor of working with Paul Reubens in The Pee-wee Herman Show at Club Nokia. She originated the role of Mae in the award-winning musical Reefer Madness, the cult musical which just celebrated its 17 year reunion concert at 54 Below. Backstage West proclaimed, "Lori Alan might give Carol Burnett pause!" Luckily, that talent brought Lori right to the small screen. From roles on the gripping Showtime drama Ray Donovan, to the hilarious Comedy Central gem Workaholics, to the deliciously naughty Desperate Housewives. She delves deeply into her material, emerging with the power to make the audience laugh and cry in the same moment. Her television career has flourished with appearances on Bones, Southland, CSI, 90210, Grey's Anatomy, Law and Order (both LA and the original.)
She now has a thriving voice over/on camera coaching practice to give back, as so many mentors did for her. Lori lives in Los Angeles with the love of her life, Sir Philip Bumble, her 4-legged, "soulmate" Bichon-Lhasas Apso mix, who was covered in gasoline when she rescued him at a mobile station. In the true spirit of activism, one of Lori's sole purposes is to fight for the end of the dog meat trade in the U.S. and Asia by raising awareness of the brutal and illegal trafficking of dogs. Lori also sits on the board of Pickle Pants Dog Rescue in Los Angeles, which focuses on rescuing, rehabing, and re-homing animals otherwise set for death row from high kill shelters. Lori is a celebrity supporter of the Farm Animal Rights Movement (FARM) a national nonprofit organization working to end the use of animals for food through public education and grassroots activism. Her other hobbies include singing in the shower- or anywhere for that matter-, discovering new gluten-free cookies, and trying to switch to decaf. Despite having no kids, she is a MILF.
Crystal Allen
Crystal Allen was born in California where she now resides, however she was raised in Camrose in Alberta Canada.
With dual Canadian/American citizenship, she has landed many leading roles. "Crooked Arrows'"opposite Brandon Routh and "Ghost Storm" with Carlos Bernard, both to be released in spring of 2012.
Allen has also starred in the latest two sequels to their already hit films Anaconda which have just been released. In Anaconda 3 & 4, Allen stars in the lead role of Dr Amanda Hayes, a scientist having to fight for what she believes in while holding firm to her integrity in these action packed sequels.
She is also know for her portrayal of the "Orion Slave Girl D'nesh" on Startrek Enterprise and as "Navigator Yara" in the popular independent film. "Of Gods and Men".
Allen's additional notable performances were on hit TV shows such as Haven, Prison Break, Desperate Housewives, Boston Legal, Enterprise, Navy NCIS, Modern Men, Sex and the City, Sopranos, ED, and the feature film Maid in Manhattan. Allen was also well received as the lead in the Hallmark movie "Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door. One may also affectionately remember Allen as the Tic Tac spokes woman a few years back. Previous to making her mark on screen, Allen studied dance for many years in NYC which then brought her to Japan and Monte Carlo. Her modeling career took her to Greece, London, Germany, and South Africa before ending back in NYC where she studied acting at the Lee Strasberg Institute. It's her love and commitment to the roles she plays which keeps Allen focused and successful which is evident in her short film festival hits "Comic Con" and "Lake Arrowhead". Then there are the Crystal Allen's dinner parties where she shines in her passion for cooking up elaborate meals to host a wonderful evening with the most interesting group of friends from all over the world.
P.J. Byrne
P.J. Byrne
A graduate of Boston College with a double major in finance and theatre and an M.F.A. in Acting from the prestigious Theatre School at DePaul University, actor P.J. Byrne has compiled a long list of impressive film and television credits. In 2014, Byrne starred alongside Leonardo DiCaprio in The Wolf of Wall Street for director Martin Scorsese and has teamed up again with the famed director and writer Terence Winter on Vinyl for HBO. His most recent films include True Memoirs of an International Assassin opposite Kevin James and The Gift opposite Jason Bateman and Joel Edgerton. Byrne is also adding writer to his resume having recently sold Brothers of the Bride to Newline, a feature film that he will co-write and star in which is being produced by Ben Stiller's Red Hour Productions. Renowned for his pivotal scene-stealing role in Horrible Bosses, Byrne's character supports the stars of the film as they plot to kill their bosses. This film allows him to add Kevin Spacey and Jason Bateman to a long list of important actors with whom he has had the opportunity to work. He has played opposite: Steve Carell in Dinner for Schmucks, Zach Galifianakis in The Campaign, Harrison Ford in Extraordinary Measures, Tom Hanks in Mike Nichols' Charlie Wilson's War, Will Ferrell and Nicole Kidman in Nora Ephron's Bewitched, Jack Black in Michel Gondry's Be Kind, Rewind, Jim Carrey in Bruce Almighty and Clint Eastwood in Bloodwork. Byrne was very well received for his starring role in the 5th installment of the phenomenally successful Final Destination franchise for Warner Bros. In the film Byrne's character meets one of the more unusual demises ever in the series of sci-fi horror films. Byrne's television credits include the fan favorite role of Irv Smiff, the driven sports agent, who represents a number of professional football players in the ongoing BET hit series The Game. He has appeared in recurring and guest roles on hit and acclaimed series such as NCIS, The Mentalist, Burn Notice, Bones and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Reno 911, West Wing, ER, Boston Legal, Desperate Housewives and New Adventures of Old Christine. In addition to his on-screen roles, Byrne also voices "Bolin" in the Emmy- nominated Nickelodeon series, The Legend of Korra now entering it's 4th season, and received a Behind The Voice Award for his portrayal of that character. A Garden State native, Byrne was born in Maplewood, New Jersey and was raised in Old Tappan, New Jersey.
Gwendoline Yeo
Gwendoline Yeo moved to the U.S. from Singapore to San Francico as a teenager and then graduated from UCLA. She won national titles of Miss Asian America and Miss Chinatown USA. She then went on to an acting career. Her breakthrough role was her arc on Desperate Housewives in Seasons 2 and 3 cracking people up playing Eva Longoria's naughty maid, XiaoMei. She's also recurred on 24, General Hospital& Grounded for Life and guest starred on NYPD Blue, JAG and The OC. Her Feature credits include AMC's hit western "Broken Trail" starring alongside Robert Duvall, Hallmark's The Magic of Ordinary Days and Robin Swicord's "the Jane Austen Book Club."
She lends her voice on several cartoon series including Cartoon Network's Zatch Belle, Disney's Safety Patrol, Nickalodean's Superscout and the new X-Men. Video gamers best know her as "Paine" from Final Fantasy x-2.
Rebecca Wisocky
Rebecca Wisocky has performed in film, television and stage as of mid-90's, but best-known for her role as socialite Evelyn Powell on Lifetime television comedy-drama 'Devious Maids' (2013-).
Wisocky has won Obie Award for her portrayal of Leni Riefenstahl in 'Amazons and Their Men'. She also performed in many other stage productions. On television, she appeared in 'The Mentalist', 'Desperate Housewives', 'American Horror Story', '90210', 'Big Love' and 'Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'.
Norma Maldonado
Born on Governor's Island, New York, actress Norma Maldonado has built a solid reputation in Hollywood by bringing passion to every project. Whether playing a commanding attorney or a mother fighting for her children, Norma always shines on screen. She's starred in dozens of film and television projects including Mad Men, The Closer, Criminal Minds, Desperate Housewives, NYPD Blue, and Erin Brockovich often working with directors and creators of the highest caliber such as Steven Soderbergh, Gregory Navas, Joel Schulmaker, and J.J. Abrams. In addition, Norma has lent her talents to numerous national television commercials, voice-overs projects and looping of top Hollywood films.
In real life, Norma is a strong woman who goes out of her way to help those in need. Her strength and compassion first began as by-product of childhood circumstances. Norma's father was in Air America for the US Air Force which forced her family to frequently relocate and required her to adapt to many new surroundings. Life would change dramatically for the young girl when, at the tender age of 12, her father was killed in action. Standing strong for her family, Norma's mother relocated the family to her homeland of Puerto Rico. It was here that Norma discovered her passion for acting while watching her mother's friends tape weekly variety shows at the WAPA Studios.
Norma has always had a fascination for human behavior. She earned her Bachelor's degree in Psychology at the University of Puerto Rico and completed one year of clinical Psychology at Albizu University. Later, she went on to earn a Masters in Communications from the University of Georgia. Over the years, Norma has also developed an ear for languages and accents. Her fluency in English, Spanish, and Serbian has helped open doors to many interesting roles, including that of a rape counselor in a short film for the United Nations. Shot in the Macedonian language, the film was made to help bring attention to the trafficking of young women into white slavery.
Norma is passionate about her service to charities and organizations in need. She has been involved with several children's causes and has worked for 13 years with the LA Music Center's Education Programs, storytelling to children throughout California and across the country. She helps St. Jude's Children Hospital, Susan G. Koman Foundation, MANNA, AJWS, and ONE, and is currently working to stop sex trafficking of children and young people. Norma has also been an active member of some of Hollywood's most prominent entertainment organizations, including Film Independent and Women in Film.
Anthony Azizi
Anthony Azizi started his career many years ago, as a child, acting in plays for the Touchstone Theater run by Bill and Bridget George in Bethlehem, PA. He also started writing and staging his own plays at the age of eight for school and other public venues. He continued in the arts throughout all of his schooling. Anthony attended Freedom High School where went to school with fellow alums Daniel Dae Kim and Dwayne "the Rock" Johnson. Anthony attributes the love for acting and the inspiration to pursue it as a career to Cathy Caparrazo and Mrs. Bauer while attending Freedom High School. Anthony was accepted to Muhlenberg College with a soccer scholarship, but soon fell into acting once again after a very bad knee injury ended his collegiate soccer career. While at Muhlenberg he received his BFA in Theater Arts and soon was performing in many of the plays and musicals at Muhlenberg. He starred in the world premier of accomplished playwright Jim Ryan's "South Pacific Snow" and was nominated for an Irene Ryan award for his portrayal of Sam in "The Miss Firecracker Contest." Anthony gives a lot of the credit for choosing a career in acting to Charlie Richter who was the head of the theater department at Muhlenberg. He believes that Richter's belief in him translated to belief in himself to make the choice of moving ahead with his professional career. Upon graduating, Anthony moved straight to New York and lived with his college buddy Spencer Holover. Although broke, Anthony believes that his "starving acting" period in New York was some of his happiest years as an artist. Anthony did not waste any time starting to do plays all over New York including working at the famed Ensemble Studio Theater run by the late Kurt Dempster and the Thirteenth St. Reparatory Company run by the legendary Edith O'Hara. It was at the 13th Street Rep where he finally got noticed in New York in the play "Three of a Kind." The play landed him his first agent and soon it was off to Los Angeles. Anthony ran his own theater company in New York called The Clandestine Group which used 13th Street's space to stage its own productions. Once in LA, Anthony started working quickly in film and television. In 1996, Bryan Spicer hired him to play one of Tim Curry's sidekicks in the Universal feature McHale's Navy. Anthony attributes this film to be one of his first and biggest breaks in his career. Anthony also credits Curry for mentoring him through his first studio picture by graciously teaching him the dos and don'ts of the business. Soon after McHale's Navy other roles started coming in including Three Kings with George Clooney, For Richer or Poorer with Tim Allen and Kirstie Alley, Tomcats with Jerry O'Connell, and many TV guest spots working with some of the best in the business including Eddie Griffin, Maria Bello, Kevin Dillon, Ellen Burstyn, Michael Chiklis, and many more. In 2001 came The Lost Battalion, a film about the battle of Argonne in France in which American forces were heavily outnumbered by the Germans but were able to turn them back, thus ending World War I. Anthony was very proud of the film which received critical acclaim for A & E. It was produced by the legendary David Gerber whom Anthony attributes for giving him another break in the business.
In 2003 Azizi landed his first series in ABC's one hour drama Threat Matrix starring opposite James Denton and Kelly Rutherford. He played Mo', a courageous Egyptian-American former CIA agent assigned to an elite task force whose mission is to keep the country safe from terrorism. The show took television audiences behind the headlines and into the world of homeland security. After extensive research, it came to light that Anthony was the first Iranian American actor in history to be a series regular on a network one hour drama and holds this as one of the most crowning achievements in his career.
Anthony continued to work in many series after Threat Matrix including Dragnet with Ed O'Neil and Ethan Embry, NYPD Blue, The Shield, The West Wing, Gilmore Girls to name a few. In 2002, he recurred as Mamud Faheen on the groundbreaking series 24 with Kiefer Sutherland; and then again in 2005 as Rafique. He has also recurred on Desperate Housewives playing Mr. Falati which reunited him with his Threat Matrix costar James Denton and producer George Perkins.
In 2005 Anthony got a call from Rod Lurie asking him to do his series Commander in Chief. No time was wasted in saying yes to the groundbreaking series about the first female president of the United States starring Geena Davis and Donald Sutherland. It was to be one of the most fulfilling experiences in Azizi's career. He played Vince Taylor, Chief Aid to the President of the United States, and his character was gay and had HIV. The show was critically acclaimed and the pilot was seen by 17 million viewers. Commander in Chief received a Peoples Choice Award nomination in 2005, as well as a GLAAD nomination for best series primarily because of Anthony's portrayal of Vince Taylor.
Many other guest spots came after Commander in Chief including CSI Miami, Without a Trace, Sleeper Cell, and Criminal Minds alongside Mandy Patinkin for which the episode won a couple of awards.
In 2006, Anthony starred opposite Tony Shalhoub in the film AmericanEast for director Hesham Issawi. The film has been an official selection for many of the world's most prominent film festivals and has won numerous awards. The film addresses the relationship between Muslims and Jews living in Los Angeles.
Anthony Azizi is currently recurring on the hit TV series Lost playing Omar which has reunited him with his dear friend Daniel Dae Kim whom he went to high school with.
Anthony played in rock band growing up and still would like to reunite for a few shows with his band mates. Scott Bradoka, who was their guitarist, is now an accomplished musician. Azizi was the Homecoming King of his high school and still maintains close ties to his roots in Pennsylvania and New York.
Anthony has a production company with his dear friend and ex Threat Matrix cast mate Kurt Caceres. They are producing many projects including a film with Mark Frydman of Battleplan Productions.
Anthony has a sister, Mona, who was a reporter for an ABC affiliate news station in New York.
Azizi is involved in many social causes including Equality Now and The Noor Film Festival which he co-founded.
He is married to Cymbeline Smith, an actress from England, whom he says is "a way better and more talented actor than I am." They reside in LA with their twin boys Kambel and Smith -- the greatest achievement to date for Azizi.
Anthony Azizi is a member of the Baha'i Faith - the guiding compass in his life.
Sean Kanan
Sean Kanan stars on The Bold and the Beautiful, the number one syndicated show in daytime in 120 countries. He plays the deviously sexy Deacon Sharpe, a role that he made famous on both B and B and Y and R. Kanan is starring in a feature film, Limelight, directed by James Cullen Bressacks. Recently he starred in My Trip to the Darkside and subsequent sequel, My Trip Back to the Darkside, directed by Shane Stanley and Abracadabra, directed by Julie Pacino, executive produced by Al Pacino and starring Ty Simpkins. The film premiered at Cannes Film Festival. Early in his career, Kanan was chosen at an open call by Oscar-winning Director, John Avildsen from over 2000 hopefuls for the role of Mike Barnes in the Karate Kid III. Kanan's popularity in Italy and ability to speak fluent Italian garnered him the lead role in the film Sons of Italy and landed him on the in Italian version of the popular show Dancing with the Stars where he lasted 9 weeks. In conjunction with his acting career, Kanan has had great success as a producer and writer. . On the comedy stage, Kanan has performed at some of the countries leading clubs including the Laugh Factory, the Comedy Store, Dangerfield's, the Brokerage, Uncle Vinny's and other venues. In addition, he has performed in Sam Shepard's True West twice, once at the Zephyr theater and once at the Palm Canyon Theater. Sean's book, The Modern Gentleman; Cooking and Entertaining with Sean Kanan was published by Dunham Books and is currently available on Amazon.com and Barnes and Noble. Kanan co-hosted a celebrity parenting radio talk show called Kanan's Rules, available for download on iTunes podcast. Kanan's television guest stars include Desperate Housewives, Happily Divorced, True Jackson VIP, Freddie, Who's the Boss, the Nanny, Walker: Texas Ranger and Lois & Clark. He also had a regular role on the series Camera Cafe, executive produced by Antonio Banderas. He worked under executive producer, Francis Ford Coppola on the prime-time series, The Outsiders and he appeared in the miniseries Wild Palms, executive produced by Oliver Stone. Sean Kanan spends his free time studying martial arts, writing scripts, cooking, performing his stand-up routine and further pursuing the study of the Italian and Japanese language. Sean also dedicates much of his time to numerous charitable and nonprofit endeavors including ASPCA and the Anti-Defamation League's anti-bullying campaign.
Rachel G. Fox
In June 2005, Rachel Fox and her family went on a family vacation to Los Angeles. During their LA family vacation, Rachel attended a movie and television acting camp, while her sister attended tennis camp. They never left Los Angeles, going back to Ohio only to pack their things they had left behind.
Within 3 months, Rachel was on the set of the hit Disney TV series, That's So Raven, in a recurring role of Buffy, Muffy's little sister. After a role in Passions and a co-star on Hannah Montana, Rachel made her way to primetime television, playing Young Jennifer Garner (Sydney) on the Series Finale of Alias.
Rachel next landed the role for which she is best known, Kayla Huntington Scavo, on Desperate Housewives. The role called for six recurring episodes, but quickly turned into a two-year series regular stint, as Rachel played evil Kayla wreaking havoc on the twins, Lynette and Tom Scavo, and all of Wisteria Lane.
Rachel began working in film on her first feature, independent film 'Spork,' which debuted at Tribeca and showed at BFI's London Film Festival, and festivals around the world to rave reviews.
Rachel's second film, Dream House, is a supporting role for Rachel in a star-studded masterpiece directed by Jim Sheridan. Rachel plays Naomi Watt's daughter in Dream House, and is flanked by Daniel Craig and Rachel Weisz in this psychological-thriller, to be released September 2011.
Rachel was casted as Rosie Donohue on CBS's Vince Uncensored, starring Michael Chiklis and Elizabeth Perkins. Rachel had the pleasure of working with Chiklis and Perkins as her parents, and Paul Dooley and Georgia Engel as her grandparents, in addition to being directed by Kelsey Grammer.
Rachel is currently recurring on ABC Family's number-one-comedy hit series "Melissa & Joey." She plays Holly Reback, girlfriend of Ryder (Nick Robinson), in this hilarious multi-camera sitcom.
Outside of acting, Rachel is lead singer and rhythm guitar player for two rock bands, playing songs by Led Zeppelin, Rolling Stones, Muse, My Chemical Romance, and others as well as originals she has written. Rachel plays tennis, loves the beach, and is active and adventurous.
Suzanne Krull
Suzanne Krull was born and raised in Brooklyn New York. She moved to Southern California in the middle of High School, and upon graduating auditioned for acceptance to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She was accepted in and while there, she was nominated for the "Irene Ryan" award for outstanding Acting. She completed 2 years of their prestigious program and was then invited to return to perform in their Production Company. Immediately after that, she became a founding member of The Fountainhead Theatre Co. One of the first Theatres in Hollywood on "Hollywood Row." While working there, she juggled numerous other local LA Theatre projects and did over 30 plays in a ten year span, earning a DramaLogue Best Actress nod for Jane and Mable at The Hudson. Suzanne then began doing Stand Up comedy and was quickly asked to do the festival circuit, performing at HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, Vail Comedy Festival and becoming a regular face at The Hollywood Improv. Despite immediate success and work in the Stand-Up world, she missed the ensemble and character work of the written word. Like most Character Actors, once Suzanne hit her 30's the jobs started flooding in. She's booked numerous Guest Star and recurring Guest Star roles on shows like Nash Bridges, N.Y.P.D Blue, The Practice, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Buffy, Charmed, Nip Tuck, LOST, Desperate Housewives, Perfect Couples, Mr. Sunshine, PSYCH, to name a few. She starred opposite Madonna in "The Next Best Thing", worked with Jim Carrey in "How The Grinch Stole Christmas", starred opposite Leslie Neilson in the comedy, "Camoflogue", among others. She quickly established herself as an Actress with an enormous range, equally comfortable doing comedy and drama. While on location in Vancouver, and with many hours to kill, she began writing a screenplay. After it's completion it was immediately optioned by a Major Studio. She wrote, starred in and produced the Short, SAM and MIKE which won numerous festival awards for Best Short Film. She has written One Act Plays that have been produced by The Hidden Theatre Co. Her short story, "The In and Out" was published in JANE Magazine after winning it's Short Story contest. In 2002, she began one on one coaching Actors for auditions, and found that it was the perfect way to hone and work on her craft while helping others. She lives in Los Angeles with Stand-Up Comedian, Actor and Writer, Peter Spruyt and their daughter Harper Joy.
Lucille Soong
Lucille Soong was born in Beijing, China and moved to Hong Kong when she was 22. Discovered by the famous English director Lewis Gilbert, Lucille was cast to play a bride in the feature Ferry To Hong Kong with Orson Welles. After moving to London during the Swinging 60's, she was chased down by an agent who offered her a role in the historical feature 55 days at Peking with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner. During this time, she became the first Chinese fashion model in the English Models Directory. She guest starred in the long running British TV series Coronation Street, landed the leading lady in American movie One More Time with Sammy Davis Jr., directed by Jerry Lewis. After making the move to Hollywood Lucille had notable feature roles in Joy Luck Club and Freaky Friday. Her television roles have included a recurring role on Desperate Housewives, According To Jim, Dharma & Greg, Huff and Bones before landing the role of "Grandma Huang" in Fresh Off The Boat.
Richard Herd
Utilitarian character actor Richard Herd is one of those stern familiar faces you've seen countless times on film and TV but can't quite place the name. The stage-trained actor who shares a striking resemblance to actor Karl Malden never found the one role that would make him a household name, but he has made up for it with a number of rich and rewarding stage, film and TV assignments bolstered by his trademark authoritarian look and stance.
Born on September 26, 1932, is the son of another Richard, a railroad engineer and WWII vet who died when the boy was quite young. The younger Herd suffered from bone marrow cancer which affected the growth of his legs as a child. As a result, he was educated at the Industrial School for Crippled Children during his formative years. Luckily, loving care and several operations saved his legs from deformity.
It was his mother Katherine's love of music that ignited Richard's initial desire to perform. Trained on the drums, he received early acting training on radio and in summer stock (Liberty Mutual Theatre in Boston) during his high school years and in the late 1940s studied Shakespeare under veteran Claude Rains at one point. Other plays such as "Our Town" and "Sing Out Sweet Land," and the children's theatre productions of "Penrod" and "Robin Hood" helped to beef up his early resume.
Richard enlisted in the Army during the Korean War but injured a knee in basic training which led to an honorable discharge within 90 days of his enlistment. He did, however, go on to work for the Army Signal Corps in a host of training films.
Richard continued to gather experience in such classical plays as "The Miser" and "A Month in the Country". With several summer stock runs, Shakespearean bus-and-truck tours and industrial films under his belt, he finally made his New York debut in the minor role of an usher in The Dress Circle" at Carnegie Hall. He also became a member of the Player's Club.
Making a highly inauspicious film debut in the minor role of a coach in the film Hercules in New York , which was the showcase debut for the massively-muscled Arnold Schwarzenegger , Richard didn't settle in Hollywood until the mid 1970s after replacing actor Richard Long (who died before filming began) in the role of Watergate figure James McCord in All the President's Men . Although Richard made a handful of other movies throughout the rest of the decade ( I Never Promised You a Rose Garden , F.I.S.T. , The China Syndrome , The Onion Field ), he appeared with much more frequency on TV, playing stern, authoritarian types on episodes of "Kojak," "The Rockford Files," "The Streets of San Francisco," (starring the similar-looking Karl Malden ), "Rafferty," "Eight Is Enough" and "Starsky & Hutch," as well as in the TV movies Pueblo , Captains and the Kings , The Hunted Lady , Dr. Scorpion , Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid , Terror Out of the Sky (1978) (TV)_, Marciano (1979) (TV)_ and, most notably, Ike: The War Years in which he portrayed General Omar Bradley.
Never finding the one support role that might have made him a character star, Richard has nevertheless been featured impressively on all three mediums for the past four decades. On stage he appeared in a pre-Broadway tryout of "On the Waterfront" and played to great applause in productions of "Other People's Money" and "The Big Knife". His finest hour on stage, however, would come with his portrayal of the epic film producer in the one-man show "Cecil B. DeMille Presents," which he has toured throughout the country. On TV, Richard has guested on most of the popular TV programs of late, including "Desperate Housewives" and CSI: Miami" and is probably best remembered for his recurring roles as Admiral Noyce on SeaQuest 2032 , as Jason Alexander 's boss Wilhelm in the sitcom classic Seinfeld and as Admiral Owen Paris in Star Trek: Voyager . A few of his lightweight cinematic crowd-pleasers include Private Benjamin , Deal of the Century , Planes, Trains & Automobiles and Sgt. Bilko .
On occasion Richard has moved into the director/producer/writer's chair. He directed the play "Idle Wheels" for the Road Theatre Company in North Hollywood, was a producer of the N.Y. play "Agamemnon" and co-producer (and performer) of the play "The Couch with the Six Insides," and, as a playwright, had a presentation of his play "Prisoner of the Crown" produced at Dublin's Abbey Theatre.
Married briefly at the age of 19, Richard remarried and had two children (Richard Jr. and Erica) by his second wife. That marriage also ended in divorce, but his third (in 1980), to actress Patricia Herd (Patricia Crowder Ruskin) has lasted. Patricia has a daughter from an earlier marriage.
Eric Edwards
Eric Edwards has gained recognition on the big screen and on television, in live theater, and on the stand-up comedy circuit, working non-stop in all four mediums. In fact, in one year, Eric co-starred in two feature films, one television movie, and an original one-man show, all while simultaneously continuing as an active member and teacher of the prominent Los Angeles-based repertory group, Playhouse West. Eric produced, co-wrote, and co-starred in Fatman and Mr. Taco which was awarded Best Feature Film at the 11th annual East L.A. Chicano/Chicana Film Festival.
Eric got his feet wet in stand-up comedy opening for headliners like Andrew "Dice" Clay. His high-energy performances have entertained audiences in concert halls across the country and he's made numerous guest TV appearances including Fox's Townsend Television, BET's The Comic View, and as Tonya Harding's heavy-set hit man in Showtime's award-winning special, Attack of the 5'2" Women. Also, Eric appeared in the television movie Junior in Love in duel roles.
Eric has been active as both a Staff member and actor at Playhouse West, co-starring in the critically acclaimed dark comedy, Aaron Gillespie Will Make You A Star, which chronicles a group of actors as their dreams are met with harsh reality. Eric is also a cast member Welcome Home Soldier the longest running Drama in Los Angeles. Eric has also authored and starred in the critically acclaimed and capacity filled, Calorically Challenged... and Proud of It, a one-and-half man show. He works out regularly at L.A.'s premiere comedy club, The Comedy Store.
Eric has entertained audiences on the big screen as well. Eric received critical acclaim for his portrayal of the lovable misfit, "Doberman," in Universal's Sgt. Bilko, starring Steve Martin. He first received recognition as "Murph," the bully who gets taped to the chalkboard in Problem Child 2, as the Clampett's country cousin in The Beverly Hillbillies, and as Spanky's father in Universal's The Little Rascals. In New Line Cinema's National Lampoon's Senior Trip, Eric portrayed "Miosky" opposite Jeremy Renner (academy award nominee actor of the Hurt Locker) in the comedy about the politically incorrect misadventures of a pack of high school slackers who get a lesson in civics when they take a road trip to Washington D.C. He played "Pearl" in the Wesley Snipes blockbuster hit Blade (New Line).
In 1999 Eric Edwards has lost 210 pounds which lead to Eric co-writing and starring in another inspirational one-man comedy play, Just Step a.k.a. The Weight is Over aka Just Step. Since the show started in November of 1999, the play has been having a positive impact on packed houses in Los Angeles as well as critical praise for the LA Times, Recommended by the LA Weekly, and Noho LA. Since 2003, Eric appeared on Strong Medicine on The Lifetime Channel as Jimmy Falco. In 2007, Eric co starred in two feature films: Michael Kallio's Koreatown, and 110% when Blood, Sweat, and tears are not enough. And in 2008 you can see Eric on ABC's Desperate Housewives, opposite Felicity Huffman and American Dad. And in 2009 in the feature film Dead in Love, CW's Everybody Hates Chris, and more episodes of American Dad on FOX. And 2010, he has appeared in Criminal Minds on CBS and NBC's Parks and Recreation. As well the Video of The Weight is Over was picked the play at the Reel Recovery Film Festival 2010. And Eric's new original play A Mixed Tape premiere's November 2010 at Playhouse West. A Mixed tape is a romantic comedy of a 40'something single character actor/audience recruiter, who has given up on love, but with the help of a Banana, gorilla, a Single Mother, Tom Waits and some really cool flashbacks, things just might work out.
Andy Umberger
Andy Umberger is an American actor who spent the early part of his career in New York City, where he was primarily a stage actor and appeared in three Broadway shows: "City of Angels," "Passion" and "Company." In the late 90s he and his wife moved to Los Angeles. Since then he has had supporting roles in over 15 films and has guest starred on over 60 television shows, with recurring roles on 10 different series, including "Mad Men," "Weeds," "Boston Legal," "The West Wing" "Desperate Housewives," "ER," and as D'Hoffryn in "Buffy, the Vampire Slayer."
Ion Overman
Actress Ion Overman is best known as Linda, Josh's (Derek Luke) stuck-up and corrupt fiance in Tyler Perry's 2009 movie Madea Goes to Jail, and as fan favorite Candace in Showtime's ground-breaking series, The L Word. Ion made her acting debut in the 1995 movie The Walking Dead. In 2000, she was cast as Gabriela Garza in the daytime soap opera Port Charles.
From 2005 to 2006, she starred in the UPN sitcom Love, Inc. She has also made guest appearances in numerous television shows and movies, including Two and a Half Men, Leverage, CSI: Miami, Without a Trace, Desperate Housewives, Ghost Whisperer, and Phat Girlz with Academy Award winner, Monique.
Ion is currently filming the upcoming romantic comedy, "Elevated By Love."
Joy Jorgensen
Joy Lauren (born Lauren Joy Jorgensen) was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She starting acting in the Southeast, before moving to Los Angeles in 2001. After performing in film and television, including four seasons on ABC's "Desperate Housewives," Joy received her bachelors from Columbia University, where she majored in American History.
Joy now resides in Brooklyn, New York where she produces and directs independent films.
Joy is an MFA Candidate at the graduate film program of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.
Diane Robin
Diane Robin was born in Fairfax, Los Angeles,and began her training in high school,with a scholarship to the Lee Strasberg Theater Institute,at that time the youngest person to have been accepted into the adult program.Several years later, she got a manager who convinced her to sneak on to the Universal lot,and personally hand deliver her picture and resume to a casting director. She did,and was then escorted off the lot by a security guard. Telling the story of the indignity she had just ensued to a complete stranger,he responded "I'm an agent and don't have anyone like you, I'd love to have you as a client".She signed with him, and 3 months later was cast as a series regular in "Angie" with Donna Pescow, playing the role of DiDi the New York waitress with a heart of gold. She has gone on to appear in over 100 television and film productions,having the pleasure to work with esteemed directors, and terrific actors such as Paul Verhoeven in Robocop, with Peter Weller,playing the role of Chandra the prostitute in the infamous "Bitches leave!" scene, Terry Gilliam in The Fisher King with Robin Williams, Peter Hyams in The Relic with Penelope Ann Miller, Chris Columbus in Adventures in Babysitting with Elizabeth Shue,Allison Anders in Grace of My Heart with John Turturro,and Martha Coolidge in Crazy in Love with Holly Hunter,to name a few. She has guest starred on numerous TV shows including NCIS,Desperate Housewives, Family Guy, Wilfred,Big Time Rush, Providence, Malcolm in the Middle,and Party of Five. She's also costarred in many Hallmark and Lifetime movies such as Grave Misconduct, Murder on the 13th floor,McBride, Mystery Woman ,and Annie's Point.She was recently seen in Authors Anonymous with Kaley Cuoco, and just completed Enough About Jack with Laura San Giacomo.She's begins filming the romantic comedy Dating Daisy in October. Diane lives in Encino Hills with her husband John, and their 17 year old daughter, Devon.
Christina Cindrich
An extreme work ethic, a careful eye for detail and a strong dedication to her craft have not only earned Christina Cindrich the title of being a 2X Emmy-Award Winning Television Producer, Host, and Writer, but have also landed her in over 20 acting roles for feature films and television.
While some people explore their craft, Christina has encapsulated the Entertainment Industry over the past 15+ years with a resume that includes working one-on-one with the likes of Steven Spielberg in Catch Me If You Can, and other high-profile productions such as Spider-Man 3, Frasier, CSI and Desperate Housewives. Christina's career started long before most people enter the first grade as she spent her youth training in ballet, tap, jazz, singing, piano, acting and musical theater in her hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As she continued to turn heads, Christina was asked to represent the state of Pennsylvania in the nationally televised Miss Teen USA pageant. Shortly after, she moved to Los Angeles to attend Loyola Marymount University, found an agent and a manager and began working in TV, films and national commercials.
However, it was a vastly different undertaking that allowed Christina to expand in her diversity when she sacrificed Hollywood to become a news anchor in Boone, North Carolina, a sacrifice that allowed her to produce, host and write her own content. This pivotal role ultimately set Christina up for a return to the West Coast and the opportunity of a lifetime to take those same talents and apply it to a show called "Private Islands" on AWE TV. The results were nothing short of stellar, as she took the show to a No. 1 rating for the network with over 25 million viewers and garnered her two Emmys in the process.
Christina has also produced and hosted several other television series in over 40 countries with some of the world's premier executives and CEOs across a multitude of industries - from luxury, travel, real estate, and environmental conservation. Having a strong social media presence, Christina has become an influencer with sizable reach to bring inspiring messages and campaigns to international audiences. She has worked with some of the biggest brands and organizations on the planet. In fact, Christina's impact is growing exponentially by the minute, as she continues to bring engaging content through her own media channels while impacting thousands in the process.
A fearless adrenaline junkie, global traveler and creative producer, Christina continues to seek out opportunities that inspire the journey and bring impact through entertainment.
Daniella Baltodano
Daniella Baltodano is best known for her character "Celia Solis" on ABC's hit show "Desperate Housewives" for 4 Seasons, taking it to the shows final 8th Season. She began acting at the age of 4 and continues to pursue her love for acting. She has appeared on the 5th Season of Showtimes "Shameless", character name "Denise". Daniella has two younger sisters Alexandria and Isabella who are following in her foot steps.
Marisa Petroro
Marisa Petroro is an American film and television actress and model from Elizabeth, New Jersey, who is of Italian and Argentine decent. She is recognized for developing a diverse range of on-screen personalities, it's no wonder this Jersey girl has made a spot for herself in Hollywood.
At the tender age of four, Marisa started participating in East Coast beauty pageants. By eight, this young starlet was taking trips to New York City to study acting at the highly acclaimed HB Studio. After making the pageant circuit as a teenager, Marisa won the title of Miss Italia USA and then retired her pageant days after she went on to place top five in Miss Italia World in 1996.
Marisa then crafted a five-year road-map, packed her bags and convinced a good friend to join her on a 3,000 mile cross-country drive that ended in Los Angeles. Within the first few years, Marisa was landing principal roles in hit films such as MGM's 'Pumpkin' and Columbia Pictures' 'Tomcats'. Also during this breakout period, she built notable television credits on NBC's 'The Pretender', CBS's 'The Young and the Restless', a national commercial directed by David Lynch and starred opposite Rick Schroder in the award winning country music video, Whiskey Lullaby, sung by Allison Krause and Brad Paisley.
2008 was another banner year for this seasoned actor as she starred in the Roadside Attraction's feature film, 'Everybody Wants to Be Italian', the story of the struggle of two Italians and their quest to win each other's hearts in Boston's famed North End. She had also returned for season four as one of the most recognized briefcase models (#18) on NBC's top game show 'Deal or No Deal', as well as landed roles on CBS's popular sitcom 'Rules of Engagement', acting alongside David Spade [Saturday Night Live] and ABC's award winning comedy drama series 'Desperate Housewives', acting alongside Eva Longoria Parker.
This year, fans will get to see Marisa in a new light on the entertainment industry's latest medium, the Web. Due out later this year via Film.com is S.U.D.S. (Simian Undercover Detective Squad), an original online series featuring puppets from The Jim Henson Company. She can now be seen on Duck Walks Into A Bar - Episode: Men & Hunting, a comedy about a dirty mouthed duck who tests his sharp tongue with nightly barflies. And 'In The Bath With Kath' - Aspartame Episode, a comedy shot from the sanctity of a bubble bath.
Outside of acting, Marisa holds philanthropy close to her heart. She recently accepted a second term as spokesperson for the Sarcoma Foundation of America (SFA), an organization dedicated to increasing sarcoma related research. In fact Marisa, a cancer survivor of Rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare childhood sarcoma that affects the muscles, has said that taking on this responsibility has allowed her to achieve one of her lifetime goals. Not only does she participate in a variety of programs and events to help SFA fulfill its mission, she continues to volunteer her time to helping individuals who have been diagnosed with cancer and are undergoing chemotherapy.
Currently, Marisa is involved with multiple nonprofit and charity organizations including the Tomorrow's Children Fund at the Hackensack University Medical Center, The Young Storytellers Foundation, Tag the World, Operation Shoebox New Jersey, The Embrace Kids Foundation, Team Sarcoma - Los Angeles, Crime Survivors, Redwing 19 and The Sarcoma Foundation of America.
Over the past two years, Marisa has been Commencement Speaker at her alma mater, Kean University in New Jersey and was honored as "Woman of the Year" by The Center for Italian and Italian-American Culture in her home state of New Jersey. She also contributed to the book The Vision Board: The Secret to An Extraordinary Life by Joyce Schwarz.
Jason-Shane Scott
Jason-Shane Scott was born in Los Angeles and moved to Reno, Nevada at the age of two. Jason's mother wanted to name him Jason but his father had adamantly always dreamed his son being named Shane after the classic film of the same name. They compromised, thus leading to Jason-Shane's hyphened first name. The youngest of two children, his parents divorced and his father moved back to Los Angeles. Jason would often visit his dad,a school teacher,where he first got a glimpse at the entertainment industry. Jason was very athletic during his school years and his prowess in football gained him several college scholarship offers out of High School. During his playing days Jason set and still owns three Nevada State records. After leading his school to the State Championship and graduating from Wooster High School, Jason couldn't shake the acting bug and decided to forgo college and moved to Los Angeles to begin his career. He briefly tested the modeling world and found great success spending several months touring Europe and many other countries working for such designers as Armani, Gucci, and Missoni before returning and fully dedicating his time to his acting career and studies. It didn't take long for Jason to find success as he quickly garnered small roles in films and in 1998 starred alongside Sean Hayes in the Sundance hit and critically acclaimed Billys Hollywood Screen Kiss. 1998 was a big year for Jason as he also landed a contract role on the daytime series One Life to Live, where he appeared from 1998-2007. In the time since Jason starred int the Sony Studios released STARSHIP TROOPERS 2 and has etched out quite a name for himself in the quality indie film world appearing in many films including another sun-dance hit, The Dying Gaul with Peter Sarsgard, the groundbreaking and festival hit Latter Days alongside Joseph Gordon Levitt, and in cult followed films like Return of the Killer shrews based the 1952 original as the only film to make a sequel over 50 years later, while also appearing in theatrically released gems as SUCH GOOD PEOPLE, DIRTY DEEDS, RED SKY, and DEADLAND Jason also has many television appearances in some of the most recognizable shows on TV including CSI, SCRUBS, DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES, GREYS ANATOMY, ANGER MANAGEMENT. He also starred in the Lifetime hit movies Walking the Halls and All I want for Christmas. 2015 has been a busy year for Jason has he has starred in three films. The made for television thrillers The Wrong Roommate and Accidental Switch, along with the military action film, Sniper:Special Ops. Jason-Shane has etched out quite a lasting career in the TV and film industry and is recognized as a capable and reliable true leading man as he has matched skills on screen with over a dozen Academy, Golden Globe, and Emmy nominated or winning fellow actors while continuing to add to his credits. In addition to acting, Jason also is and established screenwriter, comedian, and inventor, owning the right to several patented products. Jason also is in an exclusive IQ club of over 160, which is considered genius level. Jason resides in Los Angeles.
