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Which year of the 20th century saw the Iranian Embassy siege in London ? | Remembering the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege | Confusions and Connections
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Remembering the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege
Today, May 5, is the 34th anniversary of one of the most memorable stories of the late 20th century. That being the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege in London.
I remember the siege quite well. I had just turned 9 a few days earlier but the famous image of the front windows being blown out and dark clad, gas mask wearing people running into the building just stuck in my mind. All of this broadcast, almost, live on TV.
The British government tried everything to bring the siege to a peaceful conclusion but, as we know, this didn’t happen.
The outcome was broadcast in, at the time, the longest newsflash in television history. This newsflash went on for about 45 minutes. We were kept informed on what was happening at the embassy by a young female reporter who came into her own at the other end of the decade at Tienanmen Square. That being Kate Adie who was reporting the event from hiding behind a car door.
In the days leading up to the violent ending of the siege the police tried everything in their psychological handbook to disrupt the terrorists. From organising the cutting of power to the building, changing the flightpath to London Heathrow. One of the best was to get, I think it was British Gas, to do some “maintenance work” nearby so throwing not only lower flying aircraft but the annoyance of pneumatic drills going off all day.
Over the years more and more has come out about what happened in government. A lot has been held back because of the Official Secret Act and the “30 year rule”. I’m sure that more will be released over the years when the next block of year rules kick in.
I have other vivid memory of the events in early May 1980 This is from the aftermath as I was in London a few months later on a trip to Baden Powell house with the rest of my cub pack. One of the days there we drove past the embassy and saw the fire damage to the front window. The same one that made such dramatic footage a short time before.
Over the years we have learnt more and more about what happened inside in the short time that it took the SAS to rescue the hostages and kill, most of, the terrorists. There are still controversial aspects of the operation that are still here today. What happened in the Wireless room is the main area of contention even today.
There are also aspects of the siege that showed the sneaky side of the British character. Two BBC employees were at the embassy. Not that unusual as they were there to have their visa applications approved so they can go and cover the revolution that had just happened in the country. They were Sim Harris and Chris Cramer.
Chris was taken seriously ill on the 2nd day. It does seem that he did play up how ill he actually was so to be released. This release was one of the best pieces of news that the SAS and police had in the early days of the siege. He could easily, in English, answer all of the questions that were needed that helped plan the operation that ended the siege on May 5.
They had already found and talked to the building’s caretaker who told them, ironically, that on SAS advice the embassy should upgrade their ground floor windows and doors to bulletproof glass and a re-enforced steel main door.
The terrorists didn’t do themselves many favours as well. It all started when they searched the hostages and didn’t discover that the Policeman on duty at the embassy door was armed throughout the siege. They did do some good things, such as releasing the women over the days as well as a couple of the male hostages. The male hostages, such as Chris Cramer, were released on medical grounds apart form one who was released because he snored so loudly he was annoying the rest of the people in the building.
When the raid started it was agreed with all the news agencies at the scene who were broadcasting live to do so on a 10 minute delay so not to tip off the terrorists if they were listening to the radio or watching television.
The operation started when we saw “shapes” moving across the roof of the buildings surrounding the embassy. Then it happened quite quickly. Men crossing the balcony from the adjoined building carrying something. Then a huge explosion and someone, Sim Harris we discovered a little later, leaping out of the flames and being herded to the building on the other side. By this time we discovered that the policeman, Trevor Lock, was struggling with one of the terrorists and managed to draw his weapon that he had managed to keep secret. He did say later that as this happened a figure with a weapon burst into the room and “ordered him off the terrorist by name”. After that order the terrorist got a burst of gunfire aimed at him…
One of the terrorists survived by disguising himself as a hostage and managed to get out of the building. There has been comments made that he was going to be taken back into the building and be “taken care off”. This didn’t happen as they were reminded of the world’s press were there and it wouldn’t have been the best end of the successful mission.
It was a different time. There was a new television channel that had just started on American cable. CNN. Here in the UK we didn’t have that. We didn’t even have morning TV. TVAM and BBC Breakfast were still a couple of years away. There were 3 TV channels. Not even Channel 4 had started by then.
The BBC did this piece as a wrap-up later on in the day.
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| 1980 |
Former British surgeon Andrew Wakefield became famous in 1998 with his publication Of his research paper which claimed that the vaccine MMR was linked with which human condition ? | Inside Iran's Fury | People & Places | Smithsonian
Inside Iran's Fury
Scholars trace the nation's antagonism to its history of domination by foreign powers
Iran's anger over decades of foreign meddling in its internal affairs reached its apex in the 1979 revolution. (Abbas/ Magnum Photos)
By Stephen Kinzer
Smithsonian Magazine | Subscribe
October 2008
No American who was alive and alert in the early 1980s will ever forget the Iran hostage crisis. Militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran, captured American diplomats and staff and held 52 of them captive for 444 days. In the United States, the television news program "Nightline" emerged to give nightly updates on the crisis, with anchorman Ted Koppel beginning each report by announcing that it was now "Day 53" or "Day 318" of the crisis. For Americans, still recovering from defeat in Vietnam, the hostage crisis was a searing ordeal. It stunned the nation and undermined Jimmy Carter's presidency. Many Americans see it as the pivotal episode in the history of U.S.-Iranian relations.
From This Story
Isfahan: Iran's Hidden Jewel
Iranians, however, have a very different view.
Bruce Laingen, a career diplomat who was chief of the U.S. embassy staff, was the highest-ranking hostage. One day, after Laingen had spent more than a year as a hostage, one of his captors visited him in his solitary cell. Laingen exploded in rage, shouting at his jailer that this hostage-taking was immoral, illegal and "totally wrong." The jailer waited for him to finish, then replied without sympathy.
"You have nothing to complain about," he told Laingen. "The United States took our whole country hostage in 1953."
Few Americans remembered that Iran had descended into dictatorship after the United States overthrew the most democratic government it had ever known. "Mr. President, do you think it was proper for the United States to restore the shah to the throne in 1953 against the popular will within Iran?" a reporter asked President Carter at a news conference during the hostage crisis. "That's ancient history," Carter replied.
Not for Iranians. "In the popular mind, the hostage crisis was seen as justified by what had happened in 1953," says Vali Nasr, an Iranian-born professor at Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Massachusetts. "People saw it as an act of national assertiveness, of Iran standing up and taking charge of its own destiny. The humiliation of 1953 was exorcised by the taking of American hostages in 1979."
This chasm of perception reflects the enormous gap in the way Americans and Iranians viewed—and continue to view—one another. It will be hard for them to reconcile their differences unless they begin seeing the world through each other's eyes.
Iran's assertiveness on the global stage—especially its defiant pursuit of what it sees as its sovereign right to a nuclear program—is in part the product of traumatic events that have shaped its national consciousness over the course of generations. In fact, all of 20th-century Iranian history can be seen as leading to this confrontation. That history has been dominated by a single burning passion: to destroy the power that foreigners have long held over Iran.
Many countries in the Middle East are modern inventions, carved out of the Ottoman Empire by victorious European powers following the end of World War I. That is not the case with Iran, one of the world's oldest and proudest nations. Half a millennium before the birth of Christ, the great conquerors Cyrus, Darius and Xerxes built the Persian Empire into a far-reaching power. When Europe was descending into the Dark Age, Persian poets were creating works of timeless beauty, and Persian scientists were studying mathematics, medicine and astronomy. Over the centuries, the nation that would become Iran thrived as it assimilated influences from Egypt, Greece and India.
Persian armies were not always victorious. They failed to turn back invading Arabs who conquered Persia in the seventh century, decisively reshaping it by introducing Islam. But the Persians turned even this defeat into a kind of victory by adopting their own form of Islam, Shiism, which allowed them to maintain the distinct identity they have always cherished. Shiite Muslims broke ranks with the majority Sunnis as a result of a succession dispute following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in A.D. 632.
While Sunnis believe that Muhammad's friend and adviser, Abu Bakr, was the legitimate successor, Shiites believe that 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet's first cousin and son-in-law, was the rightful heir, and that the Prophet's legitimate lineage ended with the "occultation" of Muhammad al-Mahdi around A.D. 874. This Twelfth Imam is believed to have been hidden by God and is destined to return before the Last Judgment. Shiite religious scholars argued that they should take on some of the Imam's responsibilities in the meantime. (Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini further expanded this concept to justify the clerical rule he imposed on Iran after 1979.) Shiite rulers brought Persia to another peak of power in the 16th and 17th centuries, creating a magnificent capital at Isfahan, where spectacular buildings like the Imam Mosque still testify to the empire's grandeur.
From this rich heritage, Iranians have developed a deep-rooted sense of national identity. The pride they take in their achievements, however, is mixed with resentment. Beginning in the 18th century, Persia descended from glorious heights to appalling depths. Weak and corrupt leaders allowed foreign powers to subjugate the nation. Afghan tribesmen overran and looted Isfahan in 1722. During the early 19th century, Russia seized large Persian territories in the Caspian provinces of Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan. In 1872, a British company bought a "concession" from the decadent Qajar dynasty that gave it the exclusive right to run Persia's industries, irrigate its farmland, exploit its mineral resources, develop its railway and streetcar lines, establish its national bank and print its currency. The British statesman Lord Curzon would call this "the most complete and extraordinary surrender of the entire industrial resources of a kingdom into foreign hands that has ever been dreamed of, much less accomplished, in history."
Public outrage in Iran led to the withdrawal of the British concession in 1873, but the incident reflected Iran's new status as a vassal state and a pawn in great-power rivalries. For nearly 150 years, Russia and Britain dominated Iran's economy and manipulated its leaders. This history still stings. "Nationalism, the desire for independence, is a fundamental theme," says Shaul Bakhash, who teaches Iranian history at George Mason University in Virginia. "The memory of foreign intervention in Iran runs very deep. It is playing itself out again in today's stand-off with the United States over the nuclear program. Iranians think, ‘Once again the West wants to deny us technology and modernism and independence.' It's a very powerful history. Iran is extraordinarily sensitive to any indication of foreign influence or foreign direction."
A series of uprisings shaped modern Iranian nationalism. The first erupted in 1891, after the British Imperial Tobacco Company took control of Iran's tobacco industry, which reached deep into the national life of a country where many people survived by growing tobacco and many more smoked it. The morally and financially bankrupt Qajar leader, Nasir al-Din Shah, sold the industry to British Imperial for the laughably small sum of £15,000. Under the terms of the deal, Iranian tobacco farmers had to sell their crops at prices set by British Imperial, and every smoker had to buy tobacco from a shop that was part of its retail network. This proved one outrage too many. A national boycott of tobacco, supported by everyone from intellectuals and clerics to Nasir al-Din's own harem women, swept the country. Troops fired upon protesters at a huge demonstration in Tehran. After a series of even larger demonstrations broke out, the concession was canceled. "For a long time Iranians had been watching other people take control of their destiny," says John Woods, a professor of Middle Eastern studies at the University of Chicago. "The tobacco revolt was the moment when they stood up and said they'd had enough."
That revolt crystallized the sense of outrage that had been building in Iran for more than a century. It also laid the groundwork for the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, in which reformers chipped away at the power of the dying Qajar dynasty by establishing a parliament and a national electoral system. Over the century that followed, many Iranian elections were rigged and many constitutional provisions were violated. Nonetheless, democracy is not a new idea for Iranians. They have been struggling toward it for more than 100 years. That makes Iran fertile ground for democratic transition in ways that most nearby countries are not.
"The ingredients are all there," says Barbara Slavin, recently a senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace and author of Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies: Iran, the U.S., and the Twisted Path to Confrontation. "Iran has an established history of elections that has put people in the habit of going to the polls. Iranians are used to hearing different opinions expressed in parliament and in the press. They turn out to vote in great numbers, and hold elected officials accountable for their actions."
Although the Constitutional Revolution of 1906 weakened the Qajar dynasty, it did not end it. That was fine with the Russians and British, who continued treating Iran like a colony. In 1907, the two nations signed a treaty dividing Iran between them. The British assumed control over southern provinces, guaranteeing them a land route to India, and Russia took over the north, ensuring it control over the region adjoining its southern border. No Iranian representative attended the conference in St. Petersburg at which this extraordinary treaty was signed.
Moscow's interest in Iran waned as Russia was consumed by civil war and then, in 1917, fell under Bolshevik rule. Britain moved to fill the vacuum. In 1919 it assumed control over Iran's army, treasury, transportation system and communications network through imposition of the Anglo-Persian Agreement, ensuring its approval through the simple expedient of bribing the Iranian negotiators. In a memorandum to his British cabinet colleagues, Lord Curzon defended the agreement, arguing that Britain could not permit the frontiers of its Indian Empire to descend into "a hotbed of misrule, enemy intrigue, financial chaos and political disorder." He garnished Britain's traditional rivalry with Russia with fears of Communist conspiracies: "If Persia were to be alone, there is every reason to fear that she would be overrun by Bolshevik influence from the north."
The Anglo-Persian Agreement, which all but ended Iran's status as an independent state, sparked a second uprising in 1921. The Qajar dynasty was removed from power and replaced by a fiercely reformist dictator—an illiterate former stableboy who came to call himself Reza Shah (shah being the Persian word for "king"). In appearance Reza was an intimidating figure, "six foot three in height, with a sullen manner, huge nose, grizzled hair and a brutal jowl," the British chronicler Vita Sackville-West wrote after attending his coronation in 1926. "He looked, in fact, like what he was, a Cossack trooper; but there was no denying he was a kingly presence."
That aptly captured Reza Shah's dual nature. He resorted to brutal tactics to crush bandits, tribal leaders and everyone else he saw as blocking his drive to re-establish Iran as a great power, but he also deserves credit for creating the modern Iranian state. He built the country's first railway, established a national bank and stripped clerics of much of their power. Shockingly, he banned the veil for women. The decree was so radical that many women refused to leave their homes.
Although many Iranians were appalled by Reza Shah, they admired and supported him because they believed a strong central government was needed to fight back against foreign domination. It was during this period that the modern idea of what it meant to be Iranian began to take shape. "Before the beginning of the 20th century, if you asked a villager where he was from, he would say he was from such-and-such village," says Janet Afary, a professor of history at Purdue University who has written extensively about the Constitutional Revolution. "If you pressed him about his identity, he would say he was a Muslim. National identification, in the sense of everyone in the country calling themselves Iranian, started with the intellectuals of the Constitutional Revolution and was institutionalized under Reza Shah."
The Iranian government developed close economic and political ties with Germany, the European rival to Iran's traditional enemies, Britain and Russia. That relationship prompted the Allies to invade Iran in 1941. They crushed Iran's pitiful army in a campaign that lasted less than a month. This showed Iranians that despite all Reza Shah had accomplished, Iran was still too weak to resist foreign powers. It was yet another national humiliation, and led to Reza Shah's forced abdication in September 1941. His 21-year-old son, Mohammad Reza, took his place.
The winds of nationalism and anti-colonialism that swept across Asia, Africa and Latin America in the years after World War II whipped up a sandstorm in Iran. Since the early 20th century, the immeasurably rich Iranian oil industry had been under the control of a British monopoly, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which was owned principally by the British government. Iranian oil powered the British economy and made possible the high standard of living Britons enjoyed from the 1920s through the 1940s. It also fueled the Royal Navy as it projected British power around the world. Most Iranians, meanwhile, lived in wretched poverty.
Anger over this glaring inequality triggered the next Iranian revolution, a peaceful but deeply transformative one. In 1951, Iran's parliament chose as prime minister one of the most highly educated men in the country, Mohammed Mossadegh, whose degree from the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland made him the first Iranian ever to earn a doctorate in law from a European university. Mossadegh championed what had become the nation's transcendent goal: nationalization of the oil industry. Even before taking office, he proposed a nationalization law that both houses of parliament passed unanimously. The British, to no one's surprise, refused to accept it. They withdrew their oil technicians, blockaded the port from which oil was exported and asked the United Nations to order Iran to withdraw the plan. Mossadegh's popularity at home skyrocketed; as a British diplomat wrote in a report from Tehran, he had done "something which is always dear to Persian hearts: he flouted the authority of a great power and a great foreign interest."
Mossadegh's daring challenge to Britain also turned him into a world figure. Time magazine chose him as its 1951 Man of the Year. In October he traveled to New York City to plead his case at the United Nations. It was the first time the leader of a poor country had mounted this august stage to challenge a great power so directly.
"My countrymen lack the bare necessities of existence," Mossadegh told the U.N. Security Council. "Their standard of living is probably one of the lowest in the world. Our greatest national resource is oil. This should be the source of work and food for the population of Iran. Its exploitation should properly be our national industry, and the revenue from it should go to improve our conditions of life." Most American newspapers, however, were unsympathetic to Mossadegh's plea on the grounds that he was defying international law and threatening the flow of oil to the free world. The New York Times, for instance, decried Iran as a "defiant scorner" of the United Nations, and further blamed "Iranian nationalism and Islamic fanaticism" for carrying the dispute "beyond the field of legality and common sense."
The epic struggle for control of the oil industry helped transform Iranian nationalism from an abstract idea into a movement. "While Reza Shah crafted the vessel, it was Mossadegh who filled it," says Iranian-British scholar Ali Ansari. "Between 1951 and 1953, Persian nationalism became truly Iranian—inclusive, broad-based and with increasing mass appeal." During this period, many Iranians came to hope the United States would emerge as their friend and protector. Most of the Americans who had come to Iran during the first half of the 20th century were teachers, nurses and missionaries who had left highly positive impressions. That view changed abruptly in the summer of 1953, when the United States took a step that made it an object of deep resentment in Iran.
After trying every conceivable way to pressure Mossadegh to abandon his nationalization plan, Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered British agents to organize a coup and overthrow him. When Mossadegh learned of the plot, he closed the British Embassy in Tehran and expelled all British diplomats, including the agents who were plotting his overthrow. In desperation, Churchill asked President Harry S. Truman to order the newly formed Central Intelligence Agency to depose Mossadegh. Truman refused. "The CIA was then a new agency, and Truman saw its mission as gathering and collecting intelligence, not undermining or overthrowing foreign governments," says James Goode, a historian at Grand Valley State University in Michigan who was a Peace Corps volunteer in Iran and later taught at the University of Mashhad. "He was almost as frustrated with the British as he was with the Iranians."
After President Dwight D. Eisenhower took office in 1953, however, U.S. policy changed. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was eager to strike back against growing Communist influence worldwide, and when the British told him that Mossadegh was leading Iran toward Communism—a wild distortion, since Mossadegh despised Marxist ideas—Dulles and Eisenhower agreed to send the CIA into action.
"The intense dislike that Dulles and Eisenhower had toward Mossadegh was visceral and immediate," says Mary Ann Heiss, a historian at Kent State University who specializes in early cold war history. "They were not interested in negotiation at all. For Dulles, coming from a corporate law background, what Mossadegh had done seemed like an attack on private property, and he was bothered by what he saw as the precedent that it might be setting. He was also worried about the possibility that the Soviet Union might gain a foothold in Iran....It was all very emotional and very quick. There was no real attempt to find out who Mossadegh was or what motivated him, to talk to him or even to respond to letters he was sending to Washington."
In August 1953, the CIA sent one of its most intrepid agents, Kermit Roosevelt Jr., grandson of president Theodore Roosevelt, to Tehran with orders to overthrow Mossadegh. Employing tactics that ranged from bribing newspaper editors to organizing riots, Roosevelt immediately set to work. From a command center in the basement of the U.S. Embassy, he managed to create the impression that Iran was collapsing into chaos. On the night of August 19, an angry crowd, led by Roosevelt's Iranian agents—and supported by police and military units whose leaders he had suborned—converged on Mossadegh's home. After a two-hour siege, Mossadegh fled over a back wall. His house was looted and set afire. The handful of American agents who organized the coup were, as Roosevelt later wrote, "full of jubilation, celebration and occasional and totally unpredictable whacks on the back as one or the other was suddenly overcome with enthusiasm." Mossadegh was arrested, tried for high treason, imprisoned for three years, then sentenced to house arrest for life. He died in 1967.
The 1953 coup put an end to democratic rule in Iran. After Mossadegh was deposed, the CIA arranged to bring Mohammad Reza Shah back from Rome, where he had fled during the pre-coup turmoil, and returned him to the Peacock Throne. He ruled with increasing repression, using his brutal secret police, Savak, to torture opposition figures. No independent institutions—political parties, student groups, labor unions or civic organizations—were tolerated during his quarter century in power. The only place dissidents could find shelter was in mosques, which gave the developing opposition movement a religious tinge that would later push Iran toward fundamentalist rule.
Throughout the cold war, relations between Washington and Tehran were exceedingly close, largely because the Shah was, as former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in his memoir, "that rarest of leaders, an unconditional ally." Iranians, for their part, came to see the United States as the force that propped up a hated dictatorship. "Iranians traditionally believed that the United States was not a colonial power, and older people remembered [President] Woodrow Wilson's anti-colonial views," says Mansour Farhang, who was the revolutionary government's first ambassador to the United Nations and now teaches history at Bennington College. "Even Mossadegh initially had great goodwill toward the United States. But during the 1950s and '60s, largely as a result of the 1953 coup and concessions the Shah made to the Americans, a new generation emerged that saw the United States as imperialist and neo-colonialist. As time went by, this perspective became completely dominant."
Flush with money from oil revenues, the Shah sought to transform Iran into a regional military power. The United States sold him tens of billions of dollars' worth of advanced weaponry, which brought huge profits to U.S. arms manufacturers while securing Iran as a powerful cold war ally on the Soviet Union's southern border. In the long run, though, this policy would have dire repercussions.
"Some of the things the Shah purchased from us were far beyond his needs," notes Henry Precht, an American diplomat who served in Tehran during the 1970s and later became the State Department's desk officer for Iran. "Prestige and his fascination with military hardware played a great part. There was no rational decision-making process. It was the same way on the civilian side. There was tremendous waste and corruption. Shiploads of grain would arrive and there were no trucks to offload them, so they would just heap the grain in mountains and set it afire."
Anger at the U.S. military presence and the Shah's dictatorial rule culminated in a national uprising in 1979. It was Iran's last modern revolution, like previous ones, a rebellion against a regime that was seen to have sold out to a foreign power. Nearly every important group in Iranian society joined the anti-Shah uprising. Muslim clerics were prominent among its leaders, but so were others ranging from pro-Soviet communists to democrats who had supported Mossadegh in the 1950s. In one of the most astonishing political turnarounds of the 20th century, the Shah, who many in Washington and elsewhere had come to see as invulnerable, was overthrown and forced to flee. He left Iran on January 16, 1979, and after stays in Egypt, Morocco, the Bahamas and Mexico, was admitted to the United States for medical treatment on October 22 of that year. Many Iranians saw this as evidence that the Carter administration was plotting to place him back in power. Thirteen days later, militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Fundamentalist Shiite clerics used the crisis to crush moderate factions, consolidate control over the new government and transform Iran into a theocratic state under Ayatollah Khomeini, who had returned from exile in Paris on February 1, 1979.
The deepening hostility between Tehran and Washington led to a catastrophe that no one in Iran had anticipated. Saddam Hussein, dictator of neighboring Iraq—which had been a rival of Iran since the two countries were the kingdoms of Persia and Mesopotamia—saw that Iran suddenly lacked a powerful ally and that its military was in disarray. Seizing this chance, he launched an invasion of Iran in September 1980. The ensuing war lasted eight years, devastated the Iranian economy and cost Iran as many as one million casualties, including thousands who were killed or incapacitated by chemical weapons. Iraq saw between 160,000 and 240,000 killed.
The United States, still fuming over the hostage crisis, sided with Iraq, which it saw as a bulwark against Shiite militancy that threatened perceived U.S. interests such as the stability of the Sunni monarchies in oil-producing countries. President Ronald Reagan twice sent a special envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to Baghdad to discuss ways the United States could help Saddam. In the wake of his visits, Washington provided Iraq with aid, including helicopters and satellite intelligence that was used in selecting bombing targets. "The war had two profound effects," says Fawaz Gerges, a professor of international relations and Muslim politics at Sarah Lawrence College. "First, it deepened and widened anti-American feeling in Iran and made anti-American foreign policy a fundamental raison d'être of the Iranian government. Second, Iraq's use of chemical weapons, and the American role in preventing an investigation [of them] and shielding Saddam from criticism, convinced the [Iranian] mullahs that they needed to pursue a program to develop unconventional weapons of their own."
The hostage crisis, the Iran-Iraq War and the religious regime's intense efforts to undermine U.S. power in the Middle East and elsewhere have turned Iran and the United States into bitter enemies. To many Americans, the blame seems to lie only with a radical, aggressive and almost nihilistic regime in Tehran, which has threatened Israel, opposed U.S. efforts to resolve Middle East conflicts and has been linked to terrorism in cities from Berlin to Buenos Aires.
Iran's current leaders—conservative Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the provocative, incendiary president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad—skillfully exploit the country's nationalist sentiment, citing threats and demands from Washington to justify harsh crackdowns on students, labor unions, women and other dissatisfied groups. Sometimes Ahmadinejad even defends these draconian measures while sitting in front of a photo of majestic Mount Damavand, a traditional nationalist symbol.
"The regime feeds off American hostility," says Robert Tait, who spent nearly three years in Iran as a correspondent for the Guardian until he was forced to leave last December when the government refused to renew his visa. "Every time there's another threat from Washington, that gives them more oxygen. They won't be able to use this threat indefinitely. There's a widespread feeling in Iran that the way things are isn't the way they should be. People believe that too much isolation has not been good for them. But as long as there seems to be a clear and present danger, the government has what it sees as a justification to do whatever it wants."
This justification is especially convenient at a time when growing numbers of Iranians are expressing their unhappiness with the government. Low wages, spiraling inflation, high prices for gasoline, discrimination against women, suffocating social controls, religious-oriented university curricula and the spread of social ills like prostitution and drug abuse have angered much of the population. Some of this dissent hovers just beneath the surface of everyday life—as in Tehran, where a bus has been converted into a mobile discothèque to evade religious authorities. Other forms of dissent are more overt, and even go so far as to co-opt government idioms. Last fall, striking workers at a sugar factory chanted "Our salary is our absolute right!"—a play on the government slogan "Nuclear energy is our absolute right."
The rhetoric of nationalism no longer satisfies Iranians. Their country has finally achieved independence, but now most wish for more: freedom, prosperity and engagement with the outside world. Iran will not be truly stable until its leaders offer them those great prizes.
Former New York Times correspondent Stephen Kinzer wrote All the Shah's Men and, most recently, A Thousand Hills, which documents the rebuilding of Rwanda after the 1994 genocide.
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Which year of the 20th century saw the Chernobyl disaster ? | The Chernobyl Disaster: 25 Years Ago - The Atlantic
The Atlantic
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In Focus
The 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster is next month. On April 26, 1986, a series of explosions destroyed Chernobyl's reactor No. 4 station and several hundred staff and firefighters tackled a blaze that burned for 10 days and sent a plume of radiation around the world in the worst-ever civil nuclear disaster. More than 50 reactor and emergency workers were killed at the time. Assessing the larger impact on human health remains a difficult task, with estimates of related deaths from cancer ranging from 4,000 to over 200,000. The government of Ukraine indicated early this year that it will lift restrictions on tourism around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, formally opening the scene to visitors. It's expected, meanwhile, that a 20,000-ton steel case called the New Safe Confinement (NSC), designed as a permanent containment structure for the whole plant, will be completed in 2013.
| 1986 |
What is the name of the girlfriend of the cartoon character Yogi Bear ? | Chernobyl
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Chernobyl
Those who went through that era. Describe what it was like and what was going through your minds when it happened.
by Anonymous
reply 24
02/08/2013
It really wasn't that big of a deal, kid. We all said, "Ugh, what a nasty story!" and went on with our lives. Same for Three Mile Island (closer to home).
by Anonymous
reply 1
01/27/2013
I grew up within eyeshot of a nuclear power plant in Illinois. My parents just commented on their personal policy to keep 1/2 a tank of gas at all times and drive into the wind, usually west, if something happens at the plant. There was also a sense that the Russians were probably less regulated or in someway, didn't act with due diligence. We did talk about if something happened just driving away, not taking anything with us.
by Anonymous
Chernobly - NOB = Cheryl. Isn't that funny :)
by Anonymous
After Chernobyl my penis is falling off.
by Anonymous
reply 4
01/27/2013
It was remarkable at the time. The first inkling the outside world had that something was seriously wrong was when radiation detectors in Sweden started going crazy. Then the Soviet government announced that there had been an "incident" at Chernobyl but provided scant details. I remember watching NBC Nightly News and Dr. Robert Bezell (sp? ) was speculating based on the radioactivity detected from so far away that there had to be tens of thousands dead. Of course that wasn't the case.
There was genuine fear about traveling to Europe because no one knew just how bad the disaster was, or when or if it could be contained.
After days of denial and secrecy the Soviet government did a complete 180 and revealed the full extent of the problem. This was simply astonishing. Never before had they been so open about any disaster, and even more remarkable they were requesting and accepting assistance from western governments. My jaw just about hit the floor one evening as I listened to an interview of a senior Radio Moscow anchorman. Prior to this incident this guy was little more than a propaganda mouthpiece but now he was being unbelievably frank, answering every question without obsfucating and even offering information that hadn't been asked for.
Chernobyl represented the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union.
by Anonymous
This is a pretty good documentary on the disaster.
by Anonymous
reply 7
01/27/2013
I have relatives in Sweden and they've only been able to eat fish from lakes again a few years ago. I think they had to wait like 20 years?
They had a ton of acid rain and fallout.
by Anonymous
reply 8
01/27/2013
I was in Austria when it happened, and I remember a few weeks later they started plowing under many of the fields where the crops had just sprouted, because they had been contaminated by fallout. They had just started sprouting, and it was so odd to see them plowed under.
by Anonymous
I remember the air from that time -- you could smell the sharp, acrid odor of plutonium.
by Anonymous
reply 13
01/27/2013
Because of the jetstream's movement from Japan to California - followed by the rest of the U.S. - Fukashima is scarier. It's a paradox - Chernobyl was at first total secrecy and rumor soon followed by truth-telling and asking for help, the full reveal. The reaction of Japan is far more disturbing - lying, total secrecy and not asking for help. There has been no "full reveal". There was a deliberate media blackout in the U.S. about Fukashima (we watched Charlie Sheen almost smoke crack on air instead on CNN). With regard to Chernobyl's media response, the U.S. seemed to revel in it, for its implications regarding the U.S.S.R.'s isolation and the fall of Communism.
by Anonymous
reply 14
01/27/2013
People were more or less like "Ummm...the Ruskies deserve it." That sort of thing--no real appreciation of the seriousness or the danger.
by Anonymous
That cracked me up, R18.
by Anonymous
reply 19
01/27/2013
R14 I agree that both Chernobyl and Fukashima are the biggest cover ups in modern history. Glasnost and Perestroika became common words post-Chernobyl, literally meaning publicity and restructuring, but commonly presented by Gorbachev as openness and transparency. But little was said about the effects of the disaster, both short and long term, or in fact, how many people have died long term. The original story was that there were only 35 deaths.
No one ever talks about the implications to the planet, or peoples' health all over the world that were caused by these disasters.
I have read on Wikipedia that the amount of radiation released from Chernobyl was the equivalent of 100 nuclear bombs. Yes, ONE HUNDRED.
Anyone remember the movie "Threads"? It detailed the after effects of nuclear war and it was terrifying. Rent it if you can find it; it's not easy, and to my knowledge is not available on DVD. I saw it when it was first broadcast on TV, and was able to find a video at a good rental store.
Before 1986 there was little talk of Global Warming. I believe that our recent climactic changes are in fact a direct result of this nuclear disaster, and the most recent disaster in Japan is only adding to this.
Funny fact....as a type of "parlour game" I ask people of all ages and all walks of life to name the year Chernobyl happened. About 1 in 50 can name the correct year, let alone the date.
Another funny aside, no one can name the inventor of one of the most prolific mind altering and collective brain-washing invention of the 20th century, the Television. See link for the answer if you can't guess???????
by Anonymous
reply 20
01/28/2013
I was in Germany at the time - a lot of public fear about the effects of fallout. And warnings not to eat mushrooms and other wild food. People avoided vegetables or produce that was imported from the eastern parts of Europe. Thing is though, it was all overdone. Ultimately something like 65 people were killed - mostly first responders such as firemen, and technicians. A few hundred people have since developed thyroid cancer - which would have been easily prevented had the Soviet authorities issued them with iodine pills.
by Anonymous
The sky was so blue that morning.
by Anonymous
reply 22
01/28/2013
[quote] Anyone remember the movie "Threads"? It detailed the after effects of nuclear war and it was terrifying.
"Incredibly disturbing" doesn't even begin to cover that movie. It should be required viewing for those idiots whose response to international problems is 'eh, nuke 'em!'
by Anonymous
reply 23
02/08/2013
The American media covered it as a huge disaster then suddenly "took it back" tow or three days later. The sub-headlines went from "Hundreds of Thousands in Peril" to "Two or Three Dead, Nothing to See Here, Folks" overnight. It was very Soviet-ish to see our media scrub the story clean. I always thought the Nuclear Industry pressured the US Media to soft peddle the story in its immediate aftermath.
by Anonymous
| i don't know |
The Ipcress File, published in 1962 was the very first novel for which British Author ? | Len Deighton (Author of The Ipcress File)
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Deighton was born in Marylebone, London, in 1929. His father was a chauffeur and mechanic, and his mother was a part-time cook.After leaving school, Deighton worked as a railway clerk before performing his National Service, which he spent as a photographer for the Royal Air Force's Special Investigation Branch. After discharge from the RAF, he studied at St Martin's School of Art in London in 1949, and in 1952 won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art, graduating in 1955.
Deighton worked as an airline steward with BOAC. Before he began his writing career he worked as an illustrator in New York and, in 1960, as an art director in a London advertising agency. He is credited with creating the first British cover for Jack Kerouac's On the Ro Deighton was born in Marylebone, London, in 1929. His father was a chauffeur and mechanic, and his mother was a part-time cook.After leaving school, Deighton worked as a railway clerk before performing his National Service, which he spent as a photographer for the Royal Air Force's Special Investigation Branch. After discharge from the RAF, he studied at St Martin's School of Art in London in 1949, and in 1952 won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art, graduating in 1955.
Deighton worked as an airline steward with BOAC. Before he began his writing career he worked as an illustrator in New York and, in 1960, as an art director in a London advertising agency. He is credited with creating the first British cover for Jack Kerouac's On the Road. He has since used his drawing skills to illustrate a number of his own military history books.
Following the success of his first novels, Deighton became The Observer's cookery writer and produced illustrated cookbooks. In September 1967 he wrote an article in the Sunday Times Magazine about Operation Snowdrop - an SAS attack on Benghazi during World War II. The following year David Stirling would be awarded substantial damages in libel from the article.
He also wrote travel guides and became travel editor of Playboy, before becoming a film producer. After producing a film adaption of his 1968 novel Only When I Larf, Deighton and photographer Brian Duffy bought the film rights to Joan Littlewood and Theatre Workshop's stage musical Oh, What a Lovely War! He had his name removed from the credits of the film, however, which was a move that he later described as "stupid and infantile." That was his last involvement with the cinema.
Deighton left England in 1969. He briefly resided in Blackrock, County Louth in Ireland. He has not returned to England apart from some personal visits and very few media appearances, his last one since 1985 being a 2006 interview which formed part of a "Len Deighton Night" on BBC Four. He and his wife Ysabele divide their time between homes in Portugal and Guernsey.
| Len Deighton |
Which football club have appeared in 13 FA Cup finals, winning five and losing eight their first final appearance was in 1893 ? | The Ipcress File by Len Deighton | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble®
Meet the author
Overview
Len Deighton’s classic first novel, whoseprotagonist is a nameless spy – later christened Harry Palmer and made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s film starring Michael Caine.The Ipcress File was not only Len Deighton’s first novel, it was his first bestseller and the book that broke the mould of thriller writing.For the working class narrator, an apparently straightforward mission to find a missing biochemist becomes a journey to the heart of a dark and deadly conspiracy.The film of The Ipcress File gave Michael Caine one of his first and still most celebrated starring roles, while the novel itself has become a classic.
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Editorial Reviews
From the Publisher
‘A spy story with a difference.’ Observer‘A master of fictional espionage.’ Daily Mail‘The poet of the spy story.’ Sunday Times‘The Ipcress File helped change the shape of the espionage thriller…the prose is still as crisp and fresh as ever…there is an infectious energy about this book which makes it a joy to read, or re-read.’ Daily Telegraph‘The self-conscious cool of Deighton’s writing has dated in the best way possible…a stone-cold cold war classic.’ Guardian‘Deighton is so far in the front of other writers in the field that they are not even in sight’ Sunday Times‘Nobody now seriously doubts that Deighton is the most credible of all the spysmiths’ The Scotsman‘Regarded as the cold war spy thriller that made all subsequent examples of the genre possible…however much of a classic the film is, the book is a completely different proposition. It’s more intricate and far superior…a must for anyone who likes this kind of fiction.’ Loaded
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| i don't know |
Which football club have appeared in 14 FA Cup finals, winning seven and losing seven. Their first final appearance was in 1914 ? | FA Cup: Clubs with most appearances in finals - Yahoo Sport
FA Cup: Clubs with most appearances in finals
By deevyamulani 19 May 2016 21:54
Arsenal are the defending champions, having won the FA Cup for two consecutive years in 2014 and 2015
First held in 1871, the FA Cup is the oldest formally organised and recognised football competition in the world. It is also the premier knockout club competition in English football.
The FA Cup is notorious for its upsets and gives the chance to clubs from lower leagues to compete for major honours with the big guns of English football. In the past 10 years, clubs like Cardiff City , Everton , Stoke, Portsmouth, Wigan, Hull and Aston Villa have rubbed shoudlers with the ‘big dogs’ in the finals. Each of these clubs have so far had a tryst with relegation apart from Everton and Stoke.
The finals of the FA Cup, held each year at Wembley marks the end of the domestic football season. Winning the FA Cup is a prestigious moment in a clubs history and most clubs, inspite of the riches of the League competitions still treat it like a once in lifetime chance to be at the top of English football.
The importance of the FA Cup has increased now that the winner of the cup also gives a chance to play in the Europa League, UEFA’s second-tier European competition. We list the clubs to have appeared in the most cup finals, giving them a chance at glory.
#5 Manchester City and West Bromwich Albion (10)
Manchester City endured a 5-1 thrashing at the hands of Chelsea in the 5th round of the FA Cup this season
Manchester City and West Bromwich Albion have competed in 10 FA Cup finals each with both clubs winning the FA Cup twice each as well. Almost fifty years have passed since West Brom last played in a cup final while it’s been 81 years since the Baggies last won the trophy.
Manchester City first appeared in the final in 1904 and have reached the finals intermittently till 1981. After the 1981 finals, City did not appear in the finals till 2011 which they went on to win. They have enjoyed success in the FA Cup since the influx of money made from the East, making them a powerful club in the domestic football scenario.
City last reached the final in 2013 under Roberto Mancini which they lost to Roberto Martinez ’s Wigan Athletic .
#4 Chelsea and Aston Villa (11)
Chelsea last won the FA Cup in 2012
Chelsea and Aston Villa are clubs who have been through bad seasons in the Premier League but have had contrasting fortunes in the FA Cup. Chelsea and Villa have both won seven of the eleven finals they have appeared in.
While Aston Villa were the latest of the pair to have appeared in a final, it’s been nearly 60 years since they last won it. They lost out to Arsenal in 2015’s FA Cup final and have not lifted it since 1957.
Chelsea on the other hand, have recently found a relatively higher success rate in the FA Cup, winning all four of the finals they have appeared in the last ten years. The Blues won their first FA Cup in 1970 and last won it against Liverpool in 2012.
#3 Everton and Newcastle (13)
Newcastle lost their last FA Cup final in 1999 to Manchester United
Everton and Newcastle hold the record for the third most appearances in the FA Cup finals each appearing 13 times. The Magpies have been a tad bit more successful than Everton in England ’s premier knockout competition winning it six times to Everton’s five.
Newcastle, appeared in two consecutive finals in 1998 and 1999 during their late 1990’s glory days only to lose it to Arsenal and Manchester United respectively. The toon have not made the finals since.
Everton last made the FA Cup finals in 2009 under Scottish manager David Moyes who later went on to become Sir Alex Fergusson’s ill-fated successor at Manchester United. The Toffees went on to lose the finals 2-1 to Carlo Ancelloti’s Chelsea.
#2 Liverpool (14)
Michael Owen scored the winning goal against Arsenal in the 2001 FA Cup finals
The fallen giants of English football, Liverpool have a glittering history in the FA Cup as well, Liverpool won their first FA Cup back in 1965, 40 years after appearing in their first cup final way back in 1914. The Reds won the FA Cup as a part of their Cup treble in the 2000-2001 season, defeating Arsenal in the process.
Liverpool won their last FA Cup in 2006 when they beat West Ham on penalties after being tied on 3 goals each at the end of regulation time. Liverpool made their last appearance in the finals in 2012 against Chelsea under the management of legendary Scouse footballer and manager Kenny Dalglish. They, however, ended up on the losing side as King Kenny was let go at the end of the season.
#1 Arsenal and Manchester United (19)
Manchester United last won the FA Cup against Millwall in 2004
Two clubs which have been really successful since the 1990’s have transferred their dominance to the FA Cup. Manchester United and Arsenal, are the two clubs who have made an astounding 19 appearances each in the FA Cup final.
Arsenal have won the FA Cup 12 times, which is the most by a club. The earlier record of 11 was held by Manchester United but the Gunners leapfrogged them with their consecutive FA Cup triumphs in 2014 and 2015. Arsenal first lifted the FA Cup in 1930 which was only their second final appearance in the tournament after a maiden appearance in the finals in 1927.
For a club which has won the FA Cup 11 times, with 5 coming under legendary manager Alex Fergusson, Manchester United have faced an FA Cup drought in recent times. Since they last won the FA Cup in 2004, the Red Devils have managed to win five Premier League Championships, have appeared in three Champions League finals and won one of them.
The club last appeared in the cup finals in 2007 when the lost 1-0 to Chelsea. Manchester United will play in a record equaling 19th FA Cup final on Sunday, 22nd May.
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| Liverpool |
Who was British Prime Minister on the day the Great Train Robbery took place ? | A timeline for Liverpool Football Club - LFChistory - Stats galore for Liverpool FC!
A timeline for Liverpool Football Club
IMPORTANT DATES IN LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB'S HISTORY
(Click on the dates to read more)
26.01.1892 - Everton's president, John Houlding, registers his own company with a very similar name to Everton Football Club: "Everton Football Club and Athletic Grounds Company, Limited".
15.03.1892 - John Houlding and Everton finally part ways at Everton's general meeting.
30.03.1892 - The rules of John Houlding's newly-formed club are approved by its committee, rule 1 stating: "That the club be called the Liverpool Football Club and shall play under the rules of the Football Association."
03.06.1892 - John Houlding's new name for his club is officially approved by Board of Trade. The name has been changed from "Everton Football Club and Athletic Grounds Company, Limited" to "Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Company, Limited".
01.09.1892 - Liverpool win their first ever game 7-1 versus Rotherham at Anfield.
03.09.1892 - Liverpool play their first competitive match in the Lancashire League in front of a crowd of 200 at Anfield. Liverpool beat Higher Walton 8-0.
03.12.1892 - John Miller becomes the first player of five in Liverpool's history to score five goals in one match in a 7-0 win vs. Fleetwood Rangers.
22.04.1893 - The first Merseyside derby takes place at Bootle's ground in the Liverpool Senior Cup final. Former Everton player, Tom Wyllie, scores the only goal of the game for Liverpool who also won the Lancashire League in their inaugural season.
31.05.1893 - In 1893 at the General Meeting of the Football League it was decided to increase number of League clubs, but Liverpool FC's request for a 1st Division place was turned down. John McKenna jumped the gun and sent an unauthorized telegram in the name of the club's secretary, William E Barclay, for the club to be admitted into the 2nd Division. Later that night a telegram arrived from the Football League, saying: "Liverpool elected. Come to London to decide fixture list tomorrow at three o'clock", to Mr Barclay's bemusement. Liverpool were admitted following the demise of their more illustrious neighbours, Bootle.
01.09.1893 - The Lancashire League Cup and the Liverpool Senior Cup which Liverpool won in their inaugural season were stolen from the pawnshop of Mr Charles Gibson in Paddington, Liverpool where they were on display. The club had to pay 130 pounds to replace them.
02.09.1893 - Liverpool conquer Middlesbrough Ironopolis 2-0 in their first ever League game in the 2nd division
10.02.1894 - Liverpool's first ever big FA Cup game takes place at Anfield vs. Preston North End which in five years had won the League twice and finished runners-up three years running. Anfield was full to its brim with 17,000 spectators after hundreds had been turned away. Liverpool won 3-2 in this historic game.
28.04.1894 - Liverpool won the 2nd division quite comfortably, but that didn't however guarantee automatic promotion and Liverpool had to play the bottom team of 1st division. Liverpool beat Newton Heath (later named Manchester United) 2-0 in the Test match and 1st Division awaited.
08.09.1894 - A record attendance in the region of 20,000 is recorded as champions Aston Villa visit Anfield in Liverpool's first ever home game in the 1st division. A new main stand which "added to the attractiveness of the scene" was being used for the first time.
13.10.1894 - Everton and Liverpool faced each other for the first time in the top flight at Goodison Park in front of 44,000 spectators. Liverpool were not quite ready for the 1st division and lost 0-3.
17.11.1894 - An record crowd of well over 25,000 witnessed Everton's first game at Anfield since the acrimonius split in 1892. The teams drew 2-2 in a match "that had not a dull period."
02.02.1895 - Liverpool's first round game vs. Barnsley St Peters in the FA Cup was a farce. Liverpool won the game 2-1 after extra-time, but Barnsley officials stated that extra-time could only be ordered if both clubs mutually consent. Barnsley protested prior to extra-time so Jimmy Ross' goal in the 113th minute hadn't proved decisive after all. Barnsley were defeated 4-0 in the replay at Anfield.
27.04.1895 - Liverpool face Bury in the Test match which would determine if 1st or 2nd division football would be on offer next season at Anfield. A seriously depleted Liverpool side lost 1-0 to Bury.
18.02.1896 - Liverpool score a record 106 goals on their way to the 2nd division title and recorded their biggest league victory, 10-1 vs. Rotherham. Liverpool scored six goals in the opening ten minutes and George Allan scored four on the day.
27.07.1896 - The most successful manager in the country, Tom Watson, leaves Sunderland and joins the Anfield brigade. The 37-year-old Watson had already won the First Division championship 3 times in 4 seasons at Sunderland in 1892, 1893 and 1895.
01.09.1896 - The blue and white shirts are history and Liverpool play in red shirts and white pants for the first time.
21.11.1896 - "The Reds", as they were now known as, take on Everton where the first sending-off in a Merseyside derby takes place when Everton's Alf Milward was dismissed in the 2nd half for "charging "McCartney.
20.02.1897 - Thomas Bradshaw becomes Liverpool's first international player when he features for England vs Ireland.
06.05.1898 - After finishing 5th and 9th in the 1st division Liverpool sign their first ever superstar. Scotsman Alex Raisbeck was a commanding centre-half who came from Hibernian and proved to be a leading man in Liverpool's defence for years to come.
30.03.1899 - The final game of the epic battle between Liverpool and Sheffield United in the semi-finals of the FA Cup. The first two games had been drawn 2-2 and 4-4, the third one had to be abandoned due to overcrowding when Liverpool were leading 1-0. Finally the teams were separated when Sheff Utd scored in the 85th minute of the fourth encounter. This was the fifth time manager Tom Watson had been defeated in the semis!
29.04.1899 - The most important game in Liverpool's history to date! Fate had it that Liverpool faced their main championship rivals, Aston Villa, at Villa Park in the final round. Both teams had 43 points, but only a win would do Liverpool as Villa had a slightly better goal average. Villa tore Liverpool to pieces 5-0!
16.10.1899 - George Allan, Liverpool's greatest goalscorer in their early years with 56 goals from 96 matches, dies of tuberculosis only 24 years old.
24.02.1900 - The battle of the spy hill, Spioenkop, in the Boer war in South Africa. The Kop was later named after that hill in honour of the large number of Lancashire soldiers who died in that battle.
29.04.1901 - Liverpool win the title for the first time! From mid-February Tom Watson's Reds went on a 12 match unbeaten run that took them to the League title.
04.01.1902 - Andy McGuigan becomes the first Liverpool player to score five Football League goals in one game in a 7-0 win against Stoke. He later became a club director at Liverpool.
24.02.1902 - A future legend bought from Glossop North End. Arthur Goddard was a regular scorer from his position on the wing for nearly a decade and a half at Liverpool, making 414 appearances and scoring 77 goals, thoroughly deserving his place in Liverpool's official Hall of Fame.
17.03.1902 - Liverpool Football Club mourns the death of the club's founder, John Houlding, who died 70-years-old at a hotel in Nice, France.
25.04.1903 - Sam Raybould becomes Liverpool's first ever 30-goals-a-season striker. He ended the season as the First Division's top-scorer with 31 goals.
23.04.1904 - Liverpool beat Blackburn Rovers 3-2 on the final day of the season, but are second from bottom and automatically relegated. Liverpool were back in the 2nd division three years after winning the league!
29.04.1905 - Liverpool ensure a quick return to Division One by beating Burnley to win the Second Division championship by two points from Bolton Wanderers.
16.04.1906 - After winning the 2nd division the previous season, Liverpool go one better and lift the League championship for the second time!
28.04.1906 - Liverpool finish the season by winning the largest trophy in football, The Sheriff of London Charity Shield, which was over six feet high. It was an annual game between the best professional and amateur sides in England. The famous amateurs, Corinthians, were easily defeated 5-1 by newly-crowned League champions Liverpool.
01.09.1906 - The first game in front of the Kop took place on 1st of September 1906 vs Stoke in "tropical heat". Joe Hewitt scored the winning goal in the 20th minute.
04.12.1909 - One of the greatest comebacks in Liverpool's history! Liverpool were losing 5-2 at half-time vs Newcastle in the 1st division at Anfield but won 6-5!
01.09.1912 - One of the club's greatest ever keepers, Ulsterman Elisha Scott, signs in at Liverpool. He is the club's longest serving player as he stayed for for more than 21 years from 1912 to 1934.
25.04.1914 - Liverpool's first FA Cup final. Liverpool lose 1-0 to Burnley in front of over 72,000 fans in the last final that was played at London's Crystal Palace. This was the first time that a reigning British monarch, King George the Fifth, had attended an FA Cup final.
02.04.1915 - Four Liverpool players: Tom Miller, Thomas Fairfoul, Henry Purcell and Jackie Sheldon receive life bans along with three Manchester United players for fixing a 0-2 defeat to United. After the war all bans were lifted except for one United player due to their service for their country during the war.
06.05.1915 - English football's most successful manager at the time, five time League champion Tom Watson, dies aged 56 of pneumonia and pleurisy. He is still Liverpool's longest serving manager.
14.09.1918 - George Patterson appointed as Tom Watson‘s successor.
17.12.1919 – David Ashworth leaves Stockport County to take over as manager of Liverpool.
17.04.1922 - Liverpool are champions for the first time in 16 years! Liverpool beat defending champions Burnley 2-1 and Tottenham lose on the same day. The Reds had a seven point lead over Tottenham with only three games left, a maximum of six points in those days.
20.12.1922 - Manager David Ashworth leaves Champions Liverpool who were at the top of the 1st division for his old club, Oldham Athletic, who were relegated at the end of the season.
13.02.1923 - Former player and current director, "Mattie" McQueen, takes over as manager of Liverpool. According to the Echo he was a "popular figure out Anfield way" and "probably the most versatile footballer of his day."
21.04.1923 - Liverpool win the title for the second consecutive season as their nearest rivals Sunderland lose on the same day. Five points lead secured with only two games to play.
14.12.1925 - Legendary South African goalscorer, Gordon Hodgson signs for Liverpool from Transvaal. signs for Liverpool from Transvaal. Hodgson is only behind Ian Rush and Roger Hunt in the club's all-time scoring charts with 241 strikes in 377 games. A fantastic goals-per-game ratio!
07.03.1928 – George Patterson becomes the first manager to be appointed for a second time at Liverpool.
25.08.1928 - A new roofed Spion Kop is formally opened by John McKenna, the president of the Football league and former chairman of Liverpool, bringing the total covered accommodation for the ground up to 60,000.
06.08.1936 – Football obsessed George Kay brings his considerable skills to guide Liverpool as manager. Patterson had found it impossible to serve both as manager and secretary so he wanted someone in his place to guide the team.
16.02.1938 - Jack Balmer scores what is thought to be Liverpool's quickest goal in history 10 seconds into Liverpool's 3-1 win over Everton at Goodison Park.
27.07.1938 - Future legend, Billy Liddell, moves to Liverpool from Townhill to join his new teammates.
02.09.1939 - Liverpool's last league game before World War II. Liverpool beat Chelsea 1-0. The League was abandoned after three rounds had been played.
23.11.1946 - Jack Balmer scores a hat-trick for the third game in a row, a unique feat in Liverpool's history. He scored three vs Portsmouth on 9th November, four goals in 17 minutes vs Derby County and finally three vs Arsenal.
14.06.1947 - Liverpool win the title for the fifth time in the first League season after World War II. Title contenders Stoke lost their postponed game vs. Sheffield United and Liverpool were crowned champions while competing for the Liverpool Senior Cup final vs Everton.
06.03.1948 - Albert Stubbins was threatened bodily harm if he was up to his usual standards vs Hudderfield. Stubbins scored four in a 4-0 Liverpool win and remained unscathed!
29.04.1950 - Liverpool play in their second FA Cup final, 36 years after their first one. Again Liverpool are on the losing side, this time to Arsenal 0-2.
05.03.1951 - Don Welsh appointed manager of Liverpool. Bill Shankly was amongst the candidates, but the board's interference with the picking of the side didn't interest Shanks.
02.02.1952 - Liverpool record their biggest ever attendance of 61,905 in the 4th round of the FA Cup vs. Wolves. Liverpool win 2-1 after Bob Paisley and Cyril Done score inside 10 minutes.
24.04.1954 - Liverpool is relegated to the 2nd Division for the first time in 50 years!
15.09.1954 - John Evans scores Liverpool's all five goals in a 5-3 victory vs Bristol Rovers at Anfield in the 2nd division.
11.12.1954 - The Reds suffer their biggest ever loss, 1-9, vs Birmingham at St Andrews.
30.10.1957 - The first match at Anfield for which floodlights were used. The first leg of the Floodlit Challenge Cup had taken place at Goodison Park where the Blues won 2-0. The Reds proved stronger under the lights at Anfield and won 3-2, but lost 3-4 on aggregrate.
15.01.1959 - Arguably Liverpool's worst-ever defeat in the FA Cup, 1-2 away at non-League Worcester City.
17.11.1959 - Manager Phil Taylor resigns after three years in office leading Liverpool to third, fourth and fourth in the 2nd division. A sorrowful Phil told the Echo: "No matter how great has been the disappointment of the directors at our failure to win our way back to the First Division, it has not been greater then mine."
01.12.1959 - Liverpool appoint Bill Shankly as Phil Taylor's successor in the managerial seat.
14.12.1959 - Shankly takes officially over at Liverpool after finishing his tenure at Huddersfield.
19.12.1959 - Shankly in charge of his first Liverpool game, but it's far from an ideal start as Liverpool lose 0-4 to Cardiff.
31.08.1960 - Billy Liddell's last appearance for Liverpool vs Southampton in the 2nd division. No other player had made more appearances for the club than King Billy, a total of 534 eclipsing Elisha Scott's total of 468.
22.07.1961 - Shanks signs colossal Ron Yeats who was his captain for ten years.
21.04.1962 - After seven years in the 2nd division, Liverpool are promoted with five League games remaining!
18.04.1964 - Liverpool win the championship for the sixth time in their history after a 17 year wait with an impressive 5-0 win vs Arsenal at Anfield.
22.08.1964 - BBC's first Match of the Day programme shows Liverpool beating Arsenal 3-2 at Anfield.
25.11.1964 - Liverpool wear all red for the first time vs Anderlecht in the first round of the European Cup at Anfield. According to Ian St John "Shankly thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact — red for danger, red for power."
01.05.1965 - Liverpool win the FA Cup for the first time in the club's history. Bill Shankly said: "Grown men were crying and it was the greatest feeling any human being could have to see what we had done. There have been many proud moments. Wonderful, fantastic moments. But that was the greatest day."
12.05.1965 - Liverpool knocked out of the semi-finals in the club's inaugural season in the European Cup. After a sensational 3-1 win at Anfield in the first leg, Inter beat the Reds 0-3 after bribing the referee!
30.04.1966 - Liverpool seal their second First Division title under Shankly by beating Chelsea 2-1 at Anfield.
05.05.1966 - The club's first appearance in a European final ends in disappointment with a 2-1 extra-time defeat in the Cup Winners' cup to the German club Borussia Dortmund.
07.11.1967 - Roger Hunt breaks Gordon Hodgson's goal record by scoring his 242nd goal for Liverpool against TSV Munich.
18.01.1969 - Roger Hunt's goal at Chelsea makes him the club's highest-ever scorer in Football League matches, breaking the record previously held by South African Gordon Hodgson who scored 233 in 358 League games!
15.11.1969 - BBC's "Match of the Day" is broadcast in colour for the first time. Anfield is again chosen, just it had been for the first black-and-white transmission five years earlier. Liverpool beat West Ham United 2-0.
21.02.1970 - Liverpool are humbled 1-0 by Second Division Watford in the quarter-final of the FA Cup. It is the result that leads to a significant break-up of the successful team of the mid-1960's as manager Bill Shankly prepares to build another great team for the early-1970's.
08.05.1971 - Liverpool lose 1-2 to Arsenal in the FA Cup - Shankly delivers his famous Chairman Mao speech outside St George' s Hall: "Ladies and gentlemen, yesterday at Wembley we may have lost the Cup, but you the people have won everything.. you have conquered.... [applause] You have won over the policemen in London. You won over the London public, and it's questionable if chairman Mao of China could have arranged such a show of strength as you have shown yesterday and today."
10.05.1971 - Kevin "Mighty Mouse" Keegan signs for 33,000 pounds from Scunthorpe. Keegan soon achieved unprecedented popularity at Liverpool.
08.07.1971 - Shankly agrees a new three-year contract with Liverpool which turned out to be his last.
08.05.1972 - A win at Arsenal would have given the club a record eighth League championship. But the Reds can only draw 0-0. Leeds lose 2-1 at Wolverhampton on the same evening so Derby County, whose League programme is already over, become English champions for the first time.
23.04.1973 - After 7 years without a title, Liverpool win the championship by beating Leeds 2-0 at Anfield. Bill Shankly was relieved after the team's barren spell: "I think we can call ourselves champions now. I'm delighted for the players, for the club, and especially for the fans, who have again proved themselves the greatest in the world."
23.05.1973 - Liverpool beat Gladbach 3-2 on aggregrate in the second leg of the UEFA Cup final, almost surrendering their 3-0 lead from Anfield.
04.05.1974 - One of the most one-sided FA Cup finals in history when Liverpool tear Newcastle to pieces 3-0 at Wembley.
12.07.1974 - The football world and the whole of Liverpool are astounded when Bill Shankly announces that he will retire as Liverpool's manager.
26.07.1974 - Bob Paisley appointed Shankly's successor.
17.09.1974 - Norwegian side Strømsgodset is the victim of Liverpool's biggest ever victory, 11-0!
04.05.1976 - Liverpool win the championship one point ahead of QPR, after finishing second in Paisley's first season.
19.05.1976 - Liverpool win the UEFA Cup, defeating FC Bruges 4-3 on aggregate.
16.03.1977 - One of the most dramatic European games ever to take place at Anfield. Liverpool needed a third goal to clinch their place in the semi-final which David Fairclough provided in the 84th minute in front of the delirious Kop.
14.05.1977 - Liverpool seal their second championship win under Paisley. Their greatest rivals that season, Manchester City, finished one point behind the Reds.
21.05.1977 - Manchester United beat Liverpool 2-1 at Wembley. The FA Cup remained the only major silverware that Paisley never won.
25.05.1977 - Liverpool win the European Cup for the first time in Rome. Bob Paisley was obviously on cloud nine: "In the 38 years I've been here, this excels everything. And of course it's the biggest day in Liverpool Football Club's life."
10.08.1977 - Kenny Dalglish bought from Celtic for a record fee between British clubs, 440,000 pounds.
22.03.1978 - Nottingham Forest beat Liverpool in the League Cup final replay at Old Trafford. Ian Callaghan is booked for the only time in his Liverpool career.
10.05.1978 - Liverpool win the European Cup for a second consecutive season at Wembley with a delightful chip by Kenny Dalglish who crowned a tremendous debut season.
02.09.1978 - Potentially the greatest ever goal by Liverpool scored by Terry McDermott in one of Liverpool's most memorable games, a 7-0 win against Tottenham at Anfield. Michael Charters wrote in the Liverpool Echo: "Have you ever heard 50,000 people purr with pleasure? Well, the Anfield spectators were doing that constantly as Liverpool stroked the ball around with one-touch moves of staggering accuracy. The current Liverpool team is playing better, more exciting, attacking football than any side I've seen since the war."
08.05.1979 - After giving their opponents a one year break in the League, Liverpool win their 11th title by beating Aston Villa 3-0 at Anfield. Liverpool finished 8 points ahead of Nottingham Forest.
01.05.1980 - Ian Rush bought for a record fee for a teenager, 300,000 pounds!
03.05.1980 - For the second year running Liverpool win the title by beating Aston Villa comprehensively at Anfield. Man Utd are left in their wake, two points behind.
31.01.1981 - An all-time record of 85 home games unbeaten in all competitions comes to an end. Under Paisley's reign Liverpool didn't lose at Anfield for 3 years from 7th February 1978 to 31st January 1981! 69 wins and 16 draws. 63 League games, 9 League Cup, 6 FA Cup, 6 European Cup and 1 Super Cup game. Liverpool scored 212 goals against 35.
01.04.1981 - Kenny Dalglish and Alan Hansen score in Liverpool's 2-1 win vs West Ham as the Reds win the League Cup for the first time in a replay at Villa Park.
27.05.1981 - The European Cup won in Paris. Another historic chapter for Liverpool and their manager, Bob Paisley who "was so proud to be the manager of the first British club to win the European Cup three times."
29.09.1981 - Shankly passes away at Broadgreen Hospital after suffering a heart attack at his home.
30.09.1981 - Liverpool's greatest ever goalscorer, Ian Rush, scores his first of 346 goals for the club vs Oulu Palloseura in the European Cup 1st round at Anfield. Rush had played 9 games without getting on the scoresheet.
13.03.1982 - Ronnie Whelan and Ian Rush seal the League Cup for the second year running in extra time vs Spurs at Wembley.
15.05.1982 - After finishing a disappointing 5th in the 1980-81 season, Paisley stirred the foundations of his team and after an impressive 20 wins in 25 league games in the second part of the season Liverpool win the championship by a four point margin.
24.08.1982 - Liverpool's chairman, Sir John Smith, announces "that Mr. Paisley no longer desires to be team manager after the end of the coming season." Liverpool's most successful manager becomes director at the club and later right-hand man to Kenny Dalglish.
26.08.1982 - Shankly Gates unlocked by Shankly's widow, Nessie.
06.11.1982 - Rushie completes possibly the greatest ever individual feat by a Liverpool player in a Merseyside derby by scoring four goals in a 5-0 win at Goodison Park.
26.03.1983 - Liverpool win the League Cup for the third year running. A memorable moment for Bob when captain Graeme Souness invites him to go up the Wembley steps and lift the cup. This shy man was in the spotlight for the first time and deservedly so.
30.04.1983 - Liverpool lose 2-0 at Tottenham but championship rivals, Manchester United, could only draw away to Norwich and that meant United could no longer equal or better Liverpool's total of points. This was Liverpool's 6th Championship win in 9 seasons under Bob Paisley. There were still three games left for Liverpool in the League, but in fact Liverpool lost five and drew two in their last seven league games leaving Paisley not amused: "My memory is getting bad. I can't even remember the last time we won a match."
01.07.1983 - "Smokin" Joe Fagan takes over the mantle from Paisley. Joe only had 25 years worth of coaching experience at Liverpool behind him!
24.09.1983 - Phil Neal plays his 417th consecutive game for Liverpool which is still a club record.
29.10.1983 - Ian Rush scores five of Liverpool's six goals in the 1st division against Luton at Anfield.
28.03.1984 - After Liverpool and Everton make a goalless draw at Wembley in the League Cup final, Graeme Souness' terrific strike wins the replay at Maine Road.
12.05.1984 - Joe Fagan wins the championship in his debut season when Liverpool get one point at Notts County in their penultimate league game. Southampton are runners-up three points behind Liverpool's total of 80 points.
30.05.1984 - Fourth European cup won in Rome after a thrilling penalty shoot-out vs AS Roma at Stadio Olimpico!
29.05.1985 - 39 people die in the Heysel stadium in Brussels before the European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus takes place.
30.05.1985 - King Kenny becomes the first player-manager in the English First Division.
20.06.1985 - UEFA bans Liverpool and other English clubs indefinitely from European competition in the wake of the Heysel tragedy. Liverpool were banned for six years, one year longer than other teams.
03.05.1986 - Player-manager Kenny Dalglish scores the winning goal vs Chelsea at Stamford Bridge to win the League championship. Then champions Everton have two less points than their neighbours.
10.05.1986 - Ian Rush scores twice in a 3-1 victory vs. Everton in the first ever Merseyside FA Cup final.
05.04.1987 - Liverpool lose for the first time in 145 games that Ian Rush scores in. Arsenal beat Liverpool 2-1 in the league Cup final.
01.07.1987 - Ian Rush sold to Juventus for 3,2 million pounds which made him at the time the most expensive player Liverpool had ever sold.
17.10.1987 - John Aldridge scores in his 10 consecutive League match vs QPR, which is still a Liverpool record.
20.03.1988 - After going 29 games unbeaten from the start of the season, Liverpool lose 0-1 to Everton. Reds equalled Leeds United's record from the 1973/74 season. Arsenal broke the record when they stayed unbeaten for the whole 2003/4 season.
13.04.1988 - Title rivals Nottingham Forest are given a masterclass at Anfield, 5-0. The legendary Sir Tom Finney certainly enjoyed Liverpool's performance: "It was the finest exhibition I've seen the whole time I've played and watched the game. You couldn't see it bettered anywhere, not even in Brazil. The moves they put together were fantastic."
23.04.1988 - Liverpool win the title with four games still to go. The Reds finished nine points ahead of 2nd placed Man Utd.
14.05.1988 - Wimbledon prevent a second League and Cup double for Dalglish's team at Wembley.
18.08.1988 - Liverpool astound the press and their fans by bringing Ian Rush back from his one year exile at Juventus.
15.04.1989 - The greatest tragedy in Liverpool's history. 96 Liverpool supporters die from injuries received at Hillsborough.
20.05.1989 - Liverpool conquer Everton 3-2 in the friendliest Merseyside derby ever in the FA Cup final. Ian Rush scores twice in extra-time after Stuart McCall had equalized twice for Everton.
26.05.1989 - Liverpool are three points in front of Arsenal with a goal difference of 65-26 (+39) against Arsenal's 71-36 (+35). In the championship decider at Anfield Michael Thomas scores Arsenal's second in a 2-0 win with 91 minutes and 22 seconds played and steals the title for the Gunners.
12.11.1989 - A unique feat in Liverpool's goalscoring history when substitute John Aldridge comes on and runs straight to the spot to score a penalty. Liverpool's 9-0 win over Crystal Palace at Anfield proved to be Aldridge's final game for Liverpool before departing for Real Sociedad.
15.04.1990 - Nessie Shankly unveils the Hillsborough memorial at Anfield.
28.04.1990 - Liverpool need four points from their last three games to win the Championship. Liverpool beat QPR 2-1 after going behind with goals from Ian Rush and John Barnes. Liverpool's rivals for the title, Aston Villa, draw 3-3 with Norwich so Liverpool win the title for the 18th time in their history. Aston Villa are four points behind Liverpool, but only have one game left having played 37 games compared to Liverpool's 36.
22.02.1991 - Kenny Dalglish resigns as Liverpool's manager having won the championship three times in five seasons.
16.04.1991 - Graeme Souness returns to Liverpool after seven years to replace Dalglish as Liverpool manager.
18.09.1991 - Liverpool play their first game in European competitions since the European ban was lifted. Dean Saunders scores four goals in a 6-1 victory vs Kuusysi Lahti at Anfield.
09.05.1992 - Liverpool beat Sunderland 2-0 to win the FA Cup for the fifth time.
18.10.1992 - Ian Rush breaks Roger Hunt’s scoring record for Liverpool by scoring his 287th goal in a 2-2 draw vs Man Utd.
05.10.1993 - Robbie Fowler becomes the fifth player to score 5 goals in one game for Liverpool vs Fulham in the League Cup.
28.01.1994 - Graeme Souness resigns as Liverpool manager after a miserable spell in charge.
31.01.1994 - Liverpool turn to trusted Bootroom boy, Roy Evans, to become Liverpool boss.
30.04.1994 - The Kop's last stand. After Norwich beat Liverpool 1-0 the Kop is demolished to make way for an all-seater grandstand according to new safety measures following the Hillsborough tragedy.
28.08.1994 - Robbie Fowler scores an incredible hat-trick against Arsenal in only 4 minutes and 35 seconds which is still a Premier League record!
02.04.1995 - Roy Evans guides Liverpool to a League Cup win vs Bolton where Steve McManaman gives a match-winning performance.
01.07.1995 - Stan Collymore becomes Liverpool's most expensive player when signed for 8,5 million pounds from Nottingham Forest.
14.02.1996 - Bob Paisley passes away.
06.05.1997 - Michael Owen becomes the youngest ever goalscorer in Liverpool's history, aged 17 years and 144 days when he scores against Wimbledon in the penultimate league game of the season.
16.07.1998 - Gerard Houllier appointed alongside Roy Evans. Liverpool won 116 of 226 games when Evans was in sole charge, but had failed to win the championship. For the first time since the dawn of Liverpool Football club, the board decides to let two managers run team affairs.
04.10.1998 - The most hilarious and painful incident ever to take place in front of the Anfield Road stand. Phil Babb attacks the post with brute force trying to prevent Pierluigi Casiraghi's goal. Babb's balls came off the worst, prompting one fan to shout, while Babb was lying there holding his knackers: 'Don't rub them Phil, count them.'
12.11.1998 - Gerard Houllier takes over sole charge of the club after Roy Evans' resignation.
08.04.1999 - Liverpool Football Club open the "Paisley Gateway", commemorative gates to Bob Paisley, in front of the Kop stand on Walton Breck Road.
25.02.2001 - Robbie Fowler scores a breathtaking goal vs Birmingham in the League Cup final, but Liverpool need a penalty shoot-out to lift the cup.
12.05.2001 - Michael Owen's greatest hour in a Liverpool shirt after he steals the FA Cup from Arsenal in Cardiff.
16.05.2001 - Liverpool's first European title for 17 years is a fact after a dramatic finale at Westfalen Stadion in Dortmund where the Reds beat Alaves 5-4.
19.05.2001 - By beating Charlton 4-0 on the last day of the season Liverpool reach the qualifying round for the first time since the European Cup was changed to the Champions League in 1992.
31.08.2001 - A first in Liverpool's history when Liverpool purchase two keepers on the same day: Jerzy Dudek and Chris Kirkland.
13.10.2001 - Gerard Houllier admitted to hospital because of chest pains he suffers during the interval of Liverpool's league game vs Leeds United at Anfield.
19.03.2002 - The long-awaited return of Gerard Houllier in a Champions League decider vs AS Roma at Anfield. Liverpool win 2-0 and qualify from their group. Liverpool were knocked out in the quarter-finals by Bayer Leverkusen.
11.05.2002 - Liverpool conquer Ipswich 5-0 and guarantee 2nd place which was their best ever finish to date in the Premier League.
02.03.2003 - Liverpool beat Manchester United 2-0 at Millennium Stadium in the League Cup final.
24.05.2004 - Gerard Houllier sacked as Liverpool boss after six years at Liverpool.
16.06.2004 - Rafa Benítez signs in as Liverpool's new manager.
08.12.2004 - Steven Gerrard scores one of the most important goals in his glittering career when he scores Liverpool's third vs Olympiacos and hurtles the Reds into the knock-out phase of the Champions League.
27.02.2005 - Chelsea deny Liverpool one more League Cup final win, when the Blues beat the Reds 3-2 in extra time.
03.05.2005 - Quite possibly the most controversial goal ever scored by Liverpool when Luis Garcia's goal guarantees the Reds a place in the Champions League final.
25.05.2005 - The miracle of Istanbul. Rafa brings a fifth European Cup title to Liverpool in his debut season after the most exciting match in European competitions' history.
13.05.2006 - Liverpool beat West Ham after a penalty shoot-out in the FA Cup final. The game becomes known as the Gerrard final and rightfully so as he saved Liverpool from defeat at the eleventh hour.
06.02.2007 - Americans George Gillett and Tom Hicks buy Liverpool Football Club from David Moores for £218.9m.
23.05.2007 - Liverpool lose the Champions League final to AC Milan in Athens.
04.07.2007 - Fernando Torres is bought from Atletico Madrid for 20.2 millions pounds, the most expensive player Liverpool has ever bought and worth every penny!
06.11.2007 - Liverpool record the biggest win in Champions League history against Besiktas at Anfield, 8-0!
22.04.2008 - Potentially the single most important defensive mistake ever made by a Liverpool player when John Arne Riise scores an own goal in the 90th minute in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final at Anfield vs Chelsea.
24.05.2009 - Liverpool say goodbye to one of their greatest servants, Sami Hyypia, by beating Tottenham 3-1 and record their highest ever Premier League total, 86 points.
03.06.2010 - Rafa Benítez departs after six years at the helm at Anfield.
01.07.2010 - Roy Hodgson is appointed manager of Liverpool.
15.10.2010 - Gillett and Hicks finally forced out of the club after a series of dramatic events. The pair claimed they had been the victims of an “epic swindle” and that Liverpool’s Board seriously undervalued the club. New England Sports Ventures (changed their name to Fenway Sports Group in March 2011) purchased Liverpool Football Club for £300 million and eliminated all of the acquisition debt placed on the club by its previous owners, reducing its debt servicing obligations from £25m-£30m a year to £2m-£3m.
08.01.2011 - The Return of the King. Kenny Dalglish is appointed caretaker manager until the summer.
30.01.2011 - Fernando Torres becomes the most expensive player sold by Liverpool when he transfers to Chelsea for a British record of £50million. Andy Carroll becomes the most expensive British player when he‘s bought for £35million. Luis Suarez was obtained for £22.8million earlier that day. Never in the history of the club have such big fees been signed for in 24 hours.
12.05.2011 - Fenway Sports Group and Liverpool FC confirm that Kenny Dalglish has been appointed as Team Manager and given a three year contract.
26.02.2012 – Liverpool win their first cup for six years as the Reds beat Cardiff City after a penalty shoot-out at the new Wembley.
05.05.2012 – Liverpool denied a cup double by Chelsea in the FA Cup final.
16.05.2012 – Kenny Dalglish dismissed as Liverpool manager.
01.06.2012 – Brendan Rodgers becomes Liverpool‘s eighteenth manager.
19.12.2012 - Campaigners for justice for the 96 innocent victims of the Hillsborough disaster see original inquest verdicts overturned in the High Court in London. New proceedings will begin after the Hillsborough Independent Panel probe revealed a cover-up that switched blame from the authorities to the victims.
| i don't know |
"Which American TV director and producer who died in 1991 was responsible for 1960's TV shows such as ""Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea"", ""Lost In Space"" and ""Land Of The Giants"" ?" | Irwin Allen - Biography - IMDb
Irwin Allen
Biography
Showing all 19 items
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (3) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (4) | Personal Quotes (6)
Overview (3)
The Master of Disaster
Mini Bio (3)
A graduate of New York's Columbia School of Journalism, Irwin Allen was a magazine editor, the producer/director of a radio show and the owner of an advertising agency before entering film production in the 1950s. His documentary, The Sea Around Us (1953), won an Academy Award. A successful TV series producer ( The Time Tunnel (1966), Lost in Space (1965)), Allen was nicknamed "The Master of Disaster" in the 1970s due to the tremendous success of his two special effects-laden epics, The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974).
- IMDb Mini Biography By: [email protected]
Although originally a journalist by trade, Allen had always loved the movies and had wished to be a part of them. In the process, he became one of the biggest names in show business during the 1970s, producing and directing some of its most popular films. After working in magazines and advertising, he produced the documentary, The Sea Around Us (1953). This excellent film won an Academy Award for Best Documentary, and he decided to branch out into commercial film. His spoof of history, The Story of Mankind (1957), was a critical and commercial disaster, but he scored box office success with The Big Circus (1959) and The Lost World (1960), a remake of a silent classic, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961).
As the 1960s emerged, he became interested in science fiction, and scored considerable success. The TV takeoff of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1964) struck a cord with TV audiences, and so did Lost in Space (1965), The Time Tunnel (1966) and Land of the Giants (1968).
However, it was during the 1970s that Allen became became a household name. Noting the massive box office success of Airport (1970), he immediately branched out into disaster movies and was able to obtain star-studded casts. The Poseidon Adventure (1972), about passengers abroad a capsized cruise liner, was one of the biggest box office hits of the year, and its theme song, "The Morning After", by Maureen McGovern , won an Academy Award for Best Song. He followed up that triumph by producing and co-directing the smash, The Towering Inferno (1974), about a group of people trapped in a burning skyscraper, which also drew huge audiences and profits. In his personal life, at that time, he fell in love with actress Sheila Allen (Sheila Matthews), whom he married in 1974. He returned briefly to television with the series, Swiss Family Robinson (1975), but the familiar story only lasted two seasons. It was then that his popularity was at its peak, and he had become known as "The Master of Disaster". He then produced and directed the killer bee film, The Swarm (1978). In spite of a big budget and star-studded cast, the poor special effects and dialog made it a complete flop. The following year, he made produced and co-directed, Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979), which audiences found dull and implausible. In 1980, he attempted a comeback with When Time Ran Out... (1980), about tourists and natives struggling to escape a volcano eruption. The film drew attention when Mount St. Helens in Washington state erupted during its release, but the lavishly financed film was a box office disaster. After three expensive films lost vast sums of money, Allen was never able again to make films on such a grand scale. He remained active in the entertainment industry during the 1980s, however. He designed a special effects ride at the Universal Studios Theme Park, and also produced some TV mini-series. He passed away in 1991. His widow helps run a website dedicated to his memory.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: anonymous
Irwin Allen started in journalism before thrilling two generations as, firstly, the king of 1960s science fiction tv, then secondly, as "The Master Of 1970s Disaster" movies. His tv work is less talked about so this Biography will centre more on his tv work.
Irwin Allen's 1960s material and 1970s material both fit under the headings of disaster or style over substance. Granted, the tv material was often intended for younger viewers (however the first season of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was more or less adult), while the 1970s films were made for all ages. The style in Irwin's sci-fic tv came from talented actors such as Richard Basehart as Admiral Nelson and Dick Tufeld doing a great robot voice. Also the style in the striking miniature effects of spaceship Jupiter 2 and submarine Seaview. Let us not forget the attention grabbing scores from cinema legends Leith Stevens and John Williams.
The substance, or should I say the characterisation, was often missing and Irwin Allen was mostly responsible for that. Irwin was not a family man, his 20th Century Fox co-workers were his family, so small talk heard in The Waltons would not be welcome in an Irwin production. So when actors and writers requested a love interest or deeper characters on submarine Seaview or spaceship Jupiter 2, Irwin - "The Big Kid" - would not have it for a second. Irwin was too busy standing on the corner of the set yelling "more explosions!". With the exception of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea year one, the bulk of Irwin tv was best enjoyed, or best understood, by males who were young at heart.
Irwin Allen has gone on record as saying that Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episodes Jonah And The Whale and The Terrible Toys were his two favourites of the 110 episode sub series. "Jonah" is of motion picture quality - with strong disaster movie roots - so it is not too hard to understand Irwin's love of this hour. As for "Toys", a show dealing with Seaview explosions, old Hollywood stars getting another go and killer toys running around the Seaview. I think Irwin's love of "Toys" says a lot about this "Big Kid". A tv show called The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen (1995) says even more about Irwin and his need to "get that monster in" his shows.
Today, Irwin Allen's Lost In Space (1965-68) is more popular than Voyage/Sea, but it should be remembered that Irwin gave Jonathan Harris script control of the Dr Smith character. So, in a way, a lot of Lost In Space is more a Jonathan Harris production than Irwin production.
The Time Tunnel (1966-67) was the least popular of the big four Irwin tv shows but it still plays in re-runs with a big internet following. Land Of The Giants (1968-70) lasted one season longer than Time Tunnel but played more as another version of Lost In Space...which some like.
Disaster movie The Poseidon Adventure (1972) was rich in characterisation but the more cold blooded follow up - The Towering Inferno (1974) - seemed to cash in on Irwin's 1960s style over substance or style over characterisation. Irwin Allen died in 1991 at a time when he was making phone calls to Jonathan Harris about making a remake, or follow up, to Lost In Space.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: StuOz
Spouse (1)
| Irwin Allen |
"Which American TV producer who died in 1987 was responsible for 1960'S TV shows such as ""The Untouchables"", ""The Fugitive"" and ""The Invaders"" ?" | CHRONOLOGICAL TV page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
1960s: Science Fiction TV 1960-1969
A for Andromeda, BBC, 1961 "Species" was blatantly ripped-off from this reasonably faithful series adaptation of the Sir Fred Hoyle novel of this name. A radio message from the Andromeda galaxy, over a million light years away, is picked up by a radio telescope, and turns out to be the blueprints and assembly instructions for an alien supercomputer. When the supercomputer is turned on, it builds a beautiful woman, whose mind is partly alien. There was a 1962 sequel, about a second Andromeda computer being assembled in South America, with pretty much the same production team, but with Susan Hampshire replacing Julie Christie. The sequel series' title was "The Andromeda Breakthrough." ??? -- Peter Halliday ??? -- Mary Morris ??? -- Esmond Knight ??? -- Frank Windsor Alien Girl -- Julie Christie Producer -- Michael Hayes and Norman Jones Writers -- Fred Hoyle and John Elliott The Avengers, ITV (Great Britain, 1960-68) and then in the United States on ABC, 28 March 1966-15 Sep 1969 -- {to be done} (and revived in 1976) The series actually began in 1960 as "Police Surgeon" starring Ian Hendry. Newman followed the escapist super-agent popularity of James Bond by restructuring the show in 1962 and renaming it "The Avenger." The show is listed here because of the wonderful 1965-66 era when the science fiction fiction themes took center stage. John Steed (1962 an after) -- Patrick MacNee Cathy Gale -- Honor Blackman (in sexy black leather, as judo expert) Cathy Gale (1965-68) -- Diana Rigg Cathy Gale (1968) -- Linda Thorson Creator -- Sydney Newman ("Dr. Who" creator, later) Producer -- Julian Bond Writer -- Julian Bond Script Supervisors -- Brian Clemens and Albert Fennell Batman, ABC, 12 Jan 1966-14 Mar 1968 Batman #1 Batman #2 Based on Bob Kane's creation at Detective Comics in 1939, Batman's media presence expanded to Superman's show on radio, and in a couple of movie serials of the 1940s. The TV show uneasily combined the straight-ahead story with a 1960's "camp" attitude, that put the show in top 10 Neilsen ratings in the 1965-66 season. Bruce Wayne/Batman -- Adam West Dick Grayson/Robin -- Burt Ward Alfred Pennyworth - Alan Napier Aunt Harriet Cooper -- Madge Blake Police Commissioner Gordon -- Neil Hamilton Chief O'Hara -- Stafford Repp Barbara Gordon/Batgirl -- Yvonne Craig (1967-1968) Catwoman -- Julie Newmar, Lee Ann Meriwether, Eartha Kitt (guest villains) The Penguin -- Burgess Meredith (guest villain) The Joker -- Cesar Romero (guest villain) The Riddler -- Frank Gorshin and John Astin (guest villains) Egghead -- Vinent Price (guest villain) King Tut -- Victor Buono (guest villain) Themesong -- Neal Hefti later animated Batman-Superman Hour, CBS, 1968-1969 By the way, "Wayne Manor" as it appeared on this original Batman series was actually a mansion in Pasadena, most recently on display Friday 24 January 1997 in a preview of the Pasadena Junior Philharmonic Committee's 33rd Annual Showcase House of Design. For more information, telephone (818) 799-6063. Bewitched, ABC, 17 Sep 1964-1 July 1972 Bewitched Well-conceived, well-written, well-directed, and well-acted, this series earned a handful of Emmy Awards, and was ABC's biggest hit ever until that time, hitting #2 in the ratings among all TV shows in its 1st season. Samantha was a beautiful witch who married mortal advertising executive Darrin in the establishing episode, and promised to abandon her nose-twitching magical powers. Her family never approved of the marriage or the non-magical lifestyle, including her father Maurice, mother Endora, prankster Uncle Arthur, and befuddled Aunt Clara, each and every one a warlock or witch. Other characters included fading witch/housekeeper Esmerelda, Darrin's boss Larry Tate (partner of Ad Agency McMann & Tate) and Larry's wife Louise, laid-back but suspecious neighbors the Kravitzes, Samantha's identical cousin Serena, and Samantha's first child Tabitha who was "born" on the high-ratings 13 Jan 1966 episode, followed by son Adam "born" 16 Oct 1969 but not a regular until 1971-72. Samantha Stephens/Serena -- Elizabeth Montgomery Darrin Stephens (1964-69) -- Dick York Darrin Stephens (1969-72) -- Dick Sargent Endora -- Agnes Moorhead Maurice -- Maurice Evans (occasional) Larry Tate -- David White Louise Tate (1964-66) -- Irene Vernon Louise Tate (1966-72) -- Kasey Rogers Tabitha Stephens (1966-72) -- Erin Murphy, Diane Murphy Adam Stephens (1971-72) -- David Lawrence, Greg Lawrence Abner Kravitz -- Goerge Tobias Gladys Kravitz (1964-66) Alice Pearce Gladys Kravitz (1966-72) -- Sandra Gould Aunt Clara (1964-68) -- Marion Lorne Uncle Arthur (1965-72) -- Paul Lynde (occasional) Esmerelda (1969-72) -- Alice Ghostley (occasional) Dr. Bombay (1967-1972) -- Bernard Fox Producer/Director -- William Asher (real-life husband of Elizabeth Montgomery) Bullwinkle Show, The, NBC, 24 Sep 1961-16 Sep 1962 included here because of Moonmen episodes and time-travelling Mr.Peabody Bullwinkle J. Moose, Dudley Doright, Mr. Peabody -- Bill Scott Rocky Squirrel, Natasha fatale -- June Foray Boris Badenov -- Paul Frees Aesop -- Charles Ruggles Sindely Whiplash -- Hans Conreid Sherman -- Walter Tetly Narrator of Fractured Fairy Tales -- Edward Everett Horton Narrator of Bullwinkle segments -- William Conrad Dr. Who, BBC, 1963-present Dr. Who in Detail Dr. Who: Ultimate Doctor Who Dr. Who Guide @ avimall.com Intended as a low-budget juvenile series about a mysterious man (not strictly human, actually a "Time Lord") who travels in a time machine "the Tardis" with people who drift anto the story for a while. The ratings were low until episode #5 (writer Terry Nation) introduced the evil robotic Daleks, when suddenly the series became a hit with adults and children alike, and has continued to this day, albeit through five different stars and a pretty good feature film. Living proof that low-budget can still mean high quality. Dr. Who -- William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton, Jon Pertwee, Tom Baker, Creators -- Sydney Newman ("The Avengers") and Donald Wilson Producer -- Verity Lambert (originally) {to be done} Great Ghost Tales, NBC, 6 July 1961-21 Sep 1961 A summer replacement was needed for "The Ford Show Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford", and so NBC produced a series of live episodes with actors such as Robert Duvall, Lee Grant, Arthur Hill, Lois Nettleson, and Richard Thomas (1,2,3 Go; Roots: the Next Generations; the Waltons). The Green Hornet, ABC, 9 Sep 1966-14 July 1967 Listed here because of comics and radio (1936) origin, created by George W. Trendle. Also, because it had the same production team as TV's "Batman." Few fans knew that George W. Trendle's first hit, "The Lone Ranger" actually introduced Britt Reid (The Green Hornet) as the son of Dan Reid, who in turn was the nephew of the Lone Ranger. Today, this show is a cult-favorite of Bruce Lee fans. Britt Reid/The Green Hornet -- Van Williams Kato -- Bruce Lee Lenore "Casey" Case -- Wende Wagner Mike Axford -- Lloyd Gough District Attorney F. P. Scanlon -- Walter Brooke Theme -- "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Rimsky-Korsakov arranged and played by Al Hirt The Green Hornet @ fxnetworks The Green Hornet @ uvm I Dream of Jeannie, NBC, 18 Sep 1965-1 Sep 1970 I Dream of Jeannie listed here because it has astronauts (SF) and Jeannie (Fantasy) Jeannie -- Barbara Eden Capt. Tony Nelson -- Larry Hagman Capt. Roger Healey -- Bill Daily Dr. Alfred Bellows -- Hayden Rorke Gen Wingard Stone (1965-66) -- Philip Ober Melissa Stone (1965-66) -- Karen Sharpe Gen. Martin Peterson (1966-70) -- Barton MacLane Amanda Bellows (1966-70) -- Emmaline Henry Gen. Winfield Schaeffer (1969-70) -- Vinton Hayworth It's About Time, CBS, 1966 Stupefyingly unfunny sci-fi comedy about astronauts hanging out with cavemen. The kids in my school had a little rhyme, which my son today still learned by oral schoolyard transmission: "it's about time, it's about space, it's a bout getting a punch in the face." Astronaut -- Frank Alefter other astronaut -- Jack Mullaney Cave Family -- Imogene Coca, Joe E. Ross, Mike Mazurki, Anne Meara Creator -- Sherwood Schwartz ("Gilligan's Island") Director (pilot only) -- Richard Donner (later drerected feature films "The Omen", "Superman") The Invaders, ABC, 10 Jan 1967-17 Sep 1968 This series combined an obsession with UFOs and the American style of cold-war paranoia. David Vincent, architect, had seen the landing of a flying saucer and then, more frighteningly, discovered that THEY walked amongst us, aliens distinguishable only by the lack of heartbeat, a surreptitious glow, and little fingers that stuck out at an angle in what seems today like a disguised homophobia. He was, at first, alone in knowing this vast secret, and later joined by a septumvirate of fellow-believers and electronics magnate Edgar Scoville (starting Dec 1967). UFO conventions circulate photocopies of an ABC press release that claimed star Roy Thinnes had himself had a Close Encounter with a UFO. Or so they would have you believe... David Vincent -- Roy Thinnes Edgar Scoville -- Kent Smith Exec. Producer -- Quinn Martin Producer -- Alan Armer The Jetsons, 23 Sep 1962-8 Sep 1963, animated, 24 original episodes, 41 new episodes in 1985 The Jetsons Produced by the same folks who brought you TV's "The Flintstones", this was a satire on 1960's suburban American culture, with "cognitive estrangement" (to use critic Darko Suvin's term) of a science-fictional nature by casting the series in the 21st century. The eponymous George Jetson worked for Spacely Sprockets, Inc. in an alienating job (although he was occasionally promoted to Vice President, it never lasted) for an overbearing boss. He lived in Skypad Apartments, which had variable altitude achieved with hydraulic lifts, with his unambitious housewife Jane, their children, and the semi-talking dog Astro (who later had his own adventures with Scooby-Doo). Despite atomic flying cars, commuting, parking, and speeding tickets were a problem. Despite robots and automated household gadgets, home-making was a drag. Despite videophones, nobody had anything interesting to communicate, and despite interplanetary colonization, teenage girls still cared for nothing but media icons, dance crazes, and dating. The dark underside of suburban culture -- divorce, drugs, gangs, suicide, and political homogenization -- never appeared. The satire lacked the sharper edge of Mad Magazine, but sometimes the limits of Capitalism and Consumerism were skewered anyway. George Jetson (voice) -- George O'Hanlon Jane Jetson (voice) -- Penny Singleton Judy Jetson (voice) -- Janet Waldo Elroy Jetson (voice) -- Daws Butler Astro (voice) -- Don Messick Cosmo G. Spacely (voice) -- Mel Blanc miscellaneous (voices) -- Herschel Bernardi, Mel Blanc, Howard McNear, Howard Morris, Frank Nelson Producers: William Hanna and Joseph Barbera Jonny Quest, ABC, 18 Sep 1964-9 Sep 1965, plus new show 1996 {to be done} Not strictly science fiction, it was at least fiction about a scientist (Jonny's father Dr. Benton Quest). The publishing editor of the magazine Quantum Science Fiction Review, himself a professional scientist, told me that his scientific career was sparked by this cartoon. Jonny Quest (voice) -- Tim Matheson Dr. Benton Quest (1964) (voice) -- John Stephenson Dr. Benton Quest (1964-65) (voice) -- Don Messick Race Bannon (voice) -- Mike Road Hadji (voice) -- Danny Bravo Producers: William Hanna and Joseph Barbera Journey to the Unknown, ABC, 26 Sep 1968-30 Jan 1969 Produced in England An explicitly Hitchcockian series without the sublime talent of Hitchcock himself, this centered on emotional and mental extremes that can terrify normal people ripped out of normal lives into a darker world than they knew about. Sometimes hallucinatory in its dream-logic, few episodes stand out as wholly original. Exec. Producer -- Joan Harrison (former assistant to Alfred Hitchcock, and the Producer of his TV series) Land of the Giants, ABC, 22 Sep 1968-6 Sep 1970 Land of the Giants List @ avimall.com Land of the Giants by ftp Seven human astronauts on a short "strato-cruiser" spaceflight from America to London in roughly the year 1984 pass through a "space warp" and land in a very Earth-like world where everything is 12 times normal size, especially adults, children, pets, and bugs. Gilligan's Island meets "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids", but saved by taking itself seriously and creating a certain empathy for the people who just want to fix the spaceship and get home, including millionare engineer Mark Wilson, heiress Valerie Scott, and 12-year-old Barry. In the world of giants, Inspector Kobrick of S.I.B. was the security agent in charge of finding and re-finding the earthlings. Of course, this concept had been done with satiric glee two centuries earlier by Jonathan Swift. Pilot/Capt. Steve Burton -- Gary Conway Mark Wilson -- Don Matheson Barry Lockridge -- Stefen Arngrim Co-Pilot Dan Erikson -- Don Marshall Valerie Scott -- Deanna Lund Stewardess Betty Hamilton -- Heather Young Commander Alexander Fitzhugh -- Kurt Kasznar Inspector Kobrick of S.I.B. -- Kevin Hagen Chipper -- several dogs Producer/Creator -- Irwin Allen Special Effects Supervisor -- L. B. Abbott Lost in Space, CBS, 15 Sep 1965-11 Sep 1968 Lost in Space Gilligan's Island meets Swiss Family Robinson. The Robinson family was en route to the Alpha Centauri solar system, 4.3 light years away, for a five-year mission, suggesting that the spaceship Jupiter II could go quite near the speed of light, by technologies never explained. Anyway, the evil-for-no-clear-motive Dr. Zachary Smith screwed up the controls, and tampered with the program of the robot (Robby) left over from the far-more-mature film Forbidden Planet. Or maybe Dr. Smith was some sort of foreign agent, trapped with his intended victims. Almost every episode had the same formula: land on another planet while trying to get home, encounter a monster, have Dr. Smith try to cut a deal with the monster that would send him alone back to Earth, have Robby the Robot say "Danger, Will Robinson", menace June Lockhart, and have Dr. Smith's fatal flaws of cowardice and greed foil his plot, leaving us at a cliff-hanger ending. This show seems to have been a favorite of some of my friends, but I found it deeply frustrating, as I kept hoping for something genuinely science fictional to happen, i.e. something with philosophical depth, but the show stayed relentlessly superficial even when a few lines of dialogue could have added profundity at no extra cost. Prof. John Robinson -- Guy Williams Maureen Robinson -- June Lockhart (Darkroom, Ford Theatre, The Joseph Cotton Show, Lassie, Petticoat Junction, The U.S. Steel Hour, Who Said That?) Don West -- Mark Goddard Judy Robinson -- Marta Kristen Will Robinson -- Billy Mumy (Babylon 5, Space Cases) Penny Robinson -- Angela Cartwright Dr. Zachary Smith -- Jonathan Harris The Robot -- Bob May The Robot (voice) -- Dick Tufeld The Spaceship -- Jupiter II Creator/Producer -- Irwin Allen Story Consultant -- Anthony Wilson The Man from U.N.C.L.E., NBC, 22 Sep 1964-15 Jan 1968 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Listed here because, in the James Bond tradition, it sometimes crossed the line from Spy story to Spy Spoof, to Science Fiction. In particular, the 1966-67 season had ever more absurd plots, with a comic-book flavor. The series became more realistic in 1967-68, but it was too late to stop the series from being replaced by the smash hit "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" -- or was that a final victory by THRUSH? U.N.C.L.E. = United Network Command for Law Enforcement. THRUSH = the Technological Hierarchy for the Removal of Undesirables and the Subjugation of Humanity Napoleon Solo -- Robert Vaughn (the show was originally to be called "Mr. Solo" but the Jamesw Bond producers objected for some reason) Ilya Kuryakin -- David McCallum Mr. Alexander Waverly -- Leo G. Carroll Lisa Rogers (1967-68) -- Barbara Moore Creator -- Norman Felton Producer -- Sam Rolfe and Anthony Spinner note: David [Edward] McDaniel (16 Jun 1939-?), pseudonym of Ted Johnstone, wrote several SF-oriented "Man from U.N.C.L.E". novels and "The Arsenal Out of Time" (Ace, 1967) space opera Mission: Impossible, CBS, 17 Sep 1966-8 Sep 1973 Mission: Impossible by ftp Listed here because, in the James Bond tradition, it sometimes crossed the line from Spy story to Spy Spoof, to Science Fiction. Also, its cast overlapped that of "Space 1999" (Martin Landau and Barbara Bain), and featured Leonard Nimoy of the Star Trek franchise. I'm also biased because one episode was filmed at my alma mater, Caltech, and I was photographed chatting with Barbara Bain with a photo run in various Hollywood magazines. Daniel Briggs (1966-67) -- Steven Hill Cinnamon Carter (1966-69) -- Barbara Bain Rollin Hand (1966-69) -- Martin Landau Barney Collier -- Greg Morris Willie Armitage -- Peter Lupus Voice on Tape -- Bob Johnson James Phelps (1967-73) -- Peter Graves Paris (1969-71) -- Leonard Nimoy Doug (1970-71) -- Sam Elliott Dana Lambert (1970-71) -- Lesley Ann Warren Casey (1971-73) -- Lynda Day George Mimi Davis (1972-73) -- Barbara Anderson Theme -- "Mission Impossible" by Lalo Schifrin (14 weeks on Billboard's "Hot 100" chart in 1968, plus two albums later. The Munsters, 24 Sep 1964-1 Sep 1966 Marilyn Munster Home Page This was a fairly successful meld of dark fantasy made light, and sitcom silliness. There was a science-fiction air to the way that the mundane/pretty niece Marilyn looked strange to the family of Frankensteinian monster, 350-year-old vampire, and werewolf, while they in turn looked normal to each other and strange to outsiders. This was, by the way, the favorite American show of The Beatles, who enjoyed hanging out with Al Lewis on one American tour (the one where they played the Hollywood Bowl). Herman Munster -- Fred Gwynne Lily Munster -- Yvonne DeCarlo Grandpa Munster -- Al Lewis Edward "Eddie" Wolfgang -- Butch Patrick Marilyn Munster (1964) -- Beverly Owens Marilyn Munster (1964-66) Pat Priest Marilyn Munster Home Page The above homepage is still under construction, but does include: * links to 8 other "Munster & Monster" pages * will have lots of info on Pat Priest as marilyn Munster * will have data on the rest of the Munsters cast My Favorite Martian, CBS, 29 Sep 1963- 4 Sep 1966 Sit-com about Los Angeles Sun reporter Tim O'Hara rescuing a crashed Martian who looked human (except for extensile antennae) and had both telepathic and telekinetic powers, plus invisibility and a mind filled with advanced technology. Like all good aliens, he just wanted to fix his spaceship and go home, while he stayed with Tim in Mrs. Brown's boardinghouse. He developed a crush on Mrs. Brown, and imagined that Officer Brennan also had romantic leanings towards her -- which he manifestly did. The show worked to the extent that Ray Walston's character was so convincingly portrayed, and failed to the extent that the episodic sit-com adventures went nowhere. Uncle Martin/The Martian -- Ray Walston Tim O'Hara -- Bill Bixby Mrs. Lorelei Brown -- Pamela Britton Angela Brown (1963-64) -- Ann Marshall Mr. Harry Burns (1963-64) -- J. Pay O'Malley Detective Bill Brennan (1964-66) -- Alan Hewitt The Police Chief (1965-66) -- Roy Engle Creator -- Jack Chertok ("My Living Doll") Producer -- Jack Chertok My Living Doll, CBS, 1964 Sit-com sci-fi remake of "Pygmalion", about an attempt to train a robot (AF 709) to become a "perfect woman." Rhoda Miller/The Robot -- Julie Newmar Dr. Robert McDonald -- Bob Cummings Peter Robinson -- Jack Mullaney Irene Adams -- Doris Dowling Creator -- Jack Chertok ("My Favorite Martian") Producer -- Jack Chertok The Outer Limits, ABC, 16 Sep 1963-16 Jan 1965 Exec. Producer/Creator -- Leslie Stevens Producer -- Joseph Stefano "There is nothing wrong with your TV set. We are controlling transmission. We can control the vertical. We can control the horizontal. For the next hour we wll control all that you see and hear and think. You are watching a drama that reaches from the inner mind to ... The Outer Limits!" Harlan Ellison wrote the two best episodes of this anthology series, including the masterpiece "Demon With a Glass Hand." [see also the new Outer Limits (1990s)] Out of the Unknown, BBC, 1965 British science fiction anthology series of high quality albeit low budget (4,000 pounds/episode in 1st season, 6,000 pounds/episode 2nd season). Adaptations of stories by first-rate science fiction authors. Producer -- Alan Bromly Writers -- adaptations of stories by Isaac Asimov, J. G. Ballard, John Brunner, Cyril Kornbluth, Robert Sheckley, Clifford Simak, John Wyndam, and others Out of This World, ITV (Great Britain), 1962 Anthology science fiction series, unrelated to the two American shows of the same name. Host -- Boris Karloff Producer -- Leonard White Writers -- adaptations of stories by Isaac Asimov, Philip K. Dick, Clifford Simak and other excellent SF authors [not to be confused with Out of This World, ABC, 1952] [not to be confused with Out of This World, Syndicated, Sep 1987] The Prisoner, ITC (Great Britain) and CBS, 1 June 1968-11 Sep 1969 (and rerun 1969) Deservedly a cult favorite, this was one of America's greatest orginal television dramas, in part because it was filmed in England, and was the brainchild of the charismatic Patrick McGoohan, who created, starred, produced, and wrote some episodes (American science fiction/opera/poet genius Thomas M. Disch wrote most of the rest). It was a quasi-spinoff of Patrick McGoohan's character John Drake in the British (1965-66) series "Secret Agent", (for which Johnny Rivers had a pop hit with the Phil Sloane & Steve Barri theme song "Secret Agent Man" -- "they've given you a number, and taken away your name"). Rather like James Bond meets Kafka in John La Carre neverland. The main location, "the village", was Portmeiron, a North Wales resort on Cardigan Bay, where Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw, and Noel Coward used to relax. This is most appropriate, as the intelligent scripts combined the twisted mathematical logic of Bertrand "Principia Mathematica" Russell (once jailed for antiwar activism), the vegetarian iconoclast playwright Shaw, and the zany musical ironies of Noel Coward -- Disch's choreography of "Dem Bones" had to be seen to be believed. The Prisoner/Number 6 -- Patrick McGoohan The Butler -- Angelo Muscat Number 2 -- different in each episode Producer -- David Tomblin The Prisoner The Second Hundred Years, ABC, 6 Sep 1967-19 Sep 1968 The first Cryonics series, Luke Carpenter froze in Alaska in 1900 and thawed out in 1967, with a 33-year-old body at chronological age 101, who could not get used to the culture of the mid-to-late-20th century. Plausible premise, marred by sitcom formula. Luke Carpenter/Ken Carpenter -- Monte Markham Edwin Carpenter -- Arthur O'Connell Colonel Garroway -- Frank Maxwell Marcia Garroway -- Karen Black Nurse Lucille Anderson -- Bridget Hanley Star Trek, NBC, 8 Sep 1966-2 Sep 1969 Star Trek: The Original Series Guide about 250 Kbytes @ avimall.com Captain James Tiberius Kirk -- William Shatner Mr. Spock -- Leonard Nomoy Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy -- DeForrest Kelley Yeoman Janice Rand (1966-67) -- Grace Lee Whitney Sulu -- George Takei Uhuru -- Nichelle Nichols Engineer Montgomery "Scotty" Scott -- James Doohan Nurse Chsristine Chapel -- Majel Barrett Ensign Pavel Chekov (1967-69) -- Walter Koenig Tarzan, NBC (Sep 1966-Sep 1968) and CBS (Jun 1969-Sep 1969), 8 Sep 1966-10 Sep 1969 Based on the classic work of Edgar Rice Burroughs, who also wrote more explicit science fiction set on Mars (Barsoom) or inside a hollow Earth (Pellucidar). Ron Ely was the 14th actor in the Tarzan role. Tarzan -- Ron Ely (did his own stunts, too) Jai -- Manuel Padilla, Jr. Thriller, NBC, 13 Sep 1960-9 July 1962 True to the eponymous genre title, almost every episode revolved around an ordinary man or woman with whom the audience can easily identify being caught up in a frightening or life-threatening situation. That has been a key to the "thriller" style since John Buchan's "The 39 Steps" -- the moral universe is turned upside-down, and the world is suddenly seen to be a darker and more dangerous place. The central character often wonders whether he or she is being paranoid, but events then show that he or she was not paranoid enough. Host -- Boris Karloff Thunderbirds, ATV (Great Britain), 1965, shown in US in ???, to be done Perhaps the best of the puppet series created and produced by the Andersons. A future family performs rescue operations undersea, in the air, and in space, with really nifty keen vehicles. Creator/Producers -- Gerry Anderson and Sylvia Anderson Special Effects Supervisor -- Derek Meddings Time Tunnel, ABC, 9 Sep 1966-1 Sep 1967 See "Time Express" (DATES???) for an explanation that scientists do NOT think it is possible to change the past. This series respects that opinion, with a vengeance. Dr. Tony Newman and Dr. Doug Phillips worked in a ultra-secret government research lab underground in Arizona, and their laser-powered system threw them into the past before the system could undergo the proper final configuration audit. Trapped in history, they could jump from one time to another, but were unable to get home. Dr. Ann MacGregor and Dr. Raymond Swain kept trying to save them from the lab, but again and again our heroes tried to change the outcome of events, such as Abraham Lincoln's assassination, or the sinking of the Titanic (episode #1) or Marie Antoinette's beheading, and were always ironically prevented from so doing. Sometimes they were in the distant past 1,000,000 B.C. or so, sometimes in early history (the fall of Jericho), sometimes in meso-American history (Cortez vs. Montezuma), and once in the far future of 1,000,000 A.D. The past was more commonly used than the future, because stock footage is cheaper than new production. Dr. Tony Newman -- James Darren Dr. Doug Phillips -- Robert Colbert Dr. Ann MacGregor -- Lee Meriwether General Heywood Kirk -- Whit Bissel Dr. Raymond Swain -- John Zaremba Created by/Producer -- Irwin Allen Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, ABC, 14 Sep 1964-15 Sep 1968 Based on Irwin Allen's 1961 feature film of the same name, which itself was heavily derived from Jules Verne's "20,000 Leagues Beneath the Sea", this depended on the "Seaview" submarine and its crew the same way that "Star Trek" depended upon the "Enterprise" and its crew. The Seaview had a glass nosecone, similar to the breast-domes of Barbarella's spacesuit, allowing great viws of undersea wonders by all, said wonders being both earthly and extraterrestrial. Retired Admiral Harrison Nelson had dreamed up the Seaview -- making him a sort of Hyman Rickover -- who now runs the top secret Nelson Institute of Marine Research at Santa Barbara, a cross between the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, JPL, and Naval Intelligence. It was set in the then-future 1970s. Seaview had a sister ship, "Polidor", which sank in episode #3. Harrison Nelson's chief assistant, and Seaview Commander, was promoted to Commander Lee Crane, and (in season #2) to Captain. In the real-life 1970s, the brainy assistant to Rickover was one Jimmy Carter, who wrote a Naval Postgraduate school thesis on the detection of targets by towed underwater arrays of microphones. This real-life Jimmy Carter once saw a UFO after a few more drinks than usual at the Officers' Club, and swore that he'd tell all on becoming president, but I digress. In season #2, more hardware was added, such as the two-man "Sea Crab" minisub, and the "Flying Fish" a submarine which could fly (didn't Tom Swift, Jr. have something like that?). A surfer-dude Stu was added to the cast, and the show held onto a large audience share regardless of how preposterous the villians were in each episode, including an amusingly over-the-top Professor Multiple (Vincent Price) and his living puppets. Other bad guys included blobs, ghosts, lobster-men, mummies, pirates, robots, and intelligent seaweed. What, no "revenge of the samuri sushi?" Admiral Harrison Nelson -- Richard Basehart Commander/Captain Lee Crane -- David Hedison Lt. Commander Chip Morton -- Robert Dowdell Chief Petty Officer Curley Jones (1964-65) -- Henry Kulky Chief Sharkey (1965-68) -- Terry Becker Stu Riley (1965-67) -- Allan Hunt Kowalsky -- Del Monroe Crewman Patterson -- Paul Trinka Crewman Sparks -- Arch Whiting Doctor -- Richard Bull Created By/Producer -- Irwin Allen Way Out, CBS, 31 Mar 1961-14 July 1961 A less-popular lead-in to "The Twilight Zone", this anthology show was hosted by Roald Dahl, now known to millions of kids for the films "Chitty-Chitty Bang-Bang", "Willy Wonka's Chocolate factory", and "James and the Giant Peach." Host -- Roald Dahl The Wild Wild West, CBS, 17 Sep 1965-7 Sep 1970 James Bond meets Gunsmoke. James T. West (not to be confused with James T. Kirk) was a secret agent for President Ulysses S. Grant, in real life the military genius who boozed his way through the White House, surrounded by corrupt aides, went bankrupt, and wrote the best Presidential autobiography ever -- for the money. James T. West's focus was the alarming number of revolutionary, radical, criminal, and anarchist groups constantly plotting to take over America. Assisted by Secret Service Agent Artemus Gordon, master of disguise, they travelled by special railroad car equipped with the tools and materials needed to make a vast array of gadgets and gizmos. James T. West's nemesis was the brilliant but irrevocably evil Dr. Miguelito Loveless. Sometimes rose from anachronistically daffy to delightful. James T. West -- Robert Conrad Artemus Gordon -- Ross Martin Miguelito Loveless -- Michael Dunn Producer (1st season) -- Fred Freiberger Producer (all other seasons) -- Michael Garrison The Year of the Sexual Olympics, BBC, 1968 Social satire about a voyeuristic future where watching sex on television is the major way that time is spent. Some people think that this might be the future of the World Wide Web, but not YOU, because you must be literate to be reading this web site, right? Producer/Writer -- Nigel Kneale RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE
1970s: Science Fiction TV 1970-1979