Jeremy Glazer
Born and raised in Huntington, NY, Jeremy is best known for Save Me (2007), Letters From Iwo Jima (2006) and the award winning In The Clouds (2014). After his first glimpse of Back to the Future at the age of 7, he quickly went to theatre camp, took voice classes and did high school plays. He studied theatre at the University of Delaware. During his summers off from college, Jeremy worked full-time at talent agencies and production companies in Los Angeles while slinging coffee at 5 am Starbucks shifts. One month after college graduation, Jeremy settled down full time in LA and nabbed a production job at Paramount Studios, but soon after, he set out to follow his original inspiration, acting.
From the start he began booking roles in films such as the Oscar & Golden Globe winning Letters From Iwo Jima (2006), directed by Clint Eastwood, the Sundance feature film Save Me (2007) with Chad Allen and Judith Light and he co-produced and appeared in another Sundance feature film Good Dick (2008) starring Jason Ritter. He also played alongside Amy Adams in the independent film Moonlight Serenade (2009), Jeremy has been non-stop guest starring on television as well in Grey's Anatomy, Devious Maids, How I Met Your Mother, Desperate Housewives, CSI, Bones, CSI:NY, Castle, In Plain Sight, Cold Case, ER, Veronica Mars, Angel and many others including a slew of commercials.
Jeremy is no stranger to the stage having worked along side the Broadway cast of The Little Dog Laughed with Julie White, (whom won the Tony for her role) and Johnny Gilecki. He was honored with The LA Weekly Award for Best Male Comedy Performance for his role in Block Nine. Other theatre credits include A Picture of Dorian Gray, Anything, 7 Redneck Cheerleaders, The Sand Storm and Scooter Thomas Makes It to the Top of the World and remains as a company member of The Elephant Theatre Company and Improvatorium in Los Angeles.
T.J. Ramini
TJ is a British actor, writer and producer who was born and raised in London. He has enjoyed a fruitful career in multiple platforms from television and film, theatre and several voice overs in numerous video games.
TV fans will most likely recognize TJ from his recurring roles on 24, NCIS and Twisted and from his comedic turn on Desperate Housewives as Gabby's maniacal personal trainer!
Video game fans will most likely not recognize TJ's actual voice as he is constantly changing it to suit various characters. He's lent his vocal abilities to characters in Uncharted 3, Epic Micky 2, DOTA 2 to name but a few.
Amrapali Ambegaokar
The former Principal Dancer of Cirque du Soleil in over 750 shows, Amrapali is also an actress with recurring roles on ABC's Scandal season 4 & 5, and she previously recurred in 18 episodes of ABC's Grey's Anatomy with Guest starring roles on NBC's Heroes and roles on The Exes, Hart of Dixie, Key & Peele, Chasing Life, Desperate Housewives, Alias, Boston Legal, ER in TV.
Amrapali's film credits include a Lifetime film as well as films Gone Hollywood, Naach by Ram Gopal Varma, Extra Ordinary Barry and American Blend (as an actor, choreographer, dancer, vocalist), Amrapali has definitely expanded herself as an artist as she continues to achieve her dreams.
Amrapali Ambegaokar left her position as Principal Dancer in Cirque Du Soleil for over 2 years so that she could pursue her 'secret' childhood dream of acting with the purpose of expanding her artistic career from the stage to the challenge of Film and TV.
Amrapali Ambegaokar is an International Master of Kathak (North Indian Classical Dance known for its rich acting training as well as its fast pure dance technique) and is
"by far one of the best Kathak dancers around." Victoria Looseleaf - Los Angeles Times
"a joyous monument to multiculturalism." - Lewis Segal - Los Angeles Times
"The strongest technical skills and performance personalities ...with the always remarkable Kathak performer, Amrapali Ambegaokar"
"Amrapali's acting is subtle and nuanced"- Los Angeles Times.
Amrapali performed as a guest on season 5 of Fox's So You Think You Can Dance and also won the coveted Solo Silver Medal in the International hit show NBC's Superstars of Dance produced by Mastermind Producer and Director Nigel Lithgoe (American Idol, and So You Think You Can Dance) with a solo appearance on NBC's Today Show.
Having won numerous awards and accolades since childhood, Amrapali was famously the Principal Dancer of Cirque Du Soleil's Dralion in over 730 shows in 14 US cities. With performances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and several major television appearances, Amrapali has been the Principal dancer of Anjani Dance Theater with highlights including The Hollywood Bowl, Ravinia Festival Chicago, World Music Institute NY, United Nations D.C., National Geographic Society and hundreds more since age 13 and is the disciple of Master and NEA Lifetime Achievement awardee Anjani Ambegaokar since age 3.
With a BA Honors from UCLA's World Arts and Cultures/Dance department, Amrapali's special honors also include The Music Center Spotlight Award, Celebrity Queen Azalea of the 62nd Azalea Festival as well as the U.S. National judge for Sony TV's Boogie Woogie Dance competition, Celebrity judge for the Miss Asian America Pageant and more. Amrapali is a pageant title holder as Miss Asian America Talent, Miss Asian California, Miss India North America Princess, Miss India North America Talent, and Miss India USA Talent. Since her early teens, Amrapali has graced the covers of The Los Angeles Times, Dance Magazine, Show Magazine, Parade Magazine, 002 Magazine, Celebrity Magazine, India Currents Magazine and so many others.
Amrapali was also invited to perform as a soloist for Dance Moves II held by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (The Emmys) Annual concert celebrating dance and choreography in film and TV. Amrapali also performed as a duet with Grammy award winning composer and Master Trumpeter Mark Isham in a Kathak/Jazz collaborative duet for the Celebrity Centre International's 40th Anniversary Gala ending off in a finale' with Legendaries Chakka Khan, Chick Corea, and Stanley Clarke.
Amrapali's choreography credits include live stage, pageants, film and television, music videos and commercials. Amrapali is recognized for her traditional work as well breaking boundaries by infusing Kathak with Flamenco, Hip Hop, Bollywood, Folk and modern styles. Amrapali feels blessed to be one of the leading artists today of Indo-American heritage flourishing in numerous artistic mediums Internationally and continues to serve as a true torchbearer of the arts.
Alice Rietveld
Originally from The Netherlands, Alice began her career as a dancer getting her Associates Degree at Codarts University of the Arts in Rotterdam. She went on to perform professionally touring through Europe with several modern dance companies before landing her Broadway debut in NYC with Annie Get Your Gun in the supporting role of Winnie Tate. She went on to perform in Aida, Bells are Ringing and The Music Man as well as the first National Tours of West Side Story and Ragtime. Once she made a move to the west coast though, there was no looking back! Her acting training began at Playhouse West with Robert Carnegie studying alongside Scott Caan and James Franco and through a random dance audition for a James Cameron promo video, landed a job stunt doubling Terri Hatcher on Desperate Housewives.
Judyann Elder
Judyann Elder graduated from Emerson College in Boston as the first recipient of the Carol Burnett Award in the Performing Arts. She began her professional career in New York off-Broadway as a founding member and resident actor with the Tony Award-winning Negro Ensemble Company. She originated roles in the premiere productions of The Song of the Lusitanian Bogey; Daddy Goodness; Kongi's Harvest; God is a Guess What; and Ceremonies in Dark Old Men and toured with the company to London and Rome. She later made her Broadway debut at the Ambassador Theatre as Coretta King opposite Billy Dee Williams in I Have a Dream. She returns to regional stages as frequently as possible in such plays as The Heliotrope Bouquet, An American Daughter, The Old Settler, The Story, and Fences. A television veteran with innumerable credits, her favorites include her stint on Murphy Brown as Candice Bergen's obstetrician; her recurring role as Gina's mother on the hit series Martin; her series regular as Harriet Winslow for the final season of Family Matters; and her guest turn as Terri Hatcher's psychiatrist on Desperate Housewives. A breast cancer survivor and former legislative ambassador for the American Cancer Society, her dramatic role as a woman confronted with breast cancer on the show ER remains her most personally enduring. Her feature films include, among others, A Woman Called Moses with Cecily Tyson, Forget Paris opposite Billy Crystal, and Seven Pounds opposite Will Smith. For radio, she most recently portrayed Lena Younger in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun for LA TheatreWorks national radio series which received a 2012 Audie Award. Ms. Elder's work as an actor led to her foray into directing. Among her directorial credits: The Book of the Crazy African (Skylight Theatre); The Meeting (Inner City Cultural Center, LA and New Federal Theatre, NY); Ceremonies in Dark Old Men (Beverly Canon Theatre); The Member of the Wedding (LA Theatre Works); How's Your Love Life? and A Private Act (Robey Theatre Company). Her direction of Ceremonies in Dark Old Men at the Skirball Cultural Center for LA TheatreWorks radio series was broadcast nationally in February of 2010. She is an alumna of the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women where she produced and directed the short film, Behind God's Back, based on an Alice Walker story and starring Beau Bridges. She is the recipient of a Screenwriting Fellowship with Walt Disney Studios, was honored in 2005 with a NAACP Trailblazer Award and in 2010 received a Distinguished Alumni Award from Emerson College. An accomplished filmmaker, her most recent short, A Private Act, had its World Premiere at the St. Louis International Film Festival and is available on Vimeo. Having last directed The Whipping Man for LATheatreWorks, she returns in January of 2017, to direct Seven.
Aedin Mincks
The youngest of three children, Aedin was born in Georgia, October 10, 2000.
Aedin got his start in acting at the age of 6, with a slew of commercial jobs including Orbit Gum, Verizon and Capital One as the visigoth kid "Garth Jr.", but quickly moved on to television and film thanks to his charming and fearless presence and no mess, no fuss attitude.
Mincks gathered his inspiration for acting from movies such as "Lord of the Rings" and "Star Wars." He has been seen in popular series such as "The Sarah Silverman Program," "ER," "Desperate Housewives," "The Middle," and "New Girl."
Mincks' made his theatrical debut as Billy Bob Thornton's son in "Faster"(2010) opposite Dwayne Johnson, followed by his role in the hit comedy "The Hangover Part II," (2011) as young Allan starring Bradley Cooper, Zach Galifianakis and Ed Helms. He went on to display his comedic chops in Seth MacFarlane's "Ted"(2012) starring as 'Robert,' son of Giovanni Ribisi's character 'Donny' opposite Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis. He was fortunate to be able to do these features while recurring on the Disney Channel Series, "A.N.T. Farm" for it's first 2 seasons, where he was then offered a series regular role in the third and final season.
His latest projects include "Any Day"(2015), starring Sean Bean, Eva Longoria and Kate Walsh; as well as appearances on Colony (USA), Fresh off the Boat (CBS), and a brief recurring role on the short lived series Bad Teacher (CBS).
He enjoys studying history as well as spending time with his two dogs, Angus and Frodo. Mincks' hobbies include archery, swimming and football.
Jon Curry
Originally from Seattle, WA, Jon attended Mercer Island High School and went on to receive his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Washington School of Drama. He received his M.F.A. in Acting from Temple University in Philadelphia and later studied with Uta Hagen at HB Studios in NYC. He has worked extensively in film, television and theater, with guest starring roles in "Frasier," "Grey's Anatomy," "NCIS," "Rizzoli & Isles," "Bones," "Castle," "Desperate Housewives," "Scandal," "Without a Trace," among many others. He appeared in Steven Spielberg's "Bridge of Spies" and in James Cameron's "Avatar." Jon is a prolific commercial actor and voice over artist who can be heard extensively in video games and animation. He is married to Ann Curry.
| John |
Which family holds the hereditary right to the office of Earl Marshal of England? | Interviews That Will Change Your Life - Quantum Leap Productivity Interviews
Dr. Aaron Kipnis
Aaron is a licensed clinical psychologist with a private practice in Santa Monica, California. He’s worked with a broad spectrum of clients—from individuals and families in the upper 1 percent of the economy to those living on a dollar a day in the poorest regions of India. Since 1997, he’s been a full-time psychology professor at Pacifica Graduate Institute in Santa Barbara County. His classes include a popular course on the deep psychology of Money. Dr. Kipnis has written five books, many book chapters and articles, a produced play and an award winning documentary film. He’s been an expert witness in court proceedings and a consultant to educational, mental health, corporate, and governmental organizations.
He’s often featured on national news media, as a keynote speaker for professional conferences, and periodically offers what he calls, Midas Complex workshops, around the country.
Abby Schwarz – Yelp.com
It’s no secret that Yelpers (aka people who read/write reviews on Yelp.com) are passionate about restaurants, bars, boutiques, and all sorts of great local businesses. And during Yelp Helps, Yelp offered them the chance to “spread the love” to non-profits, too! In early 2014,Yelpers across the California Bay Area were invited to participate in the annual Yelp Helps campaign. They signed up to volunteer at a charity of their choice for a minimum of 3 hours – those who did so and logged their time via GoVoluntr (a Yelp Helps partner) were awarded with an adults-only Prom Night party. In just 37 short days, the Bay Area Yelp community volunteered many hours to local non-profits!
Yelp Helps is a program hosted across North America in selected cities since 2009. The goal is simply to engage the community and show them how they can give back to charitable organizations. As the local Marketing Director for Yelp in Silicon Valley, Abby’s role is to grow and nurture the existing community of local contributors through a variety of on and offline activities. Many of the site’s most engaged users enjoy meeting offline for happy hours, hikes, working out, touring art galleries… and, through Yelp Helps, volunteer work!
Adam Frange
Adam is a Global Health and Medical Sciences Teaching Assistant at Harvard Medical School. He is a founding director of Community Health Council, an international non-profit organization that provides direct health care services and undertakes research and advocacy activities on behalf of those who are sick and living in poverty around the world.
A planning member for education initiatives sponsored by the Patch Adams Teaching Center, Adam is a former research assistant and co-teacher at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and has contributed to the biomechanics research of Lauder Lab at Harvard University.
Dr. Adam Silberstein
Dr. Silberstein, Psy.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist who has been working in the mental health field since 1994. He has extensive experience working with a broad range of populations including individuals with obesity, chemical dependency, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and developmental disabilities.
Presently, he maintains a private practice in West Los Angeles and Tarzana, working with adolescents and adults with chemical dependency and process addictions, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Over the course of his career and in each of his work settings, Dr. Silberstein has been passionately invested in the treatment of addictive and compulsive behaviors with a special interest in the assessment and treatment of overweight and obesity.
Adam Street
After graduation, Adam decided he would break into the comic book industry. Some time later, he began freelancing for a small publisher, Avatar Press. Starting pay for comics is generally low so after about a year and a half he decided to get a corporate job.
Pay in the “corporate world” was awesome, but Adam says he was miserable. Sometime later after he had Marvel Comics as his main source of income, he was able to leave his day job and do art full-time. In 2010, he decided to pursue one of his passions, a career in character design. A known character designer, recommended that Adam do caricatures professionally as a way to learn the skills needed to become a character designer. That same year, in addition to his comic book work, he set up shop in a mall in Arizona and began doing caricatures there for three months. After that, he became a party artist drawing caricatures at parties. Adam says he wants everyone to view getting a caricature done by him as an opportunity to look fantastic and to love yourself as a cartoon.
Adrienne Osborn
Adrienne took a circuitous route to music. Although she participated in the typical school music activities – choir, musical theatre and acappella – she left music behind almost entirely in late 1999 to pursue semi-professional waterskiing in Florida while simultaneously working as a software developer in various dot-com startups. A decade and a half later, Adrienne remembered her childhood dream of being a professional vocalist. She started following that dream by joining and founding several cover, jazz, and original bands. She soon left the information technology world behind for good, trading cubicle time for studio time when she opened her vocal training studio, Performance High.
Now, Adrienne is the bassist and vocalist of her indie pop band AdrienneO (“Adrienne Oh”), and the owner and lead vocal instructor at Performance High, a rapidly growing pop/rock vocal training studio with multiple teachers in both Boulder and Denver, CO.
Adrienne and Stephanie Vendetti
Adrienne and Stephanie are sisters, best friends, natural-born redheads and co-founders of How to be a Redhead. How to be a Redhead® is empowering every redhead woman to feel confident, to look amazing and to rock their beauty. They say red hair is more than a color, it’s a lifestyle!
When Stephanie was a teenager, she went blonde to “fit in,” but soon realized that she feels and looks best with natural red locks. As young girls, they both had trouble finding “redhead friendly” products because most items caused their skin to irritate or break out. They took it upon themselves to test and try all different types of products and love expressing their fun redhead personalities with fun pops of color in their wardrobe. Since there was no place for Adrienne and Stephanie to turn to for advice, they created HowToBeARedhead.com for redheads throughout the world to celebrate a redhead’s beauty.
Afam Onyema
Afam graduated cum laude from Harvard University with a degree in psychology and played on the 1997 Ivy League Championship-winning football team. After graduation, he worked for two years in the Chicago office of Hill & Knowlton, Inc., an elite global public relations firm, and then spent one year working in the marketing department of Mayer Brown LLP, a top-ten international law firm and the largest law office in Chicago.
Subsequently, Afam entered Stanford Law School in September 2004. During his time at Stanford, he served as Vice President of the Black Law Students’ Association, was a two-year public interest fellow, and served as a mentor in the school’s Public Interest Mentor Program.
While in law school, Afam also directed the efforts of The GEANCO Foundation (www.geanco.org), his family’s nonprofit organization. GEANCO’s mission is to save and transform lives in Nigeria. After graduating from Stanford Law School in May 2007, Afam declined his law firm offers in order to work full-time as GEANCO’s Chief Operating Officer.
He’s been profiled and/or interviewed by National Public Radio, US News & World Report, Forbes.com, Newsweek, American Lawyer, NBC News, Daily Journal (Los Angeles), AOL/Patch.com, BlackGivesBack.com, Young Lawyer Magazine, JET Magazine, Harvard Magazine, Stanford Magazine and Stanford Lawyer.
Aiyanna Meghoo-McDonald
Aiyanna is a former teacher who decided to use her life experiences as an English teacher in the US and abroad, as well as being a substance abuse counselor, to start a nonprofit organization and develop a cultural diversity and travel program for youth called The Xchange Project.
She currently works with students in the Atlanta metro area and in Ethiopia. The Xchange Project uses technology, hands on experience, and real-time interaction to teach youth how to challenge their own conceptions of other cultures and to discover differences and similarities between everyone – basically viewing themselves as part of the human community.
Professor Al Carroll
Al dropped out of high school in his sophomore year in 1982. He worked in minimum wage jobs or was unemployed until he joined the US Army. Thereafter, Al received first his BA, then an MA, and a PhD in History. He’s taught at Arizona State University, San Antonio College, and Hasanuddin University in Indonesia as a Fulbright Scholar. Today he’s Assistant Professor of American, American Indian, and Latin American History at Northern Virginia Community College.
He’s written three history books. Most of his work deals with human rights issues, war and peace, and religious bigotry. Al’s a longtime activist and founded NewAgeFraud.org, which defends Native religious traditions from imposters and exploiters.
Alan Malizia
As a child, Alan was stricken with polio. As a result, he’s been forced to endure painful treatments and live in and out of hospitals most of his life. Instead of complaining, Alan channeled his energy into sports and education. He earned the number one rank in the northeast coaching volleyball from 1997 – 2000 in a CT high school where his team won 4 Connecticut state championships. He was named Coach of the Year for girl’s high school volleyball in 1988.
He also wrote an amazing book called The Little Red Chair about growing up with polio and his gratitude for all the people in his life. He’s also a co-author for the best selling book series, “Contagious Optimism that we recently interviewed David Mezzapelle about. Alan was selected as a Luminary for “Inspire Me Today.” He’s received book awards from “USA Book News,” nationally in 2009. He’s been a Finalist in Poetry / inspirational and religious categories including “The International Book Awards” Finalist in Poetry for Inspirational category and Winner in the Religious category in 2010.
Alesandra Rain
Alesandra has 18 years experience in the field of prescription drugs and their effects on the nervous system; personality alterations due to addiction; drug/drug interactions; drug/herb; drug/food and the withdrawals from various classifications of pills. Additionally, she has extensive knowledge of psychoactive medications within every age group. She’s an expert for The O’Reilly Factor, Fox National News, ABC and the Huffington Post.
Her introduction to prescription pills came after an auto accident required nearly three dozen surgeries that left her plagued with insomnia, anxiety and pain. She spent a decade on over 1,000 pills a month and then suffered tremendous physical decline from the combination of pills. Eventually, she decided she wanted her life back and being unable to find help, she chose to go cold-turkey. The excruciating withdrawals gave her an inside view of prescription addiction that she says is affecting millions of people today. She’s a prescription drug expert and the co-founder of Point of Return, a nonprofit that assists the public in recovering their lives from prescription pill addiction.
Alex and Brandon Jones
Alex and Brandon are two brothers from Colorado who invented an extraordinary new device – a router and tablet combined with an Android operating system! They’ve had not one, but TWO hugely successful crowdfunding campaigns! It all started when Alex and Brandon’s little brother got into trouble racking up gaming charges online and they had to come up with something simple their non-tech-savvy parents could utilize to stop this. What they came up with is known as the Soap Router and it acts as a home automation, security and parental control hub!
This router can prevent kids from being bullied by allowing parents to set up content triggers; it lets parents have TOTAL control over their computers in the home; it traps hackers through fake weak spots in your network; and it stops you from having to download virus and malware protection on each computer – you just do it once on the Soap router and it takes care of all the computers in your home and it continually updates and controls all home automation. Alex and Brandon say the possibilities are endless with the Android operating system.
Alexa Carlin
In 2011, Alexa founded a company known as Hello Perfect. Hello Perfect is a growing community of people redefining perfection and inspiring others to accomplish their dreams!
She says she started Hello Perfect because, growing up, she always had self-esteem issues. She says she wanted to look like someone else, to compare herself to everyone else and really didn’t believe her own self-worth. She then realized that all of this negativity was holding her back and preventing her from going after her dreams.
At that moment, she realized that she didn’t want something so meaningless to stop her from doing something so meaningful.
Alexandra Allred
Alexandra became the first ever US female bobsled champion because someone said women couldn’t bobsled. She met Barack Obama because someone told her to just “give up” trying to fight for her son’s health. She has an award winning documentary because someone else said it couldn’t be done. Alexandra attributes her stubborn streak to her father, a retired US Diplomat and military intelligence officer, who always taught her the guy telling you “no” is just the guy who doesn’t have the power to say “yes.”
She was recently named by the White House as Champion of Change for Public Health and Prevention. She is the national spokesperson for the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, an Air Ambassador for Earthjustice in Washington D.C. and a frequent lobbyist on Capitol Hill before the US Senate and the EPA. She’s currently working on her second film – an adaptation from her award-winning book, Damaged Goods (endorsed by Erin Brokovich, who Alexandra arranged to come to her hometown in 2005 to fight local cement plants).
Alfredo A. Lopez
Alfredo was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, and was raised in poverty in South Central Los Angeles. It was there, however, that he says he forged a deep understanding of human behavior. He says he excelled at school at an early age, not just academically, but also in terms of social persuasion. Eventually he found himself leaving the ghetto and he was the first in his family to attend university. At UC Santa Cruz he received a B. A. in Literature and Philosophy (2007), where he won the Dante Prize in 2006. He was later offered a full scholarship to the University of Chicago, where he received a Master’s degree in Psychology (2010).
He’s in the process of building his first online business, as well as writing his first novel which is tentatively titled Freedom From the Known. Formerly, he was a teacher, and at various times taught Middle School and High School classes in Humanities, English, Writing, and History. In addition, he’s taught College Courses on Philosophy. He says his aim for the next few years will be to design courses in connection with his online business that will help professionals manage stress, spark creativity, and create a larger sense of well-being.
Alice Osborn
Alice is the author of three poetry books and she says she isn’t afraid to go to the pain points from her childhood that include feelings of loss and abandonment from her parents. Always a writer, she dedicated herself full-time to writing after she became estranged from her parents. Twelve years later, she forgave herself and her parents in order to move through her struggle, so she could help other writers find their voice. She believes that the best writer’s work will still sound hollow and fake without a strong sense of self and purpose. First they must dream their story and then they must build it.
One of many of Alice’s gifts is to stretch her students and gently force them to reflect on their life and their surroundings, so that they become the hero of their own story without resorting to seeing themselves as a victim. Most of all, Alice helps her clients believe they can make a difference in the world because she’s making a difference in her own by expressing her poetry and voice without apology.
Allan Luks
Allan currently directs the Fordham Center for Nonprofit Leaders, sponsored by the university’s Graduate Schools of Business and Social Service. He is also the former director of Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City and a best-selling author, including the popular, “The Healing Power of Doing Good,” which coined the term “helper’s high”
His newest book is The Retired (Try To) Strike Back.
Allen Gabriel, MD
Allen Gabriel MD, FACS is a board-certified Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon. Dr. Gabriel’s educational background includes a BS with Honors and Distinction in Chemistry from the University of Utah and an MD from the University of Nevada, where he served as the graduating class president and received multiple awards for his leadership activities, research, and community outreach to support the medically indigent population.
He is one of the few medical students in the country to have received the prestigious Humanism in Medicine Award, which lead to the creation of the University of Nevada’s Humanism in Medicine Honor Society, of which he is still an active member. He’s been involved in numerous mission trips around the world, received several awards for his research and was elected into the prestigious Alpha Omega Alpha, the national medical honor society.
Currently Dr. Gabriel is the Associate Professor of Surgery at Loma Linda University Medical Center and in private practice in Vancouver, Washington. He remains involved with community outreach supporting breast cancer patients and participating in third world country mission trips.
Allen Klein
Ever hear of a “Jollytologist”? Well meet the world’s one and only—Allen Klein. Through his books and his presentations, Allen shows people worldwide how to deal with everything from traffic jams to tragedies. Allen got into this unusual line of work after his wife died of a rare liver disease at the age of 34. He saw how humor helped her, and those around her, cope. He also saw how humor helped him get through that loss. He now teaches others how to find humor in trying times as well as how the power of words can help us stay positive in a not-so-positive world.
Allen has a master’s degree in humor (from St. Mary’s College in Minnesota—and that’s no joke!) And he is well suited to his subject. Years before becoming a “Jollytologist”, Allen was nicknamed the “King of Whimsy” because he designed all the children shows at CBS television in New York City. Among those productions was one you probably remember—the Captain Kangaroo show.
Allison Fleece
Allison is the co-founder of WHOA travel. WHOA is a New York based boutique adventure travel company for women, by women, that curates high adventure bucket list trips. At the heart of every WHOA adventure is a giving back component that connects with and benefits local women in the communities they adventure to. Allison says they’re a high adventure company with a heart!
She graduated from Saint Mary’s College of Notre Dame with a Bachelors in Marketing and International Business. Upon graduation, she moved to Germany to pursue an internship at Adidas’ world headquarters. From there, she took other positions in the sports industry but later found an opportunity that allowed her to move from Europe to New York City in 2010.
Her entrepreneurial spirit, and love for travel, adventure, and education inspired her to leave the 9-5 work life and launch WHOA. She is now living her dream of motivating women around the world to step out of their comfort zones and take on the world!
Alter Wiener
Alter Wiener’s personal version of 9/11 came 62 years early. On September 11, 1939, his father was brutally murdered by the German invaders of Poland. Alter was then a boy of 13. At the age of 15 he was deported to Blechhammer, a Forced Labor Camp for Jews, in Germany. He survived five camps. Upon liberation, by the Russian Army on May 9, 1945, Alter weighed just 80 lbs.
Since retiring and moving to Oregon in 2000, he’s shared his life story with more than 800 audiences in universities, colleges, middle and high schools, Churches, Synagogues, prisons, clubs and more. He’s also been interviewed by radio and TV stations as well as the press. His autobiography is a testimony to an unfolding tragedy taking place in WWII. It’s message tells what prejudice may lead to and how tolerance is imperative. Hopefully, by listening to this man’s story, it will enable the listener to truly understand such levels of horror and a chance to empathize with the unique plight of the Holocaust victims.
Alysia Gadson and Jason Lilly
Originally from Sydney, Australia, Alysia has lived in the United States since 2004. Her passion is making health and fitness accessible to everyone. She’s an educator, blogger, presenter, and an enthusiastic foodie. In 2010, she co-founded the non-profit LiveFit Revolution, to make healthy lifestyle education available nationally, completely free of charge. Her teaching style is simple and fun. In her workout videos, cooking shows and blogs, you’re getting the bubbly, unedited Aussie that just wants people to feel great about making healthy choices.
After meeting Alysia, Jason Lilly lost 60 pounds with her nutritional guidance and kettlebell training. Inspired by his success and her training style, he suggested they make a kettlebell training DVD together, which resulted in the Ultimate Kettlebell DVD series. Fed up with the quick-fix weight-loss gimmicks that prey on the desperate, his love of people and business partnership with Alysia formed his vision for LiveFit Revolution. Four years later, his vision is still clear: to help millions of Americans reach their goals through free-of-charge healthy lifestyle education.
Amy Burkert
Amy and her husband run the pet travel website, GoPetFriendly.com. They launched GoPetFriendly.com in 2009 and have built it into the most complete database of pet friendly locations on the web. Pet travelers can now easily find dog friendly hotels, restaurants, beaches, campgrounds, and more – no matter where they’re visiting in the US and Canada.
Amy Klein
Amy has 28 years of professional experience in non-profit management, strategic planning, program development, fundraising and financial oversight. As Executive Director at Capital District Community Gardens (CDCG), she spearheads the 39-year-old non-profit’s mission to nourish healthy communities by providing access to fresh food and green spaces for all.
Since joining CDCG in 1996, she has increased the organization’s operating budget from $66,000 to $1.3 million, created 37 new Community Gardens, launched five programs that increase access to fresh, affordable food in their region’s underserved neighborhoods, generated 21 jobs and expanded the non-profit’s geographical reach from Rensselaer to Albany, Schenectady and southern Saratoga counties. She currently oversees 23 staff members who work to implement the various programs that have been created under her leadership, including the nationally renowned Veggie Mobile, The Produce Project, The Healthy Convenience Store Initiative, Squash Hunger and more.
Anderson-Miller PR
Leigh-Anne Anderson and Nora Miller are the founding partners of Anderson Miller PR, a boutique public relations agency in Southern California with a focus on being empathetic to and serving the customers’ best interests aligned with their clients’ missions, all while being socially responsible.
Leigh-Anne Anderson’s marketing, advertising, public relations, and business management experience spans five continents and nearly every industry. From start-up companies to Fortune 500 brands, her proven ability to drive sales and exceed marketing goals is what has made her one of the most sought after marketing professionals in the world. She earned her Masters Degree in Business Management and Marketing in her home country of South Africa.
Nora Miller’s unique approach of integrating traditional and digital marketing has been published in the Wall Street Journal, The Business Journals, and Contently. Her marketing expertise includes raising awareness and driving profits for consumer packaged goods, sports marketing, legal professionals, event specialists, retail stores, gourmet foods, non-profit organizations, fundraisers, events, radio personalities, and musicians, beauty, and health care professionals.
Andrea Bouchaud
Andrea began her love affair with France at the tender age of 13. As the granddaughter of a Frenchman who gave up his language and culture to become American, Andrea always wondered what it meant to be French besides having a last name that no one could spell or pronounce. French foreign language studies all throughout high school and college only whetted her thirst for more knowledge. When she was 20 years old, she studied abroad in Paris for a year.
She says the experience was not what she hoped it would be. Her first semester in Paris was plagued with disappointment, frustration and the ups and downs that come with being twenty years old. Andrea almost gave up on her dream to live in France but persevered and stayed the year. Studying abroad was not just a chance to connect with her French roots and improve her linguistic skills; It was a chance to grow into an adult. Since then, she’s published 2 books on the subject of studying abroad, in the hopes of helping others prepare for the experience and to get the most out of it.
Andrea Thompson
Andrea is an Australian teacher and Mum who has invented a classic family board game called ‘Fair Go’ (meaning ‘fair chance’) which she says has changed her life and is changing the lives of others.
To win, players need to be the best in 4 industries but they also need to have a good reputation for improving their community (for example, to be the best in mining, the winner needs to restore some land). The game teaches resilience and it improves communication and attention skills, all while encouraging children to be socially responsible.
Andrew and Tad Druart
Tad Druart says he’s learning about the importance of history as he lives vicariously through his 13-year old son, Andrew. At age 10, Andrew became passionate about the Civil War and helping other kids learn about it. He created a website, CivilWarKids.com and through that site and his related Facebook page, has raised more than $15,000 to help preserve Civil War battlefields.
But, as Andrew’s passion for history has expanded beyond the Civil War, Tad says he’s found himself learning more about the people and places that have had in impact on their lives. They say they’ve been blessed to meet many historians, take part in living history events, and share dinner and history tours with many of the nation’s finest young historians who serve as National Park Rangers. Tad says he has a unique perspective on what we can learn from history through the eyes of a parent of a kid who was called “Chief Kidstorian of the National Battlefields” by his Park Ranger friends.
Andrew Pothecary
Andrew Pothecary is the CEO of ForestNation which he founded in September 2007. He has led the conception, creation, design and development of ForestNation, and is committed to encouraging everyone to grow their own tree.
Andrew says, “Caring for your tree represents the value of giving without expecting something in return. It will help you connect with nature, and help us all connect with each other.” Andrew attended Kings College University in London where he studied Philosophy, and he says the greatest piece of advice he’s ever received came from Professor Mark Sainsbury; “whatever it is you do in life, make sure it has a purpose.”
Andrew Schrage
Andrew is the editor-in-chief at MoneyCrashers.com. Their mission is to develop a community of people who try to make financially sound decisions. The website strives to educate individuals in making wise choices about credit and debt, investing, education, real estate, insurance, spending, and more.
Dr. Andrew Thorn
Andrew provides behavioral based leadership strategies to individuals who are seeking to bring their personal and professional responsibilities into full harmony. Over the past 20 years, he’s worked with senior leaders and c-level executives, personally guiding 2 of the top 50 business thinkers currently listed on The Thinkers 50. His work extends to over 50 major corporate clients and over 250 Senior Leaders from many of the Fortune 500 Companies.
A pioneer and leader in the field of work/life balance; Andrew is widely recognized for his breakthrough thinking on how to help people discover their sense of purpose and create greater meaning from their personal and professional experiences. He holds a PhD in Consulting Psychology, a Masters in Business Administration from Pepperdine University and a Masters in Personal and Executive Coaching.
Anita Perry
Anita’s been involved in fitness since 1978. As the owner of Healthwatch Workshops, she’s trained individuals to be aerobic instructors, provided on site corporate fitness programs, and provided continuing education to the fitness industry. She was drawn to yoga after she experienced an injury. Once she got started, she’s never looked back. She has a master’s degree in education and is a frequent presenter at Title I institutions and education conferences. Anita’s taught all age groups from elementary to adult and brings her enthusiasm and classroom experience to the yoga community. She says her mission is to bring all ages and abilities to yoga and that she wants everyone to have a positive experience.
She’s registered with Yoga Alliance and is the author of Yogaminute, a guide for busy people to incorporate yoga into their lives.
Annamarie Pluhar
Annamarie is on a mission to help those struggling with being alone or who suddenly find themselves alone to discover that sharing housing with another can be an excellent solution. Her book Sharing Housing, A Guidebook for Finding and Keeping Good Housemates grew out of her personal experience of living in shared housing, combined with her expertise in group process and interpersonal relations.
She has 30 years experience in corporate and non-profit training development and delivery. Annamarie consults and conducts workshops that support individuals in their quest to find good housemates. Her website contains commentary, blog postings, links to resources, an interviewing checklist and downloadable worksheets for home sharers everywhere.
Anne Kirvan
After earning several coaching certifications, starting in 2006, Anne embarked on a path to make a difference in the world. Her personal journey includes certification by the International Coach Federation, in 2011, of which she is a member. Through the years, she’s worked extensively with private clients, specializing in communication and creativity, to assist clients in devising a personal path toward successful living.
She loves partnering in the process of mentoring towards new levels of success. Her clients report that they experience a shift in perspective and increased flexibility of life choices as a result of working together. These experiences offer the opportunity to create positive, often life changing results.
Anne-Sophie Reinhardt is a body image expert, self-love coach and the author of The Ultimate Guide to a Healthy Body Image.
Her coaching and self-study programs offer hope, freedom and the experience of true body-love.
Not only has her story and her message been the focus of a national Swiss documentary, but she has also been a guest on Swiss national TV.
Her work has been published on sites such as the Huffington Post, Copyblogger, Problogger and She Takes on the World.
Annette Johnson
Annette speaks passionately about the importance of women empowering themselves to create the life they desire. She believes strongly that regardless of life’s roadblocks, you can use your personal power to keep moving forward. Her message and personal mantra is “FLY (Forgive and Love Yourself).” Her wish is for every woman to create a personal mission statement.
She uses her 25+ years experience and education in leadership development to empower women to be the leader of their own life by navigating their journey in the direction they choose.
Rabbi Areyah Kaltmann
Rabbi Kaltmann received his rabbinical ordination in Brooklyn. In 1990, his first post was as a traveling lecturer in Moscow, Kiev, Lvov, Prague and Warsaw. In 1991 he served as program director for Ohio State University campus activities at the Schottenstein Chabad House, an educational organization serving the Columbus community. He has been a guest lecturer at the Ohio State University. He provided crisis counseling and drug intervention counseling for students. Under his direction, students took leadership positions at the Chabad House and organizations in planning educational social and cultural programs for OSU.
In 1999, he established the Friendship Circle in Columbus. It is a volunteer network of teenagers and college students working with children who have special needs. One of Rabbi Kaltmann’s greatest joys is the creation and success of LifeTown. Established in 2008 by Rabbi and Mrs. Kaltmann, LifeTown is an interactive “village” where students with special needs can learn the important life skills needed for future integration in society. LifeTown supports approximately 2,000 students from 65 Columbus City schools annually with the help of over 250 volunteers and sponsoring businesses. It is housed in the new Lori Schottenstein Chabad Center in New Albany, Ohio.
Ari Tulla
Ari Tulla created BetterDoctor.com in early 2011 when he was, YET AGAIN, searching for a new doctor. After years of personal family medical struggles Ari decided that there had to be a better way to find the right doctor, SO HE CREATED ONE.
The problem Ari’s family and 70 million other Americans face each year is that it’s very difficult to find the right doctor. BetterDoctor offers simple to use web and mobile apps that let you find the right doctor in minutes. Select what kind of doctor you are looking for, pick your insurance plan and see a list of verified better doctors near you. BetterDoctor’s team has spent countless amounts of time collecting all the relevant information on each doctor so you don’t have to.
Ariel Grossman
Ariel founded Ariel Rivka Dance in 2008. She trained at the Joffrey Ballet School under the direction of Gerald Arpino with Eleanor D’antouno (American Ballet Theater), John Magnus, and Dorothy Lister. During this time Ariel was a dance major at LaGuardia High School of Music and Art and the Performing Arts and studied with Elisa King (Zvi Gotheiner Dance), Brunhilda Ruiz (The Joffrey Ballet), Michelle Benash (American Ballet Theater) and Penny Frank (Martha Graham Dance Company).She earned a B.S. in Dance with honors from Skidmore College where she studied with and performed works by Robert Battle, Alexandre Proia (NYC Ballet), Denise Warner Limoli (ABT), Debra Fernandez, and Mary Harney (Martha Graham).
Her work has been presented at the Saratoga Dance Museum, Baruch Performing Arts Center, From the Ground Festival, University Settlement and the Derriere Guard Festival. In addition to her artistic endeavors, Ariel has a master’s degree in Early Childhood Education from Bank Street College of Education. She teaches at the Jewish Community Project Early Childhood Center in lower Manhattan and has developed and currently administers an arts curriculum program incorporating dance, visual art and music for young learners.
Armistead (A. D.) Burks
A.D. is a native Texan and true Renaissance man who sang at Carnegie Hall and wrote a song entitled Renaissance Revolution. After earning a degree in Chemistry from Grinnell College, he pursued a music career while teaching in the Atlanta, Nashville and Houston public school systems. His strong sense of faith (and a little help from fate) provided him an opportunity to train and travel internationally under the same vocal coach of several Arista Records artists. He also has an MBA from Rice University. Working in real estate development, he completed his own development projects and transitioned into corporate real estate for the world resource his state of Texas is known for: Oil.
With his book, Sex & Surrender – An Addict’s Journey, A.D. returns to his first love, and what he considers his calling – creativity and spiritual growth. In this book, he hopes to share life lessons and experiences about sex addiction that he’s learned along the way.
Ashley Wiley
Ashley is an acne expert. She says acne is actually a hereditary disorder of the pores in which the pore may shed a significant amount of dead skin cells on a daily basis. Hormonal changes can lead to inflammation and infection. Foods high in iodides and hormones can magnify this and thus commonly welcomes inflammation.