The Amazing Spider-Man, CBS, 1978 Based on Stan Lee's creation at Marvel Comics, this show revolved around Peter Parker, nerdy and alienated science major in college who made a few bucks as part-time news photographer for the Daily Bugle. When bitten by a radioactive spider, he developed super-powers, including a sense of danger and great strength and the ability to climb walls and ceilings. He invented super-gadgets, such as his web-shooter in wrist-bands, and a costume, to fight evil. But his life as a teenager became even more uncomfortable and confusing. The adolescent angst added a note of emotional realism to an otherwise formulaic story, and made this show a cult-classic among disaffected science majors. Was Bill Gates ever bitten by a radioactive spider? Peter Parker/Spiderman -- Nicholas Hammond Capt. Barbera -- Michael Pataki (Get Christie Love 1974-5, Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers 1974-5, Phyl & Mikhy 1980) J. Jonah Jameson -- Robert F. Simon (Custer 1967, M*A*S*H 1973-4, Nancy 1970-1, Saints and Sinners 1962-3) Rita Conway -- Chip Fields Julie Mason -- Ellen Bry (7 episodes) (St.Elsewhere 1982-8) animated series was previously on ABC, Sep 1967-Aug 1969 Battlestar Galactica, ABC, 17 Sep 1978-17 Aug 1980; also as Galactica 1980, ABC, 1980 Battlestar Galactica Guide @ avimall.com With a huge budget (for its day) of a megabuck per hour, and the biggest PR budget of its season, this show so thoroughly tried to rip off the "Star Wars" franchise that ABC was sued. Special effects -- lasers, spaceships, robots, etcetera -- for both stories were created by the brilliant John Dykstra. Set in "the 7th millennium" A.D., the mile-long Galactica was the only battlestar to survive attack by the deady Cylons and the turncoat Count Baltar, which nearly rendered human beings extinct. Galactica and its fleet of 220 more modestly-scaled spacecraft set out towards escape on a mythical planet -- called Earth. Lorne Greene (Actuality Specials, Bonanza, Code Red, Griff, Kraft Music Hall's "How the West Was Swung", Lorne Greene's New Wilderness, Philip Morris Playhouse, Roots, Star Stage) was the Moses-like Commander Adama, aided by his fighter-squadron leader son Apollo (whose brother was killed by Cylons in the establishing episode), pilot/playboy Starbuck (a name from "Moby Dick"), and a large cast. When the show returned after 11 years in hiatus, Lorne Greene was the only original cast member. They had reached Earth, somehow in roughly our present, still pursued by Cylons (a cross between Fred Saberhagen's "Beserkers" and Dr. Who's "Daleks"). Capt. Troy and Lt. Dillon went down to Earth to seek help from the Pacific Institute of Technology -- a parody of my alma mater, the California Institute of Technology -- to get ready for galactic war. United Broadcasting's rookie newswoman Jamie Hamilton sensed a story here. The plot was thickened by renegade Galactica councilman Xavier and sickened by 14-year-old genius Dr. Zee. Commander Adama -- Lorne Greene Capt. Apollo (1978-79) -- Richard Hatch Lt. Starbuck (1978-79) -- Dirk Benedict Lt. Boomer (1978-79) -- Herb Jefferson, Jr. Athena (1978-79) -- Maren Jensen Flight Sgt. Jolly (!978-79) -- Tony Swartz Boxey (1978-79) -- Noah Hathaway Col. Tigh (1978-79) -- Terry Carter Cassiopea (1978-79) -- Laurette Spang Count Baltar (1978-79) -- John Colicos Sheba (1979) -- Anne Lockhart Capt. Troy (1980) -- Kent McCord Lt. Dillon (1980) -- Barry Van Dyke Jamie Hamilton (1980) -- Robyn Douglass Dr. Zee (1980) -- Robbie Rusk, Patrick Stuart Col. Sydell (1980) -- Allan Miller Xavier -- (1980) -- Richard Lynch Special Effects -- John Dykstra Music -- The Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra Battlestar Galactica Battlestar Galactica: The WWW Page Beyond the Planet of the Apes, NBC, September 1975-September 1976, animated, see Planet of the Apes. The Bionic Woman, ABC (Jan 76-May 77) then NBC (Sep 77-Sep 78), 14 Jan 1976-2 Sep 1978 The Bionic Woman @ scifi.com It all began with the novel "Cyborg" by Martin Caiden. "Cyborg" begat "The Six Million Dollar Man" which begat "The Bionic Woman." Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman) was originally a character in the television series "The Six Million Dollar Man." She was the fiancee of Steve Austin [see database entry for "The Six Million Dollar Man"], but they separated after Steve turned astronaut and Jaime completed her university education and hit the pro tennis circuit. When she had a near-fatal skydiving crash, the same doctors (including Dr. Rudy Wells) who made Steve Austin into a super-powerful "Cyborg" (CYbernetic ORGanism, half human, half machine) did the same for her. Steve did not know, however, as she began teaching students at an army base near her home town of Ojai, California. They led parallel lives, both participating in secret missions for OSI (Office of Scientific Information), and sometimes even worked together -- but as a side effect of her accident and/or coma, she did not remember him nor their romance. He hung out near her, in hopes of rekindling the torch, with him even living at her step-parents' (Elgins') ranch. Oscar Goldman was Jaime Sommers' manager at OSI. When the series moved to NBC, Jaime acquired a bionic dog, the German Shepard "Max." Again and again, in the final season, the enemy was not the usial spy, kidnapper, or drug-lord, but extraterrestrial beings from one part of the cosmos or another. The writers became confused about what sub-genre of science fiction they were supposed to be writing. Jaime Sommers/The Bionic Woman -- Lindsay Wagner Oscar Goldman -- Richard Anderson Dr. Rudy Wells -- Martin E. Brooks Jim Elgin (1976) -- Ford Rainey Helen Elgin (1976) -- Martha Scott Producer -- Kenneth Johnson Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, NBC, 20 Sep 1979-16 Apr 1981 This major update of the 1950-51 TV series (see above) was a network attempt to cash in on the success of "Star Trek" and on the lesser success of "Battlestar Galactica" (itself ripped off from "Star Wars"), with some of the same campy attitude as the television "Batman." Six months before the television premier, the pilot was released under the same title on the big screen. Captain Buck Rogers, astronaut, was in cryonic suspended animation aboard an interstellar spaceship from 1987 until 2491, accumulating 504 years of back pay plus interest, a matter which no lawyer ever addressed, suggesting that in some ways society really did progress. The deep-frozen Bucksicle was discovered by Draconians under the command of sexy-but-evil Princess Ardala and Killer Kane, who both assumed him to be a spy. Unfortunately, the Earth Defense Directorate (based in New Chicago) agreed with their assessment, albeit they did not approve of the Draconian's never-ending plans to conquer Earth. Buck was helped by chaste-but-sexy Wilma Deering, promoted since the old series into the more politically-correct Commander of Terrestrial Defenses. He also became buddies with Dr. Huer, a cross between Albert Einstein and Carl Sagan, who presented Buck with a robot named Twiki and a talking computer named Dr. Theopolis, who was often a necklace-like fashion accessory to Twiki. Although the Draconians were never able to take over our planet, the more powerful force of striking actors delayed the second season for several months. The new season shifted the venue from Earth to a huge starship "Searcher" to find humans who'd survived some vaguely referred-to "great holocaust." Admiral Asimov was purportedly a direct descendant of the great real-life author Isaac Asimov, who had long-since created "the Three Laws of Robotics" and the notion that dysfunctional robots might refused to believe that they were created by imperfect humans, a recurring sub-plot involving "Crichton" (a construct even more annoying than Twiki) who refused to acknowledge the "fatherhood" of Dr. Goodfellow. Hawk was also searching, for other members of his bird-man species. It is hard to say if the cocky attitude of the actors played against the big-budget special effects, or whether scripts that took the concepts more seriously might have deepened the show's impact. Capt. William "Buck" Rogers -- Gil Gerard Col. Wilma Deering -- Erin Gray Dr. Huer (1979-80) -- Tim O'Connor Twiki -- Felix Silla Twiki (voice) -- Mel Blanc Twiki (voice, temporary) -- Bob Elyea Dr. Theopolis (voice) (1979-80) -- Eric Server Princess Ardala (1979-80) -- Pamela Hensley Kane (1979) -- Henry Silva Kane (1979-80) -- Michael Ansara Hawk (1981) -- Thom Christopher Dr. Goodfellow (1981) -- Wilfred Hyde-White Admiral Asimov (1981) -- Jay Garner Crichton (voice) (1981) -- Jeff David Lt. Devlin (1981) -- Paul Carr City Beneath the Sea, NBC 1971 An orphan (pilot for series that never happened, released as TV movie). Overseas it was released theatrically as "One Hour to Doomsday." Confusing, unrealistic, impossible, and silly. ??? -- Stuart Whitman ??? -- Robert Wagner ??? -- Joseph Cotten ??? -- James Darren ??? -- Richard Basehart Creator/Producer/Director -- Irwin Allen Writer -- John Meredith Lucas The Curse of Dracula, NBC, 27 Feb 1979-1 May 1979 Somewhat ahead of today's Great Gothic Revival, and its high priestes Anne Rice, this show gave us Count Dracula "undead and well, and living in California." The Count taught European History at San Francisco's South Bay College (Evening Division). After all, he knew five centuries of History personally. He violated several ethical, legal, and theological standards by turning three of his students into vampires, namely Antoinette, Christine, and Darryl. He was opposed by Kurt Von Helsing, the grandson of his former enemy, and Mary Gibbons -- daughter of Amanda, whom Dracula had vampirized earlier. NBC packaged three serials together as "Cliff Hangers" but only The Curse of Dracula ran to its end before cancellation drove a wooden stake through the package. Count Dracula -- Michael Nouri Kurt Von Helsing -- Stephen Johnson Marry Gibbons -- Carol Baxter Antionette -- Antoinette Stella Darryl -- Mark Montgomery Christine -- Bever-Leight Banfield Amanda Gibbons -- Louise Sorel Doomwatch, BBC, 1970-? One set of scientists decide to establish justice over the rest of the scientific community. The end result is insidiously anti-rational. ??? -- (1st season) Robert Powell ??? -- John Paul ??? -- Simon Oates Creators -- Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis Producer -- Terence Dudley Fantastic Journey, NBC, 3 Feb 1977-13 Apr 1977 Fantastic Journey Guide @ avimall.com Not to be confused with "Fantastic Voyage" (based on an Isaac Asimov novel), this TV series started with a university's research boat finding an unmapped island in the Bermuda Triangle. Unknown even to Gilligan, this island had a weird "time and space warp" which allowed the comingling of past, present, and future (somewhat as in Dr. Fred Hoyle's novel "October the First is Too Late"). Dr. Fred Walters went into the space-time warp, where he encountered four characters lost in time: Varian, a 23rd century telepath; Liana, from an ancient Atlantis; Scott, a contemporary boy with psychic powers; and Dr. Jonathan Willaway, an eccentric scientists from the 1960s who preferred the company of androids. There was a network of character conflicts between these five, and what promised to be a lengthy episodic search for the home space-and-time of each, complete with strange creatures and thrilling adventures, but the ratings also were becalmed in the Bermuda Triangle. Varian -- Jared Martin Dr. Fred Walters -- Carl Franklin Scott Jordan -- Ike Eisenmann Liana -- Katie Saylor Dr. Jonathan Willaway -- Roddy McDowell Story Editor -- Dorothy C. Fontana ("Star Trek") Future Cop, ABC, 1977 {to be done} Gemini Man, NBC, 23 Sep 1976-28 Oct 1976 INTERSECT is another of those government anti-terror agencies and think-tank paid for by your taxes but far too secret to be covered by the press. INTERSECT agent Sam Casey was rendered invisible by radiation from an undersea explosion. But he could be temporarily visible again, thanks to Abby Lawrence's computer skills and Leonard Driscoll's management acumen, which yielded a wristwatch-gadget similar in effect to Bilbo Baggin's Ring, allowing a switch back and forth between visibility and invisibility, and in that over-use would be deadly (more than a quarter-hour out of any 24 hours, for Sam). Let me ask you this: did YOU ever see this show? I wonder why, hmmmm... Not really related to the 1958 British series, which was created and produced by Ralph Smart, starring Lisa Daniely and Deborah, with voice of Invisible Man by Tim Turner. Sam Casey -- Ben Murphy Leonard Driscoll -- William Sylvester Abby Lawrence -- Katherine Crawford Creators/Producers -- Harve Bennett and Steve Bochco Genesis II, CBS, 1973 Pilot for never-produced series by Gene Roddenberry ("Star Trek"). "The Sleeper Wakes" by H.G. Wells declined to "Buck Rogers" which declines further to this pilot, released as a TV movie. A 20th century man wakes up in 2133 and is drawn into a human counter-revolution against mutant oppressors. ??? -- Alex Cord Director -- John Llewellyn Moxey Creator/Writer -- Gene Roddenberry ("Star Trek") Ghost Story, NBC, 25 Sep 1972-22 Jun 1973 Not to be confused with the sitcom "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir" (21 Sep 1968-18 Sep 1970) starring Hope Lange and Edward Mulhare, which was itself based on the 1947 film with Rex Harrison and Gene Tierny, this was an anthology show. At first, Sebastian Cabot would take us to "Essex House" and lull us into increasingly scary stories of the supernatural. Starting with the 5 January 1973 episode, NBC dropped Sebastian Cabot, retitled the show "Circle of Fear", and ran some episodes with no ghosts or vampires or witches at all. So it was strangled. host Sebastian Cabot (as "Winton Essex" in 1972) Hauser's Memory, NBC, 1970 TV movie based on novel by Curt Siodmak. Jewish-American scientist accidently is injected with DNA from brain of deceased German scientist, producing two personalities who must share one brain and body. Theme is developed more fully in the novel by Robert Heinlein "I Shall Fear No Evil." ??? -- David McCallum Director -- Boris Sagal Writer -- Adrian Spies The Incredible Hulk, CBS, 10 Mar 1978-2 June 1982 From the Comics character created by Stan Lee (1962), research scientist David Banner was massively irradiated, and ever after became a semi-articulate Id-like green monster whenever he became angry enough. Afterwards, he would remember nothing of his adventures, making this something like a rationalization of alcoholic blackouts. Investigative reporter Jack McGee stuck to his trail as he searched for odd jobs and a chance to piece his psyche back together. Like San Lee's "Spider-Man", this story combined the superhero format with adolescent angst. David Bruce Banner -- Bill Bixby The Incredible Hulk -- Lou Ferrigno Jack McGee -- Jack Colvin The Invisible Man, NBC, 1975 The title was changed to "The Gemini Man" (see that) in the second season. Not really related to the 1958 British series, which was created and produced by Ralph Smart, starring Lisa Daniely and Deborah, with voice by Tim Turner. The Immortal, ABC, 24 Sep 1970-8 Sep 1971 Based on a 1969 TV movie which in turn was based on a novel by Dr. James Gunn, this was a realistic science fiction chase story. Ben Richards was a race car driver who had, for no identified reason, mutant antibodies in his blood which allowed him to fight off every known disease -- including the effects of aging. Everybody wanted some of his blood, especially the relentless tycoon Arthur Maitland and his goon Fletcher. Maitland and Ben's fiancee Sylvia were only in a few episodes. The TV movie was directed by Joseph Sargent ("Colussus:The Forbin Project"). Ben Richards -- Christopher George Fletcher -- Don Knight Arthur Maitland -- David Brian Sylvia -- Carol Lynley Writer -- Robert Specht The Invisible Man, NBC, 8 Sep 1975-19 Jan 1976 The Invisible Man List @ avimall.com Based on the H.G. Wells story, but essentially unrelated to the CBS series of the same name produced in England (4 Nov 1958-22 Sep 1960). Dr. Daniel Westin -- David McCallum (The Man From U.N.C.L.E.) Walter Carlson -- Craig Stevens Dr. Kate Westin -- Melinda Fee Killdozer, ABC, 1972 TV movie based on Theodore Sturgeon's fine story about an alien taking over a bulldozer on a desert island. Disappointing. ??? -- Clint Walker ??? -- Carl Betz ??? -- Neville Brand Director -- Jerry London Writer -- Theodore Sturgeon adapted his story himself Kolchak: The Night Stalker, ABC, Friday 13 Sep 1974-30 Aug 1975 Based on highly-rated TV movie with the same name (written by Richard Matheson and directed by Dan Curtis). The eponymous protagonist, Carl Kolchak, is a crime reporter for Independent News Service in Chicago. Each time he investigated a crime story, usually realistic in its initial phases, he would uncover a supernatural story behind the story, which his editor Tony Vincenzo would rarely believe. Carl Kolchak -- Darren McGavin Tony Vincenzo -- Simon Oakland Ron Updyke -- Jack Grinnage Emily Cowles -- Ruth McDevitt Gordy Spangler -- John Fiedler Monique Marmelstein -- Carol Ann Susi Creator -- Jeff Rice Executive Producer -- Darren McGavin Producers -- Paul Playton and Cy Chermak Logan's Run, CBS, 16 Sep 1977-16 Jan 1978 based on the novel by William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson (author of many of the best episodes of the original Twilight Zone) and the feature film of the same title. A nuclear war had pretty much wiped out civilization, somewhere between the late 20th century and the year 2319. Survivors lived in cities out of touch with each other, each having evolved its own culture, and each surrounded by inhospitable desert. Logan lived in the sybaritic City of Domes, where nobody was allowed to live past his or her 30th birthday. Logan was a "Sandman" -- special policeman -- who betrayed his training by fleeing for his life as the big three-zero approached. He fled with a girl named Jessica and Rem, an android. He sought a fabled "Sanctuary" but was pursued by Francis, an unrepentant Sandman. This was unusually sophisticated fare for TV, both in the bleakness of the premise, the strangeness but self-consistency of the cities, and the horrors of the badlands. It was a landmark in the history of post-nuclear-holocaust fiction, the best recent example of which is "The Postman" by David Brin, which has been repeatedly optioned, was once to have been produced by Ron Howard and star Tom Hanks, but is now to be directed by and starring Kevin Costner and be released in 1997. Logan's Run Logan -- Gregory Harrison Jessica -- Heather Menzies Rem -- Donald Moffat Francis -- Randy Powell Producers -- Ben Roberts and Ivan Goff (the creators of "Charlie's Angels, who admitted knowing zero about science fiction) Story Editor -- Dorothy C. Fontana ("Star Trek") By the way, cult classic movie star/painter/author Mary Woronov (Eating Raoul) guest stars as "Irene" in the "Capture" episode of Logan's Run. Mary Woronov was my babysitter as a child, before she fell in with Andy Warhol and became a star of multiple media. So perhaps she is one more influence on me regarding fantasy and science fiction. The Love War, ABC, 1970 TV movie about alien man (Kyle) who drops out of interstellar war, settles on Earth, goes native, falls in love with Angie Dickenson whom he accidently meets on a bus. He ventually tells her his true identity, and it turns out that she's an alien too, from the other side of the war, and was there to catch him. I think. Kyle -- Lloyd Bridges Sandy -- Angie Dickenson Director -- George McCowan Writers -- Guerdon Trueblood and David Kidd The Man from Atlantis, NBC, 22 Sep 1977-25 July 1978 Faster than a plate of sushi, more powerful than Flipper, more mindless than "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", look, down there under the ocean, swimming in a legs-together undulating dolphin parody, it's Patrick Duffy as ... The Man From Atlantis! With webs between his fingers and bright green eyes, he fights a never-ending battle for the United States Navy and the Foundation for Oceanic Research. Pass the tartar sauce! Mark Harris -- Patrick Duffy Dr. Elizabeth Merrill -- Belinda Montgomery C. W. Crawford -- Alan Fudge Mr. Schubert -- Victor Buono Brent -- Robert Lussier Jomo -- Richard Williams Chuey -- J. Victor Lopez Jane -- Jean Marie Hon Allen -- Anson Downes Creator/Producer -- Herb Solow Moonbase 3, BBC, 1973 Boring attempt at realistic serial about scientists in 2003 in a domed base on the moon. By the way, you need about 5-10 feet of moondirt (regolith) piled on top of a dome to block off ionizing radiation. Producers/Writers -- Barry Letts and Terrence Dicks Mork & Mindy, ABC, 14 Sep 1978-10 June 1982, introduced Robin Williams Mork & Mindy @ pe.com Spin-off from a February 1978 episode of "Happy Days" (15 Jan 1974- 12 July 1984) where an alien from the planet Ork came to Earth and tried to kidnap Richie Cunningham (Ron Howard). The episode generated so many letters to the ABC that they created this new series. Mork did not fit in on Ork, because he alone had a sense of humor, and so he was semi-exiled to Earth by the leader, Orson. Mork was supposed to figure out humans, which the Orkans had never been able to do. He would report back to Orson at the end of each episode in an explanatory monologue that would end with the catch-phrase "Nanu nanu." Mork soft-landed in a giant egg just outside Boulder, Colorado, and was taken in by Mindy MConell, who worked at her father's music store (just as Philip K. Dick worked at a record store in Berkeley and saw the world through unique persepctives). Mork combined human and Orkian customs in a wacky but well-meaning way that had him pegged as just plain nuts. Everybody was worried about Mindy keeping this weirdo in her attic, except for hip grandma Cora. The show had great ratings for a season, until ABC foolishly rewrote it, in blatant disregard for the first law of television: if it ain't broken, don't fix it. The second season started with a complete change of supporting cast and an episode in a strange world of good and evil archetypes. ABC also moved the show from a Thursday slot to Sunday. The ratings immediately plummeted by over 50%. The network restored the show to its former Thursday slot, simplified the confused story line, and brought back Cora and Frederick McConnell, who had supposedly toured as an orchestra conductor during his hiatus. The brother-and-sister pair from the Bronx, the DaVincis, were added (to no good effect). Mindy's cousin Nelson, an irritating preppie/yuppie came into the show, and downstairs neighbor (think "Dennis the Menace" Mr. Wilson) Mr. Bickley had his role expanded. The lunatic Exidor made recurring appearances, as a friend of Mork who babbled new-age prophecy and led a cult "The Friends of Venus" made of imaginary invisible members. Mindy somehow parlayed her journalism classes into employment at KTNS-TV under Mr. Sternhagen. Ratings partly rebounded. In Fall 1981, Mork and Mindy were married, and had a surrealistic honeymoon on Ork. Mork then gave birth to fully-grown Jonathan Winters, who called Mindy "Shoe" and Mork "Mommy." He grew younger and younger. Robin Williams and Jonathan Winters were the highpoint of network comedy, but could not by themselves get ratings back to what ABC demanded. Mork -- Robin Williams Mindy Beth McConnell -- Pam Dawber Frederick McConnell (1978-79, 1980-82) -- Conrad Janis Cora Hudson (1978-79, 1981-82) -- Elizabeth Kerr Eugene (1978-79) -- Jeffrey Jacquet Orson (voice only) -- Ralph James Franklin Delano Bickley -- Tom Poston Remo DaVinci (1979-81) -- Jay Thomas Jean DaVinci (1979-81) -- Gina Hecht Nelson Flavor (1979-81) -- Jim Staahl Exidor -- Robert Donner Glenda Faye "Crissy" Comstock (1980-81) -- Crisy Wilzak Mr. Miles Sternhagen (1981) -- Foster Brooks Mearth -- (1981-82) -- Jonathan Winters Night Gallery, NBC, 16 Dec 1970-12 Aug 1973, to be done The show that ended Rod Serling's brilliant career (he was felled by a heart attack in 1975). It was an attempt to revive the "Twilight Zone" formula, but it didn't take off this time, perhaps because it was too often fantasy and not often enough science fiction. Host -- Rod Serling Creator -- Rod Serling Producer -- Jack Laird The Night That Panicked America, ABC, 1975 TV movie about the 1938 broadcast by Orson Wells of "The War of the Worlds" by H. G. Wells." Realistic when portraying the insider's view of radio broadcasting, but banal in portraying the panic of Americans. At least, by comparison to the stories my mother told me about the panic in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where she grew up. Just a girl then, she ran around telling people that this was not a real news broadcast but only Orson Wells in a scheduled broadcast of the fiuctional "Mercury Theatre", but my Mom was ignored as people packed their cars and drove off into chaos. Director -- Joseph Sargent Planet Earth, ABC, 1974 TV movie by Gene Roddenberry -- the second time he tried to launch a new series (Genesis II was the first). It had, in fact, the same plot as Genesis II, with a 20th century astronaut stranded in the future. Astronaut -- John Saxon Creator/Producer -- Gene Roddenberry Writers -- Gene Roddenberry and Juanita Bartlett The Planet of the Apes, CBS, 13 Sep 1974-27 Dec 1974 The Planet of the Apes by ftp A less-successful spinoff of the films, which were adapted from a novel of the same name by Pierre Boulle. An animated spinoff of the TV spinoff of the film adaptation of the novel was "Beyond the Planet of the Apes", on NBC from September 1975 to September 1976. Galen -- Roddy McDowell (reprise of film role) Alan Virdon -- Ron Harper Peter Burke -- James Naughton Urko -- Mark Lenard Zaius -- Booth Colman Producer -- Stan Hough Project U.F.O., 19 Feb 1978-30 Aug 1979 Jack Webb, master of realistic police drama (Dragnet, Adam 12) absorbed himself in the Air Force's "Project Blue Book" analysis of unidentified flying objects, and dramatized the reports that just couldn't be covered up or dismissed. Kind of a "X Files" ahead of its time, this show also had a gritty authenticity that some viewers took to be straight documentary. Hard-core UFO believers point out that the series was produced by Colonel William T. Coleman, who was the genuine Project Blue-Book head, and was therefore a cover-up disguised as fiction but all too true. Hmmmmmm. Major Jake Gatlin (1978) -- William Jordan Captain Ben Ryan -- Edward Winter Staff Sargeant Harry Fitz -- Caskey Swaim Libby Virdon -- Aldine King Executive Producer -- Jack Webb Producer -- Colonel William T. Coleman Pursuit, ABC, 1972 TV movie directed by Michael Crichton (the author who later directed "Westworld" and "Coma", and co-created "E.R."). A politician who goes nuts plans to blow up a political convention in San Diego with nerve gas. Well, it might have saved us from Bob Dole's campaign.... ??? -- Ben Gazarra ??? -- E. G. Marshall ??? -- Joseph Wiseman ??? -- William Windom ??? -- Martin Sheen Writer -- based on the novel "Binary" written by Michael Crichton under the pseudonym "John Lange." Crichton wanted to write the screenplay too, but did not. Quark, NBC, 24 Feb 1978- 14 Apr 1978 Quark by Ralph Luethy Quark by ftp This was the parody of space opera -- especially "Star Wars" -- for TV, as Mel Brooks waited too long to try the same notion for film in "Space Balls." The mixture of sex, Woody Allen type brainy jokes, and slapstick/physical comedy never quite jelled, but many fans swore that it would have if the network had only been patient. Adam Quark -- Richard Benjamin Gene/Jean -- Tim Thomerson [male/female "transmute"] Ficus -- Richard Kelton [half man, half vegetable] Betty I -- Tricia Barnstable [the original] Betty II -- Cyb Barnstable [the clone - or vice versa?] Andy the Robot -- Bobby Porter Otto Palindrome -- Conrad Janis The Head -- Alan Caillou High Gorgon -- (???) occasional Zoltar the Magnificent -- (???) occasional Zorgon the Malevolent -- (???) occasional year -- 2222 A.D. space station -- Perma One Creator/Writer -- Buck Henry ("Get Smart!", "Saturday Night Live") The Questor Tapes, NBC, 1974 The third try by Gene Roddenberry since Star Trek to launch a new series (#1 was Genesis II, #2 was Planet Earth). An android named Questor tries to figure out the reason he exists. Philosophically speaking, this is an "ontological" drama. In literary tradition, it draws on the Golem myth, Mary Shelly'd Frankenstein, and the fiction of Philip K. Dick. Questor -- Robert Foxworth Creator/Producer -- Gene Roddenberry Director -- Richard A. Colla Writers -- Gene Roddenberry and Gene Coon Salvage I, ABC, 20 Jan 1979-11 Nov 1979; Sci-Fi Channel, 1992-Present Using a recycled "Vulture" rocket, Harry Broderick quested for gold-plated satellites and collectible moon junk, when he wasn't jetting from the Los Angeles-area "Jettison Scrap & Salvage Co." to suck oil from abondoned wells, pluck diamonds from volcanos, or retrieve missing B-52s from the jungle (and what exactly was the CIA smuggling in those B-52s from South America to South Central L.A. anyway, eh?). Harry Broderick -- Andy Griffith Skip Carmichael, ex-NASA dude -- Joel Higgins Melanie Slozar -- Trish Stewart Mack -- J. Jay Saunders Klinger (FBI) -- Richard Jaeckel Hank Beddoes -- Lee De Broux Technical Advisor -- Isaac Asimov (unconfirmed) Saturday Night Live, NBC, 11 Oct 1975-present -- hey, how about those Coneheads? Search, NBC, 13 Sep 1972-29 Aug 1973 A knock-off of Mission Impossible, this almost becomes science fiction when it takes its high-tech spy gadgets seriously -- the implanted radio transcievers, microminature TV cameras, telemetry doing astronaut-type real-time monitoring of physiological stress levels, and Mission Control organization of "The Probe Division of World Securities." Too bad it did not have "Q" from James Bond, or the fun level of "I Spy'" Cosby, or the over-the-top spoofiness of The Man from U.N.C.L.E., to make its good casting break through. Hugh Lockwood -- Hugh O'Brian Nick Bianco -- Tony Franciosa C. R. Grover -- Doug McClure Cameron -- Burgess Meredith Gloria Harding -- Angel Tompkins Dr. Barnett (1972) -- Ford Rainey Dr. Barnett (1973) -- Keith Andes Miss Keach (1972) -- Ginny Golden Ramos -- Tony De Costa Kuroda -- Byron Chung Griffin -- Albert Popwell Carlos -- Ron Castro Murdock -- Amy Farrell Harris (1973) -- Tom Hallick Miss James (1973) -- Pamela Jones The Secret Empire, NBC, 27 Feb 1979-1 May 1979 One of the stranger Western/Sci-Fi halfbreeds, this cuts back and forth between black-and-white 1888 Cheyenne Wyoming and underground extraterrestrial city Chimera (filmed in color). Marshall Jim Donner -- Geoffrey Scott Billy -- Tiger Williams Millie -- Carlene Watkins Jess Keller -- Peter Breck Maya -- Pamela Brull Princess Tara (Feb-Apr) -- Diane Markoff Princess Tara (Apr-May) -- Stepfanie Kramer Eperor Thorval -- Mark Lenard Roe -- Peter Tomarken Hator -- David Opatoshu Yannuck -- Sean Garrison The Six Million Dollar Man, ABC, ABC, 18 Jan 1974-6 Mar 1978 Based on the novel "Cyborg" by aerospace wizard Martin Caidin, whose novel "Marooned" became the film which inspired the actual US-USSR Apollo-Soyuz mision, the first time the Americans and Russians cooperated in manned spaceflight beore today's Shuttle/Mir peacemaking. Colonel Steve Austin -- Lee Majors Oscar Goldman -- Richard Anderson Dr. Rudy Wells (1974-75) -- Alan Oppenheimer Dr. Rudy Wells (1975-78) -- Martin E. Brooks Barney Miller -- Monte Markham (occasional) Producers -- Lionel E. Siegel and Kenneth Johnson The Sixth Sense, 15 Jan 1972-30 Dec 1972 ESP/parapsychology/psychic/telepathy/occult adventure Dr. Michael Rhodes -- Gary Collins Nancy Murphy (Jan-May) -- Catherine Ferrar Space: 1999, ITC (Great Britain)/Syndicated, produced 1974-1976, 48 episodes, released Sep. 1975 Space: 1999 Guide @ avimall.com Despite the highest budget for TV sci-fi ever (about 1/3 of a million bucks per episode) and Martin Landau plus Barbara Bain (both of Mission Impossible) plus some cool sets and effects, talking computers, Star-Wars lasers, "Queller Drive" spaceships, "Camelot Locator" beams, and Rudi Gernreich unisex costumes, nothing could rescue a scientifically lame premise (nuclear waste explosion knocks moon out of orbit) and poorly-conceived aliens with no motivation (giants squids, people-eating contraceptive foam, prostitute robots of Planet Piri. To begin with, a "radioactive waste explosion" could not knock the moon (with its inhabited lunar base) out of Earth orbit. But even if we grit our teet and accept this preposterous concept, how does the Moon thereafter encounter one solar system after another -- is it travelling faster than the speed of light, or what? This is exactly what goes wrong when non-science fiction writers try to create science fiction. Commander John Koenig -- Martin Landau Dr. Helena Russell -- Barbara Bain Prof. Victor Bergman (1975-77) -- Barry Morse Maya (1976-77) -- Catherine Schell First Officer Tony Verdeschi -- Tony Anholt Captain Alan Carter -- Nick Tate Paul Morrow -- Prentis Hancock David -- Clifton Jones Sandra - Zienia Merton Creators -- Gerry and Sylvia Anderson (see "Thunderbirds") Producer (1st season) -- Sylvia Anderson Producer (2nd Season) -- Fred Freiberger ("The Wild, Wild West", and the 3rd and final season of the orginal "Star Trek") Special Effects -- Brian Johnson (the best thing about the show) The StarLost, Canada/syndicated, 1973 Harlan Ellison created this series, which botched his production so completely that he had his name taken off the credits. A giant spaceship has several cultures of people on board who have forgotten that they are on a spaceship. Robert Heinlein created this plot in the excellent novel "Universe" and Brian Aldiss gave it a new twist in "Non-Stop." ??? -- Keir Dullea ("2001") ??? -- Gay Rowin ??? -- Robin Ward Strange New World, ABC, 1975 TV movie which was almost surely one of Gene Roddenberry's attempts to launch a new series after Star Trek (#1 was Genesis II, #2 was Planet Earth, #3 was The Questor Tapes) and yet Roddenberry's name appears nowhere in the credits. As with Genesis II and Planet Earth, the plot revolves around an astronaut from our century interacting in the future with peculiar societies. Astronaut -- John Saxon Producer -- Robert E. Larson Director -- Robert Butler Writers -- Ronald F. Graham, Walter Green, and Alvin Ramrus The Stranger Within, ABC, 1975 TV movie about a woman who becomes pregnant under impossible conditions. When she gives birth, the baby is healthy -- but is a Martian. Woman -- Barbara Eden Director -- Lee Philips Writer -- Richard Matheson (based on his 1953 short story "Mother By Protest") Survivors, BBC, 1975 A plague wipes out 52,000,000 people in six weeks of terror in Great Britain, leaving only some 7,000 survivors. In the series, we follow one small group of survivors as they attempt to prosper in a post-technological nation. This is similar to "The Day of the Triffids", the cosmic disaster novels of John Wynham, and the inimitable fiction of J. G. Ballard. The series falls flat in making the survivors far too comfortable, and celebrating (rather than warning against) the prospects of a future without technology. This is a hippy head trip, not real science fiction. Even "The Stand" by Steven King does the job better. Tabitha, ABC, 12 Nov 1977-25 Aug 1978 Spin-off of "Bewitched", focusing on Tabitha, grown-up witch daughter of witch Samantha, who now works for KLXA-TV. This show, how shall I say it, lacked a certain magic... Tabitha Stevens -- Lisa Hartman Paul Thurston -- Robert Urich Marvin Decker -- Mel Stewart Adam Stephens -- David Ankrum Aunt Minerva -- Karen Morrow Tales of the Unexpected, NBC, 2 Feb 1977-24 Aug 1977 Occult and psychological suspense with last-minute twist endings. Narrator -- William Conrad Executive Producer -- Quinn Martin Time Express, CBS, 26 Apr 1979-17 May 1979 "Fantasy Island" meets "The Time Machine" aboard the "Starlight Express." Possibly based on a particular "Twilight Zone" episode about an ad exec who gets off a train and encounters his childhood self in a Carnival. Or then again, possibly not. Each episode carried passengers back in time aboard a gleaming Time Express train that rode the clouded skies of time, to give them a chance to change their pasts by altering some key decision in their lives. This is, according to modern physicists, one of the things that can NOT be done, even if you have a time machine. They theorize that you can participate in the past, but not change it. Be that as it may, this is really a series related to the science fiction subgenre of "parahistroy" or "alternate history" where a changed event has spawned a whole new present in which, for instance, the South won the American Civil War, or Japan and Germany won World War II, or I actually completed my Ph.D. and became a Professor and hired a graduate student to enter all the stuff in this Magic Dragon Multimedia domain instead of doing it myself. Jason -- Vincent Price Margaret -- Coral Browne Conductor R. J. Walker -- James Reynolds Engineer Callahan -- William Phipps Ticket Clerk -- Woodrow Parfey The Tomorrow People, (ITV, Great Britain, 1973) then in USA: Nickelodeon, 1994-1995 The Tomorrow People List @ avimall.com Juvenile about mutant children with telepathy/teleportation. A sad decline from the same idea well-executed by Theodore Sturgeon ("Baby is Three") and Olaf Stapledon ("Odd John"). Creators/Producers -- Roger Price and Ruth Boswell Turnabout, NBC, 26 Jan 1979-23 Mar 1979 Sitcom about a man and a woman magically switching bodies. Based on the novel of the same name by Thorne Smith ("Topper") and the 1940 film of that novel. Sam Alston -- John Schuck Penny Alston -- Sharon Gless Jack Overmeyer -- Richard Stahl Judy Overmeyer -- Bobbi Jordan Geoffrey St.James -- James Sikking Al Brennan -- Bruce Kirby UFO, ITC/Syndicated, Produced 1970 (26 episodes), released Fall 1972 UFO Guide @ avimall.com Set in the then-future 1980, the premise was that an international military command was set up to defend Earth from Unidentified Flying Objects. This New World Order strike force was SHADO -- Supreme Headquarters, Allied Defense Organization. Produced in England, this series mocked American priorities by giving the commander, Edward Straker, a cover identity as a movie producer. John Brosnan ("Future Tense", p.299) notes that this first non-puppet series by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson had "a cast [that] seemed to be trying to imitate puppets, particularly Ed Bishop...) Commander Edward Straker -- Ed Bishop Colonel Alec Freeman -- George Sewell Captain Peter Karlin -- Peter Gordeno Lt. Gay Ellis -- Gabrielle Drake Colonel Paul Foster -- Michael Billington General Henderson -- Grant Taylor Creators/Producers -- Gerry and Sylvia Anderson ("Thunderbirds") The UFO Incident, NBC, 1975 TV movie that looks like a rip-off of "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" but actually began before that feature film. John G. Fuller had written a purportedly nonfiction book about a married couple who were abducted by aliens in a UFO. The book was entitled "The Interrupted Journey." James Earl Jones bought media rights to the book, intending to package a feature film, but after being turned down by every major film studio, he re-sold the book rights to television. The next year, "Close Encounters" went into pre-production, and James Earl Jones (already known about Hollywood for his interest in space movies) was cast as the voice for Darth Vader in "Star Wars." Mr. ??? -- James Earl Jones Mrs. ??? -- Estelle Parsons Director -- Richard a Colla ("The Questor Tapes") Writers -- S. Lee Pogostin and Hesper Anderson (from book by John G. Fuller) Wine of India, BBC, 1970 TV movie by Nigel Kneale, similar to Larry Noven story "Organlegger." In the world of 2050, people are required to be euthenized, so that the upper class can be immortalized by organ transplants. Writer -- Nigel Kneale Wonder Woman, ABC (Dec 1976-July 1977) and CBS (Sep 1977-Sep 1979), 18 Dec 1976-11 Sep 1979 Based on the comic-book of Charles Moulon in the 1940s... {to be done} Yeoman Diana Prince/"Wonder Woman" -- Lynda Carter Major Steve Trevor/Steve Trevor, Jr. -- Lyle Waggoner General Blankenship (1976-77) -- Richard Eastham Corporal Etta Candy (1976-1977) -- Beatrice Colen Joe Atkinson (1977) -- Normann Burton Eve (1977-79) -- Saundra Sharp Voice of I.R.A. (1977-79) -- Tom Kratochzil RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE
1980s: Science Fiction TV 1980-1989
ALF, NBC, 1986-1990 (and animated, NBC, Sep 1987-?) ALF @ avimall.com What if an alien landed on Earth, and was sucked into a sitcom? ALF ("Alien Life Form"), a 229-year-old furball with attitude, escaped the explosive destruction of his home planet Melmac (as did Kal-El escape the explosion of Krypton to become Superman). ALF crashed into the Tanner's garage, and became part of their family. ALF disrupted their banal suburban lifestyle, and made acidic comments about humanity and the American life style, as "3rd Rock from the Sun." would, a decade later. Next-door neighbors, the Ochmoneks, never figured out what was going on, a sitcom formula perfected in "Bewitched." Trivia questions and answers: How long did ALF attend Melmac High School? 122 years. What did ALF major in at Melmac High School? Software. What sports did ALF participate in at Melmac High School? He was co-captain of the Boullabaiseball team. What jobs did ALF have at one time or another? Assistant Boxleitner, male model, phlegm dealer. What are ALF's hobbies? Gerrymandering, snacking on cats. What is ALF's height? "Fluctuates with weight." What is ALF's weight? "Till the Sun Shines Nellie." ALF (voice) -- Gordon Shumway ALF (puppeteer) -- Paul Fusco ALF (walking scenes, 1st season only) -- Michu Meszaros Willie Tanner -- Max Wright (Buffalo Bill 1983-4, Misfits of Science 1985-6) Kate Tanner -- Anne Schedeen (Marcus Welby M.D. 1969-76, Paper Dolls 1984) Lynn Tanner -- Andrea Elson (Whiz Kids 1983) Brian Tanner -- Benji Gregory Dorothy Halligan -- Anne Meara (1987 only) (All in the Family 1979-82, The Corner Bar 1972-3, Kate McShane 1975, The Paul Lynde Show 1972-3, Rhoda 1976-7) Raquel Ochmonek -- Liz Sheridan Trevor Ochmonek -- John LaMotta Lucky -- various cats Co-Created by -- Paul Fusco & Tom Patchett (Make Your Own Kind of Music 1971, Open All Night 1981-2) Alien Nation, Fox, 1989-1990 Alien Nation @ scifi.com Amazing Stories, NBC, Sep 1985-May 1987 Back in the early 1980s, your humble webmaster Jonathan Vos Post raised some $50,000 to purchase all rights to Amazing Stories Magazine, arguably the world's oldest science fiction magazine, founded in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback. I flew to Scottsdale, Arizona to negotiate the deal from the publisher (who greatly preferred Westerns, and had a priceless collection of Western art), at the time when the magazine was edited by an ex-restaurant menu designer, and laid out on a livingroom floor. There's a strange story of what happened next, which will eventually appear on the Magazine site of this domain. The point is, I approached one Venture Capital firm after another. I showed them copies of "Amazing Stories", my brilliant business plan, and then said that we could sell the rights to film and television for more than the purchase rights. At that point, inevitably, the money-men would day "why would anyone want to buy the title 'Amazing Stories' for movies or television? Get out of here!" Well, I was right, and they were wrong. They missed a chance to do business with Steven Spielberg, who did buy that title... Executive Producer -- Steven Spielberg Episode Directors -- Steven Spielberg ("Ghost Train", "The Mission"), Paul Bartel, Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, Martin Scorsese, others. Guest Stars -- Drew Barrymore, Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, David Carradine, Kevin Costner, Stan Freberg, Mark Hamill, Charlie Sheen, Sam Waterston, others Amazing Stories @ scifi.com Automan, ABC, 15 Dec 1983-2 Apr 1984 A nerdy police computer specialist works on programming computer games in his spare time. One of his creations, a superhero named "Automan", somehow jumped out of the computer into reality, launching the nebbish protagonist into fighting crime at the highest levels. Automan could walk through walls, and could make almost any computer do him favors, and could temporarily combine with Walter Nebicher into a schizoid human/superhero. Lights dimmed when Automan walked past -- because he drained energy from circuits nearby. When the city's electrical consumption went up at dawn, Automan faded away. The two were followed everywhere by Cursor, an animated, well, cursor, who could outline, animate, and create useful solid objects such as cars. Walter's boss, the crochety Captain Boyd, hated computers and software-hip people, so he could not be told about Automan. Neither could Walter's mentor, Lieutenant Curtis, who used Walters inexplicable successes to advance his own agenda. Automan by ftp Automan @ Ultimate TV Walter Nebicher -- Desi Arnaz, Jr. (I Love Lucy 1953, The Lucy Show 1968-71) Automan -- Chuck Wagner Lt. Jack Curtis -- Robert Lansing (87th Precinct 1961-2, The Equalizer 1985, The Man Who Never Was 1966-7, Twelve O'Clock High 1964-5) Captain Boyd -- Gerald S. O'Loughlin (Our House 1988, The Rookies 1972-6, Storefront Lawyers 1970-1, Wheels 1979) Roxanne -- Heather McNair (Cover Up 1984-5) Beauty and the Beast, CBS, 25 Sep 1987-1990 Beauty and the Beast @ avimall.com Fritz Leiber created this genre of "urban fantasy", and talented writer/editor/producer George R. R. Martin brought it to life for adoring TV audiences. New York lawyer Catherine was brutalized by thugs and left to die in Central Park. She was saved by Vincent, a beast-man more sensitive than Alan Alda, with a leonine face and a da Vincian intelligence. Nursed to health in caves and tunnels beneath New York City, Catherine returned to the surface (like Proserpine returning from Hades) but she and Vincent had fallen in love. They remained connected by ESP, which was useful because her new position in the D.A,'s office put her in frequent danger. Edie did research for her; Father was a reclusive genius who had raised Vincent and was de facto king of the "Tunnel World"; Kipper and Mouse were two tunnel world people who reported to Father. This show had an amazingly literate take on good, evil, art, science, and society. George R. R. Martin has won major awards for his writing, and has edited a very successful series of collaborative novels about flawed superheroes in a complex alternate history. There are stories about his TV pitches and pilots which are astonishing, and we may tell some of them later on this web site... Asst. DA Catherine Chandler -- Linda Hamilton Vincent -- Ron Perlman Father -- Roy Dotrice Deputy DA Joe Maxwell -- Jay Acavone Edie -- Ren Woods Kipper (pilot only) -- Jason Allen Kipper -- Cory Danziger Mouse (1988-90) -- David Greenlee Beyond Westworld, CBS, 5 March 1980-19 March 1980 In the 1973 feature film "Westworld" robots (including Yul Brynner), for no clear reason, killed guests and wrecked a future amusement park. Yul Brynner was the only cast member to reprise his role in the film's sequel, "Futureworld." These two films spun off the television series "Beyond Westworld" -- which was cancelled after a mere three low-rated episodes. "Westworld" was the future amusement park, owned and operated by "The Delos Corporation" -- which had the corporate culture that might result if Microsoft bought Disney and Boeing. Guests to the theme park interacted with robots which were virtually indistinguishable from humans, allowing the humans to live out their secret desires. C3P0 meets Fantasy Island. Mad scientist Simon Quaid (co-inventor with Joseph Oppenheimer of the robots) programmed the robots to take over the world, in a social-engineering scheme that few voters would approve. John Moore, as head of Delos Security, aided by love-interest Pamela Williams, were all that stood in the way of Quaid's megalomania. Killer theme parks were better done, later, by Crichton in "Jurassic Park", and even better in the "Dream Park" trilogy of novels by Steve Barnes and Larry Niven. John Moore -- Jim McMullan Simon Quaid -- James Wainwright Joseph Oppenheimer -- William Jordan Pamela Williams -- Connie Sellecca Foley -- Severn Darden Roberta -- Ann McCurry Darkroom, ABC, 27 Nov 1981-8 July 1982 Dark fantasy/occult anthology series. Host -- James Coburn Guest Stars -- Steve Allen, David Carradine, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, June Lockhart, Esther Rolle Friday the 13th:The Series, Syndicated, Oct 1987-? Confusingly enough, this television series has nothing whatsoever to do with the feature films of the same name. On TV, the story was that antiques dealer Lewis Vendredi (French for "friday") made a deal with the devil to earn a fortune my peddling antique doodads which would each carry a terrible curse. When Lewis Vendredi died -- presumably as a result of some fine print in his contract -- his innocent neice Micki inherited the store, and renamed it "Curious Goods." Assisted by her cousin Ryan and a retired magician, Jack Marshak, she tried to get the cursed antique thingamajiggies back from their purchasers, and sequester them in the basement where they could cause no more hideous deaths. My wife, who once ran a chain of antique stores in Europe, before she became a famous scientist and science fiction author, refuses to talk to me about this show. Maybe that's because of a certain contract signed in blood, nyaaa haaa haaaa... Micki Foster -- Robey Ryan Dallion -- John D. Le May Jack Marshak -- Chris Wiggans Friday the 13th:The Series Galactica 1980, see Battlestar Galactica (1970s) The Greatest American Hero, ABC, 18 March 1981-3 Feb 1983 The greatest hero in this show was actually the head of the ABC legal team, who fought off lawsuits from the owners of the "Superman" copyright. After that, a real Mr. Hinckley tried (30 Mar 1981) to assassinate President Reagan in order to impress actress Jodie Foster, so scripts involving protagonist Ralph Hinkley had to be rewritten to be named Ralph Hanley (or sometimes just "Mr.H"). Anyway, Los Angeles high school teacher Ralph had a Close Encounter of the Third Kind with extraterrestrials, who gave him a red flying suit, but the schlemiel lost the instruction book, and had frequent trouble mastering the art of flight and the other powers of the suit (invisibility, x-ray vision, telescopic vision, and the like). Nobody knew his secret, except Bill Maxwell, his lawyer Pam Davidson (I told you the lawyers were big in this show), his son Kevin, and four street-wise students escaped from the "Welcome Back Kotter" sort of series: Cyler, Rhonda, Rodriguez, and Tony, who were seen less and less often in the second season, when Ralph and Pam married (Kevin was from a previous marriage). This show had a wacky logic all its own, and was a good-natured spoof of the action superhero genre, which had been tried before about 15 years earlier in "Mr. Terrific" and in "Captain Nice." Ralph Hinkley (Hanley) -- William Katt Bill Maxwell -- Robert Culp (American Profile, The Chevy Mystery Show, I Spy, The Kaiser Aluminum Hour, Star Tonight, Trackdown) Pam Davidson -- Connie Sellecca (Beyond Westworld, Flying High, Hotel) Tony Villicana -- Michael Pare (Houston Knights) Rhonda Blake -- Faye Grant (V) Cyler Johnson -- Jesse D. Goins Rodriguez -- Don Cervantes Kevin Hinkley (1981) -- Brandon Williams Theme -- "The Greatest American Hero (Believe It Or Not)" by Mike Post and Stephen Geyer, singer Joey Scarbury Hard Time on Planet Earth, CBS, 1989 The Highwayman, NBC, 4 Mar 1988-6 May 1988 Blending fantasy, action, big-rig trucks, and ethnic humor, this unlikely series was based on a 1987 TV movie, with a truck that could also turn invisible, which notion was ditched in favor of the more plausible (?) cab that could transform into a helicopter. The Highwayman (who had no given name, apparently) was some sort of federal marshal, who handled secret government cargo, wore leather, had big muscles, and acted as the law "where ordinary laws do not reach." He had a tough Australian partner Jetto (like Crocodile Dundee), a stylish African-American electronics genius D.C. Montana, and he took his orders from sexy-but-strict Controller Tania Winthrop. The Highwayman -- Sam Jones Jetto -- Jacko D. C. Montana -- Tim Russ Tania Winthrop -- Jane Badler Producer: Glen A. Larson (Knight Rider) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, BBC series, appeared in USA in syndication on PBS in 1983-1989 and 1993-1995 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy @ rysher From the wacky novels of Douglas Adams. Manimal, NBC, 30 Sep 1983-31 Dec 1983 Superhero/Fantasy/Police series in which Jonathan Chase has the hereditary ability to turn himself into any animal. Disguised as an upper-crust professor of "animal behavioral sciences" at New York University, he was an ally to the police and a terror to criminals. His secret identity was known only to African American assistant Ty Earle (an old Vietnam buddy) and sexy cop Brooke. The special effects of his transformations were good early television versions of the "morphing" technique, now so common. Jonathan Chase -- Simon MacCorkindale Brooke McKenzie -- Melody Anderson Ty Earle (pilot) -- Glynn Turman Ty Earle (series) -- Michael D. Roberts Capt. Nick Rivera -- Reni Santoni Max Headroom, ABC, 31 March 1987-16 Oct 1987 Max Headroom Max Headroom Guide @ avimall.com Based on 1984 British TV movie starring Matt Frewer and produced by Peter Wagg, which spread like a computer virus to Cinemax distribution in the US, and then into Coca-Cola commercials. Premise: near-future muckraking Channel 23 reporter Edison Carter is decapitated in a car chase. He is the model for a computer-generated artificial intelligence created by Channel 23's research director Bryce. Max Headroom can pop up in any computer system or onto any network broadcast, while being monitored by Bryce's assistant Theora and newsroom director Murray, and sometimes by network head Mr.Cheviot. Max Headroom competed with, and sometimes was allied with, Blank Reg and Dominique of a lower-budget and harder-hitting network. The British series was darker and had a nastier edge in its depiction of a corrupt dystopian future in the Road Warrior/Bladerunner category. That makes this the first Cyberpunk TV series. Edison Carter/Max Headroom -- Matt Frewer Theora Jones -- Amanda Pays Ben Cheviot -- George Coe Bryce Lynch -- Chris Young Murray -- Jeffrey Tambor Blank Reg -- William Morgan Sheppard Dominique -- Concetta Tomei Ashwell -- Hank Garrett Edwards -- Lee Wilkof Lauren -- Sharon Barr Ms. Formby -- Virginia Kiser Misfits of Science, NBC, 4 Oct 1985-21 Feb 1986, to be done Misfits of Science by ftp Fantasy aimed at disaffected teenagers, with the message that it's okay to be a freak, especially if you want to fight evil. The "Humanidyne" Institute" in Los Angeles brought together a 7-foot-4-inch African American (El Lincoln) who could shrink to six inches, rock musician Johnny B. who can shoot lightning bolts from his fingers, and telekinetic levitaor former juvenile delinquent Gloria. They were led in their crime-busting by junior scientist Dr. Billy Hayes, against the wishes of Humanidyne" Institute Director Dick Stetmeyer. Jane Miller was Gloria's probation officer; Miss Nance was the Institute's useless receptionist. Dr. Billy Hayes -- Dean Paul Martin Dr. Elvin "El" Lincoln -- Kevin Peter Hall Johnny Bukowski ("Johnny B.") -- Mark Thomas Miller Gloria Dinallo -- Cortney Cox ("Friends" 1996) Jane Miller -- Jennifer Holmes Dick Stetmeyer -- Max Wright (ALF 1986-90, Buffalo Bill 1983-4) Miss Nance -- Diane Civita Mr. Merlin, 7 Oct 1981-18 Aug 1982 Arthurian fantasy in a San Francisco garage, this was an odd blend of "urban fantasy" as pioneered by Fritz Leiber with sitcom formula. Plots often hinged on (from a software point of view) "bugs" in magical spells, and on a shadowy group of sorcerers. Max Merlin -- Barnard Hughes Zachary Rogers -- Clark Brandon Leo Samuels -- Jonathan Prince Alexandra -- Elaine Joyce My Secret Identity, Syndicated, 1988-1991, to be done No Soap, Radio, ABC, 15 Apr 1982-13 May 1982 should I include this here because of its spoofs on science fiction films such as "The Day Everyone's Name Became Al"? Once A Hero, ABC, 19 Sep 1987-3 Oct 1987 Comicbook hero crosses into real world (as in "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?") where his superpowers don't operate. The episode starring Adam West (Batman) never aired. Captain Justice/Brad Steele -- Jeff Lester Abner Bevis -- Milo O'Shea Emma Greely -- Caitlin Clarke Woody Greely -- Josh Blake Gumshoe -- Robert Forster Eddie Kybo -- David Wohl Rachel Kirk -- Dianne Kay Gent -- William Griffis Otherworld, CBS, 26 Jan 1985-16 Mar 1985 Otherworld Guide @ avimall.com Otherworld by ftp Alternate universe series with the Great Pyramid as gateway, and therefore oddly similar to "Stargate" in some aspects. Hal Sterling -- Sam Groom June Sterling -- Gretchen Corbett Trace Sterling -- Tony O'Dell Gina Sterling -- Jonna Lee Smith Sterling -- Brandon Crane Kommander Nuveen Kroll -- Jonathan Banks Outlaws, CBS, 28 Dec 1986-30 May 1987 Another Sci-Fi/Western crossover. In 1899 Sheriff John Grail was about to capture Harland Pike's gang of bankrobbers in Texas (with which he himself had been formerly affiliated) when a lightning storm threw him and the gang into the Texas on 90 years later. They spent their gold coins to buy the Double Eagle Ranch, and started the Double Eagle Detective Agency to bring 19th Century standards of justice to a flabby contemprary southwest. They wore modern knockoffs of their period costumes, used old-fashioned weapons, had trouble controlling Harland's brother Billy (read "Billy Carter"). Despite endless gunfights, none of them were ever seriously injured. Lt. Maggie Randall was their liaison to the Houston Police Department, and developed a crush on John Grail. Sheriff John Grail -- Rod Taylor Harland Pike -- William Lucking Wolfson "Wolf" Lucas -- Charles Napier Isaiah "Ice" McAdams -- Richard Roundtree ("Shaft") Billy Pike -- Patrick Houser Lt. Maggie Randall -- Christine Belford Out of This World, Syndicated, Sep 1987 Evie's powers, out of place in Northern California, came from her father Troy from the planet "Antareus", with whom she communicated by a FTL communicator cube similar to Ursula K. Le Guin's "Ansible" which, by the way, is not only now the name of a well-respected fanzine, but is also an anagram of "Lesbian" -- go figure. Donna Garland -- Donna Pescow Evie Garland (at 13) -- Maureen Flanigan Mayor Kyle Applegate -- Doug McClure Beano Froelich -- Joe Alaskey Buzz -- Buzz Belmondo Troy (voice) -- Burt Reynolds Lindsay Selkirk -- Christina Nigra (occasional) Phil -- John Roarke (occasional) Quigley Handlesman -- Carl Steven (occasional) Chris Fuller -- Stephen J. Burke (occasional) [not to be confused with Out of This World, ITV (Great Britain), 1962] [not to be confused with Out of This World, ABC, 1952] The Phoenix, ABC, 19 Mar 1982-15 Sep 1982 Born as a 26 Apr 1981 movie special, this was reprised as a short-run series. Bennu was a, emissary from an alien planet with a dying race, who came to earth in the 4th Century A.D. and was preserved in an Andean tomb, being somehow revived by modern Inca-hunting archeologists. His motivation: to find his partner Mira, buried half-alive somewhere else in the Americas, while protecting the environment with his necklace-worn amulet. Preminger was the government agent tasked with capturing Bennu and putting his powers to work for covert intelligence purposes. Bennu of the Golden Light -- Judson Scott Preminger -- Richard Lynch The Powers of Matthew Star, NBC, 17 Sep 1982-11 Sep 1983 The Powers of Matthew Star Guide @ avimall.com Most High School students feel alienated, but Matthew Starr of Crestridge High really was, as Crown Prince of planet Quadris, exiled to Earth to do his homework on telekinesis and telepathy. He fought monstrous and robotic goons from the tyranny that outsed his Dad, while pretending to be the adopted son of Walt Shepard, whom Lou Gossett Jr. almost made plausible as combination Science Teacher/Football Coach, otherwise the least likely plot element. And I speak as a graduate of Caltech, where the football team had higher IQs than weights (in pounds). The series was supposed to premiere in September 1981, but was delayed a year due to Peter Barton's being seriously burned during filming. The show lost its focus about halfway through, when Matt developed transmutation and astral projection, while fighting spies for Major Wymore, and still somehow having time to hang out with buddy Bob and try getting past first base with Pam. Matthew Starr -- Peter Barton Walt Shepard -- Louis Gosset, Jr. Pam Elliott (1982) -- Amy Steel Bob Alexander (1982) -- Chip Frye Major Wymore (1982) -- James Karen Probe, ABC, 7 Mar 1988-29 June 1988 A series too literate for television, thanks to co-creator Isaac Asimov (who was active in both Science Fiction Writers of America, Mystery Writers of America, and Mensa). Austin James, from a base of operations called "the batcave", was a scientific genius -- a cross between Isaac Asimov himself, Science Officer Spock, and Sherlock Holmes. Each episode's plot was based on an actual scientific fact or theory. Austin and secretary/sidekick Mickey (the Dr. Watson to Austin's Sherlock Holmes) would solve each crime by analysis of clues in the laboratory part of the warehouse/batcave. Police arrested the perpetrator every time, invariably surprising the criminal who thought that he was too clever for the cops to nab. If you enjoyed this show, I strongly recommend that you buy any of the mystery novels of Isaac Asimov. He told me, in the blueroom at NBC before we did the NBC-TV Today Show together, that "Muder at the A.B.A." was his personal favorite -- it deals with a murder at a convention, and has wicked insights into science fiction fandom, literary agents, book deals, and the like. Isaac Asimov [see the Ultimate Mystery/Detective Web Guide] also wrote a series of "Black Widow" mystery stories, about crimes solved by a waiter at a weekly restaurant gathering of authors. Austin James -- Parker Stevenson Mickey Castle -- Ashley Crow Created By -- Dr. Isaac Asimov [see Authors page] and Michael Wagner (Hill Street Blues story editor) Q.E.D., 23 Mar 1982-27 Apr 1982 Does Q.E.D. stand for "Quod Erat Demonstrandum" (a phrase used at the end of a mathematical proof, meaning "what was meant to be demonstrated") or -- as they whisper at Caltech -- "Quantum Electrodynamics?" This shortlived show was "The Wild, Wild West" meets H.G. Wells' England (1912). It is thus a cousin of both The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. and of Dr. Who. The usual mad scientist bent on global conquest -- Dr. Kilkiss -- was always thwarted by American Professor Quentin E. Deverill, an amateur detective who could throw together astonishing gimmicks, and his Cockney butler/chauffeur, for an Arthur Conan Doyle flavor (Deverill = Sherlock Holmes, Kilkiss = Moriarty, Phipps = Dr. Watson). Quentin E. Deverill -- Sam Waterston Phipps -- George Innes Charlie Andrews -- A. C. Weary Dr. Stefan Kilkiss -- Julian Glover Jenny Martin -- Caroline Langrishe Quantum Leap, NBC, 1989-1993, to be done Quantum Leap The Ray Bradbury Theatre, HBO and USA, 1985-1987 The Ray Bradbury Theatre Guide @ avimall.com Filmed in Canada and New Zealand to save money, immortal writer ray Bradbury showed a strong hand as producer of sometimes stunning, sometimes poignant, sometimes nostalgic, occasionally surprising dramatizations of some of the finest short stories to ever be screened Red Dwarf, BBC series in USA syndication on PBS, 1989-1995, to be done Red Dwarf Guide @ avimall.com Shadow Chasers, ABC, 14 Nov 1985-16 Jan 1986 A semi-funny comedy/fantasy knockoff of "Ghostbusters." Professor Jonathon McKensie was an Anthropologist at the Georgetown Institute of Science, and his sidekick Edgar "Benny" Benedek was a tabloid reporter for The National Register. The no-nonsense Dr. Juliana Moorhouse dispatched the pair on missions to stop havoc caused by curses, ghosts, graverobbers, and other parapsychological riff-raff. Professor Jonathon McKensie -- Trevor Eve Edgar "Benny" Benedek -- Dennis Dugan Dr. Juliana Moorhouse -- Nina Foch Something Is Out There, NBC, 1988, to be done Something Is Out There (X-Files) Something Is Out There Guide @ avimall.com Space, CBS, 4 July 1987-25 July 1987 9-hour re-edit of 13-hour mini-series (April 1985) of James Michener's novel "Space." Norman Grant -- James Garner Elinor Grant -- Susan Anspach Penny Hardesty Pope -- Blar Brown Stanley Mott -- Bruce Dern Rachel Mott -- Melinda Dillon Leopold Strabismus (Martin Scorcella) -- David Dukes Dieter Kolff -- Michael York Liesl Kolff -- Barbara Sukowa Randy Claggett -- Beau Bridges Debbie Dee Claggett -- Stephanie Faracy John Pope -- Harry Hamlin Senator Glancey -- Martin Balsam Finnerty -- James Sutorius Tucker Thomas -- G. D. Dpradlin Cindy Rhee -- Maggie Han Funkhauser -- Wolf Kahler Marcia Grant -- Jennifer Runyon Skip Morgan -- David Spielberg Starman, ABC, 19 Sep 1986-4 Sep 1987 Starman Guide about 250 Kbytes @ avimall.com Television sequel to 1984 film Paul Forrester/Starman -- Robert Hays Scott Hayden -- C. B. Barnes George Fox -- Michael Cavanaugh Star Trek: The Next Generation, Syndicated, 1987-1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation Guide @ avimall.com Captain Jean-Luc Picard -- Patrick Stewart Commander William Riker -- Jonathan Frakes Lt. Geordi La Forge -- LaVar Burton Lt. Tasha Yar (1987-88) -- Denise Crosby Lt. Worf -- Michael Dorn Dr. Beverly Crusher -- Gates McFadden Counselor Deanna Troi -- Marina Sirtis Lt. Cmdr. Data -- Brent Spiner Wesley Crusher -- Wil Wheaton Street Hawk, ABC, 1985, to be done Superboy, Syndicated, 1988-1992, to be done Tales from the Darkside, Syndicated, Sep 1984-? Low-budget series of Twilight-Zonish downer episodes, sometimes with creepy surprise twist endings. Narrator -- Paul Sparer Guest Stars -- Harry Anderson, Justine Bateman, Eddie Bracken, Peggy Cass, Phyllis Diller, Bill Macy, Jean Marsh, Darrin McGavin, Arnold Stang, Connie Stevens, Fritz Weaver, Keenan Wynn, others T. J. Hooker, 13 Mar 1982-17 Sep 1987 listed here only for the one episode (Feb 1983) where William Shatner, as Sgt. T. J. Hooker encounters Leonard Nimoy, as a psychiatrically disturbed police oficer whose daughter was raped. For this one episode, these two "Star Trek" stars were reunited. The Twilight Zone [new], CBS, 1985-1987; Syndicated, 1987-1988 Kudos to Harlan Ellison for quitting his $5,000/week position as Creative Consultant when the network censors objected to his passionate defense of a superb Christmas episode based on the creepy but ultimately pro-diversity story "Nackles." More about this show later. The Twilight Zone Home Page V, NBC, 26 Oct 1984-5 July 1985 Two popular miniseries became a weekly series. "V" abbreviates "Visitors" -- the aliens who offered to barter their high technology for terrestrial minerals. Or so their PR firm said. A handfull of sceptics uncovered the malignant nature of the Visitors as the aliens systematically took over the earth and liquidated almost all resistance. Beneath their humanoid features, they were really carnivorous lizards, who considered humans little more than walking sushi. The good guys drive off the baddies with a bacterial red dust, reminiscent of the germs that defeated H.G. Wells' Martians. The weekly series started with a Nuremberg-like trial of the captured Visitor leader Diana -- many parallels between Visitors and Nazis recur throughout the series. Diana escapes and conquers earth again, thanks to the Vichy collaborators -- umm, I mean Scientific Frontiers Corp. which manufactures the red dust, and is led by immoral Nathan Bates. TV anchor Mike Donovan -- who had broken the story on the Visitors' evil nature -- leads the resistance, with the help of scientist Julie, plus Elias and Ham. Their headquarters was the Club Creole. They were aided by a turncoat Visitor Willie, and a woman named Robin who had had an affair with an alien and given birth to a semi-alien baby, a preposterously absurd idea to anyone who has a clue about evolutionary biology. The impossible halfbreed ages rapidly to become Elizabeth, the key to the Visitors' destruction, along with Nathan Bates' son Kyle, and a vistor faction leader named Lydia. Charles, Lt. James and Martin were Visitor officers sympathetic to the humans -- you know, nice Nazis. Peace between humans and Visitors is somehow achieved on Earth, while Elizabeth and an infatuated Kyle head for the Visitors' home world, to foment what, we never find out. Willie "goes native" and decides to stay on Earth. Mike Donovan -- Marc Singer Dr. Julia Parrish -- Faye Grant Diana -- Jane Badler Nathan Bates -- Lane Smith Robin Maxwell -- Blair Tefkin Elizabeth (teenaged) -- Jennifer Cooke Ham Tyler -- Michael Ironside Elias -- Michael Wright Willie -- Robert Englund Kyle Bates -- Jeff Yagher Lydia -- June Chadwick Howard K. Smith -- himself (opens each episode with newscast) Sean Donovan -- Nicky Katt Mr. Chiang -- Aki Aleong Charles -- Duncan Regehr Lt. James (1985) -- Judson Scott Martin/Philip (1985) -- Frank Ashmore Voyagers, NBC, 3 Oct 1982-31 July 1983 Voyagers Guide @ avimall.com Juvenile/educational science fiction about two time travellers making sure that historical events happen as they're supposed to (ripped off from Poul Anderson's "Time Patrol"). When his Way-back, I mean "Omni", breaks down, Time Cop Phineas Bogg's history book is eaten by Manhattanite Jeffrey Jones' dog. Fortunately, young Jones knows lots of history, and kids in the audience were encouraged to go to the library to find out more. Not a bad idea, if it ever worked. Phineas Bogg -- Jon-Erik Hexum Jeffrey Jones -- Meeno Peluce Werewolf, Fox, 11 July 1987-??? Grad Student Eric Cord is bitten by suicidal werewolf buddy Ted, thus becoming a wereworlf himself, unless and until he can kill "the source of the bloodline" -- Captain Janos Skorzeny. Skorzeny is eventually dispatched, but is a false lead -- Eric must find and destroy the 2,000 year-old wolfman Nicholas Remy. And I thought I had a tough time in grad school... Eric Cord -- John J. York Alamo Joe Rogan -- Lance Legault Janos Skorzeny (1987-88) -- Chuck Connors (occasional) Nicholas Remy (1988-) -- Brian Thompson Dr. Stephen Kaplan, Parapsychologist -- himself The Wizard, CBS, 9 Sep 1986-7 July 1987 Simon McKay was a professional toy inventor, but as a hobby, he created devices to help the handicapped, assisted the government spymasters, and helped the downtrodden with ingenious gadgets and kindliness. Government agent Alex Jagger was supposed to keep an eye on him, and act as bodyguard as they circled the globe on a combination of charity and intrigue. This was the promising show starring David Rappaport, the four-foot-tall actor with a heart of gold, witty and exuberantly talented. After this show failed to be renewed, David Rappaport was a continuing character on "L.A. Law." Divorced, abandoned by his girlfriend, and repeatedly jerked around by the network (which kept promising him another series, and then breaking its promise), David Rappaport committed suicide. One could say that he really died of a broken heart. I, webmaster Jonathan Vos Post, was uncredited co-author/rewriter of the most popular episode ever, written by Stephen Barnes. This episode was a twist on Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, involving a robot who loses consciousness and awakens with a bloody arm -- and a dead man on the floor. I created the motive, the means, and the resolution, and got nothing out of this except for the character in that episode named "Dr. Post." My wife (who really does have a Ph.D.) spotted David Rappaport poolside at the Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood during a Science Fiction Writers of America Nebula Awards banquet, engaged him in conversation, and sent him over to talk to the fiction editor of Omni Magazine (Ellen Datlow) and others. SFWA President Charles Sheffield invited David Rappaport to give a keynote address at the awards banquet. He improvised the most intelligent and entertaining talk I've ever heard given to this group. To this day, I wonder if his agent ever forwarded the invitations we mailed to him, in an effort to cheer him up during the bleak final days of his life. Simon McKay -- David Rappaport Alex Jagger -- Douglas Barr Tillie Russell, Housekeeper -- Fran Ryan Wizards and Warriors, CBS, 26 Feb 1983-14 May 1983 Swords and Sorcery, perhaps inspired by the success of the TSR game "Dungeons and Dragons", with a soupcon of Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Prince Erik Greystone -- Jeff Conaway Marko -- Walter Olkewicz Prince Dirk Blackpool -- Duncan Regehr Princess Ariel -- Julia Duffy Wizard Vector -- Clive Revill King Baaldorf -- Tom Hill Wizard Tranquil -- Ian Wolfe Geoffrey Blackpool -- Tim Dinigan Justin Greystone -- Jay Kerr Queen Lattinia -- Julia Payne (who did not like being called "That Royal Payne on the set) Bethel -- Randi Brooks Cassandra -- Phyllis Katz Oriental Guard -- Lonnie Wun RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE
1990s: Science Fiction TV 1990-1999
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr., Fox, 1993-1994 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. @ avimall.com The most recent cross-over Western/Fantasy series. Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers, animated, 1996?? Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers Babylon 5, Syndicated, 1994-Present Babylon 5 Guide @ avimall.com Superior science fiction series with an overall plot, and not merely episodic. Based on a decade of development, including feedback throughout by fans at science fiction conventions. {to be done} Production Company -- Babylonian Productions Executive Producer -- Douglas Netter, J. Michael Straczynski Creator/Producer -- J. Michael Straczynski Director of Photography -- John C. Flinn III, ASC Origination Format -- Super 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- LaserPacific Color Correction Facility -- LaserPacific Colorist -- Bruce Pearson Offline Facility -- Netter Digital Entertainment Offline Editors -- David Foster, Skip Robinson, Suzy Sternlicht Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- EFX Systems Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- AMS Neve Show Telephone Number -- (818) 753-1994 Agamemnon's Babylon 5 Sound Site Biker Mice from Mars, animated, 1995?? Biker Mice from Mars Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures, Fox, 1992 Based on the surprisingly enjoyable pair of feature films about the good-natured but dimwitted teenagers from San Dimas who find themselves seriously out of their depths in time travel adventures. Blade Squad, Fox, Fall 1998 Cops on rollerblades in the future. Two-hour pilot will air in September 1998, and will become series if ratings are good... Blake's 7, BBC (aired in USA on KOCE), 1992-1993 The Burning Zone, UPN, Fall 1996 The Burning Zone @ cdsnet Count Duckula, animated, 1995?? Count Duckula Self-conscious parody of superhero/dark fantasy tropes. Dark Skies, NBC, Fall 1996 Dark Skies Dark Skies Guide @ avimall.com Production Company -- Rosecrans Executive Producer -- Jim Parriott, Bryce Zabel Director of Photography -- Steve Vaconelli Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Digital Magic Company Color Correction Facility -- Digital Magic Company Colorists -- Paul Roman, Todd Dusenberry Show Telephone Number -- (818) 771-1612 Deadly Games, UPN, 1995-1996 Deadly Games @ cdsnet Deadly Games Guide @ avimall.com Earth 2, NBC, 1994-1995 Earth2: A Gaian Hypothesis Earth2 @ best.com Earth2 @ pe.com Earth 2 Guide @ avimall.com Eerie Indiana, Fox 1995, revived 1997 Eerie Indiana @ pe.com America's heartland is stranger than you think. Twilight Zone meets "Blue Velvet." Far Out Space Nuts, animated, 1995??? Far Out Space Nuts @ west.net The Flash, 1991??? The Flash @ avimall.com Based on the classic comic book superhero. He was an attractive character to me because, unlike the over-powered under-achieving Superman, The Flash had a singe super-power -- namely the ability to move extremely rapidly, from which all secondary abilities were derived. This was loosely based on the H.G. Wells story "The New Accelerator." Future Quest, to be done, 1996 Future Quest Gargoyles, animated, to be done, 1995?? Gargoyles List @ avimall.com Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, 1995?? Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Production Company -- Pacific Renaissance Pictures Executive Producer -- Sam Raimi, Robert Tapert Director of Photography -- John Mahaffie Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Digital Post Color Correction Facility -- Anderson Video Colorists -- Kevin Kirwan, Joy Gaston Offline Facility -- Anderson Video Offline Editors -- Steve Polivka, ACE; David Blewitt, ACE Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Lightworks Online Facility -- Anderson Video Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Digital Sound & Picture Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Dawn, Sample Cell, Digidesign, Studio Vision Supervising Sound Editor -- Philip Tallman Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Euphonix Show Telephone Number -- (818) 777-8233 Highlander: The Series, Syndicated, 1992-Present (Official) Highlander: The Series Season 1 (Official) Highlander: The Series season 2 (Official) Highlander: The Series season 3 (Official) Highlander: The Series season 4 more hotlinks to be added -- huge cult audience now with conventions "Gatherings" Production Company -- Gaumont Television, Filmline International Executive Producer -- Peter S. Davis, William Ranzer, Christian Charret, Marla Ginsburg, Denis Leroy Director of Photography -- Rick Wincenty Origination Format -- 16mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Gastown Post Color Correction Facility -- Gastown Post Colorists -- Margot Vanderham, Achim Kapitza Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editors -- Lara Mazur, David M. Richardson Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Lightworks Online Facility -- Gastown Post Online Editors -- Greg Krantz, Fred Richters Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Post Modern Sound Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- N.E.D. Supervising Sound Editor -- Tony Gronick Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- AMS Neve Show Telephone Number -- (604) 873-9033 Hollyweird, Fox, Winter 1998 Created by Wes Craven and Shaun Cassidy, the pilot being cast as of Feb 1998 is about two kids from Ohio who relocate to Southern California, where they start working for a local cable TV show to solve bizarre and weird crimes, pilot to air November 1998 and will become series if ratings are good Homeboys from Outer Space, UPN, Fall 1996 Homeboys from Outer Space @ cdsnet Jay Leno quipped (27-28 Dec 1996) that this would, in 1997, be subtitled in "ebonics" Production Company -- Sweet Lorraine Productions with Touchstone Television Executive Producer -- Ehrich Van Lowe Director of Photography -- Walter Glover Origination Format -- 1" Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- ??? Color Correction Facility -- 4MC Colorists -- ??? Offline Facility -- Walt Disney Offline Editor -- Mike Gavaldon Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- ??? Online Editors -- ??? Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- 4MC Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Digidesign Supervising Sound Editor -- Tamara Johnson Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- ??? Show Telephone Number -- (818) 560-7915 New Adventures of Jonny Quest, partly 3-D computer animated, based on old animated series of Jonny Quest (ABC, 18 Sep 1964-9 Sep 1965), {to be done} Jupiter Moon, British, 1990s Jupiter Moon This is the official site for JUPITER MOON. The 1990's British science fiction drama serial. Thanks for this information to: Nathan Cooke 23 Walter Street Stockton-on-Tees United Kingdom TS18 3PW Kindred: The Embraced, 1996??? Kindred: The Embraced Legend, UPN, 1995 {to be done} Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, ABC, 1993-Present Lois & Clark: Ultimate Guide to Clark Kent's Ties Production Company -- Warner Bros. Executive Producer -- Bob Singer, Eugenie Ross-Lerning, Brad Buckner Director of Photography -- Kenneth D. Zunder Origination Format -- super 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Foto-Tronics Color Correction Facility -- Foto-Tronics Colorists -- Don Pipes, Howard Broderson Offline Facility -- Warner Bros. Offline Editors -- David Ekstrom, John Showalter, Anthony Pinker Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- 525 Post Production Online Editor -- Alex Romano Online Tape Format -- D1 Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Warner Bros. Studios Sound Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Supervising Sound Editor -- Mike Lawshe Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- ??? Show Telephone Number -- (818) 954-2559 Lost on Earth, USA Network, 4 Jan 1997 Lost on Earth USA Network has previously brought us "Weird Science" and "Duckman", both of which have something to recommend themselves. Well, two out of three ain't bad. A TV reporter in Albuquerque, David Rudy, is demoted by his boss-from-hell, after an absurd incident with a chimp. David is romantically involved with his boss' daughter, and avoids being fired by agreeing to host a juvenile puppet show. The show turns out to have puppets which are really extraterrestrials stuck on our planet. Alien puppets and TV is a mix tried twice that I can think of off-hand: Johnny Jupiter (1953) and ALF (1986-90), but it doesn't accomplish what either of those did, let alone the conceptually-related Mystery Science Theatre 3000. I'm trying to say something nice, but I can't come up with anything yet. Sorry. David Rudy -- Tim Conlon (Wild Oats) boss -- Paul Gleason boss' daughter -- Stacy Galina Maniac Mansion, Family Channel, 1990-1993, to be done Maniac Mansion M.A.N.T.I.S., Fox, 1994-1995 M.A.N.T.I.S. Guide @ avimall.com The first superhero/science fiction show starring an African-American, damaged by the network toning down the racial/civil rights subplots, but otherwise a promising series. Men in Black, late 1997 or early 1998 Spin-off from the Columbia movie Men in Black Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 1992??? Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Parent everywhere lament the success of this ultra-low budget low-quality series revamped and redubbed from a pathetic Japanese series. Except, of course, for parents who then enroll their kids in Martial Arts classes, where the kids actually learn some discipline. Millennium, Fox, October 1996-present, to be done Millennium, created by Chris "X-Files" Carter, was renewed for a second season, even though it's ratings were indifferent (80th out of 118 shows on major networks), meaning that it is seen by a mere 10,700,000 viewers each week. Sometimes quality does beat quantity. Millennium @ foxworld Millennium @ aol The best new series of the 1996 season? many think so. Production Company -- Ten-Thirteen Productions Executive Producer -- Chris Carter Director of Photography -- Robert McLaughlin Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Gastown Post, colorist: Tim Kinoshita/Gastown Post Color Correction Facility -- Encore Video Colorist -- Phil Azenzer Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editors -- Stephen Mark, Chris Willingham, George Potter Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Encore Video Online Editor -- Bob Minshall Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- West Productions Supervising Sound Editor -- Mark R. Crokston Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Waveframe Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Dolby Show Telephone Number -- (310) 369-1130 Mystery Science Theater 3000, Comedy Central, 1991-1996 , to be done and the Sci-Fi Channel, 1997 Nightmare Cafe, NBC, 1992, to be done Nowhere Man, to be done, 1995??? Nowhere Man @ abacus.com Ocean Girl, to be done, 1996?? Ocean Girl @ disney.com The Outer Limits [new], Showtime and Syndication, 1995-Present The Outer Limits (unofficial) The Outer Limits (official) The Outer Limits Guide @ avimall.com Production Company -- Trilogy, MGM, Atlantis Executive Producer -- Richard B, Lewis, Pen Densham, John Watson Director of Photography -- Rick Wincenty Origination Format -- super 16mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Gastown Post Color Correction Facility -- Gastown Post Colorist -- Richard Cordes, Achim Kapitza Offline Facility -- The Bridge Offline Editors -- Judy Andreson, Brad Rines, Ron Yashida Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Lightworks Online Facility -- Gastown Post Online Editor -- Fred Richters, Flavid Bidese Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Sharpe Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Jacqueline Christiane Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- D.A.W.N. Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Amek Show Telephone Number -- (604) 299-7119 [see also the old Outer Limits (1960s)] Pinky & the Brain, animated, to be done, 1996??? Pinky & the Brain Poltergeist: the Legacy, Showtime, 1996-Present, to be done Poltergeist: the Legacy Production Company -- Trilogy, MGM, PMP Executive Producer -- Richard B, Lewis, Pen Densham, John Watson Director of Photography -- Brenton Spencer Origination Format -- super 16mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Gastown Post Color Correction Facility -- Gastown Post Colorist -- Sue Chambers, Ernie Moser Offline Facility -- The Bridge Offline Editors -- Eric Hill, Rick Martin, Stein Myhrstad Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Online Facility -- Gastown Post Online Editor -- Flavid Bidese, Greg Krantz Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Sharpe Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Anke Bakker Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- D.A.W.N. Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Amek Show Telephone Number -- (604) 299-7119 ReBoot, the first all-computer-graphics animated series; to be done, 1995?? Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, ABC, 1997 "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch" is now the centerpiece of ABC's child-oriented Friday night programming, having been promoted from the 8:30 to the anchor 9:00 p.m. slot, and it has a great deal working in its favor. My 8-year-old likes the show, and when I've been stuck with watching it, I rather enjoyed it too. Here's why. As kid-TV goes, "Sabrina" has a real superstar: Melissa Joan Hart. Melissa Joan Hart previously starred in the 1991-1994 Nickolodeon hit "Clarissa Explains It All" which my son, myself, and even my sophisticated wife enjoyed. Melissa Joan Hart's mother is one of the Executive Producers of "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch" and one might reasonably infer that the new show was constructed as a vehicle for Mom's talented daughter. Melissa is a sweet, spunky, cheerful young teen -- but with an edge to her character which expreses itself in realistic disdain for a younger brother (in Clarissa), in a subtle rebelliousness against the adult world, and in a pragmatic but often bungling scheming sneakiness. She carries all of these aspects into the new role, where she is supported rather than thwarted by adults, in the persons of the equally blonde, equally magical Aunt Hilda and Aunt Zelda. Men in this show are virtually powerless. The cute, eager-to-please but dim-bulb boyfriend is typical of the sisterhood-is-powerful feminist subtext. Adolescence itself is thematic, as Sabrina discovers on her 16th birthday that she has witchly strengths, when she finds herself levitating in her sleep, so there is an equation here that power = magic = sexuality. And yet Sabrina is as ill-prepared to deal with the adult world as any teenager, and her magic usually backfires in instructive ways. The lesson to kids is "don't try to be what you are not", mixed with "watch out for what you wish for -- you might just get it!" As Robert Lloyd points out in "Go Girls -- Sabrina and Alex Mack", L.A. Weekly, 24 January 1997, p.32, "As is not uncommon in modern juvenile fiction and film -- think [Roald] Dahl, think [Daniel] Pinkwater, if you're lucky enough to know the 'Snarkout Boys' books -- both shows celebrate the marginal, embrace the eccentric and prize the individual. 'I like weird, I love weird, I bask in the glow of weird' exults Sabrina's best friend, Jenny (the delightful Michelle Beaudoin).... 'Sabrina, the Teenage Witch' and 'The Secret World of Alex Mack' are of course, beneath the [special effects], just shows about growing up. But that's an Olympian struggle, after all, in which these principles prevail ultimately not by science nor by spells -- most of Sabrina's go wrong by working All Too Well -- but by wit, and thoughtfulness and conscience and compromise." To keep parent hooked, and to allow kids to stay awake until 9:30, the show has roped an amazing range of guest stars. In the first three weeks alone, we've seen Brady Anderson (Baltimore Oriole's star), Coolio, Brian Austin Green, Deborah Harry, Penn & Teller, Sally Jesse Raphael, Randy Travis, Jack Wagner, and Raquel Welch. "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch" is a character from the successful and well-established "Archie" comic book franchise. Disclaimer: your humble webmaster's father, Samuel H. Post was the editor of "Archie for a year or so, and produced a live-action sitcom pilot that was displaced by the animated "Archies" show. This show is trying hard to please, and hoping to become the new "Bewitched!" Production Company -- Viacom Productions Executive Producer -- Nell Scovell, Paula Hart Cast: Sabrina -- Melissa Joan Hart (Clarissa Explains It All, Touched by an Angel [guest], Twisted Desire [TV movie]) Aunt Hilda -- Caroline Rhea (Pride and Joy) Aunt Zelda -- Beth Broderick (The Five Mrs. Buchanans, Bonfire of the Vanities) Harvey (friendly but dim boyfriend) -- ?? Jenny -- Michelle Beaudoin Cat (warlock punished for trying to conquer Earth) -- cat Guest Stars -- Brady Anderson (Baltimore Oriole's star), Coolio, Brian Austin Green, Deborah Harry, Penn & Teller, Sally Jesse Raphael, Randy Travis, Jack Wagner, Raquel Welch Director of Photography -- Ron Vargas, ASC Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Modern Videofilm Color Correction Facility -- Modern Videofilm Colorist -- Dan Judy Offline Facility -- ??? Offline Editor -- Stuart Bass, ACE Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Modern Videofilm Online Editor -- ??? Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Modern Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Wilson Dyer Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- ??? Show Telephone Number -- (818) 760-5135 Sailor Moon, exteremely popular and sophisticated Japanimation, to be done SeaQuest DSV, NBC, 1993-1996, to be done SeaQuest DSV: Lucas' SeaQuest DSV 4600 Page Second Noah, [US/British production aired in US], to be done, 1997 Production Company -- MT2 Services, New World Television Executive Producer -- Pamela K. Long Director of Photography -- Michael Fash, BSC Origination Format -- 16mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Encore Video Color Correction Facility -- Encore Video Colorist -- Chris Jacobsen Offline Facility -- ??? Offline Editor -- Karl Jacobsen, Michael Belling, Nancy Forner Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Encore Video Online Editor -- Brian Baxter Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Todd AO Supervising Sound Editor -- Patrick O'Sullivan Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- ??? Show Telephone Number -- (310) 887-3800 The Secret World of Alex Mack The Secret World of Alex Mack, Nickelodeon, 1996, juvenile Children can enjoy, and learn from, the new Nickelodian series "The Secret World of Alex Mack" which airs Tuesday snad Thursdays at 8:00 p.m., and learn in particular that it is okay to be different, and that you must earn what you desire. The hook at the start of each show is Larisa Oleynik, as Alex Mack, narrating "I was just an average kid until an accident changed my life." The accident (typical of comic book superheroes) is dunking in an experimental chemical that gives her the power of telekinesis (she can levitate and thrown objects without touching them), force-field generation, the ability to (Zeus-like) throw electrical bolts and fireballs from her fingertips, and the "Terminator" morphing ability to collapse into mobile liquid metal, flow where she will, and reconsitute. "I guess I'm not so average anymore," she admits, and then each episode begins. As in the somewhat similar "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch", Alex discovers in each episode that her "awesome powers" will not help her with the social or academic pressures of school, nor with her failures in the dating scene, nor with her being in the shadow of a super-bright older sister (nicely played by Meredith Bishop), nor with the situational complications caused by her strange group of peers, nor by the evil corporate power of a local industrial chemical factory (parallel to Mr. Burns' atomic plant in "The Simpsons) with the cheerfully chilling slogan "Progress At Any Cost." Alex and her friends are fated to be the outcasts in their suburban subculture, ignored by adults, insulted by the popular clique at school, and plagued by anxiety. As Robert Lloyd points out in "Go Girls -- Sabrina and Alex Mack", L.A. Weekly, 24 January 1997, p.32, "As is not uncommon in modern juvenile fiction and film -- think [Roald] Dahl, think [Daniel] Pinkwater, if you're lucky enough to know the 'Snarkout Boys' books -- both shows celebrate the marginal, embrace the eccentric and prize the individual. 'I like weird, I love weird, I bask in the glow of weird' exults Sabrina's best friend, Jenny (the delightful Michelle Beaudoin).... 'Sabrina, the Teenage Witch' and 'The Secret World of Alex Mack' are of course, beneath the [special effects], just shows about growing up. But that's an Olympian struggle, after all, in which these principles prevail ultimately not by science nor by spells -- most of Sabrina's go wrong by working All Too Well -- but by wit, and thoughtfulness and conscience and compromise." Cast: Alex Mack -- Larisa Oleynik [older sister] -- Meredith Bishop Location: "Paradise Valley" -- Valencia, California Novelization: book by Patricia Barnes-Svarney She-Wolf of London, Syndicated, 1990-1991, to be done Sliders, Fox, 1995-Present, to be done Sliders Guide @ avimall.com An entertaining episodic series about uncontrolled travel through alternative universes, a science fiction concept pioneered by George R. R. Martin's television pilot {to be done}. This is in the genre of Alternate History , a well-established subset of science fiction where we assume that some key event happened other than the way it really happened, and that history thereafter went in a different direction. Space: Above and Beyond, Fox, 1995-1996, to be done Space: Above and Beyond Guide @ avimall.com Big budget Space Opera with good special effects and occasionally powerful drama. Space Cases, Nickelodian, 1995-Present, to be done Space Cases Guide @ avimall.com Unfortunately co-created by Billy Mumy (Lost in Space) this is surely the worst live-action science fiction juvenile today. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, to be done (1995???) Space Precinct, Syndicated, 1994-1995, to be done Space Rangers, CBS, 1993, to be done Space Rangers Guide @ avimall.com Spawn, HBO, 16 May 1997 Spawn -- the Movie Hero dies in combat in Vietnam, and comes back to half-life seeking revenge (hey, it worked for "The Crow"). The undead antihero can change shape, is internally conflicted between the dark motive of revenge and the glimmering decency of wanting to save the people he loved. He is blocked by his nemesis, the evil "Violator." Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Syndicated, 1993-Present Star Trek: The Next Generation Guide @ avimall.com Production Company -- Paramount Pictures Executive Producer -- Rick Berman, Peter Lauritson Director of Photography -- Jonathan West Origination Format -- 35mm to Digital Betacam Visual Effects -- Film to D1 Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Unitel Video, CIS Color Correction Facility -- CIS, Editel Colorist -- Larry Field, Steve Bowen, Don Lee Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editor -- Steve Tucker, Michael Westmore Jr., Jonathan Ramirez Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- ??? Online Editor -- ??? Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Modern Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Mace Matosian Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- ??? Show Telephone Number -- (213) 956-5682 Star Trek: Voyager, UPN, 1995-Present Star Trek: Ultimate Star Trek Site Star Trek: Ultimate Trek Page Star Trek: WWW (online since 1994) Star Trek: Voyager Guide @ avimall.com Production Company -- Paramount Pictures Executive Producer -- Rick Berman, Jeri Taylor Director of Photography -- Marvin Rush Origination Format -- 35mm to Digital Betacam Visual Effects -- Film to D1 Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Unitel Video Color Correction Facility -- Unitel Video Colorist -- George Cvjethicanin Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editor -- Bob Lederman, Tom Benko, Daryl Baskin Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- ??? Online Editor -- ??? Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Modern Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Bill Wistrom Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Synclavier, Fairlight Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Solid State Logic Show Telephone Number -- (213) 956-5682 Steven King's The Golden Years, CBS, 1991, to be done Strange Luck, to be done, 1995??? RoboCop--The Series, Syndication, 1994-1995, to be done Super Force, Syndicated, 1990-1992, to be done Swamp Thing, USA, 1990-1993, to be done Swamp Thing Guide @ avimall.com Based on, but not as clever as, the comic book. Tales From The Crypt, HBO, 1991-1996; Fox, 1994-1996, to be done Anthology of occult and supernatural episodes. Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters From Beverly Hills, USA, 1994-1995, to be done Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, to be done (1993???) The comic book begat the feature films and the television series and the endless merchandising... I hate to say it, but I find the show strangely comnpelling at times. Tekwar, USA, 1995, to be done They Came From Outer Space, Syndicated, 1990-1991, to be done 3rd Rock From The Sun, NBC, 1996-Present 3rd Rock From The Sun Really cool site! Content-rich, chat room, trivia contest, info on past shows, much more. We recommend this site, which shares the flavor of the excellent show: hip, funny, well-executed, and forcing you to examine your own life and customs from an unusual perspective, which is one of the keys to true science fiction. Production Company -- Carsey-Werner Productions Executive Producer -- Marcy Carsey, Tom Werner, Caryn Mandabach Director of Photography -- Ron Browne Origination Format -- 35mm Visual Effects -- Film to D1 Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Complete Post Color Correction Facility -- Complete Post Colorist -- Trent Johnson, Rich Montez Offline Facility -- Complete Post Offline Editor -- Vince Humphrey Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Complete Post Online Editor -- ??? Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Warner Bros. Studios Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- Todd Grace Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Digidesign Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Solid State Logic Show Telephone Number -- (818) 760-6057 The Tick, animated, (1996) amusing self-conscious parody of superhero cartoons, to be done Time Trax, Syndicated, 1993-1994, to be done Time Trax Guide @ avimall.com The Tomorrow People, (ITV, Great Britain, 1973) then in USA: Nickelodeon, 1994-1995 The Tomorrow People List @ avimall.com Juvenile about mutant children with telepathy/teleportation. A sad decline from the same idea well-executed by Theodore Sturgeon ("Baby is Three") and Olaf Stapledon ("Odd John"). Creators/Producers -- Roger Price and Ruth Boswell Twin Peaks, brilliany quirky metaphysical detective fantasy created by David Lynch ("Blue Velvet", "Dune"), to be done (1991??) Undersea City, BBC series in USA on UPN 1995 Vampires, Fox, Fall 1997 live-action and animated series by Happy Zone Enetertainment, a Los Angeles joint venture between MSH Entertainment and New York's Abrams/Gentile Entertainment. Venus On The Half Shell, Nickelodeon, 1998 A promising science fiction comedy cobbled together from a dozen of the fictitious novels of Kilgore Trout, himself an invention of Kurt Vonnegut. V.E.N.U.S. on the Hard Drive, Fox, Midseason 1997 (announced May 1997) Two young men discover a computer intelligence, and the software comes to life as a "cyberwoman." Viper: (1994-1996) (to be done) Viper @ avimall.com The Visitor, Fox, Fall 1997 (announced May 1997), Friday nights leading to Millennium: The team behind "Independence Day" produced this science fictin series, which stars John Corbett as a man who visits the Bermuda Triangle and returns with strange powers and abilities. The Visitor -- John Corbett (the DJ on "Northern Exposure") VR Troopers, (1996???) even worse imitation of Power Rangers if that's imaginable, to be done VR Troopers @ avimall.com VR-5, (1996???) o be done VR-5 Guide @ avimall.com Weird Science, to be done (1990s... dates???) Spun-off from the feature film shot at my alma mater, Caltech. Two college kids have created a perfect woman, who challenges their social life through lack of understanding of human society. Production Company -- St. Clare Entertainment Executive Producer -- John Landis, Leslie Belzberg, Robert Lloyd Lewis, Tom Spezialy, Alan Cross Director of Photography -- Richard Rawlings Jr. Origination Format -- super 35mm Visual Effects -- Film to D1 Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Modern Videofilm Color Correction Facility -- Modern Videofilm Colorist -- Rick Dalby Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editor -- Leon Seith, Craig A. Colton Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Modern Video Online Editor -- James Spach Online Tape Format -- DT2 Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Larson Sound Supervising Sound Editor -- John Kincade Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Sonics, LarTec Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Otari Show Telephone Number -- (818) 777-6007 WHAT IF: real SETI science meets science fiction on TV What If, Discovery Channel, Tuesday 14 Jan 1997 at 10 pm and 1 am (Pacific Time), and rebroadcast the following weekend. The entry here is mostly about the middle part of a 3-part"alternate history" miniseries running 13-15 Jan 1997. The 1st episode is about a big quake hitting Los Angeles. The 2nd episode is about SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), and more about that below. The 3rd episode is about what would have ahppened if Martin Luther King had become President of the United States of America. Now, about that SETI episode. It was written, produced, and directed by Englishman Mark Harrison, for a British production company working for the Discovery Channel. It's a mostly fictional story about SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) succeeding, with no real scientists in the fictional part. Then there's an afterword, separated from the fiction, with short interviews of scientists Seth Shostak, Frank Drake, and Thomas R. McDonough, Ph.D. . Most of it was filmed in the San Francisco area. Tom McDonough consulted on the script, suggesting scientific ideas to make the plot work, and correcting errors. Tom McDonough has previously been Technical Advisor on science and science fiction media productions such as the film "The Philadelphia Experiment." CARL SAGAN Eulogy by protege Tom McDonough Xena: Warrior Princess, to be done (1995???) {to be done} Popular spin-off of "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" starring Lucy Lawless, now with a devoted following that attends conventions. Most of the location shooting is done in New Zealand. Production Company -- Pacific Renaissance Pictures Executive Producer -- Sam Raimi, Robert Tapert Director of Photography -- Donald Duncan Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Digital Post Color Correction Facility -- Anderson Video Colorists -- Kevin Kirwan, Joy Gaston Offline Facility -- Anderson Video Offline Editors -- Robert Field, Jim Prior Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- ??? Online Facility -- Anderson Video Online Tape Format -- Digital Betacam Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- Digital Sound & Picture Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- Dawn, Digidesign Supervising Sound Editor -- Richard Ford Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Euphonix Show Telephone Number -- (818) 777-8233 The X-Files, Fox, 1993-Present X-Files: Ultimate X-File Link Page The Lone Gunman (X-Files) X-Files: Guide1 @ avimall.com X-Files: Guide2 @ avimall.com Production Company -- Twentieth Century Fox Television/Ten-Thirteen Productions Executive Producer -- Chris Carter Director of Photography -- John Joffin Origination Format -- 35mm Film-to-Tape Transfer Facility -- Encore Video, Gastown Post Color Correction Facility -- Encore Video, Gastown Post Colorist -- Andrea Dixon/Gastown Post, Phil Azenzer/Encore Video Offline Facility -- In-house Offline Editors -- Heather MacDougall, Jim Gross, Michael S. Stern Offline Editing System Manufacturer -- Avid Online Facility -- Encore Video Online Editor -- Bob Minshall Online Tape Format -- DCT Audio Editing/Mixing Facility -- West Productions Supervising Sound Editor -- Thierry Jacouturier Audio Editing System Manufacturer -- TimeLine Audio Mixing/Sweetening System Manufacturer -- Neotek Show Telephone Number -- (310) 369-1130 The X-Men, (1996???) to be done Yesteryear, Nickelodeon, 1998 Zardoz: The Series, UPN, 1997 RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE ***** miscellaneous, still to be properly placed ******* The Adventures of Superman, see "Superman, the Adventures of" Ark II, to be done Ark II Guide @ avimall.com The Collective (Star Trek) Dark Shadows, DATES??? Dark Shadows Melancholy dark fantasy, reputedly the all-time favorite show of heroin addicts. {to be done} David's Home Page (Star Wars) Dracula: The Series, 1995??? Dracula: The Series Based loosely on Bram Stoker's "Dracula." DreamWatch Online Fu Manchu, see the Adventures of Fu Manchu IZAN Home Page (Star Trek) Jet Jackson -- see "Captain Midnight" The Judgment of Jupiter, UPN, 1997 A sly revisiting of Roman mythology, this series is heavily under wraps right now. The Klingon Language Institute Land of the Lost, DATES??? Land of the Giants by ftp Land of the Lost @ west.net The Lost Saucer, DATES??? The Lost Saucer The Lurker's Guide to Babylon 5 Mann & Machine -- British, never broadcast in USA? Monsters, to be done Monsters by ftp Muppet Show -- should I put an entry here for "Pigs in Space"? -- 1980??? Should I mention NBC's Saturday Night Live for its Coneheads routine, which turned into a movie? The Omega Factor, to be done, DATES??? The Omega Factor The Q Continuum (Star Trek) The Real Ghostbusters, to be done, DATES??? Based on the hit movie with the hit song. Robotech, to be done DATES??? Rocky and his Friends, see The Bullwinkle Show Rod Serling's Night Gallery -- see Night Gallery Sci-Fi Entertainment (Trek, X-Files, Star Wars) Science Fiction Gallery (Film/TV) Sci-Fi Central (Film/TV) The SciFi Site (Film/TV) SCTV Network 90 -- Should I mention SCTV's Joe Flaherty's burned-out Dracula-host "Count Floyd" on the spoof of low-budget kiddie shows "Monster Horror Chiller Theater?" Aaaaahwoooo! cough cough... Sigmund & the Seamonsters, to be done, DATES??? Space Ghost, to be done (1960s ??) Space Striker, to be done (DATES???) Starblazers, to be done (DATES???) Starcops, to be done (DATES???) Supercar, to be done (DATES???) Superfriends, to be done (DATES???) Tales of E.S.P., see E.S.P. (DATES???) Tales of the Unknown: see Journey to the Unknown (DATES???) Teknoman, to be done (DATES???) Tom Smothers' Organic Prime Time Space Ride -- don't be fooled by the title. (DATES???) The Transformers, (DATES???) animated series based on toys first released in Japan, to be done The Tripods, superior British series, seen in US on ????, to be done Tripods TV and Sc-Fi Links: Star Trek TNG (Caltech) Ultraman, to be done (DATES???) U.N.C.L.E. -- syndicated title for "The Man From U.N.C.L.E." (see entry for that name) and "The Girl from U.N.C.L.E." Warner Brothers Animation: Animaniacs, Freakazoid, Pinky & the Brain War of the Worlds, to be done (DATES???) War of the Worlds @ avimall.com RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE
Science Fiction TELEVISION: where to go for more
check out Science Fiction TV web sites including: Strange Fun A slick and quirky website that covers Science Fiction Film reviews, Science Fiction television reviews, Comics, Star Trek, peculiar graphics, and promises to enlighten us about "Hong Kong action, Japanese anime, Hindi musicals" or whatever else tickles the webmasters' fancy. As of 12 Jan 1997, Science Fiction film reviews (with ratings, cast list, and stills) include: Bogus Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story The Island of Dr. Moreau John Carpenter's Escape from L.A. Mars Attacks 101 Dalmatians Space Jam Star Trek: First Contact There is also a weekly column on science fiction television by Ken Shapiro, and Science Fiction Video reviews (with ratings, cast list, and stills) including: The Arrival Casper The City of Lost Children Crumb Dragonheart Independence Day James and the Giant Peach Rumble in the Bronx Toy Story Twister Opinionated, pulling no punches, witty, and graphically cool, this is a web site to watch. Who knows what it might grow into, or perhaps mutate would be a better term... RETURN TO TOP OF CHRONOLOGICAL TV PAGE
| i don't know |
Which five words appeared as front page headline on the front of the Sun Newspaper on March 13th 1986, it was in connection to a famous British comedian who is now aged 70 ? | Freddie Starr - Who is talking about Freddie Starr on FLICKR
Freddie Starr
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David Craig - Pan paperback 1978 film tie-in
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David Craig - Pan paperback 1978 film tie-in
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Pavilion Theatre
Glasgow, Scotland.
Designed by Bertie Crewe for Thomas Barrasford, the Pavilion Theatre opened at the corner of Renfield Street and Renfrew Street, Glasgow on the 29 February, 1904. It was regarded as luxurious for its time with its decor being described by the owners as “pure Louis XV”. An electrically operated sliding roof ensured good ventilation.
Performances in the early days were mainly variety, melodrama and pantomime. Many of the leading music hall artistes of the period appeared at the Pavilion, including Marie Lloyd, Little Tich, Harry Lauder, Florrie Forde, Will Fyffe, Sarah Bernhardt and a then unknown Charlie Chaplin.
Since the 1930s, the Pavilion began to host pantomimes with top name stars of the Scottish variety scene, such as Harry Gordon and Dave Willis. In more recent times it has produced plays, such as ‘The Sash’ and ‘The Steamie’.
The Pavilion Theatre is now the only privately run theatre in Scotland and one of a few unsubsidised independent theatres left in Britain.
“Defying all the odds, Glasgow’s Pavilion regularly purveys variety to this day. All the more remarkable as it is completely unsubsidised and receives no funding from the Scottish Arts Council and kindred bodies whose thoughts and cash are directed at higher cultural activities. It remains the last stronghold of a long music hall tradition in Europe’s City of Culture owing everything to a dedicated staff and patrons and nothing to the public purse.
With its imposing terra cotta facade, the Pavilion Theatre of Varieties was designed by Bertie Crewe in the grand manner for Thomas Barrasford. The domed ceiling was surmounted by an electrically controlled sliding roof for ventilation. Fine Rococo plasterwork on the circle, balcony and box fronts; decoration executed in pure Louis XV; handsome mahogany woodwork and the marble mosaic floor all lent the 1800 seat theatre an aura of splendour.
No less amusing than the dentist advertising in the Pavilion programme “painless extractions with nitrous oxide for 4/- (20p) or cocaine for 1/- (5p)”, were the press observations on the “fashionable company” which attended the Pavilion’s first house on 29th February,1904. We learn that “among the elite there was quite a preponderance of ladies and gentlemen of quality in evening dress”. Alas, class consciousness and respectability were all in Edwardian Britain!
All the eminent music hall worthies turned up at the Pavilion at some time or other, none more so than FLORRIE FORDE. A strong pantomime tradition was established in the ‘thirties with HARRY GORDON and DAVE WILLIS alternately playing eight weeks at the Pavilion before moving east to the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh.
The ‘forties and ‘fifties saw pantomime runs of sixteen weeks for JACK ANTHONY (with BERTHA RICARDO and BOND ROWELL) and lengthy summer shows for TOMMY MORGAN (with ‘TOMMY YORKE; JIMMY HILL and MARGARET MILNE).
These happy and hilarious summer seasons were emulated during the 1960s and early 1970s by LEX McLEAN (with JIMMY CARR & VONNIE; RON DALE, and MARGO BENTLEY). Plentiful belly laughs were assured when the master of timing with his clever one liners and asides was the central figure. Another regular crowd puller to Renfield Street was JACK MILROY with his clean infectious humour, seen at its best in the Pavilion’s Diamond Jubilee “World of Widow Cranky” adventure in pantomime with CHARLIE SIM and SALLY LOGAN.
LULU from Dennistoun (real name Marie Lawrie) broke box office records in 1975 with her irrepressible vitality and joyous personality. BILLY CONNOLLY, HECTOR NICOL, GLEN DALY, FREDDIE STARR and ANDY CAMERON portrayed their own distinctive brands of humour while Scottish songstresses LENA ZAVARONI, SHEENA EASTON, LENA MARTELL and BARBARA DICKSON also scored heavily with Pavilion audiences.
It was anything but plain sailing for the Pavilion and there was gloomy speculation of closure after incurring heavy financial losses in 1981. Spared the fate which befell the Queens, Metropole, Empire, Alhambra and Empress Theatres, the 80 years old Pavilion was rescued by James Glasgow and transformed into a modest profit maker. Smash-hit shows with SYDNEY DEVINE; spells from hypnotist ROBERT HALPERN; pantomime with DENNY WILLIS, and one night gigs from the foremost modern television entertainers have kept the cash tills registering.
The Pavilion also played a major role in the annual Mayfest – Glasgow’s International Festival of popular theatre, music, the arts and community programmes.
Little altered and virtually unspoilt since its inception, the seating capacity of 1449 is made up of 677 stalls, 341 circle, 413 balcony and 18 box seats. While the stiff shirts in chauffeur-driven cabs have given way to coach parties from the rural areas of Strathclyde and beyond, a policy of providing the best in live entertainment has been pursued consistently. The portents look good for the vibrant Pavilion Theatre of Varieties.”
From The Scottish Music Hall 1880-1990
by J. H. Littlejohn (1990) (ISBN 1 872350 05 4)
For more information
The Scottish Music Hall & Variety Theatre Society, grew from The Sir Harry Lauder Society which was founded in Sir Harry’s birthplace, Portobello, in 1979. Its aims are to advance the cause of Scottish Music Hall & Variety Theatre and bring people together who are interested in this most vibrant of Art Forms -The Scottish Music Hall and Variety Theatre. Our members come from both sides of the footlights and include many artistes who are still performing in Variety, theatre historians, journalists and, above all, the theatre going public who filled the seats in the Empires, Palaces, Palladiums etc, all over the country and our membership ranges worldwide.
The SOCIETY produces a quarterly magazine titled “STAGEDOOR” and this is issued to our members every Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn. “STAGEDOOR” features many articles about your favourite Music Hall and Variety Artistes. The Society also runs various events throughout the year e.g. lunches, coach trips, exhibitions and theatre visits etc. This Society gives one an opportunity to reminisce of the “Glorious days of Music Hall and Variety Theatre”. Today the Society maintains a vested interest in supporting the live Variety Theatre of today as an Art Form.
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Hullo !
We are going to tell the Truth about the idiot, Boris, now that he is no longer Mayor. Yes.
See, Little Joe Troll has befriended Hoss, who is made of melted chocolate, he was the idiot, Boris's slave.
"Tell us, Hoss, in your own words, exactly how the idiot, Boris, ate your bestest friend, which was your Freddie Starr Doll, and how the idiot, Boris, ate it, yes; oh and we will give you biscuits, we would have given you biscuits anyway." *
"He eated Freddie ! My dollie !"
"And what did you do, Hoss ?"
"I did cry ! Yes, I did !"
"Well, you've been a very good Hoss, now you can have all the biscuits (*) you could ever desire."
Well, now you know the truth, you must act as you see fit.
Walk Tall !
* Of course, the plural of biscuit is biskwee, but Hoss cannot understand this, because he is Hoss.
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Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
BBC-1 Television
8:55am Watch: The story of the Nativity, with James Earl Adair, Louise Hall-Taylor (repeat
9:25am Mr Benn
9:40am Pink Panther Show (cartoons)
10:00am Morning Worship: from the Clifton Cathedral
11:15am The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962 film) starring Laurence Harvey, Karl Boehm, Claire Bloom
1:10pm Carols from Warwick Castle, with Vince Hill, Iris Williams, intrduced by Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
2:00pm Top of the Pops '80 (part 1)
Featured singers include: Abba, Blondie, David Bowie, Pink Floyd, Dexy's Midnight Runners
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea (1954 Disney film) starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Peter Lorre
5:15pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show
6:05pm News, with Angela Rippon
6:10pm Larry Grayson's Generation Game, with Isla St Clair
7:15pm Dallas: An extortionist threatens to blow up the Ewing 23 oil well, and JR out manoeuvres Bobby
8:45pm Airport 1975 (1974 film) starring Charlton Heston, Karen Black, George Kennedy, Sid Caesar
10:30pm News, with Angela Rippon
10:40pm Parkinson at Christmas: guests, Penelope Keith, James Galway, Ben Vereen
11:40pm Christmas Comedy Classic: Fawlty Towers (repeat)
12:10am Weather
Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
BBC-2 Television
11:00-11:25am Play School:
3:10pm A Year in the Life of an Exmoor Man: Film about Tom Rook, auctioneer and estate agent.
4:10pm Blue Skies (1946 film) starring Bing Crosby, Fred Astarie, Joan Caulfield
5:50pm Little Swallow (Shanghai cartoon)
6:05pm The Band Wagon (1953 MGM musical) starring Fred Astaire, Cyd Charisse
7:55pm News
8:05pm Tosca (Italian film of Puccini's opera)
10:10pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
10:20pm One Hundred Great Paintings: Seurat'sLa Grand Jatte, with Milton Brown
hung at the Art Institute in Chicago
10:30-12:15pm The Front Page (1974 film) starring Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon
Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:00am A Merry Morning; Leeds area children's party,
host: Don McLean, with Guys and Dolls, and the Chuckle Brothers
9:45am Christmas Eucharist: Live from Canterbury Cathedral
10:45am A Christmas Star (cartoon)
11:10am Christmas Runaround: Quiz with the contestants on ice-skates, with Mike Reid
11:40am Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World (1973 film) starring Jim Dale, Spike Milligan, Angela Douglas
1:15pm Christmas Crossroads
1:45pm Billy Smart's Christmas Circus
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm George and Mildred (1980 film) starring Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce
4:55pm News
host Ted Rogers, guests Nicholas Parsons, Derek Batey, Sheila Steafel, Bill Maynard, Mike Reid
6:00pm The Man with the Golden Gun (1974 James Bond film)
starring Roger Moore, Christopher Lee, Britt Ekland, Bernard Lee
8:30pm Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show:
guests: Peter Barkworth, Hannah Gordon, Glenda Jackson, Alec Guinness, Jill Gascoine, Gemma Craven, Peter Vaughan
9:30pm This is Your Life
10:00pm Janet and Company: Janet Brown with Roy Kinnear, Frank Windsor
10:30pm News
10:40pm A Touch of Class (1972 film) starring George Segal, Glenda Jackson
12:30am It's Christmas: Children of St. Richards with St. Andrews School, Ham, Surrey - sing carols
12:45am
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
BBC-1 Television
8:40am Star Over Bethlehem (repeat of last nights BBC2 seven-nation musical link up)
9:40pm The Flumps
9:55pm Rolf at Christmas: Rolf Harris in Chester with 200 children, guests: Keith Harris, Darts
10:30am Christmas Morning Service: The Royal Family at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
11:50am The Donald Duck Story. part 1 (cartoon biography) (part 2 tomorrow)
12:30pm Tom Thumb (1958 film) starring Russ Tamblyn, Peter Sellers, Terry-Thomas, Jessie Matthews, June Thorburn
2:00pm Top of the Pops '81: with Peter Powell, Dave Lee Travis, and Zoo
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Larry Grayson's Generation Game: with Isla St. Clair
4:10pm In Search of the Castaways (1961 Disney film) starring Hayley Mills, Maurice Chevalier
5:45pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:25pm News, with Moira Stuart
6:35pm Paul Daniels' Magical Christmas
7:15pm Last of the Summer Wine
7:45pm The Two Ronnies: guests Sheena Easton, Chas and Dave
8:35pm Dallas: Bobby and Miss Ellie put some difficult questions to the no-good JR.
9:25pm Loophole (1981 film) starring Albert Finney, Martin Sheen
11:05pm News, with Moira Stuart
11:15pm Parkinson on Comedy: Some of the best moments from Michael Parkinson's past shows featuring comedians
including Bob Hope, Dave Allen, Rowan Atkinson
12:15-12:45am Christmas Night with The Spinners: from the Royal Hall, Harrogate
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
BBC-2 Television
11:00-11:25am Play School: Carol Leader and Ben Thomas read The Christmas Story
2:05pm Harold Lloyd: The Freshman (1925 film) (b-w)
3:15pm A Charlie Brown Christmas
3:40pm Uproar in Heaven (Chinese cartoon) featuring Monkey
5:25pm Joseph and Child: scultor Arthur Dooley
5:40pm Sounds of Christmas: carols and festive music from the Royal Albert Hall, London, introduced by Richard Stilgoe
6:35pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
6:50pm One Hundred Great Paintings, with Edwin Millins: Leonardo Da Vinci's Virgin and Child with St. Anne
7:00pm Dersu Uzala (1975 Russian film)
9:15pm News, with Moira Stuart
9:25pm Margot Fonteyn introduces the London Festival Ballet
10:30pm Country Holiday: Country music show
11:15-1:05am The War Between Men and Women (1972 film) starring Jack Lemmon
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
ITV - Thames Television (London)
10:00am Christmas Family Worship: from Duke Street Baptist Church, in Richmond, Surrey
11:00am The Dazzle: Edna O'Brien reads her story
11:30am We Six Kings: The King's Singers, from Nostell Priory, Yorkshire
12:00noon The Three Lives of Thomasina (1964 Disney film) starring Patrick McGoohan, Susan Hampshire
1:45pm A Wedding in the Family: An unusual view of the July 29 royal wedding
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Dr. No (1962 James Bond film) starring Sean Connery, Ursula Andress
5:15pm This is Your Life
5:45pm News from ITN
5:50pm The Muppet Movie (1978 film) starring Mel Brooks, Bob Hope, James Coburn, Telly Savalas
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
7:40pm Game for a Laugh: Henry Kelly, Sara Kennedy, Jeremy Beadle
8:30pm It'll be Alright on the Night (3): Dennis Norden
9:35pm Harry and Walter Go tO New York (1976 film) starring Michael Daine, James Caine, Diane Keaton
11:40pm Rising Damp: Leonard Rossiter, Richard Beckinsale (repeat of Christmas edition)
12:10-12:20am Star in the Sky: carols sung by children of St Richard's with St Andrew's School, Ham, Richmond, Surrey
Christmas 1982
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
BBC-1 Television
8:40am The All-New Pink Panther Show
9:00am Carols from Buckfast
9:45am Christmas Parade: Hyde Park Barracks: The Queen's Life Guard
10:35am Christmas Morning Service: from St Chad's Church, Lichfield
11:40am Raccoons on Ice (musical cartoon) narrated by Rich Little, voices of Rita Coolidge and Leo Sayer
12:05pm Mister Quilp (1975 film) starring Anthony Newley, David Hemmings
2:00pm Top of the Pops '82: Christmas Party with Peter Powell, John Peel, Dave Lee Travis, Steve Wright,
Andy Peebles, Richard Skinner, Tommy Vance, Mike Smith and Mike Read
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm International Velvet (1978 film) starring Tatum O'Neal, Nanette Newman, Christopher Plummer, Anthony Hopkins
Written, Produced and Directed by Bryan Forbes
5:10pm News, with Jan Leeming
5:20pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:00pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show:
6:55pm Last of the Summer Wine: All Mod Conned: Bill Owen, Peter Sallis, Brian Wilde
7:30pm The Two Ronnies Christmas Show: Guest: David Essex
8:15pm Agatha Christie's Death On The Nile (1978 film) starring Peter Ustinov as Hercule Poirot
10:30pm News, with Jan Leeming
10:40pm Perry Como: Christmas in Paris
11:30pm The Signalman: Ghost Story for Christmas
12:10-12:40am Christmas Night with The Spinners: at the Alhambra Theatre, Bradford
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
BBC-2 Television
2:10pm The Islanders (2/4)
2:40pm Gold From the Deep: The Salvage of the Century: HMS Edinburgh: Narrated by Robert Powell
3:40pm The Book Game
4:10pm 25 Years in Space: A Horizon Special
5:20pm Sellers Over Christmas: The Millionairess (1960 film) starring Peter Sellers, Sophia Loren
6:45pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
6:50pm News on 2, with Jan Leeming
6:55pm The World About Us: On the Tracks of the Wild otter
7:45pm The World of James Joyce
9:35pm Richard Baker's Christmas Dozen: The Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Andrew Davis
10:40-12:35am Fedora (1978 film) starring William Holden. Produced, Directed & Screenplay by Billy Wilder
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
9:00am Journey Back to Oz (1971 film) starring Liza Minnelli, Mickey Rooney
10:30am Christmas Morning Service: from Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady St. John's Wood, London
11:30am Enid Blyton's The Island of Adventure (1981 film)
1:00pm Film Fun at Christmas, with Derek Griffiths
2:00pm Andy Williams' Christmas Special
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm The Parent Trap (1961 Disney film) starring Hayley Mills
5:25pm ITN News
5:35pm 3-2-1: Christmas Special: host Ted Rogers
6:35pm Game for a Laugh: Henry Kelly, Matthew Kelly, Sarah Kennedy, Jeremy Beadle
7:25pm Bruce Forsyth's Play Your Cards Right
8:00pm The Black Hole (film) starring Maximillian Schell, Anthony Perkins
9:50pm Chas & Dave's Christmas Knees-up
10:50pm ITN News
10:55pm Cleo and John: Cleo Laine and John Dankworth
11:55pm The Triple Echo (1972 film) Glenda Jackson, Oliver Reed
Christmas 1983
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
BBC-1 Television
8:35am The Christmas Raccoons (musical cartoon)
9:00am Carols from Newby Hall: guests Grace Kennedy, Robert White, and the Cambridge University Chamber Choir
9:50am Away in a Manger: Christmas through the eyes of primary schoolchildren
10:20am Christmas Morning Family Service: from The Mint Methodist Church, Exeter.
11:20am The Little Convict: Rolf Harris as Jake the Peg
12:35pm Ziggy's Gift (animated film)
1:00pm Bugs Bunny (cartoon)
1:05pm Glitterball (1977 Children's Film Fountain)
2:00pm Top of the Pops 1983: featuring number one hits by:
Michael Jackson, Shakin' Stevens, Men at Work, Duran Duran, Bucks Fizz, Lionel Richie, David Bowie
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Blankety Blank: Terry Wogan with
guests: Sabina Franklyn, Roy Kinnear, Ruth Maddoc, Patrick Moore, Beryl Reid, Freddie Starr
3:50pm Treaure Island (1950 Disney film) starring Robert Newton, Bobby Driscoll
5:25pm News, read by Jan Leeming
5:25pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:15pm Songs Of Praise Special: from Peterborough
7:15pm The Two Ronnies:
serial - The Adventures of Archie, with Carol Hawkins as the Blonde
guest: Elton John
8:05pm All Creatures Great and Small
9:35pm Only Fools and Horses
10:05pm News, read by Jan Leeming
10:15pm Better Late Than Never (1983 film) starring David Niven, Maggie Smith, Art Carney
11:45-12:15am The Spinners at York, the seasonal setting is the Victorian street at the Castle Museum.