Ashley says this condition can be very difficult to treat and many skincare professionals have little to no success in clearing the acne problems of their patients. She says many Estheticians and Dermatologists have the best intentions at heart … but they may not have all the necessary information.
She says the #1 reason she does what she does is to make a real difference in the lives of her patients. Her goal is to get them clear, to salvage their hope and help them regain their lost confidence.
Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D
Dr. Aubrey de Grey is an English author and theoretician in the field of gerontology, and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Research Foundation. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (1999) and co-author of Ending Aging (2007). He is known for his view that human beings alive today could live to lifespans far in excess of any authenticated cases.
His research focuses on whether regenerative medicine can thwart the aging process. He works on the development of what he calls “Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence” (SENS), a collection of proposed techniques to rejuvenate the human body and stop aging. To this end, he has identified seven types of molecular and cellular damage caused by essential metabolic processes. SENS is a proposed panel of therapies designed to repair this damage.
He’s been interviewed in recent years in a number of news sources, including CBS 60 Minutes, the BBC, The New York Times, Fortune Magazine, The Washington Post, TED, Popular Science, The Colbert Report, Time and the Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe.
Austin Cohen
Dr. Cohen received his doctor of chiropractic degree from Life University in Atlanta, GA. He received his undergraduate training at Virginia Commonwealth University and received a Bachelor of Science in Biology. Dr. Cohen has received post-doctorate training in structural care through Chiropractic Biophysics and has done research on how healthy posture relates to optimal function.
In 2010, Dr. Cohen began going to a homeless shelter once a month, providing free chiropractic adjustments to the men at the shelter. Since then, other chiropractors have begun adjusting in different homeless shelters throughout the country and from this they are creating their own mission work in their own cities.
He’s been featured on CNN, The Weather Channel, and CBS as a health expert on teaching people how to live a healthy life through chiropractic care.
B
Bailie Slevin
Bailie started her professional career as a theatrical stage manager, working many Off and Off-Off Broadway shows while holding down a day job at a talent agency. During this time, she was barely making enough money to live and thus she racked up debt and felt miserable. When she finally left the talent agency, it was to get a degree in massage therapy.
Roughly 17 months later, 3 weeks from graduation, she was in a car accident and shattered her right arm. Unable to work in massage or theatre due to the rigorous physical therapy and pain, she started working in her father’s office. As a financial adviser of almost 30 years, he put Bailie into training classes and she started learning how money actually works and she says it changed her life. Ever since, she’s been on a mission of bringing this information to as many people as she can thus helping them to create the career path and retirement of their dreams.
Barb Churchill
Having built and run several successful businesses herself, Barb says she’s learned what it takes to create the kind of work/life balance that is meaningful and sustainable. She say’s she’s made her own mistakes and openly shares her experiences and the tools she uses to be her own woman in a male-dominated business world.
Barb is an intuitive, a certified life coach and productivity coach – a perfect combination of savvy and soulfulness. She understands the pressures of being a working woman, wife and mother and has overcome some challenges in her own life, including divorce, alcoholism and a bi-lateral mastectomy. Through these, she’s learned her true value and the beauty and power of self-love. She’s passionate about sharing the joys that life in recovery holds and helping women everywhere embrace their worthiness.
Bea Johnson
Since 2008, Bea and her family have been dedicated to living a zero waste lifestyle; their waste now fits in a quart size jar each year. Through her blog and with her book Zero Waste Home, Bea inspires a growing international community to live simply and take a stance against needless waste with the application of the 5R’s: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot. She shatters misconceptions, proving that zero waste can not only be “stylish”, but also lead to significant health benefits, and time and money savings. Grand prize winner of “The Green Awards” in 2011, she regularly speaks at universities and corporate events, and opens her home to educational tours and the media.
She’s appeared on TV shows and in publications around the world, nationally in The New York Times and on The Today Show. With her passion and positive outlook, she’s become a “guru” and spokesperson for the zero waste lifestyle. She currently lives in California.
Becky Blanton
Back in 2006, Becky was one of the invisible, working homeless. She decided to change her life when she decided to stop being invisible and instead became very public about her homelessness by giving a TED Global Talk on that very subject.
Now, almost seven years later she’s changing the world, or at least a small corner of it. She’s working with Kissito Health International, writing about people, working with people and connecting people with a small village of 2,000 in Uganda. Her goal is to feed homeless villagers who are starving after a freak hailstorm destroyed their crops, their homes and their lives.
Becky says homelessness can happen everywhere in the blink of an eye, whether you’re living in a mud hut in Africa, or in a mansion in Hollywood. Her message is that “Hope always finds a way” and her hope is that you’re inspired by her message.
Betsy Karp
Betsy is known as The Colour Coach. She’s the creator and founder of i adore me, a colorful self-love brand that helps women find their passion, and love and to adore themselves. She’s an expert on the benefits of color and how color impacts outlook, disposition, energy, success and life of women.
Her ability to help women find connection, happiness, and their true self comes from her background. She’s traveled the world as a fashion designer and chef, has a bachelor’s degree in painting, and is a Certified Health and Wellness Counselor, chef, author, blogger and speaker. But, above all, she’s a woman who was transformed by color, and who loves sharing and helping others transform their lives through the use of color and making the world a more colorful place.
Birgitta Lauren
Being told she came running out of the womb, no one was surprised when Birgitta never stopped moving and proceeded to spend her career studying, coaching, speaking and writing on fitness and health. After identifying her passion to help moms have healthier babies, she became a certified prenatal & postnatal fitness educator.
She’s the author of the book, Expecting Fitness. She’s written for and been featured in numerous health, fitness, maternity and baby magazines, blogs and TV shows.
Rabbi Bob Alper
Bob is an ordained rabbi who served congregations for fourteen years and holds a doctorate from Princeton Theological Seminary. All this prepared him well for a twenty-five year comedy career with wonderfully unique material presented in a way that’s intelligent, sophisticated, and 100% clean.
Bob performs all across North America and England, at corporate events, theatres, non-profits, conventions, private parties, churches, and, naturally, synagogues. And he’s done over 200 shows with his Arab and Muslim comedy partners, at a variety of venues, but primarily colleges and universities.
The rabbi-comedian draws tremendous media attention, and, among others, has been seen on The Early Show, The Today Show, Good Morning America, Showtime, the BBC, CNN, and was featured on Extra, TV’s top-rated entertainment program.
Bob Miller
Bob is a former international entrepreneur, author, speaker and consultant. He has traveled in over 45 countries and worked with companies and individuals in 21 different countries. He’s a member or past member of MENSA, Rotary International, National Speakers Association, International Platform Assn., Wisconsin Professional Speakers Assn., American Society for Training and Development, Toastmasters International, Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and the Global Information Network.
Bob’s priorities changed in the early 90’s when, on a vacation trip to Mexico to get rid of his stress, he fell in love with 120 kids in an orphanage. After repeated trips, then moving to Guadalajara, and five years of bureaucratic hoop jumping, he became the adopted father of two children. The experience of seeing the developmental differences between children being raised in a family and those still in institutions led him to begin Our Family Orphan Communities, Inc. (O.F.O.C.) a 501(c)3 nonprofit working to create Sustainable Communities of Families Adopting Children. Since then, Bob has chosen to dedicate his life full time, 24/7, to creating the economically self-sustaining communities. His favorite application is where orphans benefit by being adopted while at the same time economies and societies improve.
Bobby Kleinau
Growing up as an obese child/teenager, Bobby decided one day to change his life. He says he had a realization at the age of 19 and that realization helped change the way he would look at life moving forward. He says he weighed 358 pounds at one time and he was battling psychological issues. As if it couldn’t get worse, he even saw his dog/best friend lose the use of his back legs.
Bobby says it would have been easy to see himself as a victim in those instances. Too easy. He says he decided that his then present course would not lead him to the life he had envisioned for himself. So he made changes. Big time changes. He says he took responsibility for his life… and then things started to happen. He lost 140 pounds, all while maneuvering his brain through psychological obstacles. He also dedicated himself to his paralyzed dog for what’s now been over 6 years. He went back to school to become a nutrition counselor. He started a company that helps dogs in need. He eats cleaner. He moves better. He lives a life he says he loves. Best yet, he says there’s more to come!
Boysen Hodgson
Boysen is the Communications and Marketing Director for the ManKind Project USA, a nonprofit mentoring and training organization that offers powerful opportunities for men’s personal growth at any stage of life. He’s been facilitating men’s work for over a decade. He’s a co-founder of the Springfield Open Men’s Group, former Director for the New England ManKind Project Center, and author of The New Macho, a credo for the new masculine. Boysen has been featured in numerous radio programs and publications including a New Conversation with Men, Good Men Project, Dallas Voice, and the Sunday Times of London.
Boysen received his BA with Honors from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, after completing 2 years of Design coursework at Cornell University. He’s been helping organizations and individuals design the change they wish to see in the world for 15 years.
Dr. Bradley Nelson
Author and international lecturer in bio-energetic medicine and energy psychology, Dr. Brad has successfully used The Emotion Code with thousands of patients around the globe to relieve symptoms and often affect cures in conditions ranging from depression to cancer. He says that he believes his work is a sacred calling.
In response to this calling, Dr. Brad entered Life Chiropractic College West, in San Lorenzo, California in 1988. After graduating with honors, he began his practice as a holistic chiropractic physician and saw a wide variety of patients, many of whom had seemingly incurable conditions. Through study in disciplines such as ancient medical practices, psychology and quantum physics as well as the guidance of his own spiritual practice, Dr. Brad says he discovered that packets of unprocessed emotion were the basis of most conditions and that releasing these emotions is the first step toward healing.
Brandon Peele
Brandon left the lucrative world of investment banking and technology startups to go on a journey within. The results of that journey are two projects that transform the human species, moving us towards deep connected living.
EVR1 is his company; they make talismans that hold a tiny storage device upon which The Human Story is written, connecting us to 200k years of our species’ accomplishments, the advent of our planet (4.54B years) and cosmos (13.88B years). Included in each talisman are the entire website of Wikipedia, the eastern and western literary canons, the world’s religious texts, and academic and how-to manuals.
Brandon is also the creator of the Continuum Development Index, a holistic human potential measurement tool that addresses the multigenerational nature of our species and quantifies the quality of our consciousness.
G. Brian Benson
Brian is a multiple award-winning self-help author and filmmaker, actor, speaker, consultant, inspirational poet, musician, radio personality, published children’s author, finisher of over 50 triathlons (including 4 Ironman distance races), cross-country bicyclist and someone who believes in YOU!
Having authored four books, Brian is now completing a fifth self-improvement title, Be Yourself to Free Yourself! His first book Brian’s List – 26 ½ Easy to Use Ideas on How to Live a Fun, Balanced, Healthy Life! was the winner of a 2009 Next Generation Indie Book Award in the Self-Help Category. It was also an award-winning finalist in the Self-Help Motivational Category of the National Best Books 2009 Awards, sponsored by USA Book News. Brian’s new book Finding Your Voice was an award-winning finalist in both the 2013 Indie Excellence Book Awards and the National Best Books 2013 Awards.
Bryan Toder
Bryan is a professional hypnotist, speaker and writer and owner of Plymouth Hypnosis Center in Lafayette Hill, PA where he helps people lose weight, quit smoking, manage stress and basically get their life together.
Also known as The No Fear Guy, Bryan helps people get over their fears of public speaking, technology, sales, social anxiety, driving, flying and more..!
Bryan has written the book Get Thin—Be Happy: The Six Easy Steps To Weight Loss Success. Not a “diet” book; Get Thin—Be Happy is the same weight loss system that has helped many hundreds of his clients lose a tremendous amount of weight—and keep it off, too!
C
Cali Estes
With over 18 years’ experience as a Therapist, Life Coach and Wellness Coach, Cali is currently serving as private practitioner working with a broad spectrum of clients. Cali’s multidimensional approach focuses on getting to the underlying cause of the problem and working in the present, in order to combat her client’s issues. She does this by creating a safe and secure environment for them to learn and grow while they tackle life challenges. Her unique background blend of psychotherapy, life coaching and wellness coaching allows the client to get to the underlying cause of their issues quicker, safer and produce results faster.
She founded The Addictions Academy and has teamed up with Diversified Intervention Group to offer Recovery Coaching, Intervention, Anger Management and Family Recovery Coaching Certifications to Professionals Internationally. She has presented nationally and internationally and is a sought after Sober Coach and Life Coach to Actors, Musicians, CEO’s, Doctors, Sports Figures and Attorneys who need 100% Confidentiality when dealing with life issues.
Candace L. Talmadge
Boomer women who want to experience a powerful inner shift take their intuitive skills to an entirely new level by meeting their spirit guides with help from inner shift specialist Candace L. Talmadge. Candace says, tapping their guides’ wisdom on a daily basis enables these women to trust themselves more in every aspect of their lives, enhancing their personal and professional relationships. She also says conscious guides relationship is also a powerful boost to their creativity.
Trained as an energy-healer, Candace has been taking clients to meet their guides since 1988. Her mission is to awaken others to the unlimited practical benefits of true holistic living, which actively incorporates the spiritual and emotional bodies as well as the physical and mental self.
Cara Citrowske
Cara comes from a long-line of smart and funny women who were also smokers and she says she watched tobacco wreck their health and self-esteem. She has a Bachelor’s Degree in Sports Medicine, a Master’s Degree in Education with a Concentration in Kinesiology and Health Promotion, is a Certified Tobacco Treatment Specialist and is a Certified Health and Wellness Coach.
During her career as a corporate wellness coach, Cara had the opportunity to train at the Mayo Clinic to become a Certified Tobacco Treatment Specialist. Since 2007, she’s helped hundreds of men and women end the pack mentality and become what she calls, Smoke-Free Hotties™. She believes the whole person needs to be supported while letting go of tobacco and it’s more of a healing process than a quitting process. Cara says there’s nothing better than hearing one of her clients say, “Now that I have quit smoking, I know that I can do ANYTHING!”.
Carl Honoré
Carl is an award-winning author and globetrotting ambassador for the Slow Movement. The Wall Street Journal hailed Carl as “an in-demand spokesman on slowness.” His first book, In Praise of Slowness, examines our compulsion to hurry and chronicles a global trend toward putting on the brakes. The Financial Times said it is “to the Slow Movement what Das Kapital is to communism.” His second book, Under Pressure, examines modern childrearing and was hailed by Time as a “gospel of the Slow Parenting movement.” His new book, The Slow Fix, explores how to tackle problems in every walk of life, from health and relationships to business and politics, without falling for superficial quick fixes.
Translated into more than 30 languages, his books have landed on bestseller lists in many countries. His TED talk has been viewed over 950,000 times.
Carol Michaels
Carol has been a fitness professional for more than 18 years and is the founder and creator of Recovery Fitness®, a cancer exercise program. She owns and operates Carol Michaels Fitness and Recovery Fitness and is a consultant, author, speaker, Pilates instructor, and cancer exercise specialist. She is on the advisory board of Living Beyond Breast Cancer and other cancer organizations, and has appeared on health related television programs.
The American Council on Exercise recognized Carol as a Trainer to Watch in 2011 and Personal Fitness Professional honored her as the 2012 PFP Trainer of the Year.
Carole Baskin
Carole left home at the age of 15 as a high school drop out. She says she was bored out of her mind in school and wanted to go to work to help her family which was struggling financially. Despite that, in 1980, she began a career in real estate investment using other people’s money. Her real estate business grew rapidly to a multi million dollar business that gave her the freedom to do the work that she discovered to be her calling; ending the abuse and trade in big cats. She’s the founder and CEO of Big Cat Rescue. She’s garnered international attention to the plight of captive big cats (lions, tigers, jaguars, bobcats, panthers, leopards, etc.)
Carole says her mission is to end the trade in exotic cats and thus put herself out of business.
Caroline Cummings and Whitney Snell
Caroline is a serial entrepreneur, and has been the co-founder and CEO of two internet companies, and has raised close to $1M in investment capital. Her biggest passion in life is mentoring – specifically, mentoring “the underdog.” Caroline believes the secret to happiness is for everyone to mentor and be mentored. She’s also been a mentor through the Big Brothers Big Sisters program for 10 years. She’s been mentoring a young woman named Whitney for the last 6 of those years.
Whitney was 17 years old when she got matched with Caroline as part of a program for girls aging out of the foster care system. Whitney will tell you that one of the pieces of wisdom Caroline regularly shares with her is that life really comes down to 3 things, and they all have to do with opportunities: (1) knowing when to take an opportunity when it comes your way, (2) knowing when to pass on an opportunity, and (3) knowing when to offer an opportunity to others.Whitney is one of those kids that despite all of life’s challenges, she’s been able to continue fighting and performing in life.
Cassie Celestain
Cassie is a wife, runner and marriage blogger. She enjoys reading, learning new skills and making a difference in the lives of others. She believes she should use her talents not only for her benefit but to aid others as well.
In college, she began running a mile a day just to stay in shape. It wasn’t until her first race that she began to call herself a runner. Eventually, she took the leap and did her first marathon, raising $1,400 for the school she worked at.
Now she’s on a new mission! Training for another marathon and raising $2,600 for cancer research. Originally, she vowed not to do another marathon after her second, but after several people she knew were diagnosed with cancer she couldn’t sit back and do nothing.
Catherine Dougherty
Catherine is a former newspaper reporter, columnist, photographer, and Real Estate/Business Broker. For several years, she served as the Lakes Region Coordinator of The Cozy Cap Project, a community project she began in 2007, resulting in many volunteers making and donating thousands of hats for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. She was also editor of The Cozy Cap Project Newsletter for three years, has been a guest speaker at the NH Hugh O’Brian Youth Leadership Seminar, and currently volunteers as social media chair for The Greater Lakes Region Making Strides against Breast Cancer.
Her debut novel, in Polyester Pajamas, the first book in a series, was published in June 2012, and its sequel, in Woolen Bikinis, was released in July 2013. The third novel in the series is due to be released in late summer/fall of 2014. She’s also published several essays and poems, and is a featured author in the 2012-2013 publication 50 Great Writers You Should Be Reading presented by TheAuthorsShow.com.
Charlie “Tremendous” Jones
Quite simply, Charlie “Tremendous” Jones was one of the most incredible people I’ve ever met. He was a lover of books and an incredibly unique person.
Although Charlie passed away in 2008, I had the good fortune to conduct a video interview of him in his home in late 2007. Because of this man’s greatness, I am including several short clips of that interview in this series.
Chester Santos
Known simply as “The International Man of Memory”, Chester has left an impression on all corners of the earth. Through his ability to demonstrate extraordinary feats of the mind, as well as educate others to do the same, this U.S. Memory Champion is widely regarded as one of the greatest memory experts in the world.
His memory talents have been featured in numerous media outlets including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, CNN, NBC, ABC and PBS. From recalling a random 100-plus digit sequence in five minutes to naming every U.S. congress person’s state and district number, there’s no memory challenge Chester hasn’t taken on.
While he understands he has an exceptional skill, he also believes that every person has the ability to demonstrate amazing abilities with their memory given the proper techniques and guidance. Chester has developed a knack for passing on valuable memory techniques in ways that are easy to understand and retain for years to come. He’s inspired thousands of people to develop their memory, an accomplishment that Chester says makes him proud.
Chris Berry
At the age of eighteen, while working as a wilderness ranger in the High Sierras, Chris received the name Shaum Toosa in a vision. After this vision, a synchronistic series of events led Toosa on a quest for a sacred instrument played by the Shona people of Zimbabwe called the Mbira. Toosa journeyed to Zimbabwe to study the Mbira, but found that the instrument was used primarily to call spirits at ceremonies. Learning the instrument meant attending many ceremonies, over the ten years that Chris lived with his adopted Shona family. At these ceremonies, in which oracles or mediums were ‘possessed’ by various spirits, Toosa was finally called by the spirits to become a medium himself. After nine years of initiation and ceremony, Toosa finally fulfilled his ‘contract’ as a medium and made personal contact at the age of thirty-six. To many people’s surprise, the beings were not African or European but instead call themselves Water spirits or of the original Water tribe of people on earth. This initial material is the result of over seven years of interaction with these beings.
Toosa now lives on the Big Island of Hawaii, only miles from where lava falls into the ocean, a sacred symbol of the fire in the water. It is here, on their eighteen acre farm that Toosa and his wife, Jillian (Taliwa) host Bana Kuma events, ceremonies and in-depth training on the art of Bana Kuma.
Rev. Christopher L. Smith
Rev. Smith has explored a number of spiritual perspectives and practices on his own faith journey. While being a Presbyterian minister, he has specialized training in working with people from a diversity of spiritual perspectives.
Within mainline religions, you will find him being equally comfortable donning a yarmulke taking Jewish cadets to a synagogue, exploring vocational questions with a Catholic counseling client, praying with a Pentecostal hospital patient, encouraging a Muslim client to seek guidance in the Quran or leading worship in a Presbyterian congregation.
His theological training was at Yale University and he has completed specialized training for hospital and military chaplaincy. His breadth of experience and knowledge allows his to engage people about their own spirituality, whether the roots of the spirituality are in religion or elsewhere.
Christopher Wark
Diagnosed with stage 3 colon cancer in 2003 at the age of 26, Chris had surgery, but afterwards, chose nutrition and natural therapies instead of chemotherapy. It worked for him.
Today his mission is inspiring people to take control of their health and reverse disease with a radical transformation of diet and lifestyle. Chris has a health blog that has reached millions of people worldwide and he has made many appearances on radio and television including The Ricki Lake Show and The Lisa Oz Show.
Chuck Gallagher
Currently COO of a national company and former Sr. VP of Sales and Marketing for a public company, Chuck may have found a sales niche early on in life selling potholders door to door, or convincing folks to fund a record album of his musical performance at age 16, but it was the school of hard knocks that provided a fertile training ground for Chuck’s lessons in success.
In the middle of a rising career, Chuck lost everything because he made some bad, unethical choices. He has since rebuilt his career and his life back to immense success. With more vulnerability than the average keynoter, Chuck shares with his audiences his life journey, the consequences of his unethical choices, and how life gives you second chances when you make the right choices. In his presentations, Chuck shares understandings of not only “how to”, but also “what motivates behavior” – behavior of individuals that can create personal and professional success.
Some years back, Chuck used to weigh 415 pounds. Today he’s lost more than 175 pounds, all without any surgeries.
Need I say more ???
Clifford Peters
Clifford’s been a landscaper and lawn care specialist for over 30 years in Florida. He believes lawn care is the oldest profession known to humanity, so we ought to be pretty good at it by now. He says it’s our responsibility to till or take care of the earth’s vegetation and that our job is to keep out the weeds and manicure the native plants trees and shrubs.
He says one the side benefits of his work is that, at the age of 53, he has much more strength, endurance, speed, agility and intuition than the average 20 year old. He also says he has a tenacious, persistent, getter-done attitude to go along with it. He says he can out work and outpace most men from their early 20’s on up. He says his job and industry has been a natural health club workout, without paying dues at a gym. Most of all, he says it’s given him an appreciation for God for his awesome creation, along with the privilege to properly care for our great land called Earth.
Dr. Colleen Georges
Colleen has been serving as a counselor and coach for 15 years, helping to guide individuals through self-discovery, and personal and career goal achievement. Today, she owns Colleen’s Career Creations and Life Coaching with Colleen, where she facilitates personal and professional development workshops, and provides career and life coaching services. She’s also a faculty member at Rutgers University, where she teaches graduate-level counseling and undergraduate women’s leadership courses.
She received her doctorate in counseling psychology from Rutgers University. She’s a NJ licensed professional counselor and holds over a dozen certifications in positive psychology, parenting with positive discipline, life and career coaching, résumé writing, and job search.
Collin Castellaw
Coach Castellaw has been involved in basketball at multiple levels for many years. After picking up a basketball for the first time in kindergarten, he fell in love with the sport. Collin played all through school and has been actively involved in the basketball community for many years, including school sports, AAU, skill camps and personal training.
He’s played competitively until recently, when he discovered he had a fire for coaching. He’s coached high school basketball since college, and has taken it one step further. Now he also enjoys conducting skills camps and providing personal one-on-one training. He helps develop players’ abilities and has a remarkable eye for correcting jump shots, which has led him through a successful career as a personal coach. He has worked with all ages of athletes to improve, and thoroughly enjoys helping them reach new levels of their game.
Connie Grier
Connie is an educator with 23 years experience (seventeen as a Social Studies teacher, five as an admin, one as a professor). Her mission is the development of practical, effective educational solutions for students and their families via purposeful collaboration with parents, guardians, and educational resources. Her roots are in the Philadelphia community, both as a lifelong resident, and as an educator. She believes this helps her to have an intimate knowledge of not only the educational concerns faced by Philadelphia, but specifically those issues that are experienced in large, urban and diverse populations.
When she was a student of the School District of Philadelphia, she was fortunate enough to have a father who respectfully collaborated with her teachers and educational institutions on her behalf. This compels her to do the same now that she’s on the other side of the educational system.
Corinne Zupko
Diagnosed with separation anxiety at 3 years old, Corinne’s debilitating anxiety continued to mount until culminating in a breakdown with panic attacks at age 19. Only then was she was surprised to find that this devastating anxiety was one of her greatest teachers that served as a massive catalyst for spiritual growth. More than any other method of relief she had found, it was through the study and the practicing of the principles of “A Course in Miracles” that she was able to find and maintain inner peace.
Today, Corinne is a keynote speaker, an adjunct professor of Counselor Education, a counselor, a Board Certified Coach, and a mindfulness meditation teacher. She holds an Educational Specialist Degree in Counseling, a Master of Arts in Counseling, and a B.A. in Psychology. Corinne is an avid student and teacher of “A Course in Miracles” and is also a co-founder of MiracleShare.org: The Social Network for Students and Teachers of “A Course in Miracles.
A few years ago, Craig decided to take on their foreign competition head on by becoming the only one in his industry making their products in the USA.
So, what type of product does Craig’s company sell?
Rubber ducks.
Crystal Kadakia
Crystal is a true representation and voice of Generation Y: she is a Gen Y’er who talks truth about Gen Y and the future of the workplace. She’s a rising thought leader, invited speaker (including TEDx), and strategy developer for Generation Y related topics. Her company, Career Indulgence, is a Human “Gen Y” Capital consulting company that helps organizations work effectively across generations and attract, retain and develop Gen Y employees. She critically explores the balance and integration of technology in Gen Y and future generations’ lifestyles, including attitudes, behaviors, learning styles and working styles.
She has a background in chemical engineering and over 5 years experience developing Gen Y talent in a Fortune 500, $85 billion company. She’s created benchmark global new hire on-boarding programs, new hire technical training, and all-level capability development models. She also has experience in Cross-Generational Management: as a mentor for other Gen Y’s and new hires, managing up of higher levels, and directly managing other generations such as Baby Boomers.
Cynthia Fabian
Cynthia is an author and speaker who resides in New Jersey. She spent most of her life as a teacher of English and ESL. Though she no longer teaches, she continues to help children to cope with all types of obstacles in their lives. She says it’s a joy and a pleasure to help others find a way to climb new obstacles and accept old ones. She says she only hopes that children and their families can find happiness and acceptance in their lives. She believes there are moments when you know that things will shape your life and there are many others where you have no idea where those things will take you.
Cynthia Luce
Cynthia is a mother, friend and compassionate woman sharing her book, Invisible Girl, to inspire people to implement change. She wants people to see what is necessary so we can collectively work to help save or alter the path of our youth. She’s an inspirational speaker and an advocate for change.
Invisible Girl provides personal narratives of serious problems plaguing society today revealing what happens when children go unseen, unheard, and remain invisible. Cynthia opens up in an incredibly insightful manner, addressing concerns that destroy our youth and change the path of their future. She takes you on an invaluable and heart wrenching journey to understand what happens to children who are subjected to being bullied, living in foster homes, surviving on the streets, in abusive situations, and more. She shares painful experiences that torment children, often at the hands of adults. Even more importantly, she offers solutions to the problems she presents.
D
Dale Genetti
Dale says she’s been clean & sober from the disease of alcoholism for 26 years. She did not come from a family of alcoholics, yet she says both of her parents were depressed. Her mother unsuccessfully attempted suicide when Dale was 12 and her father successfully committed suicide when Dale was 25. Dale says she started drinking when she was 15 which led to trying other types of mind altering substances such as marijuana, cocaine and Quaaludes. She never entered into the world of hallucinogenics or heroin, as those did not appeal to her. Her first drug of choice was alcohol.
She says that from the first time she started drinking she would, for the most part, get very sick, throw up and then blacking out. She says she never passed out but blacking out was common for her. She says her personality would change depending on the circumstances. She never knew if she was going to have an enjoyable evening or if she would turn violent and angry. She says she sought counseling briefly . The therapist suggested that she may have a drinking problem. She tried Alcoholics Anonymous but didn’t stay past 3 months. She says she wasn’t ready. She continued to drink alcoholically for the next 9 years. One day, that all changed.
Dale Stanten
Many people have a one career in their lifetime. Not Dale. She is on her fourth. While raising her young family, Dale obtained her RN degree and practiced psychiatric nursing.
She then parlayed her medical and sales experience to become CEO of her Destination Management Company which for twenty years organized conventions, corporate events, and meetings for national and international guests. Dale conducted numerous educational seminars and assisted in developing a tourism college degree program.
During her fourth career, she penned her memoir and has immersed herself in the marketing process. Through her speaking engagements, she hopes to help others overcome difficult circumstances by learning from her own personal life experiences.
Dan Karr
After being hit by a car and stuck with nearly $100,000 of medical bills that no insurance company would pay (health or auto insurance), Dan began researching the insurance industry. Finding problems like his were far too common, and that financial trends of the insurance industry show the magnitude of the problem is worsening, Dan dedicated himself to paying forward his experience and helping others avoid similar situations.
He is using his technology background to develop services that help people purchase insurance. The company Dan founded, Injured Money, is the first company ever to provide information on which insurance companies are the best for paying claims, the best at loss compensation and the best at providing good, quality service. Dan is also a published author writing books and guides on how to best work with insurance companies. Most importantly, Dan and Injured Money have no affiliation with the insurance industry, making the information they provide neutral and without bias.
Dana Case
Dana serves as Director of Operations at MyCorporation.com. Her history of supporting entrepreneurs and small business owners with the company is extensive. She started as a leader within the customer service team and evolved to management of sales and customer service. Now she has taken over the operations role of the company, where she remains instrumental in growing and establishing partnerships, managing the MyCorporation team, and overseeing the company P&L.
Dana also enjoys spending time with her young son and volunteering at his school and the local boys and girls club. She’s also been involved in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program for 11 years and her involvement in the program made a difference in the life of her little sister who was the first in her family to go to college and truly succeed in life. Dana’s experience in the program (and how it changed her life) is the focus of her interview.
Dane Short
Several years ago, Zymbol founder Sally Short decided to make a pendant for herself by overlaying the letters “LOVE IS ALL U NEED” with a peace sign. When the necklace arrived, someone in her family noticed that from the side angle, the letter “K” was in the necklace, despite the fact that the letter ‘K” was not used in the original message. This revelation led to a night of trying to find more letters and messages in the design. In the end, the Short family found all 26 letters of the English alphabet and the primary numbers 0-9 within Sally’s doodle!
It was this finding that inspired them to start Zymbol – a company whose flagship design represents all the letters A-Z and whose jewelry could mean anything to anyone since the message possibilities are endless! People from all walks of life wear Zymbol containing their personal message of inspiration – from breast cancer survivors to members of the military. For every Zymbol sold, one is gifted to a child in the hospital. They visit various Children’s Hospitals where they let kids pick out their favorite color pendant and then have them TRACE out personal messages of inspiration. Kids trace out messages like, HOPE, LOVE, NEVER GIVE UP and YOU ARE A WARRIOR.
Daniel Lavery
The Navy transferred Dan to Navigator of an Amphibious Ship to take 300 Marines to Vietnam. Before he left, a friend at Boalt Hall Berkeley Law School and a few of his grad school friends confronted him asking why the USA was in Vietnam. Carefully taught the domino theory, which speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect, he supported the war effort with a passion. His friends used their astute knowledge to poke holes in his arguments.
That confrontation started the spark that ignited his transformation from what he describes as being a pawn in the Navy to a civil rights attorney for the poor and powerless. Daniel was propelled into a powerful movement that was an answer to his dream. Submerging himself into the cutting edge of civil rights and consumer litigation, he was a member of a team using all the energy he possessed.
Daniel Rothner
Daniel is the Founder & Director of Areyvut. Areyvut, translated from Hebrew, means “responsibility.” Responsibility to one’s community; responsibility to the world. Areyvut’s mission is to infuse the lives of Jewish youth and teenagers with the core Jewish values of chesed (kindness) tzedakah (charity) and tikkun olam (social action). Areyvut offers Jewish day schools, congregational schools, synagogues, community centers and families a variety of opportunities to empower and enrich their youth by creating innovative programs that make these core Jewish values real and meaningful to them.
He’s taught ethics, Jewish law and in synagogues and workplaces. He also serves as a Board Member for Tzedakah, Inc. and is a member of the Volunteer Center of Bergen County’s Youth Advisory Council. Daniel is active in his community and serves on the Middot Committee at Yeshivat Noam and volunteers for Bikur Cholim of Teaneck. Daniel facilitates a group of Mitzvah Clowns who regularly visit senior centers and children with special needs. He has coached youth baseball, basketball and soccer and is active Bergen LEADS, a unique leadership program in Bergen County.
Danielle Hark
Danielle is a national wellness writer, professional photographer, and freelance photo editor.
She is also a mental health advocate, and founder of BrokenLightCollective.com, the online photography gallery for people living with or affected by mental illness.
As someone who has struggled with mental health issues, her mission is to help as many people as possible who are struggling, by using photography and creativity.
Danny Kofke
Danny is currently a special education teacher in Georgia. He is also the author of three personal finance books, teaching people how to make do on a teacher’s salary and teaching kids how to properly use money.
Danny wants to show others that if he, as a 38 year-old school teacher, can gain financial wisdom they can too. He is living proof that a family can live wealthy on little money.
He’s appeared on numerous tv and radio shows, as well as newspapers.
Darline Yatim
Darline Yatim is the owner of Shrewsbury Health and Racquet Club (SHARC) in Shrewsbury MA. Her personal journey goes all the way from losing 150 lbs after having a high-risk pregnancy to now owning a health and fitness club. Darline, who had never before struggled with weight, developed eating issues after an unfortunate turn of events at her job. From there, she explored every fad diet there was, receiving no results. Finding herself undergoing a high-risk pregnancy because of her weight, she realized she had to be healthy not only to save her own life, but for her children.
Her health transformation began when she volunteered as a swim instructor so that her kids could get free swim lessons. Re-discovering her health, Darline moved her way up as manager of another health club, which soon led her into the front doors of SHARC and later to becoming its owner. Now, she works closely with her members and her community toward helping others maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Dave Cooperstein
Since joining the architecture firm, PGAV Destinations, in 1998, Dave has brought a unique sense of excitement and drama to the creative design department. His design skills and experience range from traditional architecture practice to theatrical scenic design. Dave has used these skills in his work on the firm’s entertainment projects, as well as some of the more traditional architecture commissions. One of his most memorable experiences was working on the Glacier Run project at the Louisville Zoo.
Architecture has turned out to be a perfect fit for Dave, combining both the technical and creative aspects of his personality. In the past, he’s unleashed his creative side in a multitude of ways. An active member of the International Jugglers’ Association for over ten years, he’s become a talented juggler by performing at fairs, festivals, and street performances. Dave’s also a comedic actor who’s practiced for over twenty years, performing in dramas, classical plays and Shakespearean plays, but mostly comedies.
David Kekich
David is a recognized expert on longevity science. In 1999, he founded “Maximum Life Foundation”, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation dedicated to reversing human aging and aging related diseases. He co-founded Age Reversal, Inc in 2010.
David believes it’s inevitable that science will someday control the human aging process. He believes human beings will someday be able to enjoy very long healthy life spans by studying aging, the root cause of most deadly diseases.
The problem? He’s in a race against the clock. He’s faced with the possibility of being part of the “last generation” to suffer and die from aging related diseases. His solution was to further aging research and move it forward by establishing the Maximum Life Foundation. Since then, the Foundation in concert with many of the world’s leading researchers, has developed a scientific roadmap to transform the elderly to biological youth.
David Mezzapelle
David believes that we all have the capacity to make optimism contagious just by sharing our life’s adventures. He’s the author of the bestselling book, Contagious Optimism, an uplifting book series that contains real stories from real people around the globe which demonstrates that every cloud has a silver lining. Throughout his life, David’s encountered great peaks and valleys all of which he says he’s grateful for. He says he’s never lost sight along the way and has kept his glass “completely full.”
He was the founder and director of marketing for Goliath Technology from 1990 – 2007, a data center infrastructure company. In addition, he orchestrated one of the most innovative internship programs ever created which has become a staple for organizations today. Goliath Technology was sold in 2007 and David pursued the next level of his passion, building employment tools for schools, students and alumni via GoliathJobs, a marketing and consulting organization he created. He also launched a niche portal for baby boomers and retirees, JobsOver50.com, which has become the number one web-based employment resource in North America for the age 50+ demographic.
David Tuccaro, Jr.
David is a Mikisew Cree First Nation who overcame his fight with Leukemia, chronicled in his memoir, Bad to the Bone: The True Story of David Tuccaro Jr.. Born and raised in Ft. McMurray, Canada, he shares his tumultuous journey of self-discovery through pain, hopelessness and feelings of inadequacy to inspire others to overcome adversity.
After finding his purpose, David is living out his passion of teaching others to save lives by encouraging others to become registered bone marrow donors.
Debbie Horovitch
Debbie is a social media consultant, speaker, trainer and author of the upcoming book Celebrity Hangouts on Air, which shows people how to use Google’s newest video chat tool Google+ Hangouts on Air, to create a series of themed video chat shows that attract celebrity guests, build unlimited audience, and generate sponsor revenue, all while meeting specific business objectives.
Debbie has created a Celebrity Hangouts on Air community, where you can take the complete 6-part Celebrity Hangouts on Air training, participate or volunteer to work on other Hangouts on Air shows and even post your own upcoming shows in order to share in the community’s Celebrity Hangouts on Air’s awareness & to gain exposure.
Deb says that for as long as she can remember, there have been three constants in her life:
1) her love of cats;
2) her love of books; and
3) her love of writing.
She says she never thought that one day all of these passions would come together full circle to where she is today – an award winning blogger, self-published author, and renowned cat advocate.
Denny Daniel
Denny is the curator and founder of the Museum of Interesting Things. The Museum of Interesting Things is an interactive traveling exhibition of antiques and inventions.
Amassing his collection of antiques since the 1980’s and having had over 20 museum and gallery exhibitions of his own work Denny decided to use his knowledge, experience, contacts and extensive collection of over 300 antiques to start an enterprise that would inspire students and some of us in the “real” world to learn from the past and innovate a better future.
Devin T. Robinson X (aka Egypt)
Egypt describes himself as a South Floridian who was raised in a single parent household, where sacrifice, struggle and love was a daily meal served. He’s a graduate of Florida Atlantic University and Palm Beach State College. He’s says he’s been blessed to receive the Alumni of the Year award at 27 years old. He’s also presented at TEDx in Amman, Jordan and has inspired many through his poetry and poetic messages about love, relationships and history.
He says that since 2003, God has allowed him to use his talent to reach people via BET, MTV, National Public Radio and the World Famous Apollo theater, all of this courtesy of a very unique tyle of poetry that has been dubbed, “Confessional Narration.”
Diana Raab
Diana is a poet, memoirist and blogger. She’s the award-winning author of eight books, over 300 articles and poems, and editor of two anthologies. Her fourth and most recent poetry collection is called Lust. She’s a regular blogger for The Huffington Post, she writes a weekly blog called, “Literary Musings,” and more recently, monthly columns for BrainSpeak and Psychology Today.
Diana has been writing since childhood, when her mother gave her a journal to help her cope with the loss of her beloved grandmother to suicide. She’s a strong advocate for journaling and letter writing. Diana teaches creative journaling, memoir writing and poetry around the country. Her focus is on the healing power of writing, whether it is poetry and/or prose.
Diane Lang
Diane is a therapist, educator and life coach who’s dedicated her career to helping people turn their lives around and is now on a mission to help them develop a sustainable positive attitude that she says can actually turn one into an optimist, literally. A therapist and educator of Positive Psychology, she says she’s seen that it can provide a strong foundation for finding great happiness and that she’s gratified it’s becoming a mainstream method of treatment.