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
BBC-2 Television
2:00pm Nobody Minded the Rain: Coronation Day 2nd June 1953 (repeat)
3:00pm The Book Game
3:30pm The Great Palace: The Story of Parliament (8/8)
4:20pm Henry's Cat: (Bob Godfrey and Stan Hayward cartoon)
4:25pm Meet Me In St. Louis (1944 film) starring Judy Garland singing The Trolley Song
6:15pm The Natural World: Winter Days
7:05pm News, read by Jan Leeming
7:15pm Cinderalla: Rossini's two-act opera La Cenerentoia
9:50pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
10:05pm The Bob Monkhouse Show: guest Norman Wisdom, and the Rusian-American comedian Yakov Smirnoff,
music from Bertice Reading, and the Harry Stoneham Band
11:00-12:10am The Marx Brothers in Duck Soup (1933 film)(b-w)
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
ITV - TV-am
7:00am Rub-a-Dub-Tub Christmas Day Special, with Bonnie Langford, Michele Dotrice, Edward Woodward, Alan Dart
8:00am Christmas with TV-am:
- Thought for Christmas from Cardinal Hume
- Christ Tarrant at the Queen Mary Hospital for Children, in Carshalton, Surrey
9:00am Roland Rat's Winter Wonderland
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
9:25am The Night the Animals Talked (animated parable) music and lyrics by Sammy Cahn and Jule Styne (repeat)
9:50am The Fraggles are Coming: trailer for new puppet series
9:55am Messengers to Earth: musical fantasy, music by Lou Lewis.
Recorded at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Crediton, Devon (repeat)
10:20am Christmas Morning Worship: from St. Molua's Church, Belfast
11:20am The Magic Planet: Ice-skating spectacular
12:15pm The Capture of Grizzly Adams (1981 TV film) starring Dan Haggerty, Kim Darby, Noah Bery, Keenan Wynn
2:00pm The Royal Year: An ITN compilation of the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh's' visit to the Caribbean, US, Kenya,
India and Bangladesh. Plus the Prince and Princess of Wales' tours of Australi, New Zealand and Canada
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Superman (1978 film) starring Christopher Reeve
5:35pm Bullseye Christmas Special: host Jim Bowan, guests; Kenneth Kendall, Anne Diamond
6:20pm News from ITN
6:30pm A Royal Concert of Carols: The Prince and Princess of Wales, Songs from Marti Webb, Piano Peter Donohoe
7:15pm Bruce Forsyth's Play Your Card's Right
7:45pm Jimmy Tarbuck's Christmas All Stars: guests, Bruce Forsyth, Mike Yarwood, Cannon and Ball,
Michael Barrymore, Shakin' Stevens. Plus 'Game for a Laugh' special,
and from the US by satellite: Andy Williams, Robert Wagner, Stefanie Powers, The Temptations, The Four Tops
9:10pm Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978 film) starring Peter Sellers
11:00pm News from ITN
11:10pm The King's Christmas: The King's Singers at Harewood House, Yorkshire.
11:40pm The Untouchables: Crime drama with Robert Stack as Eliot Ness (repeat)
12:25am A Different Christmas: from Stoke Mandeville Hospital, with Gillian Reynolds and Jimmy Savile
Christmas 1984
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
BBC-1 Television
8:40am Play School: presented by Carol Chell
9:00am Busker's Christmas Story (2/3) CHristopher Lillicrap reads the updated story of the Nativity
9:15am Born in Bethlehem: carols (shown yesterday)
10:00am Christmas Morning Family Service: from Fisherwick Presbyterian Church, Belfast
11:05am The Noel Edmonds Live Live Christmas Breakfast Show: from the top of the British Telecom Tower
12:35pm Blue Murder at St. Trinians (1957 film) starring Alastair Sim, Joyce Grenfell, George Cole, Terry-Thomas
2:00pm Top of the Pops 1984: Culture Club, Jim Diamond, Duran Duran, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Howard Jones,
Nik Kershaw, The Thompson Twins, Wham, and Paul Young
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm Mary Poppins (1964 film) starring Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, David Tomlinson, Glynis Johns
5:25pm News, with Jan Leeming
5:30pm Christmas Blankety Blank: host Les Dawson,
on the panel: Lorraine Chase, Suzanne Danielle, Ken Dodd, Russell Harty, Ruth Madoc, Derek Nimmo
6:05pm Hi-de-Hi
6:35pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show:
guests: George Carl, clown from Chicago; Kris Kremo, a high speed juggler from Las Vegas;
and the Olympiads, a balancing act from Germany
7:25pm Just Good Friends
8:55pm The Two Ronnies: guest singer Eliane Paige
9:55pm News, with Jan Leeming
10:05pm Wogan: Terry Wogan's guests: Freddie Starr, Kiri Te Kanawa, Elton John, Victoria Principal
10:55-12:50am Some Like It Hot (1959 film) starring Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, Marilyn Monroe
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
BBC-2 Television
1:55pm A Dog's Life (1918 film) starring Charlie Chaplin
2:35pm Polar Bear Alert (documentary) (repeat)
3:25pm Limelight (1952 film) starring Charlie Chaplin, Claire Bloom
5:35pm Telly Quiz, presented by Jerry Stevens
6:05pm The Nutcracker: Scottish Ballet's production of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet, starring Elaine McDonald
Recorded at the Theatre Royal, Glasgow, with the Scottish Ballet Orchestra
7:50pm The Master of Mouton: Russell Harty makes a pilgrimage to the Medoc to meet Baron Philippe de Rothchild
at the Chateau Mouton.
8:40pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
8:55-12:00midnight Kaos (1984 film) starring Omero Antonutti, Margarita Lozano
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
ITV - TV-am
6:25-9:25am Good Morning Britain: Anne Diamond, Nick Owen, Newsreader: Gordon Honeycombe
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:25am Dangermouse Double Bill (repeat)
9:45am Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
9:55am Emu at Christmas
10:35am Christmas Morning Service, from St George's Chapel, Windsor, introduced by Sir Alastair Burnet
11:45am Bugs Bunny's Looney Movie (1981 film)
1:15pm Top Pop Videos of '84
2:00pm Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Special
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm The Man with the Golden Gun (1974 James Bond film) starring Roger Moore
5:25pm ITN News
5:30pm Give Is a Clue: presented by Michael Parkinson
Una Stubb's team: Julia Mckenzie, Nicola Paget, Julie Walters
Lionel Blair's team: Spike Milligan, Wayne Sleep, Bernie Winters
6:00pm Bring Me Sunshine - A Tribute to Eric Morecambe OBE, introduced by Ernie Wise
8:30pm Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981 film) starring Harrison Ford
10:40pm ITN News
10:45pm Des O'Connor Tonight: guests Hank Marvin, Mireille Matthieu
11:35pm Home for the Holidays (1972 film) starring Walter Brennan
12:50-1:00am Peace: Gill Nevill meets some of the people who are attempting to bring some peace
to different parts of the globe.
Christmas 1985
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
BBC-1 Television
9:35am This is the Day
10:05am The Gnome-Mobile (1967 Disney film) starring Walter Brennan
11:28am Weather
11:30am Roland's Yuletide Binge: guests Russell Grant, Frankie Howerd, Jan Leeming, Ian McCaskill, Beryl Reid,
and Valerie Singleton
11:55am The Noel Edmonds Live Live Christmas Breakfast Show: from the top of the British Telecom Tower, includes the first live television satellite broadcast from the Sudan in which British relief workers are linked with their families in this country.
2:00pm Top of the Pops Christmas Party
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm Children's Royal Variety Performance, in the presence of Princess Margaret, introduced by Mike Smith,
guests include: Roy Castle, Jan Francis, Rolf Harris, Paul Nicholas, Su Pollard, Gian Sammarco and Wayne Sleep.
4:55pm All Creatures Great and Small (feature-length episode)
6:25pm News, with Moira Stuart
6:30pm Hi-de-Hi: (first of new series)
The entertainments staff of Maplins are at loggerheads over the casting of poolside entertainment.
7:30pm Only Fools and Horses: (feature length episode)
Del accepts a commission to go to Amsterdam to collect a cache of diamonds only to discover that the boys in blue
have knowledge of the proposed trip and seal off the ports.
9:00pm The Two Ronnies (new series) includes "Little Big Shot" a drama set in Chicago during the 1920s
9:50pm News, with Moira Stuart
10:00pm Wogan: Terry Wogan is in Denver with the cast of Dynasty.
10:40-12:35pm Absence of Malice (1981 film) starring Paul Newman, Sally Field
12:35pm Weather
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
BBC-2 Television
11:30am Supercharged: Restored Grand Prix cars from the period between 1924 and 1939
test driven by John Watson (repeat)
12:20pm The Man in the Santa Claus Suit (1978 film) starring Fred Astaire
1:55pm Christmas Day Concert, live from Concertgebouw, Amsterdam in a performance of Mahler's Symphony no.7
3:30pm Three in the Wild: first of three programmes depicting the lives of Britain's wild creatures.
features Shak, the Red Fox. (repeat)
4:30pm Citizen Kane (1941 film) starring Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten
6:25pm A Prize Performance. Dr Evadne Hinge and Dame Hilda Bracket are at Cheltenham Ladies' College, where
Dame Hilda is guest speaker on Speech Day. Dr Hinge assumes the invitation was forthcoming because Hilda is a
distinguished old girl.
7:20pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
7:30pm Kiri Te Kanawa at Christmas
8:20pm Edge of the Wind, by Don Webb, with Sir John Mills, Omar Sharif, Lucy Gutteridge
9:25pm Film Buff of the Year, with Robin Ray
10:00-11:55pm Diva (1982 film)
11:55pm Choirs at Midnight: with the Vienna Boys Choir, Les Peititas Chateurs de Paris, The Tolz Boys' Choir,
and the Winchester Cathedral Choir
12:55am Weather
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
ITV - TV-am
6:15am Good Morning Britain: Anne Diamond, Nick Owen
7:15-9:25pm TV-am's Christmas Party
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:25pm Christmas Fragggle Rock (repeat)
9:50pm Dangermouse
10:00pm The Christmas Morning Service: from Kenton Methodist Church
11:15pm The Black Hole (1979 film) starring Maximillian Schell, Anthony Perkins
1:00pm Jim Davidson's Top Pop Videos of '85
2:00pm The Royal Year: Anthony Carthew narrates
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm Moonraker (1979 James Bond film) starring Roger Moore
5:30pm ITN News, with Carol Barnes
5:45pm Name That Tune, with Lionel Blair
6:10pm Coronation Street
6:45pm Fresh Fields Christmas Special: Julia McKenzie, Anton Rodgers
7:30pm Minder on the Orient Express: Dennis Waterman, George Cole
9:30pm Des O'Connor Tonight: guests: Joan Collins, Dudley Moore, Alan King, Willie Tyler and Lester
10:40pm ITN News with Carol Barnes
10:50pm Gregory's Girl (1980 film) starring Gordon Sinclair, Dee Hepburn
12:30-12:40am Christmas Nights Thoughts: from St Marys Church, Wimbledon, with Alec McGowan, Paul Miles Kingston
Christmas 1986
8:45am The Pink Panther Show
9:10am Charlie's Christmas Project
9:35am Umbrella Christmas Special with Mark Chatterton, Susan Leong
10:00am Christmas Worship from Paisley Abbey
11:00am Christmas Morning with Noel
12:05pm It's a Charity Knockout from Walt Disney World Resort
1:00pm EastEnders
2:00pm Top of the Pops Christmas Show
3:00pm HM The Queen
3:10pm Film : Back to the Future
(1985) Première starring Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd
5:05pm Only Fools and Horses
6:25pm News and Weather
6:30pm A Christmas Celebration a Songs of Praise Special
hosted by Cliff Richard and Sally Magnusson
7:15pm Bread
8:30pm The Russ Abbot Christmas Show
9:10pm News and Weather
9:20pm Film : Silverado (1985) Première starring Kevin Kline
11:30pm The Gospel According to St Matthew
11:40pm Broadway Musicals : Carousel (1956) starring Gordon MacRae, Shirley Jones
1:45am Weather
5.15am Scooby Goes Hollywood animation, Scooby Doo features in his first Hoolywood musical
6.00am TV-am
Cartoon Capers Punky Brewster in Punkywise, Christmas in July and Mister Men : Mr Snow introduced by Timmy Mallett
7.30am Benji, Zax an the Alien Prince Double Trouble
8.00am Good Morning Britain TV-am Christmas Party guests include Bros, Jason Donovan, Russ Conway, Timmy Mallett, Lizzie Webb, Gyles Brandreth, Russell Grant, Kathy Tayler, Jimmy Greaves, Ulrika Jonsson includes news bulletins with Beatrice Hollyer
9.25am Bugs Bunny & Friends at Christmas cartoon fun with Bugs Bunny, Roadrunner, Tweety Pie, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Foghorn Leghorn
10.15am The Other Side of Christmas Anneka Rice with Michael Aspel, Nick Owen, David Bellamy, Thelma Barlow, Helen Worth, Bill Waddington live from the Arena in London's Docklands.
12.25pm The James Bond Film : On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) starring George Lazenby, Diana Rigg, Telly Savalas
3.00pm The Queen
3.15pm Film : The B.F.G. (1989) animation
5.00pm Home and Away
5.30pm ITN News followed by ITV National Weather with Martyn Davies
5.40pm Strike It Lucky Christmas Special with Michael Barrymore & Frank Bruno
6.30pm Christmas Comedy Box Jim Davidson presents clips of his favourite shows and performers
8.00pm Coronation Street
8.30pm After Henry
A Week of Sundays, starring Prunella Scales, Joan Sanderson, Janine Wood, Jonathan Newth
9.00pm Movie Premiere : Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986) starring Nick Nolte, Bette Midler, Richard Dreyfuss, Little Richard
10.55pm ITN News followed by ITV National Weather with Martyn Davies
11.10pm Film : Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) with Harrison Ford, Karen Allen
ITN News Headlines broadcast throughout the night
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Tags: liverpool vinyl single hamster record disc 45rpm freddiestarr
Freddie Starr ( born Frederick Leslie Fowell , 9th January 1943 ) is an English comedian, impressionist, singer and actor . Starr was the lead singer of Merseybeat pop group Freddie Starr & The Midnighters during the early 1960s .
The group was promoted by the manager of the Beatles, Brian Epstein, and was recorded on the Decca label by Joe Meek , the record producer of the single " Telstar " . During this period Starr performed in nightclubs in Hamburg and was an acquaintance of the Beatles.
Still relatively unknown to television audiences, Starr was "discovered" through the talent show Opportunity Knocks where he appeared as part of comedy/beat act Freddie Starr and the Delmonts . He appeared on the 1970 Royal Variety Performance . From 1972, he was one of the main performers in the television series Who Do You Do , and also a regular on the TV panel show Jokers Wild. He went on to star in his own series.
Freddie Starr was the subject of one of the best known British tabloid newspaper headlines. On 13th March 1986 The Sun carried as its main headline: FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER. According to the text of the story, Starr had been staying at the home of Vince McCaffrey and his 23-year-old girlfriend Lea La Salle in Birchwood, Cheshire, when the alleged incident took place. Starr was claimed to have returned home from a performance at a Manchester nightclub in the early hours of the morning and demanded that La Salle make him a sandwich. When she refused, he went into the kitchen and put her pet hamster Supersonic between two slices of bread and proceeded to eat it.
Freddie Starr gives his side of the story in his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped. He says that the only time that he ever stayed at Vince McCaffrey's house was in 1979 and that the incident was a complete fabrication. Starr writes in the book: "I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal". The man behind the hamster story was the British publicist Max Clifford. When asked in a television interview with Esther Rantzen some years later whether Starr really had eaten a hamster, his reply was "Of course not". Clifford was unapologetic, insisting that the story had given a huge boost to Starr's career.
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Tags: thatwastheyearthatwas1986
1986 Following a number of trouble free years in Space Exploration the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after take off watched by people live on TV around the world. The Internet Mail Access Protocol defined which opens the way for E-Mail and the same year the Human Genome Project is launched to understand the Human Makeup , this will open the way for great advances in the treatment of many illnesses. The worst ever Nuclear Disaster occurs as the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Explodes causing the release of radioactive material across much of Europe. In the UK (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease is identified which causes many deaths over the next few years and a major reform in farming practices.
In the year the Swedish Prime Minister, Olof Palme was assassinated in Stockholm, a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl (Ukraine) exploded, and Samora Machel, the President of Mozambique, died in a plane crash. In the world of music, the most dominant chart-toppers, each with 4 weeks at number 1, were Billy Ocean, the Communards, Berlin and the Christmas hit by Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite'.
The mid-1980s were a time of economic uncertainty coming on the back of a deep recession. In 1986, Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister, Sir Alex Ferguson had just become manager of Manchester United and a soap opera called Eastenders had been running for a year. The year began with a bitter winter and average February temperatures of -1.2C (29.8F). Newspaper printers and police clashed outside News International's printing plant in Wapping as thousands of demonstrators protested at new working conditions and the move to east London from the famous Fleet Street.
The US launched air strikes against Libya, killing dozens of people in Tripoli after President Reagan said Colonel Gaddafi's country was behind a night club bombing in West Berlin that killed two American soldiers. Lady Thatcher had supported the campaign. At home, a new series called Bread was aired for the first time, depicting life in Lady Thatcher's Britain. Set in Liverpool and featuring the Boswell family, the sitcom became the biggest show in the UK as it responded to the troubles many were facing at the time. The show followed the Catholic family's struggles with money - hence the title - and attracted more than 21 million viewers when Aveline married the Protestant vicar Oswald in 1988.
Assembled In Britain (1986)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIo_uJ2qiCI
The Christmas Day TV of Christmas 1986 proved to be a major success for the BBC...
Christmas 1986 will be long remembered for the incredible ratings achieved by BBC1 due to some very canny scheduling. But what else was going on at the time?
In the News: 1986 saw the wedding of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson, in an age when Royal Weddings still meant something. Press barons Rupert Murdoch and Robert Maxwell entered a newspaper circulation war. In a key year for the press, The Independent newspaper was launched and Eddie Shah launched the first full colour daily tabloid, Today.
In Sport: Maradona's "hand of god" sank England's chances in the Mexico World Cup. On the domestic front, Liverpool topped Division One and beat rivals Everton to the FA Cup. Oxford United won the League Cup. Frank Bruno was stateside in the big boxing clash of the year against Tim Witherspoon, while Edinburgh hosted the Commonwealth games. Motor racing driver Nigel Mansell was named BBC Sports Personality for 1986
Top of the charts: An unlikely Christmas hit for The Housemartins with the acapella Caravan of Love. Europe's anthemic Final Countdown was at number three whilst at number two a clever claymation video ensured Reet Petite by the late Jackie Wilson was bound for the summit.
At the Box Office: Paul Hogan's Crocodile Dundee began a nine week stay at the top holding off the fantasy adventure Labyrinth. Back To The Future was the biggest film in the UK in 1986 followed by Rocky IV, Out Of Africa and Top Gun. Brit comedy Clockwise, which starred John Cleese at his manic best, came a creditable eighth.
On TV Christmas Day (Thursday December 25th 1986)
BBC1
6.30pm FILM: Never Say Never Again
9pm A Duty Free Christmas
10pm News
10.10pm Agatha Christie's Dead Man's Folly
1986 saw Michael Grade's sweeping changes come to fruition.This was the year of the EastEnders Christmas specials when an incredible 30 million viewers were glued to the soap opera as Den and Angie finally ended their turbulent marriage. The Radio Times even carried phone numbers to call "if you were affected by the issues raised". Commendable, but not really what you want to see on the Christmas Day billings pages...
At 11.30am Noel Edmonds presented a live show from the top of the Telecom tower. The show's format had undergone some changes since its inception in 1984 as The Live, Live Breakfast Christmas Show, most notably a necessary name change. This year we were perhaps surprised to see Noel at all on Christmas Day given only weeks earlier the death of Michael Lush had ended his Late, Late Breakfast Show in the most tragic circumstances.
Annie was the big afternoon kids film and the early evening featured specials from Russ Abbot (a recent recruit from ITV) and the last-ever Just Good Friends. In the middle of the EastEnders "sandwich" was the now traditional Only Fools and Horses. In a surprisingly subdued episode, played without canned laughter, Rodney fell for an uppercrust Duke's daughter, only for Del to see an opportunity to join the country set. Joan Hickson's Miss Marple investigated The Murder at The Vicarage. BBC1's late film was a premiere for Educating Rita, Willy Russell’s witty campus comedy starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters.
Meanwhile on ITV, cartoons were the order of the day with a He Man and She Ra Christmas Special and the classic Disney film Dumbo. Michael Barrymore was making his name with Strike It Lucky! and James Bond was an ITV Christmas tradition, this year in the form of a be-wigged Sean Connery making his return after a 12 year break in Never Say Never Again. The film was dismissed by the regular Bond producer Cubby Broccoli, who feared it might harm the chances of Roger Moore's Octopussy. Duty Free presented an extended holiday episode in keeping with most sitcoms of the time. ITV also screened an Agatha Christie mystery Dead Man's Folly, to pick up viewers from Miss Marple no doubt.
BBC2 celebrated the directorial work of Vincente Minnelli (Liza's dad) in the alliteratively titled Minnelli Musical. Later, there was a live Christmas concert from Amsterdam, while the classic Jack Lemmon/Walter Matthau film The Fortune Cookie was a part of a short season of Billy Wilder films. BBC2 celebrated the 85th birthday of composer Aaron Copeland and then screened Edith and Marcel, a film drama based on the obsessive and destructive relationship between 40s French icons, Edith Piaf and Marcel Cerdan.
A true Geek highlight followed the film as Robert Powell told the first of five "chilling tales for dark winter nights". MR James' The Mezzotint was tonight's chiller. If the premise seems a bit Jackanory then it would come as no surprise the Jackanory production team were behind the series! Billy Wilder film Fedora was BBC2's Christmas Day late film. Channel Four only four years old already had something of a tradition in the regular Christmas Day showing of Raymond Briggs animation The Snowman...
And in the Radio Times...
Oh dear! Okay, so I'm no fan of soap opera (least of all EastEnders) but for the Christmas issue of the (then) best-selling magazine in Britain this is, quite frankly, an awful cover. This just feels calculated at worst and lazy at best. To be fair, EastEnders was huge at the time so it would certainly generate sales yet when everyone who wanted a BBC Christmas listings guide had to buy RadioTimes there is little reason the cover should be anything other than purely decorative. This was the only year I've felt embarrassed buying the magazine.
On the positive side it was followed by two beautifully illustrated covers for Christmas 1987 and 1988. Tellingly perhaps, the 1988 issue is officially the biggest magazine sale ever in this country. Some 11.2 million people purchased the magazine that year. As for this one? Just over ten million sales...
1986 Timeline
January – Production of the Vauxhall Belmont compact saloon begins, giving buyers a traditional saloon alternative to the Astra hatchback and estate models.
9 January - Michael Heseltine resigns as Defence Secretary over the Westland affair.
After three successive monthly falls in unemployment, the jobless count for December 1985 increased by nearly 15,000 to 3,181,300.
12 January – Game show Catchphrase begins on ITV hosted by Roy Walker along with the computer generated character Mr. Chips.
20 January – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel, which they hope to open by the early 1990s.
24 January – Leon Brittan resigns as Trade and Industry Secretary over the Westland affair.
31 January – Unemployment for this month has increased to 3,204,900 – a postwar high which accounts for 14.4% of the workforce.
February – Heavy snow and sub zero temperatures affected most of Britain during the month.
6 February – The government scraps plans to sell Austin Rover to Ford.
12 February – The Franco-British Channel Fixed Link Treaty is signed at Canterbury as the Channel Tunnel plans move forward.
15 February – In the Wapping dispute, fifty-eight people are arrested by police at a demonstration.
17 February – The UK signs the Single European Act.
4 March – The national tabloid newspaper Today launches. It pioneers the use of computer photo typesetting and full-colour offset printing at a time when British national newspapers are still using Linotype machines and letterpress.
5 March – The High Court disqualifies and fines 81 Labour councillors for failing to set a rate.
13 March – The Sun newspaper alleges that comedian Freddie Starr ate a live hamster.
18 March – Inheritance Tax replaces Capital Transfer Tax.
19 March – Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson; they will be married later this year.
23 March – Chelsea are the first winners of the Football League's new Full Members Cup, beating Manchester City 5-4 in the final at Wembley, although Manchester City clawed the deficit to a single goal in the last five minutes after being 5-1 down.
29 March – The first high-speed catamaran ferry is introduced into service in the British Isles, HSC Our Lady Patricia on Sealink British Ferries' Portsmouth–Ryde passage.
31 March - The Greater London Council is abolished, as are the metropolitan county councils of West Midlands, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, Tyne and Wear, West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.
A fire causes extensive damage at Hampton Court Palace in Surrey.
The Haig Pit, Whitehaven, Cumbria closes.
April – Hanson Trust concludes its takeover of the Imperial Group for £2.5 billion.
7 April – Clive Sinclair sells rights to ZX Spectrum and other inventions to Amstrad.
15 April – The government's Shops Bill 1986, which would have liberalised Sunday shopping, is defeated in the House of Commons on its second reading: the Thatcher government's only defeat in the Commons.
17 April - Journalist John McCarthy is kidnapped in Beirut, where three other hostages are found dead. The Revolutionary Cells (RZ) claims responsibility as revenge for the recent American bombing of Libya.
A treaty is signed, ending the supposed Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.
20 April – Oxford United, who only joined the Football League in 1962 and are in the First Division for the first time, win the Football League Cup with a 3-0 win over Queens Park Rangers at Wembley.
28 April – The first phase of the MetroCentre, Europe's largest indoor shopping centre, in Gateshead, is opened. The remainder of the centre is set to open this autumn.
29 April – The Duchess of Windsor is buried at Frogmore.
30 April – Rioting erupts overnight in prisons across Britain. Dozens of prisoners escape, while prisoners at Stafford Prison set the prison canteen alight by smashing windows and dumping a burning mattress onto the roof. The worst disturbances come at Northeye Prison in Sussex, where a 70-strong mob of prisoners takes over the jail and sets fire to the canteen, hospital wing and sports hall.
May – The last Talbot badged passenger cars are built in Britain and France by Peugeot, who will continue making their own cars at the former Rootes Group plant near Coventry and the former Simca production facilities in France. Peugeot is to continue the Talbot brand for commercial vehicles, and production of the Horizon range will continue in Spain and Finland until next year.
2 May – Liverpool win the Football League First Division title for a record 16th time after winning 1-0 at Chelsea. Kenny Dalglish, in his first season as the club's player-manager, scores the goal which gives Liverpool the title.
8 May – Labour makes large gains in local council elections, collecting 37% of the votes nationally compared to the Conservatives on 34% and the Alliance on 26%.
These are the first national elections to be held since the recent abolition of the metropolitan councils.
10 May – The first all Merseyside FA Cup final ends in a 3–1 win for Liverpool over Everton, who become only the third team this century to win the double, having already secured the Football League First Division title.
21 May – The Harrison Birtwistle opera The Mask of Orpheus premiers in London.
10 June – Patrick Joseph Magee found guilty of the Brighton hotel bombing of 20 months ago and sentenced to life imprisonment.
12 June - Derek Hatton, leader of Liverpool council, is expelled from the Labour Party for belonging to the entryist Militant group.
Austin Rover is renamed the Rover Group four years after the name change from British Leyland.
22 June – The England national football team's hopes of winning the World Cup are ended with a 2–1 defeat in the quarter-finals by Argentina, a game in which Diego Maradona is allowed a blatantly handballed goal.
23 June – Patrick Magee is jailed for life for the Brighton bombing of October 1984 as well as other IRA bombings.
24 June – Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party stage protest at dissolution of Northern Ireland Assembly.
29 June - Richard Branson beats the speed record for a transatlantic crossing by boat in Virgin Atlantic Challenger II but is denied the Blue Riband award.
The World Cup ends in Mexico with Argentina as winners and West Germany runners-up, but England's Gary Lineker wins the Golden Boot, having finished as the competition's leading scorer with six goals. Lineker, who has been at Everton for the last year and was the First Division's top scorer, is reported to be on the verge of a transfer to FC Barcelona of Spain.
July – Nissan begins production of the Bluebird at its landmark factory near Sunderland.
1 July – Gary Lineker becomes the most expensive British footballer ever in a £2.75 million move from Everton to FC Barcelona.
2 July – 24 hours after Gary Lineker's transfer, Ian Rush sets a new transfer record for a British footballer when he agrees a £3.2 million move from Liverpool to Juventus of Italy, but is loaned back to Liverpool for a season and will not play his first game for Juventus until at least August 1987.
4 July – A policeman is cleared of the manslaughter of five-year-old John Shorthouse, who was killed in an armed raid on a house in Birmingham in August last year.
10 July – Austin Rover launches its new Honda-based Rover 800 executive car, which replaces the decade-old Rover SD1 and is part of a joint venture with Japanese carmaker Honda. The car will also be sold in America under the Sterling marque. The Honda version will be badged as the Honda Legend.
12 July – Rioting breaks out at Portadown in Northern Ireland between Protestants and Catholics.
17 July – It is announced that unemployment rose to 3,220,400 in June. It has now exceeded 3 million for nearly five years.
21 July – A report finds that 20% of British children are now born out of wedlock.
23 July – Prince Andrew, Duke of York, marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey in London.
24 July – 2 August – The Commonwealth Games are held in Edinburgh.
28 July – Estate agent Suzy Lamplugh vanishes after a meeting in London.
30 July – A MORI poll shows that Labour are now nine points ahead of the Conservatives with 41% of the vote, with Liberal/SDP Alliance support now at 25%.
8 August – Rival gangs of Manchester United and West Ham United fans clash on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam where the two clubs are playing pre-season friendlies. The UEFA ban on English clubs in European competitions is continuing for a second season, and there are now fears that English clubs may not even be able to play friendlies overseas.
13 August – The Eurotunnel Group is formed to operate the Channel Tunnel.
15 August – The latest MORI poll shows that the Conservatives have eliminated Labour's nine-point lead and drawn level with them by gaining 37% in the latest opinion poll, in the space of just over two weeks.
16 August – Figures released by the government reveal that a record of nearly 3,100,000 people claimed unemployment benefit last month, although the official total of unemployed people in Britain is still short of the record of nearly 3,300,000 which was set two years ago.
19 August – The Privatisation of the National Bus Company begins with the first sale of a bus operating subsidiary, Devon General, in a management buyout.
22 August – John Stalker, deputy chief constable of Greater Manchester police, is cleared of misconduct over allegations of associating with criminals.
25 August – Economists warn that a global recession is imminent, barely five years after the previous recession.
29 August – Britain's oldest twins, May and Marjorie Chavasse, celebrate their 100th birthday.
September – GCSE examination courses replace both GCE 'O' Level and CSE courses for 14-year olds.
6 September – First episode of medical drama serial Casualty airs on BBC One. It will still be running on television more than twenty five years later.
8 September – Margaret Thatcher officially opens the first phase of the Nissan car factory at Sunderland, which has been in use for two months. It is the first car factory to be built in Europe by a Japanese car maker.
14 September – Fears of another recession in Britain are eased by economists at Liverpool University predicting 3.1% economic growth next year.
18 September – It is announced that unemployment rose to 3,280,106 in July.
19 September – Two people are killed and 100 injured at the Colwich rail crash.
24 September – The floatation of the Trustee Savings Banks attracts a record of more than 4 million applications for shares.
7 October – The first edition of The Independent was published.
9 October – "Babes in the Wood" murders: Two girls, Nicola Fellows (aged nine) and Karen Hadaway (aged 10), are reported missing in Moulsecoomb, Brighton.
10 October – "Babes in the Wood" murders: Two bodies found in Wild Park, Brighton, are identified as those of the two girls reported missing yesterday and a murder investigation is launched; no-one is ever convicted.
12 October – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China, the first ever visit to that country by a British monarch.
14 October – The MetroCentre, a shopping complex built on the Tyneside Enterprise Zone, is opened. It is similar in concept to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre that is being developed near Dudley in the West Midlands. The MetroCentre is officially the largest shopping complex in Europe. Among the MetroCentre's tenants is Marks & Spencer, whose department store there is its first out of town outlet.
24 October – The UK breaks off diplomatic relations with Syria over links to the Hindawi Affair.
26 October - Bus deregulation begins in the United Kingdom, except Greater London and Northern Ireland.
Jeffrey Archer resigns as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party over allegations concerning prostitutes.
27 October – "Big Bang Day": London Stock Exchange is computerised, and opens to foreign companies.
28 October – Jeremy Bamber is found guilty of the murder of his parents, sister, and twin nephews and is sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended minimum of 25 years, which is likely to keep him behind bars until at least 2011.
29 October – Margaret Thatcher opens the completed M25 London Orbital Motorway.
November - First UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the U.K. designated: Giant's Causeway and the Causeway Coast (Northern Ireland); Durham Castle and Cathedral; Ironbridge Gorge; Studley Royal Park (including the ruins of Fountains Abbey); Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites; and Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (Wales).
Launch of the second generation Vauxhall Carlton, largest model in the Vauxhall range. It will be sold as the Opel Omega on the continent, and all European versions of the car will be built in West Germany.
3 November – The Conservatives top a MORI poll for the first time this year, coming one point ahead of Labour with 40% of the vote. Liberal/SDP Alliance support has slumped to 18%.
6 November - 45 oil workers are killed when a Chinook helicopter carrying them from the Brent oilfield crashed.
Alex Ferguson is appointed manager of Manchester United football club following the dismissal of Ron Atkinson after more than five years in charge. United won two FA Cups under the management of Atkinson but have not won the league title since 1967 and are now second from bottom in the Football League First Division.
Chancellor Nigel Lawson announces a £4.6 billion rise in public spending.
7 November – Sir James Goldsmith's £5 billion bid for the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is rejected.
13 November – It is announced that unemployment fell by 96,000 in October.
18 November – Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, who are both still behind bars some 20 years after their Moors Murders convictions, confess to the murders of two missing children. They admit their responsibility for the deaths of Pauline Reade, who vanished in July 1963 at the age of 16, and Keith Bennett, who was last seen in June 1964 at the age of 12. Police had suspected that the pair were among the Moors Murders victims soon after beginning their investigation on the arrest of Brady and Hindley in October 1965, but did not find the bodies or indeed any evidence to be able to press charges.
20 November – Police begin their search for the two newly identified Moors Murders victims.
21 November – The government launches a £20 million campaign to warn members of the public about the dangers of AIDS.
December – The first case of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is diagnosed in British cattle.
1 December – The government launches an inquiry into financial irregularities at Guinness.
3 December – 4 million people apply for shares in British Gas in ancitipation of floatation next week.
4 December – 20-year-old roofer Russell Bishop is charged with the "Babes in the Wood" murders in Brighton two months ago but will be acquitted.
8 December – British Gas shares are floated on the Stock Exchange. The initial public offering of 135p per share values the company at £9 billion, the highest equity offering ever at this time.
17 December – The world's first heart, lung and liver transplant is carried out at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire.
18 December – It is announced that unemployment fell to a four-year low of less than 3,100,000 in November.
22 December – David Penhaligon, a leading Liberal Party MP, dies in a car crash near Truro in Cornwall at the age of 42.
25 December – The highest audience of all time for a British television drama is attracted by the Christmas Day episode of EastEnders, the BBC 1 soap opera, in which Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) serves the divorce papers on his wife Angie (Anita Dobson) after discovering that she had feigned a terminal illness to try to stop him from leaving her in an episode aired in October this year. More than 30 million viewers tune in for the episode of the TV series which first went on air in February 1985.
29 December – Harold Macmillan, Earl of Stockton and former prime minister, dies at the age of 92 at his home, Birch Grove in East Sussex.
Inflation reaches a 19-year low of 3.4%.
Introduction of Family credit, a tax credit for poorer families.
Bank of England withdraws its guidance on mortgage lending.
Establishment of National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside group of institutions, funded through national government.
The millionth council house in the United Kingdom is sold to its tenants in Scotland, seven years after the right to buy scheme was launched.
Mathematician Simon Donaldson wins a Fields Medal.
Television
4 January – Televised football returns to British television after the contractual dispute from the previous year is resolved.
12 January – Catchphrase makes its debut on ITV.
28 January – NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger spacecraft disintegrates. Pictures from CNN in the United States (owned by Turner Broadcasting System, then owners of American superstation WTBS), are aired in countries around the world.
19 February – BBC1 airs Round Britain Whizz, an edition of the science series Q.E.D..The 30 minute programme consists of a sped up flight around the coastline of Great Britain with guest appearances from geologists and TV personalities including Patrick Moore, David Bellamy and Terry Wogan telling the viewer about the geology and natural history of certain areas.
10 March – The first advert for a sanitary towel is broadcast on British television, on Channel 4.
1 April – All commercial activities of the BBC are now handled by BBC Enterprises Ltd.
15 April – The last episode of children's cartoon series Bananaman is broadcast.
21 May – A Very Peculiar Practice airs.
31 May–29 June – Telvised coverage of the 1986 FIFA World Cup. England exit on 22 June with a 2-1 defeat to Argentina, who go on to beat West Germany in the final to win the trophy for the third time.
18 June – In Coronation Street the Rovers Return pub is gutted by fire with landlady Bet Lynch (Julie Goodyear) trapped inside.
23 July – In London, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey. The event receives significant television coverage both in the UK and around the world.
5 August – Michael Cashman makes his EastEnders debut as Colin Russell, the soap's first gay character.
9 August – The Yorkshire Television ITV region becomes the first UK terrestrial channel to broadcast 24 hours a day, initially simulcasting the cable and satellite music video channel Music Box throughout the night. The other ITV regions gradually switch to 24 hour television over the next two years.
26 August – In Emmerdale Farm, original character Pat Sugden dies after rolling her car down a hillside to avoid a flock of sheep.
6 September – Part One of The Trial of a Time Lord is broadcast on BBC1, marking the return to air of Doctor Who after an 18-month hiatus.
The first episode of medical drama Casualty airs on BBC1.
19 September – Central TV revives New Faces, a 1970s talent show produced by its predecessor, ATV. Styled as New Faces of '86, it is presented by Marti Caine, a winner from the previous version.
12 October – Every Loser Wins performed by the actor Nick Berry begins a three-week run at the top of the UK Singles Chart after featuring in recent episodes of EastEnders. The song was an instant hit on release and went on to win its writers an Ivor Novello Award.
16 October – The first two-hander episode of EastEnders, featuring Den and Angie Watts (Leslie Grantham and Anita Dobson), is aired by BBC1. The episode, in which Angie tells Den she has six months to live after he tells her he wants a divorce, was an experiment as the two-hander format had not been tried in a British soap before, but received well by viewers and critics.
27 October – The Australian soap Neighbours makes its British television debut on BBC1, a year after it was first aired in its homeland.
BBC One starts a full daytime television service. Before today, excluding special events coverage, BBC One had closed down at times during weekday mornings and afternoons broadcasting trade test transmissions and, from May 1983, Pages From Ceefax.
16 November – Dennis Potter's critically acclaimed television serial The Singing Detective makes its debut on BBC1.
7 December – Jack Rosenthal's original two hour TV movie of London's Burning, directed by Les Blair is broadcast on ITV. It returns for a full series in February 1988.
13 December – Comedian Duggie Small wins New Faces of '86.
23 December – Ringo Starr narrates his last ever Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends episode, the second series finale, "Thomas & the Missing Christmas Tree".
25 December – 30.15 million tune in to watch "Dirty" Dennis Watts hand wife Angie her divorce papers in EastEnders, making it the highest rated episode of any drama in British television history.
26 December – The Rainbow 30 minute Christmas special, The Colours of the Rainbow is the highest ever rating episode of the show. It was thought that Rainbow would end following this episode, but Thames Television renewed the contract after good ratings.
BBC1
10 January – Lovejoy (1986–1994)
8 February – Every Second Counts (1986–1993)
23 April – Jossy's Giants (1986–1987)
1 May – Bread (1986–1991)
28 May – Pingu (1986–1998, 2004–2006)
31 August – The Monocled Mutineer (1986)
1 September – Brush Strokes (1986–1991)
6 September – Casualty (1986–present)
27 October – BBC News at One (1986–present)
16 November – The Singing Detective (1986)
BBC2
12 May – Naked Video (1986–1991)
ITV
8 January – Allsorts (1985–1995)
10 January – Central Weekend (1986–2001)
12 January – Catchphrase (1986–2002, 2013–present)
14 January – Boon (1986–1992, 1995)
16 February – Hot Metal (1986–1989)
3 May – Get Fresh (1986–1988)
20 October – Executive Stress (1986-1988)
29 October – Strike It Lucky (1986–1999)
31 October – The Two of Us (1986–1990)
22 November – Beadle's About (1986–1996)
Channel 4
11 April – The Chart Show (1986–1998, 2008–2009)
Music
The first number 1 single of 1986 was the breakthrough hit for London synthpop duo the Pet Shop Boys. Their song "West End Girls" had climbed the charts during late 1985 and reached number 1 for two weeks in January. They would have three more top 20 hits this year as well as two top 20 albums, and were still reaching the top 10 in 2006, twenty years later. Another popular synthpop duo this year were Erasure, with their song "Sometimes" reaching number two in the autumn; this success would be followed by many more hits throughout the decade.
After four successful years, the band Wham! split up in the spring. Made up of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, they finished with a farewell concert at Wembley Stadium, a greatest hits album The Final which reached number 2, and the single "The Edge of Heaven", their fourth and final number 1. George Michael also reached number 1 this year with a solo release, A Different Corner, and went on to have a highly successful solo career.
The formation of the charity Comic Relief provided an unusual song from Cliff Richard, a singer with several huge hits in the 1950s and '60s. He teamed up with the cast of the popular sitcom The Young Ones (itself named after a Richard song) for a new version of his 1959 single "Living Doll", half sung by Richard and half shouted by the Young Ones cast. With proceeds going to the charity, it reached number one for three weeks and was Richard's first number 1 of the decade. Another novelty number one was "The Chicken Song", sung by the cast of satirical puppet show Spitting Image. With lyrics such as "Hold a chicken in the air, stick a deckchair up your nose" it was intended as a parody of novelty holiday songs which were popular at the time, and also topped the chart for three weeks.
American singer Madonna had the biggest-selling album of the year with "True Blue". All singles released from it made the top five, including the number 1s "Papa Don't Preach", "True Blue", and "La Isla Bonita" which topped the chart the year after. The biggest-selling single of the year went to The Communards, with a hi-NRG cover of the disco song "Don't Leave Me This Way". The band included singer Jimmy Somerville who had previously enjoyed success with Bronski Beat, and later started a solo career.
The Christmas number one single was something of a surprise, a re-issue of Jackie Wilson's 1957 single "Reet Petite". Wilson had died in 1984, but the song been re-issued after being used in a television advert for Levi's, with a new video made of a Claymation version of Wilson. Having first been released 29 years earlier, it broke the record for the longest time between a single being released and it hitting number 1, a record that would last until 2005 when Tony Christie's 1971 song "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" topped the chart.
The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment was founded in London by a group of period music enthusiasts, going on to become one of the UK's leading orchestras. Harrison Birtwistle's innovative opera, The Mask of Orpheus, was premièred in London, to great critical acclaim. Michael Nyman also came up with a new opera, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, a chamber work with a minimalist score.
Events
January - The Adrian Boult Hall is opened at Birmingham Conservatoire by the Duchess of Gloucester.
15 March – "Heartbeat '86", a charity concert for the Birmingham Children's Hospital, is held at the NEC. Performers include Roy Wood, UB40, The Moody Blues, Electric Light Orchestra and Robert Plant. George Harrison makes a surprise appearance playing Johnny B. Goode with everyone at the end of the show.
7 June - Queen start The Magic Tour which becomes their final tour with all original members and also their most successful tour.
27 October - Michael Nyman's chamber opera The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat is premiered at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
Charts Number one singles
"Merry Christmas Everyone" - Shakin' Stevens
"West End Girls" - Pet Shop Boys
"The Sun Always Shines on TV" - a-ha
"When The Going Gets Tough, "The Tough Get Going" - Billy Ocean
"Chain Reaction" - Diana Ross
"Living Doll" - Cliff Richard and The Young Ones
"A Different Corner" - George Michael
"Rock Me Amadeus" - Falco
"The Chicken Song" - Spitting Image
"Spirit in the Sky" - Doctor and the Medics
"The Edge of Heaven" - Wham!
"Papa Don't Preach" - Madonna
"The Lady in Red" - Chris de Burgh
"I Want to Wake Up with You" - Boris Gardiner
"Don't Leave Me This Way" - The Communards
"True Blue" - Madonna
"Every Loser Wins"- Nick Berry
"Take My Breath Away" - Berlin
"The Final Countdown" - Europe
"Caravan of Love" - The Housemartins
"Reet Petite" - Jackie Wilson
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Tags: pub deadpub formerpub closedpub london latimerroad location movielocation filmlocation filmset lavenderhillmob thesqueeze sidandnancy sidnancy quadrophenia bramleyarms minder
The former Bramley Arms pub in Latimer Road.
This pub served as a location in at least two feature films in the latter part of the 1970's.
In Quadrophenia it was where Spider's (Gary Shail and Tammy Jacobs) Lambretta broke down and he was set upon by a group of Rockers led by the late Gary Holton.
[It was also near the silver van that there was a real car breaker's, which is the location where Jimmy (Phil Daniels) looked up one of his friends (Garry Cooper) in his quest to buy drugs.]
The pub also featured in a film called The Squeeze, a crime thriller which starred Stacy Keach, Freddie Starr and the late David Hemming
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Videos, Hackney
The Cable Guy, 3000 Miles to Graceland, Mystic Pizza, Meteor, Groundhog Day, Stripes, Police Stop! 2, Maverick, Bull Durham, The Insider, Four Rooms, George of the Jungle, Robocop, Easy Rider, False Arrest, Gladiator, Independent Classic Film Collection, Badge 373, Hollow Man, 48 Hours, Under Siege 2, Shocker, Fright Night 2, The Jerk, Jaws 3, Home Alone 2, My Best Friends, Striptease, GI Jane, Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, The X Files Movie, The Fast Show Live, Airplane!, Little Voice, Suburban Commando, Four Men and a Baby, Nil by Mouth, Domestic Disturbance, Free Willy, Unseen Bean, The Lost Boys, Airplane II, The Fly, Glengarry Glen Ross, Dumb and Dumber, Cheaper by the Dozen, The Godfather Part II, Robin Hood, XXX, Cops and Robbersons, Dude Where's My Car?, The Full Monty, Mighty Joe Young, Con Air, Ace Ventura Pet Detective, Desperado, Bridget Jones's Diary, Made in America, Ally McBeal , The 6th Day, Carousel, The Silence of the Lambs, tbc, Frankie and Johnny, The Fast Show, AWOL Absent Without Leave, Tango and Cash, The Fast Show, The Godfather Part I, So I Married an Axe Murderer, Evita, The X Files, Assassins, Rat Race, From Dusk Till Dawn, Xanadu, Raising Arizona, Star Trek The Next Generation, Heartbeat, Changing Places, American History X, Memorex, Lost in Translation, Sleepless in Seattle, Dumb and Dumber, Best Seller, Some Kind of Wonderful, Staggered, Star Trek, Grumpy Old Men, An Audience with Tom Jones, Scream, Under Siege, LA Confidential, Freddie Starr Live, An American Werewolf in London, tbc, Angel Heart, Sharks!, Scream 2, Pretty in Pink, Rain Man, tbc, American Werewolf in Paris, The Living Daylights, Dr No, The World is Not Enough, Octopussy, The Man with the Golden Gun, tbc, That'll be the Day,
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tuxedo royal are these its last days
The Tuxedo Princess (ex-TSS Caledonian Princess) and Tuxedo Royale (ex-TSS Dover) were two former car ferries used as permanently moored floating nightclubs in the United Kingdom from the 1980s to the 2000s. Both ships saw use on the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne at different times, while the Princess also saw use on the River Clyde in Glasgow, and the Royale on the River Tees in Middlesbrough.
Locations[edit]
The Tuxedo Princess was the first of the two nightclubs, installed on the Tyne. When the Tuxedo Princess was briefly moved to Glasgow, the Tuxedo Royale took up her position. When the Tuxedo Princess returned, the Tuxedo Royale was moved to Middlesbrough.[1]
Inception[edit]
The idea of buying a second hand ship to serve as a floating nightclub to be moored on the Tyne originated with Tyneside based businessman Michael Quadrini, who already owned the popular Tuxedo Junction nightclub in Newcastle, and was looking for a larger venue.[1] And so he purchased the Caledonian Princess, renaming her the Tuxedo Princess, which had been a car ferry built in 1961, and retired from service 20 years later in 1981. The later Tuxedo Royale was also a former car ferry, the Dover, built in 1965.[1]
Originally the Tuxedo Princess was to be moored on the Newcastle side of the Tyne, but after failing to get planning consent, she was installed on the opposite side, on the Gateshead waterfront. When it first opened in December 1983, the club had a strict dress code for patrons, while the staff all wore naval uniforms.[1]
Removal[edit]
In December 2007 a farewell party for 300 invited guests was held on the Tuxedo Princess.[2] The ship was finally towed from her mooring on the Tyne on 27 July 2008.[3] Describing it as "the end of an era", according to the BBC there were mixed reactions to the removal of the Tuxedo Princess, citing one expressed view of nostalgia for the nightclub's role in the city's night life, and another welcoming removal of an eyesore, opening up new views of the bridges.[3] According to the Evening Chronicle, crowds gathered to watch the ship's departure.[2] The quayside area vacated by the Tuxedo Princess was to be redeveloped into a leisure, restaurant and office complex.[1]
Impact[edit]
Entrance to the Tuxedo Princess, September 2006
According to the BBC, the Tuxedo Princess became a Tyneside icon during her stay in Newcastle, one of the most recognisable landmarks of the region.[1][3] According to the Evening Chronicle, in her heyday the Tuxedo Princess was "a celebrity haunt helping build Newcastle's reputation as a party city", and she became affectionately known as The Boat by Geordies.[2][4]
While moored in the Tyne, the Tuxedo Princess was host to several famous people including the Crown Prince of Denmark, composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, actor Kevin Costner, DJ Noel Edmonds, comedian Freddie Starr, singers Mick Hucknall, Rick Astley, Nik Kershaw and Jason Donovan, pop group Frankie Goes to Hollywood, the cast of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, athlete Daley Thompson, cricketer Ian Botham, footballers Kevin Keegan and Paul Gascoigne, and snooker player Steve Davis.[1][2] She also played a role in the lives of famous Geordie people. Singer Cheryl Tweedy originally worked on the Tuxedo Princess before becoming a singer, while actor Tim Healy proposed to his future wife Denise Welch on board the club.[1]
In popular culture, the Tuxedo Princess was used by the BBC to film scenes for a storyline in the Newcastle based television drama Our Friends in the North, in which the character Terry 'Tosker' Cox (Mark Strong), a Tyneside businessman, opens a floating nightclub on the Tyne.[1]
Sinking[edit]
In May 2011, the Tuxedo Royale started to sink into the River Tees due to vandalism by metal thieves.[5]
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Tags: hughiegreen tvshowsweusedtowatchopportunityknocks19561978
Opportunity Knocks is a British television and radio talent show originally hosted by Hughie Green, with a late-1980s revival hosted by Bob Monkhouse, and later by previous winner Les Dawson.
The original radio version started on the BBC Light Programme from 18 February to 30 September 1949 but moved to Radio Luxembourg in the 1950s.
It was shown on ITV from 20 June 1956 to 29 August 1956, produced by Associated Rediffusion. A second run commenced on 11 July 1964 and lasted until 20 March 1978, produced first by ABC and then by Thames Television. Hughie Green presented a single episode of Opportunity Knocks for RTÉ in 1979. It was revived by the BBC from 21 March 1987 to 2 June 1990, hosted initially by Bob Monkhouse from 1987 to 1989 (under the title "Bob Says Opportunity Knocks!") and subsequently by Les Dawson in 1990.
Entertainers who appeared included Freddie Starr and the Delmonts, Su Pollard, Paul Daniels, Darren Day; Pete the Plate Spinning Dog, Los Caracas, later to become Middle of the Road, Mary Hopkin, Bonnie Langford, Les Dawson, Maureen Myers, Barry Cummings, Royston Vasey (later to find fame as Roy 'Chubby' Brown), Little and Large, Bobby Crush, Berni Flint, Tony Holland, Millican & Nesbitt, Neil Reid, Peters and Lee, Lena Zavaroni, Frank Carson, Max Boyce, Pam Ayres, Gerry Monroe, Debra Stephenson, Tammy Jones, Champagne, Frank Jennings Syndicate and Tony Monopoly. Several winners of Opportunity Knocks (notably Tammy Jones, Champagne, Tony Monopoly, Sweet Sensation) later attempted to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest, taking part in the A Song for Europe competition. Lee Evans appeared in 1986 but was rejected and did not make it past the initial audition.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOOYVCjCdv0
Hughie Green was born in London; his Scottish father (Glasgow) was a former British Army Major who made his fortune supplying tinned fish to the Allied forces in World War I, while his mother Violet was the Surrey-born daughter of an Irish gardener. The family had a home in Meopham, Kent where the children lived with their mother, who took regular lovers, while his father did business from and often stayed in the Savoy Hotel.
Green became a household name in 1955, with the ITV quiz show Double Your Money (which had actually originated some years earlier on Radio Luxembourg). Green brought his future co-host Monica Rose to the screen. The chirpy 15-year-old Cockney junior accounts clerk won £8 answering questions on famous women and was later invited back by Green to be a hostess.
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Tags: liverpool album vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
Another 2 disc compilation featuring many of the well known Merseybeat names but also featuring some other excellent artists that didn't quite attain recognition outside Liverpool :- Faron's Flamingos , The Undertakers , Tommy Quickly , The Big Three , Ian & The Zodiacs , Johnny Sandon & The Remo Four , The Chants , The Cryin' Shames , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters and many more .
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Tags: liverpool album vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
Or to give it its full title " MERSEY BEAT '62-'64 45RPM The Sound of Liverpool ". 34 tracks by 21 Liverpool groups on 2 discs featuring many of the lesser names of the Merseybeat era - Faron's Flamingos ,The Undertakers , The Big Three , Kingsize Taylor & the Dominos , Ian & The Zodiacs , Rory Storm & The Hurricanes , The Mojos , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters and many more .
This also came with a free copy of the MERSEY BEAT newspaper .
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Tags: liverpool vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
A 2 disc release on the Decca label which didn't exactly fit the cover description since Brian Poole & The Tremeloes and The Mark Four definitely weren't from Liverpool . However lots of geniune Liverpool bands like The Mojos , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters , The Big Three , The Cryin' Shames , Chick Graham & The Coasters and others are represented .
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This year's artists were influenced by many news stories, including the Jimmy Savile inquiry and the arrest of high profile entertainers, including Freddie Starr, as part of the investigation
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Tags: plaque liverpool plaques openplaques:id=8086
The Iron Door - @13 Temple Street, Liverpool - 'At this site on 9 April 1960, Geoff Hogarth & Harry Ormesher opened... The Iron Door, Cradle of Mersey Beat ...Bringing us the sound that conquered the World. The Beatles' (as the Silver Beetles) first show here 15 May 1960. Kenny Ball, The Big Three, Cilla Black, Lee Curtis, Faron's Flamingos, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Billy J Kramer, The Remo Four, The Searchers, Freddie Starr, Rory Storm, Kingsize Taylor , Karl Terry, The Undertakers & many others.' by unknown (openplaques.org ID=8086)
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They have just found Jimmy Savile's diary.
His last entry was about 10 years old.
Jimmy Saville's alleged victims say they just want justice.
That's a funny word for money.
An amateur group of Islamic film makers have posted a video on YouTube which mocks Christianity and Jesus Christ.
It is believed to be so offensive that St Peter's church in Shrewsbury have postponed their tea and cake morning until next Wednesday, and Dorothy Green from Margate has written in to Points of view.
When will the madness end?
If you burn a Koran, a Muslim may burn your house down.
Jokes on him - my house is full of Korans.
Even though he had many girlfriends...Jimmy Saville never tied the knot....
Because you have to be at least 16 to get married.
X Factor fixed? That's as ridiculous as claiming Jimmy Savile was a paedophile...
I once met Abu Hamza on a fishing trip to a trout farm.
Fuck knows what he thought he was going to catch?
Why did the squirrel fall out of the tree?
Because it was dead.
You could hear a pin drop at work today.
They really can't take a joke at Grenade training.
The BBC News channel just displayed images of the three women who claimed that Jimmy Savile interfered with them sexually. They showed a current picture of each of the women and a picture taken of each of them from the 1970s.
The caption read: Now, then. Now, then. Now, then
The Pope walks into a Mosque.
The imam says "Why the wrong faith?"
Jimmy Savile had to stop going to church...
The priests kept fighting over who got to hear his confession.
You've got to hand it to Jimmy Savile.
After he was turned down for the priesthood he went it alone.
Photographs in the paper today show Katie Price wearing a custom-made diamond bracelet, with a matching ring and necklace, bought for her by new boyfriend Alex Reid.
Is anyone else thinking Pimp My Ride?
Katie Price splits with Alex Reid "for children's sake".
Turns out Harvey was jealous cause he wasn't the biggest spastic of the family.
Elton John will perform at Amy Winehouse's funeral with a beautiful rendition of Candle Under The Spoon.
If Amy Childs was any thicker she could be used to tar the road.
Putting Amy Childs on a general knowledge show is like playing pictionary with stevie wonder.
Charlotte Church:
Voice of an angel, Vagina of a mineshaft.
Looks like that in addition to "Freddie Starr ate my hamster", they should have printed "Jimmy Savile licked my beaver".
I hear some singers line their throats with Vaseline to help make their voices smoother.
I don't believe everything Elton John says.
New Miley Cyrus DVD: £15
Tub of Vaseline: £3
XL Box of Tissues: £2
The look of disgust on the cashier's face as you pay: Priceless
There has been a distinct lack of extremist suicide bombers recently.
Many potential bombers have realised that one of those 72 virgins waiting for them in the afterlife could be Susan Boyle.
Tulisa has announced she will be naked in her next video.
It's not a cynical ploy to sell records, it's just because JJB Sports has closed down.
What's hard, black and makes Tulisa look incompetent?
A microphone.
Top Ten Signs You Won't Win "American Idol"
From the Late Show with David Letterman
10. You dedicate "I Will Always Love You" to Saddam Hussein
9. Backstage, people say, "Are you still here?"
8. North Korea says if you lose they'll stop producing enriched uranium
7. Your mother says, "You're okay, but I'm really a big fan of Ruben"
6. You were recently named the three of clubs on the "Most Wanted Iraqi" playing cards
5. You've already appeared on another reality show -- "Cops"
4. Vegas gives you the same odds of winning it all as the Mets
3. You cancel your performance to stay home and watch "Jag"
2. Simon beats you with the microphone stand
1. Your voice is muffled by the SARS mask
These days, safe sex isn't just a good idea, it's a matter of life and death. Here are some valuable tips to help you "play it safe"...
Do not blow dealers for crack; blow regular citizens for cash, then buy the crack directly.
Think about parents' nude bodies during foreplay; resultant loss of erection will prevent potential unsafe sex.
Don't fall for lines like, "God protects his servants in the clergy from harm."
Do not, no matter how much peers may pressure you, allow anyone to get to third base with you.
Before unsafe sex, think to yourself what the kids will look like.
Make sure all open sores on penis have thoroughly dried and scabbed over before use.
When taking four cocks in the ass, make sure to have an equal amount of cock in your mouth to reduce the risk of CHI imbalance.
Before fellating anonymous man in back room of bar, be sure to ask, "You don't have AIDS, do you?"
Douse penis liberally with D-Con roach spray before penetrating ape.
You CAN get it from kissing... tear out partner's tongue before any mouth-to-mouth contact.
To prevent radiation exposure, use only lead-based condoms.
If you must engage in unsafe sex, take time out before hand to hope for the best.
Before the use of condoms, unroll completely and check for any holes.
2 things I've been cursed with are a weak bladder, and terrible amnesia.
Still, this bottle of apple juice should take my mind off things.
Nasa have come up with a mission costing millions of dollars to clean up all the old satellites in orbit around the earth.
A cheaper option would be to just send up a couple of Gypsies in a transit van.
Adverts for erection problems, must be hard for some men to watch.
Snakes can unhinge their jaws so that their mouth is many times the size of their brain.
Politicians do this too.
One of my catholic relatives asked me how i plan to explain myself to St Peter when I get to the Pearly Gates. So I asked him how he planned to explain himself to the lion and the witch when he stumbles through his closet into Narnia.
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195 Four promotional cards for Mersey Beat
bands – Gerry, Faron's Flamingos, Freddie Starr
and The Rattles (4) £70-£90
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Photo by: Freddie Starr ,
Freddie Starr, More details on Wcities.com. Freddie Starr (born Frederick Leslie Fowell) has been a fixture on the British comedy, music, television and performing arts scenes since the late-1950s. As a musician, Starr fronted The Midnighters, a pop group managed by famed Beatles' manager Brian Epstein, in the 1960s. He began to find himself with a number of television roles and performance opportunities falling at his feet starting the the early-1970s, when he became popular after appearing on a British talent show entitled Opportunity Knocks. As a notable jack-of-all-trades type of personality, Starr has dabbled in a variety of ventures, from game show hosting to an appearance on Celebrity Fit Club, over the decades and continues to tour regularly.
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helped someone finish The Sun crossword recently
Across
1. opposite of 'no' (3)
2. Blackpool have eleven, page three girls have two and my garden has blue ones (4)
3. Tobacco, a bird and a good end to a Saturday (4)
4. The composer of Beethoven's fifth symphony (9) etc
5. The ? ( 3 ) sat on the mat
dontbuythesun.co.uk/site/tag/hillsborough/
While it was in 1978 that The Sun initially overtook the Daily Mirror in terms of circulation, it was during MacKenzie's spell as editor that The Sun firmly established itself as the biggest selling newspaper in Britain.
It was MacKenzie who cemented the paper's image as a right-wing tabloid, not only greatly increasing its circulation and dramatically heightening its profile, but also making it infamous in the eyes of the British public for its attacks on left-wing political figures and movements and its sensationalist front-page celebrity "exposes", which frequently turned out to be misleading or outright false, with MacKenzie presiding over many of the biggest controversies in the paper's history.
Critics accused the paper of exaggerating or even inventing news stories under MacKenzie (on some occasions this was proven to be the case[2]) and of severely dumbing down public discourse. The paper was frequently accused of promoting jingoism, racism, homophobia, and intolerance.[2]
However, MacKenzie is quoted as saying in the early 1980s (on the subject of how he perceived his target audience and how he approached journalism):
You just don't understand the readers, do you, eh? He's the bloke you see in the pub, a right old fascist, wants to send the wogs back, buy his poxy council house, he's afraid of the unions, afraid of the Russians, hates the queers and the weirdos and drug dealers. He doesn't want to hear about that stuff (serious news).
—[5]
MacKenzie has also stated that he feels that his own spell as editor of The Sun had a "positively downhill impact on journalism".[1] Numerous observers, including ex-Sun deputy editor Roy Greenslade and left-wing journalist John Pilger, have commented more seriously on the alleged 'Murdoch effect' – and more specifically about what they see as the negative effect of the Sun during the MacKenzie era – on British journalism, political climate, British culture and society at large.
By the mid-1980s, British comedians such as Jasper Carrott would frequently bring up the subject of the stereotypical Sun reader. While the image of the "average Sun reader" may be misleading to some extent – polls have consistently shown that a majority of Sun readers claim not to take what they read in the paper seriously, and approximately the same number of Sun readers voted Labour in 1992 as voted Conservative.
Murdoch has responded to some of these arguments by saying his critics are "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour".
Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in the 1980s and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are "giving the public what they want". This conclusion is heavily disputed by critics, with Pilger pointing out that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia not only outsold the Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by the Sun.
MacKenzie was widely criticised for his perceived cruelty to both the targets of his (sometimes false) newspaper allegations, his choice of targets frequently being not only left-wing politicians and celebrities but even previously unknown ordinary members of the public, and also his alleged cruelty to his own staff and colleagues, to which MacKenzie has since responded:
Look, I am not here to be helpful. I am here to help myself, right, so I have no regrets to how I treated some people.
—[1]
[edit]Notorious headlines
Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster, The Sun, 13 March 1986
MacKenzie was responsible for the "Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster" front-page headline, probably the most famous in The Sun's history. The claims made in the accompanying article, that the comedian Freddie Starr had placed his girlfriend's hamster on a sandwich and proceeded to eat it, turned out to be entirely untrue and an invention of the publicist Max Clifford. The headline is often held up as the prime example of the Sun's supposedly celebrity obsessed, sensationalist and often inaccurate journalism.[6]
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
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Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
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Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
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Tags: blister lc
A fish ate my leg. Funnily enough, recently we went to see Freddie Starr of "Freddie Starr ate my hamster" fame. This was a blister on my leg following a mosquito bite. A few days later, having a swim in the Mediterranean at Menton, a number of small fish were nibbling around our toes, feet and legs, when one persistent fish started work on the blister, within half a minute, it had removed all the skin, leaving a clean smooth patch of fresh skin below. As the fish did not seem to show any sign of stopping, I took the plunge, dived fully in, and got on with my swim, and seemed to manage to shake of the fish. Beats paying high prices at high street therapy shops!
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Tags: booker jetranger b206 dukeofwestminster gjlee eddiestarr gtaly gcsky gjoke gdatr
This 1979 model Jet Ranger has had some notable owners in its past. First registered to the Duke of Westminster as G-TALY from 1979 to 1983. Then to G-CSKY. G-JOKE from 1985 for Freddie Starr the comedian. G-JLEE from 1988. To G-DATR in March 2014.
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Tags: john pier postcard north tram blackpool hinde
Blackpool , North Pier, E. Nagele. Probably late 60s/early 70s. Appearing on the North Pier, Freddie Starr, Jos White, Janet Brown, Paul Melba. I thought the tram had been 'colour changed' from the normal cream/green of blackpool, but it appears thiese are the colours of one-man trams. Card 3BP3.
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This was visible from our room, I told Tiernan if he wasn't good we'd bring him to see the show.
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Tags: headline badge button hamster coinstar freddiestarr
In defence against James ' rampant Coinstar fawnings, I feel we need to redress the balance against this evil empire...
Kids, Do Not put your hamster or any other pet in, on , or near a Coinstar machine. They are vicious boxes, they cause dangerously addictive behaviour, they take a 7% cut of everything you put in (what - you thought it was a free service???), and your beloved pet will not survive. Just think of poor Hammy, and keep your pets safe at home...
With apologies to the headline writers at The Sun, who in 1986 ran a fictitious article about British comic Freddie Starr, which passed into redtop history.
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RT 785 (TB) stands at Bromley North waiting to work route 146 to Downe. Why not visit Freddie Starr and Lyn Paul at the London Palladium or Nash's of Orpington furnishers! Tuesday 18th October 1977.
4A-5.
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burt's reaction to me request for a shaded b+w backpiece of freddie starr....
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CORRECTION! Nancy is the ex-owner and creator of La Mirage. What a Starr!
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Tags: blackpool northpier pier
North Pier is the most northerly of the three coastal piers in Blackpool, England. Built in the 1860s, it is also the oldest and longest of the three. Although originally intended only as a promenade, competition forced the pier to widen its attractions to include theatres and bars. Unlike Blackpool's other piers, which attracted the working classes with open air dancing and amusements, North Pier catered for the "better-class" market, with orchestra concerts and respectable comedians. Until 2011, it was the only Blackpool pier that consistently charged admission.
The pier is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building, due to its status as the oldest surviving pier created by Eugenius Birch. As of 2012 it is still in regular use, despite having suffered damage from fires, storms and collisions with boats. Its attractions include bars, a theatre, a carousel and an arcade. One of the oldest remaining Sooty glove puppets is on display commemorating Harry Corbett buying the original puppet there.
North Pier was built at the seaward end of Talbot Road, where the town's first railway station, Blackpool North, was built. Its name reflects its location as the most northerly of Blackpool's three piers. It is about 450 yards (410 m) north of Blackpool Tower, which is roughly the midpoint of Blackpool's promenade. The sea front is particularly straight and flat on this stretch of coastline, and the 1,650 feet (500 m) pier extends at right angles into the Irish Sea, more or less level with the promenade.
History: The construction of Blackpool Pier (eventually North Pier) started in May 1862, in Layton-cum-Warbreck, part of the parish of Bispham. In October 1862 severe storms suggested that the planned height of the pier was insufficient, and it was increased by 3 feet (0.91 m) North Pier was the second of fourteen piers designed by Eugenius Birch, and since Margate Pier was destroyed by a storm in 1978, it is the oldest of the remaining examples of his work still in use. It was the first of Birch's piers to be built by Glasgow engineering firm Richard Laidlaw and Son.
The pier, which cost £11,740 to build, originally consisted of a promenade 1,405 feet (428 m) long and 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, extending to 55 feet (17 m) wide at the pier-head. The bulk of the pier was constructed from cast iron, with a wooden deck laid on top. The cast iron piles on which the structure rests were inserted using Birch's screw pile process; the screw-tipped piles were twisted into the sand until they hit bedrock. This made construction much quicker and easier, and guaranteed that the pier had a solid foundation. The cast iron columns, 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter, were filled with concrete for stability at intervals of 60 feet (18 m), and supported by struts that were on average were slightly more than 1 inch (25 mm) thick.The pier's promenade deck is lined with wooden benches with ornamental cast iron backs. At intervals along the pier are hexagonal kiosks built around 1900 in wood and glass with minaret roofs topped with decorative finials. On opening two of the kiosks were occupied by a bookstall and confectionery stall and the kiosks near the ends of the pier were seated shelters. The pier-head is a combination of 420 tons of cast iron and 340 tons of wrought iron columns; standing 50 feet (15 m) above the low water line, it sees a regular 35 feet (11 m) change in sea level due to the tide.
The pier was officially opened in a grand ceremony on 21 May 1863, even though the final 50 yards (46 m) had not yet been completed. All the shops in the area were closed and decorated with flags and streamers for the ceremony, which included a procession and a cannon salute, and was attended by more than 20,000 visitors. Although the town only had a population of approximately 4,000, more than 200,000 holiday makers regularly stayed there during the summer months; this included 275,000 admissions in 1863, 400,000 in 1864 and 465,000 the following year. The pier was officially opened by Major Preston, and he and 150 officials then travelled to the Clifton Hotel for a celebratory meal.
The pier was intended primarily for leisure rather than seafaring; for the price of 2d (worth approximately £4.90 in 2012) the pier provided the opportunity for visitors to walk close to the sea without distractions.This fee was insufficient to deter "trippers'", which led to Major Preston campaigning for a new pier to cater for the 'trippers'. In 1866, the government agreed that a second pier could be built, despite objections from the Blackpool Pier Company that it was close to their pier and therefore unnecessary
As permitted by the original parliamentary order, a landing jetty was built at the end of North Pier in incremental stages between 1864 and 1867. The full length of the jetty was 474 feet (144 m), and the extensions increased the pier's total length to its current 1,650 feet (500 m). The Blackpool Pier Company used the jetty to operate pleasure steamers that made trips to the surrounding areas. In 1871 swimming and diving lessons were added to the pier.
In 1874, the pier-head was extended to allow Richard Knill Freeman to incorporate a pavilion, which opened in 1877. The interior decoration led it to be known as the "Indian Pavilion", and it was Blackpool's primary venue for indoor entertainment until the Winter Gardens opened in 1879.
To differentiate itself from the new pier, North Pier focused on catering for the "better classes", charging for entry and including attractions such as an orchestra and band concerts, in contrast to the Central Pier (or the "People's pier"), which regularly had music playing and open-air dancing. The pier owners highlighted the difference, charging at least a shilling (worth approximately £19.90 in 2012) for concerts and ensuring that advertisements for comedians focused on their lack of vulgarity. Sundays were given over to a church parade.
On 8 October 1892, a storm-damaged vessel, Sirene, hit the southern side of the pier, causing four shops and part of the deck to collapse onto the beach below. Several columns were also dislodged, and the ship's bowsprit hit the pier entrance. All eleven crew members were rescued when they were hauled onto the pier. Damage to the pier was estimated to be £5,000 and was promptly repaired.
Nelson's former flagship, HMS Foudroyant, was moored alongside North Pier for an exhibition, but slipped anchor and was wrecked on the shore in a violent storm on 16 June 1897, damaging part of the jetty. The wreck of the ship broke up during December storms.
The pier was closed for the winter during 1895–6 as it unsafe; as a result, the pier was widened as electric lighting was added.
An Arcade Pavilion was added in 1903 at the entrance to the pier and contained a wide range of amusements to suit all tastes. Further alterations were made to the pier in 1932-3 when the open air stand was replaced with a stage and sun lounge.
In 1936, a pleasure steamer returning from Llandudno crashed into the pier. The collision left a 10 feet (3.0 m) gap, and stranded a number of people at the far end.
The 1874 Indian Pavilion was severely damaged by fire in 1921. It was refurbished, but was then destroyed by a second fire in 1938. In 1939 it was replaced by a theatre, built in an Art Deco style. At around the same time, the bandstand was removed and replaced with a sun lounge.
In the 1960s, the Merrie England bar and an amusement arcade were constructed at the end of the pier nearest to the shore. The 1939 theatre, which is still in use, narrowly escaped damage in 1985 when the early stages of a fire were noticed by performer Vince Hill. In the 1980s, a Victorian-styled entrance was built. In 1991 the pier gained the Carousel bar as an additional attraction, and a small tramway to ease access to the pier-head. By this point, the pier had ceased to have any nautical use, but the jetty section was adapted for use as a helicopter pad in the late 1980s. Storms on 24 December 1997 destroyed the landing jetty, including the helipad.
The North Pier is one of the few remaining examples of Birch's classic pier architecture and is a Grade II Listed building, the only Blackpool pier to hold that status. It was recognised as "Pier of the Year" in 2004 by the National Piers Society.
North Pier's attractions include a Gypsy palm reader and an ice cream parlour, the North Pier Theatre, a Victorian tea room, and the Carousel and Merrie England bars. The arcade, built in the 1960s, has approximately eleven million coins pass through its machines each year.
One of the earliest Sooty bear puppets used by Harry Corbett is on display on the pier. Corbett bought the original Sooty puppet on North Pier for his son, Matthew. When Corbett took the puppet on BBC's Talent Night programme, he marked the nose and ears with soot so that they would show up on the black and white television, giving the puppet its name.
The Carousel bar on the pier-head has a Victorian wrought iron canopy, and its outdoor sun-lounge is classified as the largest beer garden in Blackpool. Next to the bar is a two tier carousel, the "Venetian Carousel", which is protected from sand and spray by a glass wall.
After the fire in 1938, the pavilion was replaced with a 1,564 seat theatre which has since hosted a number of acts including; Frankie Vaughan, Frank Randle, Tessie O'Shea, Dave Morris, Bernard Delfont, Morecambe and Wise, Paul Daniels, Freddie Starr, Russ Abbott, Bruce Forsyth, Des O'Connor, Joe Longthorne, Lily Savage, Brian Conley and Hale and Pace.
In 2002 a heritage room with photographs was opened up, the foyer entrance was refurbished and a disabled lift added. By 2005, there was no longer a live organist playing in the sun lounge although other live entertainment continues. In 2013, the live organist was brought back into the sun lounge.
The pier was built and owned by the Blackpool Pier Company, created with three thousand £5-shares in 1861 (worth approximately £2,990 in 2012). The same firm operated the pier in 1953, and the company was incorporated in 1965. The Resorts Division of First Leisure, including the pier, was sold to Leisure Parks for £74 million in 1998. In 2009, the pier was sold to the Six Piers group, which owns Blackpool's other two piers, and hoped to use it as a more tranquil alternative to them. The new owners opened the Victorian-themed tea room, and built an eight-seat shuttle running the length of the pier.
In April 2011, the pier was sold to a Blackpool family firm, Sedgwick's, the owners of amusement arcades and the big wheel on Blackpool's Central Pier. Peter Sedgwick explained that he proposed to his wife on North Pier forty years ago, and promised to buy it for her one day. He said that he wants to restore the Victorian heritage of the pier and re-instate the pier's tram. An admission charge of fifty pence to access the board-walk section of the pier was abolished by the Sedgewicks.
A petition to wind up the Northern Victorian Pier Limited (the company used by the Sedgwick family to manage Blackpool North Pier) was presented on 17 September 2012 by Carlsberg UK Limited, a creditor of the Company, and this was to be heard at Blackpool County Court on 15 November 2012.
At the 11th hour, an agreement to pay the outstanding balance owed to Carlsberg was made and Peter Sedgwick's company escaped liquidation.
[Wikipedia]
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| Freddie Starr |
Which prominent English architect now aged 74 was responsible for designing The Eden Project and the National Space Centre in Leicester ? | Freddie Starr - Who is talking about Freddie Starr on FLICKR
Freddie Starr
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David Craig - Pan paperback 1978 film tie-in
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Pavilion Theatre
Glasgow, Scotland.
Designed by Bertie Crewe for Thomas Barrasford, the Pavilion Theatre opened at the corner of Renfield Street and Renfrew Street, Glasgow on the 29 February, 1904. It was regarded as luxurious for its time with its decor being described by the owners as “pure Louis XV”. An electrically operated sliding roof ensured good ventilation.
Performances in the early days were mainly variety, melodrama and pantomime. Many of the leading music hall artistes of the period appeared at the Pavilion, including Marie Lloyd, Little Tich, Harry Lauder, Florrie Forde, Will Fyffe, Sarah Bernhardt and a then unknown Charlie Chaplin.
Since the 1930s, the Pavilion began to host pantomimes with top name stars of the Scottish variety scene, such as Harry Gordon and Dave Willis. In more recent times it has produced plays, such as ‘The Sash’ and ‘The Steamie’.
The Pavilion Theatre is now the only privately run theatre in Scotland and one of a few unsubsidised independent theatres left in Britain.
“Defying all the odds, Glasgow’s Pavilion regularly purveys variety to this day. All the more remarkable as it is completely unsubsidised and receives no funding from the Scottish Arts Council and kindred bodies whose thoughts and cash are directed at higher cultural activities. It remains the last stronghold of a long music hall tradition in Europe’s City of Culture owing everything to a dedicated staff and patrons and nothing to the public purse.
With its imposing terra cotta facade, the Pavilion Theatre of Varieties was designed by Bertie Crewe in the grand manner for Thomas Barrasford. The domed ceiling was surmounted by an electrically controlled sliding roof for ventilation. Fine Rococo plasterwork on the circle, balcony and box fronts; decoration executed in pure Louis XV; handsome mahogany woodwork and the marble mosaic floor all lent the 1800 seat theatre an aura of splendour.
No less amusing than the dentist advertising in the Pavilion programme “painless extractions with nitrous oxide for 4/- (20p) or cocaine for 1/- (5p)”, were the press observations on the “fashionable company” which attended the Pavilion’s first house on 29th February,1904. We learn that “among the elite there was quite a preponderance of ladies and gentlemen of quality in evening dress”. Alas, class consciousness and respectability were all in Edwardian Britain!
All the eminent music hall worthies turned up at the Pavilion at some time or other, none more so than FLORRIE FORDE. A strong pantomime tradition was established in the ‘thirties with HARRY GORDON and DAVE WILLIS alternately playing eight weeks at the Pavilion before moving east to the Theatre Royal in Edinburgh.
The ‘forties and ‘fifties saw pantomime runs of sixteen weeks for JACK ANTHONY (with BERTHA RICARDO and BOND ROWELL) and lengthy summer shows for TOMMY MORGAN (with ‘TOMMY YORKE; JIMMY HILL and MARGARET MILNE).
These happy and hilarious summer seasons were emulated during the 1960s and early 1970s by LEX McLEAN (with JIMMY CARR & VONNIE; RON DALE, and MARGO BENTLEY). Plentiful belly laughs were assured when the master of timing with his clever one liners and asides was the central figure. Another regular crowd puller to Renfield Street was JACK MILROY with his clean infectious humour, seen at its best in the Pavilion’s Diamond Jubilee “World of Widow Cranky” adventure in pantomime with CHARLIE SIM and SALLY LOGAN.
LULU from Dennistoun (real name Marie Lawrie) broke box office records in 1975 with her irrepressible vitality and joyous personality. BILLY CONNOLLY, HECTOR NICOL, GLEN DALY, FREDDIE STARR and ANDY CAMERON portrayed their own distinctive brands of humour while Scottish songstresses LENA ZAVARONI, SHEENA EASTON, LENA MARTELL and BARBARA DICKSON also scored heavily with Pavilion audiences.
It was anything but plain sailing for the Pavilion and there was gloomy speculation of closure after incurring heavy financial losses in 1981. Spared the fate which befell the Queens, Metropole, Empire, Alhambra and Empress Theatres, the 80 years old Pavilion was rescued by James Glasgow and transformed into a modest profit maker. Smash-hit shows with SYDNEY DEVINE; spells from hypnotist ROBERT HALPERN; pantomime with DENNY WILLIS, and one night gigs from the foremost modern television entertainers have kept the cash tills registering.
The Pavilion also played a major role in the annual Mayfest – Glasgow’s International Festival of popular theatre, music, the arts and community programmes.
Little altered and virtually unspoilt since its inception, the seating capacity of 1449 is made up of 677 stalls, 341 circle, 413 balcony and 18 box seats. While the stiff shirts in chauffeur-driven cabs have given way to coach parties from the rural areas of Strathclyde and beyond, a policy of providing the best in live entertainment has been pursued consistently. The portents look good for the vibrant Pavilion Theatre of Varieties.”
From The Scottish Music Hall 1880-1990
by J. H. Littlejohn (1990) (ISBN 1 872350 05 4)
For more information
The Scottish Music Hall & Variety Theatre Society, grew from The Sir Harry Lauder Society which was founded in Sir Harry’s birthplace, Portobello, in 1979. Its aims are to advance the cause of Scottish Music Hall & Variety Theatre and bring people together who are interested in this most vibrant of Art Forms -The Scottish Music Hall and Variety Theatre. Our members come from both sides of the footlights and include many artistes who are still performing in Variety, theatre historians, journalists and, above all, the theatre going public who filled the seats in the Empires, Palaces, Palladiums etc, all over the country and our membership ranges worldwide.
The SOCIETY produces a quarterly magazine titled “STAGEDOOR” and this is issued to our members every Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn. “STAGEDOOR” features many articles about your favourite Music Hall and Variety Artistes. The Society also runs various events throughout the year e.g. lunches, coach trips, exhibitions and theatre visits etc. This Society gives one an opportunity to reminisce of the “Glorious days of Music Hall and Variety Theatre”. Today the Society maintains a vested interest in supporting the live Variety Theatre of today as an Art Form.
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Hullo !
We are going to tell the Truth about the idiot, Boris, now that he is no longer Mayor. Yes.
See, Little Joe Troll has befriended Hoss, who is made of melted chocolate, he was the idiot, Boris's slave.
"Tell us, Hoss, in your own words, exactly how the idiot, Boris, ate your bestest friend, which was your Freddie Starr Doll, and how the idiot, Boris, ate it, yes; oh and we will give you biscuits, we would have given you biscuits anyway." *
"He eated Freddie ! My dollie !"
"And what did you do, Hoss ?"
"I did cry ! Yes, I did !"
"Well, you've been a very good Hoss, now you can have all the biscuits (*) you could ever desire."
Well, now you know the truth, you must act as you see fit.
Walk Tall !
* Of course, the plural of biscuit is biskwee, but Hoss cannot understand this, because he is Hoss.
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Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
BBC-1 Television
8:55am Watch: The story of the Nativity, with James Earl Adair, Louise Hall-Taylor (repeat
9:25am Mr Benn
9:40am Pink Panther Show (cartoons)
10:00am Morning Worship: from the Clifton Cathedral
11:15am The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962 film) starring Laurence Harvey, Karl Boehm, Claire Bloom
1:10pm Carols from Warwick Castle, with Vince Hill, Iris Williams, intrduced by Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
2:00pm Top of the Pops '80 (part 1)
Featured singers include: Abba, Blondie, David Bowie, Pink Floyd, Dexy's Midnight Runners
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea (1954 Disney film) starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Peter Lorre
5:15pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show
6:05pm News, with Angela Rippon
6:10pm Larry Grayson's Generation Game, with Isla St Clair
7:15pm Dallas: An extortionist threatens to blow up the Ewing 23 oil well, and JR out manoeuvres Bobby
8:45pm Airport 1975 (1974 film) starring Charlton Heston, Karen Black, George Kennedy, Sid Caesar
10:30pm News, with Angela Rippon
10:40pm Parkinson at Christmas: guests, Penelope Keith, James Galway, Ben Vereen
11:40pm Christmas Comedy Classic: Fawlty Towers (repeat)
12:10am Weather
Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
BBC-2 Television
11:00-11:25am Play School:
3:10pm A Year in the Life of an Exmoor Man: Film about Tom Rook, auctioneer and estate agent.
4:10pm Blue Skies (1946 film) starring Bing Crosby, Fred Astarie, Joan Caulfield
5:50pm Little Swallow (Shanghai cartoon)
6:05pm The Band Wagon (1953 MGM musical) starring Fred Astaire, Cyd Charisse
7:55pm News
8:05pm Tosca (Italian film of Puccini's opera)
10:10pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
10:20pm One Hundred Great Paintings: Seurat'sLa Grand Jatte, with Milton Brown
hung at the Art Institute in Chicago
10:30-12:15pm The Front Page (1974 film) starring Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon
Christmas Day 1980 - Thursday 25th December 1980
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:00am A Merry Morning; Leeds area children's party,
host: Don McLean, with Guys and Dolls, and the Chuckle Brothers
9:45am Christmas Eucharist: Live from Canterbury Cathedral
10:45am A Christmas Star (cartoon)
11:10am Christmas Runaround: Quiz with the contestants on ice-skates, with Mike Reid
11:40am Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World (1973 film) starring Jim Dale, Spike Milligan, Angela Douglas
1:15pm Christmas Crossroads
1:45pm Billy Smart's Christmas Circus
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm George and Mildred (1980 film) starring Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce
4:55pm News
host Ted Rogers, guests Nicholas Parsons, Derek Batey, Sheila Steafel, Bill Maynard, Mike Reid
6:00pm The Man with the Golden Gun (1974 James Bond film)
starring Roger Moore, Christopher Lee, Britt Ekland, Bernard Lee
8:30pm Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show:
guests: Peter Barkworth, Hannah Gordon, Glenda Jackson, Alec Guinness, Jill Gascoine, Gemma Craven, Peter Vaughan
9:30pm This is Your Life
10:00pm Janet and Company: Janet Brown with Roy Kinnear, Frank Windsor
10:30pm News
10:40pm A Touch of Class (1972 film) starring George Segal, Glenda Jackson
12:30am It's Christmas: Children of St. Richards with St. Andrews School, Ham, Surrey - sing carols
12:45am
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
BBC-1 Television
8:40am Star Over Bethlehem (repeat of last nights BBC2 seven-nation musical link up)
9:40pm The Flumps
9:55pm Rolf at Christmas: Rolf Harris in Chester with 200 children, guests: Keith Harris, Darts
10:30am Christmas Morning Service: The Royal Family at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
11:50am The Donald Duck Story. part 1 (cartoon biography) (part 2 tomorrow)
12:30pm Tom Thumb (1958 film) starring Russ Tamblyn, Peter Sellers, Terry-Thomas, Jessie Matthews, June Thorburn
2:00pm Top of the Pops '81: with Peter Powell, Dave Lee Travis, and Zoo
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Larry Grayson's Generation Game: with Isla St. Clair
4:10pm In Search of the Castaways (1961 Disney film) starring Hayley Mills, Maurice Chevalier
5:45pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:25pm News, with Moira Stuart
6:35pm Paul Daniels' Magical Christmas
7:15pm Last of the Summer Wine
7:45pm The Two Ronnies: guests Sheena Easton, Chas and Dave
8:35pm Dallas: Bobby and Miss Ellie put some difficult questions to the no-good JR.
9:25pm Loophole (1981 film) starring Albert Finney, Martin Sheen
11:05pm News, with Moira Stuart
11:15pm Parkinson on Comedy: Some of the best moments from Michael Parkinson's past shows featuring comedians
including Bob Hope, Dave Allen, Rowan Atkinson
12:15-12:45am Christmas Night with The Spinners: from the Royal Hall, Harrogate
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
BBC-2 Television
11:00-11:25am Play School: Carol Leader and Ben Thomas read The Christmas Story
2:05pm Harold Lloyd: The Freshman (1925 film) (b-w)
3:15pm A Charlie Brown Christmas
3:40pm Uproar in Heaven (Chinese cartoon) featuring Monkey
5:25pm Joseph and Child: scultor Arthur Dooley
5:40pm Sounds of Christmas: carols and festive music from the Royal Albert Hall, London, introduced by Richard Stilgoe
6:35pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
6:50pm One Hundred Great Paintings, with Edwin Millins: Leonardo Da Vinci's Virgin and Child with St. Anne
7:00pm Dersu Uzala (1975 Russian film)
9:15pm News, with Moira Stuart
9:25pm Margot Fonteyn introduces the London Festival Ballet
10:30pm Country Holiday: Country music show
11:15-1:05am The War Between Men and Women (1972 film) starring Jack Lemmon
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
ITV - Thames Television (London)
10:00am Christmas Family Worship: from Duke Street Baptist Church, in Richmond, Surrey
11:00am The Dazzle: Edna O'Brien reads her story
11:30am We Six Kings: The King's Singers, from Nostell Priory, Yorkshire
12:00noon The Three Lives of Thomasina (1964 Disney film) starring Patrick McGoohan, Susan Hampshire
1:45pm A Wedding in the Family: An unusual view of the July 29 royal wedding
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Dr. No (1962 James Bond film) starring Sean Connery, Ursula Andress
5:15pm This is Your Life
5:45pm News from ITN
5:50pm The Muppet Movie (1978 film) starring Mel Brooks, Bob Hope, James Coburn, Telly Savalas
Christmas Day 1981 - Friday 25th December 1981
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
7:40pm Game for a Laugh: Henry Kelly, Sara Kennedy, Jeremy Beadle
8:30pm It'll be Alright on the Night (3): Dennis Norden
9:35pm Harry and Walter Go tO New York (1976 film) starring Michael Daine, James Caine, Diane Keaton
11:40pm Rising Damp: Leonard Rossiter, Richard Beckinsale (repeat of Christmas edition)
12:10-12:20am Star in the Sky: carols sung by children of St Richard's with St Andrew's School, Ham, Richmond, Surrey
Christmas 1982
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
BBC-1 Television
8:40am The All-New Pink Panther Show
9:00am Carols from Buckfast
9:45am Christmas Parade: Hyde Park Barracks: The Queen's Life Guard
10:35am Christmas Morning Service: from St Chad's Church, Lichfield
11:40am Raccoons on Ice (musical cartoon) narrated by Rich Little, voices of Rita Coolidge and Leo Sayer
12:05pm Mister Quilp (1975 film) starring Anthony Newley, David Hemmings
2:00pm Top of the Pops '82: Christmas Party with Peter Powell, John Peel, Dave Lee Travis, Steve Wright,
Andy Peebles, Richard Skinner, Tommy Vance, Mike Smith and Mike Read
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm International Velvet (1978 film) starring Tatum O'Neal, Nanette Newman, Christopher Plummer, Anthony Hopkins
Written, Produced and Directed by Bryan Forbes
5:10pm News, with Jan Leeming
5:20pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:00pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show:
6:55pm Last of the Summer Wine: All Mod Conned: Bill Owen, Peter Sallis, Brian Wilde
7:30pm The Two Ronnies Christmas Show: Guest: David Essex
8:15pm Agatha Christie's Death On The Nile (1978 film) starring Peter Ustinov as Hercule Poirot
10:30pm News, with Jan Leeming
10:40pm Perry Como: Christmas in Paris
11:30pm The Signalman: Ghost Story for Christmas
12:10-12:40am Christmas Night with The Spinners: at the Alhambra Theatre, Bradford
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
BBC-2 Television
2:10pm The Islanders (2/4)
2:40pm Gold From the Deep: The Salvage of the Century: HMS Edinburgh: Narrated by Robert Powell
3:40pm The Book Game
4:10pm 25 Years in Space: A Horizon Special
5:20pm Sellers Over Christmas: The Millionairess (1960 film) starring Peter Sellers, Sophia Loren
6:45pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
6:50pm News on 2, with Jan Leeming
6:55pm The World About Us: On the Tracks of the Wild otter
7:45pm The World of James Joyce
9:35pm Richard Baker's Christmas Dozen: The Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Andrew Davis
10:40-12:35am Fedora (1978 film) starring William Holden. Produced, Directed & Screenplay by Billy Wilder
Christmas Day 1982 - Saturday 25th December 1982
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
9:00am Journey Back to Oz (1971 film) starring Liza Minnelli, Mickey Rooney
10:30am Christmas Morning Service: from Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady St. John's Wood, London
11:30am Enid Blyton's The Island of Adventure (1981 film)
1:00pm Film Fun at Christmas, with Derek Griffiths
2:00pm Andy Williams' Christmas Special
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm The Parent Trap (1961 Disney film) starring Hayley Mills
5:25pm ITN News
5:35pm 3-2-1: Christmas Special: host Ted Rogers
6:35pm Game for a Laugh: Henry Kelly, Matthew Kelly, Sarah Kennedy, Jeremy Beadle
7:25pm Bruce Forsyth's Play Your Cards Right
8:00pm The Black Hole (film) starring Maximillian Schell, Anthony Perkins
9:50pm Chas & Dave's Christmas Knees-up
10:50pm ITN News
10:55pm Cleo and John: Cleo Laine and John Dankworth
11:55pm The Triple Echo (1972 film) Glenda Jackson, Oliver Reed
Christmas 1983
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
BBC-1 Television
8:35am The Christmas Raccoons (musical cartoon)
9:00am Carols from Newby Hall: guests Grace Kennedy, Robert White, and the Cambridge University Chamber Choir
9:50am Away in a Manger: Christmas through the eyes of primary schoolchildren
10:20am Christmas Morning Family Service: from The Mint Methodist Church, Exeter.
11:20am The Little Convict: Rolf Harris as Jake the Peg
12:35pm Ziggy's Gift (animated film)
1:00pm Bugs Bunny (cartoon)
1:05pm Glitterball (1977 Children's Film Fountain)
2:00pm Top of the Pops 1983: featuring number one hits by:
Michael Jackson, Shakin' Stevens, Men at Work, Duran Duran, Bucks Fizz, Lionel Richie, David Bowie
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Blankety Blank: Terry Wogan with
guests: Sabina Franklyn, Roy Kinnear, Ruth Maddoc, Patrick Moore, Beryl Reid, Freddie Starr
3:50pm Treaure Island (1950 Disney film) starring Robert Newton, Bobby Driscoll
5:25pm News, read by Jan Leeming
5:25pm Jim'll Fix It: Jimmy Savile
6:15pm Songs Of Praise Special: from Peterborough
7:15pm The Two Ronnies:
serial - The Adventures of Archie, with Carol Hawkins as the Blonde
guest: Elton John
8:05pm All Creatures Great and Small
9:35pm Only Fools and Horses
10:05pm News, read by Jan Leeming
10:15pm Better Late Than Never (1983 film) starring David Niven, Maggie Smith, Art Carney
11:45-12:15am The Spinners at York, the seasonal setting is the Victorian street at the Castle Museum.
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
BBC-2 Television
2:00pm Nobody Minded the Rain: Coronation Day 2nd June 1953 (repeat)
3:00pm The Book Game
3:30pm The Great Palace: The Story of Parliament (8/8)
4:20pm Henry's Cat: (Bob Godfrey and Stan Hayward cartoon)
4:25pm Meet Me In St. Louis (1944 film) starring Judy Garland singing The Trolley Song
6:15pm The Natural World: Winter Days
7:05pm News, read by Jan Leeming
7:15pm Cinderalla: Rossini's two-act opera La Cenerentoia
9:50pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
10:05pm The Bob Monkhouse Show: guest Norman Wisdom, and the Rusian-American comedian Yakov Smirnoff,
music from Bertice Reading, and the Harry Stoneham Band
11:00-12:10am The Marx Brothers in Duck Soup (1933 film)(b-w)
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
ITV - TV-am
7:00am Rub-a-Dub-Tub Christmas Day Special, with Bonnie Langford, Michele Dotrice, Edward Woodward, Alan Dart
8:00am Christmas with TV-am:
- Thought for Christmas from Cardinal Hume
- Christ Tarrant at the Queen Mary Hospital for Children, in Carshalton, Surrey
9:00am Roland Rat's Winter Wonderland
Christmas Day 1983 - Sunday 25th December 1983
ITV - London Weekend Television (LWT)
9:25am The Night the Animals Talked (animated parable) music and lyrics by Sammy Cahn and Jule Styne (repeat)
9:50am The Fraggles are Coming: trailer for new puppet series
9:55am Messengers to Earth: musical fantasy, music by Lou Lewis.
Recorded at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Crediton, Devon (repeat)
10:20am Christmas Morning Worship: from St. Molua's Church, Belfast
11:20am The Magic Planet: Ice-skating spectacular
12:15pm The Capture of Grizzly Adams (1981 TV film) starring Dan Haggerty, Kim Darby, Noah Bery, Keenan Wynn
2:00pm The Royal Year: An ITN compilation of the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh's' visit to the Caribbean, US, Kenya,
India and Bangladesh. Plus the Prince and Princess of Wales' tours of Australi, New Zealand and Canada
3:00pm The Queen's Christmas Day Message to the Commonwealth
3:15pm Superman (1978 film) starring Christopher Reeve
5:35pm Bullseye Christmas Special: host Jim Bowan, guests; Kenneth Kendall, Anne Diamond
6:20pm News from ITN
6:30pm A Royal Concert of Carols: The Prince and Princess of Wales, Songs from Marti Webb, Piano Peter Donohoe
7:15pm Bruce Forsyth's Play Your Card's Right
7:45pm Jimmy Tarbuck's Christmas All Stars: guests, Bruce Forsyth, Mike Yarwood, Cannon and Ball,
Michael Barrymore, Shakin' Stevens. Plus 'Game for a Laugh' special,
and from the US by satellite: Andy Williams, Robert Wagner, Stefanie Powers, The Temptations, The Four Tops
9:10pm Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978 film) starring Peter Sellers
11:00pm News from ITN
11:10pm The King's Christmas: The King's Singers at Harewood House, Yorkshire.
11:40pm The Untouchables: Crime drama with Robert Stack as Eliot Ness (repeat)
12:25am A Different Christmas: from Stoke Mandeville Hospital, with Gillian Reynolds and Jimmy Savile
Christmas 1984
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
BBC-1 Television
8:40am Play School: presented by Carol Chell
9:00am Busker's Christmas Story (2/3) CHristopher Lillicrap reads the updated story of the Nativity
9:15am Born in Bethlehem: carols (shown yesterday)
10:00am Christmas Morning Family Service: from Fisherwick Presbyterian Church, Belfast
11:05am The Noel Edmonds Live Live Christmas Breakfast Show: from the top of the British Telecom Tower
12:35pm Blue Murder at St. Trinians (1957 film) starring Alastair Sim, Joyce Grenfell, George Cole, Terry-Thomas
2:00pm Top of the Pops 1984: Culture Club, Jim Diamond, Duran Duran, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Howard Jones,
Nik Kershaw, The Thompson Twins, Wham, and Paul Young
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm Mary Poppins (1964 film) starring Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, David Tomlinson, Glynis Johns
5:25pm News, with Jan Leeming
5:30pm Christmas Blankety Blank: host Les Dawson,
on the panel: Lorraine Chase, Suzanne Danielle, Ken Dodd, Russell Harty, Ruth Madoc, Derek Nimmo
6:05pm Hi-de-Hi
6:35pm The Paul Daniels Magic Christmas Show:
guests: George Carl, clown from Chicago; Kris Kremo, a high speed juggler from Las Vegas;
and the Olympiads, a balancing act from Germany
7:25pm Just Good Friends
8:55pm The Two Ronnies: guest singer Eliane Paige
9:55pm News, with Jan Leeming
10:05pm Wogan: Terry Wogan's guests: Freddie Starr, Kiri Te Kanawa, Elton John, Victoria Principal
10:55-12:50am Some Like It Hot (1959 film) starring Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, Marilyn Monroe
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
BBC-2 Television
1:55pm A Dog's Life (1918 film) starring Charlie Chaplin
2:35pm Polar Bear Alert (documentary) (repeat)
3:25pm Limelight (1952 film) starring Charlie Chaplin, Claire Bloom
5:35pm Telly Quiz, presented by Jerry Stevens
6:05pm The Nutcracker: Scottish Ballet's production of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet, starring Elaine McDonald
Recorded at the Theatre Royal, Glasgow, with the Scottish Ballet Orchestra
7:50pm The Master of Mouton: Russell Harty makes a pilgrimage to the Medoc to meet Baron Philippe de Rothchild
at the Chateau Mouton.
8:40pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
8:55-12:00midnight Kaos (1984 film) starring Omero Antonutti, Margarita Lozano
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
ITV - TV-am
6:25-9:25am Good Morning Britain: Anne Diamond, Nick Owen, Newsreader: Gordon Honeycombe
Christmas Day 1984 - Tuesday 25th December 1984
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:25am Dangermouse Double Bill (repeat)
9:45am Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
9:55am Emu at Christmas
10:35am Christmas Morning Service, from St George's Chapel, Windsor, introduced by Sir Alastair Burnet
11:45am Bugs Bunny's Looney Movie (1981 film)
1:15pm Top Pop Videos of '84
2:00pm Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean Special
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm The Man with the Golden Gun (1974 James Bond film) starring Roger Moore
5:25pm ITN News
5:30pm Give Is a Clue: presented by Michael Parkinson
Una Stubb's team: Julia Mckenzie, Nicola Paget, Julie Walters
Lionel Blair's team: Spike Milligan, Wayne Sleep, Bernie Winters
6:00pm Bring Me Sunshine - A Tribute to Eric Morecambe OBE, introduced by Ernie Wise
8:30pm Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981 film) starring Harrison Ford
10:40pm ITN News
10:45pm Des O'Connor Tonight: guests Hank Marvin, Mireille Matthieu
11:35pm Home for the Holidays (1972 film) starring Walter Brennan
12:50-1:00am Peace: Gill Nevill meets some of the people who are attempting to bring some peace
to different parts of the globe.
Christmas 1985
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
BBC-1 Television
9:35am This is the Day
10:05am The Gnome-Mobile (1967 Disney film) starring Walter Brennan
11:28am Weather
11:30am Roland's Yuletide Binge: guests Russell Grant, Frankie Howerd, Jan Leeming, Ian McCaskill, Beryl Reid,
and Valerie Singleton
11:55am The Noel Edmonds Live Live Christmas Breakfast Show: from the top of the British Telecom Tower, includes the first live television satellite broadcast from the Sudan in which British relief workers are linked with their families in this country.
2:00pm Top of the Pops Christmas Party
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:10pm Children's Royal Variety Performance, in the presence of Princess Margaret, introduced by Mike Smith,
guests include: Roy Castle, Jan Francis, Rolf Harris, Paul Nicholas, Su Pollard, Gian Sammarco and Wayne Sleep.
4:55pm All Creatures Great and Small (feature-length episode)
6:25pm News, with Moira Stuart
6:30pm Hi-de-Hi: (first of new series)
The entertainments staff of Maplins are at loggerheads over the casting of poolside entertainment.
7:30pm Only Fools and Horses: (feature length episode)
Del accepts a commission to go to Amsterdam to collect a cache of diamonds only to discover that the boys in blue
have knowledge of the proposed trip and seal off the ports.
9:00pm The Two Ronnies (new series) includes "Little Big Shot" a drama set in Chicago during the 1920s
9:50pm News, with Moira Stuart
10:00pm Wogan: Terry Wogan is in Denver with the cast of Dynasty.
10:40-12:35pm Absence of Malice (1981 film) starring Paul Newman, Sally Field
12:35pm Weather
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
BBC-2 Television
11:30am Supercharged: Restored Grand Prix cars from the period between 1924 and 1939
test driven by John Watson (repeat)
12:20pm The Man in the Santa Claus Suit (1978 film) starring Fred Astaire
1:55pm Christmas Day Concert, live from Concertgebouw, Amsterdam in a performance of Mahler's Symphony no.7
3:30pm Three in the Wild: first of three programmes depicting the lives of Britain's wild creatures.
features Shak, the Red Fox. (repeat)
4:30pm Citizen Kane (1941 film) starring Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten
6:25pm A Prize Performance. Dr Evadne Hinge and Dame Hilda Bracket are at Cheltenham Ladies' College, where
Dame Hilda is guest speaker on Speech Day. Dr Hinge assumes the invitation was forthcoming because Hilda is a
distinguished old girl.
7:20pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
7:30pm Kiri Te Kanawa at Christmas
8:20pm Edge of the Wind, by Don Webb, with Sir John Mills, Omar Sharif, Lucy Gutteridge
9:25pm Film Buff of the Year, with Robin Ray
10:00-11:55pm Diva (1982 film)
11:55pm Choirs at Midnight: with the Vienna Boys Choir, Les Peititas Chateurs de Paris, The Tolz Boys' Choir,
and the Winchester Cathedral Choir
12:55am Weather
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
ITV - TV-am
6:15am Good Morning Britain: Anne Diamond, Nick Owen
7:15-9:25pm TV-am's Christmas Party
Christmas Day 1985 - Wednesday 25th December 1985
ITV - Thames Television (London)
9:25pm Christmas Fragggle Rock (repeat)
9:50pm Dangermouse
10:00pm The Christmas Morning Service: from Kenton Methodist Church
11:15pm The Black Hole (1979 film) starring Maximillian Schell, Anthony Perkins
1:00pm Jim Davidson's Top Pop Videos of '85
2:00pm The Royal Year: Anthony Carthew narrates
3:00pm The Queen speaks to the Commonwealth
3:05pm Moonraker (1979 James Bond film) starring Roger Moore
5:30pm ITN News, with Carol Barnes
5:45pm Name That Tune, with Lionel Blair
6:10pm Coronation Street
6:45pm Fresh Fields Christmas Special: Julia McKenzie, Anton Rodgers
7:30pm Minder on the Orient Express: Dennis Waterman, George Cole
9:30pm Des O'Connor Tonight: guests: Joan Collins, Dudley Moore, Alan King, Willie Tyler and Lester
10:40pm ITN News with Carol Barnes
10:50pm Gregory's Girl (1980 film) starring Gordon Sinclair, Dee Hepburn
12:30-12:40am Christmas Nights Thoughts: from St Marys Church, Wimbledon, with Alec McGowan, Paul Miles Kingston
Christmas 1986
8:45am The Pink Panther Show
9:10am Charlie's Christmas Project
9:35am Umbrella Christmas Special with Mark Chatterton, Susan Leong
10:00am Christmas Worship from Paisley Abbey
11:00am Christmas Morning with Noel
12:05pm It's a Charity Knockout from Walt Disney World Resort
1:00pm EastEnders
2:00pm Top of the Pops Christmas Show
3:00pm HM The Queen
3:10pm Film : Back to the Future
(1985) Première starring Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd
5:05pm Only Fools and Horses
6:25pm News and Weather
6:30pm A Christmas Celebration a Songs of Praise Special
hosted by Cliff Richard and Sally Magnusson
7:15pm Bread
8:30pm The Russ Abbot Christmas Show
9:10pm News and Weather
9:20pm Film : Silverado (1985) Première starring Kevin Kline
11:30pm The Gospel According to St Matthew
11:40pm Broadway Musicals : Carousel (1956) starring Gordon MacRae, Shirley Jones
1:45am Weather
5.15am Scooby Goes Hollywood animation, Scooby Doo features in his first Hoolywood musical
6.00am TV-am
Cartoon Capers Punky Brewster in Punkywise, Christmas in July and Mister Men : Mr Snow introduced by Timmy Mallett
7.30am Benji, Zax an the Alien Prince Double Trouble
8.00am Good Morning Britain TV-am Christmas Party guests include Bros, Jason Donovan, Russ Conway, Timmy Mallett, Lizzie Webb, Gyles Brandreth, Russell Grant, Kathy Tayler, Jimmy Greaves, Ulrika Jonsson includes news bulletins with Beatrice Hollyer
9.25am Bugs Bunny & Friends at Christmas cartoon fun with Bugs Bunny, Roadrunner, Tweety Pie, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Foghorn Leghorn
10.15am The Other Side of Christmas Anneka Rice with Michael Aspel, Nick Owen, David Bellamy, Thelma Barlow, Helen Worth, Bill Waddington live from the Arena in London's Docklands.
12.25pm The James Bond Film : On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) starring George Lazenby, Diana Rigg, Telly Savalas
3.00pm The Queen
3.15pm Film : The B.F.G. (1989) animation
5.00pm Home and Away
5.30pm ITN News followed by ITV National Weather with Martyn Davies
5.40pm Strike It Lucky Christmas Special with Michael Barrymore & Frank Bruno
6.30pm Christmas Comedy Box Jim Davidson presents clips of his favourite shows and performers
8.00pm Coronation Street
8.30pm After Henry
A Week of Sundays, starring Prunella Scales, Joan Sanderson, Janine Wood, Jonathan Newth
9.00pm Movie Premiere : Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986) starring Nick Nolte, Bette Midler, Richard Dreyfuss, Little Richard
10.55pm ITN News followed by ITV National Weather with Martyn Davies
11.10pm Film : Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) with Harrison Ford, Karen Allen
ITN News Headlines broadcast throughout the night
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Tags: liverpool vinyl single hamster record disc 45rpm freddiestarr
Freddie Starr ( born Frederick Leslie Fowell , 9th January 1943 ) is an English comedian, impressionist, singer and actor . Starr was the lead singer of Merseybeat pop group Freddie Starr & The Midnighters during the early 1960s .
The group was promoted by the manager of the Beatles, Brian Epstein, and was recorded on the Decca label by Joe Meek , the record producer of the single " Telstar " . During this period Starr performed in nightclubs in Hamburg and was an acquaintance of the Beatles.
Still relatively unknown to television audiences, Starr was "discovered" through the talent show Opportunity Knocks where he appeared as part of comedy/beat act Freddie Starr and the Delmonts . He appeared on the 1970 Royal Variety Performance . From 1972, he was one of the main performers in the television series Who Do You Do , and also a regular on the TV panel show Jokers Wild. He went on to star in his own series.
Freddie Starr was the subject of one of the best known British tabloid newspaper headlines. On 13th March 1986 The Sun carried as its main headline: FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER. According to the text of the story, Starr had been staying at the home of Vince McCaffrey and his 23-year-old girlfriend Lea La Salle in Birchwood, Cheshire, when the alleged incident took place. Starr was claimed to have returned home from a performance at a Manchester nightclub in the early hours of the morning and demanded that La Salle make him a sandwich. When she refused, he went into the kitchen and put her pet hamster Supersonic between two slices of bread and proceeded to eat it.
Freddie Starr gives his side of the story in his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped. He says that the only time that he ever stayed at Vince McCaffrey's house was in 1979 and that the incident was a complete fabrication. Starr writes in the book: "I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal". The man behind the hamster story was the British publicist Max Clifford. When asked in a television interview with Esther Rantzen some years later whether Starr really had eaten a hamster, his reply was "Of course not". Clifford was unapologetic, insisting that the story had given a huge boost to Starr's career.
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Tags: thatwastheyearthatwas1986
1986 Following a number of trouble free years in Space Exploration the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after take off watched by people live on TV around the world. The Internet Mail Access Protocol defined which opens the way for E-Mail and the same year the Human Genome Project is launched to understand the Human Makeup , this will open the way for great advances in the treatment of many illnesses. The worst ever Nuclear Disaster occurs as the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Explodes causing the release of radioactive material across much of Europe. In the UK (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease is identified which causes many deaths over the next few years and a major reform in farming practices.
In the year the Swedish Prime Minister, Olof Palme was assassinated in Stockholm, a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl (Ukraine) exploded, and Samora Machel, the President of Mozambique, died in a plane crash. In the world of music, the most dominant chart-toppers, each with 4 weeks at number 1, were Billy Ocean, the Communards, Berlin and the Christmas hit by Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite'.
The mid-1980s were a time of economic uncertainty coming on the back of a deep recession. In 1986, Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister, Sir Alex Ferguson had just become manager of Manchester United and a soap opera called Eastenders had been running for a year. The year began with a bitter winter and average February temperatures of -1.2C (29.8F). Newspaper printers and police clashed outside News International's printing plant in Wapping as thousands of demonstrators protested at new working conditions and the move to east London from the famous Fleet Street.
The US launched air strikes against Libya, killing dozens of people in Tripoli after President Reagan said Colonel Gaddafi's country was behind a night club bombing in West Berlin that killed two American soldiers. Lady Thatcher had supported the campaign. At home, a new series called Bread was aired for the first time, depicting life in Lady Thatcher's Britain. Set in Liverpool and featuring the Boswell family, the sitcom became the biggest show in the UK as it responded to the troubles many were facing at the time. The show followed the Catholic family's struggles with money - hence the title - and attracted more than 21 million viewers when Aveline married the Protestant vicar Oswald in 1988.
Assembled In Britain (1986)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIo_uJ2qiCI
The Christmas Day TV of Christmas 1986 proved to be a major success for the BBC...
Christmas 1986 will be long remembered for the incredible ratings achieved by BBC1 due to some very canny scheduling. But what else was going on at the time?
In the News: 1986 saw the wedding of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson, in an age when Royal Weddings still meant something. Press barons Rupert Murdoch and Robert Maxwell entered a newspaper circulation war. In a key year for the press, The Independent newspaper was launched and Eddie Shah launched the first full colour daily tabloid, Today.
In Sport: Maradona's "hand of god" sank England's chances in the Mexico World Cup. On the domestic front, Liverpool topped Division One and beat rivals Everton to the FA Cup. Oxford United won the League Cup. Frank Bruno was stateside in the big boxing clash of the year against Tim Witherspoon, while Edinburgh hosted the Commonwealth games. Motor racing driver Nigel Mansell was named BBC Sports Personality for 1986
Top of the charts: An unlikely Christmas hit for The Housemartins with the acapella Caravan of Love. Europe's anthemic Final Countdown was at number three whilst at number two a clever claymation video ensured Reet Petite by the late Jackie Wilson was bound for the summit.
At the Box Office: Paul Hogan's Crocodile Dundee began a nine week stay at the top holding off the fantasy adventure Labyrinth. Back To The Future was the biggest film in the UK in 1986 followed by Rocky IV, Out Of Africa and Top Gun. Brit comedy Clockwise, which starred John Cleese at his manic best, came a creditable eighth.
On TV Christmas Day (Thursday December 25th 1986)
BBC1
6.30pm FILM: Never Say Never Again
9pm A Duty Free Christmas
10pm News
10.10pm Agatha Christie's Dead Man's Folly
1986 saw Michael Grade's sweeping changes come to fruition.This was the year of the EastEnders Christmas specials when an incredible 30 million viewers were glued to the soap opera as Den and Angie finally ended their turbulent marriage. The Radio Times even carried phone numbers to call "if you were affected by the issues raised". Commendable, but not really what you want to see on the Christmas Day billings pages...
At 11.30am Noel Edmonds presented a live show from the top of the Telecom tower. The show's format had undergone some changes since its inception in 1984 as The Live, Live Breakfast Christmas Show, most notably a necessary name change. This year we were perhaps surprised to see Noel at all on Christmas Day given only weeks earlier the death of Michael Lush had ended his Late, Late Breakfast Show in the most tragic circumstances.
Annie was the big afternoon kids film and the early evening featured specials from Russ Abbot (a recent recruit from ITV) and the last-ever Just Good Friends. In the middle of the EastEnders "sandwich" was the now traditional Only Fools and Horses. In a surprisingly subdued episode, played without canned laughter, Rodney fell for an uppercrust Duke's daughter, only for Del to see an opportunity to join the country set. Joan Hickson's Miss Marple investigated The Murder at The Vicarage. BBC1's late film was a premiere for Educating Rita, Willy Russell’s witty campus comedy starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters.
Meanwhile on ITV, cartoons were the order of the day with a He Man and She Ra Christmas Special and the classic Disney film Dumbo. Michael Barrymore was making his name with Strike It Lucky! and James Bond was an ITV Christmas tradition, this year in the form of a be-wigged Sean Connery making his return after a 12 year break in Never Say Never Again. The film was dismissed by the regular Bond producer Cubby Broccoli, who feared it might harm the chances of Roger Moore's Octopussy. Duty Free presented an extended holiday episode in keeping with most sitcoms of the time. ITV also screened an Agatha Christie mystery Dead Man's Folly, to pick up viewers from Miss Marple no doubt.
BBC2 celebrated the directorial work of Vincente Minnelli (Liza's dad) in the alliteratively titled Minnelli Musical. Later, there was a live Christmas concert from Amsterdam, while the classic Jack Lemmon/Walter Matthau film The Fortune Cookie was a part of a short season of Billy Wilder films. BBC2 celebrated the 85th birthday of composer Aaron Copeland and then screened Edith and Marcel, a film drama based on the obsessive and destructive relationship between 40s French icons, Edith Piaf and Marcel Cerdan.
A true Geek highlight followed the film as Robert Powell told the first of five "chilling tales for dark winter nights". MR James' The Mezzotint was tonight's chiller. If the premise seems a bit Jackanory then it would come as no surprise the Jackanory production team were behind the series! Billy Wilder film Fedora was BBC2's Christmas Day late film. Channel Four only four years old already had something of a tradition in the regular Christmas Day showing of Raymond Briggs animation The Snowman...
And in the Radio Times...
Oh dear! Okay, so I'm no fan of soap opera (least of all EastEnders) but for the Christmas issue of the (then) best-selling magazine in Britain this is, quite frankly, an awful cover. This just feels calculated at worst and lazy at best. To be fair, EastEnders was huge at the time so it would certainly generate sales yet when everyone who wanted a BBC Christmas listings guide had to buy RadioTimes there is little reason the cover should be anything other than purely decorative. This was the only year I've felt embarrassed buying the magazine.