A parent herself, Lang has taught Positive Parenting to parents and written extensively on the benefits of using it with even the youngest children. She has also spoken or conducted seminars on postpartum depression, striving for balance versus having it all and practical tips on interviewing, networking and dressing for success and is the author of “Baby Steps: the Path from Motherhood to Career.”
Dianne Collins
Dianne is a modern visionary, an original thinker, an authority in new world view thinking and the creator of the QuantumThink® System of thinking, an unprecedented body of knowledge based in the principles of quantum science and universal laws applied as practical wisdom in all areas of life. She’s the author of “Do You QuantumThink? New Thinking That Will Rock Your World”, a bestselling book which delineates this new system of thinking.
She’s a graduate of the University of Miami in Philosophy and Psychology and a lifelong student of Siddha Yoga and numerous leading edge modalities and models that make life better and more joyful. Her varied experiences as a Fortune 100 corporate manager, an award-winning photographic artist, video producer, and currently as a consultant to business executives and entrepreneurs, all contribute to her extraordinary gift of originality and ability to express complex universal subjects in clear and powerful ways that benefit people instantly.
Dipak Basu
Dipak has spent much of his life employing technology in humanitarian missions worldwide.
In 2006, he set up the Anudip Foundation, a nonprofit company dedicated to improving livelihoods of poor rural people in developing countries through training in information technology and entrepreneurship. He currently serves as Anudip’s Chairman and CEO.
In 2009, following the loss of their beloved daughter the previous year, Dipak and his wife, Radha, launched the Jhumki Basu Foundation, to carry on her remarkable legacy. That same year, with the support of an army of Jhumki’s well-wishers and her extensive archives, Dipak took on the responsibility to write his daughter’s biography, called Mission to Teach. For the book, Dipak drew on his prior writing experience in historical fiction.
Don Stewart
Don continued to sketch as a hobby while attending medical school and throughout his surgical internship at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. There, in addition to keeping a 24-hour call schedule, Dr. Stewart managed to win awards for short fiction and poetry, and successfully published his first two composite drawings.
After a year of resident training, the pen finally proved mightier than the scalpel, and the young doctor’s creative interests gained the upper hand. He finished his internship, earned his medical license, and promptly turned his full attention to drawing.
For the past twenty-seven years Don Stewart has made his living as a self-styled Visual Humorist, hammering words and pictures together at the DS Art Studio Gallery in Birmingham, Alabama.
Donna Mae DePola
Donna Mae has worked in the field of addiction for more than 26 years. In 1994, Donna Mae founded The Resource Training Center, a school that provides the education required to become a Credentialed Alcohol & Substance Abuse Counselor (CASAC) in New York State; the largest of it’s kind. Over the years, the agency has spread to 5 locations throughout the State of New York, and services grew to include the New York State Drinking Driver Program, The MADD Victim Impact Panel and The Resource Counseling Center an outpatient chemical dependency clinic. She’s one of only 8 national CCAR Recovery Coach Master Trainers.
Donna also authored the book “Twelve Tins” which is a story of her life as an incest survivor and recovering addict, from the age of five to founding and operating the largest CASAC School in the State of New York.
Doreen Taylor
Best characterized as an eclectic talent with popular musical influences like Shania Twain, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, and Celine Dion, Doreen Taylor is an award winning singer. She has received critical acclaim as one of the best young songwriting talents in the industry. Her angelic voice truly sets her as a musical force to be reckoned with and her captivating melodies and extremely expressive lyrics explore boundless depths of her heart and soul.
Doreen has played numerous leading roles in various companies on and off Broadway-including Christine in Phantom of the Opera opposite musical theater legend, Davis Gaines. She has performed in several one-woman shows in Atlantic City and Las Vegas.
Before her love for music, Doreen wanted to be a doctor and applied for pre-med. After Doreen realized music was her one true love moved forward and has never looked back. When she;s not writing music, recording or performing, she’s a big believer in “paying it forward.” Her love for children has paved the way to raise thousands of dollars for St. Jude’s Children’s Hospital. She’s a proud American citizen and supports many organizations that assist our troops and their families.
Dorothy Pang
Dorothy is a Licensed Acupuncturist and a Natural Fertility Expert. She’s the founder of The Natural Fertility Center, an innovative comprehensive solution for women who are trying to conceive.
The Natural Fertility Center is dedicated to helping women across the United States utilize acupuncture principles, stress management, and rejuvenating practices to move towards youthfulness and fertility. She’s helped with the conception of hundreds of babies so far!
Through her programs, Dorothy helps women increase their chances of conception, create balance in their lives, and find inner peace.
Douglas Won, MD
Douglas Won, MD, FAAOS, is the founder and director of Minimally Invasive SpineCARE and Star Medical Center, which are divisions of Lumin Health. Dr. Won has more than 15 years of experience in medicine and more than a decade as a back specialist. Approximately 95% of his patients are treated non-surgically, but when surgery is necessary, Dr. Won employs the most non-invasive methods possible. He helped develop endoscopic laser spine surgery and was the first surgeon in Texas to perform it with a 3 millimeter incision, the size of a small grain of rice. Such a small incision, performed with the right tools, results in less damage to the skin and muscles, less blood loss, less pain and a faster recovery time.
Dr. Won is one of the most highly trained spine specialists world-wide, having completed fellowship training in spine surgery at William Beaumont Hospital’s Spine Center, as well as fellowship training in cervical spine surgery, microscopic spine surgery and spinal deformity surgery at Washington University School of Medicine.
E
Edward Friedman
Dr. Friedman’s interest in health led him to major in Biology at Brown University and to obtain a Ph.D. in Biophysics and Theoretical Biology at the University of Chicago. He never considered pursuing a medical degree because he found the idea of being trained in how to use drugs to treat symptoms a waste of time.
All of his recent publications challenge the accepted dogma of the medical establishment. He considers it a challenge whenever he reads a medical article that describes results as paradoxical or counterintuitive. From their point of view, this means that the results are not what they were taught to expect. From Dr. Friedman’s point of view, this means that the model that they were taught in medical school is fatally flawed.
In the case of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and Alzheimer’s, he could not rest until he had developed models that fit all of the known facts, including articles that claimed to find paradoxical results. His research involves categorizing the known properties of the hormone receptors and identifying which receptors help cancer grow and which ones help kill the cancer cells.
Eileen Koff
Eileen says “You can be smart and productive, yet disorganization can still undermine your quality of life.”
Eileen is the Founder and president, since 1998, of To The Next Level, a professional organizing business based on Long Island, NY.
Eileen is a Certified Professional Organizer and she works with her clients to uncover the causes of disorganization in their lives and helps them conquer it
Elise Miao
Born in China, Preacher Miao received her college education in Switzerland and graduated Magna Cum Laude with an American bachelors degree from WSU.
Due to health problems, she worked in five different industries in Hong Kong. She eventually found what she says is her hope and true path after she learned the Guang Huan Mi Zong Great Perfection Supreme Dharma from Holy Master Ziguang Shang Shi in 2007. She says this has fundamentally transformed her life, physically, mentally and spiritually.
With the hope of helping more people in the world to receive the same benefits, she came to the US in 2008 and became a Buddhist Preacher at the age of 29, following the Holy Master to pursue the path of enlightening herself and others.
Elle Kaplan
Elle Kaplan is the CEO and Founding Partner of Lexion Capital Management, the only 100% woman-owned asset management firm in the U.S.
Elle’s story and expertise have been featured in such media outlets as The Wall Street Journal, CNN, Reuters, The Fiscal Times, CNBC, MSNBC, Yahoo! Finance, and many more. She is a business correspondent on the national news, and a frequent featured speaker at conferences and events in the business community.
Elle remains a dedicated contributor to the community through her volunteer work as a career mentor with everyone from fellow female executives to local high school students. She continuously works to improve the underrepresentation of women in executive positions and in finance, and to empower women in all fields.
Ellen Wood
Grow Young Guide Ellen Wood, a carrier of the Alzheimer’s gene, APOE-e4, is an award-winning author, columnist and speaker who is proving she can keep that gene in the ‘off’ position with practices that strengthen and invigorate mind, body and spirit.
Her powerful step-by-step program for growing younger combines cutting-edge research in neuroscience and cell biology with ancient esoteric teachings and a deep trust in Spirit and the power of the mind. She offers herself as living proof that these practices work.
Elliott Katz
Elliott is a professional speechwriter in Toronto, Canada and the author of seven nonfiction books. After the end of a relationship, he sought to learn about being a man in a relationship. He found books on marriage and relationships that said little to him. As he looked deeper, he says he found powerful timeless insights in the lessons that fathers and other older male role models have been teaching younger men for years. As a result of his research, people started seeking his advice and would say, Why didn’t someone tell me this before?
Moving beyond the trendy ideas about a man’s role that just don’t seem to work, Elliott shares insights on being a man that he says have withstood the test of time. Interestingly, these insights are the traits that he says he’s heard many women complain were lacking in men today, such as showing leadership, making decisions and taking responsibility.
Elvira Kalnik
Elvira was born in the Ukraine to a family of open-minded people, who tried very hard to survive in the former Soviet Union, where everything from the Western culture was forbidden. She says her parents somehow managed to expose her to European and American music and literature at a very early age. At the age of 6, she began going to music and ballet schools.
Elvira began writing songs when she was 14. Prior to her 15th birthday, she released her first album called “Goodbye”. It was a “goodbye” to all the lies and corruption she had faced in the former Soviet Union. She started to perform with a band of like-minded people and organized charity concerts for people in need of help.
Coach Elwyn McRoy
Coach McRoy is an assistant men’s basketball coach at the University of Texas-Pan American. He’s worked for 12 different college basketball programs since 1997. Over the years, he’s skipped meals, slept in cars, and lived thousands of miles from his wife and kids, all so he can pursue his dream of coaching college basketball. Unfortunately, the life of a college basketball coach isn’t always as glamorous as it might seem. That’s because like most college sports, it’s a business. It’s a business where coaches get short-term contracts and there’s high turnover.
Coach McRoy’s profession is filled with people struggling to stay on their feet. Coaches who once had four or more years to prove themselves sometimes get cut loose in half that time, as administrators show less and less tolerance for losing. Assistant coaches, who almost always lose their jobs when their bosses go, often have the hardest time making it back in.
He’s well liked among many former colleagues and players, who describe him as outgoing, witty, and generous with his time. He’s the kind of guy who remembers the names and birthdays of colleagues’ kids, who supports fellow coaches by trying to take in a game or two of every team on campus. In short, he’s the kind of coach you would want your kids to play for.
Dr. Emad Rahim
Emad is a Khmer American who came to the USA as a refugee. He was born in a concentration camp in the Killing Fields of Cambodia. On the day he was born, his father was being tortured and eventually executed. His older brother died of starvation and sickness in the concentration camp. Emad and the rest of his family eventually escaped and ended up in a refugee camp in Thailand, which lead to their eventual sponsorship to come to America.
Like many refugees in America, Emad and his family struggled with poverty, violence, racism, identity and literacy. While living in Brooklyn, Emad was shot in the leg during a block party which forced his mother to relocate them to Syracuse. In Syracuse, they grew up living in section 8 housing, where Emad says he struggled with the same types of violence related problems. He was selling drugs, getting into fights, hanging out with gang members and was even stabbed. Then a mentor named Willie Dowdell changed Emad’s life.
Emma Christopher, Ph.D
Emma is an academic historian and writer who was born in the UK but has more recently lived in Canada, the US and now Australia. After seeing, first hand, the effects of slavery—both that endured centuries ago and in recent times—she felt compelled to become a filmmaker and anti-slavery campaigner to try and put an end to this age-old practice.
Involved in acknowledging the legacies of slavery, she’s most recently spent several years tracing the origins of songs preserved by one group in the African diaspora. When she found a remote chiefdom in Sierra Leone where people recognized and could join in with the remembered songs, she arranged for a reunion trip. She’s spent the last few years working to understand not only what it means to the people in the diaspora to have this connection, but also what it meant to the Africans to finally discover what had happened to some of their lost people. She believes their story helps us all to understand the power of family, belonging and hope.
Eric Pearl
Dr. Eric Pearl is the author of the reknowned book known as “The Reconnection – Heal Others and Heal Yourself.
Reconnective Healing is a comprehensive, yet simple and easy-to-learn, healing approach, which completely transcends “energy healing.” It accesses vibrational frequencies that are self-correcting by nature and are accessible to everyone.
Dr. Pearl says anyone can become proficient in Reconnective Healing in just two days so they can aid others–or even their loved ones–and achieve the same results.
Eric Thiegs
Eric is the CEO and Founder of StageofLife.com. The idea of sharing stories is a simple concept…but a powerful mission. All of the contributing users for Stage of Life add to a multi-generational voice that Eric hopes will help change the world, one story at a time, as people become life-long readers and writers.
Eric was recently named one of the Forty Under 40 by the Central Penn Business Journal.
Erica Spiegelman
Erica is foremost a consultant, counselor, writer and speaker who has made an indelible mark in the field of addiction recovery by treating individuals from a 360-degree perspective; Mind, Body and Spirit. Founder of a multi-media health and wellness platform, she provides consulting and counseling solutions for clients by providing them with tools on how to reach emotional, mental and physical freedom in places where they were previously stuck.
Erica holds a Bachelor degree in Literature from the University of Arizona and a degree as a California State Certified Drug and Alcohol Counselor, CADAC-I from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Erich Nall
Coach E, has been a prominent figure in the Los Angeles community throughout his life as an educator and promoter of health, physical fitness and self-improvement. He’s served as a mentor and father figure to more than a thousand young men and women throughout the Los Angeles area.
He left corporate America in 1986 to follow his passion to help more children in South Los Angeles become higher achievers in elementary school. A product of South Los Angeles himself, his desire led him to become the Founder of Collegiate Search Youth Organization. To date, Collegiate Search has assisted more than 5000 students (male and female) into colleges and universities across the country.
While Erich was offering a fitness program to the youth, he felt compelled to bring health and wellness to the community at large. He created and founded Ultimate Transformations Training and has coached and trained many successful professional athletes, actors, models and others in the entertainment industry for over 18 years. Since its inception, Coach E. has trained notable athletes, such as, Olympic gold medalist, Misty May Treanor and, Olympic gold medalist Maurice Greene. He has trained professional basketball, soccer and football players, including: NFL star performers.
Erin Summ
Erin helps women in their first year of business, who struggle getting clients because they lack the confidence in themselves as a new business owner. They fear failing in their business and going back to a J.O.B, because they would have to give up their dream of making the difference in the world they are called to make.
Erin gives dynamic, educational and empowering presentations and workshops on how to let go of fear to run ones business with confidence, Mindset Mastery, and breaking down barriers to turn ones vision into reality. Erin holds a bachelors degree in Psychology and is a Certified Professional Coach through the Institute for Professional Excellence in Coaching.
Estella Pyfrom (CNN Hero – 2013)
Estella Mims Pyfrom served as a K-12 classroom teacher for 3 years, a Guidance Counselor for 31 years, a Summer School Principal for two years and an Area Resource Teacher for the School District of Palm Beach County Florida She’s served as an advocate for neglected and abused children for many years.
After forty eight years of service to the Palm Beach County School District, she retired for two years, only to return back to the system as a classroom teacher and later as a Guidance Counselor. In October 2008, Estella resigned her position so that she could devote more time to accomplishing her mission. Her mission was to create a project that would help underprivileged children and families improve the quality of life, thus creating Project Aspiration, which later came to be named Estella’s Brilliant Bus. Estella’s Brilliant Bus is a 501(c)(3) not for profit organization that operates a customized mobile learning center, designed to travel to communities and deliver services where needed throughout Palm Beach County.
Estella says We will make a difference…one child at a time and/or one family at a time.
Eunice Omole
Eunice is an international business woman, a philanthropist, and a finalist from the inaugural season of “The Apprentice Africa”. In addition to launching Africa’s premier media agency in order to shed light on the country’s entrepreneurs, Eunice was a speaker at the WIE Symposium in Lagos, Nigeria in May 2014 and was recently chosen to be a speaker for The Going Places Network by Walmart which helps unemployed Dress for Success clients gain professional skills, accelerate their job searches and build confidence.
Born in Washington D.C. to Nigerian immigrants, Eunice holds a Bachelor degree in Economics from the University of Virginia and a Master’s degree in Real Estate from Cornell University. She’s currently working on obtaining another Master’s degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. With her diverse upbringing and extensive education, she hopes to shed light on important issues worldwide. She’s also a global ambassador to the Elizabeth Glaser Foundation, where she’s using her voice to bridge the gap between social awareness in Africa and the latest medical research in cancer care for women.
Evan Money is a Bestselling Author, Global Entrepreneur and part owner of the Green Bay Packers.
Evan and his bride of 16+ years remarry in a different state or country, every year.
Evan also has a new movie coming out called “Words of Art” starring Joel Osteen, Tom and Zig Ziglar, Denis Waitley and Mark Batterson.
Eve Wolf
Playwright and pianist Eve Wolf founded Ensemble for the Romantic Century (ERC) in 2001 with the mission of creating an innovative and dramatic concert format in which the emotions revealed in memoirs, letters, diaries, and literature are dramatically interwoven with music, thus bringing to life the sensations and passions of a bygone era. For the past thirteen seasons, Eve has written scripts for more than twenty-five of ERC’s theatrical concerts and has performed in most of the ensemble’s forty-plus original productions.
Praised for her compelling performances, she’s appeared in Europe and the United States as a chamber musician and soloist. She received a BA in Art History from Columbia University and an MA in Piano Performance from New York University. She teaches at The Curtis Institute of Music and Columbia University-Teachers College and is a professional mentor at The Juilliard School. She’s taught her seminar “Confronting Memory: Memory Techniques for Musicians” in the United States and abroad.
Eyal Maoz
Based in New York City, the Israeli born Eyal Maoz is a sought after composer, guitarist, and bandleader. He’s a member of John Zornâ’s Cobra and Abraxas ensembles and he leads his own bands as well. He’s performed at major music festivals worldwide.
Eyal started to explore jazz, rock and avant-garde music at an early age. After a successful guitar solo tour in Austria, he also completed a guitar tour in China, playing solo as well as performing with local musicians from straight-ahead jazz aficionados to extreme avant-garde noisemakers. He’s gearing up for a European tour starting September 2014.
F
Faith McCune
Faith says that, as a child, she lived an idyllic life, nurtured by a father who doted on her and encouraged her in everything she did. One of her early dreams was to be a writer. Unfortunately, her father succumbed to cancer when she was eight and her downward spiral began. With no positive influence in her life, she turned inward and eventually spent years alone and isolated, riddled with self-doubt, insecurities, and sadness. She says her mother, at a loss to help, decided to give her a puppy. Eventually, dogs became her passion as well as a lifeline.
One event changed everything. She went to a seminar where she engaged a life coach who drew a line in the sand and said “the time is now” to write her book. With her pointing the way, her book, Duffy’s World, Seeing the World through a Dog’s Eyes, became a published reality amid rave reviews in December 2013. What she also discovered along the way is that Duffy’s story is a parallel to her own life – love, loss, isolation and potential realized.
Francesca Harper
Francesca blends original choreography, dance, music and film to create groundbreaking works that are category-defying. She was raised in New York City, where she studied at the School of American Ballet, the Joffrey Ballet School, The Ailey School, and under Madame Darvash and Barbara Walczak. After performing with the Dance Theater of Harlem, she danced as a principal in William Forsythe’s Ballet Frankfurt from 1994-1999. Since returning to the States in 2000, Francesca’s performed in several Broadway productions including Fosse, The Producers, The Frogs, and The Color Purple. She played the role of Helene opposite Molly Ringwald in a national tour of Sweet Charity, and the role of Judith originated by Judith Jamison in a revival of Sophisticated Ladies. As a singer and lyricist she’s released singles in Europe and Japan. Francesca also recently worked as a ballet consultant for the feature film, “Black Swan,” by Oscar Nominated Director Darren Aronofsky, starring Natalie Portman, who went on to win an Oscar for her work.
Froswá Booker-Drew
Froswá is the owner of Soulstice Consultancy, an agency that provides consulting, technical assistance and training to businesses and nonprofit agencies.
Sometimes described by her friends as a Master Networker, Froswá, in her recent book has drawn from her experience and studies to put together 29 Rules of Engagement. She says these principles reveal how to develop relationships that will not only benefit your professional life but will also have a positive impact on your personal life.
G
Gail Archer
Gail is an internationally renowned concert organist and recording artist who just released her seventh solo album titled, The Muse’s Voice: A Celebration of Women Composers. It features works by today’s leading female composers. As one of the few female organists in a male dominated field, Gail serves as an advocate for female organists and composers. She says she’s on a mission to celebrate women organists and composers in liturgical music.
Gail is the chair of the music department at Barnard College, director of artist and young organ artist recitals at Central Synagogue, and concert organist at Vassar. She’s released such albums as J. S. Bach “The Transcendent Genius”, Mendelssohn in the Romantic Century, A Mystic in the Making – Olivier Messiaen, and Franz Liszt – A Hungarian Rhapsody. Known for her musicality and sensitivity and for giving her interpretations a visceral quality, she’s hailed for maximizing the organ’s colors and capabilities. According to the New York Times, she plays with a “sense of vulnerability and awe.”
Gary Sirak
Gary Sirak, author of “If Your Money Talked…What Secrets Would It Tell?” is president of Sirak Financial Services, Inc., a family owned business specializing in financial products and services. For more than 35 years, Gary has consulted with entrepreneurs to build, grow, and maintain their businesses and helped family owned companies ensure success across future generations.
Gary is all about budgets. He says it’s the only way to make financial decisions. He’s a strong proponent of the Rule Of 59 which basically says you can not spend 60 if you only make 59. He says the elevated self-esteem and sense of accomplishment of staying on goal and following a budget that his clients experience is outstanding! Gary also helped found a charitable movement known as Angels on the Street.
Gary C. Smith
Gary is the son of NAEIR founder, Norbert Smith. NAEIR is a nonprofit gifts-in-kind organization that facilitates the exchange of excess inventory between companies from across the United States and deserving schools, churches and nonprofit organizations. They get no government funding of any kind.
Gary has served on various non-profit boards including YMCA, the Galesburg Illinois Chamber of Commerce and Galesburg Cottage Hospital. He was the Chairman of the Galesburg Regional Economic Development Association from 2010 to 2012. In addition, Gary served as the Mayor of Galesburg, IL from 2005 to 2009.
Gautam Soparkar, MD
Dr. Soparkar is an internist and pulmonologist with clinical, research and teaching experience. He has served as a program director for medical residents and an examiner for the Medical Council of Canada and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. He is an adjunct professor at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada and a preceptor for the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry.
Besides having a busy practice, he teaches medical students and residents and also gives lectures about lung and sleep disorders for the public and healthcare professionals. His award-winning book on sleep apnea is raising awareness about this under-recognized and potentially dangerous condition and also supporting several worthy causes through on-site sales.
Dr. Gayle Carson
Gayle was born in Albany, NY and showed managerial promise even at the tender age of three. While performing a somersault in her first dance recital, Gayle’s crown suddenly fell off. Rather than finish the show without her full costume, she asked that the music be stopped so she could put her crown back on. The musicians complied and waited to continue until she said “OK! Let’s do it again.” Thus began her career as a “showstopping” entrepreneur.
Today, Gayle’s an expert advisor and coach to CEO’s and entrepreneurial managers around the world and holds a CSP (Certified Speaking Professional) and CMC (Certified Management Consultant), the highest designations in their respective fields. The first and only woman to serve as chair of one of the largest Better Business Bureaus and developer of the cable TV series “Business Today,” she has received numerous peer honors, is named to over 50 “Who’s Who” books and been featured in USA Today, the Wall St Journal, Newsweek, and on the Larry King radio show, ABC, NBC, CBS and Fox.
Gene Natali, Jr.
Gene is a Senior Vice President at C.S. McKee, L.P., a Pittsburgh based investment firm. He holds a bachelor’s degree in economics from Allegheny College, and an MBA with a concentration in finance from Carnegie Mellon University’s Tepper School of Business. He’s currently a Level III candidate for accreditation as a Chartered Financial Analyst.
Mr. Natali recently co-authored an investment guide entitled The Missing Semester. The guide provides practical financial advice and is targeted to recent high school and college graduates. It begins with the premise that your financial future is your responsibility, and that you cannot plan for or expect help. The Missing Semester is based on the principle of ownership–ownership of your own financial future.
Genevieve West
Genevieve is a wine-drinking, coffee-chugging, domestically-challenged wife and homeschool mom of three. She’s a relationship and dating consultant with an international clientele, helping couples and singles navigate the ups and downs of love. Her book, “It’s Your Fault You’re Single”, was released in 2013.
Giving birth to her first child at age 19 makes Genevieve uniquely equipped to discuss teen pregnancy and parenting. As a relationship consultant, she’s helped several families after they’ve received the news that their teen is pregnant, and has researched and blogged extensively on the topic.
Gina Faubert
Gina’s expertise in fitness & lifestyle coaching started over 15 years ago when she became determined to discover how to really inspire change for great health. Her on-going quest has lead her to become a certified Personal Trainer, Trained Pilates Teacher, Certified Yoga teacher, Certified Life Coach, Master NLP Practitioner, and BioSignature Practitioner. She also holds certifications in healing modalities like Thai massage, Reiki and Reflexology.
Gina has a reputation for being a catalyst who inspires people to undergo significant shifts in their life and to finally achieve their health goals. Gina is also the owner and founder of Serenity Valley Studio in Burlington, Ontario, a countryside wellness retreat integrating health and wellness services in a spa-like setting. Since opening Serenity Valley 10 years ago, Gina has dedicated her life to improving the well-being of everyone who visits.
Glen-Martin Swartwout, OD
Rev. Dr. Glen-Martin Swartwout graduated Magna Cum Laude with honors in Environmental Earth Sciences and Chemistry from Dartmouth College, and received his doctorate at the top of his class in Vision Science with honors in Optics as well as Leadership, being inducted into both Beta Sigma Kappa and the Gold Key Honor Societies at the State University of New York in Manhattan, where he trained at the largest outpatient vision clinic in the world.
He served as Editor, Vice President and President of the American Optometric Student Association serving 4000 international student doctor members. He is the author of over 50 professional papers, books, and software programs. His first professional office was in Tokyo, Japan, and he now lives at The Shire, a 90 acre plantation community in the Kingdom of Hawai’i.
Gray Scott
Gray is a futurist / techno-philosopher, speaker, artist and writer. He’s a contributing blogger and writer for The Futurist magazine, a professional member of The World Future Society and founder / editorial director of SeriousWonder.com the online futurist philosophy, technology and consciousness magazine based in NYC.
Gray is quickly becoming widely recognized as one of the most exciting, inspiring and controversial futurists of our time, speaking and writing on a variety of futuristic subjects including: Techno-Philosophy, Mind-to-Machine technologies, Artificial Intelligence and Cyborgs, Future Technologies, 3D and 4D Printing, Future Digital Consciousness, Wearable Technologies, Longevity, Digital Brain Preservation, Post Human Philosophy, Transhumanism, The Technological Singularity, Human Enhancement Economy, Digital Life Extension, Biomimetic Design, as well as Immortality and its future implications.
Dr. Greg Marcus
Greg is a recovering workaholic who helps the chronically overworked find life balance through his book, public speaking, and personal coaching. In his first incarnation, Dr. Greg was a research scientist, earning a Ph.D from MIT in molecular biology, followed by a research fellowship at Stanford. In his second incarnation, he spent nine years as a marketer in the genomics industry, managing breakthrough technology that helped revolutionize human genetics research.
For a time, he was working 90 hours a week, which impacted his personal health and family relationships. Then, he cut his working hours by a third, and at the same time accelerated his career. The secret? He rejected his corporate idolatry, and started putting people first. Two years after putting his life into balance, Dr. Greg left the corporate world to be a stay-at-home dad, speaker, coach, and author.
Greg Peterson
Greg is a green living and sustainability innovator sharing his passion about how to grow food in our cities. He created The Urban Farm, an environmental showcase home in the heart of Phoenix, which he opens periodically for tours and classes. Having grown food in Phoenix for over four decades, Greg is well-versed in urban sustainability and food production. The Urban Farm features an entirely edible landscape, including over 85 fruit trees, rainwater and greywater harvesting, three solar applications, and extensive use of reclaimed and recycled building materials.
Greg has a master’s degree in Urban and Environmental Planning (MUEP) in December 2006 from Arizona State University where he now teaches a class called Sustainable Food and Farms. He’s on the board of directors for Native Seed/SEARCH, has worked as a teacher of their Seed School and co-developed a 200 hour online Urban Farming Curriculum.
Gwenyfar Rohler
Gwenyfar is privileged to manage her family’s iconic independent bookstore, Old Books on Front St., in Wilmington, NC. In 2010 the bookstore’s location was condemned and over 300 people showed up to move them to storage until the store could reopen in a new location. “It was like living in the final scene from ‘It’s A Wonderful Life’.” Since 2009, she’s enjoyed writing the “Live Local” Column for Encore Magazine, the Cape Fear’s Alternative Newspaper.
The column looks at the economic choices that we make as individuals in our daily lives and the relationship those decisions have to larger economic issues.
H
Harlan Stueven, MD
Before graduating Summa Cum Laude, Dr. Stueven was accepted into Medical School at 20 years of age and became an USAF medical officer at the age of 22.
His training in the then emerging specialties of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology (poison management) set the stage for his award winning professional career contributions in medical teaching, research, writing, speaking, digital reference materials and emergency department management.
His latest career contribution is the development of DiningGrades.com, an online public oriented restaurant grading system poised to improve restaurant food safety practices. While he has spent most of his life stamping out disease and saving lives, he believes DiningGrades.com has the greatest potential to “change the world”.
Heather Hans
Heather is a mystical healer of loving energy for the heart, mind, body and soul. She is a licensed social worker, psychotherapist, and a teacher of love. She left a successful career as a Certified Public Accountant and University Lecturer to pursue her passion of sharing the healing powers of love.
Heather has a zest for wellness, self-development, and universal harmony, which she has nurtured through 15 years of studying holistic healing and relationship-building. She holds master’s degrees in Social Work, and in Business Administration; and a certificate in Holistic Health. She is a Certified Professional Intuitive Coach and Certified Law of Attraction Advanced Practitioner.
Heather facilitates health and healing on all levels to create total wellbeing and lead people to experiencing more love in their hearts. She uses her expertise in the mind-body-spirit connection to empower people to resolve physical and emotional conflicts and discover the importance of thoughts, feelings and actions in achieving their goals.
Heather Martinez
The old Heather used to weigh 320+ pounds. After she lost 185 lbs, fitness became her passion. She started taking group fitness classes and then became a certified group fitness instructor.
In May 2013, Heather started her own women only fitness company called Camp Miss Fit. She wants to help women of all shapes and sizes fulfill their fitness potential, both physically and mentally. She says losing the physical weight is only part of the equation. Until you change your mindset, you will continue your old patterns and habits. She says you have to create a new identity as a powerful and strong woman.
Helene Segura
Author, speaker and productivity expert Helene Segura helps stressed out folks regain control of their chaotic living and working spaces by teaching clients how to understand their core issues causing disorganization and thereby prevent it in the future. She was one of the first professional organizers in South Texas to earn the prestigious Certified Professional Organizer® designation.
Helene is on the trailblazing team providing organizing help online at The Clutter Diet. She has been a featured organizing expert in publications such as Woman’s Day Magazine, as well as on Fox, CBS, and NBC affiliates. Helene is the author of Less Stress for Teachers: More Time & An Organized Classroom, as well as ROAD MAP to Get Organized: Discover Your Thinking, Learning & Working Styles to Get Your Life Back on Track.
Hilarie Cash, PhD
Dr. Cash, has worked in the emerging field of Internet and video game addiction for 20 years. She’s a co-founder of reSTART, Internet Addiction Recovery Program, the first program for adults suffering from Internet and video game addiction in the USA or Canada. This program was opened in 2009. In 2008 she co-authored the book Video Games and Your Kids: How Parents Stay in Control.
Her mission is to help people understand how we can call this problem a true addiction, how overuse of digital media can negatively impact child development and all family relationships, what mental health professionals need to know in order to identify and treat the problem and what institutions should consider when thinking about public education, research funding and educational policies. She says we cannot live without digital technology, but we can and must learn how to make it a healthy part of a balanced life; not something which takes over our lives.
I
Ilene Barth
Ilene is a veteran journalist, author and book publisher. She’s been lucky enough to spend significant time with major newsmakers in the arts and sciences as well as politics, but as a columnist she has just as often spoken out for the powerless and the homeless. Nowadays, she’s the founder and creative director of Red Rock Press.
10 years ago, Ilene quit smoking shortly after being diagnosed with lung cancer. She said she didn’t have a single symptom at the time of her diagnosis. She says stopping was very difficult, especially in a high stress time such as the one she was in after receiving her diagnosis. Fortunately she survived the experience. She wants smokers (and ex-smokers) to know that while smoking cessation almost immediately drastically lowers one’s risk for stroke and heart disease, the risk for lung cancer remains high for a long time thereafter. The good news is that an early-detection test is now recommended for smokers and ex-smokers at high-risk of lung cancer. Unfortunately, too few doctors recommend this and the public is largely unaware of this.
Ira Pastor
Ira has 25 years of experience across multiple sectors of the pharmaceutical industry including pharmaceutical commercialization, biotech drug development, managed care, distribution, OverTheCounter, and retail.
He says that during 2012, we surpassed $6 trillion in total annual healthcare expenditures around the globe, close to a $1 trillion of which was spent on pharmaceutical products. That same year, an additional $200 billion was spent globally on new life science research and development. That’s quite a bit of money. Despite this, we witnessed a rise in the prevalence of almost all chronic degenerative diseases responsible for human suffering and death, as well as an on-going growth and aging of the population.
Which leads us to the inescapable questions: Where has the current approach gone wrong, and where are the cures for disease?
Ivelisse Page
Ivelisse is the Executive Director and Co-Founder of Believe Big. Diagnosed with stage 4 colon cancer at the age of 37, she overcame the 8% two-year survivorship rate without the use of chemotherapy and is 5 years cancer free. After facing, fighting and overcoming cancer, she was compelled to reach out to patients facing similar challenges with hope, help and healing. Ivelisse and her husband, Jimmy, established Believe Big in 2011 to help families navigate their own cancer journey by connecting them to tools, resources and physicians.
In 2014, Believe Big and Johns Hopkins Hospital will launch a ground-breaking clinical trial that brings together the complementary and conventional medical communities in the fight to cure cancer.
J
J F Garrard
J F is the President of Dark Helix Press, an Indie publisher of Multicultural Fantasy, Science Fiction and Raw Non-Fiction. She is the author of a successful Kickstarter book project, “The Undead Sorceress: Volume 1 of the International House of Vampires” series. Her journey of writing and starting a company began when she became frustrated with waiting for an imaginary fantasy book which mixed Eastern & Western mythologies.
The mission of her books and her company is to increase awareness of diversity issues and to break down cultural stereotypes. She says there is one human race and we should share our stories without fear. Her background is in Nuclear Medicine and she holds a MBA degree. She volunteers at a number of fantasy, sci-fi and Japanese animation conventions throughout the year.
Jack Giambanco
On a hot summer night in 2012, an amazing thing happened to Jack. He says he had a dream of people united, playing and having fun. People of all races and creeds were tossing and wearing this little glowing light. This vision was in direct contrast to the negative direction he felt the world might be headed; a direction that was totally opposite to the way he says he was raised.
He says, in his dream, he felt that simple childhood feeling again. He says it moved him, deep inside and he embarked upon a mission where he’s been spending 14+ hours a day for over a year to make this dream come true. One day, he finally cracked the code and the concept of Friendship Lights was born.
James Donaldson
James Donaldson is a 1979 graduate of Washington State University. After an outstanding basketball career with WSU, he went on to play professional basketball in the NBA with the Seattle Supersonics and 4 other teams. He also played for several teams in the European Leagues in Spain, Italy, and Greece, and he toured with The Harlem Globetrotters to wrap up his career. James was an NBA All-Star in 1988. In 2006, he was inducted into the Pac-10 Sports Hall of Fame and also the Washington State University Athletic Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was elected as a board member for the NBA Retired Players Association. In 2010, James was the recipient of the NBA Legends of Basketball ABC Award, awarded for outstanding contributions in Athletics-Business-Community.
James established The Donaldson Clinic in January 1990 (shortly after a career-threatening knee injury) with the idea that he would eventually become a physical therapist. He’s a strong advocate for Women & Minority owned businesses and is very involved with various Chambers of Commerce. He also serves as a coach for other small business owners. In 2009, James was a candidate for the office of Mayor for the City of Seattle. He had a strong fourth place finish in a crowded field of eight candidates. It was the first time James ran for an elected office in the world of politics, and he continues to work closely with several elected officials in regards to politics, youth, and educational issues in Seattle.
Currently, James is a director in China with the China Service Center for Friendship and Cooperation with Foreign Countries Studying Abroad Department in which he assists in helping students with various study abroad and cultural exchange programs.
Jan Patenaude, RD CLT
Jan is a Consultant Dietitian, Certified LEAP (Lifestyle, Eating and Performance) Therapist, Speaker and Freelance Writer. With 36 years experience in Medical Nutrition Therapy and nutrition consulting, her special expertise is in the emerging field of delayed food sensitivity testing and therapy.
She has helped thousands of patients with inflammatory conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Crohn’s disease, MS, arthritis and more go from very ill to well, pain free and off medications with the LEAP Diet protocols based on MRT blood testing.
As Director of Medical Nutrition for Oxford Biomedical Technologies, she is changing the face of dietetics, by helping more than 1000 other dietitians learn how to implement the LEAP Diet protocols to help their clients.
Janet Hollander
Janet is a Gerontologist, author, exercise leader, wellness educator, and a First Degree Black Belt instructor of the Nia Technique. She joined the Nia Technique Training faculty in 2012. She’s presented workshops at national conferences in many states and teaches ongoing classes in Eugene/Springfield, OR in the Nia Technique, Chair-based fitness, and In-the-Chair Yoga. Her book, Chair Masters – Ideas for Older Adult Seated Exercise is the basis for group leader training programs and individual use. There’s also a companion video to the program.
For most of her life, Janet has personally used dance as a way to exercise and clarify her feelings at the same time. To satisfy her own curiosity and growth, she studied many movement traditions including ballet, folk, creative, and modern dance, judo, Tai chi, Aikido, and yoga. When she began studying the Nia Technique, she was excited to realize it incorporated so many elements of her own personal curriculum.
Janice Holly Booth
Janice is a lifelong equestrienne and avid solo traveler. For more than 20 years, she dedicated her life to the non-profit world, working in service of children as the Executive Director of Classroom Central in Charlotte, NC; as CEO of the Pioneer Girl Scout council in North Carolina; and as Executive Director for the arts-in-education organization, Young Audiences of Western New York. Her occasional travel series in the Gaston Gazette entitled On Adventure with Janice Booth, has inspired many of her readers to summon up the courage to have adventures of their own.
She’s also an accomplished photographer and writer, and has published two books. Her first, Only Pack What You Can Carry (National Geographic), shares Janice’s experiences with solo travel and the epiphanies she experienced along the way. She says traveling alone changed her. It changed the way she looks at life and her future. She says every adventure and misadventure made her more resilient and more capable of handling upsets in her day to day life.
Jason Kurtz
Jason is a psychoanalyst in private practice in Manhattan, He is the Director of Training at a Psychoanalytic Training Institute called The Training Institute for Mental Health. He’s a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and works with adults, many of whom have suffered trauma.
He’s written a memoir called Follow The Joy, which describes his personal story. When he was 27, Jason was dissatisfied with his life and with himself. He says he wanted to be fulfilled, both personally and professionally, but had no idea how to do this or even what would satisfy him.
So, he bought a one-way ticket to India. He had no itinerary and no knowledge of the sub-continent. He says this was intentional, as he didn’t want his rational mind to guide him, but wanted to be forced to follow his intuition. Jason says he was led from one experience to another – meditation, teaching English to Tibetan monks, volunteering at the Mother Theresa Homes for the Destitute and Dying – and ultimately learning how he wanted to live his life.
Dr. Jason Levine
Dr. Levine is a licensed Clinical Psychologist and President and Executive Director of The Source Health and Wellness Treatment Center in Los Angeles. Through his work in the field of addiction, he could no longer ignore the devastating impact that nicotine addiction continues to inflict on the health of individuals and society. He’s determined to offer the most cutting edge treatment for nicotine addiction available today.
Dr. Levine was trained at the Mayo Clinic in their Tobacco Specialist Training Program and he has since created a one week intensive nicotine addiction program (one of only three in the country) as well as a one month outpatient program. He’s been providing expert clinical treatment and administrative oversight to a myriad of cutting edge programs for over twenty years.