On the positive side it was followed by two beautifully illustrated covers for Christmas 1987 and 1988. Tellingly perhaps, the 1988 issue is officially the biggest magazine sale ever in this country. Some 11.2 million people purchased the magazine that year. As for this one? Just over ten million sales...
1986 Timeline
January – Production of the Vauxhall Belmont compact saloon begins, giving buyers a traditional saloon alternative to the Astra hatchback and estate models.
9 January - Michael Heseltine resigns as Defence Secretary over the Westland affair.
After three successive monthly falls in unemployment, the jobless count for December 1985 increased by nearly 15,000 to 3,181,300.
12 January – Game show Catchphrase begins on ITV hosted by Roy Walker along with the computer generated character Mr. Chips.
20 January – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel, which they hope to open by the early 1990s.
24 January – Leon Brittan resigns as Trade and Industry Secretary over the Westland affair.
31 January – Unemployment for this month has increased to 3,204,900 – a postwar high which accounts for 14.4% of the workforce.
February – Heavy snow and sub zero temperatures affected most of Britain during the month.
6 February – The government scraps plans to sell Austin Rover to Ford.
12 February – The Franco-British Channel Fixed Link Treaty is signed at Canterbury as the Channel Tunnel plans move forward.
15 February – In the Wapping dispute, fifty-eight people are arrested by police at a demonstration.
17 February – The UK signs the Single European Act.
4 March – The national tabloid newspaper Today launches. It pioneers the use of computer photo typesetting and full-colour offset printing at a time when British national newspapers are still using Linotype machines and letterpress.
5 March – The High Court disqualifies and fines 81 Labour councillors for failing to set a rate.
13 March – The Sun newspaper alleges that comedian Freddie Starr ate a live hamster.
18 March – Inheritance Tax replaces Capital Transfer Tax.
19 March – Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson; they will be married later this year.
23 March – Chelsea are the first winners of the Football League's new Full Members Cup, beating Manchester City 5-4 in the final at Wembley, although Manchester City clawed the deficit to a single goal in the last five minutes after being 5-1 down.
29 March – The first high-speed catamaran ferry is introduced into service in the British Isles, HSC Our Lady Patricia on Sealink British Ferries' Portsmouth–Ryde passage.
31 March - The Greater London Council is abolished, as are the metropolitan county councils of West Midlands, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, Tyne and Wear, West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.
A fire causes extensive damage at Hampton Court Palace in Surrey.
The Haig Pit, Whitehaven, Cumbria closes.
April – Hanson Trust concludes its takeover of the Imperial Group for £2.5 billion.
7 April – Clive Sinclair sells rights to ZX Spectrum and other inventions to Amstrad.
15 April – The government's Shops Bill 1986, which would have liberalised Sunday shopping, is defeated in the House of Commons on its second reading: the Thatcher government's only defeat in the Commons.
17 April - Journalist John McCarthy is kidnapped in Beirut, where three other hostages are found dead. The Revolutionary Cells (RZ) claims responsibility as revenge for the recent American bombing of Libya.
A treaty is signed, ending the supposed Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.
20 April – Oxford United, who only joined the Football League in 1962 and are in the First Division for the first time, win the Football League Cup with a 3-0 win over Queens Park Rangers at Wembley.
28 April – The first phase of the MetroCentre, Europe's largest indoor shopping centre, in Gateshead, is opened. The remainder of the centre is set to open this autumn.
29 April – The Duchess of Windsor is buried at Frogmore.
30 April – Rioting erupts overnight in prisons across Britain. Dozens of prisoners escape, while prisoners at Stafford Prison set the prison canteen alight by smashing windows and dumping a burning mattress onto the roof. The worst disturbances come at Northeye Prison in Sussex, where a 70-strong mob of prisoners takes over the jail and sets fire to the canteen, hospital wing and sports hall.
May – The last Talbot badged passenger cars are built in Britain and France by Peugeot, who will continue making their own cars at the former Rootes Group plant near Coventry and the former Simca production facilities in France. Peugeot is to continue the Talbot brand for commercial vehicles, and production of the Horizon range will continue in Spain and Finland until next year.
2 May – Liverpool win the Football League First Division title for a record 16th time after winning 1-0 at Chelsea. Kenny Dalglish, in his first season as the club's player-manager, scores the goal which gives Liverpool the title.
8 May – Labour makes large gains in local council elections, collecting 37% of the votes nationally compared to the Conservatives on 34% and the Alliance on 26%.
These are the first national elections to be held since the recent abolition of the metropolitan councils.
10 May – The first all Merseyside FA Cup final ends in a 3–1 win for Liverpool over Everton, who become only the third team this century to win the double, having already secured the Football League First Division title.
21 May – The Harrison Birtwistle opera The Mask of Orpheus premiers in London.
10 June – Patrick Joseph Magee found guilty of the Brighton hotel bombing of 20 months ago and sentenced to life imprisonment.
12 June - Derek Hatton, leader of Liverpool council, is expelled from the Labour Party for belonging to the entryist Militant group.
Austin Rover is renamed the Rover Group four years after the name change from British Leyland.
22 June – The England national football team's hopes of winning the World Cup are ended with a 2–1 defeat in the quarter-finals by Argentina, a game in which Diego Maradona is allowed a blatantly handballed goal.
23 June – Patrick Magee is jailed for life for the Brighton bombing of October 1984 as well as other IRA bombings.
24 June – Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party stage protest at dissolution of Northern Ireland Assembly.
29 June - Richard Branson beats the speed record for a transatlantic crossing by boat in Virgin Atlantic Challenger II but is denied the Blue Riband award.
The World Cup ends in Mexico with Argentina as winners and West Germany runners-up, but England's Gary Lineker wins the Golden Boot, having finished as the competition's leading scorer with six goals. Lineker, who has been at Everton for the last year and was the First Division's top scorer, is reported to be on the verge of a transfer to FC Barcelona of Spain.
July – Nissan begins production of the Bluebird at its landmark factory near Sunderland.
1 July – Gary Lineker becomes the most expensive British footballer ever in a £2.75 million move from Everton to FC Barcelona.
2 July – 24 hours after Gary Lineker's transfer, Ian Rush sets a new transfer record for a British footballer when he agrees a £3.2 million move from Liverpool to Juventus of Italy, but is loaned back to Liverpool for a season and will not play his first game for Juventus until at least August 1987.
4 July – A policeman is cleared of the manslaughter of five-year-old John Shorthouse, who was killed in an armed raid on a house in Birmingham in August last year.
10 July – Austin Rover launches its new Honda-based Rover 800 executive car, which replaces the decade-old Rover SD1 and is part of a joint venture with Japanese carmaker Honda. The car will also be sold in America under the Sterling marque. The Honda version will be badged as the Honda Legend.
12 July – Rioting breaks out at Portadown in Northern Ireland between Protestants and Catholics.
17 July – It is announced that unemployment rose to 3,220,400 in June. It has now exceeded 3 million for nearly five years.
21 July – A report finds that 20% of British children are now born out of wedlock.
23 July – Prince Andrew, Duke of York, marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey in London.
24 July – 2 August – The Commonwealth Games are held in Edinburgh.
28 July – Estate agent Suzy Lamplugh vanishes after a meeting in London.
30 July – A MORI poll shows that Labour are now nine points ahead of the Conservatives with 41% of the vote, with Liberal/SDP Alliance support now at 25%.
8 August – Rival gangs of Manchester United and West Ham United fans clash on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam where the two clubs are playing pre-season friendlies. The UEFA ban on English clubs in European competitions is continuing for a second season, and there are now fears that English clubs may not even be able to play friendlies overseas.
13 August – The Eurotunnel Group is formed to operate the Channel Tunnel.
15 August – The latest MORI poll shows that the Conservatives have eliminated Labour's nine-point lead and drawn level with them by gaining 37% in the latest opinion poll, in the space of just over two weeks.
16 August – Figures released by the government reveal that a record of nearly 3,100,000 people claimed unemployment benefit last month, although the official total of unemployed people in Britain is still short of the record of nearly 3,300,000 which was set two years ago.
19 August – The Privatisation of the National Bus Company begins with the first sale of a bus operating subsidiary, Devon General, in a management buyout.
22 August – John Stalker, deputy chief constable of Greater Manchester police, is cleared of misconduct over allegations of associating with criminals.
25 August – Economists warn that a global recession is imminent, barely five years after the previous recession.
29 August – Britain's oldest twins, May and Marjorie Chavasse, celebrate their 100th birthday.
September – GCSE examination courses replace both GCE 'O' Level and CSE courses for 14-year olds.
6 September – First episode of medical drama serial Casualty airs on BBC One. It will still be running on television more than twenty five years later.
8 September – Margaret Thatcher officially opens the first phase of the Nissan car factory at Sunderland, which has been in use for two months. It is the first car factory to be built in Europe by a Japanese car maker.
14 September – Fears of another recession in Britain are eased by economists at Liverpool University predicting 3.1% economic growth next year.
18 September – It is announced that unemployment rose to 3,280,106 in July.
19 September – Two people are killed and 100 injured at the Colwich rail crash.
24 September – The floatation of the Trustee Savings Banks attracts a record of more than 4 million applications for shares.
7 October – The first edition of The Independent was published.
9 October – "Babes in the Wood" murders: Two girls, Nicola Fellows (aged nine) and Karen Hadaway (aged 10), are reported missing in Moulsecoomb, Brighton.
10 October – "Babes in the Wood" murders: Two bodies found in Wild Park, Brighton, are identified as those of the two girls reported missing yesterday and a murder investigation is launched; no-one is ever convicted.
12 October – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China, the first ever visit to that country by a British monarch.
14 October – The MetroCentre, a shopping complex built on the Tyneside Enterprise Zone, is opened. It is similar in concept to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre that is being developed near Dudley in the West Midlands. The MetroCentre is officially the largest shopping complex in Europe. Among the MetroCentre's tenants is Marks & Spencer, whose department store there is its first out of town outlet.
24 October – The UK breaks off diplomatic relations with Syria over links to the Hindawi Affair.
26 October - Bus deregulation begins in the United Kingdom, except Greater London and Northern Ireland.
Jeffrey Archer resigns as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party over allegations concerning prostitutes.
27 October – "Big Bang Day": London Stock Exchange is computerised, and opens to foreign companies.
28 October – Jeremy Bamber is found guilty of the murder of his parents, sister, and twin nephews and is sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended minimum of 25 years, which is likely to keep him behind bars until at least 2011.
29 October – Margaret Thatcher opens the completed M25 London Orbital Motorway.
November - First UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the U.K. designated: Giant's Causeway and the Causeway Coast (Northern Ireland); Durham Castle and Cathedral; Ironbridge Gorge; Studley Royal Park (including the ruins of Fountains Abbey); Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites; and Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (Wales).
Launch of the second generation Vauxhall Carlton, largest model in the Vauxhall range. It will be sold as the Opel Omega on the continent, and all European versions of the car will be built in West Germany.
3 November – The Conservatives top a MORI poll for the first time this year, coming one point ahead of Labour with 40% of the vote. Liberal/SDP Alliance support has slumped to 18%.
6 November - 45 oil workers are killed when a Chinook helicopter carrying them from the Brent oilfield crashed.
Alex Ferguson is appointed manager of Manchester United football club following the dismissal of Ron Atkinson after more than five years in charge. United won two FA Cups under the management of Atkinson but have not won the league title since 1967 and are now second from bottom in the Football League First Division.
Chancellor Nigel Lawson announces a £4.6 billion rise in public spending.
7 November – Sir James Goldsmith's £5 billion bid for the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is rejected.
13 November – It is announced that unemployment fell by 96,000 in October.
18 November – Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, who are both still behind bars some 20 years after their Moors Murders convictions, confess to the murders of two missing children. They admit their responsibility for the deaths of Pauline Reade, who vanished in July 1963 at the age of 16, and Keith Bennett, who was last seen in June 1964 at the age of 12. Police had suspected that the pair were among the Moors Murders victims soon after beginning their investigation on the arrest of Brady and Hindley in October 1965, but did not find the bodies or indeed any evidence to be able to press charges.
20 November – Police begin their search for the two newly identified Moors Murders victims.
21 November – The government launches a £20 million campaign to warn members of the public about the dangers of AIDS.
December – The first case of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is diagnosed in British cattle.
1 December – The government launches an inquiry into financial irregularities at Guinness.
3 December – 4 million people apply for shares in British Gas in ancitipation of floatation next week.
4 December – 20-year-old roofer Russell Bishop is charged with the "Babes in the Wood" murders in Brighton two months ago but will be acquitted.
8 December – British Gas shares are floated on the Stock Exchange. The initial public offering of 135p per share values the company at £9 billion, the highest equity offering ever at this time.
17 December – The world's first heart, lung and liver transplant is carried out at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire.
18 December – It is announced that unemployment fell to a four-year low of less than 3,100,000 in November.
22 December – David Penhaligon, a leading Liberal Party MP, dies in a car crash near Truro in Cornwall at the age of 42.
25 December – The highest audience of all time for a British television drama is attracted by the Christmas Day episode of EastEnders, the BBC 1 soap opera, in which Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) serves the divorce papers on his wife Angie (Anita Dobson) after discovering that she had feigned a terminal illness to try to stop him from leaving her in an episode aired in October this year. More than 30 million viewers tune in for the episode of the TV series which first went on air in February 1985.
29 December – Harold Macmillan, Earl of Stockton and former prime minister, dies at the age of 92 at his home, Birch Grove in East Sussex.
Inflation reaches a 19-year low of 3.4%.
Introduction of Family credit, a tax credit for poorer families.
Bank of England withdraws its guidance on mortgage lending.
Establishment of National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside group of institutions, funded through national government.
The millionth council house in the United Kingdom is sold to its tenants in Scotland, seven years after the right to buy scheme was launched.
Mathematician Simon Donaldson wins a Fields Medal.
Television
4 January – Televised football returns to British television after the contractual dispute from the previous year is resolved.
12 January – Catchphrase makes its debut on ITV.
28 January – NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger spacecraft disintegrates. Pictures from CNN in the United States (owned by Turner Broadcasting System, then owners of American superstation WTBS), are aired in countries around the world.
19 February – BBC1 airs Round Britain Whizz, an edition of the science series Q.E.D..The 30 minute programme consists of a sped up flight around the coastline of Great Britain with guest appearances from geologists and TV personalities including Patrick Moore, David Bellamy and Terry Wogan telling the viewer about the geology and natural history of certain areas.
10 March – The first advert for a sanitary towel is broadcast on British television, on Channel 4.
1 April – All commercial activities of the BBC are now handled by BBC Enterprises Ltd.
15 April – The last episode of children's cartoon series Bananaman is broadcast.
21 May – A Very Peculiar Practice airs.
31 May–29 June – Telvised coverage of the 1986 FIFA World Cup. England exit on 22 June with a 2-1 defeat to Argentina, who go on to beat West Germany in the final to win the trophy for the third time.
18 June – In Coronation Street the Rovers Return pub is gutted by fire with landlady Bet Lynch (Julie Goodyear) trapped inside.
23 July – In London, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey. The event receives significant television coverage both in the UK and around the world.
5 August – Michael Cashman makes his EastEnders debut as Colin Russell, the soap's first gay character.
9 August – The Yorkshire Television ITV region becomes the first UK terrestrial channel to broadcast 24 hours a day, initially simulcasting the cable and satellite music video channel Music Box throughout the night. The other ITV regions gradually switch to 24 hour television over the next two years.
26 August – In Emmerdale Farm, original character Pat Sugden dies after rolling her car down a hillside to avoid a flock of sheep.
6 September – Part One of The Trial of a Time Lord is broadcast on BBC1, marking the return to air of Doctor Who after an 18-month hiatus.
The first episode of medical drama Casualty airs on BBC1.
19 September – Central TV revives New Faces, a 1970s talent show produced by its predecessor, ATV. Styled as New Faces of '86, it is presented by Marti Caine, a winner from the previous version.
12 October – Every Loser Wins performed by the actor Nick Berry begins a three-week run at the top of the UK Singles Chart after featuring in recent episodes of EastEnders. The song was an instant hit on release and went on to win its writers an Ivor Novello Award.
16 October – The first two-hander episode of EastEnders, featuring Den and Angie Watts (Leslie Grantham and Anita Dobson), is aired by BBC1. The episode, in which Angie tells Den she has six months to live after he tells her he wants a divorce, was an experiment as the two-hander format had not been tried in a British soap before, but received well by viewers and critics.
27 October – The Australian soap Neighbours makes its British television debut on BBC1, a year after it was first aired in its homeland.
BBC One starts a full daytime television service. Before today, excluding special events coverage, BBC One had closed down at times during weekday mornings and afternoons broadcasting trade test transmissions and, from May 1983, Pages From Ceefax.
16 November – Dennis Potter's critically acclaimed television serial The Singing Detective makes its debut on BBC1.
7 December – Jack Rosenthal's original two hour TV movie of London's Burning, directed by Les Blair is broadcast on ITV. It returns for a full series in February 1988.
13 December – Comedian Duggie Small wins New Faces of '86.
23 December – Ringo Starr narrates his last ever Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends episode, the second series finale, "Thomas & the Missing Christmas Tree".
25 December – 30.15 million tune in to watch "Dirty" Dennis Watts hand wife Angie her divorce papers in EastEnders, making it the highest rated episode of any drama in British television history.
26 December – The Rainbow 30 minute Christmas special, The Colours of the Rainbow is the highest ever rating episode of the show. It was thought that Rainbow would end following this episode, but Thames Television renewed the contract after good ratings.
BBC1
10 January – Lovejoy (1986–1994)
8 February – Every Second Counts (1986–1993)
23 April – Jossy's Giants (1986–1987)
1 May – Bread (1986–1991)
28 May – Pingu (1986–1998, 2004–2006)
31 August – The Monocled Mutineer (1986)
1 September – Brush Strokes (1986–1991)
6 September – Casualty (1986–present)
27 October – BBC News at One (1986–present)
16 November – The Singing Detective (1986)
BBC2
12 May – Naked Video (1986–1991)
ITV
8 January – Allsorts (1985–1995)
10 January – Central Weekend (1986–2001)
12 January – Catchphrase (1986–2002, 2013–present)
14 January – Boon (1986–1992, 1995)
16 February – Hot Metal (1986–1989)
3 May – Get Fresh (1986–1988)
20 October – Executive Stress (1986-1988)
29 October – Strike It Lucky (1986–1999)
31 October – The Two of Us (1986–1990)
22 November – Beadle's About (1986–1996)
Channel 4
11 April – The Chart Show (1986–1998, 2008–2009)
Music
The first number 1 single of 1986 was the breakthrough hit for London synthpop duo the Pet Shop Boys. Their song "West End Girls" had climbed the charts during late 1985 and reached number 1 for two weeks in January. They would have three more top 20 hits this year as well as two top 20 albums, and were still reaching the top 10 in 2006, twenty years later. Another popular synthpop duo this year were Erasure, with their song "Sometimes" reaching number two in the autumn; this success would be followed by many more hits throughout the decade.
After four successful years, the band Wham! split up in the spring. Made up of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, they finished with a farewell concert at Wembley Stadium, a greatest hits album The Final which reached number 2, and the single "The Edge of Heaven", their fourth and final number 1. George Michael also reached number 1 this year with a solo release, A Different Corner, and went on to have a highly successful solo career.
The formation of the charity Comic Relief provided an unusual song from Cliff Richard, a singer with several huge hits in the 1950s and '60s. He teamed up with the cast of the popular sitcom The Young Ones (itself named after a Richard song) for a new version of his 1959 single "Living Doll", half sung by Richard and half shouted by the Young Ones cast. With proceeds going to the charity, it reached number one for three weeks and was Richard's first number 1 of the decade. Another novelty number one was "The Chicken Song", sung by the cast of satirical puppet show Spitting Image. With lyrics such as "Hold a chicken in the air, stick a deckchair up your nose" it was intended as a parody of novelty holiday songs which were popular at the time, and also topped the chart for three weeks.
American singer Madonna had the biggest-selling album of the year with "True Blue". All singles released from it made the top five, including the number 1s "Papa Don't Preach", "True Blue", and "La Isla Bonita" which topped the chart the year after. The biggest-selling single of the year went to The Communards, with a hi-NRG cover of the disco song "Don't Leave Me This Way". The band included singer Jimmy Somerville who had previously enjoyed success with Bronski Beat, and later started a solo career.
The Christmas number one single was something of a surprise, a re-issue of Jackie Wilson's 1957 single "Reet Petite". Wilson had died in 1984, but the song been re-issued after being used in a television advert for Levi's, with a new video made of a Claymation version of Wilson. Having first been released 29 years earlier, it broke the record for the longest time between a single being released and it hitting number 1, a record that would last until 2005 when Tony Christie's 1971 song "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" topped the chart.
The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment was founded in London by a group of period music enthusiasts, going on to become one of the UK's leading orchestras. Harrison Birtwistle's innovative opera, The Mask of Orpheus, was premièred in London, to great critical acclaim. Michael Nyman also came up with a new opera, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, a chamber work with a minimalist score.
Events
January - The Adrian Boult Hall is opened at Birmingham Conservatoire by the Duchess of Gloucester.
15 March – "Heartbeat '86", a charity concert for the Birmingham Children's Hospital, is held at the NEC. Performers include Roy Wood, UB40, The Moody Blues, Electric Light Orchestra and Robert Plant. George Harrison makes a surprise appearance playing Johnny B. Goode with everyone at the end of the show.
7 June - Queen start The Magic Tour which becomes their final tour with all original members and also their most successful tour.
27 October - Michael Nyman's chamber opera The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat is premiered at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
Charts Number one singles
"Merry Christmas Everyone" - Shakin' Stevens
"West End Girls" - Pet Shop Boys
"The Sun Always Shines on TV" - a-ha
"When The Going Gets Tough, "The Tough Get Going" - Billy Ocean
"Chain Reaction" - Diana Ross
"Living Doll" - Cliff Richard and The Young Ones
"A Different Corner" - George Michael
"Rock Me Amadeus" - Falco
"The Chicken Song" - Spitting Image
"Spirit in the Sky" - Doctor and the Medics
"The Edge of Heaven" - Wham!
"Papa Don't Preach" - Madonna
"The Lady in Red" - Chris de Burgh
"I Want to Wake Up with You" - Boris Gardiner
"Don't Leave Me This Way" - The Communards
"True Blue" - Madonna
"Every Loser Wins"- Nick Berry
"Take My Breath Away" - Berlin
"The Final Countdown" - Europe
"Caravan of Love" - The Housemartins
"Reet Petite" - Jackie Wilson
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Tags: pub deadpub formerpub closedpub london latimerroad location movielocation filmlocation filmset lavenderhillmob thesqueeze sidandnancy sidnancy quadrophenia bramleyarms minder
The former Bramley Arms pub in Latimer Road.
This pub served as a location in at least two feature films in the latter part of the 1970's.
In Quadrophenia it was where Spider's (Gary Shail and Tammy Jacobs) Lambretta broke down and he was set upon by a group of Rockers led by the late Gary Holton.
[It was also near the silver van that there was a real car breaker's, which is the location where Jimmy (Phil Daniels) looked up one of his friends (Garry Cooper) in his quest to buy drugs.]
The pub also featured in a film called The Squeeze, a crime thriller which starred Stacy Keach, Freddie Starr and the late David Hemming
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Videos, Hackney
The Cable Guy, 3000 Miles to Graceland, Mystic Pizza, Meteor, Groundhog Day, Stripes, Police Stop! 2, Maverick, Bull Durham, The Insider, Four Rooms, George of the Jungle, Robocop, Easy Rider, False Arrest, Gladiator, Independent Classic Film Collection, Badge 373, Hollow Man, 48 Hours, Under Siege 2, Shocker, Fright Night 2, The Jerk, Jaws 3, Home Alone 2, My Best Friends, Striptease, GI Jane, Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, The X Files Movie, The Fast Show Live, Airplane!, Little Voice, Suburban Commando, Four Men and a Baby, Nil by Mouth, Domestic Disturbance, Free Willy, Unseen Bean, The Lost Boys, Airplane II, The Fly, Glengarry Glen Ross, Dumb and Dumber, Cheaper by the Dozen, The Godfather Part II, Robin Hood, XXX, Cops and Robbersons, Dude Where's My Car?, The Full Monty, Mighty Joe Young, Con Air, Ace Ventura Pet Detective, Desperado, Bridget Jones's Diary, Made in America, Ally McBeal , The 6th Day, Carousel, The Silence of the Lambs, tbc, Frankie and Johnny, The Fast Show, AWOL Absent Without Leave, Tango and Cash, The Fast Show, The Godfather Part I, So I Married an Axe Murderer, Evita, The X Files, Assassins, Rat Race, From Dusk Till Dawn, Xanadu, Raising Arizona, Star Trek The Next Generation, Heartbeat, Changing Places, American History X, Memorex, Lost in Translation, Sleepless in Seattle, Dumb and Dumber, Best Seller, Some Kind of Wonderful, Staggered, Star Trek, Grumpy Old Men, An Audience with Tom Jones, Scream, Under Siege, LA Confidential, Freddie Starr Live, An American Werewolf in London, tbc, Angel Heart, Sharks!, Scream 2, Pretty in Pink, Rain Man, tbc, American Werewolf in Paris, The Living Daylights, Dr No, The World is Not Enough, Octopussy, The Man with the Golden Gun, tbc, That'll be the Day,
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tuxedo royal are these its last days
The Tuxedo Princess (ex-TSS Caledonian Princess) and Tuxedo Royale (ex-TSS Dover) were two former car ferries used as permanently moored floating nightclubs in the United Kingdom from the 1980s to the 2000s. Both ships saw use on the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne at different times, while the Princess also saw use on the River Clyde in Glasgow, and the Royale on the River Tees in Middlesbrough.
Locations[edit]
The Tuxedo Princess was the first of the two nightclubs, installed on the Tyne. When the Tuxedo Princess was briefly moved to Glasgow, the Tuxedo Royale took up her position. When the Tuxedo Princess returned, the Tuxedo Royale was moved to Middlesbrough.[1]
Inception[edit]
The idea of buying a second hand ship to serve as a floating nightclub to be moored on the Tyne originated with Tyneside based businessman Michael Quadrini, who already owned the popular Tuxedo Junction nightclub in Newcastle, and was looking for a larger venue.[1] And so he purchased the Caledonian Princess, renaming her the Tuxedo Princess, which had been a car ferry built in 1961, and retired from service 20 years later in 1981. The later Tuxedo Royale was also a former car ferry, the Dover, built in 1965.[1]
Originally the Tuxedo Princess was to be moored on the Newcastle side of the Tyne, but after failing to get planning consent, she was installed on the opposite side, on the Gateshead waterfront. When it first opened in December 1983, the club had a strict dress code for patrons, while the staff all wore naval uniforms.[1]
Removal[edit]
In December 2007 a farewell party for 300 invited guests was held on the Tuxedo Princess.[2] The ship was finally towed from her mooring on the Tyne on 27 July 2008.[3] Describing it as "the end of an era", according to the BBC there were mixed reactions to the removal of the Tuxedo Princess, citing one expressed view of nostalgia for the nightclub's role in the city's night life, and another welcoming removal of an eyesore, opening up new views of the bridges.[3] According to the Evening Chronicle, crowds gathered to watch the ship's departure.[2] The quayside area vacated by the Tuxedo Princess was to be redeveloped into a leisure, restaurant and office complex.[1]
Impact[edit]
Entrance to the Tuxedo Princess, September 2006
According to the BBC, the Tuxedo Princess became a Tyneside icon during her stay in Newcastle, one of the most recognisable landmarks of the region.[1][3] According to the Evening Chronicle, in her heyday the Tuxedo Princess was "a celebrity haunt helping build Newcastle's reputation as a party city", and she became affectionately known as The Boat by Geordies.[2][4]
While moored in the Tyne, the Tuxedo Princess was host to several famous people including the Crown Prince of Denmark, composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, actor Kevin Costner, DJ Noel Edmonds, comedian Freddie Starr, singers Mick Hucknall, Rick Astley, Nik Kershaw and Jason Donovan, pop group Frankie Goes to Hollywood, the cast of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, athlete Daley Thompson, cricketer Ian Botham, footballers Kevin Keegan and Paul Gascoigne, and snooker player Steve Davis.[1][2] She also played a role in the lives of famous Geordie people. Singer Cheryl Tweedy originally worked on the Tuxedo Princess before becoming a singer, while actor Tim Healy proposed to his future wife Denise Welch on board the club.[1]
In popular culture, the Tuxedo Princess was used by the BBC to film scenes for a storyline in the Newcastle based television drama Our Friends in the North, in which the character Terry 'Tosker' Cox (Mark Strong), a Tyneside businessman, opens a floating nightclub on the Tyne.[1]
Sinking[edit]
In May 2011, the Tuxedo Royale started to sink into the River Tees due to vandalism by metal thieves.[5]
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Tags: hughiegreen tvshowsweusedtowatchopportunityknocks19561978
Opportunity Knocks is a British television and radio talent show originally hosted by Hughie Green, with a late-1980s revival hosted by Bob Monkhouse, and later by previous winner Les Dawson.
The original radio version started on the BBC Light Programme from 18 February to 30 September 1949 but moved to Radio Luxembourg in the 1950s.
It was shown on ITV from 20 June 1956 to 29 August 1956, produced by Associated Rediffusion. A second run commenced on 11 July 1964 and lasted until 20 March 1978, produced first by ABC and then by Thames Television. Hughie Green presented a single episode of Opportunity Knocks for RTÉ in 1979. It was revived by the BBC from 21 March 1987 to 2 June 1990, hosted initially by Bob Monkhouse from 1987 to 1989 (under the title "Bob Says Opportunity Knocks!") and subsequently by Les Dawson in 1990.
Entertainers who appeared included Freddie Starr and the Delmonts, Su Pollard, Paul Daniels, Darren Day; Pete the Plate Spinning Dog, Los Caracas, later to become Middle of the Road, Mary Hopkin, Bonnie Langford, Les Dawson, Maureen Myers, Barry Cummings, Royston Vasey (later to find fame as Roy 'Chubby' Brown), Little and Large, Bobby Crush, Berni Flint, Tony Holland, Millican & Nesbitt, Neil Reid, Peters and Lee, Lena Zavaroni, Frank Carson, Max Boyce, Pam Ayres, Gerry Monroe, Debra Stephenson, Tammy Jones, Champagne, Frank Jennings Syndicate and Tony Monopoly. Several winners of Opportunity Knocks (notably Tammy Jones, Champagne, Tony Monopoly, Sweet Sensation) later attempted to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest, taking part in the A Song for Europe competition. Lee Evans appeared in 1986 but was rejected and did not make it past the initial audition.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOOYVCjCdv0
Hughie Green was born in London; his Scottish father (Glasgow) was a former British Army Major who made his fortune supplying tinned fish to the Allied forces in World War I, while his mother Violet was the Surrey-born daughter of an Irish gardener. The family had a home in Meopham, Kent where the children lived with their mother, who took regular lovers, while his father did business from and often stayed in the Savoy Hotel.
Green became a household name in 1955, with the ITV quiz show Double Your Money (which had actually originated some years earlier on Radio Luxembourg). Green brought his future co-host Monica Rose to the screen. The chirpy 15-year-old Cockney junior accounts clerk won £8 answering questions on famous women and was later invited back by Green to be a hostess.
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Tags: liverpool album vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
Another 2 disc compilation featuring many of the well known Merseybeat names but also featuring some other excellent artists that didn't quite attain recognition outside Liverpool :- Faron's Flamingos , The Undertakers , Tommy Quickly , The Big Three , Ian & The Zodiacs , Johnny Sandon & The Remo Four , The Chants , The Cryin' Shames , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters and many more .
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Tags: liverpool album vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
Or to give it its full title " MERSEY BEAT '62-'64 45RPM The Sound of Liverpool ". 34 tracks by 21 Liverpool groups on 2 discs featuring many of the lesser names of the Merseybeat era - Faron's Flamingos ,The Undertakers , The Big Three , Kingsize Taylor & the Dominos , Ian & The Zodiacs , Rory Storm & The Hurricanes , The Mojos , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters and many more .
This also came with a free copy of the MERSEY BEAT newspaper .
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Tags: liverpool vinyl lp beatlemania merseybeat merseysound
A 2 disc release on the Decca label which didn't exactly fit the cover description since Brian Poole & The Tremeloes and The Mark Four definitely weren't from Liverpool . However lots of geniune Liverpool bands like The Mojos , Freddie Starr & The Midnighters , The Big Three , The Cryin' Shames , Chick Graham & The Coasters and others are represented .
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This year's artists were influenced by many news stories, including the Jimmy Savile inquiry and the arrest of high profile entertainers, including Freddie Starr, as part of the investigation
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Tags: plaque liverpool plaques openplaques:id=8086
The Iron Door - @13 Temple Street, Liverpool - 'At this site on 9 April 1960, Geoff Hogarth & Harry Ormesher opened... The Iron Door, Cradle of Mersey Beat ...Bringing us the sound that conquered the World. The Beatles' (as the Silver Beetles) first show here 15 May 1960. Kenny Ball, The Big Three, Cilla Black, Lee Curtis, Faron's Flamingos, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Billy J Kramer, The Remo Four, The Searchers, Freddie Starr, Rory Storm, Kingsize Taylor , Karl Terry, The Undertakers & many others.' by unknown (openplaques.org ID=8086)
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They have just found Jimmy Savile's diary.
His last entry was about 10 years old.
Jimmy Saville's alleged victims say they just want justice.
That's a funny word for money.
An amateur group of Islamic film makers have posted a video on YouTube which mocks Christianity and Jesus Christ.
It is believed to be so offensive that St Peter's church in Shrewsbury have postponed their tea and cake morning until next Wednesday, and Dorothy Green from Margate has written in to Points of view.
When will the madness end?
If you burn a Koran, a Muslim may burn your house down.
Jokes on him - my house is full of Korans.
Even though he had many girlfriends...Jimmy Saville never tied the knot....
Because you have to be at least 16 to get married.
X Factor fixed? That's as ridiculous as claiming Jimmy Savile was a paedophile...
I once met Abu Hamza on a fishing trip to a trout farm.
Fuck knows what he thought he was going to catch?
Why did the squirrel fall out of the tree?
Because it was dead.
You could hear a pin drop at work today.
They really can't take a joke at Grenade training.
The BBC News channel just displayed images of the three women who claimed that Jimmy Savile interfered with them sexually. They showed a current picture of each of the women and a picture taken of each of them from the 1970s.
The caption read: Now, then. Now, then. Now, then
The Pope walks into a Mosque.
The imam says "Why the wrong faith?"
Jimmy Savile had to stop going to church...
The priests kept fighting over who got to hear his confession.
You've got to hand it to Jimmy Savile.
After he was turned down for the priesthood he went it alone.
Photographs in the paper today show Katie Price wearing a custom-made diamond bracelet, with a matching ring and necklace, bought for her by new boyfriend Alex Reid.
Is anyone else thinking Pimp My Ride?
Katie Price splits with Alex Reid "for children's sake".
Turns out Harvey was jealous cause he wasn't the biggest spastic of the family.
Elton John will perform at Amy Winehouse's funeral with a beautiful rendition of Candle Under The Spoon.
If Amy Childs was any thicker she could be used to tar the road.
Putting Amy Childs on a general knowledge show is like playing pictionary with stevie wonder.
Charlotte Church:
Voice of an angel, Vagina of a mineshaft.
Looks like that in addition to "Freddie Starr ate my hamster", they should have printed "Jimmy Savile licked my beaver".
I hear some singers line their throats with Vaseline to help make their voices smoother.
I don't believe everything Elton John says.
New Miley Cyrus DVD: £15
Tub of Vaseline: £3
XL Box of Tissues: £2
The look of disgust on the cashier's face as you pay: Priceless
There has been a distinct lack of extremist suicide bombers recently.
Many potential bombers have realised that one of those 72 virgins waiting for them in the afterlife could be Susan Boyle.
Tulisa has announced she will be naked in her next video.
It's not a cynical ploy to sell records, it's just because JJB Sports has closed down.
What's hard, black and makes Tulisa look incompetent?
A microphone.
Top Ten Signs You Won't Win "American Idol"
From the Late Show with David Letterman
10. You dedicate "I Will Always Love You" to Saddam Hussein
9. Backstage, people say, "Are you still here?"
8. North Korea says if you lose they'll stop producing enriched uranium
7. Your mother says, "You're okay, but I'm really a big fan of Ruben"
6. You were recently named the three of clubs on the "Most Wanted Iraqi" playing cards
5. You've already appeared on another reality show -- "Cops"
4. Vegas gives you the same odds of winning it all as the Mets
3. You cancel your performance to stay home and watch "Jag"
2. Simon beats you with the microphone stand
1. Your voice is muffled by the SARS mask
These days, safe sex isn't just a good idea, it's a matter of life and death. Here are some valuable tips to help you "play it safe"...
Do not blow dealers for crack; blow regular citizens for cash, then buy the crack directly.
Think about parents' nude bodies during foreplay; resultant loss of erection will prevent potential unsafe sex.
Don't fall for lines like, "God protects his servants in the clergy from harm."
Do not, no matter how much peers may pressure you, allow anyone to get to third base with you.
Before unsafe sex, think to yourself what the kids will look like.
Make sure all open sores on penis have thoroughly dried and scabbed over before use.
When taking four cocks in the ass, make sure to have an equal amount of cock in your mouth to reduce the risk of CHI imbalance.
Before fellating anonymous man in back room of bar, be sure to ask, "You don't have AIDS, do you?"
Douse penis liberally with D-Con roach spray before penetrating ape.
You CAN get it from kissing... tear out partner's tongue before any mouth-to-mouth contact.
To prevent radiation exposure, use only lead-based condoms.
If you must engage in unsafe sex, take time out before hand to hope for the best.
Before the use of condoms, unroll completely and check for any holes.
2 things I've been cursed with are a weak bladder, and terrible amnesia.
Still, this bottle of apple juice should take my mind off things.
Nasa have come up with a mission costing millions of dollars to clean up all the old satellites in orbit around the earth.
A cheaper option would be to just send up a couple of Gypsies in a transit van.
Adverts for erection problems, must be hard for some men to watch.
Snakes can unhinge their jaws so that their mouth is many times the size of their brain.
Politicians do this too.
One of my catholic relatives asked me how i plan to explain myself to St Peter when I get to the Pearly Gates. So I asked him how he planned to explain himself to the lion and the witch when he stumbles through his closet into Narnia.
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195 Four promotional cards for Mersey Beat
bands – Gerry, Faron's Flamingos, Freddie Starr
and The Rattles (4) £70-£90
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Photo by: Freddie Starr ,
Freddie Starr, More details on Wcities.com. Freddie Starr (born Frederick Leslie Fowell) has been a fixture on the British comedy, music, television and performing arts scenes since the late-1950s. As a musician, Starr fronted The Midnighters, a pop group managed by famed Beatles' manager Brian Epstein, in the 1960s. He began to find himself with a number of television roles and performance opportunities falling at his feet starting the the early-1970s, when he became popular after appearing on a British talent show entitled Opportunity Knocks. As a notable jack-of-all-trades type of personality, Starr has dabbled in a variety of ventures, from game show hosting to an appearance on Celebrity Fit Club, over the decades and continues to tour regularly.
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helped someone finish The Sun crossword recently
Across
1. opposite of 'no' (3)
2. Blackpool have eleven, page three girls have two and my garden has blue ones (4)
3. Tobacco, a bird and a good end to a Saturday (4)
4. The composer of Beethoven's fifth symphony (9) etc
5. The ? ( 3 ) sat on the mat
dontbuythesun.co.uk/site/tag/hillsborough/
While it was in 1978 that The Sun initially overtook the Daily Mirror in terms of circulation, it was during MacKenzie's spell as editor that The Sun firmly established itself as the biggest selling newspaper in Britain.
It was MacKenzie who cemented the paper's image as a right-wing tabloid, not only greatly increasing its circulation and dramatically heightening its profile, but also making it infamous in the eyes of the British public for its attacks on left-wing political figures and movements and its sensationalist front-page celebrity "exposes", which frequently turned out to be misleading or outright false, with MacKenzie presiding over many of the biggest controversies in the paper's history.
Critics accused the paper of exaggerating or even inventing news stories under MacKenzie (on some occasions this was proven to be the case[2]) and of severely dumbing down public discourse. The paper was frequently accused of promoting jingoism, racism, homophobia, and intolerance.[2]
However, MacKenzie is quoted as saying in the early 1980s (on the subject of how he perceived his target audience and how he approached journalism):
You just don't understand the readers, do you, eh? He's the bloke you see in the pub, a right old fascist, wants to send the wogs back, buy his poxy council house, he's afraid of the unions, afraid of the Russians, hates the queers and the weirdos and drug dealers. He doesn't want to hear about that stuff (serious news).
—[5]
MacKenzie has also stated that he feels that his own spell as editor of The Sun had a "positively downhill impact on journalism".[1] Numerous observers, including ex-Sun deputy editor Roy Greenslade and left-wing journalist John Pilger, have commented more seriously on the alleged 'Murdoch effect' – and more specifically about what they see as the negative effect of the Sun during the MacKenzie era – on British journalism, political climate, British culture and society at large.
By the mid-1980s, British comedians such as Jasper Carrott would frequently bring up the subject of the stereotypical Sun reader. While the image of the "average Sun reader" may be misleading to some extent – polls have consistently shown that a majority of Sun readers claim not to take what they read in the paper seriously, and approximately the same number of Sun readers voted Labour in 1992 as voted Conservative.
Murdoch has responded to some of these arguments by saying his critics are "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour".
Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in the 1980s and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are "giving the public what they want". This conclusion is heavily disputed by critics, with Pilger pointing out that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia not only outsold the Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by the Sun.
MacKenzie was widely criticised for his perceived cruelty to both the targets of his (sometimes false) newspaper allegations, his choice of targets frequently being not only left-wing politicians and celebrities but even previously unknown ordinary members of the public, and also his alleged cruelty to his own staff and colleagues, to which MacKenzie has since responded:
Look, I am not here to be helpful. I am here to help myself, right, so I have no regrets to how I treated some people.
—[1]
[edit]Notorious headlines
Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster, The Sun, 13 March 1986
MacKenzie was responsible for the "Freddie Starr Ate My Hamster" front-page headline, probably the most famous in The Sun's history. The claims made in the accompanying article, that the comedian Freddie Starr had placed his girlfriend's hamster on a sandwich and proceeded to eat it, turned out to be entirely untrue and an invention of the publicist Max Clifford. The headline is often held up as the prime example of the Sun's supposedly celebrity obsessed, sensationalist and often inaccurate journalism.[6]
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
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Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
I'm A Celebrity¦Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing¦ the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV's toughest challenge.
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
COPYRIGHT: ITV
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
Picture Shows: FREDDIE STARR
Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
AUSTRALIA: Emily Page on [email protected] or Shane Chapman on [email protected]
LONDON: James Feltham on [email protected] / 020 715 73052
GRABS: REX FEATURES on 020 7278 7294 / www.rexfeatures.com
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An ITV Studios production for ITV
I’M A CELEBRITY…GET ME OUT OF HERE! coming soon to ITV1 and ITV2
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Picture Caption: I’m A Celebrity…Get Me Out Of Here! is back which can mean only one thing… the time has come for a brand new cast of celebrities to head down under and battle it out in TV’s toughest challenge.
Leaving their plush pads and luxuries far behind, our celebrity campers will spend up to three weeks taking on the harsh surroundings of the Australian jungle, with a whole host of brand new nasty surprises created just for them.
This year, the I’m a Celebrity team have pulled out all the stops to ensure this is the most talked about series yet.
Photographer: NICKY JOHNSTON
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Tags: blister lc
A fish ate my leg. Funnily enough, recently we went to see Freddie Starr of "Freddie Starr ate my hamster" fame. This was a blister on my leg following a mosquito bite. A few days later, having a swim in the Mediterranean at Menton, a number of small fish were nibbling around our toes, feet and legs, when one persistent fish started work on the blister, within half a minute, it had removed all the skin, leaving a clean smooth patch of fresh skin below. As the fish did not seem to show any sign of stopping, I took the plunge, dived fully in, and got on with my swim, and seemed to manage to shake of the fish. Beats paying high prices at high street therapy shops!
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Tags: booker jetranger b206 dukeofwestminster gjlee eddiestarr gtaly gcsky gjoke gdatr
This 1979 model Jet Ranger has had some notable owners in its past. First registered to the Duke of Westminster as G-TALY from 1979 to 1983. Then to G-CSKY. G-JOKE from 1985 for Freddie Starr the comedian. G-JLEE from 1988. To G-DATR in March 2014.
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Tags: john pier postcard north tram blackpool hinde
Blackpool , North Pier, E. Nagele. Probably late 60s/early 70s. Appearing on the North Pier, Freddie Starr, Jos White, Janet Brown, Paul Melba. I thought the tram had been 'colour changed' from the normal cream/green of blackpool, but it appears thiese are the colours of one-man trams. Card 3BP3.
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This was visible from our room, I told Tiernan if he wasn't good we'd bring him to see the show.
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Tags: headline badge button hamster coinstar freddiestarr
In defence against James ' rampant Coinstar fawnings, I feel we need to redress the balance against this evil empire...
Kids, Do Not put your hamster or any other pet in, on , or near a Coinstar machine. They are vicious boxes, they cause dangerously addictive behaviour, they take a 7% cut of everything you put in (what - you thought it was a free service???), and your beloved pet will not survive. Just think of poor Hammy, and keep your pets safe at home...
With apologies to the headline writers at The Sun, who in 1986 ran a fictitious article about British comic Freddie Starr, which passed into redtop history.
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RT 785 (TB) stands at Bromley North waiting to work route 146 to Downe. Why not visit Freddie Starr and Lyn Paul at the London Palladium or Nash's of Orpington furnishers! Tuesday 18th October 1977.
4A-5.
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burt's reaction to me request for a shaded b+w backpiece of freddie starr....
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CORRECTION! Nancy is the ex-owner and creator of La Mirage. What a Starr!
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Tags: blackpool northpier pier
North Pier is the most northerly of the three coastal piers in Blackpool, England. Built in the 1860s, it is also the oldest and longest of the three. Although originally intended only as a promenade, competition forced the pier to widen its attractions to include theatres and bars. Unlike Blackpool's other piers, which attracted the working classes with open air dancing and amusements, North Pier catered for the "better-class" market, with orchestra concerts and respectable comedians. Until 2011, it was the only Blackpool pier that consistently charged admission.
The pier is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building, due to its status as the oldest surviving pier created by Eugenius Birch. As of 2012 it is still in regular use, despite having suffered damage from fires, storms and collisions with boats. Its attractions include bars, a theatre, a carousel and an arcade. One of the oldest remaining Sooty glove puppets is on display commemorating Harry Corbett buying the original puppet there.
North Pier was built at the seaward end of Talbot Road, where the town's first railway station, Blackpool North, was built. Its name reflects its location as the most northerly of Blackpool's three piers. It is about 450 yards (410 m) north of Blackpool Tower, which is roughly the midpoint of Blackpool's promenade. The sea front is particularly straight and flat on this stretch of coastline, and the 1,650 feet (500 m) pier extends at right angles into the Irish Sea, more or less level with the promenade.
History: The construction of Blackpool Pier (eventually North Pier) started in May 1862, in Layton-cum-Warbreck, part of the parish of Bispham. In October 1862 severe storms suggested that the planned height of the pier was insufficient, and it was increased by 3 feet (0.91 m) North Pier was the second of fourteen piers designed by Eugenius Birch, and since Margate Pier was destroyed by a storm in 1978, it is the oldest of the remaining examples of his work still in use. It was the first of Birch's piers to be built by Glasgow engineering firm Richard Laidlaw and Son.
The pier, which cost £11,740 to build, originally consisted of a promenade 1,405 feet (428 m) long and 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, extending to 55 feet (17 m) wide at the pier-head. The bulk of the pier was constructed from cast iron, with a wooden deck laid on top. The cast iron piles on which the structure rests were inserted using Birch's screw pile process; the screw-tipped piles were twisted into the sand until they hit bedrock. This made construction much quicker and easier, and guaranteed that the pier had a solid foundation. The cast iron columns, 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter, were filled with concrete for stability at intervals of 60 feet (18 m), and supported by struts that were on average were slightly more than 1 inch (25 mm) thick.The pier's promenade deck is lined with wooden benches with ornamental cast iron backs. At intervals along the pier are hexagonal kiosks built around 1900 in wood and glass with minaret roofs topped with decorative finials. On opening two of the kiosks were occupied by a bookstall and confectionery stall and the kiosks near the ends of the pier were seated shelters. The pier-head is a combination of 420 tons of cast iron and 340 tons of wrought iron columns; standing 50 feet (15 m) above the low water line, it sees a regular 35 feet (11 m) change in sea level due to the tide.
The pier was officially opened in a grand ceremony on 21 May 1863, even though the final 50 yards (46 m) had not yet been completed. All the shops in the area were closed and decorated with flags and streamers for the ceremony, which included a procession and a cannon salute, and was attended by more than 20,000 visitors. Although the town only had a population of approximately 4,000, more than 200,000 holiday makers regularly stayed there during the summer months; this included 275,000 admissions in 1863, 400,000 in 1864 and 465,000 the following year. The pier was officially opened by Major Preston, and he and 150 officials then travelled to the Clifton Hotel for a celebratory meal.
The pier was intended primarily for leisure rather than seafaring; for the price of 2d (worth approximately £4.90 in 2012) the pier provided the opportunity for visitors to walk close to the sea without distractions.This fee was insufficient to deter "trippers'", which led to Major Preston campaigning for a new pier to cater for the 'trippers'. In 1866, the government agreed that a second pier could be built, despite objections from the Blackpool Pier Company that it was close to their pier and therefore unnecessary
As permitted by the original parliamentary order, a landing jetty was built at the end of North Pier in incremental stages between 1864 and 1867. The full length of the jetty was 474 feet (144 m), and the extensions increased the pier's total length to its current 1,650 feet (500 m). The Blackpool Pier Company used the jetty to operate pleasure steamers that made trips to the surrounding areas. In 1871 swimming and diving lessons were added to the pier.
In 1874, the pier-head was extended to allow Richard Knill Freeman to incorporate a pavilion, which opened in 1877. The interior decoration led it to be known as the "Indian Pavilion", and it was Blackpool's primary venue for indoor entertainment until the Winter Gardens opened in 1879.
To differentiate itself from the new pier, North Pier focused on catering for the "better classes", charging for entry and including attractions such as an orchestra and band concerts, in contrast to the Central Pier (or the "People's pier"), which regularly had music playing and open-air dancing. The pier owners highlighted the difference, charging at least a shilling (worth approximately £19.90 in 2012) for concerts and ensuring that advertisements for comedians focused on their lack of vulgarity. Sundays were given over to a church parade.
On 8 October 1892, a storm-damaged vessel, Sirene, hit the southern side of the pier, causing four shops and part of the deck to collapse onto the beach below. Several columns were also dislodged, and the ship's bowsprit hit the pier entrance. All eleven crew members were rescued when they were hauled onto the pier. Damage to the pier was estimated to be £5,000 and was promptly repaired.
Nelson's former flagship, HMS Foudroyant, was moored alongside North Pier for an exhibition, but slipped anchor and was wrecked on the shore in a violent storm on 16 June 1897, damaging part of the jetty. The wreck of the ship broke up during December storms.
The pier was closed for the winter during 1895–6 as it unsafe; as a result, the pier was widened as electric lighting was added.
An Arcade Pavilion was added in 1903 at the entrance to the pier and contained a wide range of amusements to suit all tastes. Further alterations were made to the pier in 1932-3 when the open air stand was replaced with a stage and sun lounge.
In 1936, a pleasure steamer returning from Llandudno crashed into the pier. The collision left a 10 feet (3.0 m) gap, and stranded a number of people at the far end.
The 1874 Indian Pavilion was severely damaged by fire in 1921. It was refurbished, but was then destroyed by a second fire in 1938. In 1939 it was replaced by a theatre, built in an Art Deco style. At around the same time, the bandstand was removed and replaced with a sun lounge.
In the 1960s, the Merrie England bar and an amusement arcade were constructed at the end of the pier nearest to the shore. The 1939 theatre, which is still in use, narrowly escaped damage in 1985 when the early stages of a fire were noticed by performer Vince Hill. In the 1980s, a Victorian-styled entrance was built. In 1991 the pier gained the Carousel bar as an additional attraction, and a small tramway to ease access to the pier-head. By this point, the pier had ceased to have any nautical use, but the jetty section was adapted for use as a helicopter pad in the late 1980s. Storms on 24 December 1997 destroyed the landing jetty, including the helipad.
The North Pier is one of the few remaining examples of Birch's classic pier architecture and is a Grade II Listed building, the only Blackpool pier to hold that status. It was recognised as "Pier of the Year" in 2004 by the National Piers Society.
North Pier's attractions include a Gypsy palm reader and an ice cream parlour, the North Pier Theatre, a Victorian tea room, and the Carousel and Merrie England bars. The arcade, built in the 1960s, has approximately eleven million coins pass through its machines each year.
One of the earliest Sooty bear puppets used by Harry Corbett is on display on the pier. Corbett bought the original Sooty puppet on North Pier for his son, Matthew. When Corbett took the puppet on BBC's Talent Night programme, he marked the nose and ears with soot so that they would show up on the black and white television, giving the puppet its name.
The Carousel bar on the pier-head has a Victorian wrought iron canopy, and its outdoor sun-lounge is classified as the largest beer garden in Blackpool. Next to the bar is a two tier carousel, the "Venetian Carousel", which is protected from sand and spray by a glass wall.
After the fire in 1938, the pavilion was replaced with a 1,564 seat theatre which has since hosted a number of acts including; Frankie Vaughan, Frank Randle, Tessie O'Shea, Dave Morris, Bernard Delfont, Morecambe and Wise, Paul Daniels, Freddie Starr, Russ Abbott, Bruce Forsyth, Des O'Connor, Joe Longthorne, Lily Savage, Brian Conley and Hale and Pace.
In 2002 a heritage room with photographs was opened up, the foyer entrance was refurbished and a disabled lift added. By 2005, there was no longer a live organist playing in the sun lounge although other live entertainment continues. In 2013, the live organist was brought back into the sun lounge.
The pier was built and owned by the Blackpool Pier Company, created with three thousand £5-shares in 1861 (worth approximately £2,990 in 2012). The same firm operated the pier in 1953, and the company was incorporated in 1965. The Resorts Division of First Leisure, including the pier, was sold to Leisure Parks for £74 million in 1998. In 2009, the pier was sold to the Six Piers group, which owns Blackpool's other two piers, and hoped to use it as a more tranquil alternative to them. The new owners opened the Victorian-themed tea room, and built an eight-seat shuttle running the length of the pier.
In April 2011, the pier was sold to a Blackpool family firm, Sedgwick's, the owners of amusement arcades and the big wheel on Blackpool's Central Pier. Peter Sedgwick explained that he proposed to his wife on North Pier forty years ago, and promised to buy it for her one day. He said that he wants to restore the Victorian heritage of the pier and re-instate the pier's tram. An admission charge of fifty pence to access the board-walk section of the pier was abolished by the Sedgewicks.
A petition to wind up the Northern Victorian Pier Limited (the company used by the Sedgwick family to manage Blackpool North Pier) was presented on 17 September 2012 by Carlsberg UK Limited, a creditor of the Company, and this was to be heard at Blackpool County Court on 15 November 2012.
At the 11th hour, an agreement to pay the outstanding balance owed to Carlsberg was made and Peter Sedgwick's company escaped liquidation.
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William Shakespeare gave his only son a name that was only one letter different from the name of one of his plays, what was that son's name ? | The Death of Hamnet and the Making of Hamlet | by Stephen Greenblatt | The New York Review of Books
The Death of Hamnet and the Making of Hamlet
October 21, 2004 Issue
1.
Shakespeare was in the business, all of his life, of probing the passions of his characters and arousing the passions of his audiences. His skill in doing so is almost universally acknowledged to have been unrivaled, but the inner sources of this skill remain largely unknown. Scholarship has tirelessly reconstructed at least something of his wide-ranging, eclectic reading, but his own passionate life—his access through personal experience and observation to the intense emotions he represents—is almost completely mysterious. None of his letters, working notes, diaries, or manuscripts (with the possible exception of “Hand D” in Sir Thomas More) survives. His sonnets have been ransacked for autobiographical evidence, but, though written in the first person, they are baffling, elusive, and probably deliberately opaque.
Over centuries of feverish speculation, the most compelling reflections on the presence of Shakespeare’s emotional life in his plays—preeminently, James Joyce’s brilliant pages in Ulysses, but there are many others—have focused on Hamlet. This biographical attention to a work deriving from recycled materials and written for the public stage would seem inherently implausible, were it not for the overwhelming impression on readers and spectators alike that the play must have emerged in an unusually direct way from the playwright’s inner life, indeed that at moments the playwright was barely in control of his materials. I will attempt in what follows to trace Hamlet back to a personal experience of grief and to sketch a long-term aesthetic strategy that seems to have emerged from this experience.
Sometime in the spring or summer of 1596 Shakespeare must have received word that his only son Hamnet, eleven years old, was ill. Whether in London or on tour with his company he would at best have only been able to receive news intermittently from his family in Stratford, but at some point in the summer he presumably learned that Hamnet’s condition had worsened and that it was necessary to drop everything and hurry home. By the time the father reached Stratford the boy—whom, apart from brief visits, Shakespeare had in effect abandoned in his infancy—may already have died. On August 11, 1596, Hamnet was buried at Holy Trinity Church: the clerk duly noted in the burial register, “Hamnet filius William Shakspere.”
Unlike Ben Jonson and others who wrote grief-stricken poems about the loss of beloved children, Shakespeare published no elegies and left no direct record of his paternal feelings. It is sometimes said that parents in Shakespeare’s time could not afford to invest too much love and hope in any one child. One out of three children died by the age of ten, and overall mortality rates were by our standards exceedingly high. Death was a familiar spectacle; it took place at home, not out of sight. When Shakespeare was fourteen, his seven-year-old sister Anne died, and there must have been many other occasions for him to witness the death of children.
In the four years following Hamnet’s death, the playwright, as many have pointed out, wrote some of his sunniest comedies: The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It. This fact is, for some, decisive evidence that the father’s grief must at most have been brief. But the plays of these years were by no means uniformly cheerful, and at moments they seem to reflect an experience of deep personal loss. In King John, probably written in 1596 just after the boy was laid to rest, Shakespeare depicted a mother so frantic at the loss of her son that she is driven to thoughts of suicide. Observing her, a clerical bystander remarks that she is mad, but she insists that she is perfectly sane: “I am not mad; I would to God I were!” Reason, she says, and not madness, has put the thoughts of suicide in her head, for it is her reason that tenaciously keeps hold of the image of her child. When she is accused of perversely insisting on her grief, she replies with an eloquent simplicity that breaks free from the tangled plot:
Grief fills the room up of my absent child,
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words,
Remembers me of all his gracious parts,
Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form.
(III.4.93–97)
If there is no secure link between these lines and the death of Ham-net, there is, at the very least, no reason to think that Shakespeare simply buried his son and moved on unscathed. He might have brooded inwardly and obsessively, even as he was making audiences laugh at Falstaff in love or at the wit contests of Beatrice and Benedick. 1 Nor is it implausible that it took years for the trauma of his son’s death fully to erupt in Shakespeare’s work or that it was triggered by an accidental conjunction of names. For Hamnet and Hamlet are in fact the same name, entirely interchangeable in Stratford records in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare evidently named his son after his recusant neighbor and friend Hamnet Sadler, who was still alive in March 1616 when Shakespeare drew up his will and left 26 shillings, 8 pence to “Hamlett Sadler…to buy him a ringe.”
Writing a play about Hamlet, in or around 1600, may not have been Shakespeare’s own idea. At least one play, now lost, about the Danish prince who avenges his father’s murder had already been performed on the English stage, successfully enough to be casually alluded to by contemporary writers, as if everyone had seen it or at least knew about it. Someone in the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, with an eye on revenues, may simply have suggested to Shakespeare that the time might be ripe for a new, improved version of the Hamlet story. For that matter, with his high stakes in the company’s profits, Shakespeare was sin- gularly alert to whatever attracted London crowds, and he had by now long experience of dusting off old plays and making them startlingly new. The likely author of the early play, Thomas Kyd, was no obstacle: he had died back in 1594, at the age of thirty-six, possibly broken by the torture inflicted upon him when he was interrogated about the charges of blasphemy and atheism brought against his roommate, Christopher Marlowe. In any case, neither Shakespeare nor his contemporaries were squeamish about stealing from each other.
Shakespeare had certainly seen the earlier Hamlet play, probably on multiple occasions. When he set to work on his new tragedy, he likely had it by heart—or as much of it as he chose to remember. It is impossible to determine, in this case, whether he sat down with books open before him—as he clearly did, for example, in writing Antony and Cleopatra—or relied on his memory, but he had also certainly read one and probably more than one version of the old Danish tale of murder and revenge. At the very least, to judge from the play he wrote, he carefully read the story as narrated in French by François de Belleforest, whose collection of tragic tales was a publishing phenomenon in the late sixteenth century. Belleforest had taken the Hamlet story from a chronicle of Denmark compiled in Latin in the late twelfth century by a Dane known as Saxo the Grammarian. And Saxo in turn was recycling written and oral legends that reached back for centuries before him. Here then, as so often throughout his career, Shakespeare was working with known materials—a well-established story, a familiar cast of characters, a set of predictable excitements.
If Shakespeare had died in 1600 it would have been difficult to think that anything was missing from his achievement and still more difficult to think that anything yet unrealized was brewing in his work. But Hamlet makes it clear that Shakespeare had been quietly, steadily developing a special technical skill. This development may have been entirely deliberate, the consequence of a clear, ongoing professional design, or it may have been more haphazard and opportunistic. The achievement was, in any case, gradual: not a sudden, once-and-for-all discovery or a grandiose invention, but the subtle refinement of a particular set of representational techniques. By the turn of the century Shakespeare was poised to make an epochal breakthrough. He had perfected the means to represent inwardness.
The task of conveying an inner life is an immensely challenging one in drama, since what the audience sees and hears is always in some sense or other public utterance—the words that the characters say to one another or, in occasional asides and soliloquies, directly to the onlookers. Playwrights can pretend, of course, that the audience is overhearing a kind of internal monologue, but it is difficult to keep such monologues from sounding “stagey.” Richard III, written in 1591 or 1592, is hugely energetic and powerful, with a marvelous, unforgettable main character, but when that character, alone at night, reveals what is going on inside him, he sounds oddly wooden and artificial:
It is now dead midnight.
Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
What do I fear? Myself? There’s none else by.
Richard loves Richard; that is, I am I.
Is there a murderer here? No. Yes. I am.
Then fly! What, from myself? Great reason. Why?
Lest I revenge? Myself upon myself?
Alack, I love myself. Wherefore? For any good
That I myself have done unto myself?
O no, alas, I rather hate myself
For hateful deeds committed by myself.
I am a villain. Yet I lie: I am not.
(V.5.134–145)
Shakespeare is dramatizing his chronicle source, which states that Richard could not sleep on the eve of his death, because he felt unwonted pricks of conscience. But though it has a staccato vigor, the soliloquy, as a way of sketching inner conflict, is schematic and mechanical, as if within the character on stage there was simply another tiny stage on which puppets were performing a Punch-and-Judy show.
In Richard II, written some three years later, there is a comparable moment that marks Shakespeare’s burgeoning skills. Deposed and imprisoned by his cousin Bolingbroke, the ruined king, shortly before his murder, looks within himself:
I have been studying how I may compare
This prison where I live unto the world;
And for because the world is populous,
And here is not a creature but myself,
I cannot do it. Yet I’ll hammer it out.
My brain I’ll prove the female to my soul,
My soul the father, and these two beget
A generation of still-breeding thoughts.
(V.5.1–7)
Much of the difference between the two passages has to do with the very different characters: the one a murderous tyrant full of manic energy, the other a spoiled, narcissistic, self-destructive poet. But the turn from one character to the other is itself significant: it signals Shakespeare’s growing interest in the hidden processes of interiority. Locked in a windowless room, Richard II watches himself think, struggling to forge a metaphoric link between his prison and the world, reaching a dead end, and then forcing his imagination to renew the effort: “Yet I’ll hammer it out.” The world, crowded with people, is not, as he himself recognizes, remotely comparable to the solitude of his prison cell, but Richard wills himself to generate—out of what he pictures as the intercourse of his brain and soul—an imaginary populace. What he hammers out is a kind of inner theater, akin to that already found in Richard III’s soliloquy, but with a vastly increased complexity, subtlety, and above all self-consciousness. Now the character himself is fully aware that he has constructed such a theater, and he teases out the bleak implications of the imaginary world he has struggled to create:
Thus play I in one person many people,
And none contented. Sometimes am I king;
Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar,
And so I am. Then crushing penury
Persuades me I was better when a king,
Then am I kinged again, and by and by
Think that I am unkinged by Bolingbroke,
And straight am nothing. But whate’er I be,
Nor I, nor any man that but man is,
With nothing shall be pleased till he be eased
With being nothing.
(V.5.31–41)
Richard II characteristically rehearses the drama of his fall from kingship as a fall into nothingness and then fashions his experience of lost identity—“whate’er I be”—into an intricate poem of despair.
Written in 1595, Richard II marked a major advance in the playwright’s ability to represent inwardness, but Julius Caesar, written four years later, shows that, not content with what he has mastered, Shakespeare subtly experimented with new techniques. Alone, pacing in his orchard in the middle of night, Brutus begins to speak:
It must be by his death. And for my part
I know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general. He would be crowned.
How that might change his nature, there’s the question.
It is the bright day that brings forth the adder,
And that craves wary walking. Crown him: that!
(II.1.10–15)
This soliloquy is far less fluid, less an elegant and self-conscious poetic meditation, than the prison soliloquy of Richard II. But it has something startlingly new: the unmistakable marks of actual thinking. Richard speaks of hammering it out, but the words he utters are already highly polished. Brutus’s words by contrast seem to flow immediately from the still inchoate toing-and-froing of his wavering mind, as he grapples with a set of momentous questions: How should he respond to the crowd’s desire to crown the ambitious Caesar? How can he balance his own personal friendship with Caesar against what he construes to be the general good? How might Caesar, who has thus far served that general good, change his nature and turn dangerous if he is crowned? “It must be by his death”: without prelude, the audience is launched into the midst of Brutus’s obsessive brooding. It is impossible to know if he is weighing a proposition, trying out a decision, reiterating words that someone else has spoken. He does not need to mention whose death he is contemplating, nor does he need to make clear—for it is already part of his thought—that it will be by assassination.
Brutus is speaking to himself, and his words have the peculiar shorthand of the brain at work. “Crown him: that!”—the exclamation is barely comprehensible, except as a burst of passionate anger provoked by a phantasmatic image passing at that instant through the speaker’s mind. The spectators are pulled in eerily close, watching firsthand the forming of a fatal resolution—a determination to assassinate Caesar—that will change the world. A few moments later Brutus, intensely self-aware, describes for himself the molten state of consciousness in which he finds himself:
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma or a hideous dream.
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in counsel, and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection.
(II.1.63–69)
Was it at this moment, in 1599, that Shakespeare first conceived of the possibility of writing about a character suspended, for virtually the whole length of a play, in this strange interim? Brutus himself is not such a character: by the middle of Julius Caesar, he has done the dreadful thing, the killing of his mentor and friend—possibly his own father—and the remainder of the play teases out the fatal consequences of his act.
If Shakespeare did not grasp it at once, then certainly by the following year he understood perfectly that there was a character, already popular on the Elizabethan stage, whose life he could depict as one long phantasm or hideous dream. That character, the prince of the inward insurrection, was Hamlet.
2.
Even in its earliest-known medieval telling, Hamlet’s saga was the story of the long interval between the first motion—the initial impulse or design—and the acting of the dreadful thing. In Saxo the Grammarian’s account, the murder of Amleth’s father Horwendil (the equivalent of Shakespeare’s old King Hamlet) by his envious brother Feng (the equivalent of Claudius) was not a secret. Glossing over “fratricide with a show of righteousness,” the assassin claimed that Horwendil had been cruelly abusing his gentle wife Gerutha. In reality, the ruthless Feng had simply seized both his brother’s kingdom and his wife. No one was prepared to challenge the usurper. The only potential challenger was Horwen- dil’s young son Amleth, for by the time-honored code of this pre-Christian society a son was strictly obliged to avenge his father’s murder.
Feng understood this code as well as anyone, so that it was reasonable to expect that he would quickly move to eliminate the future threat. If the boy did not instantly come up with a clever stratagem, his life would be exceedingly brief. In order to grow to adulthood—to survive long enough to be able to exact revenge—Amleth feigned madness, persuading his uncle that he could never pose a danger. Filthy and lethargic, he sat by the fire, aimlessly whittling away at small sticks and turning them into barbed hooks. Though the wary Feng repeatedly used intermediaries (the precursors of Shakespeare’s Ophelia, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern) to try to discern some hidden sparks of intelligence behind his nephew’s apparent idiocy, Amleth cunningly avoided detection. He bided his time, slipped out of traps, and made secret plans. Mocked as a fool, treated with contempt and derision, he eventually succeeded in burning to death Feng’s entire retinue and in running his uncle through with a sword. He summoned an assembly of nobles, explained why he had done what he had done, and was enthusiastically acclaimed as the new king. “Many could have been seen marvelling how he had concealed so subtle a plan over so long a space of time.”
Amleth thus spends years in the interim state that Brutus can barely endure for a few days. Shakespeare had developed the means to represent the psychological experience of such a condition—something that neither Saxo nor his followers even dreamed of being able to do. He saw that the Hamlet story, ripe for revision, would enable him to make a play about what it is like to live inwardly in the queasy interval between a murderous design and its fulfillment. The problem, however, is that the theater is not particularly tolerant of long gestation periods: to represent the child Hamlet feigning idiocy for years in order to reach the age in which he could act would be exceedingly difficult to render dramatically exciting. The obvious solution, probably already reached in the lost play, is to start the action at the point in which Hamlet has come of age and is ready to undertake his act of revenge.
In Saxo the Grammarian’s Hamlet, as in the popular tale by Belleforest, no ghost appeared. There was no need for a ghost, for the murder was public knowledge, as was the son’s obligation to take revenge. But when he set out to write his version of the Hamlet story, either following Kyd’s lead or on his own, Shakespeare made the murder a secret. Everyone in Denmark believes that old Hamlet was fatally stung by a serpent. The ghost appears in order to tell the terrible truth: “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown” (I.5.39–40).
Shakespeare’s play begins just before the ghost reveals the murder to Hamlet and ends just after Hamlet exacts his revenge. Hence the decisive changes in the plot—from a public killing known to everyone to a secret murder revealed to Hamlet alone by the ghost of the murdered man—enabled the playwright to focus almost the entire tragedy on the consciousness of the hero suspended between his “first motion” and “the acting of a dreadful thing.” But something in the plot has to account for this suspension. After all, Hamlet is no longer, in this revised version, a child who needs to play for time, and the murderer has no reason to suspect that Hamlet has or can ever acquire any inkling of his crime. Far from keeping his distance from his nephew (or setting subtle tests for him), Claudius refuses to let Hamlet return to university, genially calls him “our chiefest courtier, cousin, and son,” and declares that he is next in succession to the throne. Once the ghost of his father has disclosed the actual cause of death—“Murder most foul, as in the best it is,/But this most foul, strange, and unnatural”—Hamlet, who has full access to the unguarded Claudius, is in the perfect position to act immediately. And such instantaneous response is precisely what Hamlet himself anticipates:
Haste, haste me to know it, that with wings as swift
As meditation or the thought of love
May sweep to my revenge.
(I.5.29–31)
The play should be over then by the end of the first act. But Hamlet emphatically does not sweep to his revenge. As soon as the ghost vanishes, he tells the sentries and his friend Horatio that he intends “to put an antic disposition on”—that is, to pretend to be mad. The behavior made perfect sense in the old version of the story, where it was a ruse to deflect suspicion and to buy time. The emblem of that time, and the proof of the avenger’s brilliant, long-term planning, were the wooden hooks that the boy Amleth, apparently deranged, endlessly whittled away on with his little knife. These were the means that, at the tale’s climax, Amleth used to secure a net over the sleeping courtiers, before he set the hall on fire. What had looked like mindless distraction turned out to be brilliantly strategic. But in Shakespeare Hamlet’s feigned madness is no longer coherently tactical. Shakespeare in effect wrecked the powerful and coherent plot that his sources conveniently provided him. And out of the wreckage he constructed what most modern audiences would regard as the best play that he had ever written.
Far from offering a cover, the antic disposition leads the murderer to set close watch upon Hamlet, to turn to his counselor Polonius for advice, to discuss the problem with Gertrude, to observe Ophelia carefully, to send for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy upon their friend. Instead of leading the court to ignore him, Hamlet’s madness becomes the object of everyone’s endless speculation. And, strangely enough, the speculation sweeps Hamlet along with it: “I have of late—but wherefore I know not—lost all my mirth.” “But wherefore I know not”—Hamlet, entirely aware that he is speaking to court spies, does not breathe a word of his father’s ghost, but then it is not at all clear that the ghost is actually responsible for his profound depression. Already in the first scene in which he appears, before he has encountered the ghost, he is voicing to himself, as the innermost secret of his heart, virtually the identical disillusionment he discloses to the oily Rosencrantz and Guildenstern:
O God, O God,
How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world!
Fie on’t, ah fie, fie! ‘Tis an unweeded garden
That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature
Possess it merely.
(I.2.132–127)
His father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage, public events and not secret revelations, have driven him to thoughts of “self-slaughter.”
By excising the strategic rationale for Hamlet’s madness, Shakespeare made it the central focus of the entire tragedy. The play’s key moment of psychological revelation—the moment that virtually everyone remembers—is not the hero’s plotting of revenge, not even his repeated, passionate self-reproach for inaction, but rather his contemplation of suicide: “To be or not to be; that is the question.” This suicidal urge has nothing to do with the ghost—indeed Hamlet has so far forgotten the apparition as to speak of death as “The undiscovered country from whose bourn/No traveller returns”—but rather with a soul-sickness brought on by one of the “thousand natural shocks/That flesh is heir to.”
3.
Hamlet marks a sufficient break in Shakespeare’s career as to suggest some more personal cause for his daring transformation both of his sources and of his whole way of writing. A simple index of this transformation is the astonishing rush of new words, words that he had never used before in some twenty-one plays and in two long poems. There are, scholars have calculated, more than six hundred of these words, many of them not only new to Shakespeare but also—compulsive, fanged, besmirch, intruding, overgrowth, pander, outbreak, unfledged, unimproved, unnerved, unpolluted, unweeded, to name only a few—new to the written record of the English language. 2 Something must have been at work in Shakespeare, something powerful enough to call forth this linguistic explosion. As audiences and readers have long instinctively understood, passionate grief, provoked by the death of a loved one, lies at the heart of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Even if the decision to redo the old tragedy of Hamlet had come to Shakespeare from strictly commercial considerations, the coincidence of the names—the writing again and again of the name of his dead son as he composed the play—may have reopened a deep wound, a wound that had never properly healed.
But, of course, in Hamlet it is the death not of a son but of a father that provokes the hero’s spiritual crisis. If the tragedy welled up from Shakespeare’s own life—if it can be traced back to the death of Hamnet and to the repeated writing of the name—something must have made the playwright link the loss of his child to the imagined loss of his father. I say “imagined” because Shakespeare’s father was buried in Holy Trinity churchyard on September 8, 1601: the handwriting may have been on the wall, but he was almost certainly still alive when the tragedy was written and may still have been alive when it was first performed. How might the father’s death have become bound up so closely in Shakespeare’s imagination with the son’s?
Shakespeare undoubtedly returned to Stratford in 1596 for his son’s funeral. The minister, as the regulations required, would have met the corpse at the entry to the churchyard and accompanied it to the grave. Shakespeare must have stood there and listened to the words of the prescribed Protestant burial service. While the earth was thrown onto the body—perhaps by the father himself, perhaps by friends—the minister intoned the words, “Forasmuch as it hath pleased Almighty God of his great mercy to take upon himself the soul of our dear brother here departed, we therefore commit his body to the ground, earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust; in sure and certain hope of the Resurrection to eternal life.”
Did Shakespeare find this simple, eloquent service adequate or was he tormented with a sense that something was missing? “What ceremony else?” cries Laertes, by the grave of his sis-ter Ophelia; “What ceremony else?” Ophelia’s funeral rites have been curtailed because she is suspected of the sin of suicide, and Laertes is both shallow and rash. But the question he repeatedly asks echoes throughout Hamlet, and it articulates a concern that extends beyond the boundaries of the play. Within living memory, the whole relationship between the living and the dead had been changed. Perhaps in conservative Lancashire, where Shakespeare may have sojourned briefly as a young man, if not closer to home, he could have seen the remnants of the old Catholic practice: candles burning night and day, crosses everywhere, bells tolling constantly, close relatives wailing and crossing themselves, neighbors visiting the corpse and saying over it a Pater noster or a De profundis, alms and food distributed in memory of the dead, priests secretly paid to say Masses to ease the soul’s perilous passage through Purgatory. 3
All of this had come under attack for decades; everything had been scaled back, forced underground, or eliminated outright. Above all, it was now illegal to pray for the dead.
Belief in Purgatory may well have been abused—plenty of pious Catholics thought it was—but it attempted to address fears and longings that did not simply vanish when people were told by the officials of the church and the state that the dead were beyond all earthly contact. Ceremony was not the only or even the principal issue: what mattered was whether the dead could continue to speak to the living, at least for a short time, whether the living could help the dead, whether a reciprocal bond remained. When Shakespeare stood in the churchyard, watching the dirt fall on the body of his son, did he think that his relationship with Hamnet was gone without a trace?
Perhaps. But it is also possible that he found the service, with its deliberate refusal to address the dead child as a “thou,” its reduction of ritual, its narrowing of ceremony, its denial of any possibility of communication, painfully inadequate. 4 And if he could make his peace with the Protestant understanding of these things, others close to him assuredly could not. His wife, Anne, must have stood at Hamnet’s grave, and so too Shakespeare’s parents, John and Mary. Indeed the grandparents had spent far more time with the boy than the father had, for while Shakespeare was in London, they were all living together in Stratford in the same house with their daughter-in-law and the three grandchildren. They had helped to raise Hamnet, and they must have tended Hamnet through his last illness.
And about his parents’ beliefs with regard to the afterlife—specifically, about his father’s beliefs—there is some evidence. This evidence, which points to Catholic connections and half-concealed Catholic beliefs, suggests that John Shakespeare would have wanted something done for Hamnet’s soul, something that he perhaps appealed urgently to his son to do or that he undertook to do on his own. The arguments, or pleading, or tears that may have accompanied such appeals are irrevocably lost. But it is possible to surmise what Shakespeare’s father (and, presumably, his mother, linked by birth to a staunchly Cath-olic Warwickshire family) would have thought necessary, proper, charitable, loving, and, in a single word, Christian.
Recusant Catholics, prevented from regular confession and communion, were often intensely fearful of a death that would prevent the ritual opportunity to settle the sinner’s accounts with God and to show appropriate, cleansing contrition. (This is precisely the death Hamlet’s father, murdered in his sleep, has suffered: “No reck’ning made, but sent to my account/With all my imperfections on my head./O, horrible! O, horrible! most horrible!”) Any stains that remained after death would have to be burned away in purgatorial agony, unless the living took steps to alleviate the suffering and reduce the afterlife prison term. In 1596, at the funeral of Hamnet, the issue would almost certainly have surfaced. The boy’s soul needed the help of those who loved and cared for him. John Shakespeare may well have urged his prosperous son William to pay for masses for the dead child, just as he no doubt wanted masses to be said for his own soul. For his father was getting old and would soon be in need of the “satisfactory works” that could shorten the duration of his agony in the afterlife.
If this delicate subject was broached, did the playwright angrily shake his head no or instead quietly pay for clandestine masses for Hamnet’s soul? Did he tell his father that he could not give his son—or, looking ahead, that he would not give his father—what he craved? Did he say that he no longer believed in the whole story of the terrible prison house, poised between heaven and hell, where the sins done in life were burned and purged away?
Whatever he determined at the time, Shakespeare must have still been brooding in late 1600 and early 1601, when he sat down to write a tragedy whose doomed hero bore the name of his dead son. His thoughts may have been intensified by news that his elderly father was seriously ill back in Stratford, for the thought of his father’s death is deeply woven into the play. And the death of his son and the impending death of his father—a crisis of mourning and memory—could have caused a psychic disturbance that helps to explain the explosive power and inwardness of Hamlet.
All funerals invite those who stand by the grave to think about what, if anything, they believe in. But the funeral of one’s own child does more than this: it compels parents to ask questions of God and the universe. Shakespeare must have attended the regular services in his Protestant parish; otherwise his name would have turned up on lists of recusants. But did he believe what he heard and recited? His works suggest that he did have faith, of a sort, but it was not a faith securely bound either by the Catholic Church or by the Church of England. By the late 1590s, insofar as his faith could be situated in any institution at all, that institution was the theater, and not only in the sense that his profoundest energies and expectations were all focused there.
Shakespeare grasped that crucial death rituals in his culture had been gutted. He may have felt this with enormous pain at his son’s graveside. But he also believed that the theater—and his theatrical art in particular—could tap into the great reservoir of passionate feelings that, for him and for thousands of his contemporaries, no longer had a satisfactory outlet. The religious reformation was in effect offering him an extraordinary gift—the broken fragments of what had been a rich, complex edifice—and he knew how to accept and use this gift. He was hardly indifferent to the success he could achieve, but it was not a matter of profit alone. Shakespeare drew upon the confusion, pity, and dread of death in a world of damaged rituals—the world in which most of us continue to live—because he himself experienced those same emotions in 1596, at the funeral of his child, and later, in anticipation of his father’s death. He responded not with prayers but with the deepest expression of his being: Hamlet.
With Hamlet Shakespeare made a discovery by means of which he relaunched his entire career. The crucial breakthrough did not involve developing new themes or learning how to construct a shapelier plot; it had to do rather with an intense representation of inwardness called forth by a new technique of radical excision. He had rethought how to put a tragedy together—specifically, he had rethought the amount of causal explanation a tragic plot needed to function effectively and the amount of explicit psychological rationale a character needed to be strongly convincing. Shakespeare found that he could immeasurably deepen the effect of his plays—that he could provoke in the audience and himself a peculiarly passionate intensity of response—if he took out a key explanatory element, thereby occluding the rationale, motivation, or ethical principle that accounted for the action to be unfolded. The principle was not the making of a riddle to be solved, but the creation of a strategic opacity. This opacity, Shakespeare found, released an enormous energy that had been at least partially blocked or contained by familiar, reassuring explanations.
Shakespeare’s work had long been wryly skeptical of official explanations and excuses—the accounts, whether psychological or theological, of why peo- ple behave the way they do. His plays had suggested that the choices people make in love are almost entirely inexplicable and irrational—that is the conviction that generates the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the tragedy in Romeo and Juliet. But at least love was the clearly identifiable motive. With Hamlet, Shakespeare found that if he refused to provide himself or his audience with a familiar, comforting rationale that seems to make it all make sense, he could get to something immeasurably deeper. The key is not simply the creation of opacity, for by itself that would only create a baffling or incoherent play. Rather, Shakespeare came increasingly to rely on the inward logic, the poetic coherence that his genius and his immensely hard work had long enabled him to confer on his plays. Tearing away the structure of superficial meanings, he fashioned an inner structure through the resonant echoing of key terms, the subtle development of images, the brilliant orchestration of scenes, the complex unfolding of ideas, the intertwining of parallel plots, the uncovering of psychological obsessions.
This conceptual breakthrough in Hamlet was technical—that is, it affected the practical choices Shakespeare made when he put plays together, starting with the enigma of the prince’s suicidal melancholy and assumed madness. But it was not only a new aesthetic strategy. The excision of motive must have arisen from something more than technical experimentation; coming in the wake of Hamnet’s death, it expressed Shakespeare’s deepest perception of existence, his understanding of what could be said and what should remain unspoken, his preference for things untidy, damaged, and unresolved over things neatly arranged, well made, and settled. The opacity was shaped by his experience of the world and of his own inner life: his skepticism, his pain, his sense of broken rituals, his refusal of easy consolations.
1
In “Death in the Family: The Loss of a Son and the Rise of Shakespearean Comedy,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 51 (2000), pp. 127–153, Richard P. Wheeler argues that the death of Hamnet left significant traces in the great comedies, particularly in Twelfth Night. ↩
2
See G.R. Hibbard, The Oxford Shakespeare: Hamlet (Oxford University Press, 1987). ↩
3
For the claim that William Shakespeare was the “Shakeshafte” mentioned in the will of a wealthy Catholic magnate in Lancashire, see Richard Wilson, Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion, and Resistance (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004). For a sharply dissenting view, see Rob- ert Bearman, “‘Was William Shakespeare William Shakeshafte?’ Revisited,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 53 (2002), pp. 83–94. Bearman’s arguments are in turn countered by E.A.J. Honigmann, “The Shakespeare/Shakeshafte Question, Continued,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 54 (2003), pp. 83–86. The argument is likely to continue. ↩
4
In The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–c. 1580 (Yale University Press, 1992), Eamon Duffy gives a rich and eloquent account of the consequences to the community and the individual of the Reformation assault on Catholic ritual practices. Duffy tends to assume that those practices were almost universally efficacious, an assumption one can certainly call into question. It is less easy to call into question the cumulative force of changes that a recent scholar has characterized as a cultural revolution: see James Simpson, The Oxford English Literary History: 1350– 1547: Reform and Cultural Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2002). ↩
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What was the name of the twin sister of the only son of William Shakespeare, the first two letters of her name are the same as one of his works most famous characters ? | William Shakespeare - Poet, Playwright - Biography.com
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, often called the English national poet, is widely considered the greatest dramatist of all time.
IN THESE GROUPS
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quotes
“The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.”
“This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man.”
“There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.”
“Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once.”
“Lord, what fools these mortals be!”
“To weep is to make less the depth of grief.”
“In time we hate that which we often fear.”
“Men at some time are masters of their fates: the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.”
“What's done cannot be undone.”
“We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep.”
“Madness in great ones must not unwatched go.”
“The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers.”
“All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”
“Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.”
“I say there is no darkness but ignorance.”
“I wasted time, and now doth time waste me.”
“Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.”
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:43) Though little is known about William Shakespeare's personal life, his works such as "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "King Lear," have influenced literature and theater for over 400 years.
Synopsis
William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of theatrical players. Written records give little indication of the way in which Shakespeare’s professional life molded his artistry. All that can be deduced is that over the course of 20 years, Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict.
Mysterious Origins
Known throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work—the plays, poems and sonnets—and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events.
Early Life
Though no birth records exist, church records indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From this, it is believed he was born on or near April 23, 1564, and this is the date scholars acknowledge as William Shakespeare's birthday.
Located 103 miles west of London, during Shakespeare's time Stratford-upon-Avon was a market town bisected with a country road and the River Avon. William was the third child of John Shakespeare, a leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local landed heiress. William had two older sisters, Joan and Judith, and three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. Before William's birth, his father became a successful merchant and held official positions as alderman and bailiff, an office resembling a mayor. However, records indicate John's fortunes declined sometime in the late 1570s.
Scant records exist of William's childhood, and virtually none regarding his education. Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. Being a public official's child, William would have undoubtedly qualified for free tuition. But this uncertainty regarding his education has led some to raise questions about the authorship of his work and even about whether or not William Shakespeare ever existed.
Married Life
William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582, in Worcester, in Canterbury Province. Hathaway was from Shottery, a small village a mile west of Stratford. William was 18 and Anne was 26, and, as it turns out, pregnant. Their first child, a daughter they named Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583. Two years later, on February 2, 1585, twins Hamnet and Judith were born. Hamnet later died of unknown causes at age 11.
After the birth of the twins, there are seven years of William Shakespeare's life where no records exist. Scholars call this period the "lost years," and there is wide speculation on what he was doing during this period. One theory is that he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy. Another possibility is that he might have been working as an assistant schoolmaster in Lancashire. It is generally believed he arrived in London in the mid- to late 1580s and may have found work as a horse attendant at some of London's finer theaters, a scenario updated centuries later by the countless aspiring actors and playwrights in Hollywood and Broadway.
Theatrical Beginnings
By 1592, there is evidence William Shakespeare earned a living as an actor and a playwright in London and possibly had several plays produced. The September 20, 1592 edition of the Stationers' Register (a guild publication) includes an article by London playwright Robert Greene that takes a few jabs at William Shakespeare: "...There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country," Greene wrote of Shakespeare.
Scholars differ on the interpretation of this criticism, but most agree that it was Greene's way of saying Shakespeare was reaching above his rank, trying to match better known and educated playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe or Greene himself.
By the early 1590s, documents show William Shakespeare was a managing partner in the Lord Chamberlain's Men, an acting company in London. After the crowning of King James I, in 1603, the company changed its name to the King's Men. From all accounts, the King's Men company was very popular, and records show that Shakespeare had works published and sold as popular literature. The theater culture in 16th century England was not highly admired by people of high rank. However, many of the nobility were good patrons of the performing arts and friends of the actors. Early in his career, Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated his first- and second-published poems: "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "The Rape of Lucrece" (1594).
Establishing Himself
By 1597, 15 of the 37 plays written by William Shakespeare were published. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theaters were closed.
By 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. This made him an entrepreneur as well as an artist, and scholars believe these investments gave him the time to write his plays uninterrupted.
Writing Style
William Shakespeare's early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn't always align naturally with the story's plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays. At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose.
Early Works: Histories and Comedies
With the exception of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare's first plays were mostly histories written in the early 1590s. Richard II, Henry VI (parts 1, 2 and 3) and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers, and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare's way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty.
Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance A Midsummer Night's Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Other plays, possibly written before 1600, include Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew and The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Later Works: Tragedies and Tragicomedies
It was in William Shakespeare's later period, after 1600, that he wrote the tragedies Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. In these, Shakespeare's characters present vivid impressions of human temperament that are timeless and universal. Possibly the best known of these plays is Hamlet, which explores betrayal, retribution, incest and moral failure. These moral failures often drive the twists and turns of Shakespeare's plots, destroying the hero and those he loves.
In William Shakespeare's final period, he wrote several tragicomedies. Among these are Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Though graver in tone than the comedies, they are not the dark tragedies of King Lear or Macbeth because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness.
William Shakespeare - 5 Little Known Facts (; 3:00) James Shapiro, author of “The Year of Lear: Shakespeare in 1606,” shares five discoveries about the famous Bard. (Video Courtesy of Simon & Schuster)
Death
Tradition has it that William Shakespeare died on his birthday, April 23, 1616, though many scholars believe this is a myth. Church records show he was interred at Trinity Church on April 25, 1616.
In his will, he left the bulk of his possessions to his eldest daughter, Susanna. Though entitled to a third of his estate, little seems to have gone to his wife, Anne, whom he bequeathed his "second-best bed." This has drawn speculation that she had fallen out of favor, or that the couple was not close. However, there is very little evidence the two had a difficult marriage. Other scholars note that the term "second-best bed" often refers to the bed belonging to the household's master and mistres—the marital bed—and the "first-best bed" was reserved for guests.
Controversy and Literary Legacy
About 150 years after his death, questions arose about the authorship of William Shakespeare's plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon —men of more known backgrounds, literary accreditation, or inspiration—as the true authors of the plays. Much of this stemmed from the sketchy details of Shakespeare's life and the dearth of contemporary primary sources. Official records from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none of these attest to him being an actor or playwright.
Skeptics also questioned how anyone of such modest education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that is displayed in Shakespeare's works. Over the centuries, several groups have emerged that question the authorship of Shakespeare's plays.
The most serious and intense skepticism began in the 19th century when adoration for Shakespeare was at its highest. The detractors believed that the only hard evidence surrounding William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon described a man from modest beginnings who married young and became successful in real estate. Members of the Shakespeare Oxford Society (founded in 1957) put forth arguments that English aristocrat Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, was the true author of the poems and plays of "William Shakespeare." The Oxfordians cite de Vere's extensive knowledge of aristocratic society, his education, and the structural similarities between his poetry and that found in the works attributed to Shakespeare. They contend that William Shakespeare had neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters.
However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars contend that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had sketchy histories and came from modest backgrounds. They contend that Stratford's New Grammar School curriculum of Latin and the classics could have provided a good foundation for literary writers. Supporters of Shakespeare's authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare's life doesn't mean his life didn't exist. They point to evidence that displays his name on the title pages of published poems and plays. Examples exist of authors and critics of the time acknowledging William Shakespeare as author of plays such as The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Comedy of Errors and King John. Royal records from 1601 show that William Shakespeare was recognized as a member of the King's Men theater company (formerly known as the Chamberlain's Men) and a Groom of the Chamber by the court of King James I, where the company performed seven of Shakespeare's plays. There is also strong circumstantial evidence of personal relationships by contemporaries who interacted with Shakespeare as an actor and a playwright.
What seems to be true is that William Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in some in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. But his reputation as a dramatic genius wasn't recognized until the 19th century. Beginning with the Romantic period of the early 1800s and continuing through the Victorian period, acclaim and reverence for William Shakespeare and his work reached its height. In the 20th century, new movements in scholarship and performance have rediscovered and adopted his works.
Today, his plays are highly popular and constantly studied and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural and political contexts. The genius of Shakespeare's characters and plots are that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that transcend their origins in Elizabethan England.
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Which unit of measurement is defined as being exactly 1,852 metres ? | Units: I
symbol for international einheit, the German name for the international unit (IU).
IGPM
abbreviation for Imperial gallons per minute.
immi
a traditional Swiss unit of liquid volume. The immi has been brought into the metric system and now equals exactly 1.5 liters (about 3.17 U.S. liquid pints).
imperial
a large wine bottle holding about 6 liters, 8 times the volume of a regular bottle . Also called a methuselah.
Imperial gallon (gal or IG)
a traditional unit of volume equal to about 1.201 U.S. liquid gallon or 4.546 liters. See gallon [3]. In Canada, the term "Imperial" is used frequently to distinguish the British Imperial units from the corresponding U.S. units.
Imperial units
the units of the British Imperial system, adopted by Parliament in 1824. The basic units of the system are the foot , the avoirdupois pound , and the Imperial pint . The Weights and Measures Acts of 1963 and 1985 have redefined the Imperial units in term of the SI units. The Imperial units remain in varying degrees of use in Britain, Canada, Australia, and other areas of British heritage despite the introduction of metric units there. Americans should note that the Imperial foot and pound are essentially the same as the units used in the U.S., but the Imperial pint is significantly larger than the U.S. liquid and dry pints.
inch (in or ") [1]
a traditional unit of distance equal to 1/12 foot or exactly 2.54 centimeters. The Old English word ynce is derived from the Latin uncia, meaning a 1/12 part; thus "inch" and "ounce" actually have the same root. The inch was originally defined in England in two ways: as the length of three barleycorns laid end to end, or as the width of a man's thumb at the base of the nail. The barleycorn definition is peculiarly English, but the thumb-width definition is generic. In fact, in many European languages the word for inch also means thumb: examples include the Dutch duim, Swedish tum, French pouce, and Spanish pulgada. In the history of English units the inch seems to come before the foot: after the Norman conquest of 1066 the foot was defined to equal 12 inches, rather than the inch being defined as 1/12 foot.
inch (in or ") [2]
one of several traditional units of pressure. Air pressure is measured traditionally in inches of mercury (next entry) and water pressure in inches of water column (following entry).
inch of mercury (in Hg)
a traditional unit of atmospheric pressure. In the United States, atmospheric pressure is customarily expressed as the height of a column of mercury exerting the same pressure as the atmosphere. When a traditional mercury barometer is used, this height is read directly as the height of the mercury column. These readings must be corrected for temperature since mercury, like most liquids, tends to expand as it warms. The conventional equivalent of one inch of mercury is 0.491 153 pounds per square inch or 3.386 38 kilopascals (33.8638 millibars ). In the symbol for the unit, Hg is the chemical symbol for mercury; it comes from the Latin word hydrargyrum ("water-silver") for the liquid metal.
inch of water column (in WC)
a traditional unit of pressure, used in plumbing to describe both water and gas pressures. The conventional equivalent of one inch of water is 249.0889 pascals , which is 2.490 889 millibars , about 0.036 127 pounds per square inch (psi) or about 0.073 556 inches (1.868 32 millimeters) of mercury.
inch of water gauge (in wg or "wg)
another common name for the inch of water column. The word "gauge" (or "gage") after a pressure reading indicates that the pressure stated is actually the difference between the absolute, or total, pressure and the air pressure at the time of the reading.
inch pound (in·lbf or in lb)
a traditional unit of work or energy, equal to 1/12 foot pound, about 0.112 985 joule or 1.0709 x 10-4 Btu .
in d.
abbreviation for the Latin in die, daily, a unit of frequency used in medical prescriptions.
inhour (ih or inhr)
a unit used in nuclear engineering to describe the "reactivity" of a nuclear reactor. In a reactor, fast-moving neutrons break apart atoms of uranium or plutonium; the fission of these atoms releases additional neutrons which keep the reaction going. The ratio R between the number of neutrons created and the number consumed in each cycle of fission must be very close to 1 in order for the reaction to be controlled. The reactivity is the difference k = R - 1 between this ratio and 1. One inhour is the reactivity which will cause the number of neutrons to increase by a factor of e = 2.71828 in one hour; a reactivity of t inhours will cause the number of neutrons to increase by a factor of e in 1/t hours. The exact size of the unit varies according to the design of the reactor. Enrico Fermi (1901-1954), the Italian-American physicist who built the first nuclear reactor, introduced this unit in 1947; its name is an acronym for "inverse hours." Other reactivity measures include the dollar and the milli-k .
international foot
the current foot unit of the English-speaking countries, equal to exactly 30.48 centimeters. See survey foot for additional information.
international nautical mile
the nautical mile as currently defined by international agreement, equal to exactly 1852 meters or 6076.11549 feet. This long name is sometimes used to distinguish the current nautical mile from older units.
international rubber hardness degree (IRHD)
a unit used to measure the hardness of rubber and similar materials (technically known as elastomers). Measurements are made using an IRHD durometer , and the results are usually similar, but not identical, to readings made with the older Shore "A" durometer. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), among other standards agencies, have published IRHD test procedures.
international unit (IU)
a unit used to measure the activity (that is, the effect) of many vitamins and drugs. For each substance to which this unit applies, there is an international agreement specifying the biological effect expected with a dose of 1 IU. Other quantities of the substance are then expressed as multiples of this standard. Examples: 1 IU represents 45.5 micrograms of a standard preparation of insulin or 0.6 microgram of a standard preparation of penicillin. Consumers most often see IU's on the labels of vitamin packages: in standard preparations the equivalent of 1 IU is 0.3 microgram (0.0003 mg) for vitamin A, 50 micrograms (0.05 mg) for vitamin C, 25 nanograms (0.000 025 mg) for vitamin D, and 2/3 milligram for (natural) vitamin E. Please note: for many substances there is no definite conversion between international units and mass units (such as milligrams). This is because preparations of those substances vary in activity, so that the effect per milligram of one preparation is different from that of another.
Internet time
a global decimal time system proposed by the Swatch Corporation. See beat for more information.
ips
an abbreviation for inches per second (in/s), a traditional unit of velocity equal to 2.54 centimeters per second.
ipy
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Which was the first English football club to be beaten in a European Cup Final ? | Math Dictionary - Nautical Mile
MATH DICTIONARY
Question: What is Nautical Mile ?
Answer:
A nautical mile is a measurement of distance at sea. It is 6083 feet, which is about 1.15 ordinary miles. A natural mile is one-sixtieth of the distance along the equator between two lines of longitude which differ by 1o. A speed of 1 nautical mile per hour is known as a knot.
A nautical mile is also known as sea mile. It is a unit of length which corresponds approximately to one minute of latitude along any meridian.
The international standard definition is: 1 nautical mile = 1,852 metres exactly. There is no commonly accepted international standard symbol for the unit nautical mile. The preferred abbreviation of the IEEE is nmi, while M is used by the BIPM and the maritime authorities of the USA and Canada. For aviation use, the preferred abbreviation of the ICAO is NM. The abbreviation nm, though conflicting with the SI symbol for the nanometre is also in widespread use.
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An arm of the Mediterranean Sea In the Eastern part of which sea can you find the Greek island of Corfu ? | Aegean Sea | Mediterranean Sea | Britannica.com
Mediterranean Sea
Alternative Titles: Aigaíon Pélagos, Ege Deniz
Related Topics
Battle of Artemisium
Aegean Sea, Greek Aigaíon Pélagos, Turkish Ege Deniz , an arm of the Mediterranean Sea , located between the Greek peninsula on the west and Asia Minor on the east. About 380 miles (612 km) long and 186 miles (299 km) wide, it has a total area of some 83,000 square miles (215,000 square km). The Aegean is connected through the straits of the Dardanelles , the Sea of Marmara , and the Bosporus to the Black Sea, while the island of Crete can be taken as marking its boundary on the south. The cradle of two of the great early civilizations, those of Crete and Greece , from which much of modern Western culture is derived, the Aegean Sea is also an important natural feature of the Mediterranean region, possessing several unique characteristics that make it of considerable scientific interest.
The Aegean has an intricate configuration and could well be considered as a bay within the eastern Mediterranean basin, to which it is connected by the straits to the west and east of Crete. It also has a good connection to the Ionian Sea to the west, through the strait lying between the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece and Crete. Virtually throughout the Aegean area, numerous islands large and small emerge from the clear blue waters. These are the mountain peaks of Aegeis, the name given to a now-submerged landmass. At the dawn of European history, these islands facilitated contacts between the people of the area and of three continents. Throughout the entire Aegean shoreline—that is, both the continental shores surrounding the Aegean Sea and those of the islands—bays, ports, and shelter creeks are also abundant. These also facilitated the task of seamen traveling in the Aegean Sea, making longer voyages possible at a time when shipbuilding was in its infancy. For its size, no other maritime area of the Mediterranean has comparable shoreline development.
Coastal islands and bays along the Aegean Sea, Greece.
Josef Muench
Black Sea
The maximum depth of the Aegean is to be found east of Crete, where it reaches 11,627 feet (3,544 metres). The rocks making up the floor of the Aegean are mainly limestone, though often greatly altered by volcanic activity that has convulsed the region in relatively recent geologic times. The richly coloured sediments in the region of the islands of Thera (Santoríni, or Thíra) and Melos (Mílos), in the south Aegean, are particularly interesting. During the 1970s, Thera in particular became a topic of major international scientific importance, analysis of its surrounding sediments having been linked with a possible explanation of the ancient legend of the lost island of Atlantis.
North winds prevail in the Aegean Sea, although from the end of September to the end of May, during the mild winter season, these winds alternate with southwesterlies. The tides of the Aegean basin seem to follow the movements of those in the eastern Mediterranean generally. The tide of Euripus (Evrípos)—a strait lying between continental Greece and the island of Euboea (Évvoia) in the Aegean—is, however, extremely important, because it displays a tidal phenomenon of international significance, to which it has, in fact, lent its name. The euripus phenomenon—characterized by violent and uncertain currents—has been studied since the time of Aristotle , who first provided an interpretation of the term. Aegean currents generally are not smooth, whether considered from the viewpoint of either speed or direction. They are chiefly influenced by blowing winds. Water temperatures in the Aegean are influenced by the cold-water masses of low temperature that flow in from the Black Sea to the northeast. The sea surface temperature in the Aegean ranges from about 60 to 77 °F (16 to 25 °C), varying with location and time of year.
Earth’s Seas
The Aegean Sea, like the Mediterranean in general, is the most impoverished large body of water known to science. The nutrient content, as indicated by the amount of phosphates and nitrates in the water, is on the whole poor. The less saline waters coming from the Black Sea have a distinct ameliorative influence, but the role of their fertility in the Mediterranean in general has been little studied. Generally, marine life in the Aegean Sea is very similar to that of the northern area of the western basin of the Mediterranean. In view of its limpidity and as a result of its hot waters, it is not surprising that the Aegean Sea accommodates large quantities of fish at the time of their procreating maturity. Such fish enter the Aegean from other areas, notably from the Black Sea.
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Geographically, the multitude of Greek islands in the Aegean can be arranged into seven principal groups, from north to south: (1) the Thracian Sea group, including Thásos , Samothrace (Samothráki), and Lemnos; (2) the east Aegean group, including Lesbos (Lésvos), Chios , Ikaría, and Sámos ; (3) the Northern Sporades , including Skyros , a group lying off Thessaly; (4) the Cyclades , including Melos, Páros , Náxos , Thera, and Ándros (Euboea, although technically an island, is considered a part of the Greek mainland and is connected to Boeotia by a bridge at Chalcís); (5) the Saronic Islands west of the Cyclades, lying 5 to 50 miles (8 to 80 km) from Piraeus and including Salamís , Aegina (Aíyina), Póros , Hydra (Ídhra), and Spétsai; (6) the Dodecanese , a group of 13 islands transferred to Greece by Italy after World War II , the principal island and capital of which is Rhodes; and (7) Crete and associated small islands. Geographically, Crete, Kárpathos , and Rhodes form an arc of giant stepping-stones from Greece to the Turkish coast of Asia Minor. Together with Ikaría, Foúrnoi, and Sámos, the Dodecanese are also known as the Southern Sporades . The Greek dhiamerisma (region) of the Aegean Islands encompasses the nomoí (departments) of Cyclados, Dodecanese, Khíos, Lésvos, and Sámos.
So numerous are the islands of the Aegean that the name Archipelago was formerly applied to the sea. Structurally the Aegean islands are subject to frequent earthquakes. Although a number of the larger islands, such as Lesbos, Chios, Rhodes, and Crete, have fertile, well-cultivated plains, most of them are rocky and quite barren, with terraces to conserve the sparse soil. Characteristic of this landscape is the Cyclades group, the southernmost island of which, Thera, has a volcano that was last active in 1925. The northern islands are generally more wooded than are the southern, except Rhodes.
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What is the name of the 'Beauty' in the famous story Beauty And The Beast ? | Map of the Mediterranean Sea and Mediterranean Sea Map Size Depth History Information Page
other bodies of water
The Mediterranean Sea was an important route for merchants and travelers during ancient times as it allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region.
Several ancient civilizations were located around its shores; thus it has had a major influence on those cultures. It provided routes for trade, colonization and war, and provided food (by fishing and the gathering) for numerous communities throughout the ages.
This inland sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia, and in the south by Africa. This 969,100 sq. mile body of water is approximately 2,300 miles in length, and has a maximum depth of 16,896 ft.
The typical Mediterranean climate is hot, with dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Major crops of the region include olives, grapes, oranges, tangerines, and cork.
Major subdivisions include the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Balearic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea and Ligurian Sea.
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Which material that is used for insulation is described as being two incombustible, chemical resistant fibrous mineral forms of impure magnesium silicate, used mainly for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings and chemical filters ? | Soils – Cleantool
Rust and scale
Others
In the CLEANTOOL database you will find the following dirts, which are here briefly described. If you want to check on the related data sets you have to use the navigation link “Database” on the left side and select the respective soil in the search tool.
1. Organic
Wet, soft earth or earthy matter
Dust
Earth or other matter in fine dry particles
Oil
Any of a large class of substances typically unctuous, viscous, combustible, liquid at ordinary temperatures, and soluble in ether or alcohol but not in water. A greasy, unctuous liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic origin.
COMPOUNDED OIL – mixture of a petroleum oil with animal or vegetable fat or oil. Compounded oils have a strong affinity for metal surfaces; they are particularly suitable for wet-steam conditions and for applications where lubricity and extra load-carrying ability are needed. They are not generally recommended where long-term oxidation stability is required. Because of reaction with the air oxygen and the catalytic effects of copper particles natural oils tend to thicken and gumming (a resin-like state).
Turbine oil. A top-quality rust- and oxidation-inhibited (R&O) oil that meets the rigid requirements traditionally imposed on steam-turbine lubrication. Quality turbine oils are also distinguished by good demulsibility, a requisite of effective oil-water separation. Turbine oils are widely used in other exacting applications for which long service life and dependable lubrication are mandatory. Such compressors, hydraulic systems, gear drives, and other equipment. Turbine oils can also be used as heat transfer fluids in open systems, where oxidation stability is of primary importance.
Synthetic oil – A lubricant produced by synthesis rather than by extraction or refinement, and as a result of the synthesis, the molecular structure can be precisely arranged to meet the manufacturers’ criteria for high performance engines. Synthetic lubricants are manufactured from a number of differing chemical bases, and several classes of compounds have been developed to provide base stocks for commercial synthetic fluids. Synthetic fluids are knows a Polyalfaolefins (PAO), poly esters, poly alkaline glycols (PAG), silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, fluoro carbons, etc. Synthetics lubricants frequently satisfy special requirements such as non-flammability, thermal stability, resistance to oxidation and radiation much better than mineral oil products. Also the urgency to the concept of environmental responsibility has led to the increased development and need for functional fluids that are both biodegradable and low in toxicity. A mixture of mineral and synthetic base fluids is often used to formulate high performance lubricants.
Mineral oil
Any petroleum oil, as contrasted to animal or vegetable oils.
MINERAL SEAL OIL – distillation fraction between kerosene and gas oil, widely used as a solvent in gas absorption processes, as a lubricant for the rolling of metal foil, and as a base oil in many specialty formulations. Mineral seal oil takes its name – not from any sealing function – but from the fact that it originally replaced oil derived from seal blubber for use as an illuminant for signal lamps and lighthouses.
Grease
Mixture of a fluid lubricant (usually a petroleum oil) and a thickener (usually a soap) dispersed in the oil. Because greases do not flow readily, they are used where extended lubrication is required and where oil would not be retained. Soap thickeners are formed by reacting (saponifying) a metallic hydroxide, or alkali, with a fat, fatty acid, or ester. The type of soap used depends on the grease properties desired. Calcium (lime) soap greases are highly resistant to water, but unstable at high temperatures. Sodium soap greases are stable at high temperatures, but wash out in moist conditions. Lithium soap greases resist both heat and moisture. A mixed-base soap is a combination of soaps, offering some of the advantages of each type. A complex soap is formed by the reaction of an alkali with a high-molecular-weight fat or fatty acid to form a soap, and the simultaneous reaction of the alkali with a short-chain organic or inorganic acid to form a metallic salt (the complexing agent). Complexing agents usually increase the dropping point of grease. Lithium, calcium, and aluminum greases are common alkalis in complex-soap greases. Non-soap thickeners, such a clays, silica gels, carbon black, and various synthetic organic materials are also used in grease manufacture. A multi-purpose grease is designed to provide resistance to heat as well as water, and may contain additives to increase load-carrying ability and inhibit rust.
Resin
Solid or semi-solid materials, light yellow to dark brown, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Resins occur naturally in plants, and are common in pines and firs, often appearing as globules on the bark. Synthetic resins, such as polystyrene, polyesters, and acrylics, are derived primarily from petroleum. Resins are widely used in the manufacture of lacquers, varnishes, plastics, adhesives, and rubber.
Drawing oil
Substances supporting the drawing of metals; there are drawing oils and pastes, with the latter giving more problems in cleaning as they are wax like and need usually high temperatures when doing aqueous cleaning.
Soot
A black substance formed by combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of combustion, which rises in fine particles, and adheres to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke; strictly, the fine powder, consisting chiefly of carbon, which colors smoke, and which is the result of imperfect combustion.
Lubricant
Any substance interposed between two surfaces in relative motion for the purpose of reducing the friction and/or the wear between them.
Cooling lubricants
Also called metalworking fluids. Used to cool and lubricate machining activities, carry away debris and protect the surface of the workpiece; can be neat oils or water based fluids.
Corrosion protection layer
CORROSION INHIBITOR – additive for protecting lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. There are several types of corrosion inhibitors. Polar compounds wet the metal surface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil. Other compounds may absorb water by incorporating it in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Another type of corrosion inhibitor combines chemically with the metal to present a non-reactive surface. See rust inhibitor.
RUST PREVENTIVE (also: RUST PROOFING)- compound for coating metal surfaces with a film that protects against rust; commonly used for the preservation of equipment in storage. The base material of a rust preventive may be a petroleum oil, solvent, wax, or asphalt, to which a rust inhibitor is added. A formulation consisting largely of a solvent and additives is commonly called a thin-film rust preventive because of the thin coating that remains after evaporation of the solvent. Rust preventives are formulated for a variety of conditions of exposure; e.g., short-time “in-process” protection, indoor storage, exposed outdoor storage, etc.
RUST INHIBITOR – type of corrosion inhibitor used in lubricants to protect the lubricated surfaces against rusting. See R&O. R&O – rust-and-oxidation inhibited. A term applied to highly refined industrial lubricating oils formulated for long service in circulating systems, compressors, hydraulic systems, bearing housings, gear cases, etc. The finest R&O oils are often referred to as turbine oils.
Sweat
Body: Salty fluid secreted by sweat glands.
Fingerprints
A smudge made by a (dirty) finger.
Poses a bio hazard:
Tar
A dark, oily, viscous material, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, produced by the destructive distillation of organic substances such as wood, coal, or peat.
A thick, black, viscous liquid obtained by the distillation of wood, coal, etc., and having a varied composition according to the temperature and material employed in obtaining it.
Bitumen
Any of various natural substances, as asphalt, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons.
Varnish
A viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of resinous matter in an oil or volatile liquid, laid on work with a brush, or otherwise. When applied the varnish dries, either by evaporation or chemical action, and the resinous part form thus a smooth, hard surface, with a beautiful gloss, capable of resisting, to a greater or less degree, the influences of air and moisture. According to the sort of solvents employed, the ordinary kinds of varnish are divided into three classes: spirit, turpentine, and oil varnishes.
Paint
A substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid that dries to form a hard coating).
There is also paint in powder form that is applied on the surface by electrostatics.
Adhesives
A substance that unites or bonds surfaces together.
Wax
A substance resembling beeswax in appearance and character, and in general distinguished by its composition of esters and higher alcohols, and by its freedom from fatty acids; used for underbody sealing, cavity sealing, and paintwork care.
car wax – A polish which may be in a paste or a cream and used in protecting the finish of a car.
Emulsifiers
Additive that promotes the formation of a stable mixture, or emulsion, of oil and water. Common emulsifiers are: metallic soaps, certain animal and vegetable oils, and various polar compounds.
2. Inorganic
Metal particles
Larger metal particles called chips being a byproduct of process like drilling, milling or turning.Smaller metal particles called fines being a byproduct of processes like filing, sawing, grinding, polishing, etc.
Graphite
Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead.
Grinding agents
Abrasives used to remove material from a surface. Most of grinding is done by abrasive wheels that rotate at high speed, or by power-driven cloth or paper belts coated with an abrasive. The abrasive grain can range from coarse to fine. Manufacturers use coarse wheels for rough grinding, medium wheels for general sharpening and grinding, and fine wheels for finishing grinding on products that must have an extremely smooth surface.The most common abrasives are silicon carbide, used for grinding hard, brittle materials such as cast iron; and aluminum oxide, a tougher abrasive used for tool steel and wrought iron. Various cementing materials bond the abrasive grains together into a wheel. In most wheels, the bonding material is clay. The clay is mixed with the abrasive grains and heated so that it becomes glasslike. Water and high temperatures do not affect it. Other bonding materials include common water glass (sodium silicate), plastic resins, and rubber. Grinding belts use the same abrasive as wheels, as well as such natural abrasives as crushed garnet and flint. Belts grind metals, glass, and ceramics.
Polishing agents
Fine abrasives used to smooth surfaces. Polishing is usually done with wheels made of cloth, felt, or leather coated with a fine abrasive such as a fine grade of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide. For finer work, wheels coated with jewelers’ rouge, a fine ferric-oxide powder, or tripoli, a type of silica, may be used.
Rust
The red or orange coating that forms on the surface of iron when exposed to air and moisture, consisting chiefly o ferric hydroxide and ferric oxide formed by oxidation.
RUST – the chemical combination of oxygen with ferrous engine parts, including other iron complexes not removable by organic solvents.
Oxide
A compound in which oxygen is bonded to one or more electropositive atoms.
Mill scale
Relatively heavy surface layer of oxide resulting from the oxidation of steel due to heat.
Sand
Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet.
Salt
A chemical compound formed by replacing all or part of the hydrogen ions of an acid with metal ions or electropositive radicals.
3. Others (examples)
Asbestos
Either of two incombustible, chemical-resistant, fibrous mineral forms of impure magnesium silicate, used for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings, and chemical filters.
Asbestos is a group of six different fibrous minerals: The six minerals are amosite, chrysotile, crocidolite, and the fibrous varieties of tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite. They occur naturally in soil and rocks in some areas. Asbestos fibers vary in length and may be straight or curled. The fibers are resistant to heat and most chemicals. Asbestos is used for a wide range of manufactured goods, mostly roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper products, asbestos cement products, friction products (automobile clutch, brake, and transmission parts), textiles, packaging, gaskets, and coatings.
Asbestos is a known carcinogen: There are two types of cancer caused by exposure to high levels of asbestos: cancer of the lung tissue itself and mesothelioma, a cancer of the membrane that surrounds the lung and other internal organs. Both of these are usually fatal. These diseases do not develop immediately, but show up only after many years.