Dr. Jean Logan
Jean is an ordained minister of Universal Light Church. She has a doctorate in Holistic Nutritional Healing and is president of Holy Ground Farm, Inc., a nonprofit that provides services to indigenous children. Holy Ground Farm has 58 acres of donated land in the mountains of western North Carolina that is intended for the home of a wellness and education center for special needs children.
She has an extensive knowledge of many types of energy healing. She’s the author of “Unlocking the Power of Glyphs” (now in over 50 countries) and just released “Sacred Symbols of Light” with all profits dedicated to provide opportunities for needy children.
Jeanine Swatton
Jeanine is a Senior Lecturer/Adjunct Professor at UCSC Extension in Silicon Valley teaching Computer Science Courses. In addition to teaching she is a Software Product Manager and iPhone/iPad app developer. She holds a Master’s Degree in Computer Science from Boston University and a Graduate Certificate in Cybersecurity from the University of Maryland.
Jeanine is an advocate of STEM programs in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. As part of her advocacy, she provides free classes for students (grades 9-12) teaching them how to program their own apps.
She’s also working on a startup with a 13 year old middle school student to build an iPhone app. Her goal is to inspire kids and to let them know that they too can become an entrepreneur and engineer.
Jeanne McAlister
Jeanne is the Chief Executive Officer of McAlister Institute. She has consistently advocated for responsive and needed services and developed prototypes for substance abuse recovery services that could be replicated by others. For example, McAlister Institute was among the first organizations in the nation to develop a residential program for women and children, the first in San Diego County to help pregnant addicts become clean so that their children could be “born free,” and the first to create a social model detox. Her work with women and children brought her the opportunity to become a national advocate and spokeswoman, appearing on Geraldo Rivera, The Oprah Winfrey Show, and Sally Jessy Raphael’s television programs to discuss women’s and children’s service needs. She has over 2,000 hours of advanced professional training and is a State Certified Substance Abuse Counselor.
Jeet Banerjee
Jeet is a serial entrepreneur, digital marketing consultant, author, public speaker, and startup advisor. He found his passion for entrepreneurship at the age of 17 when he started a multimedia agency while in high school. He would go on to grow this business to 15+ employees before selling the business two years later.
From there, Jeet has launched a handful of startup companies through which he has been able to impact hundreds of thousands of people. He’s the co-founder of StatFuse, Vintelli and Visionary Media Group. He also consults with startups and small businesses to generate more revenue through the internet. He’s also an established public speaker that has shared his message across the world while most recently delivering a TEDx talk.
Jeet says he’s passionate about changing the world by pushing dreamers to become doers. He’s published a best-selling course on Udemy and is soon publishing his second book where he shares how he has been able to achieve massive success in the last few years.
Jeff Gitterman
Jeff is the award winning financial advisor and CEO of Gitterman & Associates Wealth Management. He is also the co-founder of Beyond Success – a consulting company that blends socially responsible ideas with the world of business and finance.
In 2004, Jeff was honored by Fortune Small Business Magazine as “One of Our Nation’s Best Bosses,” and his first book, Beyond Success; Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity, was published by The American Management Association (AMACOM).
In the past, he has been featured in Money Magazine, CNN, The Wall St. Journal, AM New York, Financial Advisor, Transformation Magazine, London Glossy, Affluent Magazine and the New Jersey Business Journal, among many others.
Jeffrey Gignac
Jeffrey was one of the youngest people in North America to be certified as a practitioner of Neuro-Linguistic Programming at the age of 15. He studied psychology and at the University of Windsor for 4 years before becoming a clinical hypnotherapist and licensed Master Practitioner of Neuro-Linguistic Programming, and a World Renowned expert in brainwave entrainment and brainwave stimulation.
He’s the creator of popular programs such as the Perfect Sleep System, The Achievement Blueprint, Goal Factory and Brain Fitness for Busy People. Having created nearly 100 acclaimed meditation and brainwave programs, it’s no surprise that Jeffrey is considered, by today’s top thought leaders, as one of the leading creators and innovators of brainwave stimulation technology.
Jeffrey Tinsley
Jeff is the Founder and CEO of MyLife.com. He’s a serial Internet entrepreneur. Prior to launching MyLife, he was a Founder and CEO of GreatDomains.com, founder and Chairman of RealtyTracker, and Founder and Chairman of MediaPass. Since starting MyLife (originally as Reunion.com) in 2002, Jeffrey’s direction has helped the company grow to over 67 million members and become one of the most visited sites on the web. He was named an Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in 2009.
MyLife.com helps people manage their digital life, all in one place. With personal information scattered across the Internet, MyLife.com’s online Identity Manager gathers public and private data, empowering users to take control of their identity as they see fit.
Jenna Edwards
On July 16th, 2003 Jenna’s life would be forever changed while buying oranges at the Santa Monica Farmer’s Market. It was there that she was struck in the now infamous “Farmer’s Market Crash” which left 10 people dead and 64 with serious injuries, both physical and mental.
On that horrific day, a car going sixty miles an hour came crashing through the outdoor market sending tables, debris and people flying through the air. One of those tables flew at Jenna like a bullet pinning her to the ground and knocking all the joy and life out of her body with a giant jolt.
She struggled with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) so severe it sent her into flashbacks that caused her to pass out daily. She didn’t sleep for eight months and ended up in a hospital psychiatric ward. She couldn’t read, struggled to remember common words and stuttered when she talked. Her joy was gone and she thought her life was over.
But, Jenna persisted and rebuilt her life and is now living out her dreams in beautiful Burbank, CA where she has started a company called Scrapbook Rehab. Jenna uses scrapbooking as a goal setting tool. Her mission is to help people realize their potential and just go for it.
Jenna Hollenstein
Jenna says that 10 years ago, alcohol took up a lot of her mental real estate. She says she used it for many of the same reasons other people drink – to relax, to celebrate, to connect with others – but she worried that her relationship with alcohol was problematic. She began to explore this question by speaking to friends, family, and a wise therapist. At the time, she says she thought she had two options: identify as an alcoholic and quit drinking, or not identify as an alcoholic and keep on drinking. But eventually, she began asking herself more subtle questions: did she really need alcohol to relax and to celebrate? What was she missing as a result of her drinking? What would it be like to experience difficult emotions without the predictable anesthesia of alcohol? What was she not doing as a result of her drinking?
She says she realized that even if she wasn’t an alcoholic, alcohol was detracting from her life in subtle, yet important ways. 6 years ago, she decided to remove the distraction of alcohol from her life. Since then, her life has changed dramatically. For the last several years, she’s blogged about this choice, about the difficult early days of sobriety, and eventually about discovering meditation, which has helped her to become more patient, resilient, and kind toward herself and others.
Jennifer Maggio
Jennifer is an award-winning author and speaker, whose personal journey through homelessness, abuse, and multiple teen pregnancies is gaining the attention of audiences around the globe. At 19, Jennifer was pregnant for the fourth time, living in government housing on food stamps and welfare. She shares with great openness her pain, mistakes, and journey.
Ultimately, she became an 11-time Circle of Excellence winner in Corporate America for a prominent Fortune 500 Company. She left her corporate successes behind to launch a global initiative to see single moms living a life of total freedom from financial failures, parenting woes, and emotional issues. Her passion is contagious and her story has been used to inspire millions around the globe.
Jennifer has been featured in countless media venues in print, television, and radio. In addition to being a busy wife and mother of three, she is CEO and Founder of The Life of a Single Mom Ministries and Overwhelmed: The Single Moms Magazine. She is a columnist with Single Parents Town, Bizy Moms, iBelieve, Crosswalk, and others.
Jenny Giblin
Jenny is a 29 year old Therapist, Hot Yoga Instructor and Nutrition Coach. She’s recently been featured as a Health & Wellness expert in Glamour, Real Simple, Forbes, the NY Post, the NY Times and the Dr. Oz show. She earned her masters degree in Marriage and Family therapy from Syracuse University. While in graduate school, she had the opportunity to move to Hawaii, where she immersed herself in learning about Yoga, Integrative Nutrition, and the Power of Positive Thinking. Jenny began using these complementary forms of treatment, and coined the term “therapize” to describe it.
Upon returning to NY to finish grad-school, Jenny became additionally certified as a nutrition coach and yoga instructor. She’s traveled to Costa Rica, Mexico, Aruba, and Bonaire for her health and wellness retreats and is currently planning her next Therapize retreat in Hawaii!
Jerome Kitzke
Jerome may live in New York City, but he grew up along the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan in Milwaukee, where he was born in 1955. Since his first work in 1970, he’s thought of himself as a storyteller as much as a music composer. Some of the stories he tells through his music are about life’s personal roads, like The Redness of Blood and Sunflower Sutra, which both express his love for his blood family. Many, however, like Box Death Hollow and the soon to be released, The Paha Sapa Give-Back are about what it means to be an American late in the 20th Century, especially as it relates to the connection between how we live on this land and the way we came to live on it.
Jerome’s music celebrates American Vitality in its purest forms. It thrives on the spirit of driving jazz, Plains Indian song, and Beat Generation poetry, where freedom and ritual converge. It is direct, dramatic, and visceral — always with an ear to the sacred ground. He composes for and performs with his ensemble group, The Mad Coyote.
Jeselle Eli
Jeselle is CEO & Founder of Extraordinary Living International, a training and development company with the mission to help people create a life worth living.
She says that everything you have dreamed of is only a step away. Through a variety of coaching resources to help you achieve results in everything you do, Jeselle guarantees that once you are committed to your future, with clarity, radical action and the power of the universe, the life you are dreaming of will become more of a reality.
Jeselle believes that success is different for everyone, and by first acknowledging that, it makes it easier to know where you are going and what it takes to get there.
Jill Blakeway
Jill is a licensed and board certified acupuncturist, clinical herbalist, and an empathic and intuitive practitioner of Chinese medicine. She is also an author and speaker who’s based in New York City where she founded and runs one of the largest acupuncture practices in the US, the YinOva Center.
Jill’s work, helping women achieve a healthy pregnancy, inspired the New York Times to call her one of the city’s top acupuncturists and a “fertility goddess”. She wrote her first book Making Babies: A Proven 3 – Month Program For Maximum Fertility, along with a Reproductive Endocrinologist. It’s based on a Chinese medical fertility program developed at the YinOva Center, combined with conventional medical advice from her co-author, Dr. Sami S. David.
Jill’s second book, Sex Again: Recharging Your Libido, grew out of her clinical practice and in response to couples asking for advice about how to revitalize their sex lives. In this book Jill explores some of the ancient Taoist texts looking for ancient solutions for her very modern patients.
Jill speaks often about natural medicine on TV and radio and was the first acupuncturist to give a TED talk at TEDGlobal in 2012.
Jill Gurr
Jill graduated from Boston University with a Bachelors degree in Broadcasting and Film. She worked for 25 years in the film industry as a Script Supervisor and a Screenwriter on international productions with famous actors and directors. Jill founded a nonprofit called Create Now in 1996 and serves as its Executive Director. Create Now serves vulnerable children ages 2-21 with therapeutic programs in literary arts, visual arts, performing arts, such as theatre and dance, and music arts like guitar and music recording & production. Kids who have been abused, neglected, homeless, incarcerated and dealing with other challenges learn to express themselves in a positive manner versus the destructive ways that they have in the past.
She’s also published a book, Mentor Youth Now: A Guidebook For Transforming Young Lives, which covers all aspects of mentoring, from the basics, to setting boundaries, teaching life skills and how to end a mentoring relationship.
Jim Craig
Coming into the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the Soviet Union ice hockey juggernaut had long dominated the sport in Olympic and international competition. In the Olympics, it won the gold medal in 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1976. The Soviet team that would compete at the Lake Placid games was widely regarded as unbeatable and the easy favorite to win yet another gold medal.
Not much was expected of the USA hockey team.
But the USA team and its coach, Herb Brooks, arrived at Lake Placid believing they could shock the critics and experts, and that they could upend history. They believed they could compete with and even … maybe … just maybe …beat the Soviet Union. They had the audacity and confidence to believe they could win Olympic gold. A primary reason for this audacious optimism was that in goal for the USA was Jim Craig.
The rest is history . . .
Jim Dailakis
Australian Greek actor/writer/comedian Jim Dailakis has been touring the USA for the last 15 years headlining in major comedy clubs including Caroline’s, Standup New York, Broadway and The Laugh Factory all in New York City. He’s also performed at The Borgata in Atlantic City and 44 of the 50 states in the USA.
He headlines worldwide as a standup comedian in Australia, the Edinburgh Comedy Festival in the UK, and The Pilandri International Comedy Festival in Australia, the Montréal Comedy Festival, Cayman Islands and all across Canada. Jim also headlines and performs for English-speaking Greek communities around the world. He just finished a 53 city tour across Canada in sold-out 2000+ seat theaters.
His performances have earned him standing ovations and adoration from audiences across the world.
Jim Fannin
Jim is an international life strategist, mental coach, educator, author, consultant and motivational speaker with more than 35 years of experience.
He’s the world’s #1 Coach of Champions having coached more champion pro-sports athletes than anyone. He’s more than a life coach; he’s a “change your life” coach. His thought management system EMPOWERS people to SWIFTLY “be the best they can be” without inconvenience. Period!
Jim is also a highly sought-after motivational speaker as well as a prolific author and creator of numerous audio and video programs.
Jim Hanophy
Jim is a passionate animal advocate with more than 30 years of experience working with nonprofits. As the chief executive officer of Operation Kindness – the oldest and largest no-kill animal shelter in North Texas – Jim oversees day-to-day operations, supports animal rights legislation, identifies and cultivates fundraising opportunities, and serves as the public face of the organization. Under his leadership, the Operation Kindness staff and volunteers care for an average of 300 animals at the shelter per day, with an additional 100 animals living in the organization’s foster home network.
Jim’s actively involved in the community, having coached youth and adult soccer and youth basketball for more than 30 years. He also sat on the editorial board for the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation and served as the president of the Council of State Administrators for Vocational Rehabilitation.
Jim Stevens
Jim joined the Army at age 17. After being wounded and reaching the rank of platoon sergeant, he was honorably discharged in 1979. His combat wound was an enemy bullet to the head. It left him with severe migraine headaches.
Then in a single day, his world totally collapsed. In 1993, he suffered a migraine so severe it led to a stroke. Waking up in a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital, the surgeon solemnly told him that his vision was all but gone.
Twenty-three years after being shot in the head he was suddenly and legally blind, with only two degrees of vision remaining in both eyes. This is the story of how Jim changed his life after that time and has gone on to change the lives of others.
Jme Thomas
Jme says that from the time she was 5 years old, she knew she wanted to have a store where she sold things that she made, and where other people could sell theirs.
However, as loving parents often do, she was encouraged to pursue a different route. After many twists and turns over the years, Jme got into animal rescue. She had been fostering animals for a year or so and decided to start her own rescue.
Thus, the Motley Zoo was born! The zoo has grown leaps and bounds since then. They’ve just rescued their 1000th pet and have over 100 volunteers.
Joan Porte
Joan started “playing” with astrology when she was in grammar school. She says she always had a fixation with the planets – Pluto being her favorite – and yes, she says Pluto is still a planet to her!
When she grew up and went out into the “real” world, Joan put her astrology “toys” away – sadly convinced that it was time to do more important things. She says the universe woke her up in her mid thirties and she began an intensive study of Western astrology.
Joan says modern man has lost the art of appreciating and reading the stars as messengers. Humanity has disconnected from its source and consequently suffers emotionally, spiritually and physically. She says each person is born with a map – a soul map – that is his or her astrological chart. She says it’s a map through the maze of life that shows the karma we need to balance and our soul’s desire for a life that leads to enhanced soul growth.
Jodi O’Donnell-Ames
After losing her young husband to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (often referred to as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), Jodi got busy changing the world.
She started Hope Loves Company, the ONLY non-profit in the U.S. that supports the children of ALS patients. Hope Loves Company is committed to helping the children and grandchildren of ALS patients. Her first book, The Stars that Shine, a children’s book, was published in April 2013.
Jody Long
Jody is an attorney licensed in Washington, New Mexico, Louisiana and the Navajo Nation. She’s been the webmaster of Experience Research Foundation for 13 years. The foundation has three websites devoted to different aspects of consciousness: 1) www.nderf.org Near Death Experience Research Foundation (NDERF) which studies Near Death Experiences (NDEs) around the world; 2) www.adcrf.org After Death Communication Research Foundation (ADCRF) which studies After Death Communications (ADCs) around the world; and 3) www.oberf.org Out of Body Experience Research Foundation (OBERF) which studies all other consciousness experiences that are not an NDE or ADC. People come to the websites to help deal with the grief of losing a loved one or to help them accept their own death.
Jody says they have at least half a million hits on NDERF per month and about one quarter to one third of that traffic is non-English, so they’re having a global impact on the world bringing the message of love, hope and peace to the world.
Johanna Carroll
Since the age of ten, Johanna’s had a unique connection with the world of Spirit. She transitioned from a financial management position in corporate health care to being a full-time spiritual counselor, mentor and metaphysical teacher. She’s a published author and has been a TV and radio personality for over 30 years with an international following. She’s featured in 3 TV specials on spirituality in Japan, Canada and the United States.
She’s a radio host for Dialogue with Divinity on the Community Listening Network and has recently published her fourth book, The Lost Art of Loving. Inspired following two emergency heart surgeries in 2013, this book is a compilation of ancient pearls of wisdom and new spiritual teachings. This dynamic and fun book is intended to guide and return the reader to viewing love and life with a new set of spiritual glasses.
John Egnatis and Anthony Natale
When John Egnatis was 13 years old, he took a summer job as a dishwasher in a restaurant downtown, near where his father worked as a trade furrier. On the daily drives to and from downtown that summer, John’s father gave him civic and architecture lessons by never taking the same route twice and continually describing how the city had changed due to municipal initiatives and market forces. That experience sparked a curiosity in John about land, commerce and architectural design that continues to burn bright today.
Anthony’s father, Nick, was a successful homebuilder in Canada, and some of Anthony’s earliest memories are on job sites. He began working for his father at the age of five, sweeping out basements and gathering scrap metal to recycle into additional funds. Alongside his father, Anthony learned the homebuilding trade, the importance of staying grounded, and the value of hard work and discipline. Anthony attended the University of Toronto, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in engineering and a specialization in geophysics.
As the principals behind Grenadier Homes, a company doing much charity work, John and Anthony incorporate these ideals in every home they build. In Italy, craftsmen are revered for their attention to detail. They say the Grenadier Way is to focus on the details. This maximizes beauty and minimizes problems, keeping warranty costs low and enabling customer satisfaction.
John McAdam
John McAdam helps ordinary people become entrepreneurs, and helps entrepreneurs, business owners, and CEOs become successful.
His soon to be released book, The One-Hour Business Plan, helps readers find-within themselves-the tools they need to step out of frustration and start moving forward with a concrete business plan.
John is a “been there, done that” hired CEO and serial entrepreneur with decades of real-world experience in both private and public companies and an MBA from the Wharton School. John is also an instructor in strategic business planning at the Wharton Small Business Development Center.
Dr. John “Jack” Pesda
Dr. John L. “Jack” Pesda has been a history and political science professor at Camden County College in New Jersey for more than 40 years. For the last several years, he also has been the director of the Center for Civic Leadership and Responsibility, for which he organizes lecture series and other programming – many with a history theme.
Dr. Pesda has a B.S. in History and Secondary Education from Bloomsburg University, an M.A. in Russian History from Kent State University and a Ph.D. in Russian History and Economics from Kent State University.
John Salat
John has successfully published nationwide as a Zen multi-media artist of meditative medium on the influence of Chi. His creative meditative music, tranquil paintings, and Zen architecture, all reflect living eastern principles which he brings into teaching many courses on vitalizing our life energy.
As a certified transformational leader, John utilizes actual life energy experiences to educate people about the living force that surrounds us. His clients include well-known actors, producers, writers, politicians and holistic health practitioners, both in the U.S. and abroad. As a certified Chi Master he has led many effective communication seminars teaching these living principles. Above all, he says he’s passionate about the influence this energy has on people’s quality of life, and he enjoys sharing these rediscovered treasures of ancient teachings with others.
Pastor John Wiley
John is an unconventional pastor who teaches love and compassion through his passion to mentor and creatively show others how to see their cities differently. He demonstrates to young families a fresh and transparent approach to a traditional gospel message with relevance to embrace it at a heart level. He also equips Christians to recognize and engage the opportunities before them that they may have been missing on a daily basis.
John is an ordained Foursquare Pastor and is the current Divisional Superintendent for the Kansas City Metro Foursquare Division. In 2001, he and his family started River Church Family with 15 teenagers where he serves as the senior pastor. Today, the River Church Family has over 350 people. John is also the founder of River of Refuge, a non-profit, Kansas City based organization committed to help transition homeless families who have jobs from high-rent motels and shelters into permanent housing. Feeling responsible for the community he lives in, John Wiley is dedicated to improving the lives of those around him.
Jordan “Shelly” Lowe
In April 2011, Shelly was in a car accident that left her paralyzed from the chest and in a wheelchair. She was a senior in high school at the time, so she had to finish out high school while she was in the hospital. Shelly says she decided, from that point on, that she was going to continue living her life as she had planned it and that she wasn’t going to let the wheelchair stop her. She’s currently a Junior at Fairmont State University where she studies in the field of Psychology. She says that once she graduates, she plans on going to West Virginia University to get her Masters degree. Since her accident, Shelly’s been inspiring a number of people and showing them they can do anything, if they are willing to fight the obstacles.
In October 2013, she was honored with the title of Ms. Wheelchair WV USA where she will compete in the national pageant in July 2014 for a chance to be named Ms. Wheelchair USA. As part of the competition, she had to pick a platform that meant something to her to promote and speak on. Her platform is to promote awareness and to educate people on the importance of supporting people with disabilities (mental or physical), to help them keep their spirits up and to keep them from going down the wrong path.
Josephine Bila
Josephine Bila was diagnosed with Beta Thalassemia major, a severe, as yet, incurable genetic anemia, at the age of 6 months and that diagnosis has affected her life ever since.
She holds a Master of Social Work degree from New York University and works for the Food and Drug Administration as an Expert Patient Consultant and frequently blogs at JosephineBila.com ..
Josephine also owns her own practice as a Wellness Consultant and now speaks to audiences about how to achieve emotional wellness in times of ill health.
Josey Milner
Josey is a rodeo queen, a teen country music artist, and an anti-bullying advocate. She’s a spokesperson for the national non-profit organization known as Angels and Doves. She is helping to raise awareness and funds for the organization via her single, “Not Pretty Enough.”
The 17-year-old Josey Milner burst onto the international radio airwaves with her first release in September 2012, a cover version of Miranda Lambert’s “Dead Flowers.” The debut single from this Kansas City, MO native received airplay overseas in Belgium, Netherlands, Australia, UK, Austria, Germany, Denmark, Canada, Poland and Japan, while placing in the Top 10 of an internationally-recognized country music chart.
Josh Anderson
Josh is a certified fitness professional and owner and operator of Always Active Athletics. His training service and his website are geared toward helping people achieve their fitness and nutrition goals from the comforts of their own homes! He’s been seen in Shape, She Knows, Red Book Mag, iPhone Life and numerous other venues. He’s currently a contributing author for Natural News, The Active Times, Wellesse Supplements, and Answers.com. His true passion lies in getting people to take action in regards to their health!
Recently he launched the Fit Female Club which offers support, motivation, accountability, and instruction to women who want to take charge of their health! Encouraged by helping his own mother stay healthy, he strives to allow women everywhere the chance to connect and to empower themselves through their health!
Joy Huber
Joy is a stage four young adult cancer survivor and the best-selling author & founder of “Cancer with Joy.” She is an award-winning international speaker, Huffington Post blogger, individual coach, and songwriter.
Joy helps cancer patients and their support team (caregivers, spouse, family, friends, etc.) discover how to transform fear into happiness with resources, support, and en‘courage’ment. Joy is an inspiration, and her humor and positive energy ignites others to transform their experience with cancer.
Joy’s clients have included hospitals, churches, large companies and small business, the government, non-profits, colleges, and associations. Her “Cancer with Joy” program is highly sought-after by cancer treatment centers, hospitals, support groups, and survivor rallies.
Julia Sanfilippo
Julia earned a Master of Science in Traditional Oriental Medicine from Pacific College of Oriental Medicine in San Diego. She is certified and licensed by the California Acupuncture Board, designated a Diplomate in Oriental Medicine by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, is a nationally certified massage therapist by the National Certification of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork, and is a certified ART™ (Active Release Techniques) Total Body Provider.
She has a fundamental connection to the physical body and a great appreciation for overall health. Most importantly, she values balance in life: physically, emotionally, mentally, and spiritually. Her mission is to promote wellness through acupuncture, herbal medicine and massage therapy.
After the devastating fires in San Diego County in 2007, she volunteered acupuncture and massage to the evacuees and firefighters. Her love of treating athletes has led her to volunteer at many athletic activities.
Dr. Julie Bindeman
Dr. Julie says she’s driven to help people with their personal journeys to parenthood as a result of her own experiences. She says she knows the importance of being able to heal so that losses become PART of who we are, not ALL of who we are.
She graduated from George Washington University with a doctorate in clinical psychology. Starting in graduate school, she developed an interest in identity formation across the life span. She has worked in a variety of settings including outpatient mental health, private practices, schools, and Universities. In addition to her focus on reproductive psychology, Dr. Julie has taught at several universities including: Marymount, Johns Hopkins, and Loyola.
She provides professional consultation, delivers workshops, gives community talks, and writes. Dr. Julie is currently writing a book titled “Pregnancies Interrupted” and maintains several blogs focused on parenting and reproduction.
K
K S Brooks
K.S. Brooks has been writing for over thirty years. She penned her first book, a swashbuckling action-adventure based in 17th century France, when she was fifteen years old.
As the business world and health issues took up more of her energy, Ms. Brooks set her sights on moving West to an environment more suitable and affordable to a writing career. Since her relocation to the wilderness of northeastern Washington State, late in 2008, Ms. Brooks has created and released fourteen titles. In addition to her writing, Ms. Brooks is an award-winning photographer and poet.
In December of 2011, Ms. Brooks was recruited to assist in the start-up of Indies Unlimited, a website dedicated to the independent publishing community. She now serves as co- administrator and blog partner to the multi-author, multi-national, and award-winning site.
Karen Koenig
For over 30 years, Karen has been on a mission to get people to stop dieting and bingeing and start eating normally, that is, be to guided by the principles of appetite.
Karen’s an international author of four books (a fifth is due out in October 2013), a psychotherapist, an eating coach with a worldwide clientele, and a national speaker. Her expertise is the psychology of eating, the why and how, not the what of it.
More than half a life time ago, Karen learned how to stop dieting and bingeing, then returned to school to obtain a master’s degree in Social Work to counsel others. She maintain a healthy weight through following the rules of normal eating: 1) eating when she’s hungry, 2) choosing foods that satisfy her, 3) eating consciously, and 4) stopping when she’s full or satisfied.
Karen Wrolson
Karen dropped out of high school when she was 17. For several years, she bounced around doing odd things like cleaning houses and working at a 7-11. At the age of 23, she finally decided she was tired of cleaning people’s toilets and got her GED high school equivalency diploma. She says that didn’t change her life all that much. One week, she signed up for a workshop that actually paid people to go to it! During the workshop, they helped her write her resume and practice interviews. They encouraged her to consider going to college. She was shocked, as she thought she didn’t have the intellect to go to college. Well, they kept encouraging her and they helped her fill out a form for financial assistance. When she was approved for a loan, she decided to give college a try.
Zoom forward – She fell in love with college and now has a Master’s Degree in Counseling as well as a Master’s Degree in Education. During her professional career, she was approached to work with at-risk adolescents who were failing in school. Drawn to the opportunity, she spent the next 22 years working with many at-risk teenagers. They suffered from many things, including school anxiety, drug and alcohol use, depression, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, and parental abuse.
Katherine Eskovitz
Katherine began her career as a trial lawyer. A graduate of Yale Law School and Cornell University, Katherine practiced law for seventeen years as a federal prosecutor and partner in a national law firm before turning her courtroom skills and experience as a former speechwriter to writing for a new audience: children.
Katherine’s Have a Plan Books are the result of years of research on child development and brain science, collaboration with experts, and passion for photography. She speaks as a parenting educator and specialist on plan-based learning at schools across the country.
Katherine Wilemon
Katherine Wilemon is the President of The FH Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to raising awareness of and support for the under-diagnosed condition, Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH).
Katherine has dedicated the past four years to spreading word of FH and the possibilities for change across the US and Europe. She hopes to make a dent in the public policy surrounding the condition and raise support for those suffering with it.
Her expertise in business development, fundraising, and public speaking have been tremendous assets in the growth of her organization.
Kathleen Sachs
Kathleen is 62 years old, married for 28 years and currently volunteers at the local MSPCA and the Merrimack Valley Hospice program. She started her career as a social worker, with a masters degree in psychology and counseling, then transitioned into financial services. In 1991, she became a Certified Financial Planner (CFP).
Kathleen and her husband started volunteering at the MSPCA when her husband got laid off. Because they volunteered on Thanksgiving in 2011, they found a young dog who has now become a certified pet therapy dog. They spend several days a week visiting people who have been told they are terminally ill. Kathleen says becoming a hospice volunteer has allowed her to have meaningful conversations with people and their family members as they face death. She believes it’s an honor and a privilege to sit with people and listen to whatever they wish to talk about during those times.
Kathryn Starke
Kathryn is an urban elementary school reading specialist, literacy consultant, keynote speaker, and author. A native of Richmond, Virginia, Kathryn graduated from Longwood University with a BS degree in elementary education and a Master’s degree in Literacy and Culture. She’s taught first, second, and third grade and served as a literacy specialist for a decade in inner city/Title I schools in Richmond. Kathryn travels to schools and organizations throughout the nation presenting workshops in urban literacy education for children, parents, teachers, and administrators.
Kathryn serves as the founder/CEO of Creative Minds Publications (CMP), which exemplifies quality literacy instruction for all children. CMP publishes engaging and educational children’s literature.
Kathryn presents at reading and writing conferences throughout the nation and is a keynote speaker for many nonprofit organizations and events. She is a freelance educational writer for a variety of magazines including Education Digest. She was named one of the 50 Great Writers You Should Be Reading in 2012.
Kathy Gruver, PhD LMT
Kathy grew up in Pittsburgh and was a performer starting in the 5th grade. Once she got on stage, she swore she’d never leave. When Kathy was young, her mom got sick and died from a very rare form of cancer when Kathy was 18. While pursuing her degree in acting, Kathy met a woman who taught her that she was really talented as a massage therapist and at healing. She had the sense to listen to that woman and began pursuing healing at the same time as acting.
Along the way, she started her own massage practice, started studying more and began pursuing the Masters and PhD that she has now. She’s studied mind/body at Harvard, published a few books and has become an expert in health and wellness.
Kathy Laidlaw
In 2011, Kathy started GiveTeens20, a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation that works with High School students who may need help with their future focus and strategies. Her goal is to encourage and equip students to give themselves as many options as possible in school and/or career directions, along with other life lessons. They also provide guidance on how to choose and research potential paths by providing no-cost tools and resources to help students find their career ‘fit’.
GiveTeens20 is partnered with Safeway Stores, local Target management, and McDonald’s owners who accompany Kathy into the classroom and conduct the Interview Skills & Strategies part of the GiveTeens20 presentation. The goal for GT20 is to have a national scope so that they can work with the maximum number of students.
Kathy Mitro
Kathy says she believes the more good you put out, the more good you draw back to yourself. She also believes that every single act of kindness given out, no matter how small, changes the world for the better.
Kathy believes there is nothing more important than making sure everyone has enough to eat. As she says, we can totally eradicate all hunger in the United States by using all food that’s produced in this country rather than throwing a lot of it out as it loses freshness.
Kathy says there is enough edible food thrown away each day from large food establishments to feed every hungry man woman and child in the U.S. at no cost. She believes it’s time to pass laws that feed our hungry and save our environment at the same time.
Kathy Slattengren
Kathy, who has a Master’s degree in Counseling, first became interested in parent education as a teen when she took care of children while their parents attended Parents Anonymous meetings. These parents were working to stop abusing their children and Kathy saw the tremendous impact this abuse had on the children. However, it was when she had her own two children that she quickly learned how difficult parenting actually is. Kathy found herself wanting better skills for responding to her children’s behavior. Through hard work and experience, Kathy and her husband learned to confidently set limits on their children’s behavior, while spending a lot more of their time having fun with their kids.
Kathy then started teaching parenting classes and was thrilled when parents shared how these ideas were fundamentally changing their families for the better. She launched Priceless Parenting in 2007 and since that time has helped thousands of formerly frazzled families become happier, more harmonious people through her online classes, presentations and coaching.
Katie McDonald
Katie founded bnourished in 2011 in fulfillment of a vision to transform lives one mindful bite at a time. She’s a certified holistic health coach, raw food chef and instructor, trained at the Institute of Integrative Nutrition and the Natural Gourmet Institute; both in New York City. A member of the American Association of Drugless Practitioners and a certified Bach Flower Remedy practitioner, she brings real, life-tested solutions to clients ready to claim their birthright of exceptional health through whole food, mindfulness, movement and deliberate time management.
Over ten years ago, Katie’s successful corporate career and then motherhood occupied her every waking moment. She suffered from asthma, allergies, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, pneumonia, shingles and lung infections which left her depleted and depressed. The imminent threat of a compromised and shortened life span became the inspiration she needed to transform her relationship with her body and mind. She became empowered and emboldened to take responsibility for her own cure. Growing in her knowledge of alternative health and plant-based nutrition, she applied her education to her own life and has been disease-free for close to a decade. Well-versed in a wide range of wellness and nutritional practices, Katie empowers clients to become engaged partners in their own health.
Kelly Barrett
Kelly Barrett has studied acting with some of the best teachers in NYC. She got her start with Jason Bennett, then studied with Richard Scanlon who taught at Stella Adler for 10 years. She also works with Stephen Michaels who was a direct student of Lee Strasberg. Kelly is a big fan of Stanislavsky’s “The System” and the work of Eric Morris. She also uses Adler’s techniques in her film work. She grew up in Milford, CT where she studied dance at the Lee Lund Studio of Dance. At the age of 9, she was featured in Teen Magazine for a modeling competition and again at the age of 11.
In 2013, she took her career to another level and wrote “Before They Were Famous”. This is a feature comedy based on true shenanigans Kelly and her really smart friends get into to try to make it in the biz! While Kelly’s done a lot in her acting career, this interview focuses on one of Kelly’s personal accomplishments. After more than 10 years, she quit smoking!
Kelly Will
A New York City gossip girl, Kelly has written columns for The New York Times, The New York Post, The New York Daily News and Fox News. She’s media trained by Emmy award winning producer Bill McGowan and her television appearances include ABC News, MTV, VH1, Fox News and CNBC.
In 2013 & 2014, Kelly traveled across America in her greatest social experiment to date. For 365 days, she documented her daily adventures, making personal connections with thousands of people, staying with 164 host families and touring the 50 States. Today, Kelly continues to consult with Ford Motor Company and others while filling her spare time with the One Person, One Community, One Nation Movement.
Her focus is building a stronger personal and professional America with love for every citizen, employee and consumer. Kelly teaches connection and community across all: home, work and play. Her adventures in and out of the office reveal the best of the United States of America.
Kellyann Schaefer
A skilled, “multi-tasking” mother of four, Kellyann is the owner of Task Complete, a personal assistance, errand and concierge service. Initially, Kelly served many years as a Registered Nurse. During her tenure as a nurse, she honed her organizational skills and became adept at balancing a busy household while administering compassionate care to her patients.
She began witnessing an epidemic of burn out – burn out amongst not only nurses and medical professionals, but within her community as well. Too many people taking on too many responsibilities and leaving no time for themselves or their spouses. Many people not having someone to turn to for support or assistance. With this knowledge and devotion to serving and providing assistance to as many people as possible with core values of care and compassion, Task Complete was born. Her mission is to give families and busy professionals reliable and compassionate assistance so they can meet the demands of everyday life.
Ken Budd
Ken is the author of the critically-acclaimed memoir The Voluntourist-A Six-Country Tale of Love, Loss, Fatherhood, Fate, and Singing Bon Jovi in Bethlehem. Spurred by the sudden death of his father-and the realization that he’d never be a father himself-Ken volunteered around the world doing such things as working in New Orleans nine months after Hurricane Katrina and then teaching English at a rural elementary school in Costa Rica. After that, he worked at a special needs school in China, collected data for climate change researchers in Ecuador, assisted refugees in Palestine, and cared for orphans at a children’s home in Kenya. The Voluntourist tells the funny, emotional story of his volunteer journey.
Ken is donating all of his earnings from The Voluntourist to the organizations and places where he volunteered.
Ken Grey
Dr. Grey obtained his masters in both Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine from the Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine and enjoys being both a physician and an educator.
He has extensive experience in creative education, teaching those with special needs including individuals with Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Autism. His unique approach to holistic healing has taken him abroad to lecture in Germany and treat sports professionals in Hawaii and France and locally onsite at the Honda Classic as well as at his office where he is sought after by golfing and tennis greats.
Dr. Grey has lectured on Acupuncture, Qi Gong, Tai Qi, Reflexology and Women’s Health in relation to Traditional Chinese Medicine, Food Therapy and uses his experience in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine to collaborate with physicians of Western medicine in treating the whole patient. He’s been interviewed on several prime time news specials for his ground breaking efforts in the integration of holistic medicine and surgery along with his alternative successful treatments for arthritis. He has also co-authored several books on food therapy aptly named HEALTH in Balance. In addition, Dr. Grey has been featured on multiple Dr. Oz ABC Health Watch News segments.
Sergeant Kevin J. Conrad
Kevin is a Sergeant with the Pennsylvania State Police and is currently assigned to the Bureau of Gaming Enforcement. He is a 1996 graduate of the Pennsylvania State Police Academy. Throughout his State Police career, Kevin has been a Patrol Trooper, a Vice and Narcotics Trooper, a Patrol Corporal, a Patrol Sergeant, and the Office Commander at Parx Casino and Valley Forge Casino. He’s certified by the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office to conduct wiretaps and electronic surveillance. Kevin is also certified as a narcotics expert and as a money laundering expert in Pennsylvania Courts. Since 2004, Kevin has been Of Counsel at the suburban Philadelphia law firm of Hladik, Onorato & Pearlstine, LLP where he focuses his practice in the areas of corporate law, real estate law, start-ups and trusts & estates.
Kevin is also the Co-Founder and Chief Legal Officer of Gracious Fade, Inc., an internet start-up company, which specializes in digital time capsule services for first responders. He graduated from Bucknell University in 1995 with a B.A. in Political Science and from the Beasley School of Law at Temple University in 2003.
Kim Herbst
Once upon a time, Kim was a young artistic person who wanted to do something creative for her life’s work. So,,, she went to college and became a Graphic Designer. For the next 25 years she worked for various companies finally landing as a Graphic Artist in Corporate America.
In 1999 Kim started her own Graphic Design business. For 10 years it was quite successful. However, something was still missing in Kim’s life. She was unhappy, was experiencing medical challenges and nothing seemed to be going quite right. At the urging of a close friend, Kim took a personal growth class called Foundations of Practical Spirituality. It was a life changing experience to be sure! The class promoted personal growth, empowerment and positive thinking in order to change your life.
A couple years later, the economy tanked and so did Kim’s design business. Kim remembered how affirmations and positive thinking helped her previously in the class and she thought NOW’S THE TIME FOR A NEW BUSINESS! The rest is history…
Kirk Reynolds
Kirk is the Founder & Chairman of the Discover Outdoors Foundation. The Discover Outdoors Foundation began in 2012 with a singular focus: increasing graduation rates in our urban schools through education experienced in the outdoors.
Inspired by the positive impact our for-profit business, Discover Outdoors, was making through our youth leadership program, he felt compelled to serve the entire community, not just those who could afford it. Since then, the path of students has taken a different course; one that leads to a diploma and a brighter future.
Kris Kancler (Superstar)
Kris travels the country to inspire teens in schools, as well as their parents during community events, to live responsibly by making healthy choices and leave them with the tools necessary towards achieving success and happiness. He’s also an author, musician, columnist, dream coach and motivational speaker.
He’s been featured in many publications and is a blogger for The Partnership for Drug Free America, The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration and many others.
Kris’ primary passion is helping teens understand the link between peer pressure, destructive behaviors and the relationship to possible future challenges. He’s heard from literally hundreds of teens and parents of how he’s been an inspiration to them and help change their lives.
Kristen Boyer
Kristen is the author of Playing Karma: a former church girl’s true journey from bondage to enlightenment. She’s currently a shamanic practitioner, and holistic health counselor in New York City. She combines her training in psychotherapy, art therapy, nutrition, and shamanism to empower her clients to become liberated and whole. Kristen assists her clients in regaining their power and in getting “unstuck” from unwanted cognitive and behavioral patterns ingrained from their past.
Her experience helps clients to integrate their shadow selves and to empower them to embrace wholeness and self acceptance through deep self exploration while liberating them from unhealthy intergenerational wounds.
Kristin Boekhoff
Kristin is currently developing Panigram Resort, a socially and environmentally responsible boutique spa resort located in southern Bangladesh that protects the natural and cultural heritage of the country.
Her goals are to provide authentic and distinctive travel experiences to discerning travelers, promote sustainable development, and improve the quality of life in the host community. Panigram will be the first in a collection of resorts that focuses on responsible hospitality and destination stewardship.
Kristin received a B.S. from Cornell University and an M.S. in Real Estate Development from New York University.
Kristina Clemens
Kristina is a DIY style blogger and author of her memoir, After Nathaniel and her latest book, The Chic Girl’s Guide to a One-of-a-Kind Wardrobe.
She has combined her love of fashion design with her love for up-cycling to create Kristina J., a DIY style blog that aims to help women embrace what they have and transform their recyclable clothes into garments that have a flattering fit, feminine detailing and are utterly unique.
Through her speaking engagements, she hopes to help young girls overcome their misperceptions about beauty and fashion and inspire this generation to bring remarkable change to their world by embracing their skill-set and using their talents to give back to others.
Kristina Wagner
Kristina Wagner has starred on General Hospital since 1984 as the character Felicia. In 2011, she and her brother, Joe Crump, began production on Children of Internment, a documentary film due to be released in early 2014. The decision to evacuate and intern Germans, Japanese & Italians in America began at least five years before the attack on Pearl Harbor. J. Edgar Hoover had begun to compile the notorious ABC list. This list was created with concerns over national security and was originally aimed at Communists, Fascists, and Nazis. By the end of 1939, it had evolved into wartime hysteria.
It’s a common misperception that only Japanese Americans were interned during WWII. The German American wartime experience remains largely overlooked by historians and generally unknown to most Americans. It is important, when studying WWII internment to make distinctions between German-Americans, Japanese-Americans, and German Aliens who were not U.S. citizens. That’s what their film, Children of Internment is about.
Dr. Kristine Kevorkian
Dr. Kevorkian spent the first 20 years of her life studying whales, in school and out. Her dream was to be a whale biologist when she grew up. But life had different plans. Rather than completing her degree in marine biology, Kristine ended up in the field of social work. Her professor and mentor told her that she was going to complete her undergraduate senior internship at hospice to which she replied, “what’s hospice?” When she met her first hospice patient, she knew she had found her life’s work.
After graduate school, she returned to hospice where Dr. Kevorkian provided her patients, young and old, with compassion, respect and dignity. Always eager to learn more, she pursued a doctorate in thanatology, the study/science of death and dying. Her intention was to teach medical and mental health professionals how to work with the dying; particularly how to communicate with the dying, family members and the bereaved. Dr. Kristine Kevorkian currently hosts/facilitates a Death Café in her community, and has a private practice as a Grief Navigator, helping clients sail through the sometimes stormy seas of grief.
Krystian Leonard
Krystian is a junior in high school with an adventurous spirit! Her love of the ocean and beautiful beaches inspires her larger than life dreams. Growing up, she experienced first-hand the trials and self-esteem issues associated with visible scars beginning at age 4. Healing with visible scars left her feeling damaged and ashamed. She found the strength she needed to overcome her negative self-image and entered her first beauty pageant at the age of 14. One year later, she summoned the courage to compete in the Miss America Scholarship Organization. As part of her application, Krystian was asked to choose a platform for which she would become an advocate. She wanted to choose a platform that she could be passionate about, and thus her nonprofit, Shining S.C.A.R.S., was born.
Through her healing campaign for Shining S.C.A.R.S. Krystian has used her personal experience and pain as a way to reach out to others, helping them to feel PROUD of their imperfections knowing that those scars and the stories of those scars helped shape the person they have developed into. She’s continually proven that beauty is more than skin deep and she hopes to help others heal so they, too, can say “no matter what my scars say to you, they hold a meaning of Strength and Character, showing I have Accepted who I am and prove I can Rise above the Stigma.”
L
Laura Makey
In her early 40s, Laura finally discovered the tools she needed to live the life she always wanted. By accepting personal responsibility for ALL her choices, through the use of the Women For Sobriety New Life Program, she has left behind a series of what she considers to be inappropriate and ineffective coping mechanisms (including food, alcohol, drugs, & shopping) in favor of a healthy self-esteem and positive thinking.
She’s been a member of the Women For Sobriety, Inc.’s Board of Directors since 2009 and is now a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CADCA). She also teaches Geography & Global Studies full-time at California State University San Marcos.
Laura Sullivan
Laura is a GRAMMY® winning pianist and composer of New Age and Contemporary Classical music. Raised in a musical family on a farm in the Northern California foothills of Mt. Lassen, Laura began playing piano at 4 years old. At age 8 she was composing and by 18, she’d completed a body of work, including 6 feature length musicals. In recent years, her focus has been on composing soft melodic, intimate and relaxing music with piano, acoustic instrumentation and ethereal vocals.
Her music charts on International radio stations including satellite stations Sirius, XM Radio and Music Choice’s Soundscapes and her new releases have charted in the top 3 on iTunes New Age. Laura’s music has been included in a variety of media, television and films.
Laura Wellington
When tragedy struck Laura’s life, she didn’t let it get the best of her. Instead, she became inspired to do something that would uplift not only her spirit, but those of children across the county.
Soon after the birth of their fourth child, Laura’s husband was diagnosed with terminal cancer—he passed away in 2004. Laura says his death opened her eyes to the tragedies happening on a daily basis, both personal and public, and how they affected children.
This tragedy led Laura to come to the conclusion that there’s a time where someone’s got to step up and help make the world a better place. Laura set to work creating an animated series called The Wumblers, whose primary goal is to teach children how differences can unite, rather than divide.
Dr. Laurel Clark
Laurel is a teacher and past president with the School of Metaphysics, a 501(c)(3) educational organization, that teaches adults how to develop their full potential through cultivating essential life skills such as self-respect, undivided attention, concentration, memory, listening, imagination, reasoning, and intuition. Since 1979, she’s been practicing these skills and drawing upon inner and higher guidance through understanding night-time dreams and daily meditation.
Laurel says developing intuition through dreams and dream interpretation, practicing daily meditation and utilizing concentration exercises have all been instrumental in aiding her to bring out her creativity and to become much more patient and insightful as a teacher, counselor, minister, and friend. Some scientists say we access only 10 – 15% of our brain power. Laurel believes that with daily practice of spiritual or mind disciplines, anyone can access the “other 85 – 90%” of their minds.
Lauren Cheek
Lauren began her dance training at twenty-two months old. Coming from a dance and performing family, she was snuck into the Jon A. Mullin Performing Arts Company two months early, despite the 2 years old age requirement. Lauren spent the next 15 years in extensive classical training.
From there, she went on to perform in the corps with Ballet Florida and Palm Beach Opera before she decided to put her complete focus on her university schooling. But, unable to separate herself from dance, she began training as a belly dancer in South Florida. She recently has added samba, Indian contemporary, salsa and Polynesian dance to her repertoire.
Since 2005, she’s been performing in South Florida as Florida’s premier belly dancer entertaining everyone from locals to celebrities. She has performed at the most prestigious national and international locations and events. Lauren has also worked in film and theater, dancing and starring in several international music videos.
Laurie Endicott Thomas
Laurie is the author of a recently released book titled: “Not Trivial: How Studying the Traditional Liberal Arts Can Set You Free.”
She says liberal arts are the subjects that ancient Romans considered appropriate for free people, as opposed to slaves. The ancient liberal arts curriculum began with the trivium: grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric. So, she says, these subjects are “not trivial.”
Laurie believes that some drastic changes need to be made in America’s educational system.
Laurie Martin
Laurie’s heart felt desire is to empower and inspire others. She spent many years of her life with self-doubts, fears and insecurities looking for validation and love outside of her. After an amalgamation of events, she began an inner journey of discovery and healing. Her life lessons have spawned a microscopic study into unconditional love and acceptance; learning to value herself as a spiritual, infinite, divine, fully-empowered being.
Determined and impassioned to help others, Laurie resigned from her corporate job as a Vice President of Events and became a certified life coach, certified yoga instructor, authored two books: Smile Across Your Heart: The Process of Building Self-Love, and an e-book called The Conscious Breakup Guide. Laurie writes a monthly “Ask Laurie” advice column called “Heart to Heart” for the Naples Daily News.
Leah Carey
Leah is a transformational writer, speaker and life coach. She believes that when we stop asking, “What’s wrong?” and start asking “What’s right?”, our world will be transformed.
Far from being born a natural optimist, she says she spent over two decades struggling with chronic depression. Having finally found her way to mental, emotional, and spiritual balance, she now blogs about the large and small things that are RIGHT in her life. Through coaching, public speaking, and writing, she encourages others to discover what’s RIGHT in their lives as well.
Leah Kalish (aka Ayres)
As an actress, Leah goes by the name Ayres and has starred in countless commercials and many successful TV and film projects such as: The Edge of Night, Bloodsport, St. Elsewhere, Eddie Macon’s Run, Who’s the Boss, and Walker, Texas Ranger just to name a few.
As an educator, writer, producer and entrepreneur, Leah, who earned a masters degree in both yoga and education at the age of 40, uses her married name Kalish. She trains parents and teachers nationwide in using movement, play, yoga and self-regulation with children to enhance development, learning and health.
Through her company, Move with Me Action Adventures, she develops and produces movement and social-emotional enrichment resources that help young children be physically fit, emotionally stable and learning able. With her husband, Bruce Kalish, she also leads family constellation workshops.
Leanne Brown
Leanne is an advocate for a better food system focused on a return to home cooking. As the final project for her master’s degree in Food Studies at NYU, she created Good and Cheap, a beautiful cookbook of recipes designed for a $4/day food stamps budget — and she released a PDF of the book free online. After it went viral, she decided to launch a Kickstarter campaign for print copies with a “give one, get one” model, like TOMS Shoes.
In her spare time, she leads grocery store tours in Bushwick, Brooklyn for Share Our Strength’s – Cooking Matters at the Store program. Before moving to New York, Leanne worked in city politics in her hometown of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Leanne and her partner Dan once bicycled 2,700 miles across Japan, Australia, and New Zealand (all on bikes with just one gear).
Lee Gale Gruen
Lee Gale has lived in Los Angeles, CA since childhood. After retiring from a 37-year career as a Probation Officer, she became an actress. Since then, she’s appeared in television, films, commercials, theater, and print. She performs regularly portraying patients at UCLA Medical School as part of student training. Her transition to becoming an actress in her senior years has been written about in Time Magazine and the Los Angeles Times newspaper.
When she retired at age 60, she began attending an acting class for seniors just for fun. A few weeks later her mother died, and she invited her grieving, 85-year-old father to come to the class with her. They attended together for 3 years, and she wrote all the comedy scenes they performed twice a year onstage in the class showcases. As a result, they bonded more than ever before, and Lee Gale eventually transitioned into the world of professional acting. She also writes a blog called Reinventing Myself in My Senior Years to inspire Baby Boomers and seniors to find a passion as a motivation to embrace life.
Lena Baisden-Tankut
Lena is a graduate student at Portland State University finishing two masters degrees: one in writing and one in education. During her undergraduate studies, she focused on journalism and freelance writing. Her writing was published in newspapers and magazines including Mesa Legend Newspaper, College Times, Pathos Literary Magazine and The Stranger. She won the Rocky Mountain Collegiate Association Feature Writing award for one such article.
During her graduate studies, she’s been focused on developing her scriptwriting. Currently, she’s working with a producer to adapt the life story of one of our previous interviewees in this series, Alter Wiener . His story (and the script Lena’s working on) documents Alter Wiener’s survival of the WWII Holocaust and his having endured post-WWII struggles. Lena says she’s become very passionate about this project.
Lennay Chapman
After graduating from college in December 2009, Lennay spiraled into a depression as she struggled to figure out what she “should” do with her life. She scoured self-help books for 20-somethings, but most offered career options, not guidance on how to find direction and fulfillment.
Eventually, Lennay developed a method that empowers young adults to create an “ideal life” based on their individual priorities and values; she shares that method in her e-book, “Secrets to a Rockin Life: How to Find Passion, Direction & Fulfillment After College”.
Currently, Lennay challenges young adults to choose empowerment, positivity and transformation – and to take responsibility for their generation’s legacy.
Leon Scott Baxter
Leon is a grade school teacher and he’s also the founder of CouplesCommittedToLove.com. He’s the author of three books on love, romance and relationships. His latest book (not yet on the bookshelves) is about the relationships between children and their parents, specifically how parents can raise successful, happy offspring.
Leon says he’s dedicated to making a positive difference in the world. He was a featured writer in Chicken Soup for the Teacher’s Soul, and he’s integrated his “Random Acts of Kindness Month” into the curriculum in his classroom, empowering his students so they realize they have the ability to make the world a better place starting with one act of kindness and continuing to do one each and every day for a month.
Leslie Botha
Leslie is a Women’s Health Educator, author, publisher, and broadcast journalist. She’s an internationally recognized expert on women’s hormone health. Her work emphasizes the significance of the hormone cycle and its profound relationship to women’s psyche. Her 30 years of research demonstrates how hormone changes / fluctuations in the menstrual cycle affect women’s physical, mental and emotional well-being. She’s a member of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, an advisory board member for the Cycles Research Institute, and an expert advisor for CycleHarmony.com
Leslie has just co-authored a book titled: Understanding Your Mind, Mood, and Hormone Cycle; the first in a series on menstrual health education. The book explores on the very essence of a woman’s being – the fundamental nature of the female hormone cycle; and was written to fill the void of practical, menstrual health education that focuses on understanding the delicate mind/body connection – a connection that has the power to bring about health or disease in the body.
Leslie Davenport
As a psychotherapist in practice for twenty years, Leslie understands the health impact of thoughts and emotions. And a passion for the mystery of the human spirit drew her to become an ordained interfaith minister in 1984.
She is a founding member of the Institute for Health & Healing at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, which brings holistic care into the heart of conventional medicine. Leslie offers integrative psychotherapy in the Clinic, and teaches in their Integrative Medicine Program. She is also on the faculty of the California Institute of Integral Studies, John F Kennedy University, and Five Branches University.
Her expert advise has appeared in a number of magazines including Family Circle, Natural Health, Great Health, Body + Soul, Shift and San Francisco Medicine. A sought after speaker, she lectures in a broad range of settings.
Lindsay Elef
Lindsay is the Creator of The Responsible History Education Action (RHEA), a foundation in Thailand with the mission of educating Thais against the casual use of Nazi imagery and about the Holocaust to combat the regional trend of Nazi Chic. RHEA is using social and traditional media to engage people as well as compiling and creating bilingual educational resources for educators.
Lindsay originally was an Art Teacher in Philadelphia, PA and came to Thailand to form an Art Therapy and Special Education Program at Kasetsart University’s International Preparatory School in Bangkok. After teaching in international schools throughout Bangkok and in China, it seemed time to take a break from traditional classroom teaching. In 2013, Thailand saw a large increase in international media coverage about the increasing trend of Nazi Chic and she saw a need for the augmentation of History education in the region.
Lisa Anderson
Facing her 50th birthday, Lisa Anderson knew she needed to make a change. As she says: “I took a long cold look in the mirror and didn’t like the image looking back at me.” At her heaviest, she weighed 212 pounds. Lisa decided to take action. She said goodbye to her sedentary lifestyle, joined a gym and never looked back.
Five years later and 80 pounds lighter, the wife and mother of four is on a mission to inspire others to get fit. Her goal is to help as many people as she can to feel as good as she does.”
Lisa Fontanesi
Lisa learned how to cook and bake from countless hours spent in her Grandmother’s kitchen as a young girl. She was baptized by fire when she was called upon to prepare the main entrees for a one-hundred and fifty guest party without any recipes – or most of the ingredients, because the chef was stuck at another event. Lisa quickly discovered that she had the instinct and talent to conceive dishes on the spot after miraculously pulling off Moroccan Chicken and Herb-Crusted Lamb dishes solely from the memory of having seen them prepared previously.
She’s the mother of two and is currently working as a consultant and instructor at several Los Angeles area schools teaching Kidding Around The Kitchen – An Adventure in Fun, Food and Family hands on cooking classes such as Cooks and Books and Foods from around the world. Lisa has procured grants through local Los Angeles Neighborhood Councils and non profit organizations so she can teach some of these classes to the kids who need it the most, for FREE. Her ultimate goal is to help other adults discover the gift of spending time in the kitchen with their kids. Most recently, Lisa was runner-up in the search for the Weight Watchers Chef competition held on ABC’s program, The Chew.
Lisa Jakub
Lisa Jakub is a writer, a traveler, a devoted yogi, a wife and a dog-mom. She began her acting career at the age of four in Toronto, Canada. For the next eighteen years, she worked consistently in the film industry in Los Angeles, in projects that ranged from Hollywood blockbusters (Independence Day and Mrs. Doubtfire) to the cutting room floor.
At the age of 22, Lisa realized that there must be more to life than premieres and pretending to be other people. She left the film industry and ran away to Virginia, where she still lives with her husband. While figuring out how to be a normal person, Lisa has dedicated herself to her lifelong love of writing and profound respect for a well-told story. She is currently editing her first book, a memoir about growing up in the film industry and making the decision to leave in search of some peace.
Lisa Nelson
Formally trained in the field of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Lisa was introduced to wedding planning while studying for her PhD at Brown University. She says she was extremely unhappy and needed a creative outlet, so she interned with a wedding planner based in Maine and eventually started her own home based wedding planning business.
She had her first child in 2004. Four years later, when she was pregnant again, her family decided that she would quit her day job to raise and home school the children. Lisa believes the family is one of our greatest blessings – and it’s the one thing that is failing in this country. She says she cares deeply about her family and wants to see more families come together as a unit to be empowered – which is the basis of her family friendly blog.
If you want to learn more about the home schooling experience, Lisa can help.
Lisa J Smith
Lisa J. quickly became loved by listeners, and respected by broadcasters as an acclaimed host on CBS Radio by hosting and producing a live 3-hour daily lifestyle talk show. Being called, “The New Voice for a New Age,” she encourages her listeners to tap into their own inner “rock star” by empowering them to “change their perspective and change their lives.” She’s used her intuition and ability to connect with every person she meets. She feels she’s changed the lives of thousands of people with private sessions, lectures and through her nationwide talk show, Lisa J. NOW.
Her approachable and girl next door personality touches listeners of all demographics with deep powerful messages delivered in a real down to earth way. She touches people at their core and helps them bring about real change in their life by empowering them to find their full potential. She believes in giving people what they need, not always what they want.
Lorena Gordon
Twenty-two year old filmmaker Lorena Gordon is impressive at any age. Equal parts inspired, and inspiring, she’s quickly garnering a reputation as “one to watch” in the filmmaking world. Lorena, who discovered early on that her passion for telling stories was a liberating way to express herself, is currently in post-production on the short film Times Like These, a powerful story based on her family’s real life experience, Times Like These tackles the important, and often ignored, topic of domestic abuse and one woman’s struggle to free herself and her child from her husband’s threatening hands. Lorena wrote, directed and produced the gripping film, dedicating it to the woman she calls her hero, her mother.
Honing her craft with hands on experience in all aspects of the filmmaking process, she’s been fortunate to work with and learn from her mentors including Martin Scorsese (who personally encouraged her to make Times Like These), Sam Mendes, Leonardo Di Caprio and Ben Stiller. Her production work credits include the recent blockbuster The Wolf on Wall Street and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, among others.
Lori Cheek
Lori is the Founder and CEO of Cheekd.com – the reverse engineered dating site coined by the New York Times as “the next generation of online dating.” Quite literally, she is changing the world of dating.
Prior to launching Cheek’d, Lori worked in architecture, furniture and design for 15 years for companies such as Goldman Sachs, Christian Dior, Vitra & Karkula.
Luis von Ahn
Luis von Ahn is a Guatemalan entrepreneur and an associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University.
As a professor, his research includes CAPTCHAs and human computation, and has earned him international recognition and numerous honors. He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship (a.k.a., the “genius grant”) in 2006, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship in 2009, a Sloan Fellowship in 2009, and a Microsoft New Faculty Fellowship in 2007, and the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2012.
He has also been named one of the 50 Best Brains in Science by Discover Magazine, and has made it to many recognition lists that include Popular Science Magazine’s Brilliant 10, Silicon.com’s 50 Most Influential People in Technology, Technology Review’s TR35: Young Innovators Under 35, and FastCompany’s 100 Most Innovative People in Business.
Lynette Louise
Lynette holds two board certifications in Neurofeedback and is working on her PhD in Clinical Psychophysiology.
Most notably though, she is a mom extraordinaire! Without question her greatest pride is having raised eight children, (six of whom are adopted, five of whom are disabled, four of whom are on the autism spectrum).
She is an expert in Autism, and on how to incorporate neurofeedback, combined with play, as the main therapy approach for the autistic child.
M
Marala Scott & Alyssa Curry
Marala is one of Oprah’s Ambassadors Of Hope and the Best Selling Author of In Our House: Perception vs. Reality; Surrounded By Inspiration and Bad to the Bone. Marala’s latest book, Intuition is co-authored with her daughter, Alyssa Curry. Marala speaks from the heart with her life-changing words of faith and strength. Her efforts caught the attention of Oprah Winfrey who honored her as one of her five Ambassadors of Hope in 2009 and stated “A childhood of abuse almost kept Marala Scott from a life of happiness…until she discovered how to use her story to help others.”
Alyssa embarked on this heartfelt project in an effort to help her mother recover from a craniotomy due to multiple brain aneurysms. Alyssa’s a young woman illuminated by her passion for life. She’s a recent college graduate in the field of Psychology. She designs award-winning book covers, websites and does editing for Seraph Books with remarkable passion!
Marcia Noyes
Marcia is a former television reporter, newspaper journalist and public relations professional who loves to communicate ideas and inspiring stories. Prior to her foray into studying various facets of religion, she had changed her physical life by dropping 90+ pounds and taking up long-distance running. When she moved to San Antonio in 2013, she’d go out for runs and pass by lots of churches. Without many friends or a church home, she wondered about each as she’d run by. At that time, she’d had this passing thought that she’d like to visit all the churches in the area. Then early one Sunday morning in January while on another run, she decided then and there that she’d run home, take a shower and see which service she might be able to catch in time.
Marcia began writing a blog that shared her foray into each faith, highlighting her preconceived notions, what she learned and what she felt about each faith and what drew people to that religion. Along the way, she says she’s expanded her world and she believes she’s help expand the worlds of others.
Mari L. McCarthy
Mari is the founder of CreateWriteNow.com. CreateWriteNow is the home of Journaling for the Health of It and the Journal Writing Therapy Transforms You blog. She guides writers (and we are all writers) in starting and keeping a daily pen-to-page Inner Health and Healing Journaling Practice that helps them solve problems, cure their diseases, and heal their worlds.
Thanks to journaling, Mari is now a singer/songwriter currently working on her third album – a smooth jazz rendition of favorite Broadway melodies. She’s passionate about goals and in being successful in accomplishing them. She enjoys raising roses as well as her consciousness.
Mari Selby
Mari says she’s always been an unruly woman. Her unruly behavior began with her years of protesting the Vietnam War, living communally with women in Oregon, to currently writing as a spiritual warrior and subversive. Mari’s first poem was written and published when she was seven. In addition to her recently released poetry book Lightning Strikes Twice, Mari is currently working on an anthology; Cancer Tribe 101: Awakening the Hero Within.
Today, Mari is a contributing writer for the San Francisco Book Review and a guest blogger on numerous sites. Additionally, she’s the director of Selby Ink, a publicity and marketing firm that promotes authors who are making a difference. She’s a 2x Cancer survivor and she says she’s feeling more beautiful and alive today than ever before. For the past 3 decades, she’s comforted and assisted countless people as a family therapist, astrologer, hospice worker, healer, and spiritual advisor.
Maria Andino
Maria is a licensed acupuncturist who embraces the holistic values of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and appreciates the positive impact it can have on a person’s life.
She entered the practice of TCM after leaving a successful career in Corporate Insurance. Her departure from the corporate arena was hastened by her younger sister’s diagnosis of small cell lung cancer. Though her sister succumbed to the disease, her acupuncturist’s compassionate and holistic care impressed Maria deeply. She says he was one of the few healthcare providers who saw her sister as a whole person and not just as a disease.
It was then that Maria realized her true passion was to help others. She wanted to help them maintain or achieve better health using holistic medicine. That’s why she gravitated toward TCM. Its wisdom resonates with her and the ability to help a person in distress on all levels is the gift of this medicine. So, she left her corporate career behind and embarked on her present journey. She says it’s been a joyful change to do what she loves and to help others in a meaningful way.
In the spirit of giving, Maria provides no-cost treatments to veterans at the Wellness Works, a non-profit holistic health center located in Glendale, CA.
Dr. Maria Droujkova
Maria is a curriculum developer and mathematics education consultant. She brings together leaders in mathematics education, researchers, developers, parents and teachers for projects and discussions of family mathematics, early algebra, individualized instruction, math games, and math circles.
She’s co-author of the book, Moebius Noodles: Adventurous Math for the Playground Crowd. The book offers advanced math activities to fit a child’s personality, interests, and needs. Can a parent enjoy playful math with their child? Yes! The book shows parents how to go beyond their own math limits and anxieties to do so. It also opens the door to a supportive online community that will answer questions and provide useful ideas along the way.
Maria Skinner
Maria’s been teaching body and self-awareness practices in the Boston Area since 1995. She is the proprietress of Yoga & Nia for Life, a Nia Black Belt and on the Nia Technique Training Faculty. She is a student of Nature and a lover of Life. To her, it’s all about movement . . .
Maria says she’s devoted to exploring how joy and pleasure can lead us to true health and well-being by offering beautiful yoga classes, ecstatic dance fitness and fabulous workshops and events.
Marie Gage
Marie has a diverse background that enables her to easily move between projects in various sectors. Among her many accomplishments, she does a large amount of community service work.
Her latest project, is called: Mending Minden Hills After the Floods of 2013 – One Download at a Time.
The 2013 spring floods that devastated so many communities across the Canadian province of Ontario have created a particularly challenging situation for small communities. The wide ranging nature of the flooding combined with the provincial government’s requirement that communities fundraise in order to receive matching funds has disaster-ridden areas of the province competing for funds. Adding to the difficulty of this local competition are disasters in other parts of North America and the world. But Marie, her husband Don and the people of Minden Hills are up to that challenge.
Mark Bowness
At the age of 26, Mark was convinced that everything was over – his marriage had ended, his job and non-profit organization he’d built was pulled out from under him and it was inevitable that he would have to move back in with his parents. Mark believed that the future looked bleak. It was a future that he didn’t want to exist in, so he tried to end his own life.
While sitting in a hospital bed after a failed attempt to wipe his existence from the face of the planet, Mark realized he may have lived on planet Earth for 26 years but he had never truly lived. Motivated by his newly developed motto ‘we live life once’, Mark made a decision to view his future as a blank canvas on which he could create whatever picture he liked.
Mark is now dedicated to developing a community of people who are passionate about changing their lives, changing their community and changing the world.
Mark Cochran
Dr. Mark Cochran says he felt the grief and the crushing loss of self worth that comes with losing a rewarding career because of his own poor health. For years, he fought crippling arthritis pain, along with the anger, fear and hopelessness that anyone who suffers from chronic disease knows all too well.
He says it was only when he decided to stop fighting and start thriving, he was able to transform his health and become a triathlete and marathon runner. He stopped fighting and decided that if he was going to heal, his healing was only going to come from inside. He shifted his focus from an external one to an inner one. In other words, he turned his health inside out!
Marshall Barnes
Marshall says he’s working to change the world by being the first to create a functioning technology for warp drive travel and more. He’s presented his ideas at numerous scientific conferences, including the 100 Year StarShip Symposium in Houston and the International Mars Society Conference at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Marshall has an extremely varied background and brings a lot to the table, so his interview is quite fascinating.
Martin Parnell
Martin had always played a variety of sports, but it wasn’t until his late 40s that he put on his first pair of running shoes. In July 2003, he finished his first marathon in Calgary. Since catching the running bug, Martin has completed numerous races including marathons, ultra marathons and Ironman events. In 2005, Martin completed a four-month cycling expedition from Cairo, Egypt to Cape Town, South Africa. During the trip he had the chance to experience the power of sport and its effect on the lives of children across the African continent.
Through an old acquaintance, Martin was introduced to Right To Play, the humanitarian organization that empowers children through sports programs in some of the most disadvantaged areas of the world. Wanting to get involved, Martin aimed to run 250 marathons over the course of one year to raise $250,000 for Right to Play. His “Marathon Quest 250” began on January 1, 2010, and after running five marathons a week, Martin completed his quest on Dec. 31st. He covered a total distance of 10,550km (6550 miles) and raised $320,000.
In June 2011, as a Honorary Athlete Ambassador, Martin visited Right To Play schools in the West African country of Benin. Returning from Africa he decided to establish his “Quests for Kids” initiative. Martin plans to complete 10 Quests in 5 years in order to raise $1M for Right To Play and help 20,000 children.
Dr. Marty Eisen
By profession, Dr. Eisen was a University Professor specializing in constructing mathematical models used for studying medical problems such as those in cancer chemotherapy and epilepsy. He’s authored 10 books and numerous papers in advanced mathematics. Dr. Eisen has studied and taught Yoga, Judo, Shotokan Karate, Aikido and Tai Chi.
He’s taken correspondence courses in Chinese herbology and studied other branches of Chinese medicine with a traditional Chinese medical doctor. He was also an EMT. Dr. Eisen was the Director of Education of the Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Institute in Upper Darby, P.A.. He’s written many articles on Kung Fu, Qigong, Eastern exercise and Chinese medicine and is a columnist for Yang-Sheng magazine. His latest Amazon hard copy and Kindle books are “Healthy Exercises for Seniors and Non-Athletes”.
Mary Ellen Ciganovich
At the age of 6, – Mary Ellen was diagnosed with epilepsy. She says her family took the diagnosis very hard and told her almost daily that she couldn’t get married or have children. She was always told what she could NOT do, yet she went on to do it anyway. She not sure why, but she just wanted to be normal. She went on to become a Varsity Cheerleader in High school and a model thereafter. She attended the University of Georgia and graduated magna cum laude in Education in 1974. Then she taught middle school for 14 years. She got married and had one daughter. After 13 years of marriage, she was divorced and says the experience left her devastated, yet this was the time she was learning the most about herself.
Sometime thereafter, she began having sharp pains in her left eye and losing her balance. Several doctors and an MRI later, she was told she had MS – Multiple Sclerosis.” Mary Ellen believes that when you have a disease in your life, it’s because you are not at ease in your life. She also believed she had to approach the diagnosis with Love and not fear because whatever you fear will come to pass and if you approach anything, you can handle it or even beat it! She began studying all forms of alternative medicine – Chinese Herbs, Ayurvedic Healing, Traditional medicine including vitamins and herbs and spirituality including meditation, all while trying to find answers for her own health issues.
Mary O’Malley
Mary is an author, speaker, group facilitator and counselor in Kirkland, Washington. In the early 1970’s, a powerful awakening set Mary on the path to changing her whole relationship with the challenges of life, freeing herself from what she says was a lifelong struggle with darkness. She is an inspirational speaker who leads retreats that transform people’s lives, provides individual counseling, and offers ongoing groups where people can come together to experience the miracle of Awakening. Her strengths lie in her ability to be fully present in the moment, integrating information, technique and insight with simplicity and compassion.
Mary’s committed to helping people heal their inner wars, so they can become a part of the healing of our planet. She does so by drawing on her own life experience to facilitate healing and awakening in a compassionate and powerful way.
Matthew Court
Mat has been involved in sport and media all his working life. Sports-wise he played soccer and cricket for his local amateur team until a series of knee injuries curtailed his soccer efforts in the mid-2000’s leaving cricket as his main sport. Mat became more involved in the running of his club and ended up as Vice Chairman of the organization which opened his eyes to the issues facing sports clubs in the UK. Chiefly, the issues regarding financial sustainability and the perpetual reliance on a small number of dedicated but diminishing corps of volunteers.
Mat landed a role at London’s biggest newspaper The Evening Standard, which led to working on the first issues of London’s Metro. He then moved in to consumer magazines with the UK’s largest publisher IPC Media. From there he went to BSkyB running the sales team for two of Sky’s print publications. When Sky closed the magazine side of their business, Mat had the chance to think about what he really wanted to do and why, and the world’s first advertising network based around amateur sports clubs, Grassroot Media, was born. Now, Mat works out of Hertford (north of London) developing new ways for soccer and cricket clubs to make & save money while bringing new investment into the sport through a network of advertising poster panels the company has installed in clubs across the UK.
Dr. Matthew Wert
Dr. Wert, is an attending orthopaedic surgeon and the new Director of Sports Medicine at New York Methodist Hospital. He’s a dual fellowship-trained, orthopaedic surgeon specializing in arthroscopic surgery, sports medicine and cartilage repair and restoration. He was an orthopaedic resident at Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center. He completed his residency at New York Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital where he served as chief resident. He went on to complete a sports medicine fellowship at the prestigious Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center in Jackson, Mississippi and Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. In addition, he was chosen for the International Cartilage Repair Society Traveling Fellowship, where he worked alongside world renowned surgeons in Europe.
Clinically Dr. Wert understands the importance of incorporating a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, and works with his patients to develop alternative exercise programs and utilizes innovative therapies to speed up the recovery process, safely. He specializes in the arthroscopic minimally invasive treatment of shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle injuries, with the highest importance on protecting repairing, and restoring the patients native cartilage.
Maurice Buchanan
Maurice was a high school football All American. He was the recipient of a four year scholarship to the University of Minnesota where he played Division I Football as a defensive end and graduated with a degree in Kinesiology. During his time on the football team, he discovered his passion for the human body and how it can change with exercise and nutrition.
He’s trained in studios, big health clubs, and private settings and with big 25 person group classes. He’s successfully trained Olympic trainees, professional and college athletes. He’s been featured in Shape Magazine and published in various other fitness publications. His approach to having a healthy and functional body is simplicity. Through the use of resistance training and proper eating habits, he feels that exercise and nutrition are simple. He trains and operates with the model that once excuses are removed and replaced with an acceptance of a way of life, any goal of health and fitness can be achieved.
Dr. Max More
Dr. More is an internationally acclaimed strategic philosopher widely recognized for his thinking on the philosophical and cultural implications of emerging technologies. Max’s contributions include founding the philosophy of transhumanism, authoring the transhumanist philosophy of extropy, and co-founding Extropy Institute, an organization crucial in building the transhumanist movement since 1990. Since the start of 2011, he has served as President and CEO of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the world’s leading cryonics organization.
Max has a degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics from St. Anne’s College, Oxford University (1984-87). He was awarded a Dean’s Fellowship in Philosophy in 1987 by the University of Southern California and received his PhD in Philosophy from USC in 1995.
Maxine Browne says she was married to a controlling sociopath for 10 years.
She says what began as a whirlwind romance ended with her total destruction.
She says she was stripped of friends, family and even her children. Her husband controlled the mail, transportation and all social interaction with others. She was under his complete control.
Her family became splintered and divided. Her story is not only about the years of abuse, but of the recovery and hope that Maxine and her family now so courageously shares.
Melanie Angelis
Melanie has a masters degree in complementary alternative medicine and is the founder of The Grecian Garden. For years, she suffered from a variety of food allergies and health conditions for which her physicians had no answers. Along the way, she was introduced to natural medicine and to begin listening to her own body. Years of self -education and formal research eventually led her to restored health, and she knew the gift she had been given wasn’t just for her. With a new sense of purpose, she called upon her degrees and board certification in alternative medicine and nutrition and began teaching others how to find their own path to holistic health. Thanks to her previous experiences as a school teacher, she began creating content and teaching classes, varying in complexity from lectures to doctors and nurses to hands-on natural health workshops.
Melanie Cobb
Melanie is a Writer, Life Coach, and Professional Wild Woman. When she’s not in the middle of a forest somewhere, she says she’s coaching her fantastic clients. She holds a BA in English from Penn State and an MA in Transformative Leadership from the Maryland University of Integrative Health.
Melanie rose to early success in her first career, education, as she was promoted to Head of her Middle School at age 27. After spending all of her spring, summer, and winter breaks traveling and writing, she says she realized she needed to quit so she could pursue those loves full time. She says she felt trapped and was working way too much. She desired more freedom. She says she wanted to see how long she could travel, and if she could make a living from her writing and from helping others. So, she quit her job in 2012, sold the majority of her belongings, put what was left into her station wagon, and set out to travel indefinitely. She says she had no plan of an end destination, or no idea of when she would stop being nomadic. Melanie says her experience was transformative, to say the least.
Melanie Jordan
Melanie is a Wellcoaches and American Council on Exercise Certified Health and Wellness Coach who helps others get back to their dream weight for good, without gimmicks or deprivation, so they can live the full, happy and healthy lives they’ve always wanted with her Your Healthy Life Made Easy! Program.
She’s living proof of what’s possible despite a poor family history, as she’s overcome her own weight struggles and maintains a 48-pound weight loss and rocks size 6 jeans.
Melanie is also an American Council on Exercise Certified Zumba, Zumba Gold and Turbo Kick Instructor and is the author of 8 books including her bestselling Kindle book Weight Loss Secrets Revealed For the Happiest and Healthiest You!
Melanie Young
Melanie knows how to face challenges with grit, grace and wit and reframe them to make things happen for the better. She’s a motivational muse for anyone who feels stuck and who wants to reignite their personal or professional brand and she’s a living example of turning stumbling blocks into stepping stones. After surviving breast cancer, Melanie has written two books intended to help newly diagnosed women stay focused and make smarter choices about caring for their well-being during and after treatment.
She’s active in many organizations and charitable efforts to support women’s health, education and careers. She’s the recipient of the Handcraft Heroes Breast Cancer Awareness Award and the Caring Advocate for Recovery Through the Arts Award. Her articles have appeared in the Huffington Post, The Plum, Greatist and Everyday Health.
Mellisa Nielsen
Mellisa Nielsen has over 15 years experience in Philanthropy. After a career in the entertainment industry that left her unfulfilled, she decided to dedicate herself to philanthropic endeavors full time. Soon after, she realized something was missing from the events she attended, and created The Charity Angels to help organizations close to her heart increase profitability and make fundraising fun.
Charity Angels Partners have included Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Habitat for Humanity, The Surfrider Foundation, CCFA, The Los Angeles Mission, Lange Foundation, Beit T’Shuvah, The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, Pencils for Kids Inc., Wounded Warrior Project and Cedars-Sinai.
Michael Asaly
Michael is the founder of Practical Sleep Solutions, an Irvine based company that provides effective and affordable at-home sleep solutions for those who suffer each night. Recent statistics indicate that over 50 million Americans suffer from sleep apnea. The process is made simple and affordable without the need for insurance. As with most classified high-risk conditions, patients are expected to pay more for their life insurance premiums if they are diagnosed with sleep apnea. This coupled with a long and painful process through the insurance system has resulted in patients taking their sleep issues into their own hands.
Michael says: “We pride ourselves in empowering our customers to take the reins on their sleep issues by providing the best, most cost effective at-home sleep solution.” “In doing so, we save our customers the traumatic experience of sleep clinics and thousands of dollars in medical costs, insurance fees, and premium increases.”
Michael Frishberg
Michael’s firmly held beliefs include:
– The Universe is completely natural, nothing is “super-natural”. God(s) cannot exist, as they’d have to operate faster than light.
– In order to get him to eat his vegetables, Frish was told at age 9 there were starving children in the world. His conclusion was that “obviously there are too many children!” Fifty years later there are still starving children, and he’s says he’s happy to be child-free. To that end, Frish is a Volunteer in the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement and maintains it’s immoral to have kids, by anyone, anywhere, anymore as more kids means more people will suffer when the biosphere fails our species by the year 2100. He says being happy is life’s only goal.