Nitro amines
Nitro derivates of amines (having the group -NNO), cancerogenous
Halogenated lubricants
A synthetic lubricant, see under “Oil”
References (2003):
| The Asbestos |
If you were served food in a French restaurant 'En Brochette' how exactly would it be presented ? | Full text of "Town Topics (Princeton), Mar. 15, 1989"
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$21 Million Regional Schools Budget 10% Incidase Over Last Year :i John Street Landlord Seeks Variance to Convert House to a Duplex 3 Three Bomb Threats in Two Weeks Against University Buildings 6 Elizabethtown Water Company Confident; Princeton Residents Dubious 7 Twq $5000 Bearer Bonds Stolen from Super Fresh Shopping Cart 8 Squibb Photographic Exhibit Explores Nature of Pictorial Reality 36 Wednesday, March 15, 40<t at all newsstands oping Down Nassau \ Happen Less Often; walk Repair Starts this summer, shoppers ;rollers on Nassau Street d be stepping on a new ilk, resting on new teak making their calls jsk, and enjoying the -time illumination provid- 7 13 additional street ■iiminary work on the waited Nassau Street jlk reconstruction is uled to begin today 1 15) with the removal of t 24 trees. These are ei- r small or not in good con- on, said Borough Engineer I Peters. They will be ced by the same number iden or zelkova trees, about four inches in ieter. Ten existing trees lot be cut down jrbing will be of four-to six- I granite blocks, which will ;ut at all intersections to vide access for the handi- ped. The sidewalk, of red concrete, will feature ow bands of charcoal grey urbside and store front. center two-thirds will be er grey in a scored dia- 1 pattern. ■ present street lights will i, and will be augmen- , the new 12-foot- high These are made of jn, with a frosted globe. • containers, concrete ,s, and bicycle racks will ailed, as will nine new tenches. ?w kiosks will be placed at deventer and Wither- in. They will contain public ihones, newspaper vend- machines and bulletin ds. The bulletin board on rspoon will be removed. e current timetable calls the sidewalk from deventer to Tulane to be lied through April 10; the '.uon from Tulane to Wither- r . on through May 8, and the dewalk from Witherspoon to 'Tier Square through the oject end. Lucky 7th for Carril? Probably not, but heading into the NCAA Tournament for the seventh time in his 22-year career here, the venerable Prince- ton basketball coach will do his best against almost im- possible odds. The foe is Georgetown, and the out- come is virtually certain. For a report on Friday's contest, and a look at a few silver linings for the Tigers, see Page 38. Asbestos Removal from Princeton's Schools: Expenses for Inspection, Monitoring, Disposal Under new federal regula- tions regarding asbestos, Princeton schools are having to spend time and money in in- spection, testing and removal of this widely-used element in building materials. In no instance are the children themselves or the teachers and staff at risk, but the costs involved are substantial, and to some de- gree unexpected, and thus are disruptive to long range plan- ning. Because all schools are involved, there will be a scramble for the services of the limited number of federal- ly certified inspectors and con- tractors, to say nothing of the difficulties in locating enough hazardous wastelands. ; tes for disposal of the asbestos- tainted material. School business managers point out that, although the focus is currently (and proper- ly) on buildings where children spend most of their days most of the year, colleges and universities could be the next target, followed by office buildings and private homes, all of which are certain to con- tain asbestos to some degree. A naturally-occurring form of impure magnesium silicate, asbestos is an incombustible, chemical-resistant, fibrous mineral that was widely used in building materials before it was found to cause lung can- cer. Inexpensive to mine and unsurpassed as insulation, asbestos was used for fireproofing, for insulating hot water heaters and pipes and wrapping around heating ducts, as well as in floor and ceiling tiles. Concern about asbestos in schools is not new. According to Edward F. Cavey, business manager of Princeton Day School, the 1982 federal regulations regarding asbestos required every school to have an inspection under the guidelines of the federal Environmental Protec- tion Agency. If friable, or crumbling, asbestos was found, the school had a choice of three options. It could "encapsulate" the asbestos — wrap it or cover it with plastic or some other ma- terial. Or it could remove it en- tirely. Or, if the asbestos was behind some sort of barrier, such as a splined ceiling, the school was allowed to leave it alone. The school was re- quired to inform the parents and the faculty of the ex- istence of asbestos and that it was being taken care of ap- propriately. The 1986 Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act, which all school managers know as AHERA. is much Continued on Page 24 Township Decision Is Postponed On Sludge Burning at Sewer Plant Township Committee decid- ed last Monday night to postpone voting on the joint resolution which sets forth the conditions under which the Stony Brook Regional Sewer- age Authority will expand its sludge burning operation. Committee is expected to continue discussion of the resolution at its next meeting this Monday. Mayor Marchand said there were some words she wanted to change and some additional reassurances on certain aspects of the pro- posal. She said it might take another work session to ac- complish these objectives. However, the agreement with the SBRSA last Decem- ber gave the Borough and the Township three months — to March 15 — to study the sludge issue and come to a conclusion. The Authority has received permission from five of its seven members to pro- ceed with the expansion that will permit burning of sludge cake from outside sources in addition to liquid sludge from its own operations and from member municipalities. The Authority's next month- ly meeting is Tuesday, March 28. A dozen residents whose homes are in the area around the SBRSA attended last Mon- day's Committee meeting. Most of them spoke in favor of the proposal. Generally, they expressed satisfaction with the the joint resolution that has Buildings Other Than Schools Are Affected By Problems Involved in Asbestos Removal Princeton schools are not the only institutional buildings in which steps are being taken in regard to asbestos. The 1989 municipal joint agency capital budget contains $70,000 for asbestos removal from the Chestnut Street firehouse. According to Mark Freda, it was a member of Engine Co. No. 1 who noticed asbestos around a boiler. The State was contacted for an inspection, which confirmed the finding and also discovered asbestos in the ceiling in one of the rooms. Engine Co. No. 1 is trying to get a testing agency to draw up specs for asbestos removal and to monitor the removal. Mr. Freda says that asbestos removal from a municipally- owned building must be monitored "every second" by the testing agency, and this is what drives the cost up. The State publishes a list of approved "asbestos abatement" contrac- tors, but there are relatively few certified testing agencies. Those there are say they will not come in to do the testing unless they are guaranteed the larger monitoring job as well, Mr. Freda says. In the Township, there is asbestos in the police head- quarters, and Township Engineer Robert V. Kiser hopes to use the services of Robert Raider, Princeton Regional Schools business manager who has been certified as an asbestos management planner, to draw up the plan for removal. Jane Kerney, spokeswoman for Princeton Medical Center, said that the hospital underwent major asbestos abatement five years ago and as of right now is in compliance with all State and federal guidelines. Don't Stay Mad CONSUMER BUREAU M any business firm located within 25 miles o! Princeton— until you tirst give Con- sumer Bureau a chance to help straighten matters out Just call 924-6223 any time of any day or night to start the ball rolling' There is no charge loo Established 1967 Your Consumer Information Bank For current Register verification, see our Who's Who pages 34 & 35 or- to check Registered business firms r>ot advertising In our Who's Who pages, call (609) 924-0737 Mon -Fn 10-4 [Davidson "x s fine foods since /V/6 255 Nassau Street See Ad on Page 13 for Cash Savings! Get Up To $150 Cash Back On Armstrong's Best Floors REGENT Floor Covering & Carpeting See Our Ad, Page 23 1 ISSN019l 7056) rhrou»Boo1 ma Vaar Donald c Stuan I9ia-i»l T^-- T n —.l~. The resolution sets up a would cost in increased sewer •WWII lOplCS Citizens Oversight Committee treatment costs for the plant to monitor the sludge burning improvements without the operation It also specifies the sludge burning John Gaston, testing of sludge and of air SBRSA director, said he would emissions to be done and the lr >' 1o 6 el lnat f 'g ure number of sludge transport trucks and the route they will On the other hand. Pam take The trucks must be Good. 706 Princeton-Kingston gasket-tight, and the sludge Road, told Committee she was cake receiving bins must be angry and said. "I don't want kept closed except when sludge an industry in my town I think is being unloaded most people can pay their sewer taxes To think that this The resolution states that the >s the only way to get their SBRSA will "resist "any action I odor 1 problems taken care of by the State to force the makes me very very angry " Authority to install added m- David Blair, 1108 Princeton- cineration capacity to help Kingston Road, also character- solve the ban on ocean dump- 'zed the sludge burning as a ing of sludge Mayor Marchand 'commercial" operation. Mr and one other speaker wanted Blair questioned how much in- to change the word "resist" to fluence the Citizens' Oversight something stronger Committee would have when But most residents seemed to tne SBRSA, in his view, does feel that the proposal would not pay any attention to Town- bring with it reduced odors, ship Committee and uses what Oan CoyW 1916-1973 Founding EOnont tno Puotananj Donald C Stuart III Editor and PvbUanat PnaMon R Ectmadar Baroaia I Johnaon Aaaiaiam Editor* Linda Sproannla Advaruams Manager Uaiinda Pryca ndvattlalng Rapraaantativa INDEX Art .36 Business Calendar of the Week Classified Ads Clubs 21 ...35 16-68 ...35 26 .14 .28 New to Us Obituaries People in the News Real Estate Sales Religion 32 43 22 45 ...42 ...38 Theatres Topics of the Town 24 3 Blair landscapes Innovative Design ' Construction a Planting Traditional Princeton Bluestone and Brick Walkways • Patios • Terraces Custom Deck Work * Local References (609) 888-4051 77 Morton Avenue • Whttehorae, NJ 08610 Barbara Bul«r Aliion Connors Don Gilpin Hollar McAlpin William McCfavry Nancy Plum Joan Si ran on Contributing Edltofa reduced air emissions, more testing and more control, part- ly because of the joint resolu- tion and partly because of the package of plant improve- ments that the SBRSA wants to implement along with the sludge cake receiving facility it feels is its legal to do as it wishes, authority"' \ Subscription Rata* 116 par yaar inv Hj PA), |I9 alaawhara in US, SI? 00 (of ti> monma Htghar ouiaida US. 40 cant* ai all Tataphona »4-»00 Second Cltua Portaga Paid ai Declaration of War. He said, "It is a bad idea for Princeton to be in this business. The SBRSA should attend to the business for which it was set up and which it does poorly." Mr. Blair said there is nothing in the SBRSA agreement with its member municipalities that allows it to undertake a "com- mercial" operation He urged dinanly good" and "a pretty Committee to lake the SBRSA good bargain. I'll be the first loeourt to get it to install odor- to know if something goes controlling devices, and "If wn.n>' he, .dried .Inn Thump , h <-\ pl(jr eed with the Nudge son, 191 Bertrand Drive, listed burning) plan, challenge them the citizens oversight commit- in court " A Pretty Good Bargain.' Norton Bretz, a physicist who In.s si 188 Herrontown Road, called the proposal "extraor- would be from municipal or domestic sources and not in- dustrial sources, as the SBRSA has promised. — Barbara L. Johnson Sidewalks Continued Irom Page 1 The completion date for the \ project is given as May 29. "I won't say it's impossible for the work to be completed by then, but it is optimistic." said Bor- ough Engineer Carl Peters. "I think it will be done by the end of June" The sidewalk reconstruction is expected to cost the Borough $800,000 Fellows, Read is the contractor for the project Con- struction will be done by J & C Construction Co. — Myrna K. Bearse WouU you like drift detcuUinp tfom AomtF $ of'ftl telvicei uvngimf ptom ene-fime conMitiaticm U com/Me dectxatinf amiUawt 8y jfyiftMtUtnetit WatJnaadn, March 15. 1989 Sludge Citing Winston Churchill, he added. "If they want war, give them all the war they want." John Werth, Township repre- tee, the promise to resist State efforts to increase capacity. and the restriction on truck routes as "positive benefits." He called the proposal "a very ingenious solution to a complex sentativelo~'the"sBraV,7afd problem |hal lhc Departmcnt of Envj . " ni ? Hun ninghake, 154 ronmental Protection air quali- been hammered out as a result j- ,(K1 < ls ' anc . sald he had am- ty permit requires the Aulhori- of many meetings with the En '"J'' 1 ''" 1 feelings and wondered tv ,„ msla i| afterburners on the vironmental Commission and " ""' I™' 1 '"' In-nefits could be incinerators But he pointed out llu- H'mIIIi I'nininir.Mou acquired without the sludge that the afterburners are only Just Arrived Delicious & Beautiful Easter Chocolates. -frvW^V For the Magic of Easter! "Send Balloons Instead" Balloon Bouquets Delivered BALLOONS IN BOX SHIPPED NATIONWIDE 61 Main Street. Kingston, N.J. 921 [ burning He asked what OLYMPIC PAINTING & HOME IMPROVEMENTS 609 291-0681 ] The original comes from Austria. Palmer Square, Princeton, NJ (609) 924-3300 Thurs. & Fri. until 8:30 pm; Sundays 12:30-5 pm one part of many other im- provements proposed, the rest of which would be "scuttled" or delayed if the matter went to the courts. ' ' It makes more sense, in my view, to solve the problem in a reasonable compromise than to make a war out of it," Mr. Werth said. Rosemary Blair. L108 I'nnceton-KingstonRoad, spoke with fervor about her family's experiences living on the corner of River Road for 18 years — describing the "stench" of the sewer plant as a regular event and the drip- ping from the trucks bearing liquid sludge to the plant. "I'm not open-minded, not rational about this issue," Mrs. Blair acknowledged. "But an industrial sewer plant to make money for the bond holders has no place in Princeton." Township Engineer Robert V Kiser asked for language in the resolution relating to cleanliness of the sludge trucks and assurance that the waste haulers will clean up all spillages Mr. Kiser also wants assurance that the sludge STACY Dujirm* & Spcrrof Ottm>on CoJJtxnon for Handbags ■ New from Aruba are our .nappy while feather clutches, hobos and shoulder bags with bright colored or pastel appliqued designs. Priced from *87 to *127 Come visit our haiytbag boutique and choose from our lovely selection Lowt*ncf Shopping C*nt«r Dairy U -9; S«. lOS:30 CO Z > < 1(10/ OB DRYCLEANIN6 ► Q 66* O Down Outerwec Craft tickles your fancy with 10% Savings on drycleaning all Down vests, jackets, parkas, and skiwear. A Heavyweight Special for your lightweight outerwear. Incoming orders only. Offer good for limited time. Wjjeaners 225 Nassau St . Princeton Windsor Plaza, West Windsor Super Fresh Plaza, Highistown 1840 Brunswick Ave . Lawrenceville Pennington Shopping Center. Penningf"- yj Wtqu HOUSE J OF INTERIORS At Ellsworth Center We're Moving! April 1st Call for details. Pnncelon Jet.. NJ • (609) 799-7494 TOPICS Of the Town G EOSTA T MAPCENTEF MAPS • TflUVEL BOOKS II S.. WORLD. LOCAL S »RE« MAPS MAPS FOR ALL OSES . Butmiu I MirMHnr, .FitNng .Niuiicil • BHlbU . 'opcjup^ici . Cuilom Frimlng WHOLESALE "E'*'L >6EKT FOB U S 60W(BH«HT ««PS Montgomery Center Routes 206 & SIB Rocky Hill. N.J. 609-924-2121 In Meriton 609-983-3600 Jewels by Juliana The finest In gemstones and jewelry 1 6 Wltherspoon St 921-7233 WE REPAIR ^ L-andclabras, pottery lS; china, silver & brass, '"'y^pod inlays, decorative trim, lamps & fixtures, figurines. jewelry, toys is; dolls, or ANY ITEM beautiful or merely interesting and smaller than a breadbux TOM PIPECARVER 4- Spring Street Princeton fr 921-0860 ^ School Budget Adoption By Princeton Regional The Princeton Regional Bos»rd of Education was ex- pected to adopt the 1989-90 school budget at its meeting scheduled for Tuesday, March 14. Conditions facing the Prince- ton public schools as the budget was developed included State aid that will be eight percent less than formula levels and sharply rising costs in health insurance and trash collection. Also, schools throughout the State have been mandated to remove asbestos, control ra- don, and remove underground storage tanks. All these are ex- pensive operations, with close to $400,000 in this years budget allocated to asbestos removal alone. The 1989-90 current expense portion of the school budget is $21 million, a ten percent in- crease over last year. The capital expense portion of $200,000 (all devoted to asbestos removal) is 5.9 percent less than last year. Major increases in the cur- rent expense budget are $1.3 million in salaries and related benefits, $205,000 for plant and site maintenance, and $129,000 for tuition for out-of-district placements. The total-budget cost per pu- pil will increase five percent, to $9,783. In the Township, the school tax will go up from $1.42 to $1.57 per $100 of assessed valuation. The Borough rate will rise from $1.42 to $1.47. The teaching staff profile in- cluded in the budget shows that 146 of the district's 230 teachers have advanced degrees. The average teacher's salary is $39,760, with 12 teachers in the $20,000 to $24,999 range and 143 earning between $40,000 and $50,000. One teaching-of-the- perceptually-impaired position and one resource-room position have been cut at the elemen- tary level, A position teaching the multiply impaired has been cut at the middle school. Three teaching staff reduc- tions were made at the high school. These are in the areas of social studies, foreign lan- guage, and physical education. One and a half custodial posi- tions were cut at the elemen- tary schools. r ** jW SM/ W sms yfltW VMS Dry Clcanlftfl By I >.- Pound Low Hate* Prtilpttioniil Cluanlrvfl & Prtstlnfl 6 Day* A W«k •*h t F'-i' S*m# bay Shirt! 'n I PRINCETON CLEANERS INC. Dry Cleaning A Shirtt 683-7160 259 Nassau Si (Bthiml WaWa) IA( mti from Oavtdtofll) Princeton. NJ 08540 Continued on Nexl Page EASTER Baskets Made to Order Ho memade Cand ies More than 30 varieties of chocolate bunnies in all sizes in white, milk or dark chocolate Butter Cream, Coconut Cream and Peanut Butter Easter Eggs All Candies Made on Premises i Robinson's Fine Candies Montgomery Center, Route 206, Rocky Hill 924-1124 Mon-Fri 10-9; Sat 10-5:30 HUNTING SEASON: The eighth annual Scanticon Easter egg hunt will be held Easter Sunday, March 26, at 9:30 a.m. for children 6 and under, and at 10 a.m. for children 7 and over. A bicycle will be award- ed in each age group to the child finding the silver egg- Princeton Regional an- Zoning Officer Frank Slimak ticipates an increase of 64 said that Mr. Zeitler's applica- students in the 1989-90 school tion to convert the house into a year, 40 of whom will be in the three elementary schools This is the beginning of a projected trend which should increase the district's enrollment by 300 students in the 1991-92 school | year. The 1989-90 school budget will come before the voters in the April 4 School Board election, — Myrna K. Bearse , Landlord Seeks Variances For House on John Street Princeton landlord Sanford Zeitler will appear before the Borough Zoning Board of Ad- justment at 8 p.m. on Thurs- day, April 23, to request per- mission to convert the two- story house he owns at 240 John Street from a single-family to a two-family residence. Mr. Zeitler needs a number of variances to convert the dwelling, which was the center of a huge controversy last year. In November, 1988, the Bor- ough ordered 240 John Street ■*■ which had been operating as a boarding house with about nine tenants — boarded up. At the time of the closing, Mayor Bar- bara Sigmund said the house was "really in terrible shape It's better than the street, but that's the only thing it's better than." Homes were found for the remaining tenants prior to boarding up the building. Mr. Zeitler had attempted for more than six months to avoid compliance with a ruling by the Borough Zoning Board in April, 1988, that 240 John Street must return to single-family oc- cupancy. In the week prior to the closing, Mr. Zeitler ap- peared to present the house as no longer a rooming house, but as a single-family house where all the tenants lived together. This line of reasoning was re- jected by the Borough Although Borough law states that five persons unrelated by blood may live in an apart- ment, Mayor Sigmund pointed out that they must live as a family She also noted that the house at 240 John Street had ten single rooms, no kitchen, and two bathrooms It also had 43 health violations on the day it was closed. • Custom Draperies • Carpeting • Furniture • Fine Solas & Chairs • Lamps & Accessories • Wallpaper f/aJJau Jsnteriori 162 Nassau Street Princeton. N.J. 924-2561 Mon - Fri. 9-5 30; Thurj oil 8 Sal 9-5. Sunday 12-4 Whether or not you "put all your eggs in one basket" — or two — is none of our business, but it IS our business to tell you that EVERYONE seems to be overwhelmed by our Easter Eggs, and our vast selection of Easter and Spring things, and the fact that it's ALWAYS spring inside our door! Hop On In!! Heather's Heartstrings 266 Witherspoon Street 683-9358 Across from The Medical Center at Princeton American Express • Visa • MasterCard Qjfts — Flowers — Balloons Topics of the Town two family dwelling should be rc\ iewed by the Zoning Board Oil its own merits "But the de- meanor of witnesses, including Mr Zeitler. will be remem- tvred t rom previous hearings " The Borough official was con- cerned about the parking variance requested by Mr. Zeitler The spaces are in the rear of the house, and require access through a driveway owned in part by a neighbor "If there is no proof of an ease- ment with this neighbor for use of the the driveway, the access to the parking spaces would be inadequate." said Mr Slimak. CommuniU Survey Set On Public Library Future Hoping to gain as much public input as possible from those with an interest in the ton Public Library, the Citizens Advisory Committee which is charged with making recommendations about the li- brary's future is making a con certed effort to gather citizen comment about the kind of li brary people want and use and where they want it to be. The Committee has commis- sioned Response Analysis to undertake a survey of the com- munity, a copy of which is enclosed in those copies of this week's TOWN TOPICS which are delivered to homes in Princeton. The survey is a self- administered questionnaire consisting of 25 questions which are laid out in large type on seven pages folded up to create a handy return mail device. Addressing itself directly to the person answering the ques- tions, M asks how the library building can be more useful to that person and/or the person's family and how that person feels aboul the hours, lor, Mi. m parking, library materials, equipment, programs and lei vices According to Corinne Kyle of Response Analysis, who devised the questionnaire, it should take about LB minutes to circle the Ideas and suggestions with which the responder agrees and to wntr ;nl<liiion.il comments in the space provid- ed Through the TOWN TOPICS distribution, lhi*survc\ Should reach about l7,ooo households in and around Princeton The survey will also be placed in a number of key locations around town: H. Gross ;ind HP Clayton on Palmer Square, Princeton Bank, the Trust Company of Princeton, Forrest Jeweler's, Landau's and Wiggins Street Closed Temporarily To Allow Installation of Storm Drains Starting Thursday, Borough police have announced that Wiggins Street will be closed between Moore Street and Vandeventer Avenue to permit the installation of a storm dram This is the first section of a 240-day. road and storm sewer reconstruction project between Witherspoon and Harrison Streets Construction will be going on for the next six months or more in the whole general area of Moore, Vandeventer. Wig- gins and Hamilton, cautioned Capt Thomas Michaud, "so motorists should expect some delays and detours Because of the extensive nature of the planned excavation. Capt Michaud further warned that some streets may have to be closed to traffic overnight as well as during the day The Borough Engineer, he said, notified police of the start of the Wiggins Street excavation on Monday. Wadsworth Bakery, all on Nas- sau Street. Urkens Hardware on Witherspoon Street, and Clanc) Paul in the Princeton Shopping Center The questionnaire will also be available at Elm Court, the Senior Resource Center at Spruce Circle. Bedding Circle and Princeton Community Village, as well as at Princeton Medical Center and at the Li- brary itself Students in the Princeton Regional School sys- tem middle school and high school will be surveyed separately in a similar, but somewhat simplified, question- naire that will be distributed at the John Witherspoon School and Princeton High School at a time and place that will yield a cross-section sampling. The questionnaire is pre- addressed to Response Analysis at PO Box 158, Prince ton 08542-9968, and pre stamped, so that once it is com- pleted it may simply be drop- ped in the mailbox The deadline is March 29. Corns Groups, in addition to this community wide survey/questionnaire, Re- sponse AnalyBil has also organized a series of meetings al the Library of "focus groups" in order to obtain in depth opinions on the lib) Bl J K.nli croup consists of about six oi eighi people from a dif- ferent segment of the com- munity who are asked leading questions aboul I he library b\ a moderator from Response Analysis A rocorder/ohsei vcr either from the library staff or trustees or the Citizens' Ad- visory l 'ommiltee. takes notes for a report on the session. The groups, in the order in which they have been meeting since March 7, include younger members of the black com munity , teachers and ad- ministrators from the high school, members of the busi- ness community, senior citizens, older members of the black community; teachers and administrators from the elementary schools and middle school; agency heads, parents of preschool and elementary children, and Borough Council and Township Committee. The sessions will end Wednesday, March 22, with a meeting with Borough Coun- cil and Township Committee from 5:30 to 7 Harry Levine. chairman of the Citizens Ad- visory Committee, will be the recorder/observer, and Ms Kyle will be the moderator The meeting is open to the public, as all the meetings have been Ms Kyle expects to complete a written report based on these ■■■'■■ij«Jon Page 6 WeVe Hatched Some Unique Easter Gift Ideas. Why follow the flock this Easter? Give a gift that goes beyond the ordinary Like a duck from the Swarovskf 5 ' Silver Crystal 5 collection Bom from 30% + full lead Swarovski crystal, each shines with a beauty that lasts a lifetime. #> ,u Visit us today and make someone's (M Easter unforgettable 109 Rockingham Row Princeton Forrestol Village Princeton, NJ 08540 SWAROVSKI SILVER CRYSTAL THINK SPRING! aO ; We Have.... \^ i True Irish Shamrocks & Green Carnations (» for St. Patrick's Day! Spring Bulb Plants For Easter and Palm Sunday Perna's is now featuring Daffodils Hyacinths Calceolaria Tulips Lilies Mums Azaleas and More JL EASTER BASKETS Filled with Blossoming Plants OR FRESH CUT FLOWERS \^ Perna's SfcHljJ Plant & Flower Shop 189 Washington Road Hrs: MS 9-5; Sun .11-3 452-1383') I18B' ISSFMi m =S?'i* rag 1 ■S.t§fS**. pi Hi 11 I 7S&»» » W SPRING SALE 45% TO 60% OFF! WE INVITE YOL TO COME IN TO SEE OUR SURPRISINGLY LARGE SELECTION AND RETTER YET. OUR LNCOMPARARLE PRICES Warn ~ j&. ■ | <i> A ■ i ft h S^-iJ.'n/ v>i:.lz '1 . t uJi ! ^ — - ■ v Super Chinese 90 Line 5/8 C.B. Size Reg. Sale 9x12 '3695. '1660. 8x10 2895 1300. 6x9 1895. 850. 4x6 895. 400. Size 9x12 8x10 5.6x8.6 3.11x5.11 Indian Reg. *3950. 3100. 1695. 995. Sale •1775. 1395. 760. 445. Boukhara Size Reg. Sale 10.1x13.5 '5895. «2650. 9.3x11.5 3995. 1795. 8.1x9.6 2895. 1300. 5.10x8.4 1695. 760. Handwoven Romanian Size Reg. Sale 9.1x11.9 *3695. '1660. 8x10 2295 1030. 6x9 1995. 895. 3.11x6.1 995. 445. Handwoven Dhurries Size Reg. Sale 9x12 '795 '300. 8x10 595. 230. 6x9 395 150. 4x6 195. 75. Size 9.1x12.3 8.1x10.2 6 2x9 3 4 1x6 Pak Persian Reg. '7895. 5795. 3695. 1795. Sale •4260. 3125. 1995. 965. Persian Type Size Reg. Sale Abadeh 3.5x4.10 '1195. '645. Lilian 7.6x10.4 2995. 1615. Moud 6.11x8.9 2895. 1560. Mansion Size Persian Type Size Reg. Sale Sarough 12x24 6 *32,950 '17,795. Kerman 132x20.07 17,995. 9,715. Mashad 12 6x16 9 19,995. 10,795. ? PLENTY OF FREE PARKING fibpfiMII THE PROMISES Financial Planning Available. I HOURS: (pMllnl SOURCE 70 Deferred PaymemsTo' 3 Months. | I 9:30-8 Monday-Friday / .„ fu „, „,,. „. um \ KEEP We Buy or Trade Your Old Rugs f S 10-6 Saturday; 12-5 Sunday 10"'*ntal rug CENURJ « Appraising, Washing and Storage £ £ Also Available | | The Largest Importers of the Finest Persian and Oriental Rugs ALL MAJOR CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED I 2817 Brunswick Pike (Alternate Route 1) - Lawrenceville, NJ (609) 883-6666 1 I OTHER SHOWROOMS :> I MILLBURN • PARAMUS • LONG ISLAND • HAVERFORD, PA • ABINGTON, PA • CHESTNUT HILL, PHIL. 3 57o «iSr-Sil J»l &9M m® Mm ill 1 Topics of the Town • Md Tom P«fl» * " sessions by the end of the first - neck in April Those respon- I iling to the survey are asked to tt complete their answers and put 5 the questionnaire in the mail by . March 29. so that the answers i can be tabulated A separate g report will be written based on w the survey. o S Both reports will then be . turned over to the Citizens" Ad- ■? \isory Committee, which ex- 2 _ pects to complete its work and z make its report to the Public Library by the end of June — before people leave for the summer If vou threw out the insert that came with this TOWN- TOPICS, retrieve it It contains the questionnaire, and as the front page notes. "If you ever wished that they' would ask you before they made their decisions, here is your chance." —Barbara L. Johnson 3d Campus Bomb Scare; Infirmary Is Kvacuated The occupants of McCosh In- firmary were evacuated for about an hour last week in the wake of the third bomb threat to hit the Princeton University campus in less than two weeks No bomb device was found and. although Borough police concede the threats may be connected, they report that they have no suspects The latest incident began Thursday morning at 11:30 when, police said, a young male called the switchboard operator and told her: •Evacuate McCosh Hall. A bomb under a desk is set to go off in two hours " The operator called the Uni- vcnitv s Department of Public Safety" who notified police Per- sonnel from both departments searched the building, which houses the English department, and found nothing. Students at- tending three classes at the time were not evacuated Because there are two McCosh buildings on campus, police and University security officers decided to also search McCosh Infirmary. Inside, they found a beige plastic file box in an alcove near a first-floor rest room When occupants did not recog- nize the file box. which Capt Thomas Michaud said ap- peared to be "foreign" to the surroundings, the State Police Bomb Squad was called to come over and take a look at the object. As a precautionary measure, the infirmary was evacuated at 1:15. Prior to the arrival of the bomb squad, police called the worker near whose office the box was found and who was not on duty that day. She informed them that she had placed tt» box there After a further search un covered nothing else, the oc cupants were allowed to return On March 6, a male caller notified the switchboard operator at 7 a.m. that ex plosives had been placed in Robertson Hall, the Woodrow Wilson School building, and would go off at 10:30. A search uncovered no explosive device Robertson Hall was again the location of a February 27 bomb threat. Continued on Page e Plush Headquarters For All Your EASTER NEEDS Russell Stover Easter Candies and Hallmark Cards and Gifts Come In And Browse EASTER BASKETS EASTER TOYS EASTER NOVELTIES All Sales Items Cash and Carry Limit 3 of Each Sale Ends March 21, 1989 20% OFF ALL • Cross Pens and Pen Sets • Timex Watches • Buxton Wallets 50% OFF Picture Frames by Burnes of Boston New Shipment — Large Selection CRAYOLA CRAYONS Pkg. of 64 3.69 4.69 val. GILLETTE ATRA BLADES Pkg. of 10 7.15 val. 4.99 10.31 val. TYLENOL Extra Strength 100 Caplets 6.99 3.99 val BIC DISPOSABLE RAZORS Economy 20 Pak 2.29 GILLETTE Foamy Shave Cream 11 oz. 3.24 val. WHITMAN'S SAMPLER 1 lb. box 6.50 val. 4.95 METAMUCIL 21 oz. 15.41 val. 11.99 JUMBO COLORING AND ACTIVITY BOOK 2.49 7.95 val. NOW PLANTERS COCKTAIL PEANUTS OR DRY ROASTED PEANUTS Giant 24 oz. ^i AFRIN 12 HOUR £*} I Nasal Spray Vj OZ. 3.99 5.49 val. 4.99 val. 3.99 TAMPAX TAMPONS 40s 7.33 val. 4.99 Montgoir :ry Pharmacy & Gift Shoppe Montgomery Center jT f iWS ^1 Rts. 206 & 51? , Rocky Hill, N.J. (609) 924-7 1 23 —^^^ Mon.-Fri. 9-9. Sal. 9-6. Sun. 10-3 EASTER EGG DECORATING KIT 1.79 val. 99$ VITA BATH Pink, Green or Yellow 21 oz. 26.00 val. 22.00 JUMBO PHOTO ALBUM 100 pages 22.95 val. 10.95 8.49 val. EVER READY ENERGIZER AA Batteries Pkg. of 8 5.99 KODAK Disc Film Pkg. of 2 Spi 7.63 val Princeton Expects Summer Water Problems Despite Reassurances from Elizabethtown Celebrate With Us!!, The question of whether Princeton residents should be alerted to the possibility of wa- ter restrictions again this sum- mer will have to wait a little longer to be discussed. Post- poned for two consecutive meetings, the subject is now scheduled to be discussed at the March 28 meeting of Borough Council. William Potter, an at- torney hired by the Borough and Township to oppose Elizabethtown Water Com- pany's application for a 17 per- cent rate hike, is scheduled to appear at the meeting of the 28th. A mini-discussion of possible water restrictions took place at last Thursday's meeting, but was called short because Mr. Potter was not able to be pres- ent. The few moments of com- ment, however, served to show how sharply the battle lines are drawn between the municipal- ity and its water company. "Elizabethtown claims that their computer model shows ' that the complete updating of the Montgomery Knoll pump- ing station should relieve the pressure problems of last year," reported Borough Engineer Carl Peters. "We have heard the same things before.'' He added that Elizabethtown officials said that the reservoirs the company draws from are close to capacity. Last summer, both Prince- tons instituted odd-even water- ing and other restrictions in an effort to deal with low water pressure in hydrants situated on the higher levels of town. For several days, firefighters manned a fire station on a 24- hour basis because of low pressure readings. Firehouse Architect Picked The firm of Fulmer & Wolfe has been selected by the Joint Firehouse Com- mittee as architect for the new firehouse on Wither- spoon Street. The first firehouse in the Township, it will be built on the parking lot next to the Valley Road building. The firm, located at 16 John Street, was selected from 28 applicants. The firehouse will be fund- ed by the Borough and Township. It has been budgeted up to $2 million, al- though it is hoped that the final cost will be less than this figure. Groundbreaking is ex- pected in December, with completion anticipated in the fall of 1990. "We anticipate a problem [this summer]," said Coun- cilman Mark Freda, who also serves as the town's fire chief. "The water situation will be bad. Elizabethtown has said things like this before. The pipeline going around Prince- ton to West Windsor was sup- posed to help, and it hasn't." Mr. Freda said the only real solution would be for Elizabethtown to enlarge the pipes going into the Mont- gomery pumping station. Council President Marvin Reed, who is acting as Mayor while Mayor Sigmund cam- paigns for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, also disputed Elizabethtown's con- tention that there would be no water crisis this summer. "Their track record is not good," he said. There was no representative of Elizabethtown at the meeting. "I think Council should alert people to the possibility of water restrictions," said Coun- cilwoman Mildred Trotman." Borough Merchant Ray Wadsworth, who has been ac- ting as watchdog to Elizabeth- town, said that the water com- pany should be stopped from expanding to other areas He also suggested that "the com- munity, or Borough, Township, and University, should get to- gether and form its own water company, like before." Mr. Reed concluded the discussion by announcing it would be continued on the Tues- day, March 14, meeting of Council, when Mr. Potter could report on his efforts with the Board of Public Utilities to block an Elizabethtown rate rise and put pressure on the company to make further im- provements. (This item was later postponed again to the Tuesday, March 28, meeting. > Mr. Reed added that he would like to see what it would take to require West Windsor and Plainsboro to restrict wa- ter use if Princeton did so. "If we put in water restrictions, and they don't, they are draw- ing water we save." — Mvrna K. Bearse i z /s. *«r*u y$& j $ & a little bit of wfet vm Fancy HOP ON IN for EASTER GOODIES GALORE For children of all ages HOUM Won thru Sal 10am ■ SJOpm 20 NASSAU ST PRINCETON 924-1270 u \ * *i ?> ?5V*/*** •4 ou could be the winner of 2 FREE TICKETS to LONDON! WHWH will be broadcasting LIVE Z~from REVERES PALMER SQUARE OFFICE from 9:30 A.M. - 12:30 P.M. on SATURDAY. APRIL 8. \ Jf%\ Winner of free tickets to be announced then. 2 FREE TICKETS LONDON m TRATEL TOTE BAG ftocetve tru ojuoit/ lot© oog wt-en vou bring i r«i coupon to Severe i new Pointer Sgua>e Office PALMER SQUARE • CORNER OF HIJLF1SH & CHAMBERS STREETS • 609-92V93T1 REVERE TRAVEL Coupons Musi Be Deposited li r Square Office bv April 8 1989 fMz f NO "LUCK" NEEDED... ■7 WITH A SOIL-FREE PLANT [\jyy //\ VISIT OUR SHOWROOM TODAY, rj^AND PUT A LITTLE "GREEN" Wills/ ^P INTO YOUR LIFE! (Free Leaf Cleaner — Thurs., Fri_. Sat.) 1 ^fil/ljr CREA TIVE HYDROPONICS iM^^^Si 8 miles north of Princeton Rt. 206, Hillsborough, NJ ^ (behind Dunkln Donuts) £>i^m 201-359-7171 A Gourmet's Easter... ...put that extra sparkle into your Easter festivities. Italian Easter Fruit Cake, the light and delicious traditional COLOMBA, baked in the shape of a dove. Glorious Easter Eggs in beautiful foils and wrappings - all by PERUGINA. Marzipan Hen-on-the-Nest, chocolate Easter Rabbits in all sizes and shapes from the finest confectioners of Europe. ...and, the largest selection of beautiful Baskets in many new shapes and colours - imported from all over the World. ...for the very best, Fresh Caviar Beluga and Sevruga Malossot from the Caspian Sea Princeton Shopping Center (609) 924-7755 Topics of the Town £ Pedestrians Take Heart; r Crackdown Starts Soon u J That crackdown promised 5 las! week by Chief Michael v - Carnevale against motorists < who refuse to yield to to pedestrians is about to begin. £ Within the next week to 10 g days. Chief Carnevale told j reporters Tuesday, the police r department will set in motion ^ an enforcement effort which is . designed to curb frequent viola- q lions of drivers' requirement to £ yield to pedestrians. o g The department, he said, will a regularly deploy teams of of- « ficers at busy intersections to y monitor drivers who disregard O pedestrian rights at H crosswalks. Some of the more j congested intersections that po- o lice will be watching include •" Nassau and Witherspoon, Bayard and Stockton, Nassau and University Place and Nas- sau at Washington Road and Vandeventer "We'll look at all of these plus others." Chief Carnevale stated. "We are primarily concern- ed with daylight activity at peak hours." continued Chief Not all the burden falls on the Carnevale, "but we hope this driver. Chief Carnevale pointed effort will caution motorists out that pedestrians are re- and pedestrians alike to act ap- quired not to cross against a propriately at all hours of the stop signal and to refrain from day and night. " suddenly walking or running in Merchants Say "No" Borough merchants have held up the red flag to fur- ther celebrations of Com- muniversity on Saturday At their Monday night meeting. Borough Merchants for Princeton passed a resolu- tion stating that celebra- tions of Com m university — after this year's event — should be held either Satur- day on the Princeton Uni- versity campus or Sunday afternoon in town. Mitchell Forest, head of the group of some 50 mer- chants and businesspeople. said Sunday would be the better time. "Most of us pre- fer it to be on the street Sun- day than on the campus Saturday." This year's celebration of Commumversity will take place on Nassau Street on Saturday, April 22. from noon to 4 p.m. Merchants at the meeting also expressed their preference for as much work as possible to be done at night when Washington Road is milled and repaved this summer. Well Oolaworo Avenue Ponntngton, Nuw Jersey LADIES APPAREL t. ACCESSORIES O'Hara O'Brien O'Keeffe O'Sullivan O'Reynolds On SL Patrick's Day everyone's Irish! Join us for our special GREEN SALE! Selected items 20% off Thursday, March 16 th thru Saturday, March 18th. front of a motor vehicle that is so close that it is impossible for the driver to yield He added, "We urge all drivers and pedestrians to be mindful of their responsibility We are hopeful that this at- tempt by the police department will meet with cooperation and will bring about some semblance of sanity to our overused roadways and crosswalks " Chief Carnevale said he felt such a crackdown was neces- sary because "over the years we have always received com- plaints of this nature. The po- lice department feels that now is the time to take what some people might view as drastic action." At a meeting of Borough Council a week ago, Dr. Marvin Goldberger, Director of the In- stitute for Advanced Study, told Council members that upon returning from nine years in California, he was shocked to discover that most motorists in New Jersey do not yield to pedestrians. Two Arrests Are Made In Shoplifting Incidents Township and Borough police each arrested and charged a suspect last week with shop- lifting. Township police charged James J. Winkler, 25, of Florence with shoplifting three packages of Slim Jims, worth $9.57, from Thrift Drug in the Princeton Shopping Center. In Township court Tuesday, Judge Sydney Souter fined Mr. Winkler $275 and $30 to the Violent Crime Compensation Board and sentenced him to six months in the Mercer County Correctional Center. According to Lt. Anthony Gaylord. Mr Winkler was observed concealing the Slim Jims in his coat Saturday by an employee of Acme Market who was shopping in the drug store at the time. He notified the manager who called police. Also found in Mr. Winkler's possession was a pair of wool socks stolen from Acme. Four days earlier, an em- ployee of Talbots on Nassau Street saw a person walk out of the store carrying a leather tote bag. Police were called and the suspect was pointed out on the street near the store. After an investigation reveal- ed that the suspect, Eunice Carey, 36, of Trenton, had a $98 tote bag in her possession, she was taken to headquarters and charged. She faces a hearing in Borough Court this Wednesday. Two Bonds Are Stolen; Valued at $5,000 Each Two $5,000 bearer bonds were stolen this month while the owner was shopping at the Super Fresh Market in the Princeton Shopping Center ft ft ft ft 3 -I" S $ * * •« Kitchen Center for... The Bride To Be Revolving Gadget Organizer • 18 of the most used kitchen utensils. • Measuring cups, spatulas, spoons, and utility forks are just a few • Great for small kitchens or limited counter space. Available in white ... $29,95 The Cranbury Cook 27B Maplewood Ave., Cranbury, N.J. (609) 395-8008 The victim, a resident of Lambert Drive, told police she had just left the bank before entering the store She placed the envelope containing the bonds on the shelf of her shop- ping cart and placed her pocketbook on top. Later, as she was loading her groceries into her car. the vic- tim noticed the bonds were missing. Lt Anthony Gaylord com mented that the bonds can be cashed by the bearer, but add- ed that the victim had placed a stop payment order on them. Pieces of salvageable copper pipe and cable, worth approx- imately $800. were stolen the Continued on Neirt Page GET READY FOR SPRING! We have spring bulbs plus indoor seed starter supplies and accessories! Time to lime, feed and fertilize! Open Mon.-Frl. 8-5; Sat. 8-4 0BAL GARDEN MARKET 'For the very best' 452-2401 516 Alexander Rd, Princeton, NJ (At the Canal) LANDSCAPE CONSULTANTS ^Rtfter furniture Is pleased to announce we are adding an interior decorating staff to our ^ ^^4) list of services tnat includes: Free In-Home Consultations Furniture for home or office • Custom Upholstery • Wall Coverings • Carpeting & Area Rugs • Custom Bedding • Window Treatments • Accessories And Much More! RIDER FURNITURE AND CREATIVE INTERIORS will be working together to help you realize your dream home. So Call today for an appointment for your free in- nome con sultation with our decorating staff. 75 Main Street I Highway 27 Kingston. NJ 06528 609-924-0147 Visa/MC Mon.-Fri. 10-5 Thurs. 'til8pm. Sat. 10-4 5 Topics of the Town Continued I torn Page B first week in March from the old Opinion Research Corpora- tion building on the corner of Terhune Road and Harrison Street. Police report the victim, the U.S. Dismantlement Corpora- tion of King of Prussia, Pa., is in the process of gutting the building, prior to its being renovated for professional of- fices. A 1986 van owned by a Tren- ton resident was entered last week while it was parked in the Princeton Professional Park lot at 601 Ewing Street. Taken from the van were a radar detector, brief case and garage door opener, worth a combined $210 The vehicle's registration and insurance card were also removed from the glove box. Police believe the van was entered through a rear door which was found ajar. In another motor vehicle theft, a 1988 Hyundai was entered while it was parked Friday night in a lot adjacent to Jadwin Gym, where the pre- liminary round of the NJSIAA State wrestling championships were in progress. The car was entered through an unlocked rear hatch door by the thief, who removed $20 from the glove compartment and then cracked and damag- ed the windshield. Police iden- tified the victim as a resident of Lake Shawnee. Seven Coats Stolen. Seven students' coats were stolen last week from Dial Lodge where they had been left near a first- floor lounge. The total value of the coats, including a waistcoat, ski jacket trench coach, overcoat, bluejean jacket and wind- breaker, is $534. Police report no suspects. A student's navy-blue ski jacket with a red diagonal stripe, valued at $80, was stolen between noon and 3:30 last Wedneday from the Elm Club. Between 2 : 30 and 6 : 30 Satur- day morning, while the victim and his roommate were asleep in their dormitory room in Holder Hall, someone entered and removed a $250 cassette deck and a $200 compact disc player. A Witherspoon Street res- dient reported the theft of his 1978 Toyota sedan while it was parked last week on Quarry Street near John. There was $400 cash in the glove compart- ment of the car which is valued at $1,000. Police said someone entered the car without a key. Honoring a President The annual wreath-laying ceremony at the Princeton Cemetery grave site of President Grover Cleve- land will take place Satur- day at 2:30 p.m. Representing President George Bush at the ceremony will be Major General James W. Wur- man, U.S. Army Fort Dix participants will be an Honor Guard and the 19th Army Band. The ceremony will include a prayer by the U.S. Army chaplain, the placement of the wreath on President Cleveland's grave, and the playing of Taps by the U.S. Army bugler. "There was no report of it be- ing locked," said Capt. Thomas Michaud. An employee left her purse last week in a small, first-floor dance room in the Arts Council Building on the corner of Witherspoon Street and Paul Robeson Place. During a 75-minute period, police said, someone entered the room through an exterior window and removed the black leather purse which contained $16 and a check book. Total val- ue of the loss: $216. Home Is Entered. A home on Robert Road was entered last Wednesday evening by an in- truder who broke a pane of glass to reach in and unlock a rear kitchen door. Nothing seemed to be disturbed upstairs but taken from a basement recreation room was camera equipment valued at $840. Included in the haul were a Contex camera, two telephoto lenses, a flash, camera case and other lenses. Four Drivers Are Fined In Prineeton Township Four Princeton residents were fined this week in Town- ship Court. Wilma A. Pannell, 80 Clay Street, was fined $500 and lost her license for 30 days for driv- ing while her license was suspended. She also paid $65 and $25 contempt of court on a red light violation. Anthony K. White, 10 Mulberry Row, was fined $215 as an unlicensed driver and the court ruled that he cannot ob- tain a license for 180 days. Fined for speeding were Halas H. Basatemer. 84 Deer Path, $85. and Richard N Askin, 5 E. Manor Drive, $65. r-Ljireener Easter Flowers & Floral Designs Hydroponic Plants (easy-care gifts) Blooming Plants Designer Baskets Ceramics Open Easter Sunday 11 a.m. -3 p.m. * St. Patrick's Day Shamrocks & Green Carnations Full-service florist Hydroponic Plant Shop Princeton Shopping Center, N. Harrison S 25 Births Are Reported At Medical Center Here In the week ending March 9, there were 15 boys and 10 girls born at Princeton Medical Cen- ter. Sons were born to James and Katherine Fulton, 60 Perry Drive, West Trenton; George and Margaret Filipiak, 56 Locust Lane; Ting and Lioian Gong, 4~H Meadow Road. West Windsor, Robert and Claudia Ryan, 64 Jeffrey Circle, Dayton, all on March 3; Also to Richard and Paula Slamowitz, 15 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville; Rodolfo and Silvia Monterroso, C29 Ab- bington Drive, East Windsor, both on March 4; James and Michele Rossi, 21 Coral Drive, Trenton; March 5; Francesco and Assunta D'Aniello, 36 Haypress Road, Cranbury; Steven and Kathleen Jarczyn- ski. 670A Old Gerogetown Road, both on March 7; Also to John and Sheila Kubinsky, PO Box 267, Prince- ton Junction; Robert and Nan- cy Hearne, 29 Duf field Place,; Michael and Julie Spaul, Stekening Way, Hamilton Square, all on March 8; Ed- ward and Pam Suptnski, 16 In- dian Run Road. Princeton Junction; Glenn and Donna Sharko. 56 Maple Shade Ave- nue, Hamilton Square; and Douglas and Diane Ervin, RD 3 Box 1763, Monmouth Junc- tion, all on March 9. Continued on Next Page Distinctive Clothing for Women Steve Fabnkant Ronnie Heller Victor Costa Diane Freis Go Silk you'll love shopping at derricks 6 Moore Street, Princeton 609-92 1 -OS S8 Mon.-Sat. 10-6. Thurs. till «. Sundav 12-4 •9>k on y'/oore BIG 3 SALE • Bigelow«MiLUKEN| One Week Only March 15 to 21 Off Our Already | Discounted Price Tags on Any Big 3 Carpet (Includes Padding & Installation) Off Our Already Discounted 'I II §1/ Pr ' Ce Ta 9 ° n Any £(J/0 Big 3 Area Rug IS AVAILABLE ONLY AT ■« '/ IN SINCE 1889 PRINCETON __ North Harrison Street (609) 683-9333 PBINCETON. nn-mu-mi.mj STORE HOURS: Mon, Tues. Wed. Fn 10-6. Thurs 10-8. Sat 10-5. Sunday 125 We Accept ; Topics of the Town 5 *> Daughters were born to Louis ^ ami Siis.in Beck, 132 Homecrest o Avenue; Dennis and Leandra < Runck, 22 Church Street, South * Amboy. both on March 3, >" Leonard and Sherry Epstein, 2 34HChicopee Drive; David and 2 Linda Platas. 156 MerlineAve- z nue. Lawrenceville, both on £ March 4. 5 Also to Martin and Beth -, r Hammer. 50 Chipper Drive, 2 Kendal) Park. Robert and z - Elizabeth Kubiak, 16 Sharon O Road, Robbinsville; Jim and uj M JoanGavigan, 5Spnngwood 2 Drive, Lawrenceville, Thomas E and Deborah Taylor. 37 Robin °; Road, Monmouth Junction; g James and Mary L Healy, 17 £ Darby Road. East Brunswick, O all on March 8. and Richard z and Debra Burke, 16 Sheffield 5 Road. East Windsor, March 9. jo»SSS6SSs ,*tf>8 $5 Million to University To Support Humanities Princeton Universily has re ceived more than $5 million from the estate of Dr. Howard T Behrman to establish the Howard T Behrman Endow- ment for the Humanities. Dr Behrman, a Princeton resident and long time benefac- tor of the Universily, died in October, 1985 His wife, Helen M Behrman, died in October 1988; the funds held in trust for her, came to the University after her death. The Howard T. Behrman En dowment for the Humanities consists of six funds, each of which benefits a differenl as peel "i Princeton's humanities programs • Behrman Awards for I distinguished Achievement in Hie Humanities recognize ex- traordinary contributions to Princeton by distinguished Ben Ioi Faculty members in the humanities The award was established with separate fun ding by Dr. Behrman In [975 • The Behrman Senior Fel lowship in the Humanities will support a distinguished faculty member In joint appointments in the humanities and m specific departments FUNDS FOR SCHOOL: An art exhibition and auction at Princeton Montessori School's third annual wine and cheese social netted $19,000 for the school. The funds will be used for program development. From left are Marsha Stencel, director, Debra Massimo, coordinator of the event, and Peter Giller. president of the board of trustees. • The Behrman Fellowships owner nas ^come oppressive in the Humanities will support ' ind intolerable. six promising undergraduates in graduate studies at Prince- Tne charge of the citizens t on group will be to focus attention • And the Behrman Scholar- on ,ne Property tax issue and to ship in the Humanities will sup- msure ,hat a " candidates for port up to five undergraduates governor in the primary and in who have an interest in pursu- ,he general election take a posi- ing medicine as a career and tion and present a detailed pro- who major in the humanities S ram f ° r redressing the prop- erty tax problem. The group Dr. Behrman, a New York wil *' dicit and publicize the dermatologist and noted book Pinions <>i ..II candidates of collector, maintained dose ties l " ),,l political parties on the to the University, serving as ,ssue Tht * group will not en- _ vice chairman ol (he Council ol <iors( ' :in > candidate or support the Friends ol the Princeton ;| "> '"dividual position. University Library and as a In addition to Ms Mironov, membei ol the advisory coun Wtial members of the Citizens CtlSOl Hie Department of Eng GrOUpUlClude David 11 Coat«S, lishandtheDepurtnienloi Art a Hightstown residenl and at- and Archeology tornej for the East Windsor Regional School District . Hon Dileo, a Hamilton resident and Citizens GrOUP Formed Presuh-nl ol the Mm-cr (nun ,- ,. ., f „„„, iv Labor Union Council; For lax Reform in l'W'l ,;,,„.,,,.., ,„,„,,„,,,, a Tl ,, n A Mercer Count} Citizens ion resident and Trenton Muni- Group for Tax Reform en '89 cipal AKorney; Samuel M. has been formed, led by former- Hammill Jr , a Lawrence resi- Easl Windsor attorney Janice dent and Kxecutive Director of S Mironov. the Middlesex Somerset- Ms Mironov said. "With a Mercer (MSM) Regional Coun governor's race and the entire cU . o<P' eUVD L ab und^ dozens-- ga veaou. ;>eSi Theco»«; twb \e our 10 a»w ed tgfw '■■■'-- 156 ISSyfassauStmt <Prinalon 5VJ/BS540 609 924-20116 OPEN MON -SAT 10 to 5 30 PM • The Behrman Preceptor ship in the Humanities will sup port the research of two pro mlslng junior faculty members SMe Assembly up for election wimsecarei'rsaii'iiitheiieai m iw'i. this is the year to focus Also, Dick Lcc. an East on legislative action Incorrect Windsor residenl, tanner. • The Behrman Postdoctoral New Jersey's longstanding and former Councilman, member Fellowship in the Humanities ever-worsening problem ol ol the Mercer Count} Vgri will allow ,i recenl Ph.D to over-reliance on the proper!) cultural Board and of the State teach .i course and devote the L|S '" l " 1 " 1 l '"' 1 ifveriiineni \uriciiituiai Hoard u-imard.i remainder of his or her time to '""' education The financial Mlllner, an East Windsor resi- n-search burden on the average home mi Pao* 1? Judy's Flower Shop EASTER IS EARLY!!! — Morch 20th - 25th — Place your Easter Order early for Spring arrangements, flowers and plants We hove Easter Lilies in all sizes : on extensive range of Spring flowers and, the flesr Selection of Dlooming Plants in Princeton. WE CAN PUCE YOUR FLOWER ORDERS WORLD WIDE —924-9340- 360 NASSAU STREET, PRINCETON (Free Parking) Open Mon.-Sot. 9-5:30 MC • VISA • AmEx accepted any Easter Candy at Robinson Fine Candies or any Ham or Leg of Lamb at the Foodtown Market in Montgomery Center WITH THE PURCHASE OF TWO PAIR OF SHOES AT *A $16.90 A PAIR Good Only With This Ad Offer Expires 3-25-89 Step 'AT Out Montgomery Center Route 206, Rocky Hill 924-41 1 3 Mon.-Fri. 10-9 P.M.; Sat. 10-6; Sun. 12-5 This Easter Hop On Over To Route 27, Kingston, NJ (609) 924-1830 PRODUCE Golden Ripe Bananas 43C/lb. Sno White Mushrooms $1.19/lb. Cleaned & Cored "Hawaiian" Pineapple $2.99/ea. Farm Fresh Large Eggs $1.09/doz. Consumer pack, 18 per box, Texas Star Ruby Grapefruit S7.99/box US No. 1, 80 size Idaho Potatoes 49«/lb. California Crisp Green Asparagus $1.79/lb. California Broccoli, 14 size 79«/hd. Pascal Celery 69C/stalk Tender Red or Green Leaf Lettuce. ...$1.19/lb. Large Sweet Red Peppers S1 99/lb. Florida Red Ripe Tomatoes 79C/lb. Super Select Cucumbers 4/S1.00 Sweet Luscious Strawberries 99C/box Crisp & Tasty, 100 size D'Anjou Pears. 79«/lb. Extra Large 56's, California Navel Oranges 3/$1.19 Haas California Avocados 79c/ea. Tasty Fresh Kiwi Fruit 3/S1.00 FRUIT BASKETS FOR EASTER A beautiful fruit basket will spread Easter joy to the lucky person who receives it. Our Easter baskets are hand-packed from start to finish and brimming over with an outstanding variety of fresh fruit, scrumptious chocolates, preserves, gourmet jelly beans and much more. A gift simply irresistable. $35.00 & up WE OFFER ORGANIC PRODUCE TOO SEAFOOD New England Fresh Sea Scallops $5. 99/lb. Pink Center Cut Fresh Swordfish $8.49/lb. Fresh Norwegian Salmon Steaks S8.49/lb. Fresh Yellow Fin Tuna Steaks $8.49/lb. Fresh Fillet of Bluefish S2. 99/lb. Medium, 40-50 per lb., Pink Shrimp. ..$4.99/lb. Jumbo Soft Shell Crabs $4.00/ea. Fresh Haddock Fillet $5.49/lb. "Tastes Like Lobster" Fillet of Monkfish $5. 99/lb. Fresh Fillet of Sea Trout $4. 99/lb. GOURMET GOODIES Speckled Easter Eggs $1.99/lb. Jelly Belly Beans (original gourmet beans) $3.19/lb. Goelitz Deluxe Easter Mix (10 oz.). $1.99/pkg. Dried Apricots (8 oz.) $1.29/pkg. Red Pistachios (8 oz.) $1.89/pkg. Chocolate Liqueur Cups (12) $1.69/pkg. Dried Figs (1 lb.) $1.79/pkg. Pastel Easter Eggs (1.5 oz.) 49C/ea. DELI SPECIALS Fresh Roast Beef $4.99/lb. Boar's Head Imported Ham $4.00/lb. Boar's Head Ham Cappacolli $4.59/lb. Boar's Head Bologna $2. 99/lb. Hormel Genoa Salami $4.89/lb. Oven Roasted Turkey $4. 99/lb. American Cheese $2.80/lb. Swiss Cheese $3.89/lb. EASTER SPECIALS Order Before 3/22/89 Smoked Boar's Head Hams (bone in)$3.89/lb. V2 Ham 7-8 lbs.; whole ham 13-15 lbs. Maple Honey Boar's Head Ham $4.89/lb. V2 Ham 4 lbs.; whole ham 7-8 lbs. Great For Gifts Boar's Head Baby Hams, 2-3 lbs $4.89/lb. Ham Selections Maple Honey; Virginia; Black Forest Rack of Lamb $7.39/lb. Leg ol Lamb $3.89/lb. (Boned, no charge) Store Hours: Closed Sunday (Greenhouse Open Easter) Mon.-Thurs. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. Friday 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. Saturday 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. Prices Effective 3/15-3/25/89 ALBA JTjLvineyard Introducing the largest vineyard and winery in Northern New Jersey. The wines of Alba Vineyard are grown, produced and bottled in New Jersey. White Wines Bottle Case (12 bottles) Proprietor's White 3.50 38.00 Seyval Blanc 5.50 59.50 Proprietor's White Reserve 5.50 59.50 Chardonnay 7.00 73.00 Chardonnay Reserve 9.75 105.50 Riesling-Gewurztraminer 'Sale. .5.99 70.00 New Jersey Blush "Sale 3.99 48.50 Cayuga 5.50 59.50 White Table. 1.5 lit 4.99 28.00 (case of 6 bottles) Apple 3.50 42.00 Red Wines Proprietor's Red 4.00 44.00 Proprietor's Red Reserve 5.50 59.50 Cabernet Sauvignon 12.00 130.00 (Warren County) Red Table 1.5 lit 4.99 28.00 (case of 6 bottles) Red Raspberry Dessert Wine 5.50 119.00 (375 ml. case of 24 bottles) Foch 1986 5.50 66.00 Harvest Nouveau 1988 5.00 60.00 Sparkling Wines Brut 9.50 102.50 Blanc de Noir 9.50 102.50 Marrazzos lanor Lane, 'lorisL^ IN OUR GREENHOUSE Enjoy beautiful Easter Flowers from Manor Lane Florist. Hyacinths Azaleas Tulips Rhododendron Lilies Hanging Baskets Gardenias Hydrangea Hybrid Lilies Fresh cut flowers of all types and varieties. Combination Baskets and much, much more. ' Topics of the Town J Ptgi '0 it f dent and former mayor and " chairman of the Township j Planning Board W Henry t Sayen, a Princeton Borough i resident former Mercer Coun- -" tv Republican chairman, presi- [ dent of the MSM Regional > Council Board of Directors and : newspaper columnist Bea 1 Scata-Fischler, a Trenton resi- : dent and vice-president of the ;' Trenton Council of Civic ! Associations; and Fred Vereen r Jr . a Lawrence resident, hous- > [ng consultant and member of i the State Planning Commis- ! sion Spring Festival Planned; Center Seeking Support Friends of the International Center at Princeton University will meet Monday to discuss ways to encourage community support for the 15th annual In- ternational Center Spring Fes- tival to be held on Sunday. April 16 in the Dillon Gymnasium This pageant of music, dance arts, crafts, films and foods of many cultures is put together by 50 different student organizations. Their theme "Awareness" reflects the ideal of international goodwill and cooperation which also characterizes the International Center. "A traditional New England restaurant" Jrrinceron Alobsrer jK>und Specialty of the House FRESH STEAMI I) LOBSTERS (if •!«(! "I lh< _I.unrh 4 Dinner Hours Monday Saturday II 30 am - 1 1 00 pm Sunday 11:30 am - 9 00 pm I rinccrun iiub^tcr luund (Next to the Movie Theater) M.irkiil aii. Route One, Princeton 609-520-1666 ALAR FREE & ORGANIC FRUIT JUICES We feature a wide selection of delicious juices without the hidden chemicals. Safer for your family & the environment. Organic Produce also available. Whole Earth Center Organic Produce • Bulk Foods • Bakery Gourmet Vegetarian Deli • Herbs & Spices Macrobiotic Products Mon-Fil 10-7 • Sal 10-6 • Dell 10-3 360 NASSAU STREET • PRINCETON • 924-7429 m wt /'<» r** Sure 'n' Begorrah! 'C Me lucky rainbon- ends it Thomas Smell chocolate Irish potatoes chocolate shamrocks by the smmd slumroch pops 'tis ,i kail for mi Irish chocokte An it' fk 179 Nassau St>- Princeton 924-7222 Chocolilti let Cmm M-Sal 10-9 M-Th S Sun 11-1 Sun 12-6 Fri & Sal 11-12 £4 This year there are nearly 1,300 students and scholars representing more than 59 countries at the University, many with their spouses and children The International Center, located in Murray- Dodge Hall, offers a sense of community and an orientation to living m this country- The Center draws on the varied ex- periences of these visitors to reach out to the community at large Students speak at area radio and TV stations, at schools and organizations They raise funds for victims of famines and earthquakes. They participate in Communiversity. arrange for speakers on campus, organize special dinners and plan film festivals. The Friends of the Interna- tional Center, a group of volun- teers, support the center and help manage its many ac- tivities. Friends serve as host families and tutors of English They assist with preparing and serving the Thursday lunch- eons held weekly throughout the year. They also conduct the UNICEF card sales and special projects. They provide an important connection between the Inter- national Center and the com- munity at large. Paula Chow, director of the International Center, would be pleased to hear from anyone interested in assisting the Friends in expan- ding their efforts. The phone number is 452-5006. St. Patrick Friendly Sons To Honor Bank President The Friendly Sons of St. Patrick of Mercer County will hold their third annual dinner at the Hyatt Regency Princeton on Thursday. John J. O'Gor- man, president of United Jer- sey Bank/Central will be honored as the "Irish American of the Year " Former Governor Brendan T, Byrne will be the toastmaster, and Ben Briscoe, Lord Mayor of Dublin, will be the special guest. John E. Stod- dard, managing director of Wm. Sword & Co., is the chair- man of this year's dinner, and Daniel A. Cuoco, general counsel of Squibb Corporation, will become an honorary Irishman for the night and make a few remarks. The event will begin with cocktails at 6 and dinner at 7. It will primarily benefit the Irish American Partnership, Inc., an organization establish- ed by John McCarthy III to in- volve Irish-Americans in the economic development of Ire- land. Of the 20 years that he has been associated with the United Jersey Banks organization, Mr. O'Gorman has served as past president of three banks; UJB/ Northwest, UJB/Central and UJB/N.A. He is a director of St. Fran- Cls Medical Center, The Hun School and Junior Achievement of Union Countj Last year's dinner honoring John F McCarthy Jr . senior partner of the law firm of McCarthy and Schatzman. drew more than 400 men to the black tie affair and raised more than $30,000 The tickets for the dinner are $150 and $300 and are available by calling 924-1199, extension 38, Annual Antiques Show Dates Are Announced The Princeton Antiques Show is celebrating its SOU) anniver- sary from Thursday, March 30, through Saturday, April l. at Princeton Daj School The slum benefits Welleslej and Mount Holynke colleges, and i- the largest show of its kind run entirely through vol- unteer efforts Thirls . hibitors, specializing in both country and formal antiques, will show their wares. Regular daily admission tickets are $5 each Special pre- sale tickets also may be obtain- ed for $4 each by mailing a check and stamped, self- addressed envelope to Mrs. Paul Van Der Werf. 32 Nassau Place. Princeton Junction, 08550 Patrons' tickets are available at $50 per person. In addition to a special preview from 6:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday. March 29. patrons' tickets cover ad- mission for all three show days, as well as a lecture and a guid- ed tour of the exhibits Regular hours for the show will be: Thursday. March 30, 11 ar MAIN u STREET 921-2777 M-F 10-7 Sot 9-4 Created Especially for Sf. Patrick's Day - MAIN STREET Irish Oat cookie mix with shamrock cookie cutter 5.00 Mam Street (W 27) Kingston. N J Parking In Rear Fresh The most delicious way to a healthier diet. Today we're all more health conscious than ever before That's why more and more people are making fresh seafood part of their diet Study after study in- dicates extensive health benefits from a diet rich in seafood At Nassau Street Seafood, we offer a wide variety of sashimi-quality fish, easy to prepare gourmet heat n' eat entrees, even delicious fresh sushi So our fresh seafood is not onlv the most delicious way to a healthier diet, it's also very easy We Now Carry Fresh Game & Caviar 256 Nassau Street. Princeton, NJ (609)921-0620 Open Monday -Thursday 9-7 30, Friday 9-8; Saturday 9-6 1 5 minute courtesy parking in front of store Ask about our delivery service! For That Irish St. Paddy's Day Basket Items FINE WHISKEY Bushmill $14.25 Blackbush $21.99 Jameson $12.99 _ BEER Harp '. $5.25/6 pk. Guiness Stout & Gold. ...$5.75/6 pk. 9t IRISH CREAM O'Darby Irish Cream $14 50 Emmets Cream $m 70 Bailey's Original * "'* Irish Mist ll*ll """ $21.99 BOLAND'S CRACKERS & BISCUITS Shannon Cheese $ . . Blarney Cheese !f,„„u" f^^ffff______ I:::::::::::::::::: Hilt Princeton-Hightstown Road (609) 799-0530 (1st left over the bridge from Princeton) Mon-Sat9.9; Sun 11-5 Finer Foods For Finer Living The Meat Place. Iviou's Pride 7-10 Ib.avn. Corned Beef $ '1 19 Brisket u, J. M99 USDA Choice Beef Bone In Club Steak n>. ' V Poullr* Chicken Legs ii. 89* Super Fresh 3 lbs. or More Not I ess 1 ban 80% Lean Ground Beef $159 Chicken Thighs ,„ 99 Frtth i SIM Govl ins,, Grid* " \" Pmiloi <- « ftG Chicken Drumsticks ib. 1 l M)A Choke Beef Center Cut Rib Steak $^549 or Roast ib. «3 Kresh 5-7 Ib. ave.. Shady Brook l-arms fij -g <:Q Turkey Breast ib 1 The Service Meat Counter, Stuffed Chicken $^99 Breast u. %J Iresh More Made Hoi or Sweet <T-s1 QQ Italian Style Sausage id. 1 Fresh Fruits and Vegetables^ Fresh Green Cabbage i 10 <t High in Vitamin C Florida Carrots bag ' California 39 Size Kiwi Fruit Washington Man Extra ftnej too S 69* 3 o99* Washington Suit Extra ftiwj too Sl/e TM" fc C Red Delicious Apples ib. / V Washington Slate Extra Fancy 96 Si/e Otf sK Golden Delicious Apples n>. o V Fresh Super Select ^ QQ C Cucumbers 3*»?7J7 lr.L,,..M,.l If-.m I liil, 100 llOSfl*. IUi i Bartlett or Bosc Pears ib OV 6r99 c California 165 S Lemons The Fresh Bake Shop All Varieties $-| 25 Scones ««. -l Iresh Made Dill) $1 50 Napoleons ™. 1 All H.i.i, r /" O l Croissants ea.O" 77/e Deli. Davidson's Siore Made Roast Beef $C99 fresh 1 1. His Kxtra lean dj 4*)*) Corned Beef Round »,.' 4 Black Fores) Fresh Dailj Sif QQ Smoked Turkey Breast ib. J Cheeses From Near & *■>»• Norwegian Jarlsberg Cheese $199 String Cheese ib. O Hoi Pepper Cheese Fresh Seafood $6 49 $498 Bay Scallops $199 Pollock Fillet Haddock Fillet Fresh Dairy $^49 M99 Minute Maid $^39 Orange Juice "£' JJ Foodtow n Sour Cream lemp lee Whipped Cream Cheese Five Alive Fruit Beverage The Grocery Place- 16 o, com w r2,„.$189 com. A !,«.!. $159 com. A Asssorted Varieties Ocean Spray $-j 79 Cran Drinks If A Progrnto W hlle. ( anncll I hick Pms or ^ £\t\C Red Kidney Beans 1 '^99 Assorted Grinds <C -| QQ Maxwell House Coffee £ 1 I rom Concentrate Sacramento Tomato Juice 'an 69 <t Vegetable Wesson Oil ,28 ,,,.$199 *80 Curly QQ Ron /on i Lasagna m>' .o" Regular 01 I'nscenled Wisk Liquid 64 o/. btl. $149 Davidson's SUNDAY NEW YORK TIMES Prepared Just For You. i. .i in Potato Salad $^>99 Prepared fresh Daily Hoasted lemon Rosemary $^595 Chicken »>. «3 ^ Barbeque Chickens $^>29 V The Frozen Food Case- All BullerorPelile Sara Lee Croissants $124 (jorlon Crunch) Fillets or Fish Sticks Non Dairy Coffee Rich's Lightener Mrs. Smith's Natural Juice N "^ ( l') Apple Pie ">,'*' a»i.i ■ %J I6i,r. / l / >vt com %J A* Celeste Pizza 6.5 01 Pl>E. 99 Da\idson's \>\urlnJ Ijrlrllrv Ijl> >|irrli R. u ■•• ll'vl Minud MjiiI .i> Orjn;. Coca ! Cola M;r79 c fDavidson's I Premium Choice Minute Maid Orange Juice ' : gal conl. i $179 I Real or I.ighl Hellmann's Mayonnaise I ESS Davidson's 32 „,.$129 jar J. w.™'..,M"T?:'K, i '."r, l :«..™;."'.jr j I*. II ! " Davidson's i Florida. High in Yilamin A FVesh Carrots Willi HUM 111 fOSinit .JJ.ih^jII- m l.mil- I .«.,mii too*) .HH.kUw. Mind...* 21b. bag 49 c s&>. C#- 99 Suppl fine foods since 1916 Our Location: 225 Nassau Street, Princeton, N.J. Our store hours: Monday thru Saturday 8:00 A.M. 'til 9:00 P.M. Sunday 8:00 A.M. 'til 6:00 P.M. Our Special Order #'s: Meat & Seafood 924-0503 Deli & Bakery 924-0405 Our parking area: No more need to waste time looking for a parking space Our location includes a lot with ample space for parking. Prim rffrt-lix Ihtu Saiurdi), Mar li. I 1 " 1 '' Wt nunc (lit ri^hl in limit <juanlilh» \ui r, .p..n.iM. '..i i . pogi iphli ji rrror. MAILBOX In a recent fetter . town customer had topay in advance TOPICS March 1 • Dav.d W the P r "> r day al lhe Ma,n Taxl Blatr made it comprehensive- Stand and got a receipt lv. eloquentlv and poignantly '< workedl ™? A Ll ^ Seal that sueha miserly, pure- ees made a good living, and the K money-making scheme en- "B list gradually faded away- tailed an'overt. substantial and " that doesn t help the travel- callous damage to the environ- ing : public bring ma Yellow ment and to the "quality of Cab from Newark or Trenton or life" for the people of Mont- Philadelphia who would love r_ iL/. nnnn ri,m,ii I fit (ho mihlir Every Little Bit Counts In Tax Reduction Effort ,„ To the Editor of Town Topics: gomery Woods. Rocky Hill, the opportunity. Let the public I am compelled to write this Kingston and Princeton (With M servea murphy letter after reading about the Princeton running one of the J ™ un - r " steps being taken to reduce our very few such operations here Princeton tremendously high local/muni- about, what then may the State, cipalbudget'Duringmyrecent with its foot in the door, force spring cleaning. I came upon upon us as ocean dumping nan 10 im vuwn "to the Land Use book given to my becomes zero in the near Would rvot Be Brilliant husband when he served on the future?! To the Editor of Town Topics: Princeton Township Zoning When will we learn that allot Question What are four Board He had not returned the our current wringing of hands i hl „ gs that distinguish the cen- book to the Township, nor had over the absolute necessity for tra | Dus | ness district of the Bor- it been requested At first. 1 across-boundary. empathetic, ough o( Princeton from the was going to discard it - then collaborative planning of devel- average shopping mall? decided to return it to the opmenl is nothing but rheton- Answer: The traffic is much Township for updating and cal vapor so long as we con- worse it is much more difficult reuse tinue to play hog? , fmd a parking place Most of To my surprise, when I drop- the shops are more expensive, ped the book off at the Zoning I would draw attention to an- The streets are shaded by Boards office, the secretary other, exceedingly important Deaut j fu | t rees said. "I'm so glad to get this aspect of the SBRSA sludge- back I just ordered new ones burning proposal InSection203 Q uest , on What can be done for new members, at $90 of the agreement the authority 1o |me jt , EACH!"ItoldherhowIalmost is given carte blanche to issue Ans wer Cut down the trees, had tossed it out and how glad bonds to finance any operation Q Ues t, on . where do all the I was now that I hadn't, especi- essential to consummation of brilliant students go after they ally when 1 realized the cost, its obligations to the par gra d ua t e from the Princeton ticipanLs, as described above. sc h 00 | s '' My point is this: if each By the same token, any and Answer Not into the munici- member of the community all other capital expenditures a| govcrnment were to think about something are prohibited. Retort: It DAVID W BLAIR he/she might do to save the doesn't say so Retort to retort : 1I08K | ngs(on Roa d town money (whether it's Don't be childish, if the par- returning library bookis) to ticipants intended to sanction save reordering, recycling tractor assembly, hog farming, Soviet Exchange Students glass and paper at the Prince blutwurst manufacture or. for Fniovpd vVarm Welcome ton Shopping Center, ensuring that matter, sludge-cake burn- ^"m^ Warm Welcome your burglar alarm works pro- ing for nonparticipants, they To the Editor of Town Topics : perly to avoid wasted police ef- would have said so, carefully Our 12 friends from the Sovi- forts.etc.i, we wouldn't be fac- and explicitly, in the agree- et Union have returned home ed with such increases in taxes ment and 10 Princeton Day School every year. No matter how The SBRSA proposal is un- students now are participating small you think your contribu- lawful Any participant who en- in the classes at School No. 84 lion might be, IT COUNTS! dorses it is acting illegally. If in Moscow. The US-USSR High Let's all work together to SBRSA persists, an injunction School Partnership Program make both Princetons places of is in order And perhaps, for brought our school many which we can be proud, which once, in a true, collaborative benefits and we were happy to do not have taxes which are spirit, the people of Mont- share them with the local corn- smaller versions of the national gomery Woods, Rocky Hill and munity. debt, Surely we can't be the on- Kingston would like to join the We are grateful to everyone ly residents who oppose higher action in Central New Jersey who ex- taxes. DWIGHT 0. NORTH tended gracious hospitality to PAMELA S. MOR1NE 80 Random Road the Soviet students during their 1025 Stuart Road month-long stay Members of the local governmental bodies, Burning of Sludge Cakes Solution to Taxi Mess < he media ' academic institu- i, ........ ..n. , „ tions, civic groups and individ- Is an Unlawful Activity Offered by r arm Boy ual cmzens a „ con t rJ buted to To the Editor of Town Topics: To the Editor of Town Topics: make this a memorable ex- The Stony Brook Regional I was shocked to read about perience for the students sewerage Authority in its scr- Princeton's "Taxi Mess" and vice agreements with its mem ""' "non-solution" reached Although time did not permit ber communities < 'pnrtici Maybea farm boy from Alber- our guests to accept all the in- pants'i, makes plain that its ta. Canada, can solve it like we vitations so warmly extended Bole purpose is to aecepl Into Its <Ud eight years ago Hut. it re to them, they nonetheless were "system" raw sewage I iiis'l m "' s l" lblK ' ollmals with greatly appreciated. participants then process and K " ls Without guts no plan will We hope that the community ttis|Kise (il il in accordance « ilh u " rk *JU k*»P l,lls historic exchange State regulations We mude each taxi driver be program in mind since it is an The SBRSA now proposes I" licensed. is an "A' license or a ongoing commitment between make a multi-million dollar "B" The "A" list was publish- the two nations The same capital investment which will ed In the newspaper and had to warm welcome to other enable it to accept and In agree to be at the Main Taxi students from Moscow School cinerate "sludge cake" in enor Slandat tin in on two 121 days No. 84 will be needed in the moiis amounts from nnnparti I"' 1 month The "B" Lisl were future. cipants all over the State Such a11 < ,lhl- r mainly part timers DUNCAN W ALLING, an operation is wholly ex "nd over 65 Headmaster, traneous to, and entirely Princeton Dav School nonessential for executing the To arrange for on early purposes of the agreement morning departure, the LARGE BAGS OF RED CEDAR m CUSTOM MADE INSULATED DOG HOUSES • Swing Doors • Removable Top '.'■-.',- '«.■'■■«. CHAIN LINK PORTABLE RUNS • Many Sizes In Slock Quality Dog Foods & Supplies KAUFFMAN PET LODGE Ri 130 Between Trenton & Highlsiown 448-3114 & 448-3967 barrassing in a town like Princeton, but. beyond that, it continues the disservice to women which most publica- tions now avoid. This is far from being an enlightened age. but it seems to me that most people of our community would find a photo- graph of a woman identified as a "chairman" to be in- congruous The changes are not difficult to make "Chair." as opposed to "chairman." is a simple substitution. I urge you to consider the long-overdue de-gendenzation of your paper EDWARD A FROST 50 Cherry Hill Road Editor's Note. TOWN TOPICS uses whichever designation the "chairs" themselves use in their press releases Push During Snowstorm Was Greatly Appreciated To the Editor of Town Topics: I am writing to express m\ thanks to the two helpful gentlemen who gave my car a push up Alexander Street dur ing the Monday morning snow- storm March 6 I hope they will see this let- ter and know their kindness was appreciated It's good to know there arc people out there willing to lend a hand when needed Here's to you! JEAN STRATTON 301 Snowden Lane De-Gendering Overdue Says Princeton Minister To the Editor of Town Topics : I note that your publication seems not to have caught up with the now common practice of de-gendenzing This, it seems to me. is somewhat em- THE BUCKS COUNTY! ONE DAY ANTIQUES SHOWS Lj AT THE EAGLE FIRE COMPANY Route 202 & Sugan Road, New Hope, PA Indoors 65 Quality DEALERS Sunday, March 19, 1989 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. U.S. Route 202 - 1 mile west of Delaware River Admission $3.50 ($3.00 with Ad) Early Buyers 7:00 a.m. - $20.00 'Davvi'M. & Titer J. Mancuso Antique Show Management <RJD. #S, •BokISS, 'Hew 'Hope, TA 18938 (21 S) 794-5009 Educational Counseling and Consulting Services a l^-^-L'r'L'L.lN James wickenden: former Dean of Admissions ASSOCiaLCS at PRINCETON UNIVERSITY • Assistance with Selection of Colleges • Advice on Interviews and Applications • Development of Summary Statements 33 Wall Street * Princeton, New Jersey 08540 » 609/683-1355 WAVERLY & de!%ar. FREE WAVERIV WALLPAPER Buy One Roll.... Get One Free •With minimum purchase $500 of any Waverly custom li treatment. with minimum purchase $500 of any Oelmar custom treatment A IS% handling charge will be added to wallpaper porUon SALE WAVERLY 1 Special purchase fabrics just arrived $tZ95 %mW per u per yard • Reupholstery Sale 30% OFF WAVERLY FABRIC • Slip Cover Sale •Drapery Sale iTREVTON HOME l^FABRKS_J deiPmar 63% OFF Verticals/Mini Blinds 58% OFF Pleated Shades MILL OUTLET SHOWROOM $3,000,000 Inventory Monday irtru Saturday 10 am-5 pm Wednesday and Th evenings till 9 pm Topics of the Town Continued 'rom Page 12 a.m. to 7 p.m. ; Friday, March 31, 11a.m. to 9 p.m.; andSatur- "\ day, April 1, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. On Friday, March 30, at 10 a.m., David Lindquist, owner of the Whitehall Shop, Chapel Hill. N.C., will give a talk on the basics of buying antique fur- niture in a lecture entitled "An- tique Furniture : What to Know Before You Buy." The guided tour of the exhibits will begin at 9:30 a.m. on Saturday, March 30. In addition, the public is in- vited to bring items for ap- praisal on Saturday, April 1, from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. (verbal identification only ) . The charge for each item appraised will be $5 ($2.50 for patrons). For more information, call Mrs. Anthony Tabell, 921-6965. Craft Show Set Saturday In Lawrence Township The 18th annual Craft Show sponsored by the Lawrence Arts Council, will be held on r Saturday from 10 to 4 at Rider College Student Center, Lawrence Township. More than 125 craftspersons from New Jersey and Penn- sylvania will exhibit shell crafts, garden ornaments, hand-painted clothing, basketry, blacks mi thing, hand- hammered silver jewelry, wooden clocks, bonsai, refinish- ed antique steamer trunks, quilting, hand-carved and painted birds, Victoriana, wooden toys, calligraphy, lawn sheep, porcelain dolls, dried flowers, and duck mailboxes. The painting of children's faces by Project Graduation in the vicinity of the lobby will re- place the children's craft rooms The money raised will benefit a substance-free party • sponsored by the parents following graduation. Admission is $2 and free for children under age 12, Lawrence Township senior citizens with identification, and members of the sponsoring group. For further information phone 882-2736 after business hours. Solar-Powered Vehicle At N.J. State Museum GM Sunraycer, the solar car SPRING BRINGS TRUE IRISH SHAMROCKS & GREEN CARNATIONS for ST. PATRICKS DAY! Blooming Azaleas • Daffodils • Hydrangeas • Tulips Calceolaria • Lilies • Mums and Mixed Bulb Gardens for PALM SUNDAY or EASTER 587-9150 265 Baker's Basin Rd. M-F 8-5 Sat & Sun 9-4:30 MAZUR'S NURSERY HANDWORK AVAILABLE: Debbie Ives, left, makes corn husk and raffia dolls. Jane Fetter, center, does weavings and baskets, and Ruth Hawthorne is known for her handpainted gifts. Their work will be among the crafts on display and for sale at the 18th annual craft show sponsored by the Lawrence Arts Council Saturday from 10 to 4 at Rider College Student Center. that won the 1,950-mile World Solar Challenge race in Australia, will be on display at the New Jersey State Museum, in Trenton, from April 22 to 30, as part of National Science and Technology Week. While the Sunraycer averages 41 miles per hour, it has enough balance and power to pass heavy trucks on windy days. In pre-race time trials, this solar-powered vehicle managed 82 miles per hour. It is 19.7 feet long, 6.6 feet wide, and 3.3 feet high Educational programs that celebrate the Sunraycer and solar technology during the Sunraycer exhibition week in- clude a children's solar work shop and special planetarium shows, as well as daily solar observation sessions (weather permitting.) Continuous solar observation sessions, from the museum's rooftop observatory, will be held on Saturday, April 22 through Sunday, April 30, from 1 to 3 p.m. In addition, Anthony Miskowski, assistant curator of Natural History, will lead 12 solar workshops over two weekends. Participants will create a miniature of the Lunar Rover, the vehicle that provid- ed transportation during the Apollo Moon landings — com- plete with solar battery. Workshops will be held on April 22 and 23 and April 29 and 30 Preregistration is required and a fee of $3 will cover mate- rial costs. For times and other information, call 292-6330. Continued on Pane 18 Functional and Decorative Crofts Unique Jewelry Are you tired of the malts, and of seeing mass-produced gifts? We have the answer: hand-crafted pieces! Our selection includes pottery, glass, wood, puppets — and more! We also have all kinds of jewelry Come and see our diverse selection of unusual items — you won't be disappointed! Montgomery Shopping Center Route 206 Rocky Hilt. New Jersey 08553 mSj (609) 924-3355 — ISM STORE HOURS |__J Mon. to Wed.. Fri 10-6 • Thurs. 10-8 • Sat 10-5 • Sun. 12-5 in MMMBCUP AND SAVEh Clean Care Chat By: Rodney F. Mortillaro VACUUM FREQUENCY It's true' Most homeowners aren't interested in carpet maintenance because their busy schedules leave little time to worry about those abrasive soils slowly accumulating — that is, until carpet replace- ment time arrives! Then, like new year's resolutions never kept, we vow to "do it differ- ently this time"' Bui what it the job could be accomplished with better results m less time?" Janitor- ial contractors must vacuum quantities of carpet nightly If we used their techniques, time spent vacuuming would be cut by half OK. one third! First, how olien'- 1 I'm tempted to suggest daily vacu uming, hoping that some will be accomplished every other day I'll be practical, however, rec- ognizing that your home's as active as ours, and you're lucky to get to the carpet twice a week without your teenager accusing you of "getting car ned away with this vacuuming thing!" Point is. you're belter off doing a thorough job bi weekly than a "halfway" job more Irequently Traffic lanes should be vacuumed twice and entry areas lour or five times Semi annually, you should con- sider hand vacuuming entry areas with a crevice tool It's amazing how this will improve the appearance of the carpet and greatly extend its life Here's How To save time , selec t a vacuum with a 30-foot eleclri cal cord and plug it into an outlet near the center of the area being vacuumed Begin near that outlet, constantly working away so (he cord never gets in front of your vacuum Develop a procedure, and you'll be surprised how effi ciently the job can be completed Finally, clip sprouting tufts as soon as they appear, parti cularly on loop pile carpet This avoids pulling out an entire row (similar to a run in your stockings) Raking or combing the nap of shags or Saxonys in traffic areas is essential to prevent the forma lion ol hard, matted rows of yarn (corn rowing) The average carpel con tains 79% gritty soil which, at least in theory, can be vacuumed out Let's concen trate on keeping the sand box in the back yard — not in the carpet where it cuts life expectancy in half c ubiw ALLSTATE Guaranteed safe on location, drapery, oriental rug, upholstery & carpet cleaning Certified • Bonded • Insured • Free Estimates Commercial • Residential CALL (609) 586-5833 (24 hr.l IHMMBia CLIP AND SAVElMUMMS xcmence (&*Qta/ @///ft/HV/(/a/e &c/y(h/ (jura //6b to /7J0 £\ furniture & accessories Interior Design Services Available 2152 Route 206, Belle Mead, YJ. • (201) 874-K3S3 • Mon-Sat 10-5:30; Thurs 'til 9 J Princeton Nursery School Plans Fund-Raising Concert By Exciting New Singing Group for Asbestos Removal Princeton Nursery School, which has been operating En the suae building at 78 Leigh Ave- nue for 60 years, has to raise ■ $40,000 for asbestos removal The good news is that this ! piece of bad luck — which all 1 schools are facing (see related article^ — has spurred the trustees to engage the fast rising male a capella singing group — Take 6 — for a concert . Saturday. May 13, in the Princeton University Chapel. Tickets will be $15 per seat, and interest in the concert is already high The Princeton Nursery School trustees were lucky enough to sign Take 6 before they were nominated for Gram- my awards and before it was announced in early February that they had won two of the awards — for jazz vocal per- formance, duo or group, for their song Spread Love and for soul gospel performance, duo, group, choir or chorus, for the song Take 6. The group has also been nominated for six "Dove" Awards from the Gospel Music Association. That award cere- mony will take place in April in Tennessee Take 6 performed i < unegie Hall in a major fundraising gala to benefit AIDS research It also sang the national anthem at the second game of the World Series last fall, and has performed with Stevie Wonder at Radio City Music Hal) and Madison Square Garden, among other recent engagements. Bathroom Acoustics, Take 6 was formed in 1980 by four freshmen at Oakwood College, a small Christian school in northern Alabama. According to the legend which Claude McKnight , the group's director ami .i leiiiii rnims i HHIm|',, In- was rehearsing with a male quartel in (he men's room al die college audltoi lum w hen Mark Kibble, who was nil known to the group, sieppedout hi oneol fiie stalls, added 8 iitiii voice to the harmon\, and was discovered 400 linear feet ol promptly asked to join the four- asbestos-containing material some in the performance that wrapped around pipes in the night Later a sixth member basement of the school Al- was added. though the asbestos was m an There have been some per- area which children would sonnel changes in the interven- never even visit and could be ing years, but in addition to Mr "encapsulated" or sealed off to Mcknight and Mr Kibble, who satisfy federal regulations, the is the musically self-taught board decided that the only chief music arranger and has a satisfactory solution would be degree in business admimstra removal As Mrs Sword points tion, Take 6 includes Alvin out, if a pipe were to burst at Chea. a classically trained some later date, there could be pianist who uses his deep reso- a major problem nant voice as a walking The school has contacted acoustic bass guitar to drive Princeton Testing Laboratory the rhythm; Mervyn Warren, to prepare the specs for a con- who holds a master's degree in tractor to remove the wrap- music theory and arranging pings and dispose of it. The from the University of Ala- Laboratory is charging $11,000 bama. Cedric Dent, currently to prepare these specs and to enrolled as a graduate fellow in oversee and monitor the actual a doctoral program in music removal process, which will theory at the University of have to be done while the school Maryland's College Park cam- is closed. They estimate it will pus. and David Thomas, who cost $30,000 for the actual holds a degree in chemical en- removal, or 41.000 total gineering. Grateful Alumnus. The Wide Appeal. Princeton school has raised $4,200 from Nursery School is hoping that six individuals, enough tocov- the broad appeal of this group er the cost of the concert. One will fill the Princeton Univer- of these donors is Joseph Riker, sity Chapel, which the Univer- a graduate of the school who sity has donated for the occa- now lives in Connecticut, sum Hut even selling all 1700 Grateful for what the school seats at $15 apiece won't quite meant to him as a child and to net the $40,000 that is needed his mother, who was head of Invitations are going out this the family, in allowing her to week lo solicit patron eontribu work, Mr Riker once told Uonsal $r»00 for Angels, $100 for Director Jean Bosley: "If you Saints and $50 for Believers ever need anything ffor the There will be a pre-concert re- school ], call me" She did, and ception for patrons at 6:30 at he sent $1,000. the Woodrow Wilson School din- Princeton Nursery School ing room. was founded in 1929, when Miss Martha Sullivan Sword, head Margaret Matthews, daughter of the board of trustees, is also of the Bishop of the Episcopal approaching foundations that Diocese of New Jersey Paul mighl have funds for "emer- Matthews and Mrs. Matthews gency" capital needs. As Mrs of Merwick, saw the need for a Sword puts it, for a school that place where mothers could i accustomed to maintaining have their children cared for only about $5,000 in a savings while they worked She called account for unexpected capital together a group of Princeton expenses, the sudden need to women who organized them- come up with (40.000 for selves into a board of asbestos removal constitutes managers. Her mother pur in emergency, chased the property at 78 Leigh Last summer, an inspector Avenue, and the building has from the Health Department continued on Next page • V> <£ March 16-20 «? qt 5% - 1 00% off entire stock + *£ Nothing held back ^ $ "Luck of the Irish" * $ ST. PATRICKS DAY SALE^ i Draw your lucky percent off 1 3 at the register at time of purchase fM HF^VAYi The Marketplace Rtes. 27 & 516 Princeton, NJ (201) 821-5768 Factory Stores Division ot TANNER COMPANIES INC. Sat 10-6 Thurs & Fn 10-9 Sunday 12-5 LTTTLE liDFiN Interior Decoration Fine Garden Furniture & Ornament Specialist Paint Finishes Stone and Marble Gilding and Glazing Open Tues. through Sat. 6Vi Chambers St., Princeton 924-5450 Jay's Cycles PRINCETON RALEIGH • SCHWINN TREK-UNIVEGA (609) 924-7233 749 Nassau Si Pnnce'on ACCESSORIES -PA°TS • REPAIRS • TOURING EOUIPMENT ■ CLOTHING EXERCISE BIKES Free Parking ISO BIKES ON DISPLAY PRINCETON MEADOWS SHOPPING CENTER SCHWINN • RALEIGH (609)275-0234 660 Plainsboro Rd Plainshnm Water Gardening SPECIALISTS Japanese Gardens 'Formal & Natural Elegant Landscapes Offering the finest QUALITY MATERIALS & EXPERT WORKMANSHIP Creating Gardens of Lasting Beauty An investment that increases in value every day as it grows. Waterfalls • Streams • Ponds Decks • Patios • Walks ( 609-924-5770 J A GARDENERS PARADIS ersoivs Landscape • Garden Center Nursery Established 1939 Open Daily 9-5; Sun. 11-5 3730 Lawrenceville Road (Rt. 206 between Lawrenceville & Princeton) Wanted... Homes for the Herend Menagerie. Collect .hem all . Rabbits. Cats, Ducks, Elephants and more. UVake Jewelers has the largest selection of Herend figurines ln the area. Rabbit $111 . Cat $111, Baby Goose $149 rafflr,^!, ""^." a H " end Rabbit for E * 9 '" • ■ • raffle hcke.s ava.lab.e at Palmer Square or Forrestal Village. Drawing to be held March 25, 1989. Princetons Most Prestigious Jewelers fS^!ft 54NASS *U STREET 609-924-0624 FORRESTAXV.LUGE .22 V.LUGE BLVD. 609-520-0755 © LV 1 989 Nursery School Connnued Irom Preceding Page been the home of the school ever since. A Miss Mclin of the Child school in New York came to Princeton as the first director Her associate was Miss Helen Watson. Originally, the school cared for babies six months printing of the invitations. Mrs Sword doesn't know what Take 6's regular fee is but she thinks the school is get- ting something of a discount be- cause it is the kind of cause that the group likes to sing for So save the date: Saturday, May 13 Tickets will be available, after they are printed, at the nursery school and at other locations around town. — Barbara l„ Johnson PRINCETON NURSERY SCHOOL DIRECTOR Jean Riley talks about the colors in a board game with a group of children in the upstairs classroom. Ms. Riley is proud of the fact that the school enrolls children of families of different cultures and backgrounds. fund raising and tuition tends to the trustees. It was payments by parents according Mrs. Sword's mother-in-law, to their ability Sally Sword, who persuaded her to join the board, and her Open 50 Weeks a Year sister-in-law. Mollv Sword and up as well as preschoolers. Princeton Nursery School is McDonough, is also on the Today, the youngest are some- open from 7:30 a.m. until 5:30 board. Most of the board is times about 2 1 2 but the official p.m. each weekday for 50 made up of families who have age is 3 to 5. weeks a year. There are 40 children at the school. children enrolled in two classes Evangeline (Eve) Miller _ younger ones on the first Structured, But Flexible. Ac- joined the staff in 1936 and was floor, pre-kindergarten on the cording to Ms. Rilev. the first director as well as teacher for second. Each class has a head part of the year is designed to many years. Miss Miller teacher, a group teacher and enhance the social and emo- retired in 1973 after 37 years of an assistant teacher tional adjustment of the service and now lives in upstate The staff also includes a children to each other and to New York, where she was orig- kitchen helper, because 'he school Later, preschool inally from. She was succeed- breakfast, lunch and an after- activities are introduced, but if ed by Jean Riley, who as Jean noon snack are provided each a teacher sees that the children Bosley had worked with Miss day, and a custodian. Parents are not in the mood that day, Miller for 18 years as a teacher, who live, work or attend school she will switch to something • In its early years, the school in the United Way area are eli- else, was supported by contributions g ,ble The school is governed by The teachers help each child from friends and profits from a board of trustees who meet on experience some success each the Ice Carnival. Deficits were the last Wednesday of every day, to develop a healthy at- made up by Bishop and Mrs. month. titude toward mistakes and to Matthews. Later. Mrs. Mat- gradually assume responsi- thews deeded the property to Ms. Riley says there is a bilities in the care of their the school. In 1938. the Prince- special "family" atmosphere materials. To visit the school is ton Community Chest, as the to the school. She herself at- to see a happy, busy place in United Way was then known, tended the school as a six- which there is an underlying sense of order amid the bustle of activity. The positive atmosphere also leads one to believe that the school will manage to raise the necessary $40,000 and ac- complish the asbestos removal. According to Mrs. Sword, the response from the community to the Take 6 concert and the school's plight has been very positive. Princeton Theologic- al Seminary has agreed to pro- vide housing for the six vocalists, and a Trenton print- ing company is donating the 771-3666 Qrand finak Bridal & Boutique 2785 U.S. Rt. 1 l.awrcnccvillc, NJ. The Educated^: ioy lnft 6 ( ;- 1 Price Break Figure 8 Train Set* $39.95 Come in and see our new low prices on the ENTIRE line of Brio Railway Mon., Tues.. Wed. S FM. 9:30-6: Thun 9:30-6: Sat. 9:30-5 Pennington Shopping Center. Pennington. NJ • (609) 737-1440 was started, and the nursery month-old baby, volunteered to school became a member agen- help as a teenager, and after at- cy. Today the school receives tending Trenton State College. $57,000 of its $203,000 annual returned as a teacher. Her operating budget from the three children have all gone to United Way, and the remainder Princeton Nursery School, and from New Jersey Division of so have her grandchildren. Education Foundation training Youth and Family Services, The family atmosphere ex- ■ashion Finds 1 *& OVER 10,000 NAME BRAND FASHIONS TO CHOOSE FROM *NoveltyTeeshirts by Joseph Lebon selling elsewhere for $ 36 Pants by Gloria Vanderbilt Gitano selling elsewhere for-30. ■ AQQ EACH Store Hours M,T,W,S10-6 Th,F1f>9 Sun. 12-5 *10 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 4 *N0 SECONDS *N0 IRREGULARS* 'ALWAYS CURRENT FASHIONS* m The Marketplace + Frost King ffMH I POLYETHYLENE -r ^^ m Ml Bl 3.99 3.99" POLYETHYLENE I '^ SHEETING ( /CARBIDE k SAW BLADE SILICONE II i WINDOW AND DOOR SEALANT 4.44 PRINCETON HARDWARE Princeton Shopping Center 92 o dress for every occasion Shepard the look of affluence mode offordoble by discounting 195 nassau it 45 east afton ave Princeton, nj yardley. pa 609-921 0582 215-493-1732 hours: 10-530 dally hours: m-f 10-5:30 10-8:00 thurs 10-5:00 sat. 10-5 sot. master card visa Topics of the Town Planning for the Future Is Topic of Public Forum "Planning for the Year 2010 - What Do the People Want New Jersey to Be" will be the question addressed at a public meeting sponsored by the Princeton Area League of Women Voters on Wednesday. March 22. at 7:45 p.m in Bowl 6 of the Woodrow Wilson School Diane Brake, assistant direc- tor of the Middlesex Somerset Mercer Regional Council, will outline the progress of the pre- liminary draft of the State De vetopment and Redevelopment ; Plan, and municipal represen- tatives to the County Cross Ac- , ceptance meetings will explore some of the questions that may arise during the cross accep- i tance negotiations. Cross acceptance, an in- novative procedure at the heart of the State Development Plan, is designed to achieve com- patibility between local, coun- ty and State plans. These plans must first be compared, then discrepancies negotiated and resolved to fit into the structure of the State plan This is meant to be a cooperative process, and counties, municipalities and the public must play an ac- tive part in shaping it Using Time* Creatively Topic of Day for Seniors "The Greening of the Gray: Act VIII," the eighth annual event for and aboul seniors, will be held from 9 a.m. to 1:30 p.m on Thursday. March 28, in the Kelsey The.iler tin Mercer County Community college's West Windsor campus The fee of $2 per person includes a bevei age and a dessert, The theme of llns year's even! Is "Retiring Is Reflring: Creative use oJ the Senior Years " Presentations will be given by the Mercer < 'niirily brani h Ol The Mental Health Players, prize winning Marge ( 'li;i\ ooshian, Sid Unwl;iinl from Delaware Valley I'oels, National Board of Klderhostel member Sylvia Weiss, and Greenwood House volunteer Mildred Temkin The event is sponsored by Mi < i \ Division ol Continuing Education. For more informa- tion, or to register, call 586-9446. PUSHING SELF-ESTEEM: Jeff Thaxton, a national- ly known drug and alcohol educator from Bensalem, Pa., spoke at an assembly at Chapin School recent- ly. Urging the children to feel good about themselves and be all they are capable of, he gave out t-shirts inscribed with his "I Am a 10" theme. Gabrielle Heyman of grade 4 accepts her shirt from Mr. Thaxton. Sunday Walking Tours Of Historic Princeton The Historical Society will continue its Sunday walking tours through historic Prince ton for visitors, newcomers and residents. Led by an experienced guide from the Society's volunteer staff, the walking tour ac- quaints the participant with the events and buildings that shaped the Princeton of today and includes historic sites on Nassau, Mercer, Edgehill and Stockton streets The tours begin at 2 at Bain- bridge House, 158 Nassau Street, and last approximately two hours. The cost is $3 per person and the proceeds sup- port the educational programs of the Historical Society. Reser- vations are not required. Please note that all tours are given weather permitting and a tour will not be offered on Easter Sunday Anyone interested in develop- ing their knowledge of Prince ton history by becoming a vol- unteer tour leader is encourag- ed to contact Emily Wallace at iln Society For information on all of the Historical Society's programs, call 921-6748. Swim Club Memberships Available through YWCA Swim and tennis member- ships U) Stony Brook facilities in Hopewell Township are available as part of the Prince- ton YWCA's expanded ac- h\ iii«:. lor the summer. The siony Brook facilities In dude three pools, tennis courts, poolhouse, playground, picnic area, and snack bar. The seven acre wooded site is located oil County Koute (154 (formerly 518 Spur) on Stony Brook Koad outside of Hope- well, about 16 minutes from Princeton. current YWCA membership, which is $20 for adults, $10 for children, and $40 for families Swim instruction, water ex- ercise, lap swims and other aquatic programs will be avail- able to Stony Brook members and nonmembers at a separate fee. Birthday parties will also be offered. For more information, call the YWCA at 497-2100, or visit the office on Paul Robeson Place ■no on Neirt Page LOSE WEIGHT Finally keep it off for The New Year Lose 17-22 lbs. in 6 weeks Kathy has lost 70 lbs. through an excellent diet and exercise program. By working with Princeton Weight Loss, and the help of Princeton Fitness Center, she is thrilled with the way she feels! Through our effective maintenance program, this is the last diet she will ever need., Call Joyce Hofmann for a free consultation Princeton Weight Loss Center 601 Ewing St.. Suite C-l Princeton Professional Park Princeton 683-0022 WHERE SERVICE IS- NEVER A HASSLE YOURi Jeep | Eagle O center EASY TO FIND. ..AND WELL WORTH IT! FORD & JKEP EAGLE announce 4.9% APR financing or up to '1000 REBATE LAST DAY FOR REBATES on Selected Models BRAND NEW Membership privileges fea- ture swimming and tennis, be- ginning Memorial Day and end- ing Labor Day. Daily hours Monday through Saturday are from B ic It and on Sunday from 11 to 8. The rate for single membership is $200, with fami ly membership set at $275 for two, $350 lor three, and $425 (or lour or more family members Participants must also have POCOCOOCOCOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOCOOC'^- Pottery Wood Glass Jewelry Scarves PLUS $500 CASH BACK 1989 FORD ESCORT 2-DR. PONY Wilh Std 1 9 Liter 4 Cyl . Power Brakes, Halogen Headlamps. Bucket Seats, Sleel Belled Radials Bumper Hub Slnpes Or> lions Aulo Trans . Rear Delrosler, AM/FM Slereo VIN 109409, Pro Pack $595. MSRP $8140 Total Retail Value $8735 YOU PAY $7788 OR $117.36 Per Mo . BRAND NEW ^J $500 CASH BACK! Easter, Birthdays, Housewarmings, Weddings, Anniversaries, Bar-Mitzvahs CHOSEN WORKS v 924-7177 | 61 Main St. | | Kingston 2 <^><^>^ Open Mon.-Fri. 10-5:30 1989 EAGLE PREMIER LX With All This Standard Equipment 4-Dr , AT. PS PB RWD tit /Wipers, BSM, D,g Clock, Visor Mirror. Plus Op. 3 out « V6 AM/FM Stereo Cass, AC. TW, Cruise. PDL P/Tru k Keyless Entry, Stock No 6095. VIN 2,3312, MSRP $15 930 Pro Pack $595. Total Retail Value $16,525. YOU PAY $13,988 OR S254.QS Per Mo BRAND NEW PLUS $500 CASH BACK 1989 FORD TAURUS L With All This Standard Equipment: PS, PB. Auto,. T/Glass. BSM. S/B Radials. Deluxe Wheel Covers. FWD. Plus Opt 6 Cyl.. Air, R/Def . AM/FM Stereo Cass , MSRP $13,970. Pro Pack $595, VIN 107112 Total Retail Value $14,565. YOU PAY $12,488 OR $221 .66 Per Mo. BRAND NEW 1989 JEEP CHEROKEE 4x4 With Std Equip,: 6 Cyl., PS. PB. R/Wiper-Washer, Opt.: AC. AT. RWD, Root Rack, AM/FM. Conv, Spare. Alum Wheels. Tire Carrier, Int. Wiper. TG, Pro Pack $595 VIN 431408, MSRP $20,090. 1 in Stock, YOU PAY $17,988 OR $343.73 Per Mo. ■?-c Payments Based On 60 Month Financing Al APR «2500 Down Cash Or Trade Total Cost = Payments x 60 Months + »2500 OPEN LATE EVERY NITE! L^OOOCOC^SOO^OCOCOC<>>=^C^C^>C>CX>^OC<> »WK>i RT13 0HIGHTSTOWN448^ain QC ^^rTTTmmnmm mm n_ *^ w\J ouAim out k*o DM Of rw VHTFfW Topics of the Town Continued liom Page 19 Peace Essay Contest Set For High School Students The Nassau Presbyterian Church Committee for Peace- making in Families, in the community and among nations together with the Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament, is spon- soring a peace essay contest for 9th- through 12th-grade students. Young people who wish to participate should submit a short story, an essay, or a one- act play based on a quotation provided to the contestant. The entries will be judged on originality, though tfuJness, and clarity of expression. First prize will be $300, second prize $150, third prize $100, and honorable mentions $50. For further information, call 921-3639 in the evenings. Deadline for submission is April 15. Child Care Will Be Topic Of West Windsor Forum The Greater Princeton sec- tion of the National Council of I Jewish Women and the West Windsor PlainsboroCommuni- | ty Education Extended-Day Advisory Council will present a forum on ' 'Child Care and You : Today and Tomorrow," oi ' Wednesday, March 22, from 7 to 10 p.m. at the West Windsor- Plainsboro High School. Guest speakers for the eve- ning will be Isabel Paret, clinical associate professor of I psychiatry at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and j Aletha Wright, administrator. Office of Child Care Develop- ment of the New Jersey Divi- sion of Youth and Family Ser- vices. They will speak on the I psychological considerations ot child care for the parent and child, the types of child care available, making appropriate selections for all ages, resource information to help guide choices, and evaluating child | care situations. The moderator will be Fran | Orenstein. program develop- ment specialist of the New Jer- sey Division on Women. i An "Information Fair" will I be held from 7 to 8 p.m., and I again from 9:30 to 10. The I speakers are scheduled for 8 to | 9:30, with a question-and- answer period and refresh- ments to follow. Representatives of child care | providers, referral agencies, and organizations dealing with I parental and children's issues | will be at the Information Fair. For further information call Selma Goore at 452-2185 days, or Elaine Koss at 275-0282 even- ings. Harp Demonstration Setl For Children at Library! The Public Library has plan- 1 ned a series of programs fori children of all ages during the| spring vacation. On Tuesday. March 28, there I will be stories for toddlers at 11 1 a.m. and for preschoolers at 2 1 p.m. On Wednesday, March 29,1 Allison Simpson will play a va- [ riety of musical selections onl her golden concert harp, and I children will be able to see the I big harp up close. Made of I wood, and covered with gold I leaf, it weighs nearly 85 pounds. [ It stands more than five feetl tall and has 47 strings, sevenl pedals, and 2,000 moving parts J There is an 11 a.m. perform- ance for preschoolers and one J at 2 p.m for school-age children. Free tickets may beJ obtained at the children's desk 1 or by telephoning the library at 924-9529 On Thursday, March 30, there will be films for preschool-age children. Tom Thumb ( 14 minutes, color) and Dr. De Soto (10 minutes, col- or) will be shown at 3:30 p.m. No tickets are required. Opportunities to Observe Woodcock Mating Flight The Washington Crossing Audubon Society invites in- terested members of the public to a woodcock walk to observe male woodcocks in their sky- diving courtship flight. The program will be held at the Stony Brook-Millstone Wa- tershed Association headquar- ters on Titus Mill Road, Hope- well Township, at 6:30 p.m. on Wednesday, March 15, and again on Thursday, March 16, and Tuesday, March 21. There is no fee, but interested persons are asked to register beforehand. To register or for more infor- mation, call the Watershed As- sociation at 737-7592. Continued on Neil Page □□The □Tile Shop ceramic tile distributors Moo., Tues., Thurs.. Fri W-5 Wed TO-e. Sat. 9-3 1710 Kuser Rd «09.5«5-5«oo Hamilton Twp Sectional $2399. on Sale — Reg. $3490. Custom upholstered sectional by Henredon — one of America's foremost custom upholstery companies. Eight-way, hand-tied coil seat/back construction, hardwood frame and meticulously upholstered. Order in large selection of fabrics. Ask us about our complete Interior Design Service FINE FURNITURE • INTERIOR DESIGN 162 Nassau Street • Princeton, N.J. • (609) 924-2561 Monday-Friday 9-5:30; Thursday 'til 8; Saturday 'til 5; Sunday 12-4 Topics of the Town Photonics Technology Topic of Public Lecture Herwig Kogelmk. director s Photonics Research Laboratory in Holmdel, will lecture Tuesday at 8 on "The Photonics Revolution in Tele- communications." Dr Kogelmk has done exten- sive research on optics, elec- tronics and communication, in- cluding work on lasers, holography, optical guided- wave devices, and integrated optics He was elected to the National Academy of Engi- neering in 1978, and is the cur- rent president of the Optical Society of America Me has tak- en part in many international conferences on optics, laser ap- plications, and quantum elec- tronics In addition. Dr Kogelnikhas served as chairman of the Mon- . . , uiiiMi ri in. -\ 11111111111^1 i/aa\.\i uii mouth Arts Foundation, and as scmjconduclor , asp ; s and |ow . a trustee of the New Wk Herwig Kogelnlfc Dr. Kogelnik's talk, which is pari of the I niversftj s ongoing public lecture series on revolu- tions, will focus an the new photonics technology based on Museum of Holography fane nil < REAM OF COUNTRY REPRODt ' nONS loss optical fibers This new technology has caused a revolution in the transmission of voice, data, and video infor- mation from continent to con- tinent, from city to city, and in local links The Public Lecture Commit- tee works to bring lecturers from the academic community whose work and lecture style are likely to appeal to a broad audience The public is invited to attend (he lecture, which will be in Dodds Auditorium of the Woodrow Wilson School Organizations Benefit From Longbeard Contest The Alchemist & Barrister restaurant will celebrate its ninth year as sponsor of Prince- ton's St. Patrick's Day Longbeard Contest The contest raises money for chanty, and this year will mark more than $:m,<nm In charitable donations Recipients this year will be the Princeton PBA, Vol- unteer Fire Departments and Rescue Squad Each year donations from contestants and supporters are matched by the Alchemist & Barrister Prizes and awards donated by are merchants are presented to the longbeard con- testants for the longest beard, shortest beard, grayest beard, most enthusiastic and most courageous. Those who could not grow a beard for some reason are still encouraged to make a contribu- tion to the cause. Program on Turtles Set; Geared to Different Ages The Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association will ac- quaint children with turtles in three programs Tuesday and Wednesday. March 21 and 22, geared for different age groups. Children age 3 to 5 are invited to attend the March 21 program at 10 a.m. or 1 p.m., while children age 6 to 10 may attend the March 22 program after school at 4 p.m . The programs will be held at the Buttinger ('enter next to the Watershed headquarters on Titus Mill Road, Hopewell Township. Participants will learn about different types of turtles and how a turtle lives. They will also visit with some live turtles Pre-registration is required, and there is a fee. To register or for more information call the Watershed Association at 737- 7592. Fitness Program Grows At Princeton's YMCA The YMCA has expanded its fitness program, adding new classes. A "You and New Baby" ex- ercise class will be held on Saturday mornings from 9 to "Your Complete Source" Full line of tabulating labels Extensive line of ribbons for printers & typewriters Diskettes: 3 1/2" & 5 1/4", double sided & high density Accessories Office Supplies & Equipment Gladly Delivered HINKSON'S OFFICE DEPARTMENT STORE 82 Nassau Street Princeton (between the Banks) 609-924-3612 FAX 609-924-0112 10 Mothers are invited to bring their infants along. On Sun- days, a pulse class of moderate intensity will be offered from 2 to 3 For more information, call 497-YMCA MCMf!*- FINE FURS FASHION & ACCESSORIES Lawrence Shopping Center — Open Mon thru Sat Self-Defense, Health and Fitness Ject Kunc Do Concepts - Wing Chun Kung Fu - Tai Chi Chuan • Private and Group Classes • Corporate and Executive Programs • Men • Women • Children • Nautilus • Universal • Free Weights • Aerobics by Body Center • Massage • Complete Locker & Shower Facilities Princeton Academy of Martial Arts 14 Farber Road, Princeton Join Us For- Lu nch Hour Clas ses 452-2208 Rlc* Tuccl. Director }6 years experience. Certified full Instructor under PFS. Long Beach, Coll/ornln ~^rU^i Princeton Shopping Center DIRECTORY ^/] of Wedding Services C - J """ ' 1. Titles Unlimited 2. Center Stationers 2. Jordan's Card & Gift Minute Press Perfect Fit U.S. Post Office Omni Travel Bon Appetit Epstein's Department Store 8. The Greener House 9. Claridge Wines & Liquors 1 0. Chemical Bank 10. First Jersey Savings 1 1 . Princeton Bakery 1 2. Honey Bee 13. Ute Fey Hairstyling 14. University Cleaners Just a Few of Our 55 Fine Stores, Restaurants & Services North Harrison Street Princeton, New Jersey PRINCETON BUSINESS Shopping Center Adds New Stores to Its Roster The Princeton Shopping Cen- ter has added two new stores. West Coast Video, a Philadelphia-based franchise store, opened in December. The store stocks and rents a selection of children's clas- sics, comedy, drama, foreign and adult videos. Each rental transaction is accompanied by a free bag of freshly popped popcorn, and there are other snacks and bottled soda avail- able for purchase. Country Kids has moved to the Princeton Shopping Center from Main Street, Kingston. The shop sells toys, accessories and apparel. Some of the Euro- pean and American clothing lines it carries include Absor- ba. Baby Cary, Florence Eiseman, Guess and Sarah Kent. Country Kids has added bridal and communion lines to its stock, such as Pegeen and Paperwhite. Orchard Receives Award For Its Apple Promotion Terhune Orchards has been selected by the International Apple Institute for its National Apple Month Award. The award was given in recognition of the annual Apple Day festival which Terhune Orchards has held in October every year since 1975. In 1988 some 15,000 people visited the farm during the two-day event, which features country music, crafts, food, farm activities for youth and adults, and apple- picking Personnel Notes Jean Habig, of Pennington, a member of Weichert's Hope- well/Pennington office, was honored for having the most resale revenue units during the month of December. She has ten years' experience in listing and selling real estate, and came to Weichert in 1987 Debbie Lang, of Weichert's Princeton office, has been nam- ed to Weichert's President's Club, a group comprised of the firm's top sales associates. Jeffrey T. Dayton William J. Goddard Eight professional staff members of CUH2A, the Princeton-based architectural, engineering and planning firm, have been promoted to associ- ates of the firm. The new associates are Jef- frey T. Dayton of Lawrence- ville, Charles C. English of Princeton; William J. Goddard of Belle Mead, Charles A. Johnsrud, Brian Kowalchuk, Richard A. Pass, Joseph H. Shoemaker and Joseph Solomon. Mary Ann Fox, head of library services at The Hun School, has been appointed in- dependent school association representative to the Educa- tional Media Association of New Jersey for the 1988-89 school year. Charlene DiMattia has been appointed community banking officer and assistant manager of National State's Pennington Office. Kimberly L. Simmons, man- ager of the Curry Corner dog grooming shop in Princeton, was named "Salesman of the Month,*' for the third con- secutive month. Debbie Lang Kimberly L. Simmons Michael Landau Associates, Architects, has promoted David Cohen to staff architect. Mr. Cohen is a graduate of Har- vard University and has a mas- ter's of architecture degree from the University of Virginia. Architect Vincent A. Piacente has established Inside Architecture, PC, a firm specializing in interior ar- chitecture and space planning. Charles C. English Mr. Piacente will serve as president of the North Harrison Street firm. R. A. Weidel Corporation honored 16 sales associates from the Lawrenceville office for each obtaining more than $1 million in closed transactions Each received the Millionaire Club Award. Recipients were Bea Lav in thai, Vince Angeline, Carol Treihart, Mary Lou McCabe, Ed Folmer, Judy Brickman Lorraine McCormick, Mike Curcio, Nick DeLucia, Cinda Edwards, Donna Galetti, Joan Mooney, Maryann Nawaryn- ski, Dolly Rogers, Ed Sandford and Marlene Bronsard. Yolan Arlett of Princeton, a member of Weichert's Prince- ton Junction office, has qualified for the third time for membership in the New Jersey Million Dollar Club. Three appointments have been announced at FMC Cor- poration: John F. Engel was named manager, process re- search and development; Stanley A. Heimburger was ap- pointed manager, marketing and pulp technology ; and Jane A. Grenblatt was promoted to manager, biological research. URKEN Winter Clearance Heaters Fireplace Equipment Snow Tools and Gloves Ultrasonic Humidifiers SAVE 25% Take 25% off our already low prices on winter items. We need to make room for Spring. So hurry down. Supplies are limited. URKEN ESTABLISHED 1937 27 Witherspoon Street ■ Princeton, NJ 08540 ■ (609) 924-3076 URKEN. BECAUSE TODAY'S HARDWARE STORE IS MORE THAN JUST NUTS & BOLTS. S pring Garden Fair Come to our annual Spring Garden Fair on March 18th and 19th from 10AM to 4PM. Thisevent is dedicated totally to gardening. We will answer questions, help plan gardens and offer videos for rent Call for complete availability list of bedding plants or come in and pick one up at the fair. We learned a long time ago that consumer education is essential in our business, so stop by and let us help you become a successful gardener. Bedding Plants » Perennials * Cut flowers « foliage Plants Grower's Greenhouses Six Greenhouses on a Rural Bucks County Farm Since 1960 325 Phillips Mill Rd. Off Rt. 32 PI new Hope PA Open 8.30 lo 5 Tut* Sun 215 862 5343 a William Scheide of Library ^ Place was given a Governor's < Award for Philanthropic Sup- § port of the Arts at the 1989 ^ Governor's Arts Awards pre- g sented by Gov Thomas H $ Kean at Johnson & Johnson in ■ New Brunswick last week. The ^ awards are sponsored by the . New Jersey State Council on § the Arts /Department of State £ Mr Scheide was unable to at- o tend the ceremony because of 2 another commitment, and the a award was accepted by Mrs. « Scheide. Mr Scheide is a Bach y scholar and founder of the Bach O Aria Group He is also a book *~ collector, specializing in early | Bibles and early examples of O printing. He was honored for *~ his patronage of the arts, which is extensive but very quiet. Stephen O'Connor my and a 1977 graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Carol Haag. 73 Ridgeview Circle, was one of three volun- teers with the Delaware- Raritan Girl Scout Council to Stephen O'Connor, of Prince- ton, has been named vice presi- dent of Matrix Development Group of Cranbury He was for- merly with the Weingarten- Siegal Group and Realty Engi- neering. Mr. O'Connor holds a master's degree in landscape receive recogmt.on by the architecture from Harvard. Trenton Board of Educat.on for Matr.x is an investment outstanding service to the bu.lder/developer of office, re s,U(J,n,s of *■ Tr( ' n,on P ub,,c search, and light industrial fa- i llities, as well Bfl lei sure /hospitality and pa IdentiaJ properties Ciintiuamler llohrrt II. Cook Jr., son of Mrs James J Hart, 2 Hamilton Avenue, ;ind KnU-rl B. Cook of Los Altos, Call! . assumed command of the nu- clear attack submarine, "Sea Devil" during a ceremony at the Charleston, 8 C, Naval Base schools. Gary W. Christensen. 2 Springwood Drive. Princeton Junction, has been named to the Dean's List for the fall se mester at the University of Scranton, Scranton, Pa. Jamie Xahner of 25 Hamilton Avenue is a senior defensem;in on the lacrosse team at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio He is one of 1 1 seniors returning from He graduated from Princeton | ;is , year's 6-6 sauad High School and is a iu72 grad- uate of the II S Naval Acute \ Harrison "Pete" Buck has been named to the newly created post of director of plan- ned giving at Princeton Day School The major responsibili- ty of the job will be to plan a be- quest and deferred giving pro- gram for alumni and friends of the independent co-educational school Son of Mr. and Mrs Alex- ander Buck of Province Line Road. Mr Buck was graduat- ed from PDS in 1977 and from Hobart College in Geneva, NY, in 1981 Until recently he worked as an institutional salesman of U.S. Government and federal agency securities for Dillon, Read & Co. in New York City. Before that he was associated with Carrol, McEntee & McGinley, bond traders in Bos- ton Michael Jennings of Loo mis court, associate professor of Germanic languages and literatures at Princeton Uni- versity, has been named the first Old Dominion Senior Fellow of the Humanities Coun- cil for the academic year 1989- 90. Under this new program sen- ior members of the Princeton faculty are designated fellows for one-year periods during which they devote half of their time to programs and courses within the Council of the Humanities. Prof Jennings will devote his time as Fellow to the Program in European Cultural Studies, an undergraduate interdis- ciplinary program led by historian Robert Darnton, in which he has already taught two eourses. The new program of Old Dominion Fellows com- plements an existing program of Mellon Chairs in the Humanities Council, in which faculty members spend five years creating and teaching new courses in the humanities. PERFECT PEDICURES STEP BY STEP Peppi's has added to his salon a new pedicure station with invigorating foot bath. Treat yourself to this relaxing beauty treatment. Special $5.00 off Reg. $25.00 iPiEiPiPirs HAIR DESIGN 133 Wa. Ington Street Rocky H I, N.J. 08553 609 124-1200 609- J24-0600 FREE TAX RETURN!* Get your 1988 Federal 1040 prepared by NOVA. At our regular LOW PRICES by March 31, 1989; and well do vour 1988 NJ 1040 FREE! and we'll do your •up to '35 Value - with coupon NOVA BUSINESS SERVICES, INC. 604 Village Road, W., West Windsor ; _NJ^_^_ 799-NOVA Tiffany & Co. Classic sterling silver flatware from Tiffany From our collection of Tiffany flatware, the "Chrysanthemum." "Audubon," "Shell & Thread,' and "Hampton" patterns. HAMILTON IEWELERS SINCE 1012 Princeton, N.J., «2 Natuu Street, 609-O83-4200 Lawrenteville. N.J., Alt, Rte 1 & Texas Ave , 00^-7-1-^100 Princeton University Public Lectures 1988/89 Series: R eV0 lutiOnS Joseph Henry Lecture Series Herwig Kogelnik Director of the Photonics Lab Bell Laboratories The Photonics Revolution in Telecommunications Tuesday, March 21, 1989 8:00 p.m. Dodds Auditorium of the Woodrow Wilson School Sponsored by the Princeton University Public Lecture Commit Open to the Public Free of Charge For further information: 683-5178 People Continued I'om Preceding Page Gerald P. Seid, 148 Poe Road, has been appointed to the ad- visory board of Broad National Bank- He is a partner in the law firm of Saiber Schlcsinger Satz & Goldstein, Newark. Mr. Seid is a member of the Supreme Courts District Ethics Committee and of the New Jersey Bar Association Law Office and Administration and Economics Committee. Mm \ Ann Fox, librarian of The Hun School and a resident of East Brunswick, was one of the participants in a three-day statewide library planning con- ference held in February. The conference, entitled "Charting the Future: A Roadmap for New Jersey Libraries." was sponsored by the New Jersey State Library. Paige E. Aaron, 1 Newell Place, Hopewell, a psychiatric social worker, is rejoining the staff of Community Guidance Center of Mercer County, where she will divide her time between the mental health agency's Whitney Center at 253 Nassau Street and Plamsboro Center, 500 Plainsboro Road Ms. Aaron was previously with Community Guidance for ten years after receiving her master of social work degree from Adelphi University in 1977. She did post-graduate training at the Ackerman In- stitute for Family Therapy in New York. A former teacher at Prince- ton Day School, she is affiliated with the National Association of Social Workers, the American Orthopsychiatrie Association, and the Association for Human- istic Psychology. Patricia A, Taylor's book, Easy Care Perennials, was published this month by Fire- side/Simon & Schuster in both hardcover and paperback The book describes a selection of plants that Mrs. Taylor grows » in her Southern Way gardens. \# t Q^^ ^^B la selection that provides flowers from late February through late November. The perennials are grown without the use of fertilizers or insec- ticides; many are little-known. Publishers Weekly describes Easy Care Perennials as "witty and sensible," a book that is "infused with a down-to- earth quality encouraging us to experiment and learn by do- ing." The book is a selection of two Rodale Press Book Clubs and the Better Homes and Gardens Book Club. Mrs. Taylor's articles on gardens and gardening have Countrys.de Drive, and I Oleg \ d in f he New B Vork Simanovsky, 10 Colebrook T *^ The chnst , an ScienC e Court, received degrees at win- Momtor Famil Cjrc ] e , ter commencement exercises WomaiVs Day , American Hor- at the Un.versityof Delaware. ticulturisti Horticulture and New Jersey Monthly. Benjamin R. Danson. son of Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence N. Danson, 158 Cedar Lane, and Nassau Liquors Liquors * Wine* * Beer 36 Nassau St. Princeton 924-0031 IMPRESSIONS OF PRINCETON H«SMov*4 Specs Unlimited 195 Nassau St. • 921-1541^ I Gerald P. Seid Tania C. Hlinka. 36 East , Three area residents have hter nf be™ named to the dean's list at I TvJ*^ 5 ° Lehigh University for the fall Mr. and Mrs. Yuji Sasaki, 58 Longview Drive, have attained dean's list status, the second highest recognition for aca- demic achievement, for the fall term at Middlebury College- Christopher Hooker-Haring, formerly of Princeton, has been named director of admissions Patricia A. Taylor ment for the Humanities and is on a visiting appointment to the Institute for Advanced Study. Prof. Fleming's principal avocation is the private press he founded, using an antique- style letter press he built in his home. GARAGE SALES aren'l the only bargains to be Jound in TOWN TOPICS semester They are, Ralph J. Eppler. 72 Arreton Road ; David S. Bovenizer, 14 Meadow Lane, Pennington; and Deborah M. Goodman, 7 Roseberry Court, Lawrenceville. John V. Fleming will become Mark Swartzburg, son of Dr. and Mrs. Marshall Swartzburg, 38 Evergreen Circle, has re- ceived the dean's award for ac- ademic excellence during the fall term at Colgate University An 18-person American Jew- ish Committee <.AJC> delega- tion, which met in Cairo with Egyptian President Hosni Mu- barak, included two Princeton residents: Ira Silverman, 18 Winant Road, AJC executive vice president, and Ruth Pellet- tieri, 243 Mercer Road, a sen- ior partner in the Princeton law firm of Pellettieri, Rabstein and Altman. The delegation was told by the Egyptian president that he reamins committed to peace with Israel and wants to play a key role in bringing about an Israeli-Palestinian settlement. of admissions since 1987. Gerald W. Lena/ Jr., 75 Woods Way. and Hsu Gin Chen, 9 Deer Haven Drive, Belle Mead, have been named to the Dean's List for the fall semes- ter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. at Muhlenberg College. He has master of WiIson College at been senior associate director Pnnceton University on July 1. Prof. Fleming, a specialist in medieval literature and culture, is the Louis W, Fair- child '24 Professor of English and a professor of comparative literature. He served as master at Wilson, the first of Prince- ton's residential colleges, from 1969 to 1972. He will replace Professor of Near Eastern Studies Norman Itzkowitz, who Susanne J. Salkind, daughter nas served as master at Wilson of Alvin and Marion Salkind, 51 since 1975 - Adams Drive, has been named — to the dean's list at Bates Col- prof F 'eming's principal lege, Lewiston, Me scholarly interest is the rela- ! tionship between Christian life and thought and European Bernard H Tenenbaum. of literature from Augustine to Princeton director of the Erasmus His books pursue dif- George Rothman Institute for f ere nt aspects of this interest, Entrepreneurial Studies at as do h j s numerous scholarly Fairleigh Dickinson Univer- articles on medieval English, sity,wilbeajudgefortheAr- Frenc h and Latin literature, thur Young/Inc. magazine theology, medieval manu- New Jersey Entrepreneur of scripts and the visual arts of the Year awards. He joins the Middle Ages. Morton Collins also of Prince- H is Classical Imitation in ton, founder of Data Science Chaucer's "Trollus" is in »* ^f l press, and he is writing a study Mr Tenenbaum has been of tne religious mentality of named to Who's Who in the Christopher Columbus. This East and Who's Who Among year he holds a senior fellow- Emerging Young Leaders in sn i p f rom the National Endow- America. O lMFY YOUR BEST DECORATING INVESTMENT SEE OUR RUTT CUSTOM KITCHEN AND BATH DISPLAYS SALES DESIGN INSTALLATION SERVICE Nassau Kitchen & Bath Route 206 at Mountainview Plaza Belle Mead, New Jersey (201) 359-2026 EARLY BIRD SPECIAL Comfortmaker Central Air Conditioner Made by Snyder General Since 1900 Installed Before April 15th Receive S 100.00 OFF Normally Low Prices 5-year Parts & Labor Warranty Utility High-Efficiency Rebate Call for Free Estimate r , Kelvin 273 Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (609) 275-3747 Princeton Jet., N.J. kitchen floor rameswith a little bread. Now, get up to $150 cash back on Armstrong's very best floors. • Solarian' Supreme Pearl Glaze Collection • Designer Solarian II-S2 rebate per sq. yd. • Regal Solarian-$2 rebate per sq. yd. A Floor Fashion Center* exclusive. -S3 rebate per sq. yd. (Armstrong V_/ so nice to come home to ^"^ Minimum purchase of 1 2 sq. yds, 50 sq. yds. maximum Offer good horn 3/4/89-3/25/89 [Hours: Mon., Tues., Wed. & Fri. 9-5:30; Thurs. 9-9: Sat. 9-4 Asbestos more comprehensive and stringent Kor one thing, it removes the third option, that 01 lea\ ing asbestos alone when il is behind some sort of bar- rier Now only two options ex- ist: encapsulation or removal Furthermore. AHERA said that every building material that was not wood, metal or glass was suspected of contain- ing asbestos until proven otherwise. Schools were sent a copy of the law. which runs some 70 or 80 pages, and instructions on how to proceed. Schools were to have an inspection by a federally-certified inspector and to submit an asbestos management plan by October 12 of last year The law gave each state the authority as to how to imple- ment its requirements In New Jersey, the Stale Department of Health was designated as the agency to receive and approve these plans Schools were allowed to apply for a six- month extension, to May 9, to file their management plans, but the application had to be fil- ed by a certain time, and there are penalties for being in viola- tion There are some 650 public schools in New Jersey, and 55 independent schools that belong to the New Jersey Asso- ciation of Independent Schools Parochial schools, and schools that do not belong to the NJAIS, increase the number of schools all trying to get approval of their management plans or an | U D ft II 114 Nassau Stteet across from the Urmetsity. Princeton NJ 1609) 9?< 3494 % Town Slior OF PRINCETON. INC Ceralene — Lovely French porcelain from Limoges. Iris and Vieux Chine patterns pictured. Conic sec our sefcefton! 344 Nas.Miu Street, Princeton, N J. • 924-3687 Open 10:00 - 6:00 6 days a week MastercardlVisa accepted extension via the Asbestos Con- trol Service within the State Department of Health Some- times the ACS wants some change in the plan and gives the school 30 days in which to make the change and resubmit Schools were also required to appoint a "designated person" who would be trained in an EPA-certified course to oversee the implementation of the plan, removal of asbestos materials and periodic rein- spection. PDS sent two mem- bers of its maintenance staff to a certified course in Camden last summer Robert Raider, business manager for the Princeton Regional Schools, at- tended a weeklong course at Rutgers University so that he could be the "designated per- son'" for the public school sys- tem Maryann Vaughan of Chapin School attended a course offered by an area test- ing laboratory. The schools were also re- quired lo give all maintenance personnel a two-hour training course in recognizing the dangers of asbestos Mr Raider or Ms. Vaughan as trained management planners can give this course. Mr. Cavey said Schools are also required to place warning labels wherever friable asbestos is present. The purpose is to alert a plumber, electrician, telephone repair- man or other outside contrac- tor who is called to the building to make some repair so that the asbestos is not disturbed and thus discharged into the air. Finally, the schools are re- quired to give written notifica- tion to every parent of the in- spection and the existence of the management plan. Parents are to be allowed to examined the contents of the manage- ment plan Princeton Day School, for instance, is sending a memorandum from Head- master Duncan Ailing to all its parents this week. PDS contracted with a New York firm at a cost of $20,000 to do the inspection and draw up the management plan, which was submitted in time for the October 12 deadline. The in- spection found nothing new, nothing that was not known from the inspection made under the 1982 regulations. There is asbestos in pipe joint coverings and in ceiling and floor tiles in certain areas. The pipe joint coverings, which are located in a basement or in a utility tunnel, have been encap- sulated. Under the new law, tile, or any building material which contains non-friable asbestos and thus poses no threat to health, must be tested every six months This is to make sure that no damage has occurred to that material which would re- lease asbestos into the at- mosphere At the end of three years, these areas and the areas of friable asbestos which have been encapsulated must be inspected by an outside. EPA-certified asbestos inspec- tor. Removal Option. Some schools elect to remove the asbestos altogether rather than to encapsulate it They are con- cerned, as Princeton Nursery School was concerned, that a pipe might burst beneath the encapsulation and cause a ma- p |W .^WWAWg R0SEDALE MILLS FARM • GARDEN • PET SUPPLIES Rt. 31 Pennington 737-2008 274 Alexander SI. Princeton 924-0134 •Early Spring Discount! 20% OFF All Garden Supplies (excluding mulch) Wilh coupon — Expires 3/31/89 &M*MWMWM> COUNTRY TILES 439 Central Avenue Westfield. NJ (201)232-9533 Bridge St. Stockton. NJ (609) 397-0330 58 Kcnnett Pike Centreville, DE (302) 652-4666 The Finest Selection in the East: • Hand Painted Tile & European Terra Cottas • French Copper, Brass & Vitreous Sinks Closed Sunday - Monday YWCA ^L ¥ ¥ PRINCETON ACTIVITIES SPRING SESSION April 1— June 12 SPECIAL PROGRAMS Aquatics Boks Bridge Chess Cooking Creative Arts Dance Day Camps Exercise Family Concerns Gardening Gymnastics Languages Massage Music Nursery Service Preschool Personal Growth Racquetball Sauna Trips After School: K-8 Grades Alliance for Disabled Artisans Guild: Gallery & workshops Bates Scholarships Breast Cancer Resource Center English as a Second Language Friday Club: Tor women 60+ Helplines Interim Homes: For troubled teens Newcomers Club Saturday Spotlight: For learning disabled teens and young adults Support GTO\ips:Single Women, Adult Children of Alcoholics. PMS. Grieving & Loss Rehabilitation: Swim therapy. Swims for Disabled, Adapted Aquatics for Children Tribute to Women & Industry: Career-oriented Programs Vitality in Maturity (VIM): Free fitness classes for Seniors Mail-in relation is underway. For further information, please visit or call: ember ^ ZZZZ^ 't» "«"■ »"»»'«>■ y y ea Way Delaware Valley & Princeton Area Communities^ EASTER SUNDAY ^ Everywhere, in the Nassau Inn and on the Green on Palmer Square, it's a fun day for the family. It's going to be a perfect day. Bring your camera. Bring the family. There's going to be an Easter Egg Hunt on the Green and a Flower Market. And the Easter Bunny will be happy to have his picture taken with you. Then, for Easter Dinner, Executive Chef Don Woods has prepared wonderful new and exciting Easter Menus, featuring an astounding selection of old and new favorites. ^^ The Ballroom Easter Brunch Buffet will be served from 11 A.M. to 4 P.M., with food so lavish, generous and delicious, you'll want to try everything at least once. Adults, $21.95. Children 5-12, $10.95. Children under 5, no charge. Phone the Concierge at 609-921-7500 for Palmer's or Ballroom Brunch reservations. ^K Palmer's will serve a full four course dinner, featuring rack of lamb, stuffed veal loin, salmon, prime rib or venison, from noon to 6 P.M. $25.95 -$31.95. ^^ The Greenhouse is offering a special Easter dinner menu from noon to 10 P.M. that includes soup or salad, entree and dessert for $12.95 -$16.95. Choose leg of lamb, turkey, ham, prime rib or seafood gratinee. For reservations, phone 609-921-7500, Ext. 655. Let your guests be our guests. Stay over at the Inn for only $49.00 per room per night, with the purchase of dinner or buffet. Without dinner, $69.00 per room available Friday, March 24 - Sunday, March 26, based on availability. Call us today for your reservation, for a day the entire family will enjoy. & NASSAU INN JIT PJILMER^QVJJRF For Reservations Call 609-921-7500 Outside of New Jersey 800-922-3432 rt^ <*W* Wt*i <**^ *t 4 <**<«* M4 News of the THEATRES - Cast Is Announced ; Of New Play at McCarter Dividing the Estate, a | world-premiere by Horton i Foote, author of the screenplays for To Kill a Mockingbird, Tender Mer cies and The Trip to Boun- tiful, will be presented at McCarter Theatre from Fri- day, March 31, to Sunday, Apnl 16. Previews begin Tuesday. March 28. Dividing the Estate is a por- trait of a longstanding Texas family torn between nostalgia and greed. The family must choose between preserving the family homestead and its heri- ■ tage, or selling the land for the dream of wealth it once promis- ed. The director will be Jamie Brown, who returns lo McCarter Theatre for a second season following last year's production of Master Harold. ..and the Boys. Mr Brown's other directing credits include David French's Of the Fields, Lately on Broadway, the world -premiere of Brian Friel's Faith Healer at WPA Theatre, the regional theater premiere of William Hoffman's As Is at Asolo State Theatre and the American premiere of Thomas Kilroy's The Death and Ressurrectlon of Mr. Roche. Heading up the cast for Dividing the Estate will be Jane Hoffman who has ap- peared on and off Broadway in drama, musicals, and theater of the absurd, as well as in tele- vision and film. Ms, Hoffman's many Broadway credits in- clude Rhinoceros, with Zero Mostel, The Crucible, The Rose Tattoo, Murder A mong Friends with Jack Cassidy, Something for the Boys and One Touch of Venus. Her film credits include Muriel in Bat- teries Not Included, Barbra Streisand's mother in Up the Sandbox, Mrs. Odlesh in Day of the Locusts, and Where's Poppa with George Segal and Ruth Gordon. Following an absence of six years, Jerry Mayer returns to McCarter Theatre with Dividing the Estate. In 1983, Mr. Mayer was seen as Billy the Salesman in Hal Prince's Horton Foote production of Play Memory Mr Mayer's Broadway credits include Much Ado about Nothing, Play Memory, Cyrano, King of Schmorrers and Trelawney of the 'Wells'. His New York Shakespeare Festival credits include Julius Caesar, The Measures Tak en. Goose and Tom Tom, Dead End Kids, Mother Cour- age, and Two Gentlemen of Verona. He is a recipient of a 1978 Obic Award for his solo play TAUDshow, based on the life and work of Antonin Artaud. In 1983 he was awarded the Ma- trix Festival Prize for his Ein- stein solo, you know Al — he's a funny guy which was seen at the George Street Playhouse i n New Brunswick Thomas Martell Brimm first appeared on stage in New Orleans at the age of 9 in minstrel shows written by his teacher/preacher/bandleader father. Since those early days, Mr. Brimm has appeared on Broadway in The Iceman Cometh with Jason Robards and has toured Europe playing the role of Big Daddy in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Mr. Brimm is a member of Joseph Papp's Black and Hispanic Shake- speare Company, Area audiences may have seen him in the Crossroads Theatre's productions of The Sty of the Blind Pig and When the Chickens Come Home to Roost. As a musician/sing- er/composer, he scored the Whole Theatre Company's pro- duction Of Mice and Men. Beatrice Windc appeared on Broadway in Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death for which she received a Theatre World Award as well as a Tony nomination as Besl Supporting Aft less She has performed extensive- ly throughout the United States in regional theatres and most recently appeared on television in the first episode of A Man Called Hawk with Avery Brooks and co-starred in the Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman with Cecily Tyson Her movie credits include From the Hip. Love Story, The Taking of Pelham 1-2-3, Mandingo. Sparkle. Hide in Plain Sight. Rich Kids, and most recently, Stars and Bars. The cast also features Ed- mund Davys, Jay Doyle, Mary Martello. Thea Perkins, Ginger Finney, Julie Corby. Kimberly King and Deborah Jeanne Culpin. Tickets for Dividing the Estate range from $19 to $32 with discounts available for students, groups and senior citizens. To order tickets or for further information, call the McCarter Theatre box office at 683-8000. Auditions Scheduled For Bluegrass Musical The Franklin Villagers Barn Theatre will hold open audi- tions for the bluegrass musical The Robber Bridegroom on Wednesday and Thursday, March 22 and 23, starting at 7 p.m. Based on a novella by Eudora Welty, The Robber Bridegroom spins the legend of Mississippi's famous gentleman robber of the woods. The book and lyrics are by Alfred Uhry and the score by Robert Waldman. Perform- ances will begin June 2 and run weekends through June 25. Auditions are by appointment and may be made by calling the theatre at (201) 873-2710. Director Art Neill will be looking for a cast of eight women and ten men. An ensemble of five men and five women will take on various ad- ditional characters throughout the show. Those auditioning will be ask- ed to prepare an upbeat song and a ballad and should also be prepared for movement. The action takes place in Mississip- pi; familiarity with the dialect is helpful. Those auditioning provide their own sheet music; an accompianist will be provid- ed. Auditions will be held at the Franklin Villagers Barn Thea- tre located in the Franklin Township municipal complex at 475 DeMott Lane in the Somerset section of Franklin Township. For further information or to schedule an audition appoint- ment, call (201) 873-2710. Dinner Theater Extended At Scanticon-Princeton Scanticon-Princeton has ex- tended the dinner-theatre pro- duction of "Broadway on Tour" for the next eight weeks. Star- ring five entertainers, the mu- sical revue includes both song and dance hits of Broadway. The dinner-theatre will con- tinue to take place in Scanti- con's Tivoli Gardens restau- rant every Friday and Satur- day evening Dinner features seafood buffet and is served from 6:30 on Fridays with the show following at 9 Saturday offers a choice of two dinner seatings at 6 and 8:30, followed by show times of 8:15 and 10. The cost is $40 per person, in- cluding dinner and the show, tax and gratuities. Show tickets are available separately for $15 per person. The cast will stay the same, Coniinued on Nert Page APflRRi BflLLer SchooL Mild CiMcw Dimtar Princeton ;i7NnM»nSl-«4-18H mi , f* r formerly N.^ THEN1CHEL Prinri'lon rotrtslsl Village. Pr 609-5 20-9899 PRINCETON BALLET Classes in ballet, modern. lazz 4 Spanish dance. 609-921-7758 Palmer Video 49 Stale Road (Rl. 206) (609) 683-0623 VIDEO RENTALS Lunch-Dinner Cocktails Saturday Brunch ROCKY HILL INN 137 Washington St. Rocky Hill. N.J. 921-8421 iDOWNTOYM £*>■ S ??Ji t "°*/i corn bread • collard greens black eyed peas • candied sweet potatoes 48 Leigh Ave. • Princeton • 921-3052 %m&»*L- / It's .. tradition., the Easter Egg Hunt! Start i nttci Sundaj rvfihthol astoi Bunnj you an find klmai qui annual! 1 lldror mi andundi ■ fen htldrcn seven and bo awarded In m h ig< g ptothc i Ktld Rndii . I Easter Brunch - Extraordinaire * 1 •ii pci pcrton OnMnrnui ■ Enjoj l hi i ipw ial i alter ol oui award winning eti Sunday Bmmli Buffd Foatl on Shrimp I aviar, Salmon, full Salad Bai five Hoi \ ntrces and Waffle Stations, i Steamship Carving Station, and .i Dcncri 1 Include* Baked Alaska glass oi Champagne is also included Served Irom 10-30 am-3:00pm i gementi fbi parties ol eight oi more i Tlvi* tin jn.l . ■ Easter Dinner at Tivoli Gardens From*t838' .... SIC i I menu >»> — v includes suchfavo J^sJ — \ .*^>» | 1 *mb Norwi -.-. iT 1 / \Js and K.s.st Breast ol Long Island : Ki< |i I hoosi tivm .i kntalizEng ftoan Appetizer) and indulge .it out renowni Served trvm i-9 pm Qmptmenttry mfd parting for inkier Diitau Rasemhons 'AV"iwijW Scanticon n r- »„,-,,,,! i one, . lOOGollej (609t 452-7800 • Complinu- • I'nru.l irking McCARTER THEATRE CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 91 UNIVERSITY PLACE, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SWEET HONEY IN THE ROCK Providing the best in Black American vocal music, they send out a message of freedom, maternal love and faith in God. FRI, MARCH17at7pm$i2-$20 Mercer Concert and Big Band Benefit! THE DUKE ELLINGTON ORCHESTRA Under the direction of Mercer Ellington From "Mood Indigo" to "Concerto tor Cootie", The Duke Ellington Orchestra spans 50 years of great music. Since the Duke's death In 1974, his big band endures under the direction of his son, Mercer Ellington. The fresh and contemporary accents of the band include members of the original Ellington orchestra along with young.brash musicians determined to keep the Ellington legacy alive and well. SATURDAY, MARCH 18 at 9 pm $17-$20 The McCarter Associates have planned a major benefit surrounding this performance. Tickets $125-$150 For Information, call 609-683-9100 ext 6618 MARCEL The le 9 endar y man wn ° brought mime > > . _ ~. _ . t0 the world - The incomparable genius MARCEAU ofgesture ~ SUN, MARCH 19 at 7:30 pm S20-S22 Call EasyCharge: 609-683-8000 Monday-Saturday, 12-6 pm Theatres Marie Labbancz and sound Con,„ uM ,„ P,« rting p 8 „. designer Alan Semok. The pro- duction staff also includes Mas- but new musical numbers and 'f Car Penter Steve Zavodnick, choreography will be continual- 5. tage Man ager Gylla Mac- ly introduced. The five enter- J; re , gor and Producer Nancy tainers, formally called "The V ar ™nghtj B'way Exchange," are Bar- bara Gordon, Jack Kirk, Mark Performance times for The Fite, Cheri Hester, and Nerd are Friday and Saturday pianist/singer Eric Comstock evenings at 8:30 and Sunday For further information or matinees at 2 p.m. this Sunday tickets, call 452-7800. ar,d A P nl 2 < and a Sunday eve- ning performance this week at 7:30. Tickets range from $9 to ■The Nerd,' a Comedy $Uwithstud ent and senior cit- At Villagers Thpatr „ lze n discounts for Friday and rti villagers lneatre Sunday performances only. The Nerd, a comedy by For more information or Larry Shue, is playing Frank- ticket reservations, call the lin Villagers Barn Theatre Franklin Villagers Barn Thea- weekends through April 2 tre box office at (201) 873-2710. A hit of the 1987 Broadway season, The Nerd originally featured Mark Hamill and Pe- Two Premieres Planned ter Riegert in this funny and of- By Princeton Ballet ten touching portrayal of love. ~ „ . . friendship and commitment , ^e Princeton Ballet will per- Mr. Shue also wrote r he ;° rm at MeCarter Theatre on Foreigner, which the Villagers Wednesday April 5. at 8 p.m. performed in 1987. The story is [ ne .fPecial program to mark about the way in which a young Apnl as Dance Month features architect's life is turned upside 'h^""^;. W"" ™ down when the man who saved chor eographed by Jeffrey Bal- his life during Vietnam drops in let , s director Gerald Arpino, unexpectedly and decides to and an untl,led , ? ork °y a stav former principal dancer with the Twyla Tharp Dance Com- Marlow Ferguson is the p \ ny ' Wi ," iam Wiener, director. The cast includes ,. A neoclassical ballet, Re/Iec- Marie Labbancz and Tom ^ ons A was recr , eate ( d ,n 1985 by Eldridge who have appeared in Mr/rp'no after it was out of Villager's productions of i°" r J/J, ,f ?, r e,Pertoire Brighton Beach Memoirs and S ! nce 1 ?7 6 -. It ,! s Set t0 Tcha 'kov- Guys and Dolls respectively. !& s Vanatl0 , n on „ a R ° c °™ Rounding out the cast are Stacy J. neme f0r Vl ?' on ™ ° ^1°'' Bain, Kevin J. Gray, Steve Kai-f hestra ' T °P 33 Glenn White, ser. Sally Weller and Scott '°™er Joffrey principal com- ZavodnicK pany teacher and choreo- The set designer is Brad | ra P n ' c a f distant arrived in Kaye. lighting designer Alan Sl° p^f' " 80 " Levine, costume designer th ePrmceton Ballet Company. Mr. Whitener is creating a new work - yet untitled - es- pecially for the Princeton Bal- let. He was most recently as- sistant to Jerome Robbins on the creation of the new Broad- way hit Broadway. For ticket information call the McCarter Theatre box of- fice at 683-8000. Senior citizen and student discounts are avail- able. MONTGOMERY TWIN THEATRE RT 206 and 518 (609) 924-7444 Final Week One Show 8:00 Sat. & Sun. 5:00, 8:00 Pelle the Conqueror Danish/SwedisHEnglish Subltl&s Starts Friday 7:30, 9:30 Sat. & Sun. 5:30, 7:30, 9:30 Joan Plowright The Dress Maker MODERNJAZZ QUARTET with New Jersey Chamber Music Society A must for fans of jazz and classical music. Fit, Mar. 17, 8 pm $27.50, $22.50, $18.50. $12 Call Today! 201-246-7469 Senior /Student Rush x h price after 4 pm on day of performance THEATRE SEW MINSWICk CtlTVlAl CtVTnt. I\C l» L..ln*»oo A>enu«. Sr* Bnim-Kk SJ Performance Night Set By Arts School Students The Mercer County School of Performing Arts will present its annual "Night of Drama and Dance" on Friday at 7:30 p.m. The performance will be held in the Kelsey Theater on Mercer County Community College's West Windsor cam- pus - The dance portion of the pro- gram will include jazz, modern and ballet performances. The acting students will present monologues and scene studies from works involving the theme of "friends." In conjunction with the eve- ning's performance, the Mer- cer County Vocational Technical School general ad visory committee will sponsor a scholarship fund-raising dessert at 6 in the college stu dent center. Tickets for the dessert are $10. Tickets for the performance are free. For more information, call 586-4800, ext. 400. Creative Theatre Names New Executive Director Betsy Boyce Hoover of Penn- ington has been named ex- ecutive director of Creative Theatre. Mrs. Hoover has been acting executive director since September, following a re-or- ganization of the admini- strative team. She succeeds Candace Sorensen in this posi- tion. Mrs. Hoover recently served as an associate in Julia Holofcener's public relations firm. She received her master's degree in business administra- tion from the Rutgers Graduate School of Management in 1988. She is also a graduate of Bea- ver College, Glenside, Pa., and The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, NY, where she is a member of the board of trustees and was president of the Alumnae Association McCarter Troupe to Play In Oslo for Two Weeks Four members of McCarter Theatre's resident acting com- pany. Artistic Director Nagle Jackson and playwright James McClure will fly to Oslo, Nor- way, Sunday, March 26, for a two-week engagement in the Norwegian capital as guests of The Open Theatre. The trip marks McCarter's first European engagement In exchange, the Oslo company will perform at McCarter this summer at a date yet to be an- nounced. The McCarter troupe will perform James McClure's Pvt. Wars in a new full-length ver- sion. The play had its original success in New York as a one- act in 1979. A dark comedy set in a Veterans' Hospital post- Vietnam, it was lauded by the New York press and subse- quently produced by theater companies throughout the United States. New Jersey au- diences will get a chance to see the McCarter production this summer, folowing its return from Oslo. SOMETHING old or new lo sell? Try a TOWN TOPICS classified ad Call 924-2200 SH6GUN (201)422-1117 (201)422-1118 TAKE-OUT AVAILABLE JAPANESE CUISINE THE BEST SUSHI IN NEW JERSEY! Sushi Bar • Hibachi Dining • Tatami Room Open Salad Bar Sunday thru Wednesday (Complimentary with regular Dinner) - NOW OPEN SUNDAYS - 3376 Rt. 27, Kendall Park, NJ (Intersection Sand Hill Rd. 8 Rt. 27 'COUPON' SAVE SIX DOLLARS while dining with a friend Good Mondays & Tuesdays Valid for dinner only; one coupon per adult couple Please Present Coupon When Ordering Rne Dining at Moderate Prices in a Cozy Victorian Atmosphere GOOD-TIME CHARLEYS A Princeton Landmark 40 Main St • Kingston (2 mi N of Pnnceton) • 609-924-7400 CHAR L E Y'S BROTHER v Route 654 (off Rt. 31) Hopewell, N.J. • 609-466-0110 From the Academy award winning writer of Tender Mercies and A Trip to Bountiful. «sS8** «e H0RT0N F00TE S DIVIDING THE ESTATE i $15-$32 MAR 28- APRIL16 NEW JERSEY S STATE '..COUNCIL J ON THE ARTS 609-683-8000 Supported in part by the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation McCARTER THEATRE CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Current Cinema Shows and Times Subject to Change Without Notice (, \K1H\ THKATRK. 934-0363: End. Thr ' RurbM PG I . Thurs ' 15, 9 H t-n. U \r» York siorir. n: Thurs T,H :to. call theater for weekend times MONTGOMERY THEATRE, 9!<-;t«: Theater I. Prllo the Con- queror, daily at 8. with early show Sal & Sun al 5, Theater II, H Fillrur.Wed & Thurs at 7 30, 9 30, starts Knday. Thr Dressmaker, daily at 7 30. 9 30. with early show Sat & Sun at 5:30 MIC PRINCE THEATRE. 4S2-227X: Theater I. Mississippi Burning .Ri. Wed i Thurs 6, 8 30: Fri 5. 7 30. 9 55. Sat I 30. 4 15. 7 15. x SS Sun 1 30, 5, 8. Mon Thurs 5 45, 8 15, Theater II. Dangerous I i..i...i,» Rl.Wed * Thurs 6.8 30. Fn 5 15.7 45, 10 15. Sat 1 45. 4 in : SO, 10 15. Sun 1 45. 5 15. 815. Mon Thurs fi, 8 .30. Theater III \e» Vork Stories R', Wed & Thurs 5 45,8 IS, Fn 4 45,7 15, 9:55. Sat 1 15. 4.7.9 45. Sun 1 IS. 4 45. 7 45. Mon Thurs 5 45.8 15 MERCER MALI. THEATER, 4S2-Z888: Theater I. The Naked (iun IPG13). 1.3. 5.7.9. Theater II. Her Alibi lPCI3i. Wed iThurs 1 30. 3 30. 5 30. 7 40, 9 50, starts Friday. The Rescuers iGl. I. 3. 5, 7. 9. Theater MI, Working Girl IR), 1 15, 4. 7:30. 10. Theater IV, Beaches iPGl. 1 30. 4:15. 7 10, 9:45. Theater V. Bill and Ted's ElCtDcnl Adventure iPGl, I. 3, 5. 7.9. Theater VI. Three Fugitives IPG13), 1:20.3:30.5 40.8.10 05. Theater VII. Tap IPG13I. Wed 4 Thurs 2. 4 45. 7 20, 9:50. starts Friday. Dream a l.lllle cPG13). 2. 4:45, 7:20. 9 50 AMC QIIAKERBHIDGE FOUR THEATERS. 799-9331: Theater I. Twins PG13I Wed 4 Thurs I 15. 3: 15. 5 45. 8 15. Fri 1,3.5.7 15. i I' Sal 12.2:15.4:45.7 15,9 45, Sun Tues 1, 3 15, 5:45, 8:15; starts Wed , Troop Beverly Hills [PG), 1 IV i 15. 6. 8:15. Theater II, The H, II II). Wed 4 Thurs 1,3 15.6.8 15. Fn 1.3. 5. 7:45. 10 IS. Sat 12, 2:30, 5, 7 45, 10 15. Sun 1.3:30.6.8:45. Mon 4 Tues 1,3:15,6, 8:15. Wed 4 Thurs 1 15. 3 15. 5:45. 8:15. Theater III, The 'Burns iPGi.Wed 4Thurs 1 30, 3 30. 6:15. 8 30. Fri I 15.3:15.5:15.7:30. 9:55. Sat 12 15.2 45. 5 15,7:30.9 55. Sun 1 IS, 3:45.6:15,8 30, Mon - Thurs 130. 3:30, 6 15. 8 30. Theater IV. Lean on Me (PGI31. Wed iThiirs I lf,.:i 30.11,8 111, Fn 1,3,5 15. 7 30. 9 55. Sat 12. 15. 2:30. 5, 7:30. 9:55; Sun Thurs 1.15. 3 30. 6. 8:30, UNITED ARTISTS MARKETFAIR. 520-8700: Theater I, Wed 4 Thurs The Land Before Time (G), 1.15,3:15.5:15. paired with The Accidental Tourist (PG), 7:15, 9 45; starting Friday. Land Before Time will beat 1:15 only, paired with t'ousins IPG13J at 4:10. 7:20. 9:50. with 12: 10 show Fn 4 Sat , Theater II. Rain Man (R). 1:20, 4, 7,9:45, with 12:10show Fri 4Sal , Theater III. Wed 4 Thurs Dream a Little Dream IPG13), 2. 4:30, 7 30, 10, slarLsFnday, Rooftops IR). 1:15. 3:30. 5:35. 7:30, 9 40, with midnight show Fn 4 Sat , Theater IV skin Deep (R), 1, 3 10, 5 IS. 7 40, 9 50. with midnight show Fri 4 Sat , Theater V, True Believers (III, Wed. 4 Thurs 1.3 15. 5 30. 7 45, 10, starting Fnday. True Believers will Deal 1 30, 7:30 with 12: 15 show Fn. 4 Sat . paired with The Accidental Tourist (PG) at 4:15 and 10. Theater VI, Farewell to the King (PGI, Wed 4 Thurs 4 15. 10. paired with Klnllle 1 Forbidden Subjects) IR), 1 15, 7 30. starl- ing Friday . both, lilms will leave, and Fletch Lives l PG ) will be shown at 1 . 3: 15, 5 30, 7 :45, 10, with midnight show Fn 4 Sat . Theater VII. Police Academy 6 IPG),2. 4. 6, 8:10, 10, with midnight show Fn 4 Sat . Theater VIII. chances Are (PG). 1:45, 4 15. 7; 15, 9:30. with mid- night show Fri 4 Sat , Theater IX, starling Friday. Leviathon ( R), 1:30, 3:40, 5:45, 8. 10 10, with midnight show Fri. 4 Sat LAWBENCEVILLE TWIN. 882-94IM: Theater 1, Rain Mnn I R). Wed 4 Thurs 7. 9:30; Theater II. Working Girl (Hi, Wed 4 Thurs 7 15. 9-30, call theater for weekend limes and possible change in listing "i % EASTER BRUNCH %onditorzi Sunday March 26 9 am -2 p m a la carte menu Choice ot 7 entrees with table of fresh juice, fruit, desserts S sweets 101 E Broad St.. Hopewell ^v!S**x 466 - 1221 - '^M «,. ' ■ f The Princeton address Everyone Knows! 154 Nassau St Burgers, Salad*. Dinner Special! Homemade So opt. Sandwiches., and, ol coarse... pancake*! Duke Ellington Orchestra At McCarter on Saturday The Duke Ellington Or- chestra, under the direction of Mercer Ellington, will swing in- to McCarter Theatre on Satur- day at 9 p.m. The concert is sponsored hy the board of trustees of the theatre and the board of directors of McCarter Associates as its major benefit of the season. This year marks the 90th birthday celebration of Duke Ellington. Since the Dukes death in 1974, his big band has continued under the direction of his son. Mercer Ellington, a composer, arranger and trumpet player. For the past 15 years Mr. Ellington has devoted himself to upholding the tradition of the Ellington style, while developing a new audience through freshness of approach and working with energetic young artists like Branford Marsalis. Under his direction, the Duke Ellington Orchestra, received the 1988 Grammy Award for "best big band jazz instrumen- tal album" for the group's latest release — Digital Duke. Ticket prices for this concert are $17, $18, $19 and $20. Call the box office at 683-8000 >£S Golden T^fushroom jj£ ORIENTAL GROCERY . » and ^i Chinese Food Take-out at Lunch Time 354 Nassau Si Princeton 924-6653 College Singing Groups In Concert at Richardson Four college singing groups will perform Saturday, March 25, at 8 in Richardson Auditor- ium in a program entitled "Masquerade."' Three are Princeton groups — the Nassoons, who are hosting the program, the Tigerlillies and Triangle Jr. The fourth is from Cornell and called Cayugua's Waiters The Nassoons. who wrere formed in 1941, will sing favorites from their repertoire and new ar- rangements created for this concert. The Nassoons also plan to use the occasion to rec- ord live tracks for their 24th album, which is due out in the fall. Triangle Jr. is a musical comedy cabaret troupe and the repertory company of the Princeton Triangle Club. Featuring a handful of the most talented performers in the club, this group will perform a selec- tion of the funniest songs and sketches from the Triangle's 98-year history. The Tigerlillies are female a cappeUa singers whose reper- toire ranges from show tunes and boogie woogie to jazz and choreographed 50's tunes. Cayugua's Waiters, an all- male, mostly a cappeUa group, are celebrating their 40th an- niversary. Tickets for Masquerade are i 1 m Mercer Ellington $4 for students and $8 for the general public. Call the Richardson Auditorium box of- fice, 452-5000, weekdays be- tween 4 and 6. or call the Nas- soon room, 452-5874, any time for advanced sales and ticket information. 20th Annual Jazz Stomp Planned for This Sunday The 20th annual Pee Wee Russell Memorial Jazz Stomp will take place Sunday at noon in Rutgers University's Brower Commons, located on College Park Avenue, New Brunswick. Sponsored by the New Jersey Jazz Society, this annual jazz festival celebrates the life and music of jazz clarinetist Pee Wee Russell, who was active in jazz from 1917 until his death in 1967. The participating bands include the Morris Nanton Trio, Warren Vache's Syncopating Seven. Frank Vignola's Hot Club of France, Brooks Tregler Jazz Band, Paradise City Jazz Band, and the Harry Leahy Trio. Four jazz personalities will be honored by the Society for their contributions to the world THE GARDEN GRILL Restaurant • Caterers Dinners Nightly Rt. 206 N. - Grand Union Shopping Center .. -tv o . Princeton, N.J. I | 5-10 P.M. Tues -Sat. HUNAN^I 157 VVithcrspoon Street 609-921-6950 • 609-921-6959 FAST FOOD & CATERING TAKE OUT ONLY H unan & Szechuan Chinese Foo d ALSO BUFFET LUNCH $2.85 Charley's Brother bOUil»la»baiSSe - clams, mussels, whitefish, shrimp and lobster in a rich white wine and tomato based fisherman's stew. Bouillabaisse Night Every Thursday Night j»» $14.95 <^m3 f" Reservations Suggested ^^22u> x Route 654 • Hopewell • 609-466-01 10 All Major Credit Cards Accepted Free Choir Concert The Princeton High School Choir will hold a free concert at n p.m. on Wednes- day, March 22. at the high school auditorium The event is being held to thank the Princeton community tor its support of the choir's upcoming trip to France Selections from ttie works to be performed in Europe Will lie sung at the concert Tickets are still available (or the Inn Cabaret at the Viss.iu Inn on Friday This is a fund raiser for the Choir's trip, and there will be performances at 8:30 and 1030 p. m Tickets, which are tax- deductible, are $40 each. They may be obtained by calling Florence Burke at 921-8428. McCARTER THEATRE CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 91 UNIVERSITY PLACE, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 NIGHT LIGHT A Play for Kids from Green Thumb Theatre, Canada Remember the monster in your closet or the big bully at school? This humorous and touching play looks at children's fear s and how to overcome them. Limited Seating Available Sat, Mar 18 at 1 pm Added by popular demand! Sat, Mar 18 at 11 am Best Seats Available All SeatS $7 2 °^ , dlscount * 'or groups of 10 or more, * *' call 609-683-9100, ext 6625 Call EasyCharge: 609-683-8000 Monday through Saturday, 12-6 pm _^w^>/ children's Jg^^J/boufique 25 Railroad It.Ce, Hop. will 4B6-04BS > Full Service Salon and Art Gallery Lily Nemelh Mana Magliacano 609-466-1684 47 W. Broad Street Hopewell. N.J. 08525 Hours: Tue, Wed & Sat 10-6 Thur & Fri 10-9 Special Appointments A variable We have Gift Certificates ALONE BUT NOT LONELY. From the '^ ^« moment you dis- *■■ cover your companion- ship with God, you begin to end the pain of loneliness. For even in solitude, you have His thoughts to warm you. Pure, creative, loving thoughts, that make solitude as satisfying as pleasant company — and help you know the com- pleteness He gave you. The Christian Science Sen- tinel lets you see these things more clearly. Every week, each short article, editorial and testimony of healing brings assurance of God's nearness, and of His love tor you. If you'd like a sample copy, just stop in and ask for one. It's free. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE READING ROOM 176 Nassau St., Princeton Mon., Tues., Sat. 9:30-5 Wed., Thurs., Frl. 9:30-7 609-924-0919 Music Continued trom Preceding Page of jazz over the years They are the jazz trumpeter Roy "Little Jazz" Eldridge, Village Voice jazz columnist and author Gary Giddens, longtime jazz promot- er Jack Livingston, and the jazz drummer and bandleader Chuck Slate. Tickets are available at the door at $15, $2 for students. Food and refreshments will be available throughout the event. Folk Music Concert Set This Friday at Church The Princeton Folk Music Society will sponsor Orrin Star in a concert Friday at 8 at Christ Congregation, Walnut Lane and Houghton Road. Mr. Star is a Boston-based performer of strong instrumen- tal skills, wide-ranging musical tastes and a wry humor. A per- former since the early 1970's, he has performed with three bluegrass bands, spent a sum- mer with banjo player Bill Keith and played eight years in a duo with Gary Mehalick. In 1976, he won the National Flat- picking Championship, the largest bluegrass guitar con- test in the country. Mr. Star has appeared in fes- tivals and concert halls throughout the United States and Europe and on Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion radio show. He has three albums on Flying Fish Records Admission is $6 for adults, $5 lor students and Society mem- bers, and $3 for children and senior citizens There are no advance sales. Memberships are available at the door For further information call 799- 0009. Piano, Cello Recital Set; Free at Patterson Center Gino Treves, cellist, and Ar- thur Wilson, pianist, will give a recital Wednesday, March 22. at 1:30 at the Suzanne Patter- son Center. They will play Beethoven's Sonata, Opus 69. in A major for piano and cello, Chopin's Noc- turne, Opus 55 No. 1, in F mi- nor, for piano, and Schumann's Fantasie Stucke, Opus 73, for piano and cello. The recital is free, and all are welcome. There will be refreshments. Extra parking is available behind Morven. For further information, call Gillian Godfrey at 497-7650. Children's Opera Planned By June Opera Festival The June Opera Festival will present The Ring of the Fettuccines Sunday at 2 at the New Jersey State Museum auditorium as part of the museum's children's thea- tre series. Orrin Star The Ring of the Fettuccines mixes some of the most famous arias and other music from Mozart, Verdi, Bizet, Offen- bach and others. It has been described by a New York mu- sic critic as "a crash course in opera history [that] com- presses every memorable tune and every improbability of plot into an amalgam of tongue-in- cheek entertainment." The March 19 production at the New Jersey State Museum is the June Opera Festival's on- ly public performance of The Ring of the Fettuccines this The Council of the Humanities- - Ebertuu-d L. Faber Class of 1915 Memorial Lecture Fund Public Lecture Committee Program in European Cultural Studies Department of Music Department of History Department of Romance Languages and Literature Present Helene Delavault The Revolutionary Spirit A Concerto/ Songs from the French Revolution Saturday. March 25. 8pm: McCormick Hall (Art Museum) Open to the Public Free of Charge - Further Information 452-3977 season Tickets for the March 19 per- formance are $4 at the door and $3.50 for advance sales. Groups of 10 or more pay $3.50 per ticket. For information and reservations call 292-7780. Symphony Concert Trip Sponsored by Rec. Dept. The Recreation Department is introducing a new communi- ty trip program, offering resi- dents of all ages a variety of trips to events such as profes- sional sports, symphonies, con- certs and plays. Participants under 18 years of age must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. On Sunday the Depart- ment will sponsor a trip to the Greater Trenton Sym- phony's Concert of "Music of the Court," at the Trenton War Memorial. The program will in- clude pieces written for the Viennese Court by its four masters, Haydn, Mozart. Beethoven and Schubert. This trip includes trans- portation, a catered dinner and symphony tickets. There will be a cash bar available at the War Memorial. The cost is $39 per person. For more information, or to register for these trips, call the Recreation Office at 921-9480. The office is located at 380 Witherspoon Street. MEXICAN VILLAGE Superb Mexican Cuisine 42 Leigh Ave.. Princeton 924-5143 1 1 r?iii< £, Food lorn* i ^HW WMZJ 9J4.7JJJ OMAR'S /FINE DINING & SPIRITS ENTERTAINMENT Middle Eastern * Mediterranean Culelne Open Tue- Sunday Lunch & Dinner val Brown on the Piano ■ --, Sal A Sun Corner Route* 31 a Sit Hopewell, NJ I Reeervatione Call 466-2212 NORTH CHINA RESTAURANT 36 Witherspoon St., Princeton Delicious Mandarin ^^•■■Jfeghj^*^. Szechuan Dishes H iff*- ffrd t*^3 W^ Cuisine ^^^>jjj]*^^*^£ y Open Mon -Thurs 11 30-3; 5-10 Fn & Sat 11:30-3; 5-11; Sun. 1 30-10 p.m Peking Duck ... only $12.95 ■24 ■MO Reservation* Suggested Carry Out 1 Catering One word is worth its weight in premiere movies. TURNER NETWORK^ TELEVISION Originals... Today, TNT is in production of a new motion picture every month. Movies you can't see anywhere else. The stars come out... Charlton Heston, Martin Sheen. Emilio Estevez, Faye Dunaway, James & Josh Brolin and more... Now On Cable Channel 68 Call C-TEC Cable Systems today to get TNT plus many more exciting channels! SPECIAL OFFER to New Customers $9.95 installation thru 4/15/89!' Call 1-800-421-0038 today! ■Applies to standard installation tor one lelevision set in serviceable areas only. Other restrictions may apply. : The 100 Voices of Pro Musica Inaugurate the Easter Season I With the Rich Choral Sounds of the Brahms German Requiem vowels Fierce Fortissimo. The sec ond movement of this work. based on verses from the book of Isaiah, is a march, building periodically to a fierce for- tissimo in the chorus and or- chestra Ms Slade mastered the change in musical style well, although the crescendo to the fortissimo was somewhat mechanical and seemed out of control at times. The ensemble tenors a slow and painful death from a too-slow tempo Most impressive in this section was the precision with which the ac- cents in the text had been pre- pared The fifth movement introduc- ed soprano Andrea Matthews to the audience, as somewhat of an angel figure providing words of comfort relative to the resurrection Ms. Matthews aJ though only heard briefly, displayed a clear voice with long lines well-suited to Brahms, and also demon- strated the most accurate Ger- man diction of the evening She was well-supported by the chorus as they emphasized her x Tis the season of Lent, which « cappella by the chorus were U to choral musicians means well-blended and also demon- 5 Passions and Requiems >t rated that the ensemble had 5 documenting the life of Christ been trained in bright. German > leading to the crucifixion and O resurrection Frances Sladc's 2 Princeton Pro Musica present- z ed their seasonal offering uj Saturday night in Richardson * Auditorium with a perform- -, : ance of Johannes Brahms' Ein 2 deutsches Requiem (A Ger- z * man Requiem). O Scored for large chorus and ui orchestra, as well as two z soloists, this work is not a re- ar quiem in the traditional Latin °1 setting of the service text, but g rather a setting of Biblical texts contrasted this ferocious sing- £ ranging from portions of '"fi w ' lh a n 'ce light sound. g Christ's Sermon on the Mount displaying particular precision words of comfort z to Paul's letters to the Corin- <> n l h p words "wird weg'V Despite what was written in the program, Kevin Deas is not a soprano — he's a bass, and what a bass he is! His perform- ance in the third movement, based on the book of Psalms, showed a solid bass sound and theatrical style as he musical- ly portrayed the relentless questioning and humility of the text. Ms. Slade ran into some minor traffic problems keeping the orchestra together in this movement , and closed the sec- tion with an example of the forceful than that of Handel, Romantic Brahms through the and once again the section clos- use of a big and drawn-out end- edwitha large. Romantic end- ing, ing, Brahms closed his Requiem The fourth movement has with the Beatitude "Blessed been excerpted by church are the dead which die in the choirs more than perhaps any Lord that they may rest from other movement from a large the labours." imparting final oratorio, and is certainly famil- words of comfort for this Lent- iar to almost all choral singers, en work. Putting aside the few- Marked "con motomoderato," minor orchestral glitches Ms. Slade's interpretation throughout the evening, and an started out as more element of fatigued choristers, "moderate" than "con moto," Pro Musica prepared its near- and actually dragged a bit in ly full-house audience well for ment, the violins don't play at the beginning. Fortunately, the the spirit of the season and the all, and a warm and rich sound flow did improve as the section coming of Holy Week. Was derived by Ms, Slade from moved along, which may have —Nancy Plum the lower strings Sections sunn spared the already-overtaxed KULLER TRAVEL CO. 108 NASSAU ST. PRINCETON, N.J- PHONE 924-2550 "'^fe Y I FOUND ITI ■- € at the PRINCETON ^ RECORD EXCHANGE 921-0881 / /' 2Q Tulan« S'raai Dr. Stuart J. Burg Dr. Leon C. Nurock Dr. Angelo J. Aiello Optometrists 84 Nassau St. Princeton For an appointment call 924-0918 5 thians These liturgical g segments are structured in a musical arc around one of the most popular single choruses in the choral repertoire: How Lovely Is Thy Dwelling Place. This oratorio is the type of music which Pro Musica docs best, with opportunities for the 100 plus-voice chorus to pro- duce a full, rich choral sound Although the tenor section shows some significant weak nesses. particularly in long sec- tions of coloratura singing, the ensemble has been solidly trained by Ms. Slade in preci- sion choral work and seemed to hold up well to the strenuous and continuous singing re- quired by a piece such as the German Requiem. The Requiem opens and closes with musical settings of selected Beatitudes, the com- forting "Blessed are..." verses spoken by Jesus in the .Sermon on the Mount. In the first move Mr. Deas returned in the penultimate movement with the words of I Corinthians relat- ing to the mystery of the resur- rection. Coincidentally, these are the same verses set for bass solo by Handel in the clos- ing portion of Messiah, leading one to wonder if there is an un- written rule for composers that only bass soloists are allowed to announce the judgment day. Brahms' conception of the last trumpet is certainly more Music Conimuod from Pfocading Pago Bach St. John Passion Bach's Johannes Passion with an orchestra of period in- struments Saturday at 8 in Richardson Auditorium on the Princeton University campus. The Passion will be present- To Be Sung on Sunday ed as an opera in concert with William Riley as Jesus, Voices, an ensemble of pro fessional soloists, will perform SUSAN GREENE handbaas, attaches and luggage at low Marketplace Mall Rte 27 • Princeton • 297-6249 Theodore Schorske as Pilate, Mark Bleckeas the evangelist, and members of Voices per forming arias. For 11 chorales, Voices will be joined by a mass- ed chorus singing from the balcony ticipating include members of the Bucks County Community Chorus, Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia, Princeton Pro Musica. Princeton Early Music Ensemble, St. Matthews Church in Pennington, Prince- ton United Methodist Church and a dozen other organiza- tions. Mark Bleeke, the evangelist, will narrate the story. Mr. Bleeke, a former New Jersey resident and graduate of West- minster Choir College, will re- The chorale singers are turn to p rince t„n for the per- members of community cho- formance Currently based in ruses and church chows from Ncw Y ork, he performed last eastern Pennsylvania and New summer at me Edinburgh Fes- Jersev Area groups par l.val and Festival Cracow He Princeton University Conceits Songs of Schubert, Britten, Vaughan Williams, and Rachmaninov Jerry Hadley, tenor Thursday March 16, 1989 8:00 p.m. Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall Tickets: $16, $14, $10 Students: $6 Reservations with Visa or Mastercard (609) 45^ 5000 Mark Bleeke is currently in Chicago per- forming Handel's Resurrec- tione with City Musicke. Tickets at $9, $8. and $5 are available at the Richardson box office, open weekdays from 4 to 6, and before ticketed events. For information call 452-5000. Princeton Chiropractic Center MARTIN R. SCHACHED HIROPMCf'C PHVS1CIAH iSi'i'Tti Blui HlirHHl NEW JERSEY SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Hugh Wolff, Music Director Chamber Orchestra Series GEORGE MANAHAN, conductor Richardson Auditorium, Princeton University Friday March 17 8:30 PM ' Gabrieli Stravinsky Haydn > Ives JRodrigo Canzoni for Brass Monumentum pro Gesualdo di Venosa Symphony No. 102 Symphony No. 3, "The Camp Meeting" Concierto de Aranjuez LIMITED TICKETS AVAILABLE CALL 1-800- ALLEGRO (or 20 1 -624-8203) WESTMINSTER CHOIK COLLEGE presents THE CHOIR ,Q?EP11 FLUMMERFELT, CONDUCTOR _OALAEEN ^T CONCERT Works by Barber, Brahms, Byrd, Fine, Foss, and Rossini Governor Thomas H. Kean and Maestro Riccardo Muti Honorary Chairmen Sunday, April 9, 1989, 3 p.m. Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall Princeton, NJ Tickets $500, $250, $100, $25, $22, $15 m£ J£ *"» B ° X ™** Westminster Choir CoUege Box Office V.sa and Mastercard phone orders ^92^2^" " 5 P ' m ' accepted, call (609) 452-5000 921-2663 PROCEEDS WILL BENEFIT Tup ^,„ "t WESTMINSTER CHOIR COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM > Easter Egg Hunt The Princeton Lions Club will hold its annual Easter egg hunt Saturday at 10 a.m. at Marquand Park Prizes will be awarded discuss the "State of the State." The meeting is open to the public and free of charge. For further information, call 683- 1853 The Princeton Soroptimists will meet for dinner on Tuesday at 6: 30 p.m. at the Nassau Club to honor this year's winner of the Youth Citizenship Award: Jonathan Wiener of South | Brunswick High School. I An honor student, Mr. Wiener | plans to attend law school and pursue a career in public ser- Martin J. Reisinger, recycl- FORGET THE CALORIES: Displaying samples of the cakes to be served at the ing specialist with the New Jer- March 20 scholarship benefit party of the Women's College Club of Princeton se y Department of Environ- are, from left, Dolores Reed, Jane D. Coda, Elly de Boer, and Nancy Juge. ?^ p ™ t f- ct,on Dms ', on ° — l 5 Solid Waste Management, will will hold its annual card party P 1 ***" 1 a Program on "Recycl- at Stuart Country Day School m % ^ oM w »te and The Mer- e ountrv tAioj Princeton Shopping Center 924-7950 MS 10-6; Sun 12-6 a lite fey O-Cair Styling Full Service Salon Princeton Shopping Center Your hairstyle should be as individual as you are. We have a world of new ideas in precision haircutting. 921-1834 ■c3 Talk on Lemurs Planned At Sierra Club Meeting World-renowned zoologist Alison Jolly will present a pro- on Monday. Proceeds will pro- vide scholarship aid to senior girls in Princeton secondary schools. Doors will open at 11:30, dessert will be served at noon. The author of several articles and a silent auction will be con cer County Plan," at 7 p.m. on March 27 at the Mountain Lakes Preserve House. All those concerned with recycling in Mercer County are en- couraged to attend. The event is sponsored by the .n National Geographic and ducted throughout the after- Central Jersey chapter of the il books, including A n00n MerralluD. World Like Our Own: Man General chairman is Jane D and Nature in Madagascar Cod a. Committee heads in- Mark Lyndon, an English ac- gram on lemurs on April 8~at 8 she is a visiting professor at elude: reservations. Marv tor who performs in the English p.m. at the AT&T Corporate Princeton University Duva; off -premises raffle, Theatre in Hamburg, West Education Center. Lemurs, dis- The event will be held at the Helen Sangster, silent auction, Germany, will present tant relatives of monkeys, apes AT&T Corporate Education Helen Smith; dessert, Nancy "Fringe," a one-man show of and humans, exist only in Center on Carter Road in Hope- Ju 8 e and Dolores Reed; stag- humorous British sketches by Madagascar - an isiand well. Admission is $8 per person in S- Ru,n Coe; card table coor- such writers as Peter Cook and isolated from Africa for more and tickets may be ordered by dinator. Catherine Klopfen- Dudley Moore, in Russell Hall, than 165 million years. calling Carol Welsch, 896-3212, stein . kitchen. Anita Vivian, The Hun School, on Sunday at Lemurs are threatened by days or evenings before 8 p m decorations. Carol Weg; and 3 p.m. growing human population and Deadline for reservations is publicity. Gig Ayling. Table Th * public is invited A $3 destructive farming tech- March 31. All proceeds will prizes are courtesy of Florence contribution will be requested niques, which have decreased benefit the Delaware and Madagascar's rain forest by Raritan Canal State Park, and 50% since 1950. Zoologists like efforts to fund interpretive Ms. Jolly are working to pro- signs along the Canal. This tect the 40 remaining species of event is sponsored by the Cen- lemurs from extinction She tral Jersey chapter of the will speak about her journey to Sierra Club. Madagascar and her research B. Hillier. from nonmembers. For further Articles for the silent auction information, contact The will be received by Helen Smith English-Speaking Union. on lemurs The Women's College Club WHITE LOTUS FUTON 19! Hamilton St. New Bruns.NJ 08901 (2011 828-2111 II Chambers St. Princeton. NJ 08540 |609) 4"-'00C SALE J (297-2727) or her assistants. Fannie Floyd (921-8429) or Gerry Bowers (921-9334). Reservations at $25 per table, or $6.25 per person, may be made by mail, Send checks, payable to the Women's Col- lege Club of Princeton, to Mary T. Duva. 15 Planters Row. Skillman 08558. The public is in- vited to attend. The Mercer Alliance for the Mentally III will meet at 7:30 p.m. on Monday at the Lawrence Library, Route 1 and Darrah Lane. Attorney Herbert D. Hinkle. an attorney who specializes in legal services for disabled per- sons and their families, will speak on estate planning. The Princeton Community Democratic Organization will meet Sunday at 7 p.m. at Mount Pisgah A.M.E. Church, 170 Witherspoon Street. Blacey Cammaratta,. chair- man of the Mercer County Democratic Committee, will speak on the "State of the Coun- ty." and Emma Byrne, ex- ecutive director of the State Democratic Committee will Princeton Branch, at 924-7045 WHO KNOWS what's going on in Princeton'' People who read TOWN TOPICS, of course Famous for Lampshades — 20,000 shades — Chandeliers, Lamps, Furniture shsiOy Lxmp shop Specialty Shopi In Partniytvanla, New York, Ne. J ar »y BUCKS COUNTY PRINCETON REMINGTON PEDDLER'S VILLAGE FORRESTAL VILLAGE LIBERTY VILLAGE Route 202 Route 1 Routes 202 6 31 Lahoike. Pennsyivan.a New Jersey New Jersey 215-794-7313 609-520-8755 201-768-5200 OPEN EVERY DAY • FREE PARKING SALE ! To Wear. ..Everywhere! Kensington gets a jump on Spring with a self-jacket dress ensemble in a poly knit stripe/dot pattern. Beige or navy w/white & solid bonding on neck, collar & pockets. Sizes 8-18 with basic alterations free. 240. •/••w-v.- Hi .-V.. 7 Open I riday*! [i| - Jonathan Wiener N ' J2 Nassau Street • Princeton * \\ t validate garagt IT'S NEW To Us s E. Lange Construction >■' Offers Custom Building g Is it time for a face lift If not w for you. perhaps for your o house' Depsite the snow, spring S is just around the corner, and . it's not too soon to plan that ad- ~» dition or renovation you've z _ been thinking about g Eric Koromhas. owner of E k Lange Construction in Griggs- g town, is b fully licensed build- 5 er with experience in all areas 5 of the construction business He w - is glad to provide a free o estimate and discuss options g with prospective clients. "I'm k a third-generation carpenter,'" z he explains "This was original 5 ly my grandfather, Eric P Lange's, business, and my fa- ther, Alex Koromhas. was a carpenter too I really grew up in the business I worked with them when I was a boy and learned the trade ." A New Jersey native, Mr. Koromhas became owner of the construction company, head- quartered in Middlesex County, five years ago and then re- located to Griggstown this past year "We serve Mercer, Middlesex, Somerset and Mor- ris counties," he reports, "and I've also worked in Bernards- villc and Washington's Cross- ing. We're not afraid to travel "In fact." he laughs, "if al most seems I do more driving than anything else, checking on the different job sites. I oversee everything, and all work is per- sonally supervised I check on things every day" Era of Remodeling. Addi- tions, remodeling and renova- tions of residential houses arc specialties of E. Lange Con- struction, and Mr Koromhas notes that "People seem to be adding on to their houses a lot nowadays They're really doing more of this, putting money In to their homes. "We do all kinds of addi- tions," he continues "Family rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, living rooms, etc, It's in teresting, too. that when we do an addition, it can lead to a re novation elsewhere in the house. A renovation can Involve changing a house totally, giving it a completely different look, or it might mean changing the style of all the windows l! varies." . 1 ' ON THE JOB: E. Lange Construction specializes in custom building, particularly larger jobs such as ad- ditions, remodeling and major renovations. "We custom build houses from the ground up, too, and we only do custom work," explain lead carpenters Dave Janshego and Mark Gonzales, shown at one of t heir on-going work sites. complexity of the job, but an Mr. Koromhas meets a vari- average addition takes about ety of people in his business, he two months He believes it is noteSi am j it is important that very important to work close- they are pleased with the work ly with clients so they will ■■] especially enjoy seeing understand the choices avail- customers happy It makes it able and what will be involved. ,, 1 1 worthwhile •When we first discuss the "We also like a challenge in our construction work." he con- tinues. "We don't mind taking on jobs that have some difficul- ty. We're a growing company, and we try to take a special in terest in our customers." remodeling to $240,000 for a multi-room addition, with all prices in between. The com- plexity and length of time of the job determine the cost E Lange Construction can be if reached at (201 ) 281-6662 any * time up to 10 p.m Skin and Hair Salon Highlight Beauty Dreams "Why not age beautiful- ly?"asks Elena Vassilev with a smile. Owner with her husband Nick Vassilev of Beauty Dreams at 812 State Road i Route 206). Elena notes that "After 30, people tend to be more concerned about their skin, but it's never too soon to start taking care of the skin and learning the proper techniques. We have clients of all ages, from teenagers to people in their sixties and seventies, men as well as women." Elena, who came to the United States 15 years ago, was born in Bulgaria and received her training in Austria. "It's a very thorough training," she explains "There you have to go to school for two to four years, and then you specialize in a for dassic. traditional ladies apparel sizes 4-16 O Kalre M Gaydos A SID Interior Design Complete Decorating Service Residential • Commercial By appointment 737-1010 PATRICIA'S HAIR DESIGN 357 Nossou Street, Princeton We speciblize in sculptured hoir cuts • long hair • braids body 6 carefree curl • hair relaxing color • highlights • style dry • perms (609) 683-4114 work. I try to determine what people want and then explain the options. I can show them pictures of what it can belike." he says "People generally don't know exactly what they want — although some do — and we help with ideas and sugges- tions We have a design service, too, Also, one of the changes in the business is that there is season 's just ahead. It is not such a variety of new products unusuai for E *? n & t0 be ft on the market today. There are v ° lved ( ,n several on B mn B J obs so many choices, there's no a ,?™L! m .! He also points out that it is best to plan ahead for construc- tion work now, since the busv I latum on what you can do. Being able to incorporate all these possibilities into a project is great. Really, the sky's the limit " Prices can range anywhere for $5,000 for a bathroom THE CLOSET DOCTOR "We only do Closets! Call the Specialists" 443-8202 or 654-1 786 Free on the spot Estimates Don't be tooled by IMITATIONS use Closet Maid Fully Insured Experienced to yow designer Before installation tor 1 FREE Add-a-hook with any installed closet I Expires March 31, 1989 i per family Ask about our 10 Year Limited Warranty AtflNWinODIAitB ■ CLOSET MAID* We WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD I beat any reasonable estimate you received to reorganize your closet i based on using Closet Maid sleel rod ventilated shelving Mr. Koromhas explains that the length of time lor a miova tion or addition depends on the Working Partnership. He emphasizes the need to explain all Ihis carefully to his customers so that then is b real working partnership. "I like to work with people during the project and plan it with them We try to find what is best for them and make sure the planning that goes into the project is dour properly. "Our willingness lo work Closely with people before and during the project sets us apai i In- adds "Wecanalso make changes il they want. There are always changes in the building process CAPITAL BEDDING COMPANY 'THE COMPLETE BEDDING STORE" flB pamper yourself at our Skin Care Clinlque • Facials • Manicures • Pedicures Electrolysis Waxing Massage Hoir Studio Gift Certificates Avoiloble (Beauty Dreamy 812 State Rd. • Princeton 924-4910 Vljo/MoiiercortJ accepted J J FREE DELIVERY AND SET UP! ON PREMIUM SET OLD BEDDING REMOVED PIECE FOR PIECE BASIS *SOF ABED MATTRESSES • FOAM MATTRESSES X REPLACEMENT MATS ♦ 3/4 SIZE BEDS FREE FRAME W/PREMIUM SET FOAM CUT TO ORDER BRASS HEADBOARD FROM <88 Not eoclly as shown featuring... ; 1P0STURPEDIC CHhWRACtlc] beauty're? spkingair <£fcBACK SUPPORTER < COMPLETE FROM EQUAL RISER COMPLETE Available in 38 wide $ 228 "jSTAHT FURHITlim ll« a^^S PHONE 298-0910 CAP '™- BEDDING COMPANY US «m. 13. BETWIM »«»0»r L Lt «0 ££i£«. It's New to Us particular area. My specialty was skin care." After managing a beauty sa- lon in East Brunswick, she and her husband opened Beauty Dreams in 1983. "Princeton needed a place like this," she remarks. "A lot of people from here used to come to the salon in East Brunswick, and I thought Princeton would be a good location. It's a nice town, a very international town. I'm European, and a lot of Euro- pean people come here." "Traditionally, facials have been far more popular in Europe than in the United States," she adds "Here, peo- ple thought of facials as a lux- ury, whereas in Europe, they were a necessity. Now that is changing People just needed to be introduced to it. They didn't think about it before The European Technique. "I use the European technique," she continues. "I concentrate on cleaning, especially deep ' cleaning, and it all depends on the skin type. It's a different treatment depending on the skin type." Elena explains that a facial consists of steaming to open the pores, massage, deep cleaning, a high frequency ma- chine to tighten pores and bring oil to the surface of the skin, a mask depending on skin type and a final massage and cream, again according to skin type The benefits of a facial are not limited to the skin, she be- lieves. "Of course, the skin looks and feels better, but it's also a relaxing experience that helps to reduce stress. People come here after work, after a hard day, and they really feel better after being here. We try to make it as relaxing as possi- ble. This is a fun place, very comfortable I especially enjoy t being with women. I enjoy talk- ing with them and sharing. We really become friends. And I love to see them happy and looking beautiful when they leave." LOOKING GOOD: "We are really a beauty clinic — a full-scale skin, nail and hair salon," notes Elena Vassilev, owner ot Beauty Dreams, located at 812 State Road. Facials, manicures, pedicures, body massage and wraps, as well as body waxing, elec- trolysis, eyebrow and eyelash tints, make-up applica- tions and lessons and the full range of hair treatments and stylings are all available. "We have many regular customers who come in once a month or more often for a facial, manicure or to have their hair done," adds Elena. Molisana Ital. DELI Now - Barbecued Chicken & Wings Every Day of the Week Ho t and Cold Sandwiches Soup and Special ot the Day Assorted Cold Cut* and Macaroni Fresh Cheese and Ricotta All The Time Paatrlae • Coffee • lea Cream Cigarettes • Neepapera 266 Wltherspoon SI. 924-9555 Mon-Fri 7:30 to 7 pm Sal 8-3. Closed Sunday. Elena also gives clients specific instructions about home care for the skin and ad- vice about sun blocks and a pre- tanning program. "It's hard to tell people to stay out of the sun because they won't, but they shouldn't overdo, and it's im- portant to take protection." Beauty Dreams also offers skin and make-up products for sale, including Rene Gumot (exclusive in the area to Beau- ty Dreams) and Matis, both from France. Spacious Salon. The salon, which is very spacious, is one of the largest in the area. It is very attractive, with a nice waiting area and pleasant private rooms. "We even have a large TV for clients to watch, reports Elena, "and sometimes children come with their parents, and they can watch." "The first floor of the salon is for hair and manicures and pedicures." she continues, "and the second floor is for skin care and body treatment. There are four private rooms for facials, body massage, wraps and waxing." Body wraps have become in- creasingly popular, she adds "They help to tone and tighten the skin and also help reduce cellulite," she explains. "We also have a face and body scrub. Aroma Therapy Treat- ment, which removes dead layers of skin. Dead cells are scrubbed away, and essential oils are applied. It helps to revitalize the new skin. "We also have a special paraffin mask for face and body which is especially good for dry or mature skin. It's a therapeutic treatment." The make-up application table is upstairs, too, and after having gone through the preliminaries of facials, wraps, haircuts, etc.. it's fun to have a make-up lesson and learn how to become a "New You. " Make- up is determined by skin color- ing and skin type," explains Elena, "and we give clients in- structions to take home on cor- rect procedure and which shades and types of make-up are best for them. Trained Staff. "One thing I want people to know." she adds, "is that I train all my staff personally — even if they have gone to Beauty School — because I want them to prac- tice our techniques. All of our staff are equally good and com- petent. We are all trained to do everything." Prices run the gamut at Beauty Dreams, with a one- hour facial $40, a half-hour manicure $12, an hour pedicure $25 and an hour massage $40 Hair cuts are $25 and up and a wash and set $18 to $20. A special package including manicure, pedicure and facial is $70. If you really want the works, there is a "Day of Beau- ty" offering everything — hair, skin, nails, body massage and make-up at a special dis- counted rate. Fashion jewelry is also avail- able for sale at all prices, start- ing at $12 for children's earr- ings, and bracelets, chains, earrings and pins are all on display. Elena is pleased to report that business is growing ail the time. "We are truly happy. People are discovering the real value of our type of skin care. Also a big advantage here for clients is the easy parking. "In addition, "she continues, "there will soon be an exercise and fitness spa adjoining us. It will be run by Barbara Potts and open in May or June." Gift certificates are offered and Visa and MasterCard cred- it cards accepted. Beauty Dreams is open Tuesday through Saturday 9 to 6 and Thursday until 9. Hours can be extended for special appoint ments. —Jean Stratton Put more in your bag for less at The Marketplace Route 27. Princeton (Franklin Twp.) (201)583-8700 50th ANNIVERSARY^ ^1V39 1989J£1 Our greenhouses are bursting with flowering & Easter Plants! 1 March Special Bentley Flower and Vegetable Seeds Buy 2 packets, get I free Loft's Weed and Feed V 2 Price < Prices good through March IT) Wide variety of Garden Supplies Wicker • Pottery ■+ 924-5770 'etersoirs NURSERY 3730 Lawrencevllle Road (Rl. 206 between Lawrencevllle t Princeton) Daily 9-5; Sun. 11-5 HELENE REYNOLDS & ASSOCIATES EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS Specialists In Educational Planning and Placement for 15 years... • College Counseling & Placement • Prep School Selection • Alternative programs for students with learning disabilities and other special needs "Family Counseling for the Individuals Educational Needs" 609-921-1326 The Phoenix Group TRADITIONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY AND TRANSPERSONAL COUNSELING "The human spirit is virtually indestructible, and its ability to rise from the ashes remains as long as the body draws breath." ...fay., Alice Miller Kathleen M. Hanes. MCAT. MS Frank Haronian. Ph.D. George Colnaghi. Ph.D. 12 ROSZEL ROAD. SUITE C 203, PRINCETON (609)452-1110 "Vte Wrote the BooH on Cooking!' Rose Levy Beranboum Jane Burel The Cake Bible Kitchen Kopors 50 Coulter Ave Suburban Square Ardmore, PA (215)649 1642 100-300 pm fiesta' Kitchen Kapers 7 Polmer Square fait Princeton, NJ (609) 924-9190 100 -3 00 pm Lorenzo de Medio Italy the Beautiful Cookbook Kitchen Kapers 532 Cherry Hill Mall Cherry Hill NJ (609)6621919 1 00-300 pm Pierre Franey The Seafood Cookbook 60 Minute Gourmet Cuisine Ropide Kitchen Kapers 213 S. 17lh St Center City Philadelphia PA (215) 546-8059 1 00-5:00 pm Spend some time with the authorities the cooks behind a few of today's hottest selling cookbooks As part of Philadelphia's fifth annual "The Book and The Cook" celebration, we've in- vited five visiting authors to promote their books from various Kitchen Kapers locations. Cooking Connoisseurs and their books March 18, 1989. Just one more reason Kitchen Kaperc is your kitchen store klTchEN*liApERS Paula Wolfert Paula Wolferfi World of Food Kitchen Kapers 8530 Germontown Ave Cheilnut Hill Philadelphia. PA (215)242-2866 II 00 am- 100 pm SUBURBAN SQUARE ECHUON MALL l7ihiWALNUI KPTFORD MAU mf For current REGISTER VERIFICATION CHECK THIS PAGE — O' to check business firms Registered but not curremiy advertising on itus page — CALL (609) 924-0737 Monday-Fn 10 a m -4 p m 20 years of assistance to Princeton's CAREFUL BUYERS, in their deal- ings with local and near- by business people, qualifies Consumer Bureau to know very well WHO'S ° • Advertising Outdoor: ,RC MAXWELL CO 396 912' &nce q v^WeSayMore'PO Bo» 1200 w .-■-■ 08606 i Air Conditioning; 2 GERARD M KUSTER HEATING & " COOLING SYSTEMS. INC Z : *&2 '281 O PRINCETON AIR CONDITIONING *- ■ ■:- ■■ a a ■■ .-.i-o 7993434 U PRINCETON FUEL OIL CO Z 924 1100 £ WILLIAM C PULLEN Salts/Service E ndnl W0 a? 94 ■-RALPH SFERRA AIR CONDITIONING A J3 HTNG O • Alarm Systems: *- ADT SECURITY SYSTEMS Z HoW-up Closed Circuit TV cmmrcl 4 rsdtt $ 129 Lawrence Rd Trenton 695 1144 O FEDERAL ALARM CO. Burglar Fire, *~ Medical Auto Rsdll A Cmmrcl 24 Hrs 7 days a wk Poftca I • Answering Service: CORRIDOR ANSWERING SERVICE kH ving Princeton area wilh 24 hour proles sionai service !01 821 2375 ■■■ ''om Princeton) • Antique Dlrs; Auctioneers: LESTER 4 ROBERT SLATOFF. lot Auciior- rMari ' " ■ Sold 777 .■■■ 193 4648 • Antiques: AUNT SALLIE'S BARN. Fun "■ S ' lM Markot Barm wlvo< & glass 43 Mam 924 9502 FIELD ANTIOUES. 1811 8 IW AmtJ & EngDih ArttiquM ''.irking Avail 49 State Rd Princeton 9210303 KINGSTON ANTIOUES I Ins Jowolry 4 •13 Main, Kingston, 9240332 & 9243923 THE SILVER SHOP Antique 4 now Oliver. hntporoaiiintoM Kalejoiiwlr) WPaimti ':,,; M>M Ptinr.clrir, 'V-l ,'R'I, • Appliance Repair: FAIRHtLLS APPLIANCE REPAIR I ipert ropairs on maioi appliance" „ ir -,i, 609 183 1072 • An Galleries: ART BY DESIGN Ouelily original an & KUlptu'O at a wido range of values, poslors 131 Washington St Rocky Hill, 924 3513 LEXINGTON GALLERY ,», I1-..1. Av.. ■ • Auto Btnty Repair Shops: ACRES AUTO, INC I m- f] 74 Youngs Rd MorcnrvWo 586-3225 BODY SHOP By Harold Wllllama Specializing in FiborglBas Corvollo All domestic & loiolgn cars Route 206, Princeton, 921 85B5 DEALER'S AUTO BODY Collision E (porta Foreign & Domestic Glass in stalled Woodside Rd Robbinaville 258-6390 DYNAMARC AUTO BODY, INC. Foreign '- Free onlimativ, Enport r«l 1743 Rl 1. MONMOUTH JUNCTION 201 297 0527 FRED'S AUTO BODY SERVICE Compif'ii- CoUMon RapUi B Ptlnl 208 Stoics a *. ■■■■■■ QUAKER BRIOGE BODY SHOP. Am„-i S Foioign Cars FRtl I STIMATI S 41 10 Quaker Br Rd Lawroncoville 799-3119 REILLY'S COLLISION 84-hf towing Rl 1. So Brunswick 201 297-8390 • Auto Dealers: ACURA Auth. Sales. Service. Leasing PRINCETON ACURA 3001 Ri '■ 1 aVi i\ Ufl H'tiiOBOO AUDI & PORSCHE Sales & Service Hubert's Porsche Audi Inc l425Easton Rd Warrington Pi ' mflej liom New Hope 215 343 2B90 AUDI-PORSCHE Salea & Service JOHN WOOD PORSCHF AUDI, Route 1 Princeton 452 9400 BAKER PONTIAC-BUICK Rle 206. Princeton (opp airport) Saio% 92i 2222 Service 921-2400 BUICK SALES. SERVICE, LEASING FEDOR BUICK Rls 68 at 206 Bordenlown 29B 4444 BUICK Salea, Service, Leasing. Rentals FENNESSY BUICK Rl 202 206 No- ■ VS3020 CATHCART PONTIAC 1620 N Olden A » Trenton 392-5111 CHEVROLET AUTH. SALES A SERVICE JOHN WOOD CHEVROLET Rt 206 Prn {opp Anpon) 924 3350 CHRYSLER-PLYMOUTH Salea, Service. Leasing. BELLE MEADGARAGE Rt 206 Belie Mead 201-359 81 31 OICK GREENFIELD OODGE 1 TRUCK CENTER. 2700 Brunswick Pike. Lawrenceviiie 882 1000 HAMILTON Chryaler-Plymoutrt Auth Sales 4 Service Plymouth Chrysfei Imperial 1240 Roule 33, Hamilton Square 586-2011 MERCEOES-Benz Salea, Service ft Leasing. MARKHAM MOTORS. LTD 355 No Gaston Av Somrvl 201-685-0800 MERCEDES BENZ Autr, Sales Serv.ce Pans & Leasing PRINCETON MOTOft SPORTING JD Powers Assoc Rated #1 or Ownership Experience Survey 291 awrvl 771-8040 SPORTS ft SPECIALIST CARS, INC Mercer County's only auth SAAB dealer 20 Arctic Pkwy Trenion 989 7222 Conwvjea m hieitt Column • Auto Dealers: Continued from Preceding Cour VOLKSWAGEN-PEUGEOT, PRINCETON Route 206 Prnceton 921 2325 WHITEHOUSE IMPORTED CARS T/A Aphorized Foreign Car Specialists JAGUAR • SAAB • PEUGEOT Rt 22 East Whrtehouse Sta 201 534-2185 Z4W HONDA Salea ft Service Rl 206 Prn (opp Airport) 6830722 ZftW MAZDA Salea ft Service Ri 206, P'n (opp Airport) 924-9330 • Auto Parts Dealers: ACRES AUTO INC. • Used auto pans 74 Youngs Rd Mercer v.lle 586-3225 FIRST CLASS AUTO SALVAGE New Used & Rebuilt Auto Parts 105 Patterson Av Trenton 586*222 QUAKERBRIOGE AUTO PARTS New 4 rebuilt auto parts lor American 4 Imports ,;--, ' i,,- -'II ;.,,■ ... '.'■ /■>: -■ ,-' • Auto Rentals: AFFORDABLE USED CAR RENTAL SYSTEM, INC. Route 208 Princeton 921 2325 ECONO-CAR ( rtfl local customer pick up Low ratos Rl 206 Princeton 924-4700 • Auto Repairs & Service: FOWLER'S GULF (formerly Princeton Ex repairs vw '. GENERATOR 4 STARTER EXCHANGE . --'"j m auto electrical service Mention thla ad for 10% oft II, A rayfOI Av lr.-11l.-1 MHH 1530 LARINIS SERVICE CENTER 24 hr low ing 272 Alexander Si Prn 924 8553 RftJ TURNEY MOTOR CO 348 Rl 1 Mon Jcl 201297 1990 SPORTS ft SPECIALIST CARS, INC. Mercer County's only auth SAAB dealer 20 Arctic Pi-wy rrtnton 989 7222 • Carpet Cleaning: CARPET MAGICIANS. INC On location . rphCttafy clng Commercial 4 e 1 800-624-4459 • Employment Agencies: STAFF 8UIL0ERS TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT SERVICE Serving the Route 1 Corridor 211 College Rd E Forrestal Ctr Princeton 452 0020 • Carpet Dealers: G FRIED CARPET OF PRINCETON Ehgetow 4 all major brands ' ' ■ Pr.nceton Shopping N Harrison Si 683 9333 KAVE SEPTAKS CUSTOM PAINT ft DECORATING CENTER mg needs' 54 Lincoln Av , Jamesburg 201 521 5424 LOTH FLOORS ft CEILINGS Karastan Bigelow Lee olhers 208 Sanhican Or 9201 • Caterers: ANGELONIS Catering. Banquet A pany ■ ' over 600 1445 Whrtehorse Hon Sq 5864100 COX'S DELI 4 MARKET Hot £ cold but • Entertainment: PRINCETON MAGIC CO. < te/U menl tor special occasions M-ehae< jamm Magician 609-734-0445 SOUND CHOICE Professional Disc Jockeys Oave Hoetiei 737-6665 • Gifts: CREATIVE HANDS Jewelry pottery glass wood weavings. puppets eic Moni- , Shop Ctr Rt 206. Rocky Hill 924-3355 THE CROSS 4 SHAMROCK Religious ar tides 4 Irish imports Cover Mall, 3100 Quakerbndge Rd Mrcvl 586-9696 THE ELEGANT COTTAGE Antiques, Col lectibles An Jewelry 15 Dutchlown Hafl- mgen Road Belle Mead 201-359-0555 THE TOWN SHOP Unique, quality gills Silver repairs Personalized service 344 Nassau. Princeton 924-3687 • Lawn, Garden & Farm Supplies & Equip; SIMPLICITY Lawn Garden & Snow Equip ment trom 3W to 20 hp Complete service center JOSEPH J NEMES - SONS Rle 206. P'n 924-4177 • Lawn Maintenance: LAWN DOCTOR ot PRINCETON Complete lawn services Free Estimates, call 737-8181 MERCER LAWN 4 LANDSCAPING Complete lawn maintenance Free estimates reasonable prices 883-8016 rties. etc 181 6269 • Banks: CITY FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK 103CarnegioCW Sto 104, Prn 987 2626 FIRST FIDELITY BANK, PRINCETON Grand Opening Promotions" 1 2 Campus Or Mon Jctn (oil Rt 1)452 7760 UNITED JERSEY BANK N A 'H.'t UNITED SAVINGS 4 LOAN ASSOC - •Bathrooms: NASSAU KITCHEN 4 BATH CO, Rl 206 at Mountumviow Plaza, Btllfl Mend. 201-359-2026 QUAKER MAID KITCHENS by FLEET- WOOD 32 yoars oxperienco Custom designs and insinuation 20 Rl 206, Raritan 201 722-0126 GOURMET DELICATESSEN 4 BAKERY Catering hot 4 cold buflel 6 ft hoagies cakes cookie trays & mucti more! Prn - Hi ghtsiown Rd , Prn Jet 799-0223 • Chimney/Duct Cinq. & Rprng. CHIMNEY SWEEPS UNLIMITED, INC. Guaranteed no mess" Insured tree est Chimney caps mst Prnln 9210585 SEARS DUCT 4 CHIMNEY CLEANING Fireplace. Duct. Furnace 4 Chimney Cleaning & Re-lining 1-800-637 8500 • Cleaning; Dry: CRAFT CLEANERS The Finest' 225 Nassau. Princeton 924-3242 Windsor Pla/a, Prn Junction 799-0327 Windsor His Shop Clr Easi Windsor 443-8320 1840 Rl 1. Lawrence Twp 695-3242 LUXE FRENCH DRY CLEANERS Dry clng. laundry, pick-up 4 delivery Prmceion 203 205 Witherspoon921 -0893 Prn Junction Prn-Hlsln Rd 799-0716 MRS. Be DRY CLEANING 4 LAUNDRY Expert dry clng on premises Rl 206 (Grand Union Ctr ) Prn 924-1617 • Clock Repair: ROY SJOGREN Antique & Modern Specializing m Giandlathers HOUSE CALLS MADE 201-560 1921 • Excavating Contractors: ALL WORK CO- Backnoe skid loader Belle M ead 201-359-3000 • Exterminators: COOPER PEST CONTROL Graduate Entomologist Rendering quality service since 1955 Local Call 799 1300 NATIONWIDE EXTERMINATING SER- VICE Locally owned 4 operated since 1955 All work guaranteed m writing 452 1023 P.M. • PEST MASTER Termife & all tvpe* o' pest control Fully insured, all work guaranteed, reasonable rales 396-0266 • Beauty Salons: CLAUDIA HAIR DESIGNS Nnii if hn ii on lta.fl i lid i.nrtilicetes VIHiga Sho| Rl 200 A01 k) HIB I I LA JOLIE COIFFURES, INC. Full service ' ill car* 69 Pnlmor Square West. Pnnotton .924-3963. PRINCETONIAN HAIRSTYLING FOR MEN AND WOMEN <> Pnncolon 924 7733 UTE FEY HAIR STYLING St J 4 women Skm Care Gilt certtlicates • Bedding. WHITE LOTUS FUTON 1 1 t tminUv. SI Pnncolon (lower level) 609 497 1000 • Billiards: HOBSON S BILLIARD ft Recreation Sply iii y<s '■■! • Blueprinting: S ft A DUPLICATING INC ittng. Spiral Binding S n 1 B ig 5lndoponden> i' r> ■ . , • Boat Sales & Service: LENTINE MARINE Hwv SI Rommglon 201 7822077 • Closets: CLOSET OOCTOR. THE Cusiom closet . .sta! Auth Olr CLOSET MAID shelving 10 yr Imid warranty FREE on Ihe spot eslimates 443-8202 4 654 1786 • Clothing Furniture: 10,000 sq. tl ol clothing, lurmture, bnc a lir,.n eic SALVATION ARMY THRIFT STORE. 43b Mulberry S1 Trn 599-9801 • Computer Rentals: NATIONAL MICRORENTALS Inc. Renl 4 lease IBM, Compaq & Macmiosh Com- puters, Pnnkus. 19 Monitors Laser Jets A olher equipment Free mainlenance & rprs delivery to your business 'i-'JOO (local call Irom Prn | • Computer Sales & Service: ENTRE COMPUTER Specializing in computers tor business IBM, COMPAQ. TANDON, TOSHIBA 47 Slate Road, Prmceion 683-4141 t'UGH CARVER GROUP, INC. Portable Computet 1 anlth, Sharp Toshiba NEC By appl 201 274 3406 TARA ENTERPRISES OF PRINCETON. INC. Complete system design 4 installa- tion Specializing in Networking Service 4 rpr ai your locaiion or ours 150 Wither spoon, Frn 683-9464 • Fabrics: OANNEMANN FABRICS Complete line O* drapery 4 dress fabrics, oralis & notions Rt 27&518.Prn(Marketplace)201 -297 6090 • Fencing: J OSWORTH FENCING 4 CONSTRUC- TION Fully Insured 609-426-9004 SUBURBAN FENCE COMPANY. 2nd & 3rd generation family business 100s ol styles. 2 locations Princeton Junclion 4 Trenton 452-2630 • Floor Covering Contractors: TILE DISCOUNT CTR Vmyl,, Ceramics Carpeting. Capitol Plaza Shop Ctr Tren 1.15 mm Irom Prn f 392-2300 • Florists: COUNTRY FLORIST We specialize We care 1 Prn Meadows Shop Ctr Plamsboro Rd, Plamsboro 799-3442 COUNTRY FLf-'ST ft GREENHOUSE Fresh flowers. ons. fruil baskets J15 Rt 33 H ■- 448-0222 THE FLOWER jASKET HO Nassau. P< ceton 924-2620 Prn No Shop Clr. Rocky Hill 924-2600 JUST BECAUSE FLOWER SHOP Creative floral arrangements, plants, fruit baskets Rl 27. Prn 201-821-7077 MAKRANCY'S Floral Shop 4 Green- house. A complete floral service 966 KuserRd Hamilton Twp 587-2543 (2nd Marketfaii Rt 1 1 • Food Markets: WAWA FOOD MARKET Deli dairy, hot 4 cold sandwiches party platters 140 University PI Prn 921-3677 • Fuel Oil & Oil Burners: LAWRENCEVILLE FUEL Fuel oil. plmbg, hlng, air cond 4 energy audits 16 Gor- don Av. Lmcvl 896-0141 NASSAU OIL Sales 4 Service 800 Slate Rd Prn 924 3530 PRINCETON FUEL OIL CO. 220 Alexander St Prn 924 1100 WILLIAM C. PULLEN Sales/Service isdnll cmmrcl Htsin 448-0294 • Gourmet Shops & Foods: FIDDLER'S CREEK FARM Country smok- ed bacon turkevs 4 capons Mailorder R D 1 Titusvilie 737-0685 (lo cal) • Greenhouses: MAZUR NURSERY Blooming plants & plant supplies 2 65 Bakers Basin Rd Lwrvl 587-9150 • Handbags; Leathergoods: SL'SAN GREENE Largest selection ol handbags, fashion jewelry, luggage & at- taches, ail at low discount prices At (he Marketplace, Prmceion, Routes 27 4 51 8. 201 297-6249 '_ • Hardware Stores: LUCAR Paint, hdwre. lools. plumbing & elec suppt, houswrs Open eves Prn- Htstn Rd . Prn Jncln (local call) 799-0599 • Copying; Duplicating: THE COPY CENTER NSEwIng I .'748 S ft A DUPLICATING INC KODAK rju] ■ .ting Spiral Binding \ rhtrma Bind ng emlse i Bluepnnting 5 Independent:. .'. Prmceion 924 7136 and 987-0655 • Fur Shops & Furriers: PRINCETON FURS BY MARVIN, INC New furs including hi style Minks, restyling repairs, storage on premises 66 Wither- spoon, Princeton 921-2660 • Furniture Dealers: GASIORS FURNITURE ft AC- CESSORIES 2152 Rte 206, Belle Mead 201-874-8383 (local call) • Heating Contractors: GERARD M. KUSTER HEATING 4 COOLING SYSTEMS. INC. WM G LOWE HTG. 4 AIR CON. Hopewell 466-3705 NASSAU OIL Sales ft Service 800 Slate Rd , Prn 924-3530 PRINCETON AIR CONDITIONING Est 1970 Installation/Service 799-3434 PRINCETON FUEL OIL CO. 220 Alexander St Prn 924-1100 RALPH SFERRA AIR CONDITIONING ft HTNG Owner operator Prn 921-8635 VALLEY SYSTEMS Sales, Installation & Sen/ice oil gas hoi water & hoi air Hopewell 466-0014 • Hobby Shops: IRON HORSE HOBBIES Central Jersey s mosl complete Hobby Shop Flock 4 Quaker Bridge Rds , Mrcvl 586-2282 • Home Improvements: ALL WORK CO Basemenls, decks and more 1 Belie Mead 201-359-3000 THE KING'S CARPENTER We design 4 Build additions 4 alterations, specializing m kitchens 4 baths 609-396-2288 & 585-0893 J. OSWORTH FENCING 4 CONSTRUC- TION Fully Insured 609-426-9004 • Hospital Beds; Equipment AMBEST 1674 Penmngion Rd Ewmg, 882-3702 DELCREST MEDICAL PRODUCTS Hospital equipment for the home 2100 Nottingham Way Hamlin Twp 586- 1 679 • Hotels: COMPRI HOTEL Included in our reasonable rales are lull, cookedlo-order breakfast, evening cocktail reception, lull use ol exercise room & spa 100 In- dependence Way Prn . 609- 520-1200 • Interior DecoratingfDesign: ARTHUR'S INTERIORS Residential/Commercial 2850 Roule 1 Lawrenceviile 883-2056 KATE M. GAYDOS A.S.t.D. Residential 4 Comme-cai interior Design 737-1010 KAYE SEPTAK S CUSTOM PAINT & DECORATING CENTER Full Service Decorating Center 54 Lincoln Av Jamesbutg 2 1 -52 1 -5424 • Jewelers: PHIL PRATICO JR. JEWELERS Largest selection m the country at Ihe most atlordable prices ' 544 Rt 33 Mercerviiie 586-7760 • Lighting Fixtures: THE LIGHT GALLERY Indoor & Ouldoor Futures Residential. Commercial and IndusWial Prn Shop Ctr 924-6878 • Lightning Rods: STONY BROOK SYSTEMS, INC. Hopewell 466-3217 (local call Iro m Prn ) • Limousine Service: A-1 LIMOUSINE. 22 yrs ol ptolessional service 24 hrs a day, door-to-door 924-0070 CAMEO LIMOUSINE SERVICE. When You Demand Ihe Ultimate m Elegance ' Corporate Accounts welcome ICC Lie No 202324 Prn 921-6116 CROWN LIMOUSINE SERVICE Princeton Area 448-2001 EMERALD Iwl COACH Luxury vehicles, 24-hr dooMo-door service Airports, AC Weddings. Special Occasions 586-7772 GRAYTOP PRINCETON LIMOUSINE • Cadillac Sedans & Limousines for Cor porate'personal travel . 921-1122 OLYMPIC LIMOUSINE SERVICE Over 200 vehicle fleet, mcl. Rolls Royces 24 hr door-to-door 1-800-822-9797 PRINCETON LIMOUSINE SERVICE. Lunuiy Sedan Service All Airports - Major Cities - Casinos Check our rates first! 452-7744 WILLIAM'S CAR HIRE SERVICE Cadillac Stretch limos & Rolls Royce hmos 800-822-9797 • Linens: UPSTAIRS DOWN SHOP Specializing m Down comforters, pillows 4 linens Princeton Forrestal Village, Prn 520-0610 • Monuments & Markers: HAREN MONUMENT CO. Cert Barre Guild Dlr monuments & mausoleums lor over 60 yrs Inscriptions Belle Mead 201-874-6262 SUTPHEN MEMORIALS, INC Barre Guild Monumenls & Markers 29 Greenview Av. Prn 921-6420 • Mortgages; Loans: CITY FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK 103 Camege Clr Sle 104, Prn 987-2626 GMAC MORTGAGE CORP. Professional Assistance 4 Consultation Prn Meadows 01c Park. Plamsboro 1-800-624-0114 UNITED JERSEY BANK. N.A. 18 offices in Mercer, Middlesex 4 Union Counties Mam Office 90 Nassau. Prn 987-3200 UNITED SAVINGS ft LOAN ASSOC. 134 Franklin Corner Rd , Lwrvl 896-8000 Moving & Storage: • Bridal Gowns & Accessories: THE PARIS BOUTIQUE Sv made rjew ft a. Foi Bndes 4 ■ spoon Princeton B24 • Building Contractors: HARDEN CONSTRUCTION New home Builders Repairs & Improvements ■ Andrew J Brener 201-297 1993 NICK MAURO ft SON, BUILDERS, INC Custom homes, additions; alleraiions iile 924 2630 • Copying Machines: COASTAL COPY SYSTEMS RICOH, new 4 reconditioned Sale*. Service ft Su| 743 Alexander Rd, Princeton 520-9455 SCRIPTEX ENTERPRISES. LTD RICOH Copiers 4 FAX Award Winning Service Supplies & Service for most copters Serving Pnnoeton area 609-275-1 100 • Delicatessens: COX'S DELI ft MARKET 180 Nassau St Pnncelon 924-6269 MRS PASTA ft DELI Home-made hot food to go Catering Deli items 175 Washington Rd Penns Neck, 452-9175 • Building Materials & Lumber COLEMAN'S HAMILTON SUPPLY CO. Klochner Rd ft E Slate, Mrcvl 587-4020 GROVER LUMBER CO. Everything lor Builders 4 Homeowners 194 Alexander : ^24-0041 HEATH LUMBER CO. Complete Home Building Center Delrvery Service 1580 N Olden Av Trenton 392-1166 • Electrical Contractors: JOHN CIFELU ELECTRICAL Contractor Installations 4 Rprs insured & Bonded Resdentia) ft commercial N »> 921 3238 CLOSSON ELECTRICAL CONTRAC- TORS, INC. Commercial Industrial Resdennal LlC No 6900Larv1 695-7655 • Furniture; Discount: RIDER FURNITURE New high quality large selection top tmes. Discounts 75 Mam Si Kingston 924-0147 • Furniture Unpainted: ERNEY'S UNFINISHED FURNITURE One timshed fur- niture in New Jersey NF_W LOCATION 2807 Rl e 1 Alternate Lawtncvl S3& O097 • Futons: WHITE LOTUS FUTON. 11 ChambersSl Princeton (lower level) 609-497-1000 • Garage Doors & Openers Sales & Service: MILLER, WILLIAM R.p, s\-h. s ■, • Garbage & Trash Removal: NATIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL, Inc '-' nopal Se*wig Princeton area (local calQa6 3-i420 • Garden Centers: OBAL GARDEN MARKET INC. Evsrytti otonhogBrda Alexander p -._- ■eton 452-240' • Kitchen Cabinets: COLEMAN'S HAMILTON SUPPLY CO, Klockner Rd & E State Mrcvl 587-4020 KAPRI KITCHEN, Inc. Prolsnl design & in- stallation 32l2Soulh Broad Trei Irom Prn) 585-8150 MILLNER LUMBER CO. Qstr HAAS kit- chen cabinets, paneling 6O0Ariiiar, Tren 393-4204 NASSAU KITCHEN 4 BATH CO. Rt 206 at Mountamview Plaza Belle Mead 201-359-2026 QUAKER MAID KITCHENS by FLEET- WOOD. 32 years experience Custom designs and installation 20 Rt 206 Rantan. 201-722-0126 • Kitchen Cabinet Refacing: KITCHEN MAGIC. INC. Custom cab.net retaong counter tops carpentry work -re... estimates 609 383 3779 KORRIDOR KITCHENS by Gary E IT Custom Relacmg ol Cabinels wcod4 1orm,ca 587-7138 NEW LOOK KITCHENS Kuchen Cab.net Refaong Specialist free Estimates Snop- at Home Service 448-3461 • Landscaping Contractors: OOERLER LANDSCAPES, ^ascar* Oesgrvng Shade Trees, fences paiios £ax Brunswc* Pthe Lrncvl 896-3300 A SAVEWAY VAN LINES 30 years ot unique prolessional service Moving, storage, packing Mercerviiie 586-7751 ANCHOR MOVING 4 STORAGE Agents lor Mayflower Lei our lamily move your family Roule 206 Commerce Columbus 298-7877 BOHREN S Moving 4 Storage. Local 4 long disiance moving & storage United Van Lines Auth Agl Prmceion 452-2200 CENTRE CARRIERS INC. agenl Allied Van Lines Local & long distance Also, office record storage 452-0404 & 586-1370 • Mufflers: MIGHTY MUFFLER CTR. (Formerly ScoHi Muffler Cli ) Div of J J Nemes & Sons, Inc Mufflers for Fo, sign & American cars 100 percent guarantee Rle 206, Prn 921-0031 ^_ • Musical Instruments: CREATIVE MUSIC STUDIOS Electronic keyboards, organs, pianos, guitars & syn- thesizers 183 Scotch Rd Ewing Twp 882-6450 • Nurses: STAFF BUIL0EHS HEALTH CARE SERVICES Home Health Care Professionals 211 College Rd E . Forrestal Center Princeton 452-0020 • Nursing Homes: MERCERVILLE NURSING 4 CON- VALESCENT CTR. Skilled Nursing Home 2240 Wtinehorse-Mercerville Rd Mercerviiie 586-7500 • Office Fumrture& Equip Dealers: CENTER STATIONERS Princeton Shopping Ctr . N Harrison St 924-5706 HINKSON'S Complete line of office fur- niture 4 supplies 82 Nassau Princeton 924 01 12 OFFICE SPECIALTIES, INC. OtTice & Computer furniture 4 supplies 2105 Nottingham Way. Mrcrvl 587-5411 STATE SALES OFFICE EQUIPMENT New 4 Used office furniture bought 4 sold 694 S Broa d. Tren 392-8066 • Opticians: LAWRENCEVILLE OPTICIAN For The Unique In Eyewear 3100 Prmceion Pike, Lwrvl 896-2521 MEADOWS OPTICIANS New Pnncelon Boutique at 457 N Harnson St 683-7994 Also at Prn Meadows 4 Concordia Shop Centers for the WISE CONSUMER: ^"The local business people listed below are all Consumer Bureau Registered, which means they have not even one valid unsatisfied customer com plaint known to Consumer Bureau. ^- By advertising on this page, they say they are AVAILABLE as well as DEPENDABLE! CONSUMER BUREAU lOO • Organ Dealers: NOLOE'S PIANOS & ORGANS. Inc Princeton's consumer information bank SINCE 1967 . CALENDAR Of the Week Pool Tables: • Roofing Contractors: nterdon Shop Clr Rte 202. Remington cT . 5 BILLIARD 4 Rwreollon Sply CHfllSTENSEN ROOFING N< i (torn Pin > 201 782 5400 • Paint & Wallcoverings; Retail: WINDSOR PAINT & PAPER. Windsor Plaza 6d Hightstown Rd Princeton jun ction. 799-2227 • Painting: B. RICH PAINTING & ROOFING Pro'essional lor 17 yrs Neat & clean in- terior * exlenor painting We charge only enough !o <<z II right 882-7738 JULIUS H. GROSS INC. 25 yeais professional painting 924-1474 K.P. PAINTING Int & Exl ; power washing, tree est , Fully insured Driveway, wood & masonry sealing, window washing Senior Citizen Discounts 737-3087 QUEREC PAINTING Pio'essionals in surface treatments Rocky Hill 924-8718 • Painting & Paper Hanging: DANNVS PAINTING. 6 "tenor -Interior Ft* ly msuted Free estimates Water Pressure Washing 921-7835 GROSS. JULIUS H. Interior & Exterior .pamimg, paper hanging Decorating 683 Rosedale Road. Prmcelon 924 1474 J&R PAINTING Paperhangmg, Interior & Exterior Painting, Carpentry Free estimates Insured 466-9033 PERONE, B-R. Painting & Decorating 921-6468 • Party Supplies: PARTY FAIR - Full party supplies, balloons, etc all discounted" Montgomery Shop Clr. Rt 206 & 518, Rocky Hill 921-8090 PARTY HARTY Huge selection ol party goods' Complete party planning available, mcl caterers 4 entertainment So Bruns Sq Mall, 4095 Rl 1 Mon Jctn 201 274-2442 • Pet Shops & Supplies: FIN FUR & FEATHERS. An Exclusive Store lO' Pet Lovers' 411 Rl 206 Hlsboro (behind Dunkm Donuts) 201-359-PETS Flemmgton Mall, Flmtn 201-782-3737 price $16 90 1 ' Montgomery Shop Clr Rt 206. Skillman. 924-4113 .. ...ingle ~ - s e *P 585-8898 roots ch.mne, 4 'lasnmg repairs 184 - Carter Rd Prn 921-1277 & 924 7737 COOPER 4 SHAFER. INC. Est 1930 New • P'intPr*' ,oots * f epa"s Fully insured 63 Moran "™™ Ave Prn 924-2063 AAA REPROGRAPHICS Offset printing ECHO ROOFING Shingle roofs Rubber camera stats Fas! service 4 competitive rools Guaranteed, fully insured Please call prices 262 Alexander St Prn 924 8100 for free estimate 609 921 3721 THE COPY CENTER 575 Ewmg S1. Princeton 92t-2748 LDH PRINTING UNLIMITED Complete Printing Service 924-4664 Off- set Printing - Fast Service — Color Prin- ting. Typesetlmg, Bond Copies, Rubber Stamps, Notary Service 1101 State Rd (U S 206) Bldg B. Prn PIP PRINTING OF GREATER PRINCETON Full Service Prmier 10 Schalks Crossing Rd, Plamsboro2 7 5-4544 S 4 A DUPLICATING INC. KODAK duplicating & offset printing Spiral Binding & Therma Binding on premises Blue- printing 5 Independence Way Rt 1 Princeton 924-7136 & 987-0655 • Pumps & Well Drilling: SAMUEL STOTHOFF CO- INC. Rl 31 Remington 201-782-2116 • Real Estate: CENTURY 21 CARNEGIE REALTY INC, MaryC Ostheim, Broker Prmcelon Circle at Route 1, 452-2188 WM H. FULPER, REALTORS Homes ol Distinction 19 S Mam. Yardley, Pa 215-493-4007 GLORIA NILSON REALTORS Corporate Relocation Specialists Call tor comprehensive relocation brochure 230 Nassau, Princeton, 921-2600 SCHLOTT REALTORS Princeton 10 Nassau St 921-1411 Prn Jctn 50 Prn-Htsln Rd 799-8181 Belle Mead 840 Rt 206 201-8748421 STEWARDSON-OOUGHERTY Real Estate Associates. Inc Pr.nceton 366 Nassau 921-7784 Lawrenceville 2431 Mam 896-8100 with pianist Marion Zarzoczna , Trenton War Memorial Theatre 8pm : Bach s.St John Pas- sion, by Voices, directed by Lynne Ransom K\< \ Auditorium 9pm The Duke Ellington Orchestra led by Mer< ington, McCarter Theatre. 10:30 a.m.: Readings Over 8 p. m .: Princeton Scottish Coffee, with Herbert McAneny. country Dances. Murray- Wednesday, March 15 • Tire Dealers: Joseph j. nemes « if selections from "Dream Days s available Rte Sunday. March 19 Palm Sunday 2 p.m.: Children's opera, 8 p.m.: Preview. Mustapha " Tne Rin 8 oi the Pettucines." Matura's "Playboy of the West June °P eTa festival, New • Sewing Machine Dlrs: Rprs: reillys towing 24 h, To*,ng Indies," Crossroads Theatre Jerse y State Museum audi- AMERICAN SEWING 4 VACUUM CTR. Rt 1 So Brunswick 201297-9390 CottlDanV 120 Mpmnrial torium, 205 West State Street. Prn Shop Clr 921-2205 v,miip«iiiy . *£\J memorial Parkway, New Brunswick. lrer "on. - c . # Jnw Also on Thursday. The play 5 P- m : Lecture, "Renais- w 5noes: ' opens Friday at 8 with sance Rome of the Romans ." step w out Ladies, w ^^^JZ^l^ Performances also on Saturday ^aune Nussdorfer-Trayisano. Pngtn Shop ctr pngt n 737 1440 at 4 and 8:30. and Sunday at 3 P™essor of history and letters, 8 p.m.: Orpheus Chamber Wesleyan University: Doro- Orchestra, with Alfred thea's House, 120 John Street. Brendel. pianist. McCarter 7:30p.m.: Marcel Marceau. Theatre. McCarter Theatre. Amer 4 foreign cars Riit.» H . 