Michael Hebler
Michael propelled his career as an author alongside an already established profession as a feature film publicist working on many titles for Walt Disney, Pixar, Lionsgate, Lakeshore, and Summit Entertainment. Although he dreamed of becoming an actor, it was while studying theatre arts at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, California, that he realized his penchant for stories was better suited for the page rather than the stage. However, creating tales with suspense, laughter, and heart is not Michael’s only passion. He also enjoys volunteering in his local community for Meals on Wheels program. Rumor has it that one of his Meals on Wheels recipients helps him with his writing. Additionally, he aids in a local capture/spay/neuter/release program. As you would expect, Michael urges us all to adopt our pets from a shelter.
To date, Hebler’s publications include “Curse of the Chupacabra” and “Night of the Chupacabra,” (the first two of six novels in the Chupacabra Series) and his first publication, “The Night After Christmas,” a holiday picture book for believers of any age.
Michael Malkush
Michael Malkush has spent most of his adult life helping people. As an author, motivational speaker, life-coach and mentor, he continues to work with people to help them be healthy, happy and successful.
He was a public school teacher for 30 years, most recently in the Jericho Public School District, on Long Island, New York. As an educator Michael taught over 150 teenagers each year. He taught communications technology and his students ran the high school television studio. He produced many award winning pieces and shows that his students created. He has worked with all types of students from all economic and ethnic backgrounds. He is a motivator, disciplinarian, coach, psychologist, advisor, actor, leader, confidante, and friend.
Michelle Hadden
Michelle is the Director of Government Affairs and Industry Relations at the New York Council on Problem Gambling, Inc. In 2001, she began her career in substance abuse prevention, focusing on community organization and education. In 2005, she developed and managed one of the first community-based problem gambling prevention programs in NYS.
Michelle joined the New York Council on Problem Gambling in 2007 where she’s worked to develop statewide systems for Problem Gambling prevention, training, supervision, outreach and education. Her current efforts focus on developing responsible gambling programs and improved service delivery across New York State.
Michelle Phillips
Michelle is a speaker, TV and radio host, and bestselling author of The Beauty Blueprint: 8 Steps to Building the Life and Look of Your Dreams. By combining her experience as a Celebrity Makeup Artist with her training as a Life Coach she provides a strategy for “beautiful” living inside and out. Her programs and TV segments cover areas like enhancing self-esteem, overcoming obstacles, goal setting, empowerment, and tips to project the qualities of inner beauty outward in our appearance.
You may have seen Michelle on TV shows and networks such as; Oxygen Network, We-TV, HGTV, TLC, CW, KCAL-LA, Fox13-Tampa, Daytime, or speaking on the Power of Women Tour and “I Can Do It!” events with inspirational icons Wayne Dyer and Louise Hay. She has also been heard on Martha Stewart Radio on Sirius/XM, Hay House Radio and shows across the globe.
Michelle Turner
Michelle Turner is an advocate for victims of domestic violence. Her aim is to help victims and to raise public awareness for violence against women. She’s a survivor of abuse herself; her father abandoned her; she had a troubled childhood; she’s has been in several abusive relationships.
Yet she’s still here, happy, bright, and strong, ready to leave those memories behind and to help others who went through abuse. In her honest self-help book project, she writes about the way she survived, to emerge from the ordeals as a stronger person, full of life and hope.
Michelle is organizing programs to prevent and end cycles of abuse through research, resources, and advocacy provided to individuals, families, communities and agencies throughout the nation. She wants to show that it’s possible to get over a painful past and have a whole life, no matter what you have been through.
Mona Shand
Mona is a veteran journalist who has worked in television, radio, print, and online media. She began her broadcast career at WJBK, Fox 2 Detroit, where she worked as a news writer before taking an on-air position at WLNS-TV6, the CBS affiliate in Lansing Michigan. Over the years, she has worked at WHMI radio, written a column on family life for the online newspaper AnnArbor.com and produced stories for Public News Service.
Mona and her family have been regular participants in their local Meals on Wheels program for the past several years and that’s one of main topics covered in the interview. She says it’s been an excellent way to get her 3 young children involved in volunteering in the community.
Mona Tippins
Mona is a grandmother and an author. She likes to walk in the rain, snow or wind and to walk across bridges. She reads as often as time allows, and travels as often as finances allow. Mona holds the Guinness World Record on unduplicated rail mileage. Her book, Tomorrow the Train:Journey to the World Record is her story of her adventures through thirty-three countries by rail to beat the record.
Mona didn’t beat this record in her twenties. She did it at the tender young age of sixty-five. She says the most difficult part of her journey to beat the record was not traveling as an older person, nor as a woman alone, nor as traveling with very little money. It was traveling as a vegetarian.
Morry Zelcovitch
Morry says he first noticed the effects that sounds and tones had on his own mental state well over 20 years ago. This led him on a decades long journey deep into the study of brainwave entrainment. Not satisfied with the minor results he experienced , Morry sought out the world’s foremost brainwave entrainment expert and, after extensive study and training, became one of the few Certified Brainwave Entrainment Engineers in the world. From that impressive starting point, and with ongoing study and research, Morry has developed his own technology and techniques (The Morry Method™) in that area.
Not wanting to keep this knowledge and powerful methodology to himself, he began producing recordings that incorporate the technology and techniques he developed. These recordings, including Quantum Mind Power and Quantum Confidence, are acclaimed by his legion of listeners.
Myrtle Newsam
Myrtle was homeless, suffering from congestive heart failure, and hobbling around on swollen feet due to maltreated diabetes. Despite all this, Myrtle kept her strength through her faith, her music, and her optimism.
Today, she’s a gospel songwriter, and co-author of the book, Contagious Optimism, which was a best-selling book of 2013. Myrtle currently writes children and young adult stories.
N
Nancy Capelle
On May 14, 2011, Nancy, a wife and mother of two young daughters, clinically died at the age of 40. She suffered a heart attack and cardiac arrest. Thanks to the quick actions of a paramedic, she’s alive today to tell her harrowing story of life and death. As a result of her experience, Nancy decided to radically change the focus of her professional life from what she thought others expected her to be to what she felt was her calling. She resigned from her corporate job and became a Connecticut State licensed Emergency Medicine Technician and is now a volunteer EMT. She’s also an American Heart Association Certified BLS Instructor. Just five months after her cardiac arrest, Nancy was a “Red Cap” Team Leader for the American Heart Association’s Heart Walk as well as a spokesperson.
She’s a trainer in Hands Only CPR, as part of the Hands for Life project and has certified individuals ranging from Norwalk Police Department officers to students and teachers at schools throughout the lower Fairfield County area. Nancy is also the Founder and Owner of Cardiac Companion, LLC, through which she conducts private CPR instruction. Nancy now challenges others to take action in their own lives. She says it shouldn’t take death to finally live the life you were meant to live.
Nancy Schimmel
Nancy’s been writing songs since 1975, and singing at rallies, marches and picket lines with the Freedom Song Network since it started in 1982. She sang with the Threshold Choir for the first five years of its existence. Now she sings with the Organic Women’s Chorus. She writes children’s songs as well as political and personal songs. She’s a member of the Children’s Music Network.
She volunteers at Washington Elementary School in Berkeley, singing and telling stories. She also tries out new songs fairly often at the monthly open mike at the Berkeley Fellowship of Unitarians and Universalists. Nancy has a masters degree in library science from the UC Berkeley and has taught storytelling in the library schools there, at UCLA and at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She worked as a children’s librarian for nine years, 1965-1974.
Nancy also got involved in the Occupy Movement back in 2011 and helped start an organization known as Occupela.
Neil Barsky
Neil is the chairman and founder of The Marshall Project, a nonprofit journalism enterprise dedicated to covering the U.S. criminal justice system. He began his career as a newspaper reporter, covering real estate and economic development for the New York Daily News and The Wall Street Journal. He subsequently became a Wall Street analyst and hedge fund manager. He’s a graduate of Oberlin College and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He sits on the board of trustees of Oberlin College and the board of directors of the writing program Youth Communication and is chair of the Columbia Journalism Review board of overseers.
In this interview, we talk about Neil’s latest projects, a documentary movie titled Koch, that covers Ed Koch’s time as mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 and the Marshall Project.
Nely Galán
Nely Galán is known throughout the Latina community as a self-made media magnate, motivational speaker, and women’s empowerment advocate.
She’s done incredible work with HBO, Fox, ESPN, MGM, Sony and many others. Galan also created and executive produced the FOX reality series The Swan, and as its in-house life coach, wrote the bestselling companion book The Swan Curriculum. Along the way, she was even a contestant on NBC’s The Celebrity Apprentice with Donald Trump, competing for the charity Count Me In, which helps women gain economic independence
She now proudly sits on the Coca Cola Company Advisory Board, which supports her biggest venture yet: The Adelante Movement. She founded The Adelante Movement (Move Forward) to vigorously unite and empower Latinas to become leaders in society, rightful entrepreneurs, and to be an integral voice in America’s economy and politics.
Nicole was diagnosed with anorexia at age 14 and she says the diagnosis was a shock for her. Minutes after she was diagnosed, she was hospitalized.
She says her first night in treatment as lonely and scary.
As a result, she’s started a project called Cubs for Coping where she donates handmade teddy bears to hospitals, homeless shelters, and eating disorder centers.
Nihar is currently a student at Cornell University in New York. He says he’s always had his eye on changing the world.
One day, about a year ago, a ride on the New York City subways changed his life.
As a result of that experience, he started a company called Hype Up Your Day. Nihar believes that by motivating people around the world to be the best they can be, he’s doing his part to change the world for the better.
Nora Kramer
Nora is the founder and director of Youth Empowered Action (YEA) Camp, an innovative summer camp for teens who care about community service, activism, and social justice. YEA Camp offers week-long overnight sessions around the country for world-changing 12 to 17-year-olds. YEA Camp is a life-changing camp for world-changing teens.
Nora has worked as an activist and educator for over a decade, and believes that all of us, from a young age, want to help when we see something wrong in our world — but without training or support to understand the social problems around us and to empower us to impact them, a lot of us give up and decide we can’t make a difference. Thankfully, there is so much we can all do to make our world a better place.
Norma Norris
Norma is the founder of the Reality Tour Drug Prevention Program. She’s a lifelong resident of Butler PA, a wife, mother, grandmother and civic leader. In 2003, she wanted to do something about youth addicted to drugs and dying from overdoses in her community. Knowing that kids already had drug prevention education from grades K-12, she felt either they didn’t believe what they were being told about drugs, or they didn’t think the consequences could happen to them. She says it was also evident that parents were clueless as to what temptations youth experienced daily.
It seemed urgent to Norma to get parents and their children on the same page, with the same information. That information had to be delivered in an engaging manner; had to be true, emotionally charged and consequence-driven. After considerable research, she developed Reality Tour, a parent/child program that incorporated the community in the delivery. Norma left her 21 year career in radio and formed the nonprofit CANDLE, Inc. to oversee the endeavor and to serve as its executive director.
O
Oren Wunderman, PhD
Dr. Wunderman has worked in non-profit child welfare agencies or mental health centers for most of the last thirty years. He’s licensed as a Psychologist, Marriage and Family Therapist, and Mental Health Counselor. He earned his Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the University of Miami. For the past 15 years, he’s been a yearly guest lecturer in the subjects of Child Abuse and Forensic Psychology at the University of Miami, Departments of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Miami Children’s Hospital and several local Community Mental Health Centers.
He’s been with the Family Resource Center of South Florida (FRC) for the past 16 years, 11 of which he’s served as its Executive Director. During his tenure, FRC has tripled in size while expanding the complexity and scope of services.
P
P. M. H. Atwater
P. M. H. is one of the original researchers in the field of near-death studies, having begun her work in 1978 and involving nearly 4,000 child and adult experiencers. She’s been given many awards, is an international speaker and her books have been translated in over 12 languages. Dr. Atwater’s Near-Death Experiences: The Rest of The Story completes 33 years doing near-death research, combined with work from a previous decade where she investigated altered and mystical states, psychic phenomena, and the transformative process.
Of the ten books she’s written about her findings, she’s established herself in generational research as well, including evolution, and how the human species is changing. A near-death experiencer herself, she says she returned from these episodes with many enhanced sensitivities. She became a researcher because of what she went through and what she says she was told to do during her third near-death experience.
Pablo Solomon
The sculptures, drawings, paintings and other design work of Pablo Solomon have graced some of the finest collections in the US and Europe for the past 40 years. He is known around the globe for his drawings and sculptures of dancers. He’s been recognized in books, magazines, TV, radio, newspapers and film as one of the most creative and productive artists of our times.
Recently Pablo has been featured in major publications for his visionary environmental designs and for his expertise in art as an investment. While we discuss his art, we also discuss whether or not our society has lost the ability to distinguish between–good, better and best when it comes to life styles, personal responsibility, honesty, morality, and other aspects of life.
Pamela McColl
Pamela says it was really quite something one September morning when the news media woke her up at 4:30 AM to discuss a 500 word media release she had written. That press release was about Santa going “smoke-free.” News circulated through the New York Post, LA Times, NPR, and Vanity Fair. When Associated Press took the story international it really was validation that one single voice, one single idea can still be heard in our “noisy” world.
You see, Pamela chose to alter Twas The Night Before Christmas, which is perhaps the most famous poem in the English language. You see, she self-published a new, smoke-free version of the poem, deleting the offending lines and removing Santa’s pipe from the illustrations. Her republished work has won the support of many anti-smoking activists. She says she wanted to shake up the complacency she sees around the issue of tobacco use. Tobacco product use claims the lives of one in five Americans and subjects so many more to disease and illness. Pamela says it’s a preventable situation that is growing into a deep global threat.
Parisnicole Payton
Parisnicole is the President and CEO of The PNP Agency™. She manages public relations efforts for sports and entertainment professionals, public figures, and not-for-profit clients. She’s prepares her clients for media placements and develops strategies for press conferences, tours, speaking appearances and events. Additionally, she educates her clients on networking techniques, including forming vital business relationships and resource alliances. She negotiates contracts and coordinates referral services for clients to ensure lasting recognition and success. Lastly, she cultivates client relationships and supports diverse fund-raising and community outreach initiatives. She’s earned a Master of Education in Educational Management, a Master of Business Administration in Marketing and a Bachelor of Business Administration in Management from Strayer University.
Pascale Legagneur
Growing up, Pascale developed a love for writing and a passion for music. She is a classically trained pianist, songwriter, poet, and music composer/producer who has performed at Carnegie Hall, Ashford and Simpson’s Sugar Bar, and The Nuyorican Poets Café. Over the years, she’s developed a knack for technology, particularly social media. Known for her creative talents, innovative ideas, and business acumen, she’s created a name for herself in the social media world through blogging, tweeting, and launching various digital media projects through her company, Fortune Media Ventures, LLC.
A former college dropout, Pascale holds several honors and degrees. She earned Bachelor’s degrees in American Studies and Media & Communications from SUNY College at Old Westbury, Master of Arts degree in Teaching from Queens College, City University of New York (CUNY), and an MBA in Media Management from Metropolitan College of New York. She’s currently developing several projects, mainly in digital, online, and social media, and is in the process of writing a success guide book for college and graduate students.
Paul Dillon
Paul is the president and CEO of Dillon Consulting Services LLC, a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs certified Service Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business, which provides project management and business development services for clients in the service industry. He has more than 37 years of experience in those areas. His articles and commentaries on business and political issues have appeared in encyclopedias, business trade journals, and local and network radio/TV news, such as CBS World News Roundup. He has served on numerous non-profit boards, and on many gubernatorial, legislative, mayoral, and federal committees and commissions.
A true Renaissance man, and an avid distance lap swimmer, Paul’s interests range from corporate governance, to veterans entrepreneurship, to the entertainment industry, the last of which stems from his more than 14 years of experience serving as the supervisor of elections to the National Radio Hall of Fame, and to the Chicago Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for the Emmy Awards.
Peggy Chun
Peggy Chun is known in Hawaii for her beautiful and often whimsical artwork. Her work can be found in both private and corporate collections across the globe. This watercolor artist, who lived the last years of her life paralyzed by ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s Disease, captured the “spirit of aloha” in her paintings and thrived on sharing her love of the islands (and life!) with the world. Even through her six-year battle with ALS, Peggy continued to live a full and creative life, inspiring those around her with her courage, passion, and sense of humor in the face of adversity.
This debilitating motor neuron disease never slowed Peggy down, nor did it slow her creativity. In 2003, Peggy’s lungs weakened and she was placed on a ventilator. That same year, she lost use of her right hand. Peggy simply painted with her left. In 2004, a weakened left hand sent the paintbrush to her teeth. And when Peggy lost the use of her jaw muscles in 2005, she used a computer system called ERICA to digitally paint images using her eye movement.
Peggy spent the last three years of her life fully paralyzed, using a spell board to spell words out with her eye movement, letter-by-letter. She passed away peacefully in her home in November 2008, surrounded by her beloved friends, family, and famed group of caregivers, the “Peg’s Legs”.
Peter Wright
Peter is a certified Hypnotherapist in Santa Barbara with more than 22 years of experience in this field. He is one of only 50 Board-certified Past-Life Regression Therapists in the nation and he is also certified in Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP).
In addition, Peter is certified as a Life Between Lives Therapist – helping clients meet with their personal Council of Elders in the Spirit World during a Live Between Lives session. During this session, they can get direct answers to any questions they’ve ever wanted to ask about their current life. Plus Peter is skilled in Spirit Releasement.
Peter holds a Master’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Bachelor’s degree from Tufts University.
Philip Mandel
Philip has been many things, but he’s never been a movie producer — until now. Currently self-employed as a Health Coach, he’s also a musician and a recovering engineer. His father was a medical doctor, his mother was a home-maker — both refugees from Vienna at the beginning of the Nazi occupation in World War II. When Philip met a gentleman named Alter Wiener, he learned that Alter is a World War II Holocaust survivor and felt an immediate connection with him. After hearing his life story in public presentations and reading his autobiography, “From a Name to a Number,” Philip decided that everyone on Earth needs to hear or read Alter’s life story.
Thus, Philip obtained the movie rights from Alter and has begun the process of producing a feature film based on Alter’s life story as reflected in his book, “From a Name to a Number.”
Dr. Preetham Grandhi
Dr. Grandhi is an Albert Einstein College–trained, board-certified adult psychiatrist and Yale-trained child and adolescent psychiatrist. He is the House 5 unit psychiatrist at the New York City Children’s Center – Bronx Campus and also has a child private practice in Mount Vernon, New York.
He’s an assistant clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. He’s the coauthor of “The Turning Point: Conquering Stress with courage clarity and confidence,” and an expert in childhood stress. He is also the author of the award-winning psychological thriller “A Circle of Souls.”
Q – None
Rachel Boynton
Rachel produced and directed the feature-length documentary Our Brand Is Crisis, filming for three years on two continents. Winner of the International Documentary Association’s Best Feature Documentary Award and nominated for an Independent Spirit Award, it was named the No. 3 movie of 2006 by New York magazine, and appeared on several other “Best of 2006” lists, including those of The New York Times and LA Weekly. The film, which was televised on the Sundance Channel and internationally, earned Rachel the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival’s Charles E. Guggenheim Emerging Artist Award. George Clooney’s company, Smokehouse Pictures, plans to remake Our Brand Is Crisis as a fiction feature.
Rachel’s other credits include associate producer for the feature documentary Well-Founded Fear, producer/director/cinematographer for the reality series Pageant Perfect and associate producer for People Like Us: Social Class in America. She has managed shoots across America, worked on films in Cuba and France and directed casting for reality-based commercials.
Rachel Grant
Rachel is the owner and founder of Rachel Grant Coaching and is a Sexual Abuse Recovery Coach. She works with survivors of childhood sexual abuse who are beyond sick and tired of feeling broken, unfixable, and burdened by the past. She helps them let go of the pain of abuse and finally feel normal. She is also the author of Beyond Surviving: The Final Stage in Recovery from Sexual Abuse.
She holds an M.A. in Counseling Psychology. She provides a compassionate and challenging approach for her clients while using coaching, as opposed to therapeutic models. She’s a member of the International Coach Federation & San Francisco Coaches.
Raegan is an award-winning published playwright whose plays have been graced by notable actors in Hollywood and across the US.
She is the creator of the volunteering blog, TheGoodMuse.com, now in its 5th year of operation.
Over the past 5 years, she’s tackled over 87 different volunteer projects on her way to her goal of 100 projects before the end of 2013.
Rainbow Beast
The band consists of Marcus Stoesz (vocals, guitar, keys), Brian Gorman (drums, backing vocals), and Jen Aldrich (bass).
In 2009, after years of performing as touring musicians, Gorman and Stoesz created Rock Band Land, an ongoing, San Francisco-based collaborative program that offers a venue for elementary-age kids to explore creativity through original rock music, story writing, and storytelling. Young rockers are encouraged to run with any and all ideas that inspire them. Anything can be explored in a song: fear, death, or alienation, as well as love, joy, and endless kindness. The young rockers are challenged to be original, be kind, and to resist the urge to sing about poop. All Rock Band Land songs must, in the end, be positive and full of redemption.
The members of Rainbow Beast act as interpreters, mentors and curators for the youth of Rock Band Land, and all of the music that the band records and performs was written with the Rock Band Land Rockers.
Ramsey Bahrawy
Ramsey is an elder law attorney with 33 years legal experience, 17 of which have been concentrated on elder law. About 6 years ago, he began a quest to educate the general public on aging / senior issues by utilizing the medium of local cable tv and now online.
At the time, he had no tv or drama training. The local cable tv studio provided no training, just technical assistance. In other words, he learned by the seat of his pants. He’s come a long way since then.
He’s currently writing a book which is, in large part, based on the show’s talking points.
Ray Higdon
Ray says that in 2009 he was dead broke and in foreclosure. He hadn’t talked to his Dad in 13 years and he was deeply depressed. Prior to that time, from 2004-2008 he had been a successful real estate investor in Florida and when the market changed he was unable to adapt.
Since then, he’s written two #1 amazon best selling books, spoken to audiences all over the world and he say’s he’s completely turned his life around and now using his success to help others.
Rebecca Corry
Rebecca is a well-known writer, actor, producer and improvisational comedian. Some of her guest star appearances include; “The King of Queens,” “The Bernie Mac Show,” “Rules Of Engagement,” “Rizzoli and Isles,” as well as appearances on “The Wayne Brady Show,” NBC’s “Late Friday,” “Comics Unleashed,” E’s 101 series,” Vh1’s “Best Week Ever,” Comedy Central’s “Premium Blend” and her own 1/2 hour Comedy Central Presents special.
Rebecca is now preparing for the biggest role of her life, to organize the first ever One Million PIBBLE March On Washington DC in May 2014 in an effort to end BSL (Breed Specific Legislation) and dog fighting and by doing so, create safe and humane communities for humans and animals.
Rebecca West
Sometimes we choose change and sometimes change is thrust upon us. Whichever way the shake-up comes, it’s what you do with it that matters.
Rebecca’s “personal earthquake” was divorce. She found herself without a marriage or a career. All she had was a house that kept reminding her of the failure of her marriage… the paint color they both chose, the sofa they got together, the art they picked out.
Rebecca says she picked herself up out of her grieving, sold everything on Craigslist, bought all ‘new’ stuff on Craigslist, and repainted the interior of the house in all new colors.
From that moment on, everything was changed. Now she helps other do the same.
Richard Keyworth
Richard is a 71 year old retired Lieutenant formerly with the Elk Grove Village (IL) Fire Department. He say’s he’s always been a big man and during his Fire Service Career, he’d suffered heart problems and had several stents put in his heart. After he retired, he began to gain even more weight due to inactivity and overeating. As his weight slowly increased, he suffered from shortness of breath and other related problems. He went from 3X Tall shirts through 4X and into 5X over the next few years. He says he refused to think about his health as he was sure he was invincible. Several years ago, he went to see his cardiologist and the doctor wanted him to take a stress test. Because his knees wouldn’t take that much exercise, the doctor had to do an induced stress test with Richard laying on an x-ray table. He says he was almost too large for the machine to go around him.
After the test, the doctor said he had 2 options: (i) go see his local undertaker and pick out a XX large and XX long casket; or (ii) lose weight. He knew diets hadn’t worked for him in the past, so he realized he needed to change his lifestyle. Over the next year and a half, he went from a size 60 inch waist to his current weight over 300 lbs. He’s down to a XX tall shirt and a 50 inch waist, but he realizes he still has more to go. His cardiologist has taken him off some of his meds and says Richard’s his Poster Boy for Good Behavior.
Robb Braun
Robb brings over 25 years experience to the table as a personal development professional. He’s an experienced and tenacious coach, speaker, author and leader who’s led and developed over 40,000 participants in personal and professional growth trainings, seminars and programs throughout the US and overseas.
Robb says his life has been remarkable – filled with failures and successes, losses and recovery, and incredible opportunities for growth and awareness. He’s failed at business, lost a spouse to illness and a son to gang violence. He will tell you all of these are gifts, as he has continued to embrace fatherhood, created space to experience true love and enjoys sustainable success in his business endeavors. He lives by a mantra of ‘Take No Days Off!’ that he borrowed from a fellow free-spirit. He’ll tell you that he lives his life full-on every day.
Robert Benjamin
In his 20’s, Bob says he was emotionally broken and spiritually close to defeat. Everything in his life he had so far dared to believe in was failing and betraying his trust. He says it would have been a good day to quit and surrender to dismal mediocrity. He says the only thing that saved him was that he had never learned to give up. Had he known then that his quest was going to span several decades, he might have been tempted to surrender, but he didn’t. What he did do, at the age of 28, was to uproot his life 3000 miles from New England to the Pacific Northwest. As it happened, one of the first lessons he learned was that he would be, as he calls it, imperfectly ordinary.
In his 50’s, he found himself, at last, ready, able and willing to do something about it. He was ready to write. It took him 15 years to complete the first part of that task, the writing of his Imperfectly Ordinary Trilogy.
Judge Robert Francis
Judge Francis is currently the Presiding Judge over the Dallas 4-C SAFPF ReEntry court. This court’s success in reducing crime has brought it state and national acclaim. Television networks including; CNBC, PBS, TBN & CCTV have all broadcast special documentaries about 4-C and its success. Previously, he presided over Criminal District Court #3 in Dallas for 12 years. Prior to being elected in 1997, Judge Francis was an Asst. D.A. in Dallas County and was in private practice.
In an effort to reduce recidivism, Judge Francis started the first Re-Entry court in the State of Texas in February of 2001. This court was designed to ensure that addicts who have received rehabilitative treatment in the penitentiary are monitored and supervised once they are released from prison. He’s lectured and/or taught at numerous professional conferences and schools for the judiciary throughout the country. For the past several legislative sessions, Judge Francis has served as a liaison for the Texas judiciary to the Texas legislature.
Roberta Grimes
Roberta is an Austin-based business attorney who’s had two extraordinary experiences of light in childhood that prompted her to spend decades studying nearly 200 years of abundant and consistent communications from the dead. Using this material and the principles of quantum mechanics, she says she was eventually able to figure out what her experiences of light had been.
She shares many of her discoveries in her latest books which detail some astonishing recent advances in the field of after-death communication. She’s on the governing board of the Academy for Spiritual and Consciousness Studies. In 2014 she co-chaired the Academy’s 38th annual conference, entitled. New Developments in Afterlife Communication. In 2015 she will co-chair the annual conference of the Academy’s Afterlife Research and Education Section entitled Life in the Afterlife, to be held in September of 2015 in Scottsdale, AZ. She’s a graduate of Smith College and Boston University School of Law.
Robin Korth
Robin is a writer, public speaker, business woman, and a soul dancer who is no longer on the run. She says she’s at last come home to who she is—a woman who knows her own heart, who flies her spirit in joy and knows that the adventure of life is to be found always in each moment. After many years, Robin walked away from doing life “right” – as she says she was dying in it – and turned towards living it. This meant looking fully at the woman in the mirror and claiming everything that had gone before—the failures, the sorrows, the joys, the running away from who she was and the self-pity, the laziness, the resentment and the anger. It meant getting to work at living life with honesty, willingness and an ever-arching cry of freedom, love, curiosity and laughter.
In her own words, “Doing life right just about killed me. My spirit was tagged and toggled to do-over days that made no sense. I wasn’t cut out to be the woman I was trying so very hard to be. It hurt. I hurt. I couldn’t do it anymore.”
Robin Marvel
Robin is an author and speaker in the field of self development. Despite a childhood filled with abuse, homelessness and teen pregnancy, Robin has overcome many challenges to make her life one of purpose. She says she’s devoted her life to show others how to do the same. Using her story, books and workshops as tools, she’s working to inspire others to break cycles and choose to live the life they desire.
Robin says she learned at a very young age that our choices determine the successes that we achieve in our lives. She says you can’t live in a state of blame in the present for the lifestyle you survived as a child. You have the opportunity to remove yourself from being a victim and become a victor and live the life you desire.
Brigadier General Ron Sconyers (USAF Ret,)
Brigadier General Ron Sconyers (USAF, Ret.) is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Physicians for Peace, a global nonprofit medical education and training organization serving developing nations with unmet medical needs and scarce resources. Since assuming his position at Physicians for Peace in February 2004, General Sconyers has overseen significant growth of the organization. Today, he leads an organization with a U.S. based staff of 20 and overseas offices in the Dominican Republic and the Philippines. Physicians for Peace has active projects in nearly 20 developing countries.
General Sconyers was a career military officer in the U.S. Air Force. He has an undergraduate degree in International Affairs from the USAF Academy and a Master’s Degree in Communications from St. Louis University. He was also a Fellow in Foreign Politics, International Relations and the National Interest at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ronald Chapman
Ron is the owner of an international speaking and consulting company, Magnetic North LLC, a specialty company, Leading Public Health, and a publishing company Seeing True Press. In addition to international accreditation as a speaker and national awards for radio commentary, he is the author of one fiction book, two works of non-fiction, and two sets of compact discs.
Ron holds a Masters in Social Welfare from The University at Albany. His Seeing True practice and methods helps people clearly identify obstructions that impede their success personally, as well as in business and organizations.
Ronald Kaufman
Ron Kaufman is a seminar leader and executive coach specializing in communication skills and goal setting. For over 15 years, he’s been conducting workshops on topics such as public speaking, negotiation, media skills, goal setting, job interviewing, time management, and stress management.
He has a Master Certification in NLP, and is a certified trainer in Presentation Skills. Ron is also the author of the book “Anatomy of Success,” which is based on his goal setting and communication skills workshops. Contributing to the community is an important part of Ron’s work, donating an average of two workshops per month to various nonprofits.
Rosalind Sedacca
Rosalind is a Divorce & Parenting Coach. She’s the founder of the Child-Centered Divorce Network which provides valuable resources for parents who are facing a divorce, dealing with a divorce or transitioning after a divorce.
She is also the author of How Do I Tell the Kids about the Divorce?, a Create-a-Storybook Guide to Preparing Your Children – with Love!
Rosalind is on the Board of Directors of Online Parenting Programs and The Toby Center for Family Transitions, an Advisor at ParentalWisdom.com as well as a Featured Blogger for The Huffington Post, Divorce360, The Kids Come First Coalition, KidzEdge Magazine and numerous other divorce and parenting websites.
Roxanne Lee
After working as an event planner for many years, Roxanne witnessed large amounts of food being tossed out after the event was over. The worst part was that she wasn’t allowed to redirect the leftovers to a homeless shelter or food pantry due to legal reasons, like the fear of being sued if someone claimed food poisoning. She recently started working on a documentary entitled FOOD WA$TE, drawing upon interviews from chefs, food managers, local farms, and community organizers.
Having grown up in a food insecure household herself and coming from a family ridden with substance abuse and mental illness, she understands all too well the need for us to stop wasting food. In her opinion, it doesn’t make any sense that ~50 million people live below the poverty line in America, yet we throw away enough food to feed four times that amount.
Russell Friedman
Russell is Executive Director of The Grief Recovery Institute Educational Foundation, Inc., and co-author of four books on the subject of grief recovery. He’s appeared as the Grief Recovery expert on CNN many times. Of special note: an appearance on Saturday September 15, 2001, in the aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy; again in April of 2002, after Andrea Yates drowned her five children in Houston; with Anderson Cooper in June of 2004, during the funeral proceedings for President Ronald Reagan; and in July of 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson. In April, 2005, he was featured on The Today Show with Matt Lauer, as an expert on helping parents guide their children in dealing with losses of all kinds.
Russell blogs on Psychology Today and on Tributes.com, an online memorial website.
Rusty and Laurie Wright
In 2004, Michigan guitarists Rusty and Laurie Wright put together the first incarnation of the group that would become the Rusty Wright Band. Both were veteran musicians, but it was only the band’s second show together when they opened for Lynyrd Skynyrd, a performance which garnered them a standing ovation and prompted Skynyrd guitarist Rickey Medlocke to exclaim “Dude – where did YOU come from?” Then in their early forties, the husband/wife team dedicated themselves to proving there is no expiration date on fulfilling an artistic dream.
Fast forward nine years: Three acclaimed studio albums, an album of live cuts culled from several years of live concert mixes, two concert DVDs, successful international tours, headliner status on well over half of their concert and festival performances, and a national TV debut on an hour-long syndicated PBS concert program that has aired repeatedly across the country for more than a year. The Rusty Wright Band has made the leap from regional favorite to enjoying international recognition and wowing audiences on three continents.
Ryan Lockard
Ryan is the head trainer and co-owner of Specialty Athletic Training. He grew up being active and was a three sport athlete in high school. He went on to play football at Lewis and Clark College. After graduating, he turned his passion for football into a career and played professionally overseas for 3 years.
Ryan has worked with children with special needs since 2007 and has over 7,000 hours of 1:1 instruction. He is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (NSCA) and is a Board Member on the Autism Society of Oregon’s Board of Directors.
Ryan is also a very active volunteer for the Portland Aspergers Network as the Young Adult Group Facilitator.
Ryan McEvoy
Ryan is the principal of Gaia Development, a green-building consulting company dedicated to creating cost-effective solutions for efficient sustainable buildings. Gaia’s mission is to make sustainability affordable, so more businesses and homeowners will choose to build with the future of our earth in mind.
In addition to his business, Ryan applied his 10+ years experience in the non-profit sector toward the foundation of Collective Solutions (CS). CS seeks to “promote sustainable development among under-served populations worldwide” by implementing sustainability-minded education to economically and ecologically impoverished communities. Ryan teaches a sustainability course at Cal State Dominguez Hills and speaking at sustainability-minded conferences around the country.
Ryan Thewes
Ryan graduated from the Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning in 2000. While in school, Ryan studied the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, which made a strong impression on his development as a designer. He felt a kinship with Wright’s ideas on architecture, which seemed to closely resemble his own. Ryan was inspired by Wright’s bold use of geometry, veneration of nature and his ability to integrate a building with its site. Wright called his work “Organic Architecture,” which came from his belief that a building’s essence or character should derive from the design process in the same way a living organism grows from a seed–logically and naturally from the inside out.
Ryan continues to press the boundaries with award winning Organic and Modern structures that are unique to his area. His designs have received national as well as world wide attention and have been featured in many online and print media sources. He has also been recognized widely for his advancements in green construction and the green building industry, with his focus on building science and performance.
S
Samantha M. White
Samantha is a psychotherapist who changed her name when she was forty-three years old, which was thirty-two years ago, because, as she says, her life needed a new start. She chose ”Samantha” because of its origin and meaning. From the Biblical Aramaic, it means, “The woman who listens,” or “She is heard.”
In the span of a few short years, around the time of her name change, she lost her first husband to mental illness, then fell in love with a bounder who used and deceived her, and then her daughter was killed. She says she fell apart. Her pain drove some of her friends away, She lost her job, and became homeless. She says she didn’t want to live, but she had another daughter who needed her, so she had to find a way to go on living.
Samantha did better than that. She found a way to heal, to elevate her life from pain to forgiveness and peace and joy. It was a long, hard climb, but she made it, and felt driven to share the story of how she did it.
Samuel Sagan, M.D.
Samuel Sagan started practicing meditation in his teens. In 1975 he became a medical student at Faculty Paris V, with the aim of acquiring a solid background in the pursuit of consciousness studies. Initially directed towards neurosurgery and psychiatry, he soon encountered limits with the conventional approach when seeking to study consciousness. Therefore, in conjunction with studying conventional medicine, he started training in anthroposophical medicine and alternative therapies. He also studied homeopathy and acupuncture, both 3 year long courses open only to physicians. In 1978, he commenced studies of Sanskrit in order to explore models of consciousness in the Indian tradition.
In 1982 he dedicated himself to full-time meditation for 5 years, giving up all medical and other activities. He says these were, by far, the most intense years of his life. At the end of this period he moved to Sydney Australia where he founded the Clairvision School, aimed at offering in-depth training in meditation and a whole range of topics in consciousness studies and alternative therapies. In 2005, Samuel moved to the United States. By then, he had written sixteen books (from Awakening the Third Eye to Death the Great Journey). Dozens of instructors had been trained and the techniques of the Clairvision School were taught throughout Europe and North America, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Asia as they continue to be taught today.
Sandi Hutcheson
Sandi grew up a preacher’s kid in Atlanta, Ga. Following Southern tradition, Sandi married young and set out to raise a perfect family. Three kids later, she was on track, until Sandi’s mother gave her an unexpected “gift”: a copy of a book filled with diet and exercise tips called Look Great Naked, and told her “I think your husband is having an affair.” The unspoken message was, your husband is straying; go fix yourself. Instead, Sandi chose to peel away the scales of image and strip down to her authentic self, no longer addicted to perfection and the notion she has to hide her weaknesses from everyone.
Sandi obtained her Master of Fine Arts from Spalding University, and teaches Short Story Writing at Flagler College and Creative Writing for the University of Phoenix, while pursuing a Ph.D. in Creative Writing at Warnborough College, Ireland. Her stories have been published in Creative Nonfiction, Doxie Digest and Southern Journal magazines. Her novel, Looks Great Naked, follows the struggles of Grace Adams, a woman on a similar journey of despair and hope – sometimes side-splitting, sometimes heartrending – that will empower people who are afraid to take off their masks.
Sandy Pedeflous and Sherry Hursey
Sandy is a visionary and 30 year veteran of the entertainment industry working behind the scenes in all aspects of production including producing, production coordinating, and post-production supervising. Sandy graduated Cum Laude with a Bachelor’s degree in Radio, Television and Film, from California State University Northridge and used her creative expertise to build her own editing business developing industrial video productions. Sandy is also the co-owner of two well-established and successful companies, Omegasonics, a manufacturing company and UltraCare, a service business. At a young age Sandy had a dream to create a positive news show. She, along with Sherry, made this dream become a reality with Smile TV!
Sherry is an award-winning actress, writer and producer, whose face and voice are very familiar to television and film audiences worldwide. Most recognized as, Ilene, on the hit series Home Improvement, or Kirsten Dunst’s mom in the Universal hit Bring It On, Sherry has an extensive list of credits from stage to screen. As a vocalist and voice artist, Sherry can be heard in over a hundred films including: Shrek, Madagascar, Polar Express, and Monsters vs Aliens. Following her passion for music, children and positive programming, Sherry branched out, produced and starred in the uplifting family musical, Lilly’s Light, for Public TV, advocating for displaced and foster youth. Her heart and talents, along with Sandy’s are now being fully expressed through Smile TV!
Sara Chana Silverstein
Sara Chana is an international board certified lactation consultant, classical homeopath, master herbalist, lecturer, author, wife and mother of seven children. She appears regularly on CBS, ABC, NBC and FOX TV health segments, speaking on topics such as breastfeeding, birthing and integrating alternative medicine with conventional medicine. She writes regular columns, is interviewed in national magazines and is quoted on the most popular ‘mommy sites.’
In addition, Sara Chana is a highly sought-after public speaker who is funny, provocative and wise. She teaches breastfeeding basics to pediatricians at a medical school, and lectures at workshops for midwives, doulas and nurses. Her newly launched APP for breastfeeding moms is called Sara Chana’s Breastfeeding For Boobs which is “an encyclopedia that fits in the palm of your hand.” She encourages natural births, breastfeeding and teaches women the art of integrating breastfeeding with a career. By shattering birthing and breastfeeding myths, she has helped thousands of women reach their goals.
Sarah Blum
Sarah is a champion for justice and is working to heal the profound damage of Military Sexual Trauma (MST) that she says is rampant in the U.S. Military. She’s a decorated nurse Vietnam veteran who earned the Army Commendation Medal serving as an operating room nurse at the 12th Evacuation Hospital Cu Chi, Vietnam during the height of the fighting in 1967. She was awarded the Certificate of Achievement for exemplary service as head nurse of the orthopedic ward at Madigan Army Hospital in 1968, where she was also the assistant director of nursing on evening and night shift in 1970. She received her Bachelor’s Degree, Summa Cum Laude, from Seattle University and her Master’s, Cum Laude, from U. W. and at age 74, Sarah is still a practicing nurse psychotherapist with over 29 years experience working with PTSD and trauma resolution.