206 Pm 9244177 Library. Princeton amoco. F.resfone i,r« f0 f 5 p.m. : Public Library board American, compact 4 Foreran Cars t » i-l «™«»« pr.nceton Shopping cir 921-6682 o! truste es; library meeting room. Towing: • Shoe Repair Shops: JOHN'S SHOE SHOP. Expert repairs ol shoes mcl orthopedic & athletic shoes 18 Tulane, Prn 924-5596 • Siding Contractors: LARRY THE SIDING MAN. Custom siding 4 windows 609-392 5722 • Ski Shops: THE SKI SHOPPE Sales, rentals, complete service shop 2850 Rl 1, Lawrenceville 8833044 • Transmissions: COTTMAN TRANSMISSIONS Free towing Iree road test We only tm what needs fixing' 2769 S Broad. Trenton 888-3600 Spas; Hot Tubs: ALL WORK CO. Belle Mead 201-359-3000 NATIONAL SPAS 4 HOT TUBS Corner Rl 2064514, Belle Mead 201-874-6666 TNT POOLS. INC. We service what we sell* Belle Mead 201-359-7665 • Pharmacies: FORER PHARMACY 160 Witherspoon. Prn 921-7287 • Records & Compact Discs & Cassettes: PRINCETON RECORD EXCHANGE Bought 4 sold. New. Used. Out ol Pnni Rock, Classical, New Wave, Jazz eic 20 Tulane St Princeton 921-0881 • Photographic Equip/Supplies: PRINCETON CAMERA CENTER. INC. r* Complete pholo services tor amateurs & professionals 830 Rte 206 Prn 924-5147 # Photographic Services: PHOTO HAVEN OF MONTGOMERY One hour processing Open 8-6 Mon-Fn, 9-5 Sat Montgomery Shop Ctr Rt 206. north of Rt 518 . . 497-1200 S 4 A DUPLICATING 24-hr service 5 Independence Way. Rl 1. Princeton 924-7136 4 987-0655 • Sporting Goods: THE FITNESS FORCE, INC, High lech "ness equipment & access lor home & Otc Prn Sh Ctr 683-0494 • Sprinkler Systems: PRINCETON IRRIGATION SPECIALISTS Graduate of College of irrigation Knowledge Member N J Irrigation Association Design. Installation, Service Prn 275-4460 • Piano Dealers: CREATIVE MUSIC STUDIOS Roland COUNTY LINE '|NN"S5idou! Digital Pianos. Sales & Lessons 183 Scotch Rd Ewmg Twp , 882-6450 NOLOE'S PIANOS 4 ORGANS. Inc. Hunterdon Shop Clr Rte 202. Flemmgton {30 mm from Prn) 201 -782-5400 • Restaurants: A KITCHEN Szechuan, Hunan, Mandarin DIM SUM BRUNCH Sal-Sun 1 12 30 Ban A Ctatinnorw- Carrie- quel Faclmes Ava.labte ma,or credit cards * a«t"">ery, LartfS. accepied 3221 HI 27, Franklin PV CENTER STATIONERS Princeton 201-297-2882 4 297-9879 Shopping Clr , N Harrison St 924-5706 THE ALCHEMIST 4 BARRISTER Lunch eons Dinner Cocktails Open 7 days 28 Witherspoon. Prn 924-5555 A C T . 1n p Natural THE ANNEX RESTAURANT Italian * MOn8 ' ™ atU ™- American cu.Sine Serving Princeton com TRENTON STONE 4 MARBLE CO. munity since 1950 1281* Nassau St Marble slate, granite limestone, etc Prmcelon 921-7555 Wilburtha Rd . W Trenton 882-2449 CHARLEY'S BROTHER Lunch • Dinner • Cocktails Route654, HopewelUoffRl 31)4660110 _ CHINA MOON In ihe Quaker Bridge Man • Storage: Szechuan. Hunan, Mandarin Open 7 STOW CO. MINI STORAGE Storerooms days Rt 1. Lawrenceville 799-6799 for rent by Ihe month Many sizes Rl 130, • Travel Agencies: AMERICAN EXPRESS TRAVEL Don't Leave Home Without Us 10 Nassau Street Princeton 921-8600 DELUXE TRAVEL BUREAU, INC. Personalized travel service 219 Nassau St , Princeton. 924-6270 KULLER TRAVEL CO. Complete travel arrangements 109 Nassau Street. Princeton, 924-2550 PERSONAL TRAVEL Get PERSONAL for more conlident travel Ask aboul our Family Vantage Program 195 Nassau St, Princeton 921-7575 WORLD TRAVEL OF PRINCETON. Full staff of women professionals Spring 4 Witherspoon Sts Princeton (below Haagen-Dazs) 924-5210 YWCA • Vacuum Cleaner Dealers: AMERICAN SEWING 4 VACUUM CTR. Prn Shop Ctr 921-2205 • Vacuum Clnrs; Built-in: FEDERAL VACUUM SYSTEMS Hi-power vacuum systems 585-3912 STONY BROOK SYSTEMS, INC. Hppewell 466-321 7 (local call from Prn) Cranbury 609-655-5151 • Picture Framing: ART BY DESIGN 131 Washington St, Rocky Hill 924-3513 LEXINGTON GALLERY 25 Te«as Ave Lawrenceville 883-8660 • Pizzerias: ALFONSO'S PIZZERIA & RESTAURANT Homemade lasagna, steaks mussels calzones, pizza Prmcelon North Shopping Center. Rt 206, 924-8351 PIZZA STAR Students rated us . as best Pizza m Princeton 1 " Princeton Shopping Ctr 921-7422 VESUVIO PIZZERIA & RESTAURANT Pizza, calzone, zeppoti, subs WE DELIVER. 25B Nassau, Prn 921-2477 • Plants: HAZUR NURSERY Blooming plants & plant supplies 265 Bakers Basin Rd , Lwrvl 587-9150 • Surgical Supply & Equip. Dealers: . AMBEST 1674 Pennington Rd Ewmg 882-3702 FORER PHARMACY 160 Witherspoon. Prn 921-7287 Swimming Pool Services: • Plumbing & Heating Contractors: N.C. JEFFERSON PLUMBING Open 7 days Rl 206. Skillman (' Ol Rt 518 mlsec ) 201-359-6300 CRANBURY INN, THE Fine Dining Lunch, Dinner, Sunday Brunch. Cocktails 21 So Mam, Cranbury 655-5595 GOOD TIME CHARLEYS Lunch • Dinner • Cocktails 40 Mam Si , Kmgslon (2 mi north of Prnctn ) 924-7400 GREENSTREETS Lunch Mon thru Ffi Dinner 7 days wk Private parties 3836 Quaker Bridge Rd. Mcrvl 8901546 LITTLE SZECHUAN RESTAURANT Lu^ce-' C"~' Banquets. Take-Out GEORGIANNA'S POOL VACUUMING ■' ------- irVWnds 443-6023 service Afeekl} _• t areokt) sen MARITA S CANTINA Reasonable rates 609-259 7754 Fine Mexican food 4 drink Open 7 days tor lunch, dinner & late night menu Sunday Brunch Happy Hour Major credii Cards accepted 138 Nassau st • Swimming Pools & Supplies: Princeton THE McATEERS '"'NY Times Superb Mead Continental & American Cuisine 1714 BARN ETT-HENDRICKS POOLS. INC. Easion Av, Somerset 201-469-2522 p„ ncelon s leading pool builder OLD BUDAPEST Hungarian Restaurant Qvef 30 experience 609-452-8896 Lunch 4 Dinner (Welcome to bring your NAT | 0NAL POOLS corner Rt 206 & 514 own wine) Closed Mon Montgomery Q e n e Mead 201-874-6066 Shop Ctr Rocky Hill (next lo Theatre) SYL VAN POOLS. In-ground pools 4 sup- 924-7095 phes NEW LOCATION Monfgomery Clr, ROCKY HILL INN R( 5I8 & 2 06, Rocky Hill 921-6166 Lunch Dmner - Cocktails -r^T POOLS INC. We service what we 1 37 Washington St. Rocky Hill 921-8421 se) |, Bel , e Mead 201 359-7665 Windows: "*' W *"' «■«•—- —■ lahhy THE SIDING MAN. Custom siding J t,,np,h ALL W ? RK C0 Cus,om des ' 9ns Belle 4 »«)ows BOS 192 57S Monday, March 20 Thursday. March 16 7:30 p.m.: Israeli folk danc- 7:30 p.m.: Regional Planning in 8- beginners and advanced. Board, Valley Road building. Jewish Center. 8 p.m.: Jerry Hadley, tenor, 8 P m Township Commit- with Cheryll Drake Hadley, tee : Valley Road building, piano; Richardson Auditorium. 10 ^ P™ : Vernal Eqinox, Princeton University Concerts spring begins, series Tuesday. March 21 7:30 to 10 p.m.: Princeton Friday. March 17 Folk Dance Group, instruction St. Patrick's Day followed by request dancing; 6:30 p.m : YMCA Singles' Riverside School. Sports, sottball, volleyball YM- 8 pm: Charles Ludlam's "The Mystery of Irma Vep." 7 p.m.: Sweet Honey in the George Street Playhouse; 19 Rock all-women's rock group; Livingston Street, New McCarter Theatre. Brunswick Also on Wednes- 7:30p.m. : Forum for Singles, day. Thursday. Friday and discussion group, refresh- Saturday at 8, Sunday at 2. ments; Unitarian Church. matinee Thursday at noon. 8 p.m.: "Charley's Aunt," 8 p.m ; Public lecture. "The Off-Broadstreet Dessert Photonics Revolution in Theatre, 5 South Greenwood Telecommunications," Herwig Avenue, Hopewell. Dessert Kagelnik, director of AT&T's available at 7. Also on Saturday Photonics Research Labora- at 8. and Sunday at 2:30, with tory in Holmdel; Dodds Audi- dessert at 1:30. torium, Woodrow Wilson a uu, ii .mil 8p.m.: Sondheim's "A Little School. ,mt«,„L P P ~ Wallcoverings: Night Music." Princeton Com- 8 p.m.: Joint Commission on 7£&V£^!°%T™£ ".unity P^ers; Triangle- Civil Rights; Borough Hall 1 So, Mon jctn 201-329-1111 Broadmead Theatre, 121 8p.m: "Sharing our Creati- ~" Broadmead. Also on Saturday vity," A Woman's Place, social at 8. gathering for women; Arts •Water: 8 p.m.: Opening night, Council building. wissahickon sphing water, inc. Charles Ludlam's "The 8 p.m.: Regional School ?o^s VoS\-Tn£r37.Si°^ Mystery of Irma Vep," George Board; Valley Road building. Springs in Lancasler Coonty609-683-9332 Street Playhouse; 19 Living- ~~ ston Avenue, New Brunswick. Wednesday, March 22 Also on Saturday at 8 and Sun- 4:3 o p . m . : British poet Dan- Water Condition.ng: day at 2. nie Abse reading his own work ; 8 p.m.: Joint concert by the Film Theater, 185 Nassau Modern Jazz Quartet and the street. New Jersey Chamber Music 7:45 p.m. : "Planning for the Society ; State Theatre, 17 Liv- year 2010 - What Do the Peo- ingston Avenue. New p i e Want N e w Jersey to Be 1 *" Brunswick. sponsored by League of Women 8p.m: Folk musician Orrin voters; Bowl 6, Woodrow Star in concert sponsored by Wilson School, the Princeton Folk Music s p.m.: Township Zoning Society; Christ Congregation Board; Valley Road building. 8:30 p.m.: Inn Cabaret, with its original performers as a benefit for Princeton High School Choir trip to Europe; Nassau Inn, Performance also at 10:30. 8 : 30 p. m . : New Jersey Sym- Orchestra, George CULLIGAN WATER CONDITIONING INC, Sales, service. renaJs, sail Free waier analysis. Serving Prn area. 921-8800 • Waterproofing Contractors: STA DRY BASEMENT WATERPROOF- ING CO. Fiee estimates lifetime guaranlee FHA Certrfications. Relerences given Fully insured 609392-6700 • Window Treatments: INTERIOR ACCENTS DECORATING phony Thursday, March 23 p.m.: Borough Zoning Board; Borough Hall p.m. : Joint Recreation Board; Valley Road building. CENTER RI Manahan, conductor, with Eliot Fisk, guitar; Richardson Auditorium. SHOGUN 27 Sushi, Tenyaki, Tempura. Hibachi Parly Room. Catering available Corner Rt 27 & Sandhill Rd Kendall Pk 201-422-1117 HEATING Rsdll. cmmcl. mdslrl Serving SIMPLY RADISHING Tne Fresh Food Ihe Prn area Lie #7084 924-3624 Alternative Featuring homemade soups. BEDDINGS PLUMBING & HEATING qLJ ,che 8 desserts Fresh salads sand Plumbing, htg & air cond License No wrches & pas'as Lawrence Shop Ctr 5300 234 Nassau S! Pm 924-0166 Rt T. Lawrenceville 882-3760 Tailoring: Shop Or Harrison St 683-0166 • Word Processing: 6835962 & Prntn Jctn 275 6900 OUR PROMISE TO PRINCETON CONSUMERS: JOSEPHINE WEBB Consumer Bureau Executive Director ^^ IF YOU HAVE A COMPLAINT against any local business lirm. just call 924-8223 and a Consumer Bureau representative will respond and investigate, then, ^ IF CONSUMER BUREAUS ALL-CONSUMER VOLUNTEER PANEL AGREES WITH YOU, the business firm involved has only two choices either satisfy your complaint promptly or lose its Consumer Bureau Registration ~9Mr- DON'T STAY MAD at any business firm • unlit you first give Consumer Bureau a chance to help straighten matters out Call (609) 924-8223 any time of any day or night to start the ball rolling! ^- FOR UP-TO-DATE REGISTER INFORMATION about locat firms not listed on this page, call (609) 924-0737 Mon -Fri 10-4 KAVE SEPTAKS CUSTOM PAINT & DECORATING CENTER Diapenes. Veiasol, etc 54 Lincoln Av. Jam esburg 201 52 1 -5424. Saturday, March 18 11 am.: Children's play. 'Night Light," Green Thumb THE PERFECT FIT Ladies custom m;oe MEGA-TYPE PROFESSIONAL SER- Theatre of Vancouver; 1 yi^, ? S£? * ! g ^ q «; J l!^ P,ntn McCarter Theatre Also at 1 p.m. 11 a.m. : Guided nature walk through Mountain Lakes Preserve; meet in Community Park North parking lot. The topic is "Buds and Shoots." 11 a.m.: Museum talk for children, "Turning Paint into Gold and Stuff," Marianne Grey, docent, Princeton University Art Museum. 2:30 p.m.: Graveside ceremony honoring Pres. Grover Cleveland's birthday; Princeton Cemetery Followed by reception at Suzanne Patter- son Center 7:30 p.m.; Polish National Radio Svmnhonv OrrhMtr* CONSUMER BUREAU .oo YOUR LOCAL CONSUMER INFORMATION BANK ESTABLISHED 1967 Z£:r 924-8223 • NOT a government agency • NOT a Better Business Bureau Friday. March 24 Good Friday 6:30 p.m.: YMCA Singles' Sports, YM-YWCA. 7:30p.m.: Forum for Singles, discussion group, refresh- ments; Unitarian Church. Saturday, March 23 11 am .: Museum Talk for Children. "Taking Pictures Without a Camera," Sally- Da vidson, docent and photographer; Princeton Uni- versity Art Museum. 8 p.m.: Masquerade, per- formances by Cornell and Princeton singing groups spon- sored by The Nassoons ; Richardson Auditorium. 8 p.m.: Princeton Scottish Country Dancers; Murray- Dodge. IF YOU LIKE TOWN TOPICS the ry ^ MS) to sfiow your apjxeoaDon S to to ou' advertisers. Frame "N" Art Shop 'Fictive Strategies": < Photography at Squibb What is the nature of pic- z tonal reality? Is a photo- S graphic image merely a record 5 of reality or a reality in and of ^ itself 1 Is "truth" lobe found in z the manipulation of reality z - ithat is, in the creation of fic- O tion), or only in the imitation of uJ nature'' These are the ques- ;jj lions that try artists' souls S "Fictive Strategies." a new a . exhibition at Squibb Gallery, 3 brings us up to the minute on Ethe state of the debate. Guest 2 Curator Joseph Rauch has z selected the 66 works in the ex- hibition with an eye towards £ demonstrating how contem- porary photographers have become disenchanted with the (I986)i the photographer acts a Fmn i ovine the new tech- '* SmaM Works '" From the at" must'b'etufckTy mad"' r ? le '" h ' S , or her h T WOrk H ^$?^*^% M °< the braSh and ^ g mechal!ical imUations of *SUfc ! ft**"" - Hock creates a "gallery" of ,m- nature" and are exploring new projected from a slide. ways of creating works with a "sense of fiction." Each of the works in this show — some of which are more appropriately labelled ' ' photo-objects ' " than photo- graphs on account of their scale and use of mixed media ages re-photographed from comic books, magazines, and Technical Virtuosity. In Mr pno t graphs of works of art. Buckland's image, the artist Santa ciaus, classical and his wife take the places of scu ip ture , Norman Rockwell, the figures in Jan van Eyck's the Garbage Pail Kids, Chris- famous Arnolfmi Wedding , jan re jigj us images, maga- Portrait (1434) through the use zine advertisements and of a slide projection of van Marcel Duchamp (the Pop ar- Eyck's painting. The technical tjsts - herol are aI1 nere . , n a ana use oi mixeu mean - virtuosity of this Cibachrome t "„' , n rhppk cr j t j aue of depicts "an invented s.tuat.on co|or * js remarkable> witn TJ^^L^^J^ color print is remarkable, with western culture and garde to the delights of the small and more familiar the first annual juried "Small Works" show at The Arts Coun- cil of Princeton is a pleasant antidote to "Fictive Strate- gies." Capitalizing on the limited space of the Arts Coun- cil's "W.P.A. Gallery," the small works concept enables the gallery to show 34 pieces. The miniature works in this exhibition are intimate in sub- ject matter as well as scale. In pieces this small, sym involving me numa. ngurc. (np j ected pajnting and the " "'V " Mr. Rauch has identified three .y-iii^i. nf rn „ti>mnnr*rv «.ih ma,enaI,sm eeneral "fictive strategies" y contemporary sub- A it er j ng a negative _ general ucuvtj Mrdie K i« jects appearing practically in- nhninPranhir nrinl bv means of bolism becomes very impor- which come into play in the distinguishable but Mr PJ 0,0 g[ a P nic P nnt Dv means » 1 , a t ln SUB eestive construction (and deconstruc- a ' s, ' n BUisnaDie. out Mr p ho ochemicals, wax, and oth- [ am - , wl t in . suggestive ™T^lteK«^rZ> B"^ 1 . 8 "? 8 ,"" ™^ a P- er media is also not a new idea, fragments standing in for much ofu^n^ propnat.ng the van Eyck are but the radical application of ^8" lde . as and images. meTo7sTag.ngT.he ^ly unclear Is this simply theS e techniques m some of the Mixed-media work is srongly _._.;• ?L._ *??■.,,, I! a witty (orcynical) portrait of , unrl , c nn £* marlr . a nPW in evidence here, as in other re photographic subject, 2) the physical alteration of the negative or photographic print, and 3)tha appropriation of ex- isting pictorial images. The incorporation of elements from the other visual arts and the performing a rLs is integral to these stategies of fabricating images. The idea of staging and photographing a cent group shows in this area lwitty (orcynical) portrait oi works on view marks a new the artiste, with the photo- departure. Such extreme grapher fantasizing himself as manipu i a tion of the photo- _„ van Eyck, an "insider s com- graphic image can have a Tmv ob J ects ana scraps of mentary on the nature of pic- disturbing effect as it does tags, stamps and printed ma te- tonal reality or the role of the here in works by Holly Roberts, r *f» make U P Jodv M ' ller " William Parker and Bill Bar ' rette. artist, or all or none of the ;ilin\ ■(■" The reuse of existing pic- torial images in many of the works here shows the extent of the current revival of the Images of Alienation. Ms. Olcott's intriguing collage, Leviton, which evokes per- sonal history and family mem- ories. Robin Middleman's Blind Faith juxtaposes antique portrait photographs and an figurative tableau, composed of dialogue betw«n critique and Roberts employs oil paint over iconic image of Christ human nutan ii ^ESZS. endoraement of both "high art" cut-out gelatin silver photo- superimposed on a painting of °' and popular culture, which has S ra P hs <> n canvas to create a woman with closed eyes. With been going on since the '60s stark images of alienation. In its clever use of advertising Rich McKee Hock's Codex ner Couple Being Distant logos and ready-made images (Truth/Art) ( 198fi). with its < 1988 1, for example, the grey Michael Ramus' transfer col- juxtaposition of icons of West- specter of a large, horned fig- Iage 6 Cat Cracker is more in ern art and kitsch, is very ure, cut from photographic pa- much in the Pop Art tradition. P^* separates two rudimen- ciated with theater and per- formance art. for example In works such as David Buckland's The Marriage of Arnolfini. Review (1986) and Cindy Sherman's Untitled I i Hopewell Frame Shop Gallery/Framing Wall Design "We take your an to heart" Hopowott Homo Squaro Hopowoll. N J (609| 465 061 T i tary figures of a man and a woman. Mr. Barrette, who has worked in the Egyptian Depart- the Pop Art vein. Susan Beiner's Energy, in ceramic and mixed media, radiates the life-affirming energy of American Indian Coniinuad on Nexl Pafje Revolution and Literature in France ll*ii% \uriminum, tiiimiiiii \>, im^nm Robert Dumton Princctoi The Literary Revolution of 1789 ii t$am Victor HromlH'rt Princeton i nivei In From the Eiffel Tower to the Bastille: The Revolution in Retrospect Lknel Gossman Unman u Michelet: Historian of the French Revolution 2 45pm David Bromwich Y«k Uniwniiy Burke, Revenge, and Revolution men! at the Metropolitan ritual, while James Colavita's Museum of Art. uses ghostly ceramic piece. Guardian of daguerrotype images of mum- the Secrets, suggests the se- mies heads in his BE21280-D cret mysteries of primitive 1 1988), a large work with apocalyptic connotations. Layers of resin form a "skin" over the surface of the work, which is pulled back and "blistered" in places to reveal the photographs and areas of red pigment, suggestive of wounds. While there are works in this exhibition which are obviously self-indulgent and artificial merely for the sake of artifice i and the art market * , there are also those which force us. by their manipulation of imagery, to take a critical look at the ap- propriation and manipulation of imagery that goes on all around us in this "media age." And there are those which are purely stunning for then technical accomplishment and lush color. Among the latter are Aram Dervent's romantic, translucent Cibachrome prints, produced by a complex process of chemically treating hand- painted negatives and re- photographing them on a light box This show is a must -see for anyone who is interested in con- temporary photography or the ideas of Post -Modernism Mr Rauch's brief catalog essay is a valuable aid to understanding the exhibition. "Fictive Strate- gies" will continue through April 2 at Squibb Gallery. M MatnSuvri ARTISTIC HAIRDRESSERS Full Service call 924-4875 "The Jersey Auctioneer" now owns Classic Auction Gallery in Rarilan. N.J. For information call 609-466-0827 201-526-6024 L Iciypherncilici Fine Handcrafted Pottery Nina Gelardi and John Shedd 200 Washington SI. Rocky Hill • 924-6394 " Mon-Sal 10-5. Sun 12-5 LOUISE LAWLER is one of the 45 contemporary photographers featured in the •Fictive Strategies" exhibition at Squibb Gallery. Ms. Lawler creates drama by photograp hing plaster casts of classical sculptures. MUSEUM QUALITY Picture Framing FINE ART • PRINTS POSTERS • POTTERY STAINED GLASS Lawrence .. art* frami Ciallerif Lawrence Center / LewrencewWe Mon.-Frl- 10-9. Sal. 10-5 / 883-2401 The Unique Doatit <ue EBONY* ivccr Clothing • Jewelry • Gifts Primitive Art from "Round the World" 57 Princeton Ave., Hopewell, NJ 609-466-3966 located ^U,BartraS Studio nemo 14>»i ■»»■» r? frames & framers DO-IT-YOURSELF A VAST SELECTION OF THE FINEST FRAMING MATERIALS ALL IN STOCK AND IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE WE CUT EVERY- THING AND SHOW YOU HOW TO ASSEMBLE NO APPOINTMENT NEEDED SAVE UP TO 50% CUSTOM FRAMING • ONE WEEK SERVICE • MUSEUM STANDARDS • • UNIQUE AND CREATIVE TREATMENTS • • MATTING • DRY MOUNTING • NEEDLEWORK • • POSTERS • WATERCOLORS • SHADOW BOXES • • GRAPHICS • PHOTOS • OIL • MEMORABILIA • 452-1091 Mercer Mall Route 1 & Quaker Bridge Road LawrenceviHe. N.J P^ Your bath reflects the nch and re fined tastes of your home's contem porary decor And Baldwin captures the look with the sleek sophistication of the Manhattan Bath Senes Shown is the towel bar- towel ring and robe hook in polished brass and chrome For expert adwee and knowledgeable scrvi< g visit us soon and together we'll design masterpieces ' ii ..urhath Mad* in USA Crafu-d to appreciate 604 River Road Fair Haven, N.J. 07701 (201) 842-3550 <Vor* 74 Witherspoon Street Princeton. N.J. 08540 (609) 924-5544 Trade Inquiries Invited Art Continued Itom Preceding Page belief systems. Dorothy Freda's oil painting, Solitary Saxophone, eloquently con- veys, through one small, solitary figure, the bittersweet mood of jazz. •"Small Works" will remain on view through March 31. —Barbara A. Baxter 2nd Stage of Installation Readied by Art Museum On Tuesday, the European paintings galleries of the Princeton University Art Museum will reopen to the public. Paintings, sculpture, and decorative arts of the 13th through the 19th centuries will be shown in the Carl Otto von Kienbusch Jr. Memorial Gal- leries and the Sterling Morton, Class of 1906, Gallery Many familiar paintings will be exhibited, including Guido da Siena's Annunciation; Venus and Amor by Lucas Cranach the Elder; The Mock- ing of Christ by Anthony van Dyck; Francois Boucher's Avion on the Dolphin; Gypsy with a Cigarette by Edouard Manet, and Waterlilies and Japanese Bridge by Claude Monet. In addition. Impressionist, post-Impressionist, and early 20th-century works on loan to the museum from the collection of the Henry and Rose Pearl- man Foundation, shown from December 11 through February 12 as a special exhibition, will now be integrated with the per- manent collection as they were before the museum closed for the addition of a new wing and ARTWORKS The Visual Arts School ot Princeton and Trenton Classes Lectures Trips Exhibits 609-921-9173 formetry Princeton Art Association them is a Sainl Francis by the chaeology and the Visual Arts Genoese 17th-century artist Program, the quality of the Bernardo Strozzi. which was permanent collection and shown in the exhibition "Italian special exhibitions attract Baroque Paintings from New more than 70.000 visitors an- York Private Collections" held nually at the museum in 1980. and a With the addition of the superb double portrait by Jan Mitchell Wolfson Jr , Class of deBray. which was included in 1963, Wing, the museum has the exhibition "Dutch and been enlarged by 40 percent. Flemish Paintings from New with 6,700 square feet of addi- York Private Collections" held tional exhibition space, at the National Academy of Design in 1988 Also in that ex- Amon g the amenities added hibition and now on loan to the are a new conservation studio museum is Saint Jerome by for Pamtmgs. a laboratory to Jacques de Rousseau, from the ,reat works on P a P er ' seminar collection of Herbert Schorr, r00ms for cour ses using Graduate School Class of 1963. mu! *um objects, open study- and Lenore Schorr Once again s">™ge for ancient art, a pho- two Apostles by Anthony van °gr?Phy s ' ud y "Jiter. tadB- Dyck, on loan from a private t'« for the disabled, offices for collection, will be on view ' ne museum docents and Friends of the Art Museum, a Important Acquisitions, new. enlarged sales shop, an in- Visitors to the museum will formation desk, and coat- also discover a number of im- checking facilities. The ar- portant acquisitions, both gifts f u nitec , t ? r th f„ renova '' on and and purchases, which have ">e Wolfson Wmg ,s MUchell been made since the museum G, "^ola of Philadelphia closed. Among the gifts are two ™<: museum s hours are paintings by the Neapolitan art- Tuesday through Saturday 10 ist Giacomo del Po ( 1652-1726 ) . t0 , 5 :/ nd J Sunday ' t0 5 " i"' 05 ' The Sleep of Adam and Eve ed Monday and major holidays^ and The Gates 0/ Hell, given Th , e museum sales shop, which J#jj*"/ Hillsborough Clock Gallery M n 254 Rt 206. Somerville. N.J OPEN THURSDAY NITES 30 to 40% off on Grandfather Clocks Eipcn Clock & Watch Repair 201-359-4554 STRESS MANAGEMENT PACKAGE Facial & Massage Q L I E ■ C O I F F U R E INCORPORATED 69 Palmer Sq West • Princeton * 609-924-3983 \< "VENUS AND AMOR,'' by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553), will be on display at the Princeton University Art Museum when the museum reopens its European paintings galleries on March 21. renovation of the galleries. Other important loans will also be on view These include several paintings from the col- lection of Joseph F McCrindle, a member of the Advisory Council of the museum. Among by Eula M. Ganz in memory of sells postcards, notecards, Paul H. Ganz; a rare model for P°Jf«s. and catalogs, is open a painting by Salvator Rosa, unt " 4 p m The Angel Leaving the House PRINCETON JUNIOR SCHOOL Ongoing Registration Kindergarten — Third Grade 1988-1989 Three-year olds — Fourth Grade 1989-1990 We do not discriminate against race, color or creed 921-2108 or 924-4974 anytime i\ri tnj 'Design 131 Washington St Rocky Hill, N J 08553 lopp the post office) 609-924-3513 Fine Art & Framing Serving corporations, architects, designers & individuals OWEN'S ANTIQUES 77 Main St., Kingston Will Re-Open March 17 Antiques & Collectibles 924-7164 Depend on Kinko's For Business Communication • Professional Binding • Transparencies • Letterhead • Large Copy Jobs Fax Service Specialty Paper Carbonless Forms typesetting kinko's the copy center Pick-Up & Delivery Open Early, Open Late, Open Weekends 921-2679 53 Vi itherspoon Si Services may vary by location of Tobias, painted in oil on pa- per, given by Joseph F. Mc- Crindle; and The Penitent Saint Jerome by Alessandro Ailori U535-1607), purchased through the gift of Mary Lee Craig in memory of her father, George L. Craig Jr.. Class of 1921. Among the outstanding pur- chases of the past few years is a small but powerful miniature in oil painted on ivory. Monk Talking to an Old Woman, by Francisco Jose de Goya y Lu- cientes 1 1747-1828 ) , one of a se- ries of miniatures painted by the artist during his old age and exile in Bordeaux. The Goya ivory will also be shown at a later date in a special exhibi- tion with other works by Goya. A powerful counterreforma- tion image of Christ as Redeemer by the northern Mannerist artist Hendrik Goltzius (1558-1616) shows Christ seated before his tomb, blessing with his right hand and holding the chalice in his left, and illustrates the abilities in the sphere of painting of an art- ist best known for his prints. Two paintings by Bolognese masters add a rich dimension to the museum's representation of this school of painting, so im- portant in the development oi the Baroque style: The Kiss of Judas, a dramatic narrative and poignant representation by Lucovico Carracci 1 1555-1619), shows the arrest of Christ in the Garden of Gethsamene. The Mocking of Christ, by Domenico Zampieri (1581- 1641), called Domenichino, a disciple of the Carracci, is painted on copper and uses half-length figures to create a very moving devotional image of this episode from the Passion of Christ. The French classical interpretation of the Baroque is represented by a large painting of Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar, attributed to Jean- Baptiste de Champaigne ( 1631- 1681). One of Oldest Museums. The Art Museum opened in 1890 and is one of the oldest university art museums in the United States While it is principally a teaching museum, with collec- tions and exhibitions accompa- nying the teaching programs of the Department of Art and Ar- Ms^S OBSTETRICS • GYNECOLOGY • INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT 4 Dedicated To High Quality Individualized Health Care In A Unique Setting Hugh Bergknoff, Ph.D., M.D. Nurse Joan Hardy-Pope 70 Main Street $l»)fy&jl}J&-' 1 Kingston, New Jersey >/" 609-683-7979 201-821-7477 NEW PATIENTS WELCOME - LENDING LIBRARY • EARLY AM & EVENING HOLRr "DietCenterfits my busy lifestyle." Sustm Saint James . Iirkll. J. pui li- lt) go win I life on hi in .1 Jiei rii.u s '.i|-food diei thai (Vi 'ik ■ fitil DieL Center- Diet Center of Princeton (Across from the Princeton Shopping Center) 330 North Harrison St., Office #5, Suite A Princeton, N.J. 08540 (609) 924-3377 Office Hours Mon, Wed , Thurs. 7 AM - 7 PM Tues., Fri. 7 AM - 5 PM Saturday 8 AM - 12 Noon Call for a free consultation Tigers Have Date with Georgetown in Providence, And It Will Take Superb Showing to Avoid Blowout *• Could it have been any i worsen (C The suspense of waiting to ^ see who Princeton would play - in the first round of the NCAA < tournament ended abruptly at g 5 32 pm last Sunday The first j" pair of names flashed on the o television screen carried the a| bad news: The seeding com . mittee had turned the Tigers in- "» to sacrificial lambs, sending * them against Georgetown at 7 g p.m this Friday in the Pro t- vidence Civic Center. hi o 5 As expected, the Orange and a. Black was deemed to be one of y,- the four weakest schools in the o 64-team event, and drew the § 16th seed in the East Regional. *- That puts them in a class with z o SPORTS East Tennessee State, Robert Morris, and McNeese State, the other 16th seeds Anyone who can correctly identify the home towns of those three, without the use of a college directory, wins two free tickets to the Final Four in Seattle Georgetown, 26^, the flrsl seed in the East and third ranked in the country at the moment, will roll into the NCAAs at the top of its game. The Hoyas blew through the Big East Tournament last weekend, destroying Boston College, Pittsburgh and Syracuse along the way. For starters, the Washington, DC. school has Alonzo Mourn ing, who probably can jump higher than all five Princeton starters combined. Not as flashy, bul Jual as Intimidating are the other four. Jai en Jackson, Mark TUImon, Dwayne Bryant and Charles Smith. When they aren't scor- ing at one end, these guys could Playing Hoyas May Be Tough for Tigers, But We've Found a Few Silver Linings Is it all bad that Princeton has drawn Georgetown in the first round of the NCAA tournament 9 Of course not, there are a few silver linings to the huge dark cloud that awaits the Tigers this Friday evening at the Providence Civic Center First of all. since Georgetown is such a popular draw, the game will get national exposure on ESPN's cable television network. Princeton fans around the country (except in nearby places like Pennington. Hopewell a/id Montgomery townships* can relax at home and watch ihis one; no need to drive to Providence. That's just as well, because there are no tickets available anyway, unless you want to pay scalpers' prices Tickets for even the early rounds of the NCAA tournament go on sale weeks in advance and are snapped up A couple of hundred are reserved for players and officials at competing schools, so there are a few floating around the Princeton campus Silver lining number two Even if it loses 121-45, Prince- ton will get approximately $250,000 just for showing up at Pro- vidence Each of the 64 teams gets at least that much, the 32 that continue on to the second round will receive around $500,000. Those that reach the final four will get a paycheck for more than $1.2 million apiece. With payoffs like that it becomes painfully obvious why there is such a propensity for wrongdoing in big-time college athletics. The powerhouse learns need that kind of money every year, not just once in a while, to keep their programs afloat You're wondering what Princeton does with its $250,000. First, five percent off the top is sent to the Ivy League's ad- ministrative offices at 70 Washington Road to help with its year-round expenses. The remaining amount is sliced into Hi shares. Seven go to the other Ivy schools, and three are kept by Princeton as the league champion and tournament partici- pant. Much of that share is used to pay the expenses of the trip to Providence for the team, the band, and other Univer- sity personnel This brings up another silver lining. The Tigers could have been sent to places like Tucson or Dallas to play Georgetown, with undoubtedly the same result However, that would have involved high-priced, round-trip air fares (it's too late for super savers), transfers to city hotels, suntan lotion, etc. With Providence as the site, they can just rev up the old bus and head north on 1-95 Tolls and gas will eat up far less of the Die Whatever is left over does not go back to help Pete Car- ril recruit new players, or even to the athletic department. 11 is dumped into the University's regular general account. And there is the final silver lining That rather large defi- cit Facing Princeton in this fiscal year will be reduced a bit. "Imagine how much we could help the deficit, if we got to the final four," laughed associate director of athletics Sam Howell, who provided the information on these figures. pressive ECAC North Atlantic College tournament over teams like Boston University, North- eastern, Maine, Niagara, UNH and UVM, drew a 13th seed. South Carolina, a team Prince- ton beat, is seeded 12th in the East- You hate to think the NCAA has stiffed the Ivies again, but it's difficult to feel otherwise. The point spread on this game could well tag the Tigers as the biggest underdog they've been in years, certainly in Car- ril'8 years here. Ironically, Princeton holds a 5-4 lifetime edge over Georgetown, but the most recent game was played 32 years ago, with Cappy Cap- pon's team winning, 87-68, in Dillon Gym. That was 16 years before John Thompson arrived on the scene and started turn- ing the Hoyas into a national power. Amid rumors that the NCAA may lift the Ivies' automatic berth in itxe tournament when it is reorganized in the next cou pie of years. Carril said he guessed his team would be try ing to make some kind of state ment for the league, but added, "we'll mainly be trying to play well, because that's what we always do." He' felt strongly the NCAA should not dump the Ivy League and other small con ferences as well, saying it would hurt the diversity of the tournament if only the big-time teams were allowed in. "Leave the format the way it is and give the smaller teams a chance for their day in the sun," he commented. With Princeton on spring break this week, at least Car- ril's players will not have to worry about classes. But the flu still plagues this team as it has • ued or> Nexl Page will put Old Nassau at a huge Thompson knows Princeton's rival your ave^'hoVkey f'^dvanlageon the court. But style, and he has instilled the goalie for blocking shots at the h( ' «'«1 killer for Princeton will discipline necessary in his j (lier beihcbigmanonthesidelines, troops to deal with it. Jumping ab.l.tv. quickness, U ," 1 \ , ! K ' ^ ? 1UDg °K Ver ,°!! e shoulder. Hoya coach, John scoring power, all these factors Sports Fans! I BET YOU DIDN'T KNOW He spent somewhere around $75,000 to send his son, John, v here not only to get a solid £ education, but to learn basket - vball from a master teacher, £ Pete Carril. John played four x years on the varsity, graduat- ing last June. There isn't a PJjj coach outside the Ivy League ^JB 5? who will have his team as well ~4 Jay Bernard STURHAHN, DICKENSON & BERNARD Did you know that in the NCAA tournament for the men's major college basketball chain pionship, the last four final games have all been decided by four points or less In the 1988 final, Kansas beat Oklahoma 83-79 ..Inl9H7 Indiana beat Syracuse 74-73... in 1986 Louisville beat Duke 72-69... And in 1985 Villanova beat Georgetown 66-64. • • • Here's an oddity ... There's a college basket- ball conference that has TWO teams with the SAME name ... The ECAC Metro Conference has St. Francis and St. Francis! ... One St. Fran- cis is in Brooklyn. NY, and the other in Loretto. Pa. ... Since they're in the same conference, they play each other twice every year — St. Francis College vs. St, Francis College. I bet you didn't know thai Blue Cross - Blue Shield's Major Medical coverages terminates at age 65. • • • There was once a big H prepared to deal with the "slowdown tactics Princeton is jjsure to employ. ? In a press conference Sunday j& night after the selections were « announced, Carril) put the best ft light possible on the pairing. « "If you don't play 2 Georgetown, you might play 5 Duke, you might play North H Carolina, you might play 5 Arizona, you might play Okla- | noma, and anyone of these £ could beat the other They've m all taken turns at being ranked S number one. ■ "No matter who we faced, we £ knew there'd be pressure, $ quickness, size, talent, Our main job will be to get the ball SSaHSSg' caEEEnEEnni US Highway 130. Windsor 448-1667 FREE ESTIMATES Custom Exhaust Work (Atner and toteign cars) Jos. J. 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"The day after we x lost toSeton Hall (last Decern- J? ber> he was on the phone ask- j| ing for a tape of that game, and X Georgetown didn't play Seton X Hall for another four weeks " f If Carril has any regrets, it's fi that his team was not consid- ™ ered good enough to get a 15th H seed Those spots went to * Bucknell, South Carolina State, INSURANCE SPECIALISTS SJ George Mason, and Southern 14 Nassau St."» 921-6880 i University, which sports a « sparkling 19-10 record. Siena <->mz>m<>m<jm<*^>m<yM<wyM<tt<MXyMX^ College, which won the unim- who was almost impossi ble to strike out Joe Sewell, a shortstop in the 1920s, holds several records for fewest strikeouts by a regular player — and one year he played 115 straight games, going to bat 437 times, without ever strik- ing out! % Sturhahn, Dickenson & Bernard To Celebrate Our Move Next Door... 20% OFF Men's Florsheim Shoes 20% OFF All Reebok Athletic Shoes 20% OFF Women's Pappagallo Shoes Friday & Saturday Only March 17 and 18 Open Thursday Evenings 'Til 8 HULIT'S SHOES 924-1952 140 Nassau Street Mon.-Wed. 9-5:30; Fri. 9-6; Sat 9-5 Sports Continued Horn Preceding Page all winter. Earlier this week, Matt Lapin was in the infir- mary and Matt Eastwick was also suffering from the virus. The flu was only one of the problems the Tigers had to overcome this winter. Carril started with Bob Scrabis and Kit Mueller and a group of unknowns, and turned the team into an Ivy champion. Now, he has to get his troops ready to play the most fearful team in the nation. Carril and Princeton fans will be hoping that their team's one day in the sun doesn't turn into a nightmare. — Jeb Stuart Tiger Nine Wins 4 of 5 At Start of Florida Trip An auspicious start has been recorded by the Princeton baseball team in the first three days of competition in Florida. The Tigers have won four of their first five games, winning a game apiece from Catholic University and Mercy College, and two from Florida Inter- national. Princeton opened the trip with a 7-2 triumph over Catho- lic University last Saturday morning, getting four runs in the bottom of the sixth to break a 2-2 deadlock. Jeff Barton's double provided the go-ahead run; then Joe Sawyer followed with a two-run single. Matt Noone accounted for the Tigers' first two runs with a home run in the second inning. O'Connell started a fresh- man, Kevin Butterfield, in the first game, and he worked 6% innings for the win. Brad Remig pitched in relief. Each team had eight hits, but both CU runs were unearned. That night a three-run, eighth- inning homer by Barton gave the Orange and a come-from- behind 6-5 triumph over Florida International. Noone pitched seven innings to gain the win, giving up all five runs and 11 hits. Sophomore Brian Zirlin hurled the final two for the save. In a single game Sunday, an- other late rally propelled Old Nassau to a second 3-1 victory over Florida International. Senior Gary Waslewski looked sharp in his first outing, allow- ing just three hits, one a solo homer. Princeton won the game with two runs in the ninth. A sacrifice fly by Mike Lutz drove in the go-ahead tal- ly Scrabis Named Ivy Player of Year; Muller Also Chosen to First Team Not once was he selected as Ivy Player of the Week this winter, but when the votes were counted for Ivy Basketball Player of the Year, Princeton's Bob Scrabis claimed the honor. In balloting by the league's eight coaches, Scrabis won the award for his steady play all season long that helped bring the Tigers their first Ivy title in five years. That probably was the difference in his beating out Jim Barton for the award. The Dartmouth senior led the league in several scoring categories, but could not deliver the Big Green's first championship in 30 years. Scrabis, a first team all- Bob Scrabis Ivy pick a year ago, finished the regular season with 1,350 points, fourth on Princeton's all-time scoring list. He was sev- enth in scoring in league play this season, averaging 15.4 points per contest, and was second among three-point scorers in the league. The last Princeton player to receive the honor was Craig Robinson in 1982-83. Armond Hill and Frank Sowin- ski also won the award in the mid-seventies. Joining Scrabis and Barton as unanimous choices on the Ivy's first team was Old Nassau's Kit Mueller, who led the league in field goal percentage, hitting almost 71 percent of his shots. Walter Frasier of Perm and Mike Gielsen of Har- vard, both seniors, round out the first team. Members of the second team include Bernard Jackson, Cor- nell; Marcus Thompson, Brown; Walter Palmer and James Blackwell, Dartmouth ; Matt Shannon, Columbia ; and Ralph James, Harvard. Yale's Ed Peterson was picked as the league's rookie of the year. No Princeton player has won that award since Brian Taylor in 1970-71, the first year it was giv- en. Team statistics for league play reveal the same pattern that has been in effect for the last several years. Princeton finished first in team defense, allowing just 51.9 points per game; and was last in scoring at 60.3. However that is a plus 8.4 points in its favor, the best in the league. Harvard was first in scoring and last in defense. The Tigers led the league both in field goal percentage — at .505, the only team to make more than half its shots — and in three-point accuracy at .442. All-Ivy Women's Teams. On the women's side, Sandi Bit- tier was the only Princeton player to receive recognition. The junior guard was chosen to the second team. Tonya Baker of Yale was the league's player of the year, breaking a 10- year stretch of choosing players from either Dartmouth or Brown. The Bruins' Maia Baker was rookie of the year, and only players from those two schools have won that award. In women's ice hockey, Mollie Marcoux was a unanimous choice for the league's first team for the second consecutive year, and Shari Wolkon was named to the second team. Har- vard's Charlotte Joslin was selected player of the year, and Kim Ratushny was chosen rookie of the year. infield outs. Noone and Remig had two hits apiece. Freshman righthander Peter Frend pitched five innings, giv- ing up just one earned run. He was relieved by sophomore Steve Burns, who lasted until the ninth, when he issued a lead-off walk. Bullpen ace Brian Zirlin came in and retired the side to record his second save. Monday night, Florida Inter- national gained revenge for its two losses, posting a 9-5 vie tory. Games continue until this Sunday. The team will open at Clarke Field, weather permit- ting, at 3 on Friday, March 24 against Hartford. First Victory Recorded By Princeton Lacrosse A year ago the Princeton la- crosse team defeated Bucknell, 9-4, for its first victory of the season, and last Saturday it did so again, winning 15-5. Now the Tigers have to take a step up from last year, and win another right away, rather than wait until 10 games later as they did last season. That chance will come this Wednes- day when they play George- town away (this contest should be more even than the one in basketball on Friday). On Saturday, the Orange and Black will return home to face the University of New Hamp- shire at 2 p.m . on Finney Field. Coach Bill Tierney's team led by just a goal, 3-2, at the end of one period, and, after a score- less second quarter, by the same score at halftime. Howev- er, Princeton exploded for 12 goals in the final two periods to win this one going away. Continued on Next Page JAMES IRISH TREE EXPERTS tree • shrub • hedge maintenance pruning • topping • shaping fertilizing • tree & stump removal midantial • commercial m^m fully insured 924*3470 The win streak reached four Noone, his second of the young Monday morning when the Or- season. The junior socked this ange and Black defeated Mer- one more than 400 feet to cy, 4-3. Once again, the Tigers centerfield in the eighth inning, came up with a rally to erase Noone also drove in the first what had been a 3-0 deficit. The run m the sixth inning with an winning blast, and it was a RBI single that drove in Bar- blast, was a two-run homer by ton, who had reached on an er- ~~ ror. Scott Hayes ledd off the seventh with a two-bagger, and eventually scored on a pair of INTRODUCING THE SAAB 9O0O, A REAL CAR FOR THE PRICE Of A 190E. For about the same money you'd have to pay out tor a so-called "Baby Mercedes!' vou can have a full-grown Saab 9000. Standard features of the Saab 9000 include Saab's turbocharged 16- valve engine, a completely new Automatic Climate Control system, and something that the 190E can't even offer as an option: room for five adults to travel in real com- fort. Come and see one for yourself soon. flu n**t inlttl<#-nt 'Un ni- hott Sports and Specialist Cars The SAAB Store 20 Arctic Parkway, Trenton, NJ (609) 989-SAAB Penn's Ed Zubrow Resigns In three seasons, one a perfect 10-0, he had compil- ed a 23-7 record, and won two Ivy championships, but Penn's football coach Ed Zubrow will take on a new challenge. He has given up his coaching job to take a posi- tion with the Philadelphia school district, leading the schools' efforts to prevent drug abuse and reduce the dropout rate. In addition, he will also direct an assess- ment of athletic programs. The 38-year-old Zubrow was an assistant coach at Perm from 1981-85, and took over as head coach when Jerry Berndt left to coach at Rice. Zubrow had recently turned down an offer to become Lehigh University's athletic director. Gary Steele, a six-year member of the Quakers' staff, has been named in- terim coach. He had been defensive coordinator for the past three years. Based on returning per- sonnel, Penn will be favored to win another league title next fall. Complete Auto Service By ASE Certified Mechanics Computerized... • Engine Analysis • Wheel Alignment and Balancing Oil Changes Tune-Ups • Exhaust • Brakes Air Conditioning • Mufflers Tires • Batteries • Shocks Road Service & Towing N.J. State Inspection & Re-Inspection Service TIGER GARAGE 343 Wltherspoon St., Princeton Monday-Friday 8-5:30; Sat. 8-12 924-0609 When Comparing, Look At Our Fully Equipped Vehicles Inn IPC I No Highway Hassle, r flllsEIa Just Huge Discount: IPRICE!! 4.9% Financing Available on Selecl Models ^rr^ un aeieci muueii iagsr CHEVROLET Ge© The Family Name Built on Integrity Rts. 206 & 518 (Opp. Princeton Airport) This ad must be present tor these special prices! 609-924-3350 201-707-8383 PRINCETON VOLKSWAGEN has your number 4.9% APR + FREE AIR! Purchase a newl989 Volkswagen, Jetta GL, GLI, Carat, Golf GL, GTI 16V or Convertible, then save even more with low-cost 4.9% APR financing.* AND ONLY 10% DOWN! As an added incentive, we'll include Air Conditioning in the deal (an $805 value) — FREE! WITH THIS AD ON ANY OF THESE MODELS IN STOCK. But don't wait too long. This offer ends March 31, 1989 and will not be repeated. 'Financing to qualified buyers with 1 0% down for 24 months. PRINCETON VOLKSWAGEN/PEUGEOT R0U %^i'ZT" f0n (609) 921-2325 - (201) 297-2777 ? Sports B 41 ^ The scoring was divided - among eight players, with An g dj Moe and John Kenney i loading (he attack with three 2 apiece Single tallies were eon- . tributed by Highly Thompson. < Ed Calkins. Mark Donovan, {a Lome Thomsen. Chris g McHugh. Malcolm Meistrell. q Dave Singer. Rob Ugehtta and j Paul DiBello : The Tigers outshot the home J leam 39 to 27 Goalie John . Wright had 16 saves. z o S Faust Voted Top Rookie: | Mr-sin i Slips in Voting Freshman hockey sensation S3 Andre Faust Was voted the Z ECAC Division I rookie of the WINNING SEASON: For winning 16 of their 18 games £ year in balloting by conference aginst clubs and independent schools in this area z coaches last week and New England, the ice hockey team at Stuart $ The Anjou. Quebec native Country Day School received a trophy and were £ tallied 14 goals and 13 assists to treated to a dinner. Sister Joan Magnetti RSCJ lead all first year players in the headmistress, congratulates the team's three caD- league Its me third time, n the tains: Lara Taber of Princeton, Katie Duffy of ^'T. ^^^S L^rencevHIejnd Megan Sabado o, Skil.man"" Messuri and Greg Polaski win- ing in prior seasons Named In ECAC playoff action at Central Jersey to Share with Faust to the all-rookie Boston Garden last weekend, Horton Cup after 1-1 Tie team was defenseman Mike St. Lawrence came out on top p| avinplhpir [ nurlheamein with a 41 triumph over a sur- pii »y'ng ( n eir lourln 6 ame ,n prising Vermont sextet In the w ° da £ s ' Ce " lra ' Jer , se h 5 ' and . championship game. The Cata- Valle y For S e ^^ c ' ubs J ,f mounts upset highly-favored wore each other oul ,n the Harvard in the semi-finals, 3-2. McKee Messuri. who was a first- team all -star selection last win- ter, received onlv honorable mention this time' around. He »*lle the Saints blitzed Cornell, was the fifth-leading scorer in < ] < Harvard defeated the Him thedlvislon this season, scoring Red, 1 1, in the consolation. only one less point, but las! Vermont's reward for its year he led the ECAC in points "I'-'t il gets to go home. On scored. the basis of a superior record Messuri was a marked man throughout the season, Har- by opposing teams for all this vard will go on to NCAA play season, constantly harassed by with St Lawrence oilier skaters, sometimes with The Crimson was seeded sec- legal tactics; other times ond in the east behind Maine, not. The feeling was: stop while St. Lawrence was seeded Messuri and you stop Prince ,,l,nl ■"" , wl!i plaj Wisconsin al ton He still managed to break nome this weekend in the first a parcel ol University scoring round Harvard has a bye. The records, but In many ways it quarterfinals will be held was a frustrating end to a fine March 24-26, and the final four bi careei n Fault con tinues to score as a sophomore he'll undoubtedly draw the same kind of attention tournament will beheld March 10-Apnl 1 .il SI Paul, Minn. .■s. KEEP HIM OUT! Keep him and his Iriends out. . along with dust, dirt, fumes, smoke, and the heat of summei and cold ot winter. Do it now, while it's nice outside and protect your home for many years to come If periodi- cally sprayed with a pesticide, Therm-L-Brush is both a mechanical and a chemical seal against pests Sealeze Therm-L-Brush weatherstrippmg— use it around doors and other openings to your home. It's the weatherstrippmg that doesn't crack or peel, so it lasts and lasts. Ask for il by name— "Seal-easy Available at THE DOOR CENTER Most Complete Door and Window Center Visit our showroom at: The Village Shopper Route 206 - P.O. Box 194, Rocky Hill, N.J. 08553 (Just North ot Route 518) (609) 924-3884 Manufactured by SEALEZE CORPORATION won its second contest. 4-2. over Chester County Reid got his team off on the right foot with a shorthanded goal in the first period. John Cook and Donald- son combined on a pair of tallies to raise the margin to 3- o, and CJ appeared headed to- ward an easy victory However. Chester rallied for a pair of goals late in the third. just a minute apart. Donaldson, who played the entire tourna- ment with an injured right shoulder that would have sidelined most others, came to the rescue He banged in the re- bound of a hard slap shot by Gill to snuff out Ihe Chester hopes r«KW«rt Ion Shopping Cenlt, • N Harmon Si [6091 683 0060 JOHN WOOD PORSCHE/AUDI 3466 Rte. 1, N. ol Quaker Bridge Mali (609) 452-9400 GORDON AUTO RADIO 831 Parkway Avenue Trenton 883-1934 SALES • SERVICE INSTALLATION BAKER Pontiac-Buick "Nobody has cars like we do." Route 206 Princeton, N.J. 921-2222 SCHWINN BICYCLES SALESCSERVICE where quality comes first! KOPP'S CYCLE Esl 1891 43 Witherspoon St. Princeton, N.J. 924-1052 (next to the library) championship round last Sun- day, and had to settle for a ll tie at the Princeton Day rink. The two teams will share the Horton Cup, which Central Jer- sey had won a year ago. Considering how much skat- ing the legs of these aging weekend warriors had absorb- ed already, the action in Sun- day's finale was remarkably fast-paced. Central Jersey opened the scoring at B:52 of the first period when John Cook dug the puck out of the corner and sent a pass to Steve Cook in front of the net. His backhand flip shot found the net for a 1-0 lead. Valley Forge struck back to tie the score at 7 ; 51 of the sec- ond period, getting the puck by goalie Mike Pollack from in close. That proved to be all the scoring, but only because of the fine play of both goalies Several times in the third period the line of the Cook brothers and Colie Donaldson swooped in for what looked to be the winning goal, only lobe turned away. Central Jersey reached the finals with two victories and a tie in previous games It open- ed the two-day, eight-team event with a 7-4 triumph over North Carolina. John Cook not- ched a hat trick in this one, and Steve Cook, Donaldson, Arch Reid and Gib Johnson each tallied once. Saturday afternoon, the Princeton Hockey Club, which did not distinguish itself in two other contests, losing both, gave CJ all it could handle. Goals by Gerry Thomas and Bill Minter, the PDS varsity hockey coach, gave PHC a 2-0 lead. Steve Cook cut the deficit to 2-1 before the end of the first period, but Mike Shannon made it 3-1 early in the second. CJ then rallied for three goals by Johnson, Steve Gill and Donaldson, to take a 4-3 lead in the third. This time PC rallied, and Minter came up with his second to tie the score. Although recorded as a tie, a penalty shot shootout was held to determine a winner for tie- breaking purposes, if needed, later on, John Cook won that for CJ when his low shot beat goal- ie John Boyd to the glove side. Cook commented it was his first penalty shot in all the vears— PCD, Exeter, Prince- ton. St Nicks, PHC and Central Jersey— he has played hockey, but memory tends to diminish with time. On Sunday, Central Jersey Princeton Volkswagen-Peugeot New/Used Retail Dealer tf iBcnnnxHi PEUGEOT Service/Parts Price includes freight, transportation, shipping, dealer prep and any other costs to be home by consumer, except for licensing costs, registration fees and taxes. '86 VW Golf 2-dr. hatch, 4-cyl., 5-sp., a/c, AM/FM cassette, split seat, pb. wiper. 55,000 miles. Free Warranty. VIN GV073881 ! 6595 '84 Toyota Camry LE 4-dr., 4-cyl., auto, ps, pb, a/c. AM/FM stereo, p. windows, doors, mirrors, 58,000 miles. 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(U.S. 206) Next to Airport Princeton Minutes from Pennington, Rt. 31 to 518, to corner of Route 206. •lext to Princeton Airport. 609-921-2325 201-297-2777 idfo DAILY RENTALS Ford Tempo 1988 Cars and Vans 1988 Escort Four-Door Sedan 1988 Tempo Four-Door Sedan 1988 Aerostar Wagon 1988 15-Passenger Club Wagon 1988 Cargo Van All Cars and Vans Fully Equipped Call For Reservation Ask for Elmer Carson, 609-921-6400 Nassau Conover Motor Co Route 206 • Princeton, N.J. Asbestos was used everywhere. The economics of this thing is mind-boggling." —Barbara L. Johnson buildings, private homes? IF YOU LIVE outside ol Princeton and are regularly buying TOWN TOPICS at a newsstand, a mail subscription can save you lime and money Call 924-2200 today Old- Fashioned Service PRINCETON HARDWARE princeton shopping center.. .924-5155 BANTAM CHAMPIONS: The Princeton Bantam team captured the club league title for trie first timestace~i98i "with a 4-2 victory over Englewood Field Club and a 5-1 triumph over Beaver Dam in the tournament held recently at Baker Rink. The team finished with an overall 16-6-2 mark, 7-1-2 in league play. Tad Kinchla won the William Smoyer trophy; Campbell Levy received the Greg Hirsch award; Ara Baronian was most valuable player; and Steve Eaton, most im- proved. First row, from left, Chuck Griffith, Joey Wagner, Philippe Snoy, Andrew Skey, Jason Bilanin, Jared Bilanin and Matt Stencel. Second row: John Hutter, coach; Campbell Levy, Ara Baronian, Chris Healy, Terry Leddy, Judd Henderson, Christian Batcha, Steve Eaton, Tad Kinchla, Mark Trowbridge, and Manny Snoy, coach. Mike Dawes, also a team member, was missing when picture was taken. conimuerj i-om page 24 management plan. A small Each felt that the focus on the jor asbestos emergency. A amount of friable asbestos was schools was appropriate, but school has to be evacuated found in pipe wrappings and was only, as Ms. Vaughan put under those conditions. Or was removed during Christmas it, "the tip of the iceberg. The schools prefer not to go through vacation by a firm from implications long term are hor- the inspection procedures. Edison, N.J. , at a cost of about rendous." she added. Schools know too, that if they $25,000 Non-friable asbestos "Think what's going to hap- - ever decide to renovate, there was also found in floor tiles, pen in the future," Mr. Cavey would be problems — tearing which will have to be inspected said. "What about the colleges down plaster walls containing for damage every six months and universities, the office asbestos, and tapping into with another outside re- heating ducts or hot water inspection in three years. pipes that are encapsulated. Tim Hartman, business man- Chapin's asbestos-containing ager of the Hun School, sug- pipe-wrappings were taken to a gests that the new asbestos landfill in Virginia, Ms. regulations may make it pro- Vaughan says, where they are hibitively expensive for a marked as belonging to the school to renovate. Chapin School forever. The landfill is subject to air PDS expects to do some reno- monitoring, and presumably if vation of its administration problems develop that are area in 1990 and will remove traceable to the Chapin School asbestos-containing ceiling asbestos, Chapin School is tiles in that area at that time, liable Both Ms. Vaughan and The school will be shut during Mr. Raider mentioned this that part of the summer when ongoing aspect of asbestos the removal is taking place, removal. Mr. Cavey estimates that in a Stuart Country Day School worst-case scenario the total had to request an extension to asbestos -related costs to the May 9 of the October deadline school could be half a million for filing an inspection report dollars. and management plan because • One of the items that swelled the school had difficulty getting the Princeton Regional a firm to do the work. "We con* Schools' budget this year is the tacted a New Jersey firm, but $300,000 budgeted for asbestos they are so in demand, and we removal. According to Mr. are a small customer," Cheryl Raider, there is some asbestos Rhoads. business manager in each of the school buildings said and more at the high school than in the others. The school But Ms. Rhoads feels that is in the midst of lining up a Stuart was designed in such a contractor who will remove it way that asbestos will not be a over the summer. big problem She expects there may be small amounts found in Mr. Raider says that by sub- a boiler room, but as business mitting its management plan manager of a Catholic school, on time, Princeton is a little bit she says she has been hearing ahead of the rush. All schools reports that large parochial will want to do the work in the schools in the Diocese have summer, he points out. Fur- really been hit hard by the new thermore, landfills that accept regulations, hazardous materials, such as Each of the school business asbestos, fill up very quickly, managers contacted was ner- Chapin School used the same vous about possible parent firm from New York that PDS reaction to reading about is using to do its inspection and asbestos in the newspaper AMTICO 12 X 12 X Ve • Tax Preparation & Planning • Accounting & Auditing • Financial Planning Evening and Weekend Appointments Available Upon Request Office Hours: 9 to 5, Mon.-Fri. Anthony T. Maddalone ^h^h Certified Public Accountant NJ. be #16704 NY Lie »52863 Princeton Professional Park 601 Ewlng Street, Suite B7 Princeton, New Jersey 08540 921-1962- $ 25" Per carton Tile Discount Center (Capitol Plaza Shopping Center) Princeton & Olden Aves. Trenton, N.J. Ph. 392-2300 Store Hours: Mon.-Thurs. 9-6 Fri. 9-8; Sat. 9-4 This Weekend Is Daffodil Davs Nassau Conover Motor company is donating $ 50 per car on cars sold Friday, March 17, or Saturday, March 18 to the American Cancer Society Your Purchase Will Help Stamp Out Cancer! See Our Huge Selection of New and Used Cars in Stock NASSAU CONOVER MOTOR CO. Route 206 & Cherry Valley Rd., Princeton 609-921-6400 f Safeguard OUSINESS SYSTEMS 48 MAIN STREET. KINGSTON 609-9242465 C.J. Skillman Co. Furniture Repairing Upholstery 924-0221 38 Spring Street RELIGION HARRY, BALLOT Traditional Gentlemen's Clothing Store 20 Nassau St., Princeton. NJ • 924-0451 Antique Sterling Candlesticks 59 Palmer .Square West • Princeton • 924-21126 SKILLMAN FURNITURE Used furniture, chests, dressers, unfinished bookcases, etc. SPECIAL OF THE WEEK: Assortment of file cabinets; Selection of 4 Hide-a-bed sofas 212 Alexander St., Princeton Mon-Frlv-5. Sar 9- 1 924" 1881 Merrill Lynch, Merr II Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc. 194 Nassau Street • Princeton (609) 924-7600 A breed apart. Bulletin Notes The Rev Dr Ernest Gordon, president of CREED ( Christian Rescue Effort for the Emanicipation of Dissidents), will be the guest preacher Sun- day at the 11 am worship ser- vice at the Princeton Univer- sity Chapel. His Palm Sunday topic will be "The Endless Journey." Mary Kirk will be the so- prano soloist for "Pie Jesu" from Requiem by Gabriel Kaure Music for the service will also include In Paradisum by Daniel-Lesur Curlis Lasell, mond, Va., will deliver the an- principal university organist. nual Warfield lectures at will be the accompanist Princeton Theological Semin- ary Monday, March 27, to Thursday, March 30. His topic An endowed lectureship in is "From Generation to preaching has been established Generation: The Task of Hand- at Princeton Theological Sera- >"& on the Faith in a Pluralistic, inary by the Short Hills Con- Secular. Mobile, Mass-Media- grcgation in honor of Donald Dominated Society." Macleod. Francis Landey Pat- Dr Leith. who received his ton Professor of Preaching and Pn D from Yale and has been Worship, emeritus. Modelled on the Union faculty since 1959, after the Lyman Beecher lee- is a scholar in the field of tureship on preaching at Yale Reformed theology, the University, the "Donald theology of the tradition begun Macleod — Shorl Hills Com- by John Calvin and espoused by munity Congregational Church the Reformed family of church- Preaching Lecture Series" will es, including the-Presbyterian be a biennial lectureship that Church ( USA ). He is the author will present two or three lee- °t several major books on lures by an outstanding preach- Reformed theology., including -- IE Clumsy ^ 609-921-0289 Palmer Square • Princeton New Jersey er or teacher of preachers. The Short Hills Church donated $30,000 as the initial basis for the lectureship. The Church — A Believing Fellowship. Assembly at Westminster: Reformed Theology in the Making, An PRINCETON UNIVERSITY CHAPEL PALM SUNDAY March 19- 11:00 a.m. The Rev. Dr. Ernest Gordon Christian Rescue Effort for the Emancipation of Dissidents (CREED) TOPIC: "The Endless Journey" The service will include a procession with palms College selection and admissions Interests and aptitude testing Career and educational planning Sandra Grundfest, Ed.D. Career Management Services 601 Ewing St., C-l Princeton. N.J 609-921-8401 The Macleod lectureship will /ntroduction totheRe/ormed be inaugurated in the fall of Tradition and The Reformed 1992 Imperative. The six lectures will all be held in the main lounge of the Mackay Campus Center, with the exception of the first, which will be in Miller Chapel The se- ries js open to the public. George Gallup Jr will be the guest preacher for Kingston Presbyterian Church's adult class Sunday at 9:30. Mr Gallup has been with the Gallup Poll and the Gallup Organization for 35 years and is currently co-chairman. He is The Presbyterian Women of The Latest Gottex Swimsuit Collection in glorious floral and Polynesian prints with co-ordinating shirts and Palazzo pants. Sizes 8-18 EDITH'S the finest in quality "3? service 30 Nassau Street, Princeton M-S 9:30-5:30 609-921-6059 also executive director of the Witherspoon Street Presbyter- Princeton Religion Research ,an Cnurcn will sponsor their Center, which he co-founded in annual Palm Sunday Program 1977. In his talk he will explore com™.* on n«i ease the nature and depth of religion in the U.S. and abroad, in- cluding membership trends, beliefs and theology as in- terpreted through scientifical- ly conducted surveys. The Rising Sun Temple, Daughter of Elks. Birch Ave- nue, will sponsor a soul food dinner of chitterlings, fried chicken or pig's feet with all the trimmings on Saturday. The daughters will start selling din- ners at noon and continue as long as supplies last. The donation is $7 per meal, and takeout can be arranged by- calling 924-9801 on Saturday Lulu Venable. Daughter Ruler, welcomes all who appreciate good soul food John H Leith, Pemberton Professor of Theology at Union Theological Seminary in Rich- OLD CLOCKS REPAIRED For Appointment Call: 609-921-7015 Trinity Church (Episcopal) 33 Mercer Street, Princeton, 924-2277 Holy Week and Easter Services Palm Sunday, March 19 8 a.m., 9:10 a.m., 11:20 a.m.. Liturgy of the Palms and Holy Eucharist Monday, March 20 7:15 a.m.. 12:10 p.m., Holy Eucharist 530 p.m.. Evening Prayer Tuesday, March 21 715 a.m., Holy Eucharist 8 p.m., Way ol the Cross Wednesday, March 22 7:15 a.m., Holy Eucharist 5:30 p.m., Holy Eucharist with Anointing Maundy Thursday, March 23 12:10 p.m., Holy Eucharist 8 p.m., Holy Eucharist Watch until midnight Good Friday, March 24 Noon-3 p.m., Preaching ot the Passion Holy Saturday, March 25 9:30 a.m.. Holy Saturday Office 8 p.m., Great Vigil of Easter Easter Oay, March 26 7 a.m., Holy Eucharist 910 a.m., 11:20 a.m., Festival Eucharist STACY Utim* & ifrtrOl OcCOl-OA CoflfctXWfl for Lingerie \Very delicate and special art our 100% silk machine washable gowns Available in black, red, aqua and peach Priced from '42. Thank you for shopping Stacy' Lawronc* Shopping Center Dairy 11 9. Sal 10 5 30 .lo-fflnrinunG EDUORTIOn lOJOGSDUCRTrC Program in Continuing Education Princeton University INFORMATIONAL MEETINGS -EME TIME LOCATION Monday, March 20 n-nn Woodrow Wilson School, Room 8 Prospect Ave./Washington Rd. Monday, March 20 Wednesday, March 22 Wednesday, March 22 12:00 6:00 p.m. 12:00 6:00 pi Woodrow Wilson School, Bowl 6 Prospect Ave./Washington Rd. Woodrow Wilson School, Room 12 Prospect Ave./Washington Rd. Woodrow Wilson School, Bowl 6 Prospect Ave./Washington Rd. (609) 4S2-5001, 321 West College Open all year JERHUNE ORCHARDS _jg A Apples • Cider • Ciirus Vegetables Cold Soil Road • 924-2310 Mon-Fn 9-6. Sat & Sun 9-5 N.C. JEFFERSON Plumbing & Heating ■ Commercial • Residential • Free Estimates 149 Cherry Valley Road 924-3624 Stale License Number 7084 H*r. Hunt. Creative Laadacftptng IMBLESIDEI i.urdeiis & fNiirscry Route 206«Belle Mead, N.J. (201) 359-8388 Closed Sundays through Labor Oay FABRICS • DRAPERIES • SLIPCOVERS • FURNITURE REPAIRS DEWEY'S Upholstery Shop 33 Station Drive Princeton Junction 799-1778 BATHROOM SAFETY AIDS • Tub Benches • Shower Benches • Wall Grab Bars • Tub Grab Bars TAYLOR SURGICAL SUPPLY (609) 599-9371 940 Brunswick Avenue Trenton, NJ 08638 (Just off the Brunswick Circle) Over 100 years of continual service • Death Notice KHOURI, John I. Born in 1921 in Beirul. Lebanon Died on March 10. 1989 in Brooklyn. N Y Served in the U.S. Army in World War II. Sur- vived by his children: Dr Philippe Khouri and family of Princeton. N.J.. Patrick Khouri of Beirul, Lebanon, and Marie- Chrisline Hoss and family of Toronto. Canada; his wife Gracielo of Brooklyn NY., and stepson Dr Mariano Medeiros; two brolhers Edward I Khouri and family of Arlington, Va., and Albert I, Khouri and family 01 Beirut, Lebanon. Mass of Christian Burial celebrated at 10:30 a.m. in St. Paul Church, Princeton. N.J. on March 13. 1989 Burial will follow in Princeton Cemetery "Msmonal contributions may be offered to St Paul Church in Princeton. N.J. Arrangements under direction of Kimble Funeral Hpme. Marianne Amarel, 59, of White Pine Lane, an education- al researcher, died March 9 at Princeton Medical Center Bora in Czechoslovakia, Mrs Amarel survived the Auschwitz concentration camps and came to the United States in 1946 with her mother. Married in 1953. she had lived in Princeton since 1958. She was trained as a social psychologist at Columbia and Rutgers universities, and her research focused on education- al processes in classrooms and schools. The theme of her studies was a search for under- standing the combined effects of cognitive and social factors on instructional and ad- ministrative practices in schools She wrote several books, in- cluding Beyond Surface Cur- riculum and Inquiry into , Meaning, which grew out of collaborative work with Educa- tional Testing Service. Her field studies included a case , study of the Bronx High School of Science and the New York School of Art and Design. Mrs. Amarel taught at Princeton and Stanford Univer- sities and served at the Na- tional Institute of Education. During the late 1970's she was a member of several editorial and advisory boards, including the Institute of Research on Teaching. She was also a con- sultant for the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations, among others, and from 1979 to 1981 was vice president of the American Ed- ucational Research Associa- tion. In recent years she held joint research appointments at the College of Education at Michigan State University and at the Graduate School of Education, Rutgers University. She was also affiliated with the Holmes group, a national con- sortium of educational leaders who are engaged in developing a reform agenda for teacher education. Surviving are her husband. Saul Amarel; two sons. Dan and David Amarel; and her mother. Roszi Furth. The service was held at the Kimble Funeral Home. Memo- rial contributions may be made to the American Cancer Socie- ty or to the Medical Center at Princeton. Born in Philadelphia. Mrs. Wil- liams lived in the Philadelphia area before moving to Penning- ton six years ago. Surviving are a daughter, Katherine Langan of Penning- ton; 13 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren. Mass of Christian Burial was celebrated at St James Church. Pennington, with bur- ial in Holy Sepulchre Ceme- tery, Cheltenham, Pa. Memori- al contributions may be made to the Hopewell First Aid and Fire Co., Hopewell 08525. Alice T. Sanders, 79, of Grovers Mill, died March 9 at Humana Hospital. St. Petersburg, Fla. Born in Princeton Junction, Mrs. Sanders was a lifelong area resident. She was former- ly employed at the Princeton Bank and Trust Co. She was a member of the Corner Brighteners of the Dutch Neck Presbyterian Church and the Keen Agers Senior Citizens Group of West Windsor. Surviving are her husband, Robert C. Sanders Sr,; three sons, Robert C. Jr. and Melvin W. Sanders, both of West Wind- sor, and Donald R Sanders of Bordentown; three daughters. Mary Alice Britten of Plains- boro, and Dorothy Orr and Bar- bara Barry, both of West Wind- sor; 15 grandchildren; four great-grandchildren; and a brother, Hiram C. Tindall of Stratford, Conn The service was held at a Hamilton Square funeral home with burial in the Dutch Neck Presbyterian Church Ceme- tery. Memorial contributions may be made to the Childs Park United Methodist Church, St. Petersburg, Fla., 33711. Bertha F. Golden. 79, died March 13 at Princeton Medical Center. Born in Trenton, Mrs. Golden had lived in Princeton since 1951. She was an administrator for the Textile Research In- stitute for 20 years and also the former owner of the Bert-Ann Shop Wife of the late Francis L. Golden M.D., she is survived by a daughter. Frances D Golden of Lahaska, Pa ; a nephew, Charles Fisher of Cresco, Pa. ; and a cousin. Earl Huggins. The service will be held Thursday at 11 at the Ewing Cemetery Chapel, Ewing. Me- morial contributions may be made to a charity of the donor's choice. Ruth T. Lovell. 81, a former Plainsboro resident, died Mrs. Lovell lived in Plainsboro from 1932 to 1980 when she mov- ed to Newtown. She was a member of the Plainsboro Presbyterian Church for 48 years and an active member of the Plainsboro community She was a 4-H leader, a skilled flo- ral arranger and an outstand- ing cook. Wife of the late Harold L. Lovell. she is survived by a son, James Lovell of San Diego, Calif ; a daughter, Ann Roe of Cranford; a sister, Mary Rode of South Williamsport, Pa. ; and three grandsons, Peter Roe of Chicago, 111., Andrew Roe of Bennington, Vt., and Christo- pher Roe of Haverford, Pa. A memorial service will be held Sunday at 3 in the Newtown Presbyterian Church, Newtown, Pa. The Rev. Robert E. Canon, pastor, will officiate Private inter- ment will be in Brainerd Cem- etery, Cranbury. Memorial contributions may be made to the Deacons Fund of the Newtown Presbyterian Church, PO Box 287. Newtown, Pa 18940 George W. Jackson, 85, of Plainsboro, died February 22 at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Lyons. Born in New Brunswick, Mr. Jackson lived in Ewing before moving to the Princeton area in 1967. A retired carpenter, he was a U.S. Navy veteran of World War II. Surviving are his wife, Evelyn Reading Jackson; a sister-in-law, Marion McCoy of Groveville; three nieces and five nephews. The service was held at the Kimble Funeral Home with burial in Elmwood Cemetery, New Brunswick. Lilly Kleinschmidt. 88, of Hopewell, died February 23 at Mercer Medical Center, Tren- ton. Born in Germany, Mrs. Kleinschmidt lived in Hopewell for the past 30 years. She is survived by a son, Robert Kleinschmidt of Hope- well; two brothers, Arnold Leb- bing of Highland Park and Frederick Lebbing of Pitts- town; and six grandchildren. A graveside service was held in Highland Cemetery, Hope- well, the Rev. David Dietsch. pastor of Calvary Baptist Church of Hopewell, of- ficiating. IF VOU OONT READ TOWN TOPICS how will you keep up wilh the news' • 9 Distinctive Solariums in wood or aluminum • MARVIN™ and Garden Windows • Fireplaces & Accessories • Awnings & Shade Systems HASH St.AVJNS GKhi.NIKXJSf.S d U S Route 1, South Lawrenceville. NJ 896-9519 T.W.F 10-6, Th 10-8; Sat 1< PRINCETON MEDICAL GROUP, P.A. STEVEN KAZENOFF, M.D. Dermatology, Dermatologic Surgery Skin Cancer, Cosmetic Surgery Including Hair Transplants Dermabrasions Leg Vein Injections Collagen Injections Chemical Peels Board Certified Medical Arts Building • Suite B 253 wltherspoon St. Princeton, NJ 08540 (609) 924-9300 Medical Arts Building Perrineville & Prospect Plains Rd Cranbury, NJ 08512 (609) 655-8800 3T liKe +r,e prfnceTpri TiiHiOr .ScVioO I becquje t^c W-e Hi'ce x-fWhe. rj,vve. ner- +o t^nf-e q \o\- J Of S+or.'zs, X'rrj qooJc./- fTl'/ /Wliplcq+i'tftf +oibMj QtiJ I'tn (xiSo'luS-i- jeve/7, by ox For additional information, please contacl Juliana Cuyler Mclntyre, Headmistress, at 1 Box 224, Princeton, 08542-0224 or call (609) 924-8126 ) ) Princeton Junior School, a coeducational, independents) ) school, provides an early education for children ages 3-9,* ) which emphasizes academic excellence in a nurturing en-( ) vironment. \ Princeton Junior School admits students of any national ethnic andH jligtous origin, and does nol discriminate in any ol its employment or ad-/ nislrative policies Helen M. Gallagher Wil- liams, 93, died March 9 at ... Princeton Medical Center. Village. Newtown. Born m Williamsport. Pa Communicate in Color NowAtKinko's Canon Color Laser Copies! • Advanced digital technology with Irtie black and color representation of your originals • Transform black & white to color quickly and inexpensively • Create high quality full color reproductions from any document including 35mm film or slides • Change colors to create entirely new images • Reduce or enlarge images from 50% to 400% kinko's the copy center Open Early, Open Late, Open Weekends 921-2679 • 53WitherspoonSt. Yn. »!&£&. ^>^> i s* VV 1 Chelsea PRINCETONS PREMIERE HAIR COLORING SALON For your appointment and consultation, call 924-1824 Distinctive personol service in o friendly a 14 SPRING STREET PRINCETON. N.J. (609) 924-1824 TUE & THURi 9-8 WED 6 FRI « .- OPEN LATE TUES & THURS TIL 8 Religion CoWuao "tot PracaonQ Page and Tea on Sunday from 3 : 30 to S SO al the church The guest artist will be Ben- jamin R. Seabrook, bass baritone. o( Trenton Mr . Seabrook has performed with many music, opera and drama groups in this area, including Artists Showcase Theater of Trenton. Princeton Pro Musica. Trenton Civic Opera and Trenton State College Op- era Workshop He is minister of music for Mount Zion A M E Church in Trenton The tea will be held in the parish hall follow- ing the program Everyone is welcome A freewill donation will be taken Chairperson for the event is Ethel Lett and program chairperson is Virginia Hamil- ton The pastor of the church is the Rev Adrian A McFarlane For further information, call the church office at 924-1666 Karlfried Froehlich of Princeton Theological Semin- ary will speak at St. Paul's School on Thursday at 8 p.m. on 'Images of St Paul in the Ear- ly Church ." Dr Froehlich. the Benjamin II Warfield Professor of Ec- clesiastical History at the Sem- inary, is also a lay theologian in the Lutheran Church of America, where he has served in many capacities on local. State, and national levels He has been a regular member of the National Lutheran Roman Catholic Dialogue team since 1970 and he has participated in international ecumenical ac- tivities His academic honors include a Fulbright travel grant and faculty fellowships from the American Association of Theo- logical Schools He has written and co-authored many books and articles One of his most re- cent publications is Biblical In- terpretations in the Early Church, published by Fortress Press. The choir of the Bunker Hill Lutheran Church will present its We Shall Behold Him by Don Clydesdale Sunday at 7 at its annual Easter cantata. The cantata is a musical narration of the events of Holy Week from Palm Sunday through Easter Sunday. The 30-voice choir is under the direction of Harriet Nilsen Soloists include Irving Peter- son. Pastor Chuck Ewan, Keith Dunham. Julie Dunham. Margareth Alexanders^. Karen DeKok. a ladies quartet consisting of Lon Sletta. Hi... Hunsbedt. Heidi Birkland, and J Ann Marie Spotts, and a children's choir Mac Olsen wil be the narrator AH are invited. For informa- tion call Mr. Ewan at ( 201 ) 359- 6302. or Ms. DeKok. (201)297- 5096 Directory of Religious Services «CJHURCHo JESUS CHRIST * LATTER-DAY SAINTS Mormon 9:00 a.m. 10:15 a.m. 11:15 a.m. PRINCETON WARD Alexander Road & Route t Princeton, N.J. 452-1616 Sunday Worship Sunday School, all ages Women's Relief Society Primary for Children The Presbyterian Church of Lawrencevllle wrencevllle, N.J. Estob 1698 Sunday Schedule Worship Service 10 a.m. Church School 10 am Infant and Child Care Available Dana Fearon III. Minister 896-1212 CHRIST CONGREGATION Affiliated with the United Church of Christ and the American Baptist Churches. USA 921-6253 Worship Service at 10 am ■*, Fellowship al 11 a.m. Education Hour al 11:15 a m Jeffrey Mays, Pastor Princeton United Methodist Church Nassau Street & Vandeventer Avenue , 609-924-2613 Jg\\ James H. Harris, Jr . Senior Minister \W\ William H Jacobsen. Assoc Minister W Margaret Cousins. Parish Visitor %fc| ADULT EDUCATION 9 45am ^| WORSHIP S CHURCH SCHOOL 11am 1 YOUTH CLUB 6 pm Catch the Spirit (cmu c«re provided! J NASSAU PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 61 Nassau Street, Princeton 924-0103 i (dinip entrance on right side of building I « ' M 111 ' ' 7:30 ■• Radio Broadcaal IWHWH 1350 AMI ■ TT - ' 8 30 am SERVICE OF WORSHIP - 9:30 a.m. i.h , Education tor Adults and Children 10 30 am Coltat Horn & Fellowship ' 1 s (O lltOOu* SERVICE OF WORSHIP Wallace M. Alston, Jr., Pastor Cynthia A. Jams. Associate Pastor for Pastoral Care Kenneth B. Kelley, Director of Music Ministry Sue Ellen Page, Director Children's and Youth Choirs Princeton Alliance Church Or. MirhnH P Valentin*. Senior Patior Rev Rotwrt R Cuahman, Executive Pastor Rev Douglas A Peierson. Minuter i Musk Suart Palmer. Orecior ot Courtsefling Carol Hoflhe Counselling , SUNDAY SERVICES: 8:30 and 11 ..m. al Princeton High School 10:00 a.m. al WIcoM School, Plalnsboro. 9:45 a.m. Christian Education lor all agas (Princeton location) ) Midweek and Sunday: fellowship groups; activities for all ages Be 40 Princeton HiQtii.tof.iifto.il Pnnt.lon Juntnon o»iS0 .nloemation call I tut) r»» (000 vo.nu All Saints' ChuRch All Saints' Rood. Princeton. N.J. 08540 921 - 2 «0 Episcopal Sunday Holy Eucharist 7:30, 9:00 (Rite II), 11:15 (Rite I) 10 a.m. Sunday School & Adult Forum Evening Prayer M-F & Holy Days. 515 pm Holy Eucharist daily. 5:30 p.m NASSAU CHRISTIAN CENTER 26 Nassau St., Princeton, NJ 609/921-0981 a spirit-filled fellowship with an emphasis on worship, Word, and witness | SUNDAY SCHEDULE OF SERVICES ■The Rock" radio broadcast. WPST. 97 5FM 8:00 am "Renewal'' radio broadcast, WHWH, 1350AM 8 30am Worship services 8 30 and 1 1 00 am First Sunday night ot each month only 6 30 pm Home Fellowships, all but firsl Sunday night of each month 6 30 pm Sunday School ot the Bible 9 45 am WEDNESDAY FAMILY NIGHT Activities for all ages 7 30 pm REV TONY CERVERO, PASTOR The Jewish Center 435 Nassau Street Princeton, N.J. 08540 Telephone 609-921-0100 Rabbi Melvin J. Glazer Cantor Robert Freedman Friday evenings at 8:30 p.m. Saturday mornings at 10:00 a.m. THE UNITARIAN CHURCH OF PRINCETON Cherry Hill and Route 206 609-924-1604 Minister: Dr Edward Frost A Liberal Religion Services 9:30 and 11:00 Religious Education 9:30 Chitdcare Available LUTHERAN CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH 407 Nassau St. at Cedar Lane, Princeton 924-3642 Pastor, Rev. Dr John Mark Goerss Associate Pastor, Rev Harry H. Haysbert, EM. Sunday Worship 10:30 am Bible Classes 9:00 a.m. Mt. Pisgah African Methodist Episcopal Church 170 Witherspoon Street Church School 9:45 am Morning Worship 11 am. Rev David B Cousin, Pastor (609) 924-7686; 924-9017 New Covenant Evangelical Free Church Meeting at Maurice Hawk School. Clarksville Rd . Princeton Jet Sunday worship with Children's Ministry 9:30-11:30 a.m. Area weekly Home Fellowships Scott Turantky and Fred Miller. Paiton. 452-7508 Kingston Presbyterian Church 80 Main Street, Kingston 921-8895 Sunday Worship 11 a.m. Church School 9:30 am Pastor John Hemsohn Trinity Episcopal Church Crescent Ave., Rocky Hill, N.J. H.C. (1st, 3rd& 5th Sun.) 10:30 am MP (other Sundays! Sunday School Rev. Samuel Ishibashi 921-3354 Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church Witherspoon and Quarry Streets 924-1666 Sunday Worship 11 a.m. (Nursery Available) Rev. Adrian A. McFarlane fc MOHTGOMERY EVAHGELICAL FREE CHURCH Grlggstown Road, Belle Mead, N.J. 08502 (201-874-4634) 6 p.m Evening Service 10 45 a m Worship Service Wednesday. 9:30 am., Women's Bible Study Friday, 7.30 p.m., Youth Groups John M. Luyben, Senior Pastor David W. Loefler, Associate Pastor. Elizabeth Golda, Director of Music 0. Trinity Church (E P isco P aii 33 Mercer Street, Princeton, 924-2277 The Rev John Crocker, Jr., Rector Sunday Services 8 am - Holy Eucharist 9:10 am. - Holy Eucharist 10 am Church School and Adult Open Forum 11:20 am Holy Eucharist (first, third, fifth Sunday) Morning Prayer (second, fourth Sunday) (child care available) 4:30 p.m - Evensong (first Sunday) Wednesday 5:30 p m - Holy Eucharist with Anointing Radio broadcast Sunday 9:40-10: 10 am , WHWH-AM 1350 QUAKER MEETING FOR WORSHIP Stony Brook Meetinghouse Quaker A Mercer Roads For Information call Charles Uflord. 921-6085 Meeting tor Worship 9 t 11 a.m.. each Sunday FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH Paul Robeson and John St. Princeton Sunday Worship 11 a.m. Sunday School 9:45 e.m. Rev. Michael Sabors. Pastor Rev. Jerome Bedtord. ■4S50C. Pastor 924-0877 St. Paul's Catholic Church 214 Nassau Street, Princeton Rev. Evasio DeMarcellis. Pastor Saturday Vigil Mass: 5:30 p.m. Sunday: 7:00, 8:30. 10:00. 11:30 and 5:00 p.m. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE First Church ot Christ, Scientist 16 Bayard Lane, Princeton* Visitors Welcome Child Care Available Sunday Services 10:30 am and 4:30 p.m. Sunday School lor Children and Young People up to age 20 10:30 am Wednesday Evening Testimony Meetings : — 8 00 pm. Christian Science Reading Room 178 Nassau Street, Princeton 924-0919 Mon.,Tues.,Sat. 9:30-5«Wed., Thurs., Fri. 9:30-7:30 Westerly Road Church 37 Westerly Ro, d Princeton, N.J. 924-3816 Evangelical Undenominational ! Sunday Service.: ,:» am, „ : oo am , 6:30 pm ur„j , „ Sunday Schoo Mo 45 am Wednesday Player Meeting and K.ng'dom Kids 7:00 pm loutn Group: Friday nights 7:00 pm Re. rT'"u Risluccia ' s ""» r p '"«' He> Roane, B Robertson. Youth Pastor 'Micawber Books new. used end fere 108 Nassau Street ^Princeton, New Jersey \ (609)921-8454 -im Designer Handbags... \ L /^> * ^^»m m ^ mm J. " discount^ galete Handbags! ercer Mall * Lawrencevtlle ' Nancy Manning, PhD. (924-7883) Selden Dunbar lllick, ACSW, CAC Jan M. Kouzes, Ed.D. Candace L. Jones, ACSW Sharon R. Powell, Ed D. Associate: Leigh Tilden, ACSW. Princeton Psychological Associates 14 Vandevenler Avenue Princeton, N.J. • (609) 683-4180 Individual, Couple. Family and Group Therapy tor Children, Adolescents, Adults ECHO ROOFING BEST PRICE BEST QUALITY Call for FREE estimate 609-921-3721 Li'il'i'liiiJ , Please Call Lefens Painting. Our work is neat and thorough We deltver prompt estimates and hawe many local references (609) 924-6891 Ml no answer try (201 ) 359-2531 1 Fine 18th & 19th Cent. Antiques - Clocks PUBLIC AUCTION 3 outstanding collections - removed to Slackwood Firehouse - Trenton, N.J. Off 1961 Brunswick Pike - US 1 Alt. WED., MARCH 22 -8 A.M. Exhibit: Tues., March 21 - 1 to 6 PM Excellent Sohmer 6' grand piano; recent Conn "Strummer" organ; Lovely 1740 Van Ostrom & 1810 Harrison grandfather's clocks; Good 1780 Cherry slant top desk; Chippendale 2-drawer blanket chest; Fine 1790 Ladderback arm chair; Good reeded drop leaf table; 1790 Cherry bureau; 1790 Cherry pembroke table; Early stands; Rare 1775 andirons; fine carved Empire courtship seats; dolphin love seat & stands; Lovely carved Vict, sofa, rocker & arm chairs; rare 1840 rococo mirrors; Fine carved 1875 bracket, wag-on-wall, modern space, Pillar & scroll Terry (as Is) & other clocks; Lovely Willets Marsh painted vase; Painted lamp & 20 other early Lenox pieces; Meagher painted plates; Royal Vienna portrait plates; nice G.W.W. & other antique lamps; Good pressed glass; antique prints; 20 oriental rugs; Kittinger love seat; Centennial sofa; custom wing chair; Etc! Lester & Robert Slatoff AUCTIONEERS 609-393-4848 Trenton, NJ 215-736-8989 MERCERVILIE ©EL TRENTON, N.J. \mtf M |k 100Gal.Min A /I J# Top Grade #2 Fuel Oil • -■-•♦J^ Also Bulk Deliveries CUSTOMER BURNER SERVICE 584-0450 Deliveries Till 9 p.m. Price Subject to Change Mon.-Sat. If You Are Considering Having INTERIOR PAINTING Done This Winter ... REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS PRINCETON BOROUGH 1 GORDON WAY, Hugette Roberts SoldtoClaramary H Morgan $320,000 PRINCETON TOWNSHIP 10 MACLEAN CIRCLE, The Trustees ot Prtnceion University Sold to Szymon and Ada Suckwer $446,250 11 Old Orchard Lane, Kirby Inv tnc Sold to Andrew Grossman $340,000 11 RACE ST., James E Greene Sold to Arthur Douglas $115,500 PENNINGTON 31 N. MAIN ST., Lois W Sternberg Sold to David H Goodman $135,000 28 INGLESIDE AVE., Mary and E Newlon Sold to John Achley Pierson $72,500 6 SCUDDER CT,, Pennington Group Inc Sold to Michael R and Joanne Robinson $525,442 WEST WINDSOR TOWNSHIP 2 BRIANS WAY, Syed A and Habibun Ali Sold to Robert and Patricia Jarrac $335,000 5 FARMINGTON CT., Princeton Oaks Inc Sold to Nicholas and Myra llijtc S324.990 HATHAWAY DRIVE, Szymon and Ada Suckewer Sold to Jeffrey E and Kimberly Carteton. $275,000 37 LORRIE LANE, Sunrise East of Princeton Sold to Neil H and Grace A Shuster. $366,160 2 WHITNEY PLACE, Westwinds at Princeton Junction Sold to Lilliam M Coleman $268,562 25 ARNOLD DR., Stephen M and Catherine Brady Sold to Samuel and Dawne Meyer $345,000 60DENVILLEDR..WindsorOev Corp Sold to William D. and Don Shut- tleworth S430.160 23 GARNET LANE, Sharbell Dev Corp Sold to Michael James and J Hilcock $399,470 4 MARBLEHEAD CT., Michael J- and Kathleen Seergy Sold to Garden State Land Co. $320,000 9 OAKWOOD WAY, Polekoff Farm Inc Sold to Bob L. and Susie J L Wong $381,750 10 PERRY DR., Trafalgar House Residential Sold to Kong L and Kiem W Tan $397,900 16 WINDSOR DR., David Kimmel Sold to Brian fl and Theresa A. Compton $216,000 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP 3 BENJAMIN TERRACE, Roblyn Dev Corp Sold to Frederick J. and Suzan Maguire $407,113 BOX 103 WIDWOOD WAY. Matthew P and Janet C Kuntz Sold to Diane E Kurylo S100.000 TITUS RD., Tencor Inc Sold lo Stanley and Carol Gromczeweski $1,600,000 119A VAN DYKE RD.. Henry F and Barbara Espenhorsl Sold to Thomas L and Michele Carberry $135,000 HARBOURTON ROCKTOWN RD.. Patricia J and Francis Piatt. Sold to Charles M and Tont M Silvani SI 73.000 LAWRENCE TOWNSHIP 106 BERGEN ST., GMG Dev Corp SoldloF Jay and Margaret D Breyer $284,925 1580 BRUNSWICK AVE.. Harold J. and Patricia Donovan Sold lo Daniel and Manan Jordan. $87,000 195 DRIFT AVE,, James fl- Potts Jr Sold to Thomas J. Tmdall Jr $129,000 21 EGGERTS CROSSING RD.. Mary G Chiacchio Sold to Michele and Jo Ann Amendola $143,500 54 QUINCE CT., Jerry and Laura T rep- pel Sold to Alan H and Lone E W Krashner $134,900 41 SCHERER CT., K Hovnanian at Lawrence Sold to Susie M Banks $111,204 5 STONERISE DR.. Howco Residential Dev Inc Sold to Joseph A and Catherine V.talla. $193,280 49 TITUS AVE,, Teresa Westheimer Sold to Alexander and Lee A Kerr $225,000 1 FEATHERBED CT., Francis E Bren nan Sold to Loretta M Wylie $127,000 15 OLEANDER CT.. Relo and Melm- da Fuasch Sold to Jeffrey Pars $121,000 38 POILLON CT.. Scotl and Mane H Milner Sold to Donna Slobmski $56,050 12-H SHIRLEY LANE. Alan Haftel Sold to Frank J and Suzanne Kuz- nizcki $134,000 6 WOODMONT DR., Dean C and Cm- da L Edwards Sold to Robert and Bar- bara Sabtowsky $250,000 SOUTH BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP 4341 BAYBERRY CT., Gary Booth Sold to Arrowhead Properties Corp $126,000 35 BEECHWOOD CT., Gregory and Olivia B Crisp Sold to Brian Heaven $130,750 23 CHRISTOPHER AVE., Arthur and Alba Elles Sold to Lynne J Wise $178,500 8 ESSEX DR.. Reider Land Tech Sold to Saturno and Faith Y Galindez $445,500 10 HENDERSON RD.. Edgar J Lewless Sold to K Hovnanian at Somerset III $202,600 118 KENDALL RD.. Kenneth Maslowski Sold to John E Harbison S1 57,900 4 MUSKET DR., Timber Ponds Sold to Arding and Stephanie Hsu $335,392 20-1 NEW RD., Donald J and Mary I Rebovich Sold to Paul H Tomasek $77,000 US HIGHWAY 130, Oaklawn Memorial Park Sold to Islamic Society of Central NJ $427,600 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP 375 ALDEBURGH AVE.. Thomas M and Kathleen M Genova Sold to Bartles Corner Business Park $153,000 2 ALTON DR. N., Calton Homes at Quailbrook Sold to N Chow and Anna 5 Long $235,990 77 AMBERLY CT., Donald B. Fraser Jr Sold to Herbert H Smith $11 3,900 27 TOWNSEND CT., K Hovnanian at Somerset III Sold lo Keith Ludwig $108,256 17 TUNNELL RD., Joseph and M Levy Sold to David and Jody J Jordan $182,000 93 WYCOMBE PLACE, Calton Homes at Quailbrook Sold to Frank T Matvillo $116,500 SOUTH BRUNSWICK TOWNSHIP 4341 BAYBERRY CT., Gary Booth Sold lo Arrowhead Properties Corp $126,000 35 BEECHWOOD CT., Gregory and Olivia B Crisp Sold to Brian Heavei $130,750 23 CHRISTOPHER AVE., Arthur and Alba Elles Sold to Lynne J Wise $176,500 8 ESSEX DR.. Reider Land Tech Sold to Saturno and Faith Y Galindez $445,500 10 HENDERSON RD.. Edgar J Lawless Sold to K Hovnanian at Somerset III $202,600 116 KENDALL RD.. Kenneth Maslowski Sold to John E Harbison $157,900 4 MUSKET DR.. Timber Ponds Sold to Arding and Stephanie Hsu $335,392 20-1 NEW RD.. Donald J, and Mary I Rebovich Sold to Paul H Tomasek. $77,000 Continued on Next Page CARNEGIE- BANK We Respond.. 619 Alexander Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540 (609) 520-0601 Call for a quote on your auto or homeowners insurance. Compare Allstate for value. Absolutely noobbgation. Call now fof an estimate. Leave ittoThe . Good Hands: People. / /instate 609-921-6613 168 Montgomery Knoll , Rl 206 Princeton - Rocky Hill, N J 08553 Lloyd Bezar O c H O o 1 -.• '.» !• * t - a OUTfi ROuJM SHOP A Lr •' (% n t PAUL.' 5 1 ° s i'l" 4 - NASSAU STREET 00 o ■o Dresses Galore for Easter! The Princeton store tor tine used clothing smce 1944 234 NASSAU STREET Upstairs at the Back Mon 12 5, Tues Sat 10-5 OUTGROWN SHOP_ R. E. A. L ES TA.TE KM LIGHT Realtors 247 Nassau St. (609)924-3822 PROFESSIONAL APPRAISALS For an authorative market value appraisal of your real estate properties — • for a realistic approach to marketing • for investment purposes • or for estate purposes K.M. LIGHT provides a complete written analysis of any type of real estate, together with a list of comparable proper- ties sold or for sale. Call us about our appraisal services today K.M. Light, Senior Appraiser AMEfiiCAN ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED APPRAISERS THREE GENERATIONS OF OUALITY CRAFT MANSHIP CONSTRUCTION CARPENTERS • CONTRACTORS Quality Work Requires Planning Call Now For Free Estimate! ADDITIONS • ALTERATIONS • RESTORATION •Xfr*. • CUSTOM REMODELING -?* ' MASONRY • STONEWORK • DESIGN SERVICES j*i> • FULLY INSURED • LI. #08668 281-6662 OB ALLEN'S Painting & Restorations "Give us a try and you will find our service & quality second to none." Owner operated / Free prompt estimates Local references / Insured 1 GUTTER CLEANING $50-$75 j. [ INTERIOR PAINTING «^> ; Kirk Allen « .609, 771-4189 , prestigious manor homes on 3-plus acres From $400,000 Home sites from $180,000 call our on-site sales center for details: 609-397-1789 Directions: Take 1-95 South lo Route 29 North. Make a rtaht on Valley Road (near Belle Mountain Ski Area). Make a left on Coat 1 1111 Road and proceed for one mile. CMC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 609-883^241 LIGHT Karl Light • Broker Realtor'. 247 Nassau St (609) 9243622 03 THE LIVING IS EASY - in this carefree condominium in a nearby retire- ment community • community pool, golf course, tennis court and club house included in maintenance $149,900 CAN YOU TOP THIS? Great price reduction? Empty nesters take note • Two bedrooms, 2 bath Rossmoor colonial condo • Living room, dining room, study & lanai • Lovely first floor unit with golf course views Bright and sunny throughoout • Top quality improvements, tip top condition Priced way DOWN below market value $114,500 WOOD MILL ESTATES Two bedroom, 2 bath end unit condo • Living room-dining room with cathedral ceiling and tiled fireplace, balcony • Kitchen with breakfast nook, utility room with new washer $113,000 PENTHOUSE CONDO in Lawrenceville Square Village, minutes from Princeton • Quiet, private 3rd floor location • 2 bedrooms, 2 baths • Spacious cathedral ceilmged living room separate dining, kitchen and laundry area Premium location, fine price. $115,000 Real Estate Transactions Cont">o«J <rom Prec*t*nfl Page US HIGHWAY 130. Oaklawn Memorial Park Sold to Islamic Society ot Central NJ $427,600 4272 BAYBERRVCT.. George P and Marilyn Hill Sold to Steven J and Don- na M Mayer $126,000 4 BELLFLOWER CT., Eastern Homes Sold to James W and Joan M Shurtleff $174,245 6 CRABAPPLE CT,. Eastern Homes Sold to Samuel J and Marlene Sheppard $302,000 7401 ELM CT.. Joyce E Spellman Sold to Patricia L Saponto $118,000 16 GILLIAN DR.. Timber Ponds Inc. Sold to Robert and Tina M Prestmo S301.912 136 KENDALL ROAD. Nicholas and Enka Cosentmo Sold to Alfred and Pearl Shropshire $185,000 54 KINGSLAND CIRCLE, Rieder Lane Sold to Steven R and Phyllis Zenda $234,900 14 MUSKET OR, Timber Ponds Sold to Pravm and Smita Shah $314,253 556 RIDGE RD., Princeton Packel Inc Sold to Cupola Corp $1,662,500 177 FRIENDSHIP AVE.. Karl R Meyer- tons Sold to United Broadway Inc $10,622,360 US Hwy. 1. Red Root Inns Inc Sold to Monmouth Mobile Home Park Inc $25,000 34 WEXFORD DR., Werner Homes Sold lo Chuck and Rose M Chan $262,469 4 WINANT RD,, Murray and Eileen Hetson Sold to Robert L and Jeanne M Miller. $156,500 19 DUNDEE RD.. James J and Marcella B Donohue Sold to Randall P and Lynn Kirkpatrick $175,000 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP 375 ALDEBURGH AVE., Thomas M and Kathleen M Genova Sold to Bartles Corner Business Park $153,000 2 ALTON OR. N.. Calton Homes at Quailbrook. Sold to N Chow and Anna 5 Long $235,990 77 AMBERLY CT., Donald B Fraser Jr. Soldlo Herbert H Smith $113,900 27TOWNSENDCT..K Hovnanian at Somerset III. Sold lo Keith Ludwig $108,256 17 TUNNELL RD.. Joseph and M Levy Sold to David and Jody J Jordan $162,000 93 WYCOMBE PLACE. Calton Homes al Quailbrook Sold lo Frank T Matvillo $116,500 2 AMBERLY CT.. K. Hovnanian al Somersel III Sold lo Gregg w and Vic- toria A Casey $100,053 26 TOWNSEND CT., K. Hovnanian at Somerset III Sold to Robert F Birm- ingham $146,535 5 TUNNEL RD., Adolph I Kate Sold lo David K and Regina S Siemger $165,000 WOMAN AVAILABLE lor house dean .! me Own transportation References available Call 609 392 1002 ROCKY HILL: P aiHalty lurmshed SludiO lor single person only Pnvate entry KB . cam No pets Yea e 4/1 $390 month Call 924 9700 1964 GL VOLVO Station Wagon All power automatic Tod oi the line in pristme condition Metallic blue and Bather 70k miles $8,900 924 8475 pm's MARTHA'S VINEYARD RENTAL: Lovely contemporary m private setting, •ully equipped July — August, S800 Bpt, $500. Call Yardley (215) 295 6902 after 4 STUDIO APARTMENT: Low rent New- ly decorated Qurel Princeton Street 924-2040 1987 SAAB 900 TURBO: Black. 2-door. standard, all extras, 'ealher in- terior 5-year warranty Excellent condi- tion, 37000 miles Days 466-2913, evenings, 683 4363 PIPER CHIEFTAIN Available tor Lease Eight to Ten Seats Currently useO during summer season for weekend charters Rainbow Air. Inc.: 921-3867 DOMESTIC HELPER available lor days work Must be on bus line Princeton re lerences Call after 5 p.m 695-2575 BE READY FOR SUMMERI For sale Oyer Oow 8 dinghy with oars Ex cellenl shape Can be coverted lor sail- ing $750 Call 921 3546, pm, 987 0050, days 3-8-2t HANDYPERSON AVAILABLE: Interior, exterior Repairs, new work, light carpentry, masonry, drywall. wall repair, pamtmg. gutters Reliable, neai. cons cientious Call Robert. 89.5-1 158 Leave message on machine 3-15-31 HOUSEKEEPER AVAILABLE: Good references Experienced Spanish speaking Call after 7 p.m 989-8832 134 WINCHESTER WAY. Thomas J and Marianne Moran. Sold to Susan Nowelsky $140,000 MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP 34-F CHICOPEE DR.. Edward F and Marilyn P Furry Sold to Peter A Cristi $164,000 19 ROBIN DR.. Jonathan J and Nan- cy R Rosen Sold to Joseph J and Joyce L Toohey $286,500 19WALTONCT..JohnP and Bonnie W. Gado Sold to Luis Laosa $374,000 i !T«: l \ , Lamp Shades iiliik> Lamp Repairs Custom-made Lamps NASSAU INTERIORS BUBQdORffi ' REALTORS l| HHI | A SPECIAL HOME IN PRINCETON Designed by William Thompson, renowned archrtect of New England Reproductions, and custom built by Bucci. This enchanting home is surrounded by 2 acres ot natural wooded beauty in The Western Section ol Princeton. 5 becrooms. 4 full ceramic baths, maid's quartos and 3 private patios. New Burgdorfl exclusive at •750,000. (609)921-3422 SERVING THEN J COUNTIES OF BERGEN • ESSEX • HUDSON • HUNTERDON • MERCER • MIDDLESEX ■ MONMOUTH • MORRIS • OCEAN < SOMEPSET • SUSSEX- UNION • WARREN SERVING THE PA. COUNTIES OF BUCKS • LEHIGH • NORTHAMPTON CUSTOM TOWNHOUSE IN EXCLUSIVE PRINCETON ENCLAVE! Custom crafted lo owner's specifications, this 4/5 B/R. 2! i Bath end unit is a must see. 1st floor master B/R suite, central air. built in exercise pool in basement. Reasonable offers considered. Low $300,000 s COME ON SPRING — WE'RE READY1 THE PAINTERS AND DECORA TORS HAVE LEFT — AND WERE READY FOR YOUI This stunning 4 Bedroom. 2!/j Bath Colonial in a quiet East Windsor area has been redecorated in good taste. Executive on the move said. "Don't spare the money — I want this home ready to move into and priced right." Asking Price $259,900 PARK PLACE. PRINCETON! Walk to all Princeton amenities from this 2nd floor condo with flexible floor plan. Offers Invited — Now only $149,500 NEW LISTING: Two year young Colonial with beautiful new inground pool. L/R. sep. D/R. Fam. Rm. w/fireplace. eat-in kitchen, laundry room, master B/R & bath. 3 addi- tional B/R's. central air. full basement. Patio, bocci court. So. Bruns. Turp. Just minutes from incoming train station. $280,000 RENTALS PRINCETON BOROUGH — 1 Bedroom Apartment on 2nd floor. No pets. *450/month plus utll. NEW RENTAL - FIRST MONTH FREEI! "RAVEN'S CREST "in Plainsboro Brand new 2nd floor condo. Living room, dining area, kitchen. 2 bedrooms and 2 baths. Pool pass included. Landlord pays condo fee. SSOO/month plus utll. COMMERCIAL RENTALS EXCELLENT RETAIL SITE - PRINCETON BOROUGH - Within 1 block of Princeton Univ. Two available — one at 2.000 sq. ft. and one at 1.188 sq. ft. Ground floor of architecturally-designed building. Call for details. REASONABLE RENT. HIGH. WIDE & HANDSOME - 7.000 sq. ft commer- cial rental near Route 1 in So. Brunswick. Now showroom — suitable for multi-use. Plenty of parking. Under $12.00 sq. ft. PROFESSIONAL OFFICE SPACE THREE MONTHS FREE RENT (OR TWO MONTHS FREE FOR EACH YEAR OF TERM OF LEASE) HIGHTSTOWN - Center of town - 2nd floor office space 760 sq. ft. at $6.00 per sq. ft. 2.546 5 sq. ft. at $7.50 per sq. ft. LAND 20 acres — wooded. Zoned residential ■ Windsor. '/, acre. West $1,400,000 200 +/- ACRES Millstone Township S25 000 acre WEST WINDSOR - 50 +/- Acres zoned R-l. %50,000/acre BUILDING LOT - Rolling & wooded, w/brook. Western Monmouth County - Perrineville. $119,900 LIMITED TIME SPECIAL! SELLER WILL PAY ALL CLOSING COSTS SOMERVIEW ESTATES in Perrineville, N.J. BROOKSIDE ESTATES & STAGECOACH ESTATES in Clarksburg, N.J. FROM $269,900 This property is within approximately 10 miles of New Jersey Turnpike Exit 8. Route 33. and other major routes and fine residential areas at one of the highest points in Millstone Township. DIRECTIONS: From Exit 8 ofNJTP. take Rte 33 East for 4.5 miles, turn right onto Millstone Road and con- tinue to Monmouth County 524. Turn left at stop. Ap- BrZk.H 1. °" '*""■ '°° k I"' S-Secaach/ Brookslde Estates sign & sales office. Sale. Office (201) 577-9066 or (201) 577-8990 Tuesday-Sunday 9:30 to 5 P.M Adlerman, Click & Co Insurance — Real Estate 15 SPRING STREET - BOX 465 PRINCETON. NEW JERSEY 08542 Phones: (609) 924-O401 - 586-1020 MILLER Garage Poors Sales. Service and Installation of Overhead Garage Doors and Automatic Openers (609)799-2193 Princeton Junction JUST LISTED FOR SALE BY OWNER Ideal Princeton Township location. Walk to everything from this spacious 3-4 bedroom, 2Vfe bath colonial. Huge master bedroom, extra large kitchen, spectacular study, Jacuzzi room, nice landscaping, multilevel deck, finished basement, many extras. Principals only. Call 921-2123 $469,000 RENTALS PRINCETON House rental Unfurnished. 2-story Col omal within walk-tig distance ol Univer sity & town Spacious living room, din- ing room, eat-m kitchen. 3 spacious bed rooms. 2 baths Available immediately $1900 per month Lovely ranch m western section features living room with fireplace, dming alcove. kitchen, study. 3 bedrooms, 2Vj baths Available immediately partially lurnish- ed $1500 Call Firestone Real Estate 169 Nassau Street Princeton, N.J. (609) 924-2222 COMPLETELY FURNISHED From A to Z - charmmg English conn* try cottage on enclosed prop- ■ em Pnncelon Great room will ceilmg, baronial fireplace Three bed rooms, three balhs laundry room For mal rose garden boxwood, hemlock and a dell lor Iresh flowers from May to Ociober Walk to lown and tram AvailaWeFeb 15 lor indefinite lerm — 1 or 2 years $3,000 mo Utilities extra K.M. Light Real Estate, Broker 247 Nassau St. Prlncelon, N.J. 609-924-3822 Hair Designs By FOR SALE BY OWNER Spacious 5-bedroom home in wonderful neighborhood. Nearly an acre lot. Easy walk to elementary school. $424,000. CALL 924-3066 UNFURNISHED RENTALS Lawrencevltle: 2nd floor. I -bedroom apartment, living room, dining room, kit- chen and bath Parking space Sublet through June, or long-term lease $525 plus utilities Windsor Mill Condo: 2 bedrooms 2 baths, living room, dining el, kitchen — pool and tennis, com laundry, shuttle ser vice to tram $700 plus Princeton Borough: 2nd floor apart ment, living room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms, one bath Immediate occupancy $850 UNFURNISHED SHORT-TERM RENTALS Princeton: 1 -bedroom apartment, living room eat-m kitchen, tiled bath, back porch with ialousie windows, back yard Sublet through June $720 FURNISHED RENTAL Princeton Western Section: Small col- onial, 2-story available June 1 for one year Living room, dining room, kitchen. 2 bedrooms, study, bath Short walk to town — gardener included $1100 FURNISHED SHORT-TERM RENTAL Princeton: Livmg/dinmg room, 1 bed- room, kitchen, bath Sublet for May and SPRING INTO SPRING PLAN AN HERB GARDEN For Plans and Plants Call HERB GARDENS BY DESIGN TWO ADJACENT CEMETERY plots at Franklm Memorial Park for sale $650 Price is negotiable Contact Jackie Wor thy, P Box 7921 . Marietta. Georgia, 30065 3-15-41 TAX RETURN PREPARATION: Per sonai attention Reasonable rates Princeton and surrounding areas For appointment call J Mmkin, 609-497- 0666 2 15-91 RENTALS Princeton: Gracious living on Stuart Road Bedroom, loft/bedroom, living room opening to secluded patio, garage $900 Princeton: 2 midlown sludios with fireplace, pullman kitchen Heat and wa tec included $525 and $725 Lawrencevllle: Attractive first Moor, 2- bedroom condo m Society Hill Pool and lennis $750 N.T. CALLAWAY Real Estate 4 Nassau Street 609-921-1646 RENTALS STOCKTON REAL ESTATE 32 Chambers Street Princeton, N.J. 08540 924-1416 Licensed Broker GRUM8ACHER EASEL, palettes and some brushes $100 Call 201-329- 2629, leave message for Mike 3-1-31 OVATION GUITAR: Nyfon strings, built m electronics, hard case, brand new condition Asking $350 Call evenings and weekends. 297-3915 3-1 31 HOUSEKEEPING WORK WANTED: by experienced, thorough Princeton woman with references Local and steady work only Call (609) 683-0984 OFFICE SPACE RESEARCH PARK Wall Street, Princeton, N.J. Starting at $ 7.00 per square foot net, net Areas up to 10,000 square feet 427,000 square feet in Park Occupied by approximately 50 tenants Princeton Mailing Address Princeton Phone Number Call: Research Park 609-924-6551 UNFURNISHED Grlggstown: Two-story converted Dutch barn wilh huge spaces and use of pool Living room, dining room, study, laundry room, 3 bedrooms, 3 baths. 2 working fireplaces, central air Available April 1 $1750 per month plus utilities Princeton: Princeton Landing Model 212 with many upgrades Living room with fireplace, dining room, kitchen, 2V> baths, two bedrooms, two-car garage, full basement, neutral colors Newly painted Available immediately $1200 per month plus utilities South Brunswick. Equidistant between Princeton and New Brunswick Very con- venient to Route 1 Corridor and easy dnvmg distance to NY R R. commuting via Jersey Ave Station, New Brunswick Nearly new 5-bedroom, 3V?-balh Col- 1 onial on v* acre, well landscaped and maintained Alarm system, 2-car garage Family room with fireplace, master bed room with Jacuzzi Eat-m kitchen All located m a quiet cul-de sac m a family neighborhood ol quality homes Avail- able immediately $1550 per month plus utilities and gardener Lawrencevllle: Woodmont con- dominium Living room, dining room, kit- chen, Iwo bedrooms, 2V> baths, loft Available immediately $1150 per month plus utilities PARTIALLY FURNISHED Princeton: Attractive lacully house in excellent location 4-5 bedrooms. 2Vz balhs, living room, dmmg room, kitchen, sleeping porch, garage, basement. Maintenance taken care of by Princeton University Available July » $2,000 per month plus utilities SUMMER RENTAL Princeton: 4 bedrooms, living room, dmmg room, kitchen. 1 V4 baths, den, 2 car garage, full basement $1,400 per month plus utilities Tenant responsible lor lawn care COMMERCIAL SUBLET Princeton: in-town, one room with hall bath Available immediately until October 14. 1990 Alarm system Beautifully decorated $550 per month pj . Stewardson-Dougherty Real Estate Associates, Inc. 366 Nassau Street. Princeton, NJ 609-921-7764 MOORE'S CONSTRUCTION & Home r Complete interior and ex- tenor allot n ' renovations Princeton Call Scolt, 924-67 £ Contesscr& Company contemporary hairstyling, coloring ana perming tochniQues Route 31 Pennington Shopping Ctr. 609/737-2579 RETAIL SPACE OFFICE SPACE Alexander Street, Princeton 6 store complex 1 ,400 square feet Parking on site All stores occupied $15.00 per square foot plus electric For information call: Al Toto — (609) 924-0095 Walter B. Howe, Inc. Brokers Protected J^ntuij^. CARNEGIE REALTY, Inc. Each Office Is Independently Owned and Operated PRINCETON CIRCLE AT RT. 1 PRINCETON — Fine neighborhood, immaculate 4 bedroom Colonial Split with enclosed porch, beautifully maintained $369,000 PENNS NECK — Meticulously maintained 3 bedroom ranch w/full basement. 1 car garage, beautiful back yard. Walking distance to tram $189,000 (T '7 1 ?$Sjj£#£&^JM PENNS NECK — Charming, beautifully maintain- ed 3 bedroom ranch, fireplace and garage. Walk to tram, easy access to shopping and Route 1 $183,000 PRINCETON — Conveniently located! Walk to town and shopping from this delightful 3 bedroom brick and stone ranch Features full basement fireplace and one-car garage. $295,000 Peyton WEST WINDSOR beautiful lot ge colonial with 5/6 bedrooms, 3 full baths, $350,000 PRINCETON TOWNSHIP wooded lot, charming bridge, 4 bedrooms, 3V? baths $465,000 LAWRENCE TOWNSHIP .. 3/4 bedrooms, family room, convenient loca- tion, great value at $169 900 PEYTON ASSOCIATES Realtors Princeton 609-921-1550 • Pennington 609-737-9550 *-** <"***_. WESTERN SECTION PRINCETON on Westcott Road. 3/4 bedrooms, 3 full baths, simply beautiful., $685,000 COUNTRY FEELING in Princeton. 3/4 bedrooms, spacious porch great for entertaining $298,000 \ QUEENSTON COMMON a spacious townhouse in Princeton Borough, garage, terrace. $295,000 PRINCETON ... attractive and convenient, 3 bedrooms, large lot $250,000 PROVINCE HILL - LAWRENCEVILLE beautiful livmg areas luxurious feature^ Call lor our listings in this wonderful area. lux ^'Ous Ruth Bly Pat Cahill Vicky Campbell F.M. Comizzoli Mary Elise Cook Lynne Durkee Gen Gorman Sheila Graham 343 Nassau Street, Princeton, N J 08540 (609)921-1550 Cathy Hegedus Maggie Hill Marjorie Jaeger Ellen Kerney Lincoln Kerney TOD PEYTON Berit Marshall Meg Michael Drucilla Mihan Cathy Nemeth Angela Romano BROKER Jane Schoch Robin Wallack Judy Stier j oy Ward Carol Stewart Virginia Weliky Bob Tyler Beverly Willever 134Sou,hMai ^9^^r n ' Njo8534 Peyton ROCKY HILL - CLASSIC COLONIAL - 4/5 bedrooms. 2</S> baths, so much space. $329,000 PRINCETON ... charming house within walking distance of town center, 3 bedrooms, basement, garage $235,000 LAWRENCEVILLE ... gracious home with spacious rooms, 4 bedrooms, skylight, Jacuzzi and more. $365,000 PRINCETON TOWNSHIP bedrooms, 2Vz baths so much space for such a good price, 3/4 $235,000 Ruth Bly Pat Cahill Vicky Campbell F.M. Comizzoli 343 Nassau Street, Princeton. N J 08540 (609)921-1550 Mary Elise Cook Lynne Durkee Gen Gorman Sheila Graham PEYTON ASSOCIATES Realtors Princeton 609-921-1550 • Pennington 609-737-9550 PRINCETON BOROUGH ... half house, 3 plus bedrooms, fireplace and more $220,000 CRANBURY lovely cape with a flexible floor plan 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, fireplace $235,000 Cathy Hegedus Maggie Hill Marjorie Jaeger Ellen Kerney Lincoln Kerney TOD PEYTON PRINCETON TOWNSHIP ... convenient to Riverside this 3/4 bedroom colonial has charming detail and lovely yard. $298,000 r 7Wi "-£* WEST WINDSOR beautiful Dutch Colonial with chestnut woodwork throughout, convenient to train. $225,000 Berit Marshall Meg Michael Drucilla Mihan Cathy Nemeth Angela Romano BROKER Jane Schoch Robin Wallack Judy Stier Joy Ward Carol Stewart Virginia Weliky Bob Tyler Beverly Willever 134 South Main Street, Pennington. N J 08534 (609) 737-9550 PHOTO HAVEN 1-hour color prints Pennington Montgomery Lawrence 3 Convenient locations ************* - * PEARLS jre-stringingJ j* Bnrtg your loo** bfad* requirlt king resi ringing and repair. Expert £ j|ivork done on in. premises 4. ^ Need other Jewelry repairs?^ kH.iv. you been thinking aboul a * ^ special design for the old setting? aV tS« Juliana (01 special cate and 4 ^service . 4 * Jewels by Juliana * ^ 16 Wltherapoon Street 4- * Princeton • 921-7233 * ***•.*********** Country Worksho p SOLID maple*oak walnut CnnriiliiF. N 1 llm MinKil|jliii.i RIl 27 & SIB tJB4&0|201) ?8MBB7 _Mnn Sn' 10-5 30, Ihurn HI | HOUSE CLEANING, 'awn care repairs : iks woTk No |Ob loo big or smau Relerences available 609663 4528 APARTMENT FOR RENT: I bedroom separata * ng oi contemporary house Spacious living room, large kit- ■ oodstove d'essmg fooom and bath I trance $850 a monih mdudl (609) 924 6594 CARPENTRY ■ MASONRY indoors ■ Outdoors You name it I can do most creative, decorative work or repair work Call Steve Huber. 683-8816 PIANO TUNER-TECHNICIAN Relocated from Hunterdon County to Pnncelon Recommended by teachers, NJ Symphony mi Prompt courteous service Paul Lenllnl (609) 924-6919 BABY BLUE fronted Amazon Sweet. ■139339 3-15-21 AIRPORT SERVICE: Newark/Ken I Your car or mine ■ ■r.ceville .area ■ i .in Day or night. (609)921 3643 TWO- AND THREE-ROOM office spaces Air conditioning, heal, water i S750'monlh plus electric Leases 42 Witherspoon Street Call ■ 1876 *9_J[ WEST WINDSOR SMALL HOME REPAIRS ■ Get a Stan on your Spring Imup tobs now Call Larry, 443-5454 GET READY FOR SPRING CLEAN- ING, plus fertilizing, pruning, rolotilting. Call anytime Joe's Lawn Service, 924 0310 3 1 tl PIANO: Old upright Generally m good condition. Could use some work $100 You move Call 9217698 ONE MILE FROM PRINCETON but a world ot difference in price. Three In.orri'. phr '.olariuTTl addition lor $219,000 Call Richard a Weidel n.'.illrn . H'lf. IfJl'iCl A' 1- lr>i M.H /Anm BALLROOM DANCING .n Princeton Former Fred Asia-re instructor and dancer « givng classes m Fo» Trot L"i Tango Cha Cha Mamba Rumba and Merengue beginning March 28 at 8 p.m Bring a partner and experience me thnll of dancing together Call 921 8320 'or registration and information 3-1521 PIPE COLLECTION: 19 Dunhill pipes trom the estate of a 100-year-old gentleman Collector', bonanza Call (201)359 7472 3-15-21 PRINCETON IN 14 MINUTES: New ranch house Share with 2 proless>onal males All utilities included Furnished master bedroom with private bath tor 2 one person or couple (609) 9212065 3-15-21 LONG TERM CARE INSURANCE (What Medicare doesn't pay) Call Barbara Russo 895-7047 PRINCETON ADDRESS: For sale by owner, 4 bedrooms 2Vt baths split, in charming village of Kingston Living room wrth built-in cabinets, darkroom in basement, brick palio, deck With grape arbor, back yard adjoins expansive green at" 1 Principals only $259,000 924 6189 3 15-31 SPACE AVAILABLE immediately in medical building for professionals 800 square feel Kingston/Princeton loca tion Call 921-1048 Alice Shared 3-15-31 GOVERNMENT HOMES from $1 (U re- pair) Foreclosures, repos, tax delin- quent properties Now selling Call 1 315 7367375, ext H-NJ-P4 lor infor- mation 24 hours 3-8-31 SPRING IS HEREI Schedule now lor clean-ups, mulch, etc and maintenance Call tor details. Green Horizons Landscaping 201 359 4496 31571 FOR RENT: Furnished house. 4 bed- rooms, 2Vi baths, I'/j miles Irom town center Starting Sept 1, 1989 for 11 months $1,200 monlh (609)924-6877 evenings 3-15-51 FILING CABINETS: Come and see our metal cabinets lor oftice or home Grey. Ian, olive. 2 or 4 drawer Also typing tables Hinkson's, 82 Nassau 1-12-tf EDWARD BUCCI BUILDERS presents PRINCETON TOWNSHIP'S FINEST Experience the peace and tranquility this new Custom Colonial has to offer, with its 3.78 wooded acres on a private cul-de-sac. William Thompson design, this home offers 7,000 sq. ft. living space / ample bedrooms / baths with versatile wing; master bedroom suite, custom kit- chen / solid cherry cabinets, library, solarium, garden room, 5 fireplaces, 2 decks / expansive finished walk- out basement, that opens to a blue stone patio.$l,400,000 FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL (609) 924-0908 Brokers Protected a*N/i a lawa ■ ..; ESTATE NASSAl STREET • PRINCETON NEW IERSEV 08542 (609)921 1050 2525 Main Street New Listing You won't be able to resist the fabulous Great Room with its walls of pecky cypress and brick, fireplace with raised hearth, wet bar and a glamorous media center. The house is an ex- ceptional American Four Square in the historic district of the charming village of Lawrenceville. Overlooking the green fields of The Lawrenceville School and in mint condition, it offers: inviting foyer, living room with fireplace, panelled library, light bright dining room, new kitchen with breakfast area, powder room and a guest room and bath with its own separate en- trance. Upstairs, a luxurious master bedroom and bath, two bedrooms, 2 hall baths and a large panelled bedroom/office with built-ins. On the third floor — a panelled all purpose room. Thoughtful custom details and careful maintenance combine to create a perfect home. $575,000 ' a.;d■; x ;J■ ' .l. ^l ,I ^ l..! ^ l.,;■I■l■.^.;.J^.!..^■!■ ^ ■^J■!■.l..l■l.■^.l.■ ^ .l.■IJ..!■.l..I,.^■'JJJ■^l,JJ..!XIJ.^!..^^!J.■l STEWARDSON-DOUGHERTY 366 JVatoau tffieef, .^un-reton , t<tef/i fleiteu 08540 609-92 Z-7784 WALNUT LANE A very versatile one floor house with lots of great surprises. Enter through a greenhouse with flagstone floor and high ceil- ing. The living room is spectacular - 20x25' w/cathedral ceil- ing, Italian tile floor, lovely fireplace and sliding doors to the outside. Ample sized kitchen with island and loads of storage: library-family room; four bedrooms, three full baths. Workshop! one car garage. Shade trees, professional landscaping. Fairly priced at $278,500 " " " g mmmram g \ ■ \ \ cgm .'ivi ■.■!■, ■ i , i , . | . i Judy McCaughan Willa Stackpole Linda HoH Barbara Hare Shirley Kinsley Sarah Almgren Mary Grasso Judy Hammer RuthAnn Willard Loralee Strauss Barbara Blackwell T^N.T. Callaway s^r" RFAL ESTATE ^ 4 NASSAU STREET • PRINCETON, NEW [ERSEY 0KS42 609/921-1050 '■ M/a Ba Touran Batmang^dj Tom Leahy Olive W<r. Anne W Candy Walsh Eleanor Hot&ngton Tim Foster Pamela Parsons. MWg Dif Pete Callaway Broke* A separate studio adds interest to this century old bnck-lmed Princeton Colonial. $295,000 B99 % * .V - An opportunity to buy in Russell Estates. 5 bedrooms, 3 baths.$875,000 Walk to shopping and Nassau St trom this attractive 4 bedroom. 2 bath home $285,000 Sparkling tresh Colonial on one ot Princetons popular "tree" streets.$295000 Mi dtown Victorian offering space for many room arrangements.$395,000 Rambling ranch with apartment near the Battlefield. $399,000 Old Colonial m West Windsor with attractive additions and separate studio $285,000 Attractive 4 bedroom 2V; bath Colonial overlooking common gieenspace in "The Gentry" S285.000 K»lmitvArnii:i!r SOTHE15Y5 INTERNATIONAL III ALTV CALLAWAY COMMERCIAL Scot K Ware Norman Callaway, Jr. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Dianne Bleacher Mary Lou Reinhardl Member MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICES Mercer. Hunterdon. Somerset Counties 'lNTEB™tN»riDN»L~~~-_ "HM'i!> HlllOi trt> qg a The Lewis School of Princeton 53 Doyord Lone (609) 924-8120 Quality Kitchen & Bath Remodeling. Additions I BUWDWGijUl^— 1 |_, ^j pfoNOPTS | Custom Homes on Your Lot or Ours 609921 6005 Elec. Com. Lie #6651 Elec. Inspector Lie. #2828 Fire Inspector Lie. #2828 Subcode Official Lie #2828 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL HOME INSPECTIONS RENOVATIONS GEORGE JOHNSON 8 SON ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR Serving Princeton lor over 25 Years (609) 921-9288 or 921-WATT Princeton, N.J, Nkr qarevMiltcnj * INTERIORS Kingston/Shop Rite Mall in .', • KinKHlmi • N.I • " ;il ''l ««iui«i', iturdi) 10-6 Thurada) 10-9 LOCAL & LONG DISTANCE MOVING Specializing In: • CORPORATE RELOCATIONS WORLD WIDE • OFFICE MOVING • SAFE STORAGE • ELECTRONIC MOVING • TRADE SHOWS Call lor FREE no obligation estimate Serving Princeton lot 20 Years Anchor Moving & Storage, Inc ICC NO MC 2934 /j.« nntyn NJ PC 00045 J*- I -OC.Z.O NOW RENTING PRINCETON ARMS Luxury Apartments 1 and 2 Bedrooms From $580 Per Month Features: V/all-to-wall carpeting over concrete in 2nd floor opts. All utilities except electric Individually controlled heat Two air conditioners Private entrance Walk-in closets Individual balconies Storage rooms within apt. Laundry rooms Superintendent on site Open Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Sat.-Sun. 10-4 609-448-4801 From Prtnc«1on PrtncrtorvMtghUtown Rd . turn rtght o >ii« turn I*f1 and lottow »i 9 n» BUILDING REPAIRS: Roois (Metal Shingle Sate Tar> Chimneys Gutters Soouts Racing. Walls Walks Patios Gafages Porches Steps Driveways demotion Carpentry Paml ing. Caulking Glazing, Slucco Masonry Pomimg. Patching. Inspec juaranteed and in- Call 92' H35 « PRINCETON STRING QUARTET Serenade " Classcai watues and rags Weddinq- vans and parlies A note ol every occasion Barbara Su> ■ 609-520-0388 or 683-5566 BED & BREAKFAST Princeton has a waiting list ol guests desiring m town accommodations tot the P U reu nion/graduation period Call now to put your extra rooms to WOT* message at 924 3189 2-8 -t7t PIRONE LANDSCAPING SERVICE Snow Removal Professional landscaping 4 lawn servce Customized commercial Residential service Free consultations Call anytime (609)663-0774 EXPERT LANDSCAPE DESIGN COMMERCIAL A RESIDENTIAL Lawn & gardening service, pruning & tree removal, patios 4 walk* Snow removal Experienced in all phases Call Larry G. Scannella 896-3193 CITIZEN'S BAND RADIO: Midland Never used *50 Call 921 7698 PRINCETON SMALL ANIMAL RESCUE LEAGUE S.A.V.E. WEEKDAYS TO CLAIM OR ADOPT A PET, CALL Mrs Graves. SAM 3PM SATURDAY 8-11 AM FOR AN AP> POINTMENT Nighls and weekends, re- port lost or found or injured animals to the police Report lost and found pets within a twenty-four hour period. Male purebred black Cocker Spaniel, 2 years old, good with children Male Shepherd type, 6 months old. black, nice temperament Female, 5 months old, English Bull- Spaniel lype dog, nice disposition, 25 pounds Five 11 -week-old Lab-English Seller type pups Female Shin Tsu-Poodletvi't old, Inendly Altered male Pomeranian, 5 years old, nice pet Female Keeshound- Black Lab lype pups, 11 weeks old Male, 6 monlhs old yellow Lab'lype. beige color Female spayed white dog, 4 years old, short haired, medium size, 45 pounds. Female spayed Rottweiler , 3 years old, papers Male Spaniel-type, white with brown markings, 1 year old Male German Shepherd, long-haired, allectionate 2 female spayed Persian cats Female spayed adult sealpomt Sia- mese Mail- purebred Himalayan nfi e pel Call us about our other cats 921-6122 fcU^^i:\ An old-fashioned trinket lor an old-fashioned girl. Victorian lockets, cameos, memorial rings & pins. Also, large selection of pearls baroque, uniform. Biwa KINGSTON ANTIQUES OOROTHY H OPPENHEIM Hours by Appointment 43 Main St., Kingston. N.J. 924-0332 beck>dca|| the assistance group of pnnctlon| Call (609) 924-7651 194 Alexander St. 924-0041 ATTENTION 5HOPPEK51 Were open Sundoy 12-51 JORDAN'S Cord O Gift Shop Princeton Shopping Center 924-6101 Peyton LAND TO BUILD A DREAM ON We have several parcels of land from which to choose. It's beautiful — rolling and par- tially wooded and so close to Princeton on Cherry Hill Road in'nearby Montgomery. From over 5 acres to over 10 acres and priced from $335,000 Peyton Associates Princeton Realtors Pennington 609-921-1550 609-737-9550 ■T PRINCETON ENJOY THE CUSTOMIZED KITCHEN of this charming 3 bedroom home located just a couple of houses outside of the Borough. Updated bathrooms, finished rooms in the basement, mature trees and private backyard are among the attractive features of this home. Walk to shopping and bus. Presented at $220,000 Lt_ PRINCETON TOWNSHIP ENJOY THE VIEW from this rooftop deck of a very unique con- temporary near Herrontown Woods. Nestled among trees on a half-acre low-maintenance lot, this home provides a real haven from the hustle and bustle around us. 2 or 3 bedrooms, a charm- ing slate-floored kitchen/great room with fireplace, a sunken liv- ing room with skylights and cathedral ceiling, private master bedroom suite with doors opening to the terrace are just some of the special features found here. $349,900 Call 609-921-2600 Gloria Nilson Realtors • 230 Nassau Street Princeton, N.J. 08542 Gloria Nilson lira Realtors "Any size house & garden under the sun " Jean Martin. Manager Grace Baugher Sylvia Maglione Sharon Ponle Helen Schubert Martin Chell Helen Newhall Linda Porter Betsey Thurman Anne Elliot Patricia Philcox Ruth Sayer Diane Urbanek Donna Kearney Jeanne Wallsten For Sale ik)Weichert, f± Realtors' Af for dability Plus: A whole new way to buy more home for less. Call now! Weichert's Affordability Plus available on select properties of those listed below. Call for further information. OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 1-5 P.M. LAWRENCE $459,900 Wonderful Colonial in Foxcroft Enjoy easy access to Rt. 95, Princeton address, beautiful decor, whirlpool bath, and huge deck. This house sparkles with sunlight 034-1462 DIRECTIONS: Rt. 206 to Province Line to Bannister. PRINCETON JUNCTION $322,600 $60,000 of extras dress up this 2 yr old colonial to make it a "Best Buy ." All conveniences for elegance and comfort in- doors Easy care Buster Crabbe pool, 2 tier deck and prof- landscaping make for cool summer fun! 034-1532, OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 1-5 P.M. PRINCETON $265,000 Lovely ranch in Riverside area Private yard and flexible floor plan. Great potential Walk to town, Princeton University, schools and NY bus 034-1500 DIRECTIONS: Nassau St. to Harrison Street South "L" on Patton Ave. to No. ill. , W V PRINCETON $875,000 Prestigious location, 2 acre wooded lot 2 large decks, wonder- ful family room, 3 fireplaces, 3 full baths. Luxurious master bedroom suite with fireplace, steam shower and whirlpool bath 034-1527, PRINCETON $325,000 Wooded lot facing North Successful perc expired Wonder- ful building lot in a desirable area of Princeton 034-1454 PLAINSBORO $369,900 Spectacular three bedroom Princeton Landing Villa in a wood- ed setting with views of Lake Carnegie boasts a myriad of outstanding features and fabulous upgrades An exceptional townhomel 034-1458 PRINCETON $605,000 "The Glen" — New to the market is this gracious contem- porary built by Hillier on a glorious wooded lot. Spectacular designer kitchen and spacious living throughout — a home that outshines all others 034-1510. PRINCETON $675,000 Exquisite Cape Cod on a private wooded lot in the western section of town Enjoy living in this tastefully remodeled, spacious and comfortable home 034-1452 PRINCETON $592,000 Luxurious, custom built unit in private setting. Gracious liv- ing & entertaining areas Lavish master suites & baths Top of the line kitchen. Light filled, open space throughout '034-1460 CRANBURY $349,000 Gracious home on Mam Street in the village Spacious rooms featuring fireplace, study, sunroom. 3 bedrooms. 272 baths, and finished 3rd floor On a double lot with mature landscap- ing 034-1525. 350 Nassau Street Princeton, NJ 08540 I PRINCETON $434,000 Spacious tour bedroom, two and one half bath colonial on almost an acre of beautiful land in a wonderful family neighborhood Near Lake Carnegie in walking distance to NY bus 034-1453. Weichert Ii2-Lj3jj ^ The American Dream Team PRINCETON $345,000 Riverside Ranch with mature landscaped, private yard Full, finished basement has two separate staircases and entrances Quiet, desirable location; close to school, NY bus. University & town 034-1476 Phone: 609-921-1900 Thompson Land 195 Nassau Street Princeton, N.J. <6C») 921-7655 >■" Princeton's full o _ service UJ 1 w/ne & //quo/- store UJ & CALL FOR FREE DELIVERY T 1 Z | ^Community sUc|yo£5 o 23 Witherspoon St Princeton • 924-0750 z M 9:30-9; Tu-Sat 9:30-9:10; Sun 12-5 Deer Problems Solved SAFE • HUMANE Garden Slat* Electric Fence 924-5685 ATTENTION: Government seized vehicles Irom $100 Fords Mercedes as Chev>s Surplus buyers guide 1602838-8885 Erf A 2166 3-831 SHORT-TERM RENTAL: April October negotiable 3 bedrooms 2W baths Nice'vlumisned9 room home in Bx&vsive suburban area oi Princeton $1500 per monih plus utilities No a/c no pets Call after 5 pm weekdays I " Weekends 494 6971 3-8-31 JANITORIAL SERVICES FOR SMALL BUSINESSES Clean once a month, iwce a week weekends You pick the time Bonded red references F'ee estimates (609) 261-4413 HOUSECLEANING JOBS WANTED by woman with own transportation and good references 396 3820 or 989 7715 3-141 PIANO/ORGAN LESSONS: Princeton. Rocky Hill area from Westminster stu- dent 9245547 3-1-41 BILL'S HOUSE PAINTING: Clean. quality work Free estimates Fully in sured Interior and exterior Relerences available Call 443 8959 3-23-tt DAN L. NOVACOVICI: Electrical con tractor Complete residential commer- cial/industrial wiring service New ser- vice New outlets Remodeling, kitchen, etc Bonded-insured License No 8179 Tel (609) 924 2684 YOU'RE A SMART PERSON: You know that classi'ied ads realty work — that's why you're reading them now Nexl lime you run an ad in TOWN TOPICS, expand your influence by also us<ngUS 1, Princetons bu&ness and entertainment newspaper We reach 40.000 people working nghl around the corner trom where you live U S t Classifieds 20 cents a word S3 minimum (609)452-0038 11-30-tt BEAUTIFUL. CUSTOM-MADE dra panes period window treatments of ail types Slipcover^, ana line re upholstery Shades and blinds Fabric and wallcovering at drscounl Serving ail your interior design needs with in-home or office consultation Estimates cheer fully given Call Sherry The Creative Heart (609) 397-2120 tl LEON VIEUND PIANO TUNING Repair - Regulation 924-9170 Lie. No. PM00379 PRINCETON MOVING All Types Furniture Local or Long Distance "Reasonable Rates" No Job Too Small Business (609) 683-2699 If No Answer: (609) 771-4189 306 Berwyn Avenue, Trenlon OFFICE SPACE C( , Heart of Princeton - Twenty Nassau Street Across Irom the university campus, a luxury elevator building, elegant historical landmark olfering single, double & triple office suites Irom 200 to 1000 sq. ft. overlooking Nassau Street. Elegantly equipped & carpeted, reasonably priced. All utilities and daily cleaning services included. Secretarial, word processing and copying services on the premises. Re- served garage parking available. Broke^oopei3tior^^^^^^^^Cal^^^027 HILTON REALTY CO. OF PRINCETON Residential - Commercial - Industrial - Land LOTS AND LOTS OF SPACE - 12 room house on 5 acres with tall trees lor your enjoyment of country living — Ideal investment — Zoned for light industry — In Cranbury Township — Less than 100 ft. from the New Jersey Turnpike. $375,000 NEW CONSTRUCTION IN THE CENTER OF PRINCETON! We are proud to offer our brand new 3 bedroom, 7>h bath Contem- porary Home in Princeton Township. Exceptional features include cathedral ceilings, skylights, 10x30 deck, 2 car garage plus much more $350,000 IN HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP ■ - 10 minutes from Princeton - Secluded 8 room custom built 2 story 4 bedroom, 2Vz bath on ful- ly wooded 1 .38 acres. Front to back living room, dining room, eat- in-kitchen, beamed ceiling in family room with fireplace and wood- burning insert. $325,000 OFFICE SPACE - Excellent location - Ideal for professional of- fice suites - more than ample parking. Owners will subdivide. PRINCETON TOWNSHIP - Secluded - 1 .8 plus cleared lot with perc and septic system approval. $260,000 AVAILABLE - NASSAU ARMS APT., Princeton - Efficiency apt $580/mo. Sn L s ST ° RE SPACE AVA,LABLE " Man V Central Jersey RENTALS: HOUSES AND APARTMENTS Princeton Real Estate Group - Mercer County M EVENINGS AND WEEKENDS CALL William Schuessler. 921-8963 Danie „ e Altord Asa G Mowery. 395-1671 Emma K Harvey Rude. 201-359-5327 Tom Nledere « The Hilton Building - 2nd floor 194 Nassau St., Princeton (609) 921-6060 LS 737-8555 497-1287 LI i -< — & -6 -\-o c \<. -r -o k_/ HEAL ESTATE 32 CHAMBERS STREET P.O. BOX 266 PRINCETON, N.J. 08540 609-924-1416 Rosemary Blair Philip Clippinger Christopher Dollard Thornton S. Field Anne Stockton Licensed Broker Joseph J. Noval Cornelia W. Reeder Martha Stockton Clotilde S. Treves Polly Woodbridge SALES LISTINGS VILLAGE OF KINGSTON — Main Street, Commercially Zon- ed yet comfortably residential. 5 Bedrooms, 2 Baths Victorian, living room, dining room, kitchen. Full basement, 1 car detach- ed garage $389,000 PRINCETON TOWNSHIP - This property must be seen to be appreciated — great country living on 5 plus acres with wonderful views and privacy. The original cape has been gracefully expanded and improved over the years and the constant TLC has produced a very special family home. $950,000 NEW LISTING — PRINCETON BOROUGH — WESTERN SECTION — Contemporary style, architect designed and built in the late 40's, and carefully maintained and improved over the years. Beautiful grounds with well established trees and shrubs. Very unique house with all interior walls moveable. $575,000 PRINCETON TOWNSHIP - Cape Cod, 4 bedrooms, 2 baths and very private backyard. $344,500 PRINCETON AREA — Perfect townhome for busy executive commuter, V 2 mile to train/bus, 2 bedrooms, 2Vz baths, study loft, living room with fireplace, dining room, eat-in kitchen, full basement, private deck, 2 car garage. $230,000 SECLUDED COUNTRY MINI ESTATE on 30 acres in near- by Hopewell Township - beautiful 200 year old house renovated A-1 condition. 4-5 bedrooms, 3 baths, charming octagonal dining room addition, pool and screened pavilion, perfect retreat. Call to see. LAWRENCEVILLE - Can you believe - 2 cottages on 2 acres, surrounded by farmland, greenacres open space, and golf course for only $550,000 See our current Rental List in classified section. m^^L^^i One Palmer Square Princeton . NJ. 08542 609-924-6088 STORE HOURS Mon-Wed 9:30-6:00 Thws-Fn Saturday Sunday At the sign of the goose 9:30-9:00 9:30-6:00 12:00-5:00 PERENNIALS: Now s the time to start planning Well help you Design Select and/or Piam Give us a call to discuss your needs Full Ode Landscaping <20D 297 1907 2-22-Gt 2 Dedroom 2 -bath wood view Lowesl Prce Belvedere In Canal Pomle 1 Now' KM Light Real Estate, Brokers 247 Nassau St., Princeton ALTERATIONS: Men and women's clothing, draperies shortened, men- ding Please call 394-3295 3-15-4t WALK TO EVERYTHING in Princeton trom this 2-bedroom, 2 -bath older col- onial Fofmal dining room, large latch en. den, hardwood floors, appliances, lovely from porch $185,000 Century 21 - Our Town Realty. Inc . 1-800-521- 2602 Independently owned and operated 3-i5-4t WORD PROCESSING/ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING: IBM or Macintosh La set typesetting, (ax, copying, telecom mumcalions Overheads business graphics, correspondence, manu- scripts and camera-ready books, foreign language, resumes, statistical typing transcription, editing Near Princeton University Call 609921 1621 M-131 GOVERNMENT HOMES irom $1 (IJ re- pair) Delinquent lax property Repossessions Call 1-605-667-6000 Ext GH-1436 tor current repo list 2-15-71 LAWN MAINTENANCE SERVICE and lull spring clean-up Call anytime (609) 924-1637 2-22-61 MOVING? NEED A TRUCK? CALL HUB TRUCK RENTAL Alt Route No 1 lawrenceville. N J Across trom Keats Ford k BRYN MAWR BOOK SHOP Arts Council Building 102 Witherspoon Street Princeton, NJ 08540 (diagonally across from the Princeton Public Library — use Green Street entrance) Bargains in Used Books Wednesday-Saturday 11:30-3:30 Sunday 1:00-5:00 921-7479 PRINCETON: Long term house rental Available immediately 3 bedrooms. 1'/? balhs. excellent condition $1,400 per month Realty World, Audrey Short Inc 921-9222 3-1-31 HOUSE FOR RENT: 3 bedroom, 2 bath with garage Center ot Princeton near park and schools $950 month plus utilities 921-1184 3-1-31 UNFURNISHED APARTMENT: 5 minutes Irom Princeton 2 rooms, lull kit chen & bathroom, private deck, sepa- rate entrance and garage In private home $750month Call466-0158 ,3-1- 3t BOOK A VACATION TRIP by March 30 and your name will be enlered in a drawing lor a future trip worth 51000 TRAVEL NETWORK Montgomery Shopping Center Bernice Stem Son|a Hayes 609-921-7660 3-1 5t Schwlnn New and Used Bicycles Sales, Service Parts and Repairs KOPPS CYCLE 43 Witherspoon Street 924-1052 tf AIRPORT DRIVING SERVICE: Will drive you to all airports and pick you up when you return. Your car Please call 924-3985 1-18 -tf 1966 JEEP: V 6 engine, 4-wheel drive, ' standard transmission with hydraulic lift snowplow Has 15,300 miles Vehicle like new, must be seen Can be seen at 303 Ewmg Street. Princeton 1-18-M FIREWOOD FOR SALE: Mixed hard woods seasoned, split, delivered and stacked Halt-cord, $75. lull cord. $145 Call Jim 924-3470 2-8-tf BACKGROUND PIANO MUSIC tor your holiday parlies, receptions and social occasions Show tunes, Ger- shwin. Rodgers, Porter, Berlin, etc Call Paul. 259-0062. tor more information 3-B-4I WANTED: GUNS, SWORDS, miliary WEDDING INVITATIONS beautifully items. Licensed dealer will make house addressed lor you in calligraphy Call calls and pay more Call Bert (201)821- 297-3915 evenings and weekends tf 4949 4-10-tl 'JJJJ■uxl^.ul.^.t. ! .l■ ! .I■ ! ■ l ■!.^■^l■^^^lAlJJ.!.!.!.!.!.l.^l■^^'■l IL!■Ul.^■^l■^ro b STEWARDSON-DOUGHERTY | 366 jVaaexu SPtteel", sPunce/on, i/t'eea jTe*4ej< O8540 609-921-7784 *mi* ,* * » \ PROSPECT AVENUE Traditional in design and decor but with the convenience of one floor living, this attractive Borough listing is located within easy walking distance of the University and town. An entry way with flagstone floor leads to a living room with fireplace, a formal dining room with sliding doors to a brick terrace and the garden, large kitchen w/lots of storage space, laundry alcove. Separate master bedroom area with nearby full bath and study or bedroom plus two other bedrooms, study and two baths. Full basement, two car garage. Entire interior just redecorated $338,500 I nJ ^qC, N.'l.Culluxvay" 4 \ASSAl s|M I I . r>R|\l l |, >■ \}\\ URSI i ' I I Towpath Court New Listing Springtime — and the livin' is easy in this attractive townhouse in popular Canal Pointe. Near the picturesque Canal and its jogging paths, it offers many of the advantages of a single house without many of its chores. A spacious "Plaza" model with light bright rooms, it includes: living-dining room open- ing to an inviting family room with fireplace and door to patio, gourmet kitchen and powder room. Upstairs — a luxurious master bedroom and bath, two bedrooms, hall bath and laun- dry room. Park-like grounds, swimming pool and tennis courts. $212,000 PRINCETON A PORTRAIT OF PEACE... . . perched on a 1.5 acre wooded hillside in Princeton, this gracious center hall Colonial has so much to offer! Four spacious bedrooms; 3 full + 2 half baths; a sunny breakfast room overlooking a private yard; slate flooring in the entry & hard- wood throughout; security system; garage door openers; a 27 foot living room with fireplace; a heated swimming pool with large deck for Summer entertaining. This house is easy to show and available for immediate occupancy. $524,900 Call Weidel Princeton (609) 921-2700. RICHARD A CORPORA! ION REALTORS Since 1915 164 Nassau Street Princeton. New Jersey 08542 609-921-2700 iuuuuuuu^uuuuuuu uul! jul!iuuuuuu UUUUUUL LJU U U U l_J U CTt Firestone Weal Estate (609) 924-2222 169 Nassau Street, Princeton THE PRICE IS RIGHT! NOW IS THE TIME TO BUY. THE SPRING MARKET IS JUST BEGINNING! EARLY AMERICAN COLONIAL FARM HOUSE NEAR PRINCETON ON 52 LOVELY ROLLING ACRES. ZONED 2.3 ACRE RESIDENTIAL. APPEARS TO BE IN THE PATH OF DEVELOPMENT WHICH COULD MEAN GOOD AP- PRECIATION. $1.2 Million I 3 ] ] ] ] 3 ] 3 ] 3 ] ] ] 3 ] ] ] J ) ] ] ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 J 3 3 3 A SPACIOUS 4 BEDROOM COLONIAL IN A NEIGHBORHOOD WITH CHILDREN NEAR HERRONTOWN WOODS. REASONABLY PRICED WITH EXPANSION POTENTIAL FOR 5TH BEDROOM. $359,500 THE BEST 2 BEDROOM CONDOMINIUM NEAR PRINCETON. PRICED TO SELL WAY BELOW THE MODEL. LOOK AT THIS CHERRYWOOD RESALE AND COMPARE IT TO THE MODEL AND THINK ABOUT THE VALUE. $149,000 PUBLIC OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY. MARCH 19th. 1-1 P.M. COUNTRY VIEWS SURROUND THIS WONDERFUL TWO STORY COLONIAL ON THE PRINCETON SIDE OF LAWRENCEV1LLE. New Price $295,000 DIRECTIONS - Carter Road lo Cold Soil Rood - Sign on properly *-' J J I A BETTER THAN NEW 4-5 BEDROOM COLONIAL ON A CUL-DE-SAC IN MONTGOMERY. SPACIOUS. PROFESSIONALLY LANDSCAPED AND VERY COMPLETE WITH EVERY AMENITY. Offered for $469,000 EATON PLACE — HOPEWELL — A THREE BEDROOM DUPLEX UNIT WITH FIREPLACE. BUILT IN BOOKCASES & MANY EXTRAS. A MUST SEE.$190.OO0 PRINCETON — A LOVELY THREE BEDROOM RANCH IN A WOODED SET- TING OVERLOOKING A STREAM IN THE RIVERSIDE NEIGHBORHOOD. $389,000 USUALLY YOU CAN'T GET THF Rirur «i Ic .r-..„ DOMINIUM WITHOUT WAmN™A YEAR OR Q ™n^2 N C0MM0N S CON- AT ONE IN MINT COND TON WITH SS HER E'S YOUR CHANCE TODAY. lUNDiriON WITH MANY SPECIAL EXTRAS. CALL $295,000 DRASTICALLY REDUCED A 3-BEDROOM COLONIAL JUST A MILE FROM DOWNTOWN PRINCETON $177,500 » w - »r»w-,. ww National Roster of Realtors ALL AREA LISTINGS . R «""' M ™"» American Relocation Council PRINCETON - CHARMING THREE BEDROOM 2 BATH CONTEMPORARY ON A VERY PRIVATE WOODED LOT. WALKING DISTANCE TO SCHOOLS SHOPPING & BUSES. A MUST SEE. " mm Princeton Real Estate Group Mercer County Multiple Listing Somerset Multiple Listing nnnnr'"^-^ -^ ^r^r^^ -i r-» r-. n r-i DJQ^QjQjxQn nnr C C ?l n n WANTED: Apartment or efltciency with use ol garage within 5 miles of Prince- ton University Single professional with references Please call days 452-3371 evenings 215968-7813 Eric <983 MERCEDES BENZ 240 diesel Consumer Reports rated best used car boy All options $13,500 609 497 0637 evenings tor appointment AU PAIR FROM PARIS is looking tor a Princeton family - to take care ol children only Available now Please call 924 3218 STUDIO GARDEN APARTMENT: pnnceton Borough Bus line Light, airy spacious, unusual charm $600 Avail- able April 1 Call Dr Carnngton, 921- 1609 SPACIOUS 2-BEDROOM apartment tor rent Entire 2nd floor Cenler ol Law- renceville Rent $595 month Available April 1 Call 921-6527 PAVING AND LANDSCAPING CONTRACTOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL New & Resurfacing - Seal Coating Crushed Stone - Tar & Chips Drainage Work Septic Systems Patios - Sod FELIX V. PIRONE Call 609-924-1735 WANTED: French horn Conn 8D or comparable instrument Call(201]449 1981 3 i 5 , EXPERIENCED GARDENER will lake care ol lawn and shrubs Also, spring clean-up Call tor free estimate (609) 8832830 3-i-5| 1986 PORSCHE 924S: black with gray interior and burgundy pinstripe AfvVFM cassette radio, a/c. sunroof 5,000 miles Excellent condition $21 000 {201)297 4016 3-1 -51 WALLPAPER: Custom installations by Claudia. Certified — The Paperhangmg Institute Quality work 609-397-2423 3-1-51 1000 WOLFF SUNBEDS TONING TABLES COMMERCIAL — HOME TANNING BEDS Save to 50% - Prices from $249 Body Wraps - Lamps - Lotions Free Estimates PRIVATE ROOM: Bath, parking, patio, tennis, pool, kitchen privileges, washer/dryer Quiet, gracious, private home, 6 miles north of Princeton Nonsmoker, please $385 (201) 297- 1254 3-15-31 FOR SALE: Vacuum cleaner, tank and rotating brush Like new Also upholstered living room chair and 4 di- nette chairs (609) 921-2735 3-15-3t LANDSCAPE CONTRACTOR Gardening - Complete Lawn Maintenance and Service 609-924-6489 VITTORIO PIRONE Call Today FREE Color Calalog 1-800-228-6292 3-8-41 PRINCETON BOROUGH: House to share 2 blocks off Nassau Street Liv- ing room with calhedral ceiling. 4 bed- rooms. 2V4 baths, $350 month plus V* utilities M'F professionals only Avail- able 4/1/89 Call 895-1741 3-8-21 FOR SALE: Handmade quilts, jackets, silks, etc from Thailand Call Leslie. 924-8036 3-8-21 RIVERSIDE AREA, PRINCETON: ap proximately one mile from University, apartment lor renl with private entrance, private bath, patio $650 month, one month security, utilities included 683 0276 3-8-2t WORKING SINGLE WOMAN offers light housekeeping or help with other chores m exchange lor free room m Princeton by April 1 Nonsmoker Call evenings (until midnight) 609-683-91 27 3-e-at RENTAL: 3-bedroom. 2-bath ranch in West Windsor Layout ideal for m-house professional Central location 452- 9579 3-8-31 AVALON BEACH RENTAL: Two bed room apartmenl beach block, deck, privacy $1500/month. $3750/season Call 1-800-242-1421. ext. 1327. Pciytuii n m0m m ■"■— AND, OF COURSE, . LOCATION ... LOCATION ... AND, OF COURSE, ... LOCATION. This deceptively spacious 4 or 5 bedroom, 3 full bath Borough residence, within walk- ing distance of so much of Princeton, has a free-flowing living room with fireplace and dining room opening on to a wonderful garden room. There is a well located kitchen overlooking beautiful secluded grounds. Adjacent to the panelled fami- ly room, with cozy wood floor and French doors to terrace, are another study or 5th bedroom and a very large custom bath so that this entire area may be used as a separate "flat" or "suite" ... there's much more. Call for details. Offered at ... $350,000 Peyton Associates Princeton Realtors Pennington 343 Nassau Street 134 South Main Street 609-921-1550 609-737-9550 Tox °Lazo REALTORS 8 JACK BURKE REAL ESTATE, INC. PRINCETON In-town living. This easy-care home located in the Borough features 2 bedrooms, bath, Super Kitchen, finished attic, dry, full basement. Wonderful fenced in yard with mature landscaping. Walk to everywhere!!! Call for an appointment today... $179,900 LAWRENCE Custom home featuring superior design & quality craft- smanship by one of our finest builders. Spacious, elegant 4 bedroom, 2 l k bath colonial with 3-car garage. Must be seen. $595,000 PRINCETON 609-924-1600 PRINCETON JCT. 609-799-2022- PENNINGTON 609-737-9600 HAMILTON SQ. 609-890-3300 EAST BRUNSWICK 201-254-1600 NEW LISTING! GEORGE WASHINGTON PURCHASED HIS BOOTS HERE IN 1774! Beautifully maintained detached intown historic colonial home in the center of Newtown Boro — Panelled and beam- ed dining room with colonial fireplace complete with beehive oven — Modern three car garage on alley — Love- ly formal garden with covered porch. Please call Miriam Bell at (609) 921-9300 to see this wonderful historic property. PRICED TO SELL AT $389,500 ^HENDERSON REALTORS^-* 53- 33 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 (609) 921-9300 NEW LISTING! THOROUGHLY CONTEMPORARY Perched on 2+ acres of wooded hillside on prestigious Stuart Road. A spacious foyer leads to a formal living room and a step-down dining room overlooking a 16' garden room. Kit- chen with eating area as well as informal living room with floor to ceiling flagstone fireplace. Four bedrooms, three full baths, two half baths... Please call Anna Finzi or Lois Tegarden at 921-9300 for an appointment today. Moderate- ly priced at... $750,000 ^HENDERSON REALTORS^-* ^ 33 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 (609) 921-9300 NEW LISTING! BORDERING THE WESTMINSTER CHOIR COLLEGE Is this very well located Princeton Borough duplex which can be maintained as an income producing property or con- verted to either a single family home or two condominiums. Please call Jan Weinberg at 921-9300 for an appointment JOIINT $295,000 ^HENDERSON RFA1T()RS^- J SS- 33 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08512 (609) 921-9300 WE MOVE PRINCETON... HENDERSON, OF COURSE! FROM THE TERRACE... A view of fields, wildlife, and birds — only minutes from Nassau Hall. Spectacular contemporary with Princeton address ( Lawrence Township taxes ! ) Large liv- ing room, glass walls, skylights, fireplace open to dining room, den with wet bar. Wonderful kitchen with glassed-in breakfast room. Laundry Three bedrooms, great closets. 2" 2 baths. Oversized two-car garage Contemporary enclave with tennis courts and security gate. $475,000 FLY YOUR KITE... High on the hill at the Manors at Montgomery. The very best location for a three bedroom totally upgraded townhouse with full basement and attached garage. Soft and elegant grey wall-to-wall carpets, hardwood floors in dining and kitchen areas, two and one-half beautiful ceramic baths. French doors open to large deck from living room with corner fireplace. Offered at $189,900 HILLIER DESIGNED... AT THE GLEN! OWNER FINANCING IN PRINCETON... Perfection plus at end of quiet cul-de- sac only minutes from Palmer Square. Panelled library, living room with glass walls and fireplace, dining room, great kitchen with breakfast area overlooking brick terrace and garden. Master bedroom and a bath on first floor. Powder room. Two bedrooms, loft and bath on second Many extras Two car garage. NEW PRICE ... $605,000 THE EXCITEMENT IS BUILDING! "This Old House" is 44 Maple Street in Princeton. Signature Builders, a small construction company noted for its quality craftsmanship and architectural in- tegrity, is completing a rehabilitation and expansion of a Queen Anne Victorian on a quiet "Tree Street" in the Borough When complete, the exterior of the house will retain its Queen Anne style with its turret and cupola The interior, however, will have been completely renovated and expanded and will include 3500 square feet and all contemporary features and conveniences. $595,000 CHERRY HILL COUNTRY CHARM Totally renovated architect-designed romantic country home, half circle drive, offering carefree comfort and convenience with over an acre of lawn and mature woods with privacy Three minutes to downtown Princeton, formal cathedral ceil- inged entry hall, octagonal dining room, glazed garden room, custom cherry kit- chen cabinets. Dramatic master suite overlooking treetops. two spacious bedrooms, separate baths Unbelievable beauty in the township of Princeton $550,000 ON A COUNTRY ROAD This Princeton Township contemporary has four bedrooms, three baths, a large heated garden room, two-car heated garage, is full of artistry and charm and is on a beautifully wooded lot! ! ! Do make an appointment to see this today' ! ! $350,000 CHERRYWOOD END UNIT High on the hill beautifully landscaped, sunny end unit with vaulted ceiling, skylight neutral walls, upgraded carpet and appliances. Own Private Drive Lovely views of Montgomery Woods. Offered at $177,900 ALL YOUR FRIENDS WILL OOH AND AAH... When they see this spectacular find Private wooded southern ex- posure nestled back off Province Line Road in Montgomery Township Nine wonderful estate-like acres to build your dream house on ...Panoramic views of the Bedens Brook area This is a MUST SEE ..A truly special property Call Gina Tassie-Cooley for a date to walk the land. Understandably priced at $350,000 Ji >H\ I ^HENDERSON q. R F A 1 TORS ^^""^ 33 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 (609) 921-9300 I 111 I M V^S S Fine Gifts Briefcases • Attaches Handbags 20 Witherspoon Street Princeton ■ 924-0735 V^tSu fttowi DEL VAL PHARMACY PENNINGTON SHOPPING CENTER 11 ROUTE 31 Pennington. N J 08534 Leo S Brummel. R P Dally 9-9 Sat. 9-5:30 Sunday 9-1 737-0900 PRINCETON BOROUGH: Large one HOUSECLEANING JOBS wanted by room eft'oency win private bath, hit- young woman win excellent references Chen and parking $400 month plus and good experience Own trans uMil-es (609)921 "84 3-8-31 potation Call 394-2632 or 771-0033 " 3-8-21 SMALL OFFICE FOR RENT: Center of ' Princeton. Nassau Street Separate en LOST MARCH 1: Mans llinois trance References required Send wristwatch Sentimenial value Reward replies to Box 9 11 Co Town Topics Please reply to Box B- 10 care ot Town 3-8-31 Topics 3821 'Superior Craftsmanship & Timely Delivery at the Price Quoted* 9Qm 9rfony penny CABINETMAKING and FINE FURNITURE Traditional • Contemporary • European Pennington - Home: 737-7983 - Shop: 737-7844 WOMAN AVAILABLE to five m your APARTMENT FOR RENT: Kitchen di Princeton home, keep it dean, give ten- nerte. bedroom and living room One der loving care to your baby and young parting space Business couple, no children, do laundry and mending Pets no smoking S700 month plus -taking No English Phone utilities Call between 4 and 8 924- mterpreler evenings 924 1340 3 8 3! 4093 3821 25 LANGUAGES Native teachers and trans- lators. Instruction lor children and adults All levels. Intensive courses for travelers and busi- ness people. Tutoring. Translation Call (609) 924-2252 PRINCETON BOROUGH: Walk everywhere 3 bedrooms living room w/fi replace, dining room, kitchen base ment arte $1,100 month Call 924 9665 3-8-31 CARPENTRY. CABINETS, AND RE- PAIR WORK done by an expenencea craftsman (609)924 1474 4 16 it "Simple E'egance is never achieved twice ' The Greenery by Karen at Montgomery Center Route 206 Rocky Hill Mon Fr, 9-6, Sat 10-2 921-7013 Professional TAPERHANGING and PAINTING INTERIOR 1 EXTERIOR Residential • Commercial Professional Local References 799-4160 , MANNY SANTOS Lester & Robert Slatoff AUCTIONEERS ANTIQUE DEALERS - APPRAISERS Furniture, China, Glass, Household, Silver & Jewelry Trenton, NJ 609-393-4848 215-736-8989 REALTY WC— SHORT* 163 Nassau Street Princeton NJ 08542 609-921-9222 Great investment opportunity in Princeton. Live on 1 side and rent the other. $395,000 Exciting view of valley from this Hopewell Twp. ranch. $219,500 m Charming Montgomery Colonial in move-in condition on 1.21 acres. $284,900 ■ Totally renovated home in Princeton Borough, Three levels of living space. $247,000 HE M This Lawrenceville townhome has just been redecorated New paint and carpeting $127,000 Hamilton Square Cape with finished basement & wooded lot. $145,000 ■■■mm Plainsboro Townhouse with loft, skylight, fireplace Excellent value for $169,000 J REALTY WORLD. Call toll tree 1 800 643-6200 920 In New Jersey cam -800-624-1883-920 522 Highway 18 East BrunswicK NJ 08816 201-3901600 76 Route 34 Pine Valley Plaza MatowonNJ 07747 201-5835500 Member: Mercer Co. MLS, Princeton Real Estate Group. Somerset Co MLS Middlesex Co MLS, MonmoutnCo MLS Real Estate Leaders ot America f ocn ollice independently owned ond operated u9 Dolores Allaire Doris Barnes Joyce Bergen Ervy Boothe Margie Boozer Doris Bnnster Mary Ann Brungart Ben Camper Victor Cascio Cynthia Chu Anne Cochrane Oliver Houghton Victoria DeGoma Tracy Huang Frank Estrada Ray Petius Susan Ferry Linda Santos Frieda Gilvarg Meg Schenk Anja Hammersmith Audrey Short Ronnie Harendza Emit Stephan Mane Hoffman Marjory White Mary Hoffman Jack Ziegler Na*JbaJ uo JuaMMSJLIgPgLS3CI3uS I «IaXaLJL»LJL»LJL« J * T » ' ■ I » ' « I *-*■« » « LJaJ>I»JLoX«LJLJaL«Li.L»LJL«I« I « ' « «« ' « -: i i see JV*u*au SPttevt g>xinc*ton, jV.g. 08540 609-924-7784 mt t , f 1 "■/■■?•> *v m ■ i ■ Mjt-Z l! ^ •Hip' ' fe-JCTw Bfca^c-^ " ■■■tat. flfii yT^y glipu / 9 . ^ n. ...-■ . *9M, 23 WAUty* .sUe. STEWARDSON-DOUGHERTY ^««*— *u, jv.g. o S6 „ MEADOWBROOK DRIVE Appealing two story Colonial w/screen porch, four bedrooms, two and one halt baths. Family kitchen w/breakfast area. Move-in condition. Va acre lot w/stream and shade trees. $375,000 PRINCETON BOROUGH Patton-Prospect neighborhood, walking distance to University and Town Two first floor bedrooms, bath, plus third bedroom and bath upstairs Garden and shade trees $325,000 k .- M THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS Clean and classic outside lines of the 18th Century and an updated but unspoiled interior. Seven rooms, 2'/2 baths, old stone fireplace, screen porch & brick patios. Lovely old shade trees, almost an acre. $395,000 PARKSIDE DRIVE A very spacious nine room ranch with 4 bedrooms, three baths, library, enclosed porch, lower level family and recreation rooms $495,000 MERCER ROAD Stylish contemporary ranch on 1 6 private acres in Princeton Township. Dramatic cathedral ceiling in living room, kitchen and dining "L", study, workshop, master bedroom suite w/dressmg room and bath, three bedrooms, bath, sauna, central air, 2-car garage, terrace. $375,000 ELM ROAD Handsome Colonial in the western borough. Eleven rooms, four baths, lovely terrace and gardens. $695,000 CHESTNUT STREET Architect owned semi-detached in super convenient location. 3 bedrooms, living room, dining room, bath. Lovely spacious backyard All in Princeton Borough. $185,000 Claire Sums Sharon Davidson Julie Douglas Betsy Stewardson Ford PRINCETON OFFICE Anne Gallagher Judy Perrlne HERRONTOWN ROAD Quaint Township hideaway on over two acres of tall trees. House presently has two living units — both with living/dining room, kitchen, bedroom, and bath. Indoor-outdoor brick patio w/stone fireplace. 2-car garage $260,000 Dorothy Field, Manager Barbara Broad Eileen Coleman Jan Dalzell Marge Dwyer icmma «,.uc William E. Stewardson (WS-iX't/ Josephine McCarthy Georgia Graham Kate Johnson Mary McHale Barbara Spewak Diane Sullo Valerie Young Emma Wirtz Robert E. Dougherty, Broker REALTORS William E. Stewardson (1935-1972) Betty McClelland Jane Mi.m . Lois Richard Anne Rogers Jeanne Weber ® With ESC Prep Courses • Smoll groups • Low tuition • Improve 100 150 200+ pointi • Powerful teu-toking nps Pnnceion. Homilton Sq. ond 57 other locations educoTionai services ceniei 1 "tflOO 762 TEST HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP: T.jt sale bv own* 1 ' Charming 3 bedroom ranch srfualed on V* acre, living room, dining room with double greenhouse window hen with 5 loot skylight, 2 baths family room with bnck hreplace renir.il an hardwood "CO'S 12x24 tl redwood deck paneled office m base mem with built ms two-car attached ga- '3qe and more $245 000 Please call 609 4660569 3 8-21 PRINCETON COMMERCIAL SERVICES i 'ompleU harm & ojjia cleaning Windows • Floors • Carpets Daily * Weekly • Monthly OTVJIIf I'nnrvtnn area IC vearn (609) 588-5206 AJllAll! Jfmt Since 1967, Princelon's Most Popular Hairsludio MAKES LOOKING GOOD AFFORDABLE HAIRSTYUNG FOR MEN/' WOMEN tioman 362 Nassau St. Princeton (609) 924-7733 HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP: lor sale by owner Ready to move m home on quiet street Walk to schools and market 3 4 bedrooms, I V? baths, living room with (/replace dmmg room, eal in kitchen, panelled family room, semi- tims/ipd basement Lots of storage Bta appreciate $220,000 Call 201 782 1021 3-8-21 MUST SACRIFICE: 2 weeks al Spirt Rock Lodge, Poconos Ski Resort — last 2 weeks in March Luxurious accom modations include 2 bedrooms (sleeps 6). 2Vi bains, full kitchen, Jacuzzi with rrtranoes, includes all activities Willing to sell by week Paid $ 1 200 per week, must sell al $700 per week Call lor more details after 7 586-9516 382t HOUSECRAFTERS ADDITIONS REMODC1 ING HOMEBUILDING REPAIRS NO JOB TOO BIG OR TOO SMALL Call Rich 921-3176 1 25 13t OFFICE SPACE. CENTRAL NASSAU STREET recently decorated, low rent. available now, lelephone and recep tionist service 924-6300 tf HARD WORKING Soa^sn speak. ng woman, experienced m child care and housekeeping, desires hve-m employ- ment live days per week Telephone 683-4913 3 1 31 WEST WINDSOR RENTAL: 3 bed room 2 bath ranch, lull basemen! \Vi car garage $1,250 monlh Reply fo Town Top.cs. Box B-7 3 1 3t RENT V» HOUSE: Peinam Streel 2 bedrooms, kitchen, hvmg room park- ing, heal, water No pels Immediately $800 month Secur7ty, references (201) 7829601 3 131 DOMESTIC Baby Yellow Nape 7 weeks old. adorable' 243 9339 3-15-21 Mattress Faclory Outlet Innersprmg, loam and latex 30x74 — 48x74 — 60x80 33.74 - 53x74 - 78x80 Solabed mattresses Odd sizes available Free delivery — Old bedding removed Sealy Poslurepedtc Sprmgwall Chiropraclic Simmons Beauty Rest Foam cut to any size Shredded foam Phone: 298-0910 Mon, Weds, Fri, 9-5 30 Tues, Thurs, 9-8 Salurday, 9-5 CAPITAL BEDDING COMPANY U.S. Highway 130 Bet. Yardville and Bordentown SUSAN KASSLER-TAUB, M.S.W. "Infertility Counseling Specialist" PRINCETON PSYCHIATRIC CENTERS A comprehensive mental health center 330 N. Harrison St., Princeton, N.J. 609-921-3555 -3^fc-p t( CI? ) 92i-4S22 ~J0l Timely Professionol Appraisals of Sterling W Sliver, Jewelry, Antiques, and all Home ™ Furnishings for Insurance, Fire, Estate, and Charitable Purposes. Profitable Tag Sales! ofAppr Apprs. ASSOC of Amer, Williamson CONSTRUCTION Call 921-1184 ADDITIONS and RENOVATIONS Peyton PEYTON ASSOCIATES REALTORS YOUR GUIDED TOUR BY APPOINTMENT... Here is something of impressive quality rarely found in our time. From the dramatic entrance foyer to the expansive stair hall, with glamorous custom features and details, this luxurious residence will speak to you. There is a very large and high-ceilmged living room overlooking the trees on this 5V 2 acre lot a large formal dining room, graceful library, beautiful spacious living/kitchen and breakfast room 3 family or guest bedrooms with adjoining baths, a lower level entertainment room and an incredible master suite with dressing, study, 2 baths and more. The house has multi-zoned heating and cooling 4 fireplaces and 3 car garage. You simply have to see it. Call us for a very special visit. Offered at $1 6M Pat Cahill F. M. Comizzoli Mary Elise Cook Lynne Durkee Sheila Graham Cathy Hegedus Maggie Hill Judy Holton Marjorie Jaeger Ellen Kerney Lincoln Kerney Berit Marshall Barbara Mathes Drucilla Mihan Cathy Nemeth Angela Romano Jane Schoch Judy Stier Carol Stewart Bob Tyler 343 Nassau Street, Princeton, N J 08S40 (609)921-1550 Robin Wallack Joy Ward Virginia Weliky Beverly Willever TOD PEYTON - BROKER 1 34 South Main Street, Pennington, N J 08534 (609) 737-9550 p CROSSROADS TOWNHOUSE WITH A LOVELY V1EWI - Large rooms, fami- ly rooms with fireplace, beams, cathedral ceiling West Windsor- Plainsboro schools $159,000 3 T UNUSUALLY LARGE CAPE COD - enjoy this cheerful 3 bedrooms, 2 bath home. Lovely southern exposure in kitchen, fireplace in living room. Outside patio House can be expanded easi- ly. Must be seen, Princeton $445,000 STUNNING CONTEMPORARY - On Wi wooded acres in Hopewell with Princeton address. Super-modern kitchen and master bath. Cathedral ceilings in living room and family room, 2 fireplaces and 2 decks. Many other special features. Must be seen l $549,900 LOVELY DEERPATH CONTEMPORARY — large living room with beamed ceiling and brick fireplace, modern kitchen, family room, 4 bedrooms, 2'/2 baths. Princeton. ASKING $305,000 MAKE US AN OFFERI - Princeton Landing townhouse must be sold. Basement, 2 car garage, McCarter Courtyard model 212. Available forjar less than builder's price. ASKING $218,500 RIVERSIDE AREA: duplex Huge living/dining room with fireplace Eat-in kitchen, garden room. Great m-town location. Princeton. $209,500 PRINCETON PERFECT — 3 bedroom colonial, lovely deck, eat-in kitchen, 2 car garage, central air. $320,000 Linda Carnevale Anluta Blanc Laralne Bender Lois Fee Roslynn Greenberg Barbara Goldberg Carolyn Hills Anne Hoffmann Bobette Lister Laura Procaccino Elaine Schuman Aurora Seeley Helen Brener Smith Hazel Stlx Rena White CUSTOM CRAFTED — 4 bedroom colonial. Country kitchen. Easy access to major roads. Lawrence. $241,900 VERSATILE COUNTRY CAPE - use it as a 1 floor 3 bedroom Ranch or a 5 bedroom Cape Cod In-ground pool. Hopewell Township with Princeton address. $389,900 CONTEMPORARY & CONVENIENT TOWNHOUSE Living room w/fireplace, full dining room, modern eat-in kitchen, many upgrades. 2 bedrooms and a den with a lovely view. Montgomery $169,900 FANTASTIC VALUE: townhouse end unit. Three bedrooms, finished loft, family room and attached garage. Plainsboro $170,000 CALL ANYTIME 609-924-4677 • OPEN 7 DAYS CALL US ABOUT OUR OTHER PROPERTIES PRICED TO $1,500,000 SERVING MERCER. SOMERSET AND MIDDLESEX COUNTIES Princeton Crossroads Realty, Inc. 342 Nassau Street (Corner Harrison) • Princeton • Park in our lot Call SAVE-Y0UR-TU8 ) For Resurfacing (609) 448-3339 Allan Smith Cabinetmaker custom furniture & cabinetwork 6091 m '90S Ihomel PRINCETON BOROUGH RANCH Id . ' g room, dming foom 3 bed rooms kitchen 2 baths del distance to town and shopping center Monthly $1,250 9212690 3 1521 SAVE THESE CATS: Affectionate. sociable, aster and brother , calico ana flyod and neutered) need a good home Owner has devei oped allergy 924 2432 3 1521 KENMORE CHEST-TYPE FREEZER lor sale Four years old excellent con- dition Call 924 0231 3 15 21 CANAL POINTE: Arbors Apartmen! available May 1 Professional person or course, nonsmoking, no pets One bed room/den 734-8450 between 5 and 7 p m. Leave message 3-15-21 FLOOR SANDING, STAINING A REFINISHING Hardwood Floors Installed BEST FLOOR CO 924-4897 FRAME IT NOW FLOOR SCRUBBING, tm.shmg and .!■ reoahang m slate, bluestone. te'racotta and marble Mad ing and polishing, old finishes stripped, lain removal Wood and cork flooring cleaned and waxed, linoleum scrubbed and recoated. con Crete scrubbed and sealed Expert . tality finishes RD Middle prook 771-0262 3-15-31 TRENTON-BERKELEV SQUARE; Large apartment to share m beautiful Victorian 2 private rooms available Shared kitchen, living room and bath, washer/drye' $400 month plus utilities 394 1278 3-15-31 H ARUEIM Princeton, IM.J. J CONSTRUCTION New Home Builders • Repairs S. Improvements • Office Renovations Registration *0903B Cji) 201-297-1993 IP"*" ' i |[ 2nd & 3rd Generalion Fence Cratlers SUBURBAN FENCE Over 1 00 styles of Gates & Fences 609-695-3000 a£&o MW LOCATION 532 AfutMrry St Juat off Rt 1 W fwwn un ra nl wai ffflTrr obtf* "tJ V^ EYE FOR ART 6 Spring Street MARTIN BLACKMAN LANDSCAPING Quality Plantings, & Walk-:, orta) Garden Maintenance (Exclusive ol Mowing) Free Consultation 683-4013 (Princeton) CARPENTRY: Expert renovations and repair Cabmetry decks doors, walls, etc Local references, tree estimates 924 8142, leave message 3-15 31 TALL DARK EXPERIENCED Fuji 10 speed bike, needs exercise Easy terms to kind and carelul rider 921-7918, leave message 3-15-31 ROOM FOR RENT: Princeton Low rent, utilities free Near bus and shops Smgles. couples, students, o k Call 924 2040 3-1 -41 WORK WANTED: Moving and hauling Yards, attics and cellars cleaned Con- . done Call 396-0165 or 989 0130 any time TOP DOLLAR PAID: LP's, cassettes, CD's tock, classical, \azz, elc Prince- ton Record Exchange, 20 Tulane Street, Princeton 921-0881 9-1 1-tl BED AND BREAKFAST ol Princeton has comfortable and economical ac commodations m local private homes tor your visiting (fiends, relatives, wed ding guests and business associates B&B PO Box 571, Princeton. NJ 08540 9243189 6-4-11 Williamson ROOFING Call 921-1184] Free Estimates NEW ROOFS • REPAIRS • ALL TYPES REAL ESTATE KM LIGHT PROFESSIONAL APPRAISAL SERVICE SALES ASSOCIATES: Karl Light • Realtors 247 Nassau St. Broker 609-924-3822 Constance Brauer John Cooper Mercy Crimmlns Sementhe Crimmlns Marten K. Green Jack Hablg Zoran Kovclc John Lamb Mark Lendeuer Deny Light Edward Moehey James Schwartz LB REALTOR Multiple Listing Service Princeton Real Estate Group International Referral Exchange ■K £*liiC Now Offered at a Greatly Reduced Price Circular domed living room, 4 bedrooms, 3V2 baths and wonderful new kitchen. Private cul- de-sac location in choice Western Princeton, See it now — and fall in love.NOW $575,000 at 240 and a DRAMATIC REDUCTION Snowden Lane, Four bedrooms, two half baths, lovely parklike lot. NOW JUST $325,000 ELM RIDGE PARK GARRISON COLONIAL with a contemporary flair, • Entry with Mexican tile floor, fireplace in living room, excellent kitchen • Sliding glass doors to large south facing deck. Elegant landscaping, A new offering $459,500 CHARMING BRICK AND FRAME COLONIAL with separate 4 room rental cottage. Almost 2 acres in Princeton Township. $398,000 COMMERCIAL RENTAL Near hospital: Small building with flexible room arrangement, movable partitions, full basement. Heat pump with air conditioning. Asking $1800 month triple net CALL ABOUT OUR RENTALS HILLTOP FARM COLONIAL with Stony Brook frontage in Western Princeton. • Beamed ceilings and corner fireplace in living room. Separate dining room. A NEW LISTING $365,000 SCHLOTT i REALTORS 8 The Extra-E f fort People 10 Nassau Street, Princeton, N.J. • 609-921-1411 PRINCETON OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY 12-5 62 Patton Ave. A classic in a most convenient location. A gate from the rear yard leads to Harrison Street Park. Enjoy the large shade trees and benches for quiet enjoyment as well as the child's play area. A well maintained home priced to sell at $325,000 (PRN330). PRINCETON OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY 12-5 22 Heather Lane. A private retreat nestled on 4+ acres. This spacious ranch is surrounded by lush lawns, flowering shrubs and trees. Enjoy the heated indoor pool & the warmth of 3 fireplaces, 5 bedrooms. 5 baths, great room, formal dining room and sunny breakfast room. $940,000 (PRN396). PRINCETON COLONIAL WITH TOWERING TREES Classic Saltbox architecture on a beautiful private lot. A well built home in a private and convenient setting. Large living room with fireplace and built-in bookshelves. $305,000 (PRN363). PRINCETON THE PEACE OF THE country near the heart of the town. That's what this family-oriented 4 bedroom home offers. Master bedrooms & baths on separate floors will delight in-law or guests. Nestled in a 3 acre wooded lot, with spacious rooms. This is a great value. $534,900 (PRN349). PRINCETON BOROUGH PICTURE BOOK COLONIAL Superbly maintained, tastefully decorated. Mature landscaping on sunny corner lot. 4 bedrooms, country kitchen with fireplace. Study off master bedroom. Full partially finished basement. Living room with fireplace, formal dining room. $425,000 (PRN408). PRINCETON PERFECT FAMILY HOME Convenient Dodds Lane location. Walk to New York bus. Large lot w/specimen trees & shrubs. Newly redecorated and remodeled. Four bedrooms and three full baths. Bright and spacious. Mint condition. Call today. $349,000 (PRN389). The Power Purchaser Card... Don't Buy A Home Without It. Schlott Realtor* Has Designed An Excrbng New Program To Give You Majdmum Home Buying And Home SeMng Power! rt ts Called The Power House Plus Program. Cal your local SchloO Realtor* office lor ail the exerting details. SCHLOTT fix- 1 vflTI lflurll\>u(>ic m C-WOT '987 Scwai IrtC I More than 160 offices in New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Florida Employment Opportunities Throughout the Princeton Area MICHAEL L. ROSENTHAL, M.S.W., ED.D. Personal Problem. Career and Educational Counseling Individuals and Small Groups 3 Vilerie Lane Lawrenceville. New Jersey (609) 896-4446 By Appointment NEED AN EARLY COPY TOWN TOPICS ' e al our of- eel Wednesday mc Aot 1030 and at Princeton newsstands after 1 1 SUPERMARKET OPPORTUNITIES ivailaWe for COtfl ' -ufts avail- BARTENDERS: E ■('■>.'■ X -ecessary (uii time intina, 924 7855 3821 Baumley Nursery. Garden Center and Landscaping ~jd£~ 580 Rip. 27 Princeton | 1201)821-6819 able We offer com i<' PART TIME " ; ' j* ' " 1,[, i yi,ime vacations, paid holidays paid s>ck days advancement opportunity- .md company paid beneMs Apply with store manage* al Davidson s Market 255 Nassau Street Princeton 3831 WANTED After -cnool care tor 6 year oJd and light housekeeping. Monday 'ion-smoker Mmm i referable 683 8806 3-8-31 PART TIME K ^plion.st wanted by busy real estate office Malure person with good phone manner, light typing and varied clerical dudes Call al 921 9222 COMPANION/HELPER for elderly woman at home Weekends, hours Ilex ible Call 924 5608 YOU CAN FIND wn.it ,<,, ...n TOWN TOPICS. Train (or eereera (n -AIRLINES •CRUISE LINES •TRAVEL AGENCIES HOWE STU0V/RE9. TRAINING ■FINANCIAL AlP AVAIl ■JOB PLACEMENT ASSIST. 1-800-327-7728 ACT TTUVEL SCHOOL M»n hriqn.Ponvara BtK Fl_ Train to b* a Professional •SECRETARY ■EXECUTIVE SEC. • WORD PROCESSOR HOME SPJDV W5 TFVUNINO ■ FINANCIAL AID AVAIL. -JOB PLACEMENT ASSIST 1-800-327-7728 !M| HART SCHOOL . DV <■' A ' T CoA "•'i hdqki Pompwn r- •■ R. WAI.l F LOW 1111 S A Complete Home Design Center Brunschwig & Fils Clnronco Houso Cowtan & Tout Laura Ashloy Groot Strohoim & Romann Schumacher Wavorly 246 Nassau Street, Princeton (609)921-8174 in i I. ill) |il ! 1 ly (hnf l.i>- ■' V I .1 JULIUS H. GROSS, inc. Professional Interior & Exterior Painting & Papershanging A Princeton Business for Over 25 years Call 924-1474 for a Free Estimate and Prompt Service Professional Painting Pays' $P TELLERS Personable individual needed to join our friendly teller team. Experienced tellers or trainees welcome. Two-week paid training program to increase your skills. FULL & PART TIME: 'Floating Teller 'Rossmoor 'East Windsor "South Brunswick "Millstone "Hightstown "Twin Rivers HEAD TELLER Position is that of a working head teller. Candidate must possess strong supervision skills; back-up head teller experience required. "Twin Rivers PROOF OPERATOR Experience on NCR 775 desired. Ability to operate 10-key adding machine required- Full and part time positions available in our Cranbury office. Excellent benefit package including medical /dental. tuition assistance, profit sharing and pension plan. Make the move to an exciting future by calling; 609-395-0602, Ext. 5021 201-776-5021 MIDLANTIC Equal Opportunity Employer Small industrial distributor m Kingston '] date to grow wth company Wide range of clerical duties plus tele phone contacts with vendors and customers Call days 609-924 4124 mghts 201-297-5900 3 8 2t FOOO PHEP-MAIN STREET: pan try'appetizer/del' Pleasant working conditions Must be reliable On bus route, flexible hours Call Nan- ' ?777 3'8-2t HOST/HOSTESS WANTED: Oay shift Apply m person to P.J s Pancake House, 154 Nassau Street, Princeton, or call 92t 3257 3-1-31 ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT for the U S Tennis Association Schools Pro gram, a national campaign to help children learn tennis Must be detail oriented able to work independently with excellent typing/word processing skills Some college or a minimum of less experience pre (erred Excellent benefits Please send ind references to United States Tennis Association Personnel Coor dmator. 707 Alexander Road, Prince- ton. N J 0B540 EARN MONEY reading books' $30,000/yr income potential Details 1 805 687 6000 Ext Y 1436 3 1 41 REAL ESTATE SALESPEOPLE wanted Experience desired, bul not : Please contact Joan Wilson a! Weidel Realtors m Hopewell 466 1224 4-16-tf ASSISTANT BOOKKEEPER: Perma nenl part/full time Small Nassau Street Office. Flexible hours 924-2040 12-7-4! SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR: Part/lull lime. Days, evenings or nights Nassau Street off ice 924 2040 12-7-41 HAIR STYLIST: for successful and growing salon m Hopewell Expenenc ed only, please Salary open Excellent working conditions 987 8458 3-15-31 MANAGER: for unique boutique m Hopewell Clolhmg, art wi Must haw solid experience and be sell -alary dependent on ex- perience 987-8458, 3-15-31 | HOUSEKEEPER/CHILD CARE Monday-Friday noon-8pm in Prince- ton Two school-age children Must have own transportation, experience |Ob references English speaking nonsmoker Call evenings (609) 683 5185 31521 f/^tj M tifftX r [flfttf " ...... ..n, I- .." OFFICE EQUIPMENT USED OFFICE FURNITURE CLEARANCE 694 S. Broad St., Trenton L 921 1115; 3925166 visa mastercharge Driver/Courier We treat our drivers tike "Family " They are very important to this rapidly growing and prestigious computer tape production company located in Hillsborough, We are in need of responsible drivers lor daily courier runs througout N J and N Y C Position requires driving our vans and handling 50-pound cases ol computer tapes. Person selected must have neat appearance, be able to communicate well with customers, and have a good dnving record Wi? o'tor good salary, pleasant working atmosphere, available overnme. pension, profit sharing and 40lK plans, dental assistance and full, company-paid major medical C*n Mrs. FJrannon between 10 am and 4 p.m. .n 369-6900 GARDEN WORK: Nor only mowing but other chores as well Several hours needed per week (rom now through summer Please call 924-1342 3 15 4t ELECTION BOARD WORKERS: Needed lor June 6 primary in Prince ton Township Sign >n voters and give them a number 6 30 am to8pm $75 for ihe day plus one iwo-hour class Must be registered voter in Mercer County Democrats call Pat Emslm. 924-1459 Republicans call Sally Bond. 924 5421 MAINTENANCE/HANDYMAN: Pari lime, afternoon hours, call Karen at (609) 924-5702 SALES REPRESENTATIVES Terminix is growing strong. The fact is. we've just experienced our tenth year ot continuous growth That's what happens when you offer your people as much as we do in the form of career advancement Now we are looking for more people Sales Representatives who would like to work in a system where up to 75% of the leads are provided by the company Whether you want to move up to sales management, or excel as a sales professional (selling expenence is required) We offer Generous Commission plan Average 1st year's earnings over »30.000 guarantee to start while training Gas allowance. Prospects only - our professional applicators provide the service Management opportunities. Excellent comprehensive benefits program. So join Terminix lor a career that stands for growth Please call or send your resume to Tony Simone, Branch Manager; THE TERMINIX INTERNATIONAL CO., L.P. 1855 Hamilton Avenue Trenton, NJ 08619 Princeton: 609-921-6777 Hamilton: 609-587-7100 CO-MANAGER lor large natural food store m Princeton Must have ex- perience with natural foods Call 921-9162, leave message 3-15-51 Food Service Part-Time (10-16 Hours) Excellent opportunity for dependable, mature persons in busy medical center nutrition deparatmenl. Duties include dish/pot washing, heavy cleaning, tray/cart delivery/pick-up Hours are 7AM- 11 30AM or 11AM-7 30PM Salary $6 67-$7 40/Hr Benefits Call for application: 734-4582 or 734-4586 mm m LABORATORY RESEARCHER Participates in molecular cloning and gene expression in procaryotic and eucaryotic systems to include cytochrome P-450 genes which are respon- sible for xenobiotic metabolism Requires a bachelor's degree in biological sciences and al leasl two years laboratory experience in molecular biology and cell cullure research Also requires ability to perform genomic and CDNA library screenings, M13 cloning and sequencing, southern, northern and western blotting; DNA mediated gene transfer m E. coli and mammalian cells, Elisa; im- munofluorescence antibody staining; and SDS-PAGZ and agarose gel electrophoresis A master's degree m biological sciences is preferred Salary $25,298 - $34,159 Comprehensive benefits package includes tuition remission for employee and their children Submil resume, indicating Ref No 140, to: THE STATE UNrvtTJSfTY OF NEW JEfTSEY RUTGERS Division of Personnel Services Piscataway, NJ 08855 successful candidate to provide employment eligibility verification AA/EOE FIRESTONE'S NEWEST PRINCETON LISTING """I""": ■:* :::::*;:, F^t""' Surrounded by trees in a park-like setting, you will find this four bedroom, two and a half bath family home. There is a large all weather room that opens onto a cedar deck where you can sit in a peaceful setting surrounded by nature. There is also a lower level family room, spacious master bedroom with a private area for nursery or den. Many extras too numerous to list. Priced to se "' $339,000 Firestone 'Heal Estate REALTORS lfi!) Nassau St., Princeton 924-2222 ■ ■ ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS ol Pnrtcelon For immediate help with a drinking problem, call (609) 393-8010 For information, write Princeton P O Box 538 Meetings every night in Pnncelon or surrounding area rf ROOFING: All types ot roofs (new or repairs) leaders, gutters, chimney dashing Fast service Work guaranteed Over 30 years in business Belle Mead Rooting Local call from Pnncelon 201 359-5992 4-18-rf WINDOWS A STORM WINOOWS: In side & out, $5 00 each Carpet, upholstery, wall and panel Bathroom maid service, complete home cleaning Fully insured All work guaranteed 393- 2122 rt LAMP SHADES: Lamp mounting and lamp repairs Nassau interiors. 162 Nassau Street 6-1 -tt FILING CABINETS: Come see our met al Mmg cabinets (or office or home Grey, tan. olive. 2 or 4 drawer Also typ- ing tables Hinkson's, 82 Nassau Street tf TOWN TOPICS CLASSIFIED AD RATES $4.50 for 25 words, per in- sertion, 5 cents for each ad- ditional word. Box number ads 50 cents extra - Payment of ad within six days after publication saves 50 cents billing charge. Cancellations must be made by 5 p.m. Monday; reorders by 5 p.m. Tuesday, the week of publication. Ads may be called in, 924-2200, mailed to P.O. Box 664, Princeton, or brought to the Town Topics office, 4 Mercer Street. BOWDENS Fireside Shop Everything for your fireplace! 609-586-3344 1 791 Nottingham Way, Hamilton Twp ERNEY'S Unfinished Furniture 1000 Pieces of Wood Furniture 1 28D7 Ri 1 Business Lawrence • 530 0097 pfiddlesticks-] Toys To Remember Princeton Forrestal Village 520-0052 FORER PHARMACY 160 Witherspoon St. Pharmaceuticals Orthopedic Supplies 921-7287 .- LEWIS BARBER CONSTRUCTION NEW.HOMES ADDITIONS RENOVATION CUSTOM WOODWORK HOUSEKEEPER AVAILABLE: Mature woman available to work in your home one day per week doing household work Polish. Russian speaking with limited English Excellent references 737 1164 MARTHA'S VINEYARO: Katama - water view Bike to South Beach 4 bed rooms. 3 baths, contemporary, fully equipped with every amenity Ferry reservations. May-October $1000-- $1600 Call 924-9252 GUTTERTALK: Clean gutters, check roof and chimney Slandard one-story, $45, 2 story, $50 Repairs extra 921 9-28 It 1135 II HIGH SCHOOL EXCHANGE: Organization seeks volunteer Area Representatives to promote and super- vise nonprofit international student ex- cnange program locally No tundraismg required, expenses paid and full train- ing given Ideal opportunity to work with young people from all over the world, make friends m your community, and help further global understanding Possiblity for expense-paid trip to Geneva, Switzerland 1 For more informa- tion, call Jean Smith collect at 201 822 9299 or 1-800-447-4273 2-8-6t RENT - MANHATTAN: Newly furnish- ed studio apartment 'Now" through September Heart ol Village — 9th and University Place — 3 blocks NYU Write Tiger 42", PO Box 343. TttuSville. N J 08560 Include your phone number 2-15-5t ITS TIME TO THINK CLEANUP: a good start lor your gardens & yard Call us to discuss what needs doing References, free eslimates Full Circle Landscaping (201) 297-1907 2-22-61 FIREWOOD FOR SALE: Mixed hard- woods seasoned, split, delivered and stacked Half-cord, $75. full cord. $145 Call Jim, 924 3470 2-8-tl D.L.N. BUILDER: New constructions, remodeling and repairs (bathroom, kit- chen, efc ), decks, patios, porches, ad ditions Fast service Work guaranteed (609) 924-2684 APARTMENT FOR RENT: 2 bedroom, central Nassau Street Walk to campus Low rent 924-2040 3-1 -4t Brand New Old Mansions. p i ^OR SALE: Princeton Borough taxi license includes 1977 Chevrolet $7 000 Call alter 5 pm. 924-4782 2-22-41 GOVERNMENT SEIZED vehicles from $100 Fords, Mercedes, Corvettes. Chevys Surplus Buyers Guide. 1-805- 687-6000, Ext. S-1436 2-22-41 FULL CIRCLE LANDSCAPING: Specializing m the design, maintenance & care ol your outdoor living space __„„.,_ _ . . . Limited opemngs tor seasonal con„act S SEWING: Furnishings and fashions Pnnceton area Call now Relerences. Slipcovers, curtains, cushions Altera- tree estimates (201)297-1907 lions and repairs Miranda Short 92V RUBBER STAMPS School or college address Home, pusmess zip code Rubber stamps ol all kinds and sizes made to your order at Hinkson's 82 Nassau When you really know how to live well, the last thing you need to do is deal with turn-of-the century plumbing. What you need is a brand new old mansion. Something that combines the gracious .living of the past with the latest conve- niences of today. And that's exactly what you'll find at Andrews-Foulet. Our Classic Homes fea- ture all the modern amenities you could possibly want. But we surround these amenities with Old World standards of architectural design and craftsmanship. Standards other builders only offer as an option. We consider these standards essential. As essential as placing each Andrews-Foulet Classic Home on beau- tiful wooded land thai is surrounded by- dedicated permanent open space. Because at The Yedlin Company, we know how to bring the ( )ld World into the real world. Andrews-Foulet Princeton. The i )U1 World in the real world. ( )ur Classic Homes are priced from. $690, 000. For information, or to come and inspect the quality of our Classii 1 1' imes while they're being built, please call our sales office (609) 921-1928. PRICES WILL INCREASE ON MARCH 18 Andrews • Foulet II • Princeton THE OLD WORLD IN THE REAL WORLD The Yedlin Company 3 FOULET DRIVE. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540 Foulet Drive is off Cherry Hill Road in Princeton MOVING LOCALLY? This could be the best time to clean your carpets, r apes and .pholstered r niture. We will 'y pick them ^an and 'hem back ^>ll for IN PRINCETON A Classic! Design A, largest of Princeton's grand townhouses, is now enclosed. High ceilings and formal rooms give these su- perb residences their timeless elegance. $525,000. (Other houses from $415,000.) Visit Governors Lane, off Terhune Road. On-site sales office open every day, noon to 4 pm. Peyton PEYTON ASSOCIATES, REALTORS 343 Nassau Street Princeton, NJ 08540 (609) 921-1550 Sales Office: (609) 921-8558 DESIGN A FIRST FLOOR 1,450 sq. ft. OOH....WHAT A BEAUTIFUL COUPLE! HENDERSON, OF COURSE! ABSOLUTELY EXTRAORDINARY A sweeping view of Stony Brook, from one of the most beautiful lots in Princeton Township, is a highlight of this extremely gracious house designed by Philetus Holt, III, AIA. Tremen- dous attention to quality materials, construction and details are so very apparent. Numerous windows, doors and decks provide access to the most tranquil of settings. Spacious rooms, four fireplaces, floor plan that is quite flexible, including library, family room, playroom and fenced pool are some of the amenities. This outstanding property features everything imaginable for both comfortable family living and elegant entertaining, both indoors and out. Please call Peggy Hughes for details and appointments. $1,200,000 SIMPLY SPLENDID On one of the loveliest streets in Princeton Township's Western Section, sited on a very private 2+ acre lot, is a renovated William McG. Thompson, AIA, colonial with tremendous emphasis on charm and warmth. The wall of windows in the living room, overlooking the brick ter- race, permits the garden and grounds to be an integral part of the design. The Master Bedroom suite, consisting of library, bedroom and bath, has been up-dated and affords access to a secluded deck, Japanese garden and fenced pool. Stencilling has been added to the bay- windowed breakfast room and spacious dining room with marvelous fireplace. Front to back slate foyer, family room, rear entry lined with bookcases, three additional bedrooms all add to make this property truly an exciting opportunity. Please call Peggy Hughes for details and appointments. $915,000 J( )H N i ^HENDERSON » m REALTORS — • 33 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 (609) 921-9300
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What is the name of the 'Phantom' in the famous story Phantom Of The Opera? | Where the Phantom was born: the Palais Garnier - Telegraph
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Where the Phantom was born: the Palais Garnier
The underground lake; the deadly chandelier; the buried corpse...where do myth and reality overlap at the Garnier Opera House?
The interior of the Paris Opera: a worker died in 1896 when a counterweight fell from the chandelier Photo: MacDuff Everton/Corbis
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It began with the water. In 1861, Parisian workers attempting to lay the concrete foundations for a grand, 2,200-seat opera house in the centre of the city were baffled. The theatre had been commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III as part of his sweeping reconstruction of Paris, and 12,000 square metres of ground had been cleared. Yet a seemingly endless flow of water bubbled up from the swampy, newly cleared ground – and no one could do anything to stem it.
The grand facade of Le Palais Garnier
Thirteen years later, in 1874, architect Charles Garnier’s neo-baroque masterpiece, Le Palais Garnier, was finally complete. But rumours of a vast, fish-filled lake swirling beneath the building endured.
One Parisian who grew up with the rumour was the detective writer Gaston Leroux and in 1910 he would use it as the inspiration for his gothic love story The Phantom of The Opera.
In fact, historical and fictional events are so blurred in Leroux’s story that he was able to claim in his prologue (and on his death bed) that ‘the Opera ghost really existed’ – a claim that has left the Paris Opera, as it is now known, shrouded in mystery ever since.
Pierre Vidal, curator of the Palais Garnier’s museum and library, is more familiar than most with the myth of the Phantom’s watery lair but admits that the reality is rather less exciting.
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He says the ‘lake’ is actually a huge, stone water tank created by the construction team after numerous failed attempts to pump the site dry. ‘The pressure of the water in the tank stops any more rising up the through the foundations, and the weight of the tank stabilises the building,’ he explains.
Today, the tank (which is covered, except for a small grate) is used by Paris’s fire fighters to practise swimming in the dark. And while Vidal concedes that the cellars are large enough to contain a makeshift home, they actually house the building’s technical rooms.
Olivia Temple, who looks after the archive of Maria Bjornson (the late designer of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s original West End stage production), visited the Palais Garnier’s cellars in 2005 and understood immediately how they could have inspired Leroux. ‘It was completely convincing that somebody could have lived down there,’ she recalls.
‘There were alcoves and arches that I’m sure had passageways that very few people would have bothered to explore. And it’s bound to stretch out under the streets of Paris and join up with other watery cellars. Somebody like the Phantom could have had the run of it.’
But Temple admits they have lost a lot of their eeriness. ‘Because of health and safety rules, there are rather horrid bright lights down there now,’ she explains. ‘It has definitely washed away the gloom of those netherworld regions and you don’t get the feeling of what it must have been like when it was just lit with candles.’
Further inspiration for Leroux’s story came in 1896, when the counterweight from the building’s grand chandelier fell, killing a construction worker. Leroux wove the incident into the novel’s climactic moment, during which Erik (the Phantom) kills an audience member by causing a chandelier to fall during a performance and, in the furore that follows, kidnaps Christine, dragging her down to his underground home.
However, perhaps the most ingenious blending of fact and fiction in The Phantom of the Opera is in the prologue, when Leroux mentions the burying of phonographic recordings in the cellars of the opera house. He explains that, while the cellar is being prepared to house the recordings, a corpse is uncovered that is identified as Erik’s.
There may not have been a body, but the burying of recordings did take place. In 1907, the Gramophone Company sealed 24 records in two containers and locked them in the cellars of the opera house, to be opened 100 years later. In 2007, the containers were opened and the records digitised by EMI, which released the collection as Les Urnes de l’Opera.
Today, many remain unsure where the Palais Garnier’s history ends and Leroux’s story begins, and Vidal regularly receives calls asking him if the story is true. ‘We don’t like to break the illusion,’ he says, ‘but nobody has seen a ghost in the opera house. Although we do blame the “Phantom” as a joke if something inexplicable happens.’
There is, however, one element of Leroux’s story that holds some truth, and which Temple can bear witness to: the Palais Garnier’s water tank is home to a large, white catfish, which is fed by the opera house staff and can be spotted swimming past the open grate from time to time.
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Which material, invented by Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes and used to protect damage Was originally used as a textured wallpaper and celebrated 50 years of popular use in 2010 ? | The Phantom | The Phantom | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Phantom, drawn by Jerry DeCaire
The story of the Phantom started with a young sailor named Christopher Walker. Christopher was born in 1516 in Portsmouth . His father, also named Christopher Walker, had been a seaman since he was a young boy, and was the cabin boy on Christopher Columbus 's ship Santa Maria when he discovered America .
Christopher Jr. became a shipboy on his father's ship in 1526, of which Christopher senior was Captain .
In 1536, when Christopher was 20 years old, he was a part of what was supposed to be the last voyage of his father. On February 17, the ship was attacked by pirates of the Singh Brotherhood in a bay in the (fictional) African country of Bengalla. The last thing Christopher saw before he fell unconscious and fell to the sea, was his father being murdered by the leader of the pirates. Both ships exploded, making Christopher the sole survivor of the attack.
Christopher was washed ashore on a Bengalla beach, seemingly half dead. He was found by pygmies of the Bandar tribe, who nursed him and took care of him.
A time later, Christopher had a walk on the same beach that he had been washed ashore on, and found a dead body there, who he recognized as the pirate who killed his father. He allowed the vultures flying around the body finish their work, took up the skull of the killer, raised it above his head, and swore a sacred oath:
"I swear to devote my life to the destruction of piracy, greed, cruelty, and injustice, in all their forms! My sons and their sons, shall follow me."
After learning the language of the Bandar tribe, Christopher found out that they were slaves of the Wasaka tribe, a tribe consisting of what the Bandars called "giants". The Bandars who had found him was only a small group of people who had managed to escape from the village of the Wasaka. Immediately, Christopher walked into the village of the Wasaka, and asked them to set the Bandars free. Instead of achieving this goal, he was taken prisoner, and laid before the Demon God of the Wasaka: Uzuki, who was supposed to decide his destiny. Christopher was tied up and laid on an altar made of stone, where vultures surrounded him, the Wasaka allowing them to eat him. Christopher was quickly saved by a group of Bandars before the vultures or the Wasaka could do him any real harm. They managed to escape from the village of the Wasaka unharmed.
Christopher learned about an ancient Bandar legend about a man coming from the ocean to save them from their slavery. He made a costume inspired by the look of the Demon God of the Wasaka, and went to the Wasaka village again, this time with a small army of Bandars (armed with their newly discovered, extremely poisoned arrows, capable of killing a man in a few seconds). The Wasaka, shocked at seeing what many of them thought was their Demon God come alive, was fought down, and the Bandars were finally set free, after centuries in slavery. This resulted in a dedicated friendship between Christopher and the Bandars, which would be brought on to the generations to come after them.
The Bandars showed Christopher to a cave, which resembled the look of a human skull . Christopher later carved it out to make it look even more like a skull. What was later on known as the Skull Cave became his home.
Wearing the costume based on the Demon God, Christopher became the first of what would later be known as The Phantom. When he died, his son took over for him, and when the 2nd Phantom died, his son took over. And so it would go on through the centuries, causing people to believe that the Phantom was immortal, giving him nicknames as "The Ghost Who Walks" and "The Man Who Cannot Die".
The legend
Edit
Over the course of more than seventy years' worth of stories, the "legend" of the Phantom grew to become an integral part of the series' raison d'être . The legend of the "Ghost Who Walks" made the character stand out from the innumerable costumed heroes who have battled crime throughout the 20th century , and has helped maintain his appeal through the present day.
The Phantom is feared by criminals over the entire world, and he knows how to use his frightening image and reputation against them. As things turn out, the idea of him being an immortal ghost haunting evil men is much more effective than any supernatural power could have been.
The Family of The Phantom
Edit
The 21st Phantom's birth name is Kit Walker. Kit spent his first years in the jungle in Bengalla, but went to USA for studying when he was 10 years old, living with his aunt and uncle, Lucy and Jaspher, in the little town of Clarksville. Here, he also met his wife-to-be, Diana Palmer. Kit was an extremely talented sportsman, and was predicted to become the world champion of many different genres (he even knocked out the boxing champion of the world in a match when the champion visited Clarksville). Despite being able to choose practically any career he wanted, Kit faithfully returned to Bengalla to take over the role of the Phantom when he received word that his father was dying.
Newspaper strips
The first Phantom Sunday strip from May 28 , 1939 . Art by Ray Moore.
The Phantom started out as a daily strip on February 17 , 1936 , with the acclaimed story "The Singh Brotherhood". It was written by Lee Falk and initially also pencilled and/or laid out by him. The first major Phantom artist was Ray Moore. At the time, Lee Falk was already the creator of the successful Mandrake the Magician newspaper strip. Ray Moore was previously assistant to Mandrake artist Phil Davis . A Sunday strip version of the Phantom was added on May 28 , 1939 .
During the war, Falk joined the Office of War Information where he became chief of his radio foreign language division. It is rumored that during this time the Phantom strip was at least partially written by Alfred Bester , but this is still somewhat disputed by those who say Bester wrote Mandrake instead.
Ray Moore also was also active in the war and during that time left the strip to his assistant Wilson McCoy. Moore returned after the war and worked on the strip on and off until 1949, when he left it completely in the hands of McCoy.
During McCoy's tenure the strip was at its peak, appearing in thousands of newspapers worldwide. His stories are still printed over the whole world in comic books and hardcover collections.
McCoy died suddenly in 1961. Carmine Infantino and Bill Lignante (who would later draw Phantom stories directly for comic magazines) filled in before a successor was found in Sy Barry. During Barry's early years, he and Falk modernized the strip, and laid the foundation for what is considered the modern look of the Phantom. Barry would continue working on the strip for over 30 years before retiring in 1994.
Barry's longtime assistant George Olesen remained on the strip as penciller. New inker for the daily strip was Keith Williams. The Sunday strip was for some time inked by Eric Doescher before Mandrake the Magician artist Fred Fredericks became the regular inker in 1995.
Phantom daily strip from 2005. Art by Paul Ryan.
Lee Falk continued to script the Phantom (and Mandrake) until his death on March 13 , 1999 . His last Daily and Sunday strip stories, "Terror at the Opera" and "The Kidnappers", were finished by his wife, Elizabeth Falk. After Falk's passing, King Features Syndicate began to cooperate with European comic publisher Egmont ; publisher of the Swedish Fantomen magazine which has contained original comic book stories since 1963. Fantomen writers Tony De Paul and Claes Reimerthi alternated as writers of the newspaper strip after Falk died, with De Paul handling the daily strips and Reimerthi being responsible for the Sunday strips. Today De Paul is the regular writer. Some of the stories have been adapted from comic magazine stories originally published in Fantomen.
In 2000, Olesen and Fredericks retired from the Sunday strip which was then taken over by respected comic book artist Graham Nolan , whose goal was to give the series a slightly more filmatic look. A few years later, Olesen and Williams left the daily strip, after Olesen decided to retire. A new artist was found in Paul Ryan, who by then already was a Phantom veteran after having worked on the Fantomen comic stories for a couple of years. Ryan's first daily strip appeared in early-2005. Both Nolan and Ryan have grown to become very popular with fans of the strip, giving the strip a more filmatic look than what was common earlier.
Reprints
The Phantom by Romano Felmang .
The entire run of the Phantom newspaper strip, up to and beyond the death of creator Lee Falk, has been reprinted in Australia by Frew . Edited versions of most of his stories have also been published in the Scandinavian Phantom comics. In the United States , the following Phantom stories have been reprinted, by Nostalgia Press (NP), Pacific Comics Club (PCC), or Comics Revue (CR), all written by Lee Falk.
Edit
Cover to The Phantom # 4 (published in 2004 by Moonstone Books ). Art by Doug Klauba.
In the U.S., the Phantom has been published by a variety of publishers over the years. Through the 1940s , strips were reprinted in Ace Comics published by David McKay Publications . In the 1950s , Harvey Comics published the Phantom. In 1962, Gold Key Comics took over, then King Comics in 1966, then Charlton Comics in 1969. This lasted until 1977, with a total number of 73 issues being published. Some of the main Phantom artists during these years were Bill Lignante , Don Newton , Jim Aparo and Pat Boyette.
DC Comics published a Phantom comic book from 1988 to 1990. The initial mini-series was written by Peter David and drawn by Joe Orlando and Dennis Janke . The regular series that followed lasted 13 issues and was written by Mark Verheiden and drawn by Luke McDonnell . The series had The Phantom being involved with real world problems, like racism, toxic dumping, hunger, and modern day piracy . Despite critical acclaim, the series was cancelled in late 1990, due to declining sales and licensing issues.
Cover of The Phantom #1 (published in 1989 by DC Comics ). Art by Luke McDonnell .
In 1987, Marvel Comics did a series based on the Defenders of the Earth TV series (written by the legendary Stan Lee ). Only four issues were published. Another mini-series released by Marvel in 1994-1995 explored a more futuristic, high-tech version of the Phantom in three issues (apparently the 22nd Phantom). Later in 1995 Marvel also released a 4-part mini-series based on the Phantom 2040 TV series, pencilled by none other than legendary Steve Ditko , co-creator of Spider-Man . One issue even featured a pin-up drawing by Ditko and another legend, John Romita, Sr.
The gadgets used by Marvel's 22nd Phantom were remeniscent of those in Phantom 2040, only less advanced. For instance, while the 24th Phantom had a talking AI built into one of his wristbands, the 22nd's wristband contained a sophisticated, but clearly present-day, palmtop computer.
In 2002, Moonstone Books in the United States began publishing original graphic novels based on The Phantom, and a comic book series followed in December 2003, to critical acclaim. Among their stories is a new version on The Phantom's origin story by Ben Raab and Pat Quinn, called "Legacy", and a series of books introducing an all new format to comic books, called wide-vision books, which aims to look like widescreen films. In late 2005, Moonstone hired " Lions, Tigers and Bears " writer Mike Bullock and Carlos Magno as the new creative team on the book, with Joe Prado and Doug Klauba being responsible for the covers. As this is written in April 2006, Moonstone is in the process of making two collections of prose stories with The Phantom. Possibly because of huge interest from comic book publications and websites, The Phantom is to date Moonstone's most successful title, and it is considered to be the reason why the small independent publisher's popularity and fame have increased the last years. Although Moonstone's regular writer is now Mike Bullock, several others have participated, like Chuck Dixon , Ron Marz , Rafael Nieves, Joe Gentile, Tom DeFalco , and Ron Goulart . Some of the artists who have participated are Gabriel Rearte, Nick Derington, Jerry DeCaire , Rich Burchett, EricJ, and Eisner award winner Paul Guinan.
Scandinavia
Edit
In addition to the two newspaper strips, original stories are published by Egmont Publications in Scandinavia (where the Phantom is very popular). Egmont publishes a fortnightly Phantom comic book in Norway (as Fantomet), Sweden (as Fantomen), and Finland (as Mustanaamio {"Black Mask"} Template:Fn ). Egmont has been publishing their own Phantom stories for over forty years. They continue to sell well in a market mostly populated by humor comic books.
Cover to Swedish Fantomen # 8 (2003) (# 1303 since the start 1950). Art by Hans Lindahl. Published by Egmont.
The first story created originally for the Swedish Fantomen magazine was published as early as 1963, and today the total number of Fantomen stories is close to 900. The average length of a Fantomen story is 30+ pages (compared to 20-24 pages for most U.S. comics). Among the most prolific artists and writers that have created stories for Fantomen are: Dick Giordano , Donne Avenell, Heiner Bade, David Bishop , Georges Bess, Jaime Vallvé , Joan Boix, Tony DePaul , Ulf Granberg, Ben Raab , Rolf Gohs , Scott Goodall, Eirik Ildahl, Kari Leppänen, Hans Lindahl , Janne Lundström, Cesar Spadari, Bob McLeod (comics artist)|, Jean-Yves Mitton, Lennart Moberg, Claes Reimerthi, Paul Ryan, Alex Saviuk, Graham Nolan , Romano Felmang , and Norman Worker . The artists and writers working on these stories have been nick-named Team Fantomen. In later years, the Team have started to experiment more with the character and his surroundings, in more emotional and challenging stories than what was common before. Egmont have also been trying to dvelve deeper into the character's psyche lately, often giving him personal problems as well as his crime fighting.
Don Newton 's cover to The Phantom #74 featuring the Phantom of 1776.
Australia
Edit
Another country where the Phantom is popular is Australia, where Frew Publications has published a fortnightly comic book, The Phantom, since 1948. Frew's book mostly contains reprints, from the newspaper strips and from Fantomen (in English translation), but has occasionally also included an original story. The editor-in-chief is Jim Sheperd. Frew's The Phantom is the longest running comic book series with the character in the world.
India
Edit
The Phantom also has a long publishing history in India. The Phantom first appeared in India in the 1940s via a magazine called The Illustrated Weekly of India which carried Phantom Sundays. Indrajal Comics took up publication of Phantom comics in English and other Indian languages in 1964. They ceased publication in 1990. This same year Diamond Comics started publishing Phantom comics in digest form, again in many languages including English. This continued until 2000, when Diamond Comics stopped publishing Phantom comics; Egmont Imagination India (formerly Indian Express Egmont Publications) took up publication the same year. They published monthly comics (in English only) until 2002. Today they only bring out reprints of their earlier stories with new covers and formats. The only regular publisher of the Phantom left in India is Rani Comics which started publication in 1990. However, these comics are available only in the Tamil language . It may be noted that Indrajal Comics, Diamond Comics and Rani Comics, all published reprints of Lee Falk's daily or Sunday strips. Only Egmont Imagination India printed the Scandinavian work.
Others
Edit
Italian publisher Fratelli Spada in Italy also produced a large number of original Phantom stories for their L'Uomo Mascherato series of comic books in the 1960s and 70s. Among the artists that worked for Fratelli Spada were Guido Buzzelli , Mario Caria , Umberto Sammarini (Usam), Germano Ferri , Senio Pratesi , Mario Caria and Felmang . Ferri, Usam, Felmang and Caria have all later worked for the Swedish Fantomen magazine.
Brazilian publisher RGE and German publisher Bastei also produced original Phantom stories for their comic books.
Other media
See also: The Phantom (1943 movie serial) , The Phantom (film) , and The Ghost Who Walks
A fifteen-part movie serial starring Tom Tyler was made in 1943, with Jeanne Bates as Diana Palmer, and Ace the Wonder Dog as Devil. The story featured The Phantom in his search for the lost city of Zoloz. Strangely enough, the Phantom's real name was in the serial Geodfrey Prescott, but this was because the Kit Walker name had not been mentioned in the strip at that point. A sequel was filmed in 1955 starring John Hart , but after problems with the rights to the character it was partially re-shot and re-named The Adventures of Captain Africa .
The Phantom was also made into a movie in 1996 . The movie was set in the 1930s , and incorporated elements from several of the Phantom's earliest comic-strip adventures. It starred Billy Zane , Kristy Swanson and Catherine Zeta-Jones and was directed by Simon Wincer . It was written by Jeffrey Boam , who also wrote Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Cult-icon Bruce Campbell was another choice for the role, but Zane ended up getting the part because of his convincing screen-test, good looks and knowledge to the Phantom comic. After his casting , he feverishly pumped iron for a year and a half to fill The Phantom's costume. Many scenes developing the relationship between The Phantom and Diana Palmer were cut, to make the film more fast-paced. The movie was the reason why Billy Zane was cast as Caledon Hockley in James Cameron's Titanic , according to the actor himself, which to this date remains his best known characterization.
In 2002 , it was announced that Hyde Park Entertainment and Crusader Entertainment had acquired the feature film rights to the Phantom, with the intention of making a new movie in a contemporary setting. As of March 3 , 2006 , the movie's working title was The Ghost Who Walks and is scheduled for release in 2007. Two-time 1992 Olympic gold medalist Mel Stewart had been announced as a screenwriter for the production, although the latest information posted on the Internet Movie Database does not mention him in this role. In an interview, Stewart described the film as a combination of X-Men and Tom Clancy .
At least three unauthorized Phantom movies were made in Turkey. Two were made in 1968 and both were titled Kızıl Maske (the Turkish name for the Phantom, meaning Red Mask). The Phantom was played by Ismet Erten and Irfan Atasoy. In 1971, another movie called Kızıl Maske'nin Intikamı (The Phantom's Revenge) was made.
It is also known that unauthorized Spanish and Italian Phantom movies exist, although there are almost no information on them available.
Television
Edit
A TV pilot was made in 1961 starring Roger Creed (best known for his work as a stuntman) as the Phantom, with Lon Chaney Jr. , Paulette Goddard as the main villains and Richard Kiel as an assassin called "Big Mike" in supporting roles. The pilot, which never aired anywhere in the world, was called "No Escape", and saw the Phantom trying to break up a slave camp in the jungle. The pilot also featured the Phantom's horse Hero and his wolf Devil. It was made on a very low budget, and therefore, it only featured small-budget action, like the Phantom fighting a crocodile, the Phantom fighting Big Mike, the Phantom riding on Hero, and the Phantom hunting down the bad guys in the jungle, taking them out one by one, like he is known to do in the comics. In total, scriptwriter John Carr wrote scripts for four episodes, but due to the fact that the pilot never aired, they were never filmed. Although it was never aired, the pilot was shown at the San Diego Comicon .
Paul Hogan continually parodied the Phantom on his Australian TV-show, The Paul Hogan Show . He would dress up in the purple Phantom costume, and act out different humorous situations. The Phantom has also been frequently parodied on Scandinavian television, in different humour programs.
In 1996, the A&E Network made a long Phantom-biography for television, called "The Phantom: Comic strip crusader", which featured interviews with people like creator Lee Falk, actors Billy Zane and Kristy Swanson , director Simon Wincer, Frew-editor Jim Sheperd, George Olesen, Keith Williams, and the president of the US Phantom fan club Friends of the Phantom, Ed Rhoades. A&E Network 's biography programs normally focus on real-life persons, and the Phantom is one of the very few fictional characters to get his own program.
To promote the 1996 Paramount Phantom movie, numerous TV-programs about the Phantom were made. One of them was an HBO special called "Making of The Phantom", which featured behind-the-scenes information on the movie and the comic.
An Indian TV serial named "Betaal Pachisi" (meaning Phantom XXV), starring Shahbaz Khan, Tom Alter and Sonu Walia, and directed by Sunil Agnihotri, was inspired by the Phantom. It was first aired in May, 1997 on the Doordarshan TV network of India. Each episode was half an hour long and in the Hindi language. There were 49 episodes in total.
Animation
Main articles: Phantom 2040 , Defenders of the Earth
Phantom 2040 logo
The Phantom has appeared in two animated series. In Defenders of the Earth from the 1980's, the 27th Phantom, teams up with fellow King Features adventurers Flash Gordon and Mandrake the Magician . The cartoon also featured a daughter, Jedda Walker, who briefly took on the Phantom mantle in an episode where she believed her father to have perished. Other episodes of the series featured classic Phantom villains like the Sky Band. The episode "Return of the Sky Band" also featured flashbacks to the Phantom of Lee Falk's comic strip; the 21st Phantom, and his wife Diana Palmer.
In Defenders of the Earth, The Phantom was able to use supernatural means to give himself increased strength and speed, by saying the incantation:
"By Jungle Law
The Ghost Who Walks
Calls forth the strength of ten tigers " (or "the speed of the cheetah ", etc.)
It is only in this cartoon series that the Phantom has such an ability. In the series, the Phantom also used a special helicopter nicknamed "The Skull Copter".
In the cartoon, The Phantom was voiced by actor Peter Mark Richman . Like Phantom 2040, Defenders of the Earth spawned a lot of merchandise.
The Phantom also made an appearance alongside other King Features characters in the 1972 animated movie Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter. He also appeared in the animated Beatles movie called Yellow Submarine , together with other fictional characters.
Premiering in the mid-1990's, Phantom 2040 is about the adventures of a descendant, the 24th Phantom. Young Kit Walker, living happily with his aunt Heloise, knows nothing about his family's legacy, when one day, The Phantom's faithful friend Guran turns up to tell him the secret of his life. Kit takes up on the mantle of The Phantom, and starts a battle against the evil company Maximum Inc., and their plans to destroy earth's resources. He also tries to solve the mystery of the death of his father, the 23rd Phantom. The series lasted for two seasons, and spawned a large number of merchandise. The Phantom/Kit Walker was voiced by actor Scott Valentine , while other names like Mark Hamill , Ron Perlman , and Margot Kidder lent their voices to other characters.
Stage
Edit
A musical about the Phantom was produced in Sweden in 1985. It was written by Peter Falck and Urban Wrethagen and starred Urban Wrethagen as the Phantom. A recording of the songs was released on LP and a comic adaption of the story was published in the Swedish Fantomen magazine. The Falck-Wrethagen musical was also performed in Perth , Western Australia in 1989. It was not well received, mainly due to the poor acting ability and physique of the local lead actor, Robert Peron .
Another musical called "Fantomets glade bryllup" ("Phantom's happy wedding") was made in Norway, with Jahn Teigen as Fantomet. It was a humoristic take on the character, and also featured Tarzan and other fictional characters.
Video games
Edit
The Phantom have appeared as a playable character in two video games, " Phantom 2040 " and " Defenders of the Earth ". Both were based on the animated series with the same titles. However, in Defenders of the Earth, the Phantom was not the only playable character, as players were given the choice to control Mandrake the Magician and Flash Gordon as well.
In " Phantom 2040 ", released on Sega Genesis , Game Gear and Super NES , the Phantom was the only playable character, featuring a number of his special skills and high-tech gadgets from the Phantom 2040 TV-series. The game was acclaimed by critics for its complexity and intelligent gaming experience by the time it was released.
In 2003, a video game made for Game Boy Advance was announced, simply called "The Phantom: The Ghost Who Walks". It was developed by 7th Sense, and produced by Microids, and was described as a free-roaming jungle adventure. Under the development process, Microids went bankrupt, and the game was never released (7th Sense's game based on Mandrake the Magician suffered the same fate).
In 2006, a The Phantom Mobile Game became available for Cellphones , where the Phantom fights zombies, undead mages, floating skulls and other strange, magical creatures to find his kidnapped wife, Diana Palmer. Like the canned Game Boy Advance game, it was described as a free-roaming jungle adventure, with a film-like plot.
Rumours have been going about a Phantom PC-game, but nothing have been confirmed.
Theme park
Edit
The Phantom has his own theme park attraction in the Swedish amusement park Parken Zoo, Eskilstuna, where visitors can take a closer look at the Skull Cave , and several other places known from the Phantom comics, and talk to the Phantom "himself" in person. The park was inaugurated by Lee Falk himself in 1986.
Trivia
Edit
The 1943 Phantom serial is so far the only film to actually show the iconic handover of the Phantom legacy from the dying father to his son.
In the Adult Swim show The Venture Bros. , the character The Phantom Limb is a direct parody of him, right down to the same purple suit and mask, except that the Phantom Limb's limbs are invisible, making him look like a floating torso. (The name is a parody of the phantom limb syndrome amputees experience.)
Sy Barry came to draw Diana Palmer after the Charlie's Angels -star Jaclyn Smith .
Donna Marabella, the wife of the first Phantom, resembles Marilyn Monroe .
Maude Thorne McPatrick, wife of the 20th Phantom and mother of the 21st Phantom, resembles Rita Hayworth .
Flame Stanbury, the wife of the ninth Phantom, resembles Jane Russell
Lee Falk originally intended the Phantom's alias to be the rich playboy Jimmy Wells (years before the similar Batman was created). However, halfway through his first story, "The Singh Brotherhood", he decided to move the Phantom to the jungle and gave him the name of Kit Walker.
On the premiere of The Phantom movie starring Billy Zane in 1996, creator Lee Falk received a telegram from President Bill Clinton congratulating him.
According to the 1996 A&E Network Phantom biography, the Phantom strip was smuggled by boats into the Nazi -occupied Norway during World War II . The Nazis controlled almost everything in the Norwegian newspapers, and continued to publish fake news about the United States' fall. However, Norwegians knew better, as they knew the Phantom, still seen in the papers, was an American creation, therefore giving them hope in a difficult time. The word "Phantom " was also used as a password for the Norwegian Resistance.
Lee Falk was a huge admirer of William Shakespeare , and left several tributes to his hero in his stories throughout the years, even going as far as having the 3rd Phantom work as an actor for Shakespeare and marry his niece, Rosamunda.
The Phantom have been featured as a guest character in a few Mandrake the Magician stories, where the two crime-fighters, both created by Lee Falk, co-operate. It is unclear if they are considered to be part of the Phantom-canon.
In Sweden, early in the 1990s , there was a soft drink called Fantomenläsk (Phantom soft drink) featuring the phantom on the label. The soft drink itself was relatively opaque and was colored azure blue .
External links
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Designed in 1873 in the USA, which lever action rifle that later had several different models had the nickname 'The Gun That Won The West' ? | American Rifleman | Winchester's 'New' Model 1873
Winchester's 'New' Model 1873
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The well-established reputation of the Winchester Rifle has induced certain parties to offer for sale other makes of guns as ‘Improved Winchester.’ We desire to caution buyers that all guns made by us are stamped on the barrel or on the lower tang … ‘Manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Co.’ … All Guns bearing these stamps are guaranteed by us, if used with Ammunition of our manufacture.” So read, in part, the “Caution to Purchasers” on page 2 of the March 1891 Winchester Repeating Arms Co. catalog, right under a sectional drawing of the Model 1873’s action.
The Winchester Model of 1873 has been called “The Gun that Won the West” for generations-and with good reason. Nearly a quarter-million of the iconic lever-actions were produced between 1873 and 1919. Today, for the first time since the signing of the Versailles Treaty, the Winchester 1873 is back on the market with the venerable Winchester name “stamped” (really roll-marked) on the barrel.
A Brief History Of The Model 1873
Recently at Brian Lebel’s Old West Auction the only known photograph of “Billy the Kid” extant sold to William Koch, of Palm Beach, Fla., for $2.3 million, making it the most expensive historic photograph ever sold. Taken on the front porch of a building in Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory during the fall of 1880, the image shows a confident William Henry McCarty, Jr., holding a Winchester Model 1873. Books on the Old West are full of photographs of cowboys and the like posing with their favorite rifles, more often than not, Model 1873s. It has been often referred to as the “Gun that Won the West,” while some historians might dispute the title, more than 720,000 Model 1873s were produced, and its presence and role in opening the American West is most assuredly not in question.
Oliver F. Winchester was born in Boston, Mass., and was a prosperous clothing manufacturer in New Haven, Conn., when he invested heavily in the Volcanic Repeating Arms Co. founded by Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson in 1855. By 1857, the Volcanic had failed to find its niche in the American firearm market, due largely in part to the unique self-contained Volcanic cartridge and the problems inherent with a cartridge that had exposed powder in the base of the projectile. Winchester bought out Smith’s and Wesson’s interests in the company and reorganized it as the New Haven Repeating Arms Co. Along with the company he acquired the skills and knowledge of the chief foreman, Benjamin Tyler Henry.
By 1860 Henry was able to work out some of the bugs in the Volcanic design, and using the newly introduced .44 rimfire self-contained copper cartridge, introduced the famous lever-action that bears his name, the Henry Rifle. More than 14,000 were produced during the Civil War. The year 1866 brought about a new model with a side loading gate (King’s Improvement) and a wooden fore-end, as well as a new name, Winchester. Still available only in .44 rimfire, about 170,000 were produced between 1866 and 1898. The Model 1866 also had an added feature, a two pronged firing pin that struck the rimfire cartridge in two spots, ensuring positive ignition.
With the popularity, increased performance and reliability of center-fire cartridges, Winchester introduced the Model 1873 in .44-40 Win. (also known as .44 Winchester Center Fire or .44 WCF) to a very receptive marketplace. Also chambered in .32-20 Win. and .38-40 Win., this model outlasted and outsold all other Winchester lever-actions until the introduction of the John Moses Browning-designed Model 1894. With the capability of having one cartridge for both rifle and revolver, the Model 1873 chambered in .44-40 Win. was a frontier favorite.
Available in a dizzying array of variations, today’s collector can easily spend the rest of his or her life-and a considerable fortune-collecting the various types and variations of the Model 1873. Rifles, carbines, muskets, deluxe and even one of 100 (eight made) and one of 1,000 (136 made) special-order deluxe engraved guns, offer the