She was a finalist in the Pacific Northwest Writer’s Association 2012 Writing Contest in Memoirs and her first Op Ed “Sexual Abuse in the Military Needs to be Brought to Light”, was published July 12, 2012 in The Seattle Times and her second,”Sex Crimes Continue to Plague the U.S. Military,” was published in Truthout on January 15, 2013 and on February 24, 2014, “Our Military: Fighting to Keep its Culture of Abuse.” Was published in Truthout.
Sarah Cion
Sarah was the 1st Place Winner of the 17th Annual Great American Jazz Piano Competition. She’s performed with legends such as Clark Terry, Anita O’Day, Carmen Leggio, Bucky Pizzarelli, and many more. Sarah’s debut CD features Antonio Hart and Tony Reedus. Her second CD featured Chris Potter and Billy Hart, and her third features saxophone giant Michael Brecker.
Sarah’s articles and transcriptions have been published in Piano Today Magazine, and her book Modern Jazz Piano was released by Hal Leonard in 2005. Sarah is a contributor to the Steinway Library of Piano Music. She’s also penned the Pianist’s Jammin’ Handbook and A Baker’s Dozen: 13 Contemporary Jazz Etudes.
Sarah graduated from the New England Conservatory with honors and distinction in composition and performance.
Sarah Maccarelli Jordan
Sarah is the business savvy creator of Hooping by Sarah and The Hooping with Kids Hoop Teacher Training Program. Teachers in the program learn how to help kids get active and stay active, all through the magic of hoops. She’s taught hundreds of children’s hooping classes in 4 different states and she says she’s on a mission to help you learn how to teach kids to hoop too.
Sarah’s proteges are teaching the Hooping with Kids Curriculum all over the world. This program not only helps kids to get active and stay active, but it helps fulfill her goal of helping women all over the world improve their confidence, their careers, and their lives, all by teaching kids to hoop.
Scott Schmaren
Scott is a nationally known neuroperformanceologist, speaker, coach, author, TV and radio personality. Born and raised in Chicago, Scott’s childhood was a constant battle with the issue of obesity and being teased. After school ,Scott entered the field of Real Estate and got married. His obesity sprung out of control and when he reached his high point of 365 pounds, he realized he had reached his end of the road. It was time to change!!!
Since then, Scott has spent over 20 years learning powerful success technologies as a neuroperformanceologist. He’s used what he’s learned and created to transform his life, losing 180 pounds and maintaining it while rediscovering his vitality. He’s appeared on radio and television including, “The Oprah Winfrey Show” where Oprah said, “If Scott can do it, I can do it and so can you!”
Scott Ventrella
Scott is the principal of Positive Dynamics, a management consulting firm specializing in the development and delivery of programs designed to help individuals and companies achieve unprecedented levels of performance by leveraging the inherent potential in people. As a consultant and leader, Scott brings over 25 years of organizational development experience to Positive Dynamics with a unique blend of solid, real-world application and academic credentials.
Since 1993, Scott has been an adjunct professor at Fordham University’s Graduate School of Business where he teaches on a variety of management topics, including: “Leadership and Change,” “Leading the Global Organization” and “Me, Inc. – How to Master the Business of Being You.” Additionally, Scott serves as adjunct professor at the Jack Welch College of Business at Sacred Heart University teaching “Leadership and Ethics,” as well as at Fairfield University where he teaches “Applied Business Ethics.”
Shannon Kaiser
Shannon Kaiser has been labeled a modern thought leader on the rise by CafeTruth. She is the author of “Find Your Happy, an Inspirational Guide to Loving Life to Its Fullest”.
She left her successful career in advertising to follow her heart and be a motivational speaker, life coach, travel writer and author. She is a four-time contributing author to the best-selling book series Chicken Soup for The Soul.
Shannon’s work has been featured in media outlets such as Good Morning America, Good Day New York, Inside Edition, KATU AM Northwest, MindBodyGreen, Tiny Buddha, Elephant Journal and The Daily Love.
Shannon Miller
Shannon remains the Most Decorated Gymnast in American History. She is the only American to rank among the Top 10 All-Time gymnasts and is the only female athlete to be inducted into the US Olympic Hall of Fame – Twice! (as an Individual (2006) and as part of a Team (2008)).
She’s won an astounding 59 International and 49 National competition medals. Over half of these have been gold. Her tally of five medals (2 silver, 3 bronze) at the 1992 Olympics was the most medals won by a US athlete in any sport. At the ‘96 games, she led the “Magnificent Seven” to the US Women’s first ever Team Gold and for the first time for any American gymnast, she captured Gold on the Balance Beam. But there’s more, much more . . .
After retiring from Olympic competition, Shannon received her undergraduate degrees in marketing and entrepreneurship and her law degree from Boston College. She then moved from Olympic athlete to advocate for the health and wellness of women and children.
In 2010, she launched her company, Shannon Miller Lifestyle: Health and Fitness for Women. She continues to travel the country as a highly sought after motivational speaker and advocate for the health and wellness of women and children.
In January 2011, Shannon was diagnosed with a malignant germ cell tumor, a rare form of ovarian cancer. She had the baseball sized tumor removed successfully and followed up with 9 weeks of chemotherapy. She’s remained open and public about her diagnosis and treatment and continues to empower women to make their health a priority through the media. She’s currently cancer free and continues to be a strong advocate for early detection.
Shawn Rhodes
Shawn is a speaker, writer, coach and consultant in the fields of professional performance and personal development. He’s known as an award winning, internationally-published author, war correspondent and teacher. For decades he’s shared the benefits of the martial arts to the public, developed ways to focus under stress, be passionate in a profession, and be confident in everyday life. Through personal study under teachers in the U.S. and Japan, he continually seeks out ways to bring the positive lessons of eastern wisdom to modern problems. His sessions have helped people and organizations overcome challenges, balance personal and professional life, maintain focus on their goals, and enable them to have the same tenacity, compassion, and success he found in warrior cultures around the world. As an advisor to senior leaders in the Department of Defense, he’s advised and presented to thousands in the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force, in addition to businesses, organizations and multiple non-profits.
Sheevaun Moran
Master Energy Coach Sheevaun Moran is the founder and creator of the Energetic Solutions, Inc.® Success System. She is devoted to teaching the world’s entrepreneurs and leaders the deep Universal Energetic Principles with practical step-by-step “How-To’s” to fulfill their legacy or dream.
She says “most transformations are focused on strategies and tactics, which typically affect change in a minimal way.” “When 99 percent of learning is achieved by connecting, aligning and experiencing cellular and energetic shifts, it helps make the strategies and tactics to be more effective more quickly.”
Shel Horowitz
As a writer and speaker, Shel has been promoting safe energy and an end to nuclear power since 1976. He’s been promoting green and ethical business practices as success strategies since at least 2002 (which might have been a radical idea back then, but is much more accepted now).
He’s a green marketing and publishing consultant, copywriter, and author of eight books including Guerrilla Marketing Goes Green: Winning Strategies to Improve Your Profits and Your Planet. He also writes an internationally syndicated monthly column, Green And Profitable.
His latest project is a proposal for a new book called How to Repair the World, which will look at solving resource issues as a way to address poverty, war, hunger, and catastrophic climate change.
Sherri Mills
Sherri has been a hairdresser for over forty-five years. She’s listened to real-life problems and followed real-life outcomes—successes and failures—and through several generations, longer and more extensively than many marriage counselors can.
In her practice she’s seen the pain from too many divorces that didn’t have to happen. She’s been obsessed with trying to save as many marriages as she can.
Sherri’s first book, I Almost Divorced My Husband, But I Went On Strike Instead, was written to women, with detailed instructions on how to deal with the double duty and double standard of householder work and instructions on how to have more appreciation for their own husbands.
Soania Mathur
Soania is a family physician living outside of Toronto, Ontario who had to resign her practice as a result of her Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease a full twelve years after her diagnosis at age 27.
Now she is a dedicated speaker, writer, educator and Parkinson’s advocate. She speaks passionately about the challenges of adjusting physically and emotionally and the coping strategies available to patients.
Dr. Mathur is an active speaker with the Parkinson’s Society of Canada at patient-directed conferences and also serves as a resource for education projects. She works with The Michael J. Fox foundation for Parkinson’s Research and serves on their Patient Council. She is a member of The Brian Grant Foundation Advisory Board that helps to create educational programming.
She is the founder of Designing A Cure Inc. which was initially created to raise funds directed towards research and awareness of Parkinson’s Disease and now serves as a platform to educate and inspire those living with this disease to take charge of their lives, to live well with Parkinson’s. Dr. Mathur has a special interest in helping educate the youngest affected by the stress of this chronic disease.
Sonia Pressman Fuentes
Sonia is an American author, speaker, feminist leader and lawyer. She was born in Berlin, Germany, of Polish parents, with whom she came to the U.S. to escape the Holocaust.
In the U.S., she became one of the founders of the second wave of the women’s movement. She was a founder of National Organization for Women (NOW) and Federally Employed Women (FEW), and was the first woman attorney in the Office of the General Counsel at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Her articles on women’s rights and other subjects have been published in newspapers, magazines, and journals in the U.S. and throughout the world.
Stacey Antine, MS, RD
Stacey is a registered dietitian who holds a Master’s of Science in Food, Nutrition and Dietetics from New York University. Alarmed by the long list of lifestyle diseases (obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc.) faced by children today, she founded HealthBarn USA to connect children to natural foods and where they come from. Expanding her commitment to help families eat healthier, she started HealthBarn Foundation and it’s first project Healing Meals, a food gifting program for children with cancer and serious blood disorders.
With over 20 years of experience in the field of food and nutrition, and a successful track record of helping thousands of families change their eating habits from fast food to natural food, she’s an expert who parents and kids can agree on. She’s been featured on The Rachael Ray Show, named women entrepreneur to watch by Business Week and featured as “Our Hero” by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for her dedication to children’s health.
Stacey Copas
Stacey is an Inspirational Speaker, Trainer and Coach originally from Sydney Australia and now living in the Adelaide Hills. She’s not let a devastating accident that left her a quadriplegic and dependent on a wheelchair from the age of 12 years old slow her down. Instead, she’s picked up the pace achieving a wide array of things from running for parliament to training wheelchair users overseas and a long list of things in between. She’s had more than her fair share of setbacks and has used her life experiences, research and philosophies to deliver keynote speeches and training workshops showing people how to be resilient and turn their adversities into assets.
Stacey has a passion for improving the lives of people with disabilities in developing countries and has a specific interest in inspiring and mentoring women with disabilities to become entrepreneurs. Recently she’s added athletics to her repertoire after 22 years of inactivity to further stretch her comfort zone and has achieved rapid success at the State and National levels.
Stacey Tarpley
Stacey is an architect at PGAV Destinations. Her expertise is in the areas of landscape architecture and zoology. She says she was inspired to pursue these fields after visiting a third-world zoo, where animals lived solitary lives inside tiny concrete cages. This heartbreaking experience made Stacey passionate about changing the future of zoological facilities. She has a keen interest in creating habitats that not only entertain and educate the public, but also enhance the lives of the animals. Having worked in zoos herself, Stacey believes that a close relationship with zoo personnel is essential, allowing designers to fully understand the zoo’s goals and concerns for the exhibit design.
Her favorite project so far has been working with the Big Bear Zoo in California to create the first environmentally friendly zoo. “Making the first ‘Green’ zoo is a very important step toward the betterment of zoological exhibits in the future. The success of this project will be setting a benchmark for institutions worldwide. Stacey’s extensive travels have led her across the globe observing both cultural and natural diversity on six of the seven world continents.
Stephana Johnson
Stephana is the author of the upcoming book, “Take the Drama out of Trauma and Turn it into Something Positive”. She’s been described as a leader in the women’s empowerment revolution. She brilliantly blends the grace of feminine intuition with practical life skills and business know-how — and the result is a soulful business that empowers women to heal the pain from trauma in order to find greater love, joy and success in their relationships and career.
Stephana says that, as a result of her personal sexual trauma, she lived in shame, fear and confusion until she was able to transform those scars into what she calls ‘sacred wounds’. After counseling and coaching others for over 20 years, she says she’s discovered that our greatest wounds lead to our soul’s perfection.
Steven Sashen
At 45, after a 30 year break, Steven got back into sprinting and that meant that he was getting injured CONSTANTLY. A friend suggested that barefoot running might help. Not only did it help, but the changes in his running form that came from running without shoes cured him of years of injuries and led to his becoming a Masters All-American sprinter.
He wanted to be as close to barefoot as possible, as often as possible, and that led him to create some “barefoot sandals”. As more and more people wanted them, he turned his hobby into a business. In the last 4 years, his company, Xero Shoes has sold almost 50,000 pairs of their shoes and, more importantly, they have stories from thousands of people who are now able to run, walk, and hike pain free and enjoyably.
Sundiata Kata
Sundiata has dedicated his musical career to bringing joy and the magic of music to the community’s children, youth, and adults. Since 1969, he’s developed creative therapeutic music programs to promote self-healing for thousands of San Diego’s most troubled children and youth. He first designed a healing music program for emotionally disturbed children at San Diego Center for Children in 1988 and since then has also developed percussion programs for companies, hospitals, hospices, after-school programs, and service organizations.
“The heart,” he says, “is the original drum that gives each of us natural musical ability. If your heart beats, you have rhythm!” He says learning even the simplest rhythms mirrors the challenges we meet in daily life. Regardless of age and ability, Sundiata’s group drumming shows us how to harmonize our individual efforts with others for success.
Sunil Thankamushy
Sunil is a 16 year video game industry veteran who worked on critically acclaimed titles and was involved in the core teams that developed multi-billion dollar video game franchises such as MEDAL OF HONOR ™ and CALL OF DUTY FINEST HOUR ™.
After a rigorous three year graduate program at UCLA, Sunil was hired by DreamWorks Interactive studio as one of its first animators. Once there, Sunil prospered as a collaborator in video games. After 7 years at DreamWorks and the video game giant Electronic Arts, Sunil left the studio with other game veterans to found Spark Unlimited™, a video game studio made with the vision of creating original video game franchises.
Over time, Sunil grew weary of the first-person shoot-em-up genre of video games, and developed a strong urge to step away from games with violence. He felt that his interests really lay in creating games for young children, that have a deeply educational undertone. With the blessings of his wife, he launched his own company, DEEPBLUE Worlds Inc with the aim of creating innovative online virtual worlds for children. The motto: Games for young minds that Engage, Enchant, Educate.
Super Julie and Super Michelle are co-founders of the Dynamic Duo of Super Interns.
They help business and non-profit organizations grow successfully with the power of interns.
They also help interns get amazing internships that they can leverage in to the full time careers of their dreams.
Susi Gott Séguret
Susi has embraced two major life changes over the course of the last half century: the first when, as a fiddler, she moved from the Appalachian Mountains to the wheat fields of France to bring a slice of American culture to a European audience, and the second when, twenty years later, she returned to her native North Carolina bringing French culinary secrets to a an eager homeland audience. Currently, Susi directs the Seasonal School of Culinary Arts, conceived to bring celebration back to the plate, and orchestrates a series of ultra-elegant dinners known as the Asheville Wine Experience. Her articles, reviews and photos have appeared in numerous publications.
Passionate about elements of taste and style, and how they extend from our palate into our daily lives, Susi strives to blend food, music, words and images into a tapestry for the senses.
Suzanne Casamento
After losing her corporate job and her home in 2008, Suzanne says she also lost her identity. After all, if she wasn’t the smart girl with the good job, the nice house and fancy car, who was she?
She says she went from owning a home in the Hollywood Hills to moving into her friend’s extra bedroom in a mobile home park. At 36, she began waiting tables.
Then one night, after hearing her girlfriends complain over and over, “I’m never going to meet anyone,” and “All the good guys are taken.” she challenged them with a dare.
At that moment, the Fantasy Dating Game was born.
T
T K Stone
Dr. Stone was born in 1949 and raised in Los Angeles. He says his generation was the last to see southern California in its final days of natural beauty. His father was in the wholesale produce business and growing up, he ate the best fruits and vegetables grown in California. The irony is that even though his father was surrounded by the best natural foods, his father was very obese and didn’t eat fruits and vegetables.
Dr. Stone says he questioned everything in life as a child by observing everyone and everything around him. After a stint in the Army, he went on to become a dentist.
In the 1980’s, he began giving public presentations about mind/body health. This led him to write the book “The Fertile Ground” to share his thoughts and understanding about mind/body life on planet Earth.
Tammi Leader Fuller
Tammi is an Emmy-award winning TV Producer who left a successful, 33 year career to follow her passion of helping women Re-ignite their lives at a weekend sleepaway camp for grown ups.
Campowerment is a hilariously awesome 3.5 days of fun and games and female bonding on steroids, where brand new friends turn into lifelong camp buddies. It combines the magic of childhood summer camp with empowering, interactive workshops led by experts in health, wellness, love, spirituality, parenting, personal style, and business empowerment.
Campowerment is a place where overcommitted, guilt ridden, exhausted women go to unwind and disconnect from responsibilities, cell phones and computers, to reconnect with themselves, and connect with other like-minded women who are also juggling all that everyday life throws at them. At Campowerment, women can learn to embrace what they want and bury what they don’t need in an entertaining, motivational, almost kumbaya kind of way. The experience has been life-altering for so many women, who credit Campowerment for helping them get their mojo back.
Tammy Mastroberte
Tammy is the founder of Elevated Existence, the publisher and editorial director of Elevated Existence Magazine, and a three-time award-winning writer.
She embarked on a spiritual journey after the sudden death of her mother three days after Christmas in 1999, and began to uncover the purpose and synchronicity behind many events in her life, including her mother’s death.
She now shares her passion for spiritual and self-improvement teachings in the pages of Elevated Existence Magazine, and through her monthly online Editor’s Advice column, with the hope of making a difference one reader at a time.
Tara Russell
Tara is the CEO & Founder of Create Common Good. Create Common Good (CCG) is a social and entrepreneurial venture using food to change lives. CCG provides training and employment to refugees and others in need while bringing broader access to fresh and healthy local foods.
Tara has worked internationally for Fortune 500 companies and nongovernmental organizations. She’s passionate about the intersection of business and social impact as well as the importance of harnessing individual gifts and talent for the greater good.
Tasha Caufield
“Formerly described by the state as an “at-risk youth,” Los Angeles native, Tasha began writing jokes at the age of fourteen; for it was then that she joined the non-profit organization Create Now’s sitcom writing workshop while staying in a juvenile placement facility. Later working in a one-on-one mentorship with workshop instructor and television writer/producer Lisa Rosenthal, (of Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Martin, and Head of the Class fame), Tasha’s writing eventually gained her admittance to University of Southern California’s School of Cinema-Television, along with a Warner Bros. Fellowship and work in Hollywood.
She’s performed stand up around the country; and has not only shown commitment to helping those who come from less-than-happy childhoods through her comedy, but has also written a new book called A.W.O.L.: How to Escape the Juvenile Justice System and Experience Inner Peace. Currently, when she is not working on a screenplay that reflects this journey of transformation, she’s looking for opportunities to go into juvenile institutions and speak to at-risk youth about developing a mental attitude that will allow them to improve the quality of their life, no matter where they come from.
Te-Erika Patterson
Te-Erika is a multi-media journalist and author from Miami, Florida. She has served as an Internet Talk Show Host & Producer, Radio Talk Show Host & Producer, eBook author, Individual Brand Developer & Success Coach, Magazine Content Manager, Internet Marketing Manager, Columnist, Newspaper Staff Writer, Online Magazine Editor and blogger.
In 2011, Te-Erika founded My Savvy Sisters, Inc., a 501(c)(3) non profit organization which aims to provide grants, scholarships and financial assistance to women in need. To date she has awarded more than 300 women with the emotional and financial support they need to survive and thrive in life. She is the creator of The Rebuild Your Life Project. For the project, Te-Erika became homeless on purpose and documented her day by day journey in a video series in order to teach women how to move out of hopelessness by placing herself into the most hopeless situation and helping herself and others develop the mentality and ability to overcome it.
Ted Thomas
A native New Yorker, Ted attended the High School for Performing Arts (NYC) before receiving his Bachelor of Fine Arts from the State University of New York at Purchase. He went on to earn a Master of Arts degree in dance and higher education from New York University. He danced with Ballet Hispanico, Elisa Monte, and the Murray Louis and Nikolais Company prior to joining the Paul Taylor Dance Company in 1996.
Ted went on, along with Frances Ortiz, to form the Thomas/Ortiz Dance company in 2001. The company of twelve dancers from culturally diverse backgrounds performs a repertoire that explores a multitude of thought-provoking and socially-relevant themes, while at times being content to present non-mimetic dance that strives to captivate because of its technique, musicality, and originality.
Teresa Van-Zeller
Since 1998, Teresa Van-Zeller, Advanced Clinical Hypnotherapist and founder of Hypnosis 2000, has been assisting her clients in achieving their goals in all aspects of their lives. Her life became greatly enhanced when she became an overnight specialist in the area of working with childbirth preparation and fertility. Thousands of couples later, couples that included people from literally every walk of life including doctors, attorneys, engineers, accountants, lay people, nurses, massage therapists and so many other professions, she realized that there was no one right or wrong way to give birth, just the way that was right for each individual. She authored the book “Birthing as Nature Intended. (B.A.N.I.) – A Guide to Achieving the Birth You Envision” and has developed a completely client centered childbirth education program by the same name.
Teresa truly believes that hypnosis is not a “miracle cure” however when someone is ready for change, miraculous results can occur. She says becoming trained in B.A.N.I.™ as either a childbirth preparation practitioner or an expectant parent, prepares each individual to trust in their bodies, (mind/body/spirit) and the natural birth process. This of course leads to learning how to lead a more balanced life all around – the way nature intended.
Terri Jay
Terri says her life changed in 1990 when she heard a non-verbal child in her horseback therapy program speak to her. One thing has led to another and now, 23 years later she says she’s incredibly blessed because she gets to help people and their pets lead happier, healthier lives.
Terri says that all illness, injury and disease is caused by stuck, negative emotions or as she calls it, “issues in the tissues.” She says that if you find the source of the stuck, negative emotions and release it the body can then heal.
Tim Phizackerley
Tim used to work as a computer analyst. In 2001, he turned to hypnosis to save his wife who was terminally ill with a congenital condition. He says there was no conventional treatment available and she was considered too unfit for a transplant. The hypnotic tapes he created made sufficient changes for her to be able to eat and drink again and a year later her condition had improved enough for her to have a liver transplant. His wife’s still very much alive more than a decade later but now she’s had 2 liver transplants and she’s also had a kidney transplant. She’s been terminally ill twice and survived both times.
Having discovered the practical usefulness of hypnosis, he left the IT world and became a hypnotherapist. In order to help him do this, he created an entirely new way of creating subconscious change which he calls PSTEC and he’s combined it with hypnosis to help people. PSTEC stands for Percussive Suggestion Technique. Since 2009, PSTEC has been used by countless thousands of people all over the world. It has a worldwide register of therapists who use it too.
Tina Lifford
With more than 15 years as a working Hollywood actress, Tina is recognizable around the industry to say the least. She currently stars as Renee Trussell on NBC’s hit series, Parenthood, and also as Evelyn Lancaster in the VH1 hit, Single Ladies. Working in an industry that chews talent up and spits them out isn’t easy; Tina’s journey of being more than a flash in the pan is full of humor, and both inspirational and instructive.
In the world of personal development, Tina is a trailblazer. She founded The Inner Fitness Project to codify principles of Inner Fitness in an effort to make the pursuit of Inner Fitness as common and well-understood as physical fitness. From her study of spirituality, psychology, personal development, and her good ole life experience, she’s distilled her research into The 14 Practices of Inner Health and Wellness. The 14 Practices are to Inner Fitness what sit-ups and leg lifts are to physical fitness. They support building mental, emotional and spiritual strength, and inner flexibility, which is the inner fitness needed to effectively navigate the dramas, traumas, upsets and disappointments that come with life.
Dr. Tina Tessina
Dr. Tessina is a licensed psychotherapist in S. California since 1978 with over 30 years experience in counseling individuals and couples and author of 13 books in 17 languages.
Dr. Tessina, is CRO (Chief Romance Officer) for LoveForever.com, a website designed to strengthen relationships and guide couples through the various stages of their relationship with personalized tips, courses, and online couples counseling. Online, she’s known as “Dr. Romance” Dr. Tessina appears frequently on radio, and such TV shows as “Oprah”, “Larry King Live” and ABC News.
Tomma von Haeften
Tomma is a pioneering Practitioner of the transformational process called FutureVisioning™, created by Ti Caine. Her international clients include seekers and dreamers, fledgling healers, dedicated care givers, budding visionaries, and spiritual entrepreneurs who are determined to go past the remaining, persistent and most stubborn road blocks that are still holding them back.
Tomma’s one-on-one guided meditations lead her clients through a series of rapid discoveries and insights that dramatically transform current realities from within by tapping into the life giving Power of The Future™.
The foundational FutureVisioning Program teaches clients how to consciously create the lives of success, purpose, greater love, profound everyday joy and spiritual aliveness that often they have deeply longed for their entire life.
Tony Ruffle II
Tony says he traveled extensively from his toddler years to his late teen years. He was in new schools every 6 months to 2 years. He was always the outcast; the new kid; the kid who was not from “round here”. Tony says he decided at a young age, while residing in a remote desert dwelling, that society was not for him, & the best thing he could do to get along was to be as good a human being as he could be. He says this realization changed his world. He says he started seeing people & their situations differently. Not good, not bad, just different. When looking in their eyes, Tony says people’s faces revealed the grief, suffering, love & joy they had experienced.
Tony believes he’s a connector. One of those people who listens intensely, not to “What is being said”, but How it’s being said. He says How tells him much more than What. Then the connections are made. People face adversity,insecurity, stress & fear daily, but how they deal with those determines if they, quite literally, live or die.
Tracee Dunblazier
Tracee is a spiritual empath, shaman, educator, and spiritual counselor. She specializes in grief counseling, energy dynamics, intuitive counseling, shamanic healing, space clearings, past life regression, soul recovery, and transition strategy.
As a multi-sensitive, Tracee blends information that she receives intuitively with different modalities to create a unique healing plan for every client. Every session is focused on freeing the client from their presenting issue to release, empower, and heal – no matter what the condition. Tracee’s compassionate, humorous, down-to-earth style supports and empowers clients as tender topics are addressed during the session.
Dr. Tracei Ball
Dr. Ball is the founder of OnCall Mobile Medical and Wellness an innovative medical practice that provides housecalls in Charlotte, NC. She’s utilized a combination of technology and modern medicine to bring a new approach to an old concept by providing healthcare in a convenient setting of the home, office, or hotel room. Dr. Ball attended Alabama A&M University were she graduated Magna Cum Laude. She matriculated at the esteemed Meharry Medical College, finishing in the top 5% of the class to receive a doctorate of medicine. She later completed a dual residency in internal medicine and pediatrics and is now triple board-certified in internal medicine, pediatrics and addiction medicine.
She contributes back to the community by speaking to community groups, volunteering at local shelters, and working closely with non-profit organizations. The interview focuses largely on the subject of addiction.
Tracy Evans
Tracy is a three-time Olympian and National Champion in Freestyle Skiing / Aerials. In 2008, Tracy was encouraged by her mother to take a volunteer trip to Africa. After spending two weeks in an orphanage playing sports that were familiar to the children as well as introducing them to some new sports, she realized just how much she had learned from being involved in sport.
She also saw first-hand the effects of genocide on communities and specifically the impact on gender roles, relationships and inequality for boys and girls in those communities. She left wondering, if provided with the opportunity, how much these children could learn through sport. Could they learn values synonymous with Olympic ideals such as fair play, mutual respect and solidarity?
Tracy returned from Africa and founded the nonprofit organization Kids Play International (KPI) in 2008 with the mission of using sport as a catalyst to promote gender equity in communities impacted by genocide. Tracy is also a Casting Director who owns and operates AthleteSource CASTING. Tracy serves on the Athlete Advisory Board of the United Athletes Foundation (UAF) and All Sports United. She was honored to receive the Female Athlete Philanthropist of the Year award from UAF in 2011.
Dr. Tracy Thomas
Dr. Tracy knows people and knows how to get results. As a coach, speaker, and consultant, she turns her clients into leaders who take charge of their own lives and who change the very way they exist. She works with top executives, leaders, and celebrities, equipping them with the internal resources to lead their lives intuitively, strategically and intentionally. With an emphasis on self-relating and self-care, her clients move beyond the awareness stage of therapy to break difficult emotional patterns that previously disempowered them.
Her approach stems from her own mixed bag of experience: a Ph.D. in Psychology, a master’s degree in Organizational Development, a bachelor’s degree in Business Management, and over 20 years in the area of people development. A former college athlete, Dr. Tracy also brings a coaching flavor to her therapeutic work. She now has her own private practice in San Francisco and Marin.
Trent Tucker
Trent started his basketball career in 1982 playing for the NY Knicks for 9 seasons and his final season with the Chicago Bulls earning a Championship Title in 1993.
He’s been very active in the Minnesota communities for over 20 years. His basketball camp had its 26th annual camp session this past year in Minneapolis and in 1998, Trent formed his nonprofit foundation now called the All 4 Kids Foundation which is committed to educating at-risk youth academically, personally, socially and physically through a curriculum that expands their horizons and encourages them to participate in new areas of learning.
In 2001, he started The Trent Tucker University Scholars Program at the University of Minnesota and is now branching out to other universities in the fall of 2013.
Twenty Twenty
Back in 1989, Twenty was a young newlywed man, who did what just about everyone does everyday. He got up, got dressed and went to work. Four hours later, he was taken hostage in one of the three worst prison riots in United States history – the Camp Hill Prison Riots. Twenty says: “Back then, he suffered with a condition known as PTSD – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. He says PTSD for him was a living hell, living with nightmares, flashbacks, severe self doubt – literally all his symptoms were caused by his IMAGINATION BEING OUT OF CONTROL.”
In time, he says he cured himself of all that, and became PTSD FREE by taking control of his imagination. He did that by following the teachings of a man known as Neville Goddard. He says by following those teachings, he became a new man and created a new reality for himself. He says those teachings helped him learn everything he could about running his own mind.
Twesigye “Jackson” Kaguri (CNN Hero – 2012)
In 1996, Twesigye “Jackson” Kaguri’s life took an unexpected turn. He was living the American dream. He had an excellent education and was ready to explore opportunities, travel, and have fun. Then Jackson came face-to-face with Uganda’s HIV/AIDS pandemic. His brother died of HIV/AIDS, leaving him to care for his three children. One year later, his sister died of HIV/AIDS, also leaving behind a son.
It was through his own personal experience this native Ugandan saw the plight of orphans in his village of Nyakagyezi. He knew he had to act. He took the $5,000 he had saved for a down payment on his own home and built the first Nyaka School.
Jackson Kaguri is the founder of The Nyaka AIDS Orphans Project. The Nyaka AIDS Orphans Project works on behalf of HIV/AIDS orphans in rural Uganda to end systemic deprivation, poverty and hunger through a holistic approach to community development, education, and healthcare.
Twila Bergania
Twila is a 22 year old blogger and team coordinator for eCycleBest.com. She’s been blogging for various websites about technology, recycling and environmental protection over the last two years. She graduated with a degree in Mass Communications says she’s an environmentalist at heart.
She also gets in touch with other environmental agencies, companies and organizations to help spread the word about e-cycling.
All over the world over 20 to 50 million electronic devices are disposed of annually and only 12% are recycled. Twila believes that’ simply not good enough.
U – None
Vanessa Runs
At one point, a few years ago, Vanessa sold off just about all of her possessions and moved into a 22-foot Rialta Recreational Vehicle. Now she travels the country, pursuing her passions of writing and running.
She says her concept of home is now very different than it used to be. To her, home is movement, and she says she’s never felt more fulfilled.
She’s an avid trail and ultra runner and she travels full-time with her boyfriend, dog, and cat.
Her memoir, The Summit Seeker, is on Amazon’s list of Best Selling Books about Running.
Veronica Grey
Veronica is a media personality who makes TV appearances frequently as a lifestyle expert on a wide variety of issues as a life extension expert.
Her most recent appearance about ANTI AGING was on the national show “Daytime”. It was first watched by millions of people and received over 22,000 views its first week on YouTube.
Veronica is also the founder of the charity Eternal Youth Empire and author of the best selling 6 Newly Discovered and Never Before Published Secrets to Eternal Youth and Immortality.
Victoria Trabosh
Victoria is an executive coach with over 35 years of corporate and entrepreneurial experience. Her expertise is coaching senior executives and entrepreneurs who are straight forward, goal oriented and possess a sense of humor. She specializes in leadership and communication – what she says are the keys to all the world’s biggest issues! She’s a multi-media personality as radio host for Smart Woman Talk on the CTR radio network; a columnist for Choice Magazine and a popular guest on ABC affiliate AM Northwest TV. Victoria is a sought after speaker worldwide for her knowledge, wisdom and transformative talks.
Victoria is also the co-founder and president of Itafari Foundation, a nonprofit organization assisting the survivors of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Itafari has raised over $900K since 2005 and works specifically in the areas of microfinance, education, child sponsorship, raising goats, and importing the world-class baskets and jewelry from Rwanda. In 2006 she had the honor of speaking at the United Nations in New York City.
Vironika Tugaleva
Vironika is a people lover, inspirational speaker, reformed cynic, and bestselling author of the book The Love Mindset. She specializes in helping people suffering from mental distress to heal themselves and to discover their inner strength.
She’s a teacher and lifelong learner of the human mind and the nature of change, healing, and happiness. Her journey into the depths of human nature did not come from any university, organization, church, or school of thought. Her wisdom flowered out of her recovery from a decade-long struggle with addiction, eating disorders, and profound self-hatred.
Vironika says that for years she was cynical, self-destructive, and always wary of trusting people too much. With the same fiery passion that she now uses to spread love in the world, she ran herself down to a mental breakdown at the age of 23. She faced a choice: change or die. She chose to change and, from that day forward, Vironika embarked on a journey of self-discovery, healing, and epiphany. She healed herself and now she helps heal others.
Recently, Vironika founded The Real Us, a new community where she helps people share their uplifting, raw, touching, real-life stories of authenticity, courage, healing, and kindness. She hopes that The Real Us will serve to show us what is humanly possible, one story at a time.
Vivienne Harr
After seeing a photo of two enslaved boys her age – and learning that “slavery did not end with Abraham Lincoln” – then 8 year-old Vivienne decided to help. She said: “Compassion is not compassion without action.” So, since children have done since time immemorial, she went with “the only business experience she had”: a lemonade stand. But, little Vivienne had a big vision. She wanted to raise $100,000. She “made a stand” at her lemonade stand for 365 days straight, rain or shine, to “end child slavery.” The world stood with her.
On day #52, New York Times, Pulitzer prize-winning columnist Nicholas Kristof retweeted Vivienne, and her moment became a movement. The New York Times, Bloomberg TV, The BBC World News, ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, The New York Daily News, The Huffington Post, FOX, MSNBC, Yahoo News, MSN, AOL, Food & Wine, Town & Country, O Magazine, Time for Kids, Parenting, Real Simple and media outlets across the country and around the world from Australia to Brazil to France to Hong Kong have covered Vivienne’s Make a Stand movement.
On day #173, Mayor Michael Bloomberg welcomed Vivienne to Times Square to sell her famous lemonade. It was there that she reached her goal—donating $101,320 to Not For Sale, a leading anti-slavery organization. When her parents said: “You did it, honey. You’re done,” Vivienne said: “Is child slavery done?” They shook their heads. “Then, I am not done.”
W
Walter Meyer
Walter came out late in life and once he did, he immediately set out to help others escape the closet. He wrote his coming out story for the Los Angeles Times and got a huge response from around the world from others suffering with the same difficulties he had faced.
When his novel “Rounding Third” was published, detailing the bullying of two gay teens (based in part on his own high school experiences, he began getting requests to speak and write about the timely topic. He has been a guest on NPR and other radio and television shows. He has spoken at Penn State, San Diego State, Arizona State, SUNY-Jamestown, LGBT centers, libraries, bookstores and high schools. Among his many activities, he has led discussions following presentations of movies, documentaries, stage plays, and interpretive dance about bullying.
Wendy Kuhn
Wendy is a holistic health coach, who’s passionate about working with people to help them achieve their goals through making healthier nutrition and wellness choices. She believes that by making healthy food choices, avoiding toxins, and taking steps to reduce stress and be happier, it’s easier to achieve your life goals and to stay healthier.
A journey with breast cancer led Wendy to set aside her IT and Business consulting life and to begin to explore the impact life choices can have on our health and wellness. She received her health coaching training from the Institute for Integrative Nutrition and is certified through the American Association of Drugless Practitioners. In addition to working with individuals and groups, she brings her health coaching to the corporate environment, leveraging her experience as a facilitator and former executive. Currently, she’s exploring ways to work with communities to improve the health and wellness of their populations as well.
Whitney Yip
Whitney is the founder of Safe and Happy Kids. She has a background in psychology and counseling, and has worked with children for many years.
Her passion for raising the awareness of Childhood Sexual Abuse comes from a family history of abuse. In her experience, she has found that many parents shy away from body safety education because of fear. So Safe & Happy Kids was created to empower parents & children through play, music & the creative arts.
Whitney is also an accredited Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T) instructor. Recently, she was brought in by Monash University for their annual professional development day.
William Andrews, Ph.D
Dr. Andrews has worked in the biotech industry for 28 years, focusing the last 15 years on finding ways to extend human lifespan through the intervention of telomere shortening in human cells.
Dr. Andrews earned his Ph.D. in Molecular and Population Genetics at the University of Georgia in 1981. He was a Senior Scientist at Armos Corporation and Codon Corporation, Director of Molecular Biology at Codon and at Geron Corporation, and Director of Technology Development at EOS Biosciences.
While Director of Molecular Biology at Geron Corporation from 1992 to 1997, Dr. Andrews was one of the principal discoverers of both the RNA and protein components of human telomerase and was awarded 2nd place as “National Inventor of the Year” in 1997 for this work. He is presently a named inventor on 35 US issued telomerase patents. Dr. Andrews is an avid runner and enjoys participating in ultramarathons in his spare time. One of his goals is to run a 7 minute mile at the age of 130.
William Robson
William started out life with very little in his pockets, but with a great desire in his heart. He says the best part of growing up poor was never being aware of it; it was just how it was. Without a father for guidance, growing up came quickly. Fortunately, he did have one strong guiding light, a grandfather who taught him two lessons that changed everything. What it meant to be a man, and how plain old hard work can allow you to accomplish the things everyone else will say can’t be done.
That philosophy was the catalyst to energize William to not accept the cards he was dealt. By building houses in the mornings and going to school in the evenings, he was able to elevate his ambition and dreams far beyond his humble beginnings. At the tender age of 57, he was ready for a new challenge and thus he disengaged from the corporate world, opened his own business, and wrote the novel that had been burning inside him.
X – None
Zach Hunter
Zach is a 22 year old author, activist, and speaker. He’s written four books (Be the Change, Generation Change, Lose Your Cool, and Chivalry). He founded a student-led abolition effort called Loose Change to Loosen Chains when he was 12.
Zach is very outspoken when it comes to abolishing slavery and other human rights issues around the world. He’s spoken at the White House and has been featured in many books about human rights including Nicholas Kristoff’s Half the Sky.
Zaria Chinelo
F. Zaria Chinelo is an artist, scientist, and entrepreneur. She possesses many years experience in teaching education, and web development.
She holds dual degrees in Molecular Biology and General Chemistry. After being hired by Vanderbilt University, she led urban students to academic success before starting an organization known as TutorForGood.
She has been honored as a National Merit Scholar and by Texas Instruments for her achievements. She leads Felicity Motivational Group and Tutor for Good’s projects along with her mother.
Zoe Ghahremani
Zoe is the award-winning author of Sky of Red Poppies, KPBS’s One Book selection for 2012.
Dr. Ghahremani is a retired Professor of Pediatric Dentistry who turned her full attention to her passion for the written word in 2000. Since then, she’s published 3 books and hundreds of articles and reviews. A frequent public speaker, Zoe has addressed audiences around the country about her writing as well as the challenging process of truly finding yourself and honoring your dreams.
She’s the rare author who thrives on interacting with her readers. Her website invites you to stroll through the site, join her for an event, or drop her a line anytime.
Search By Category
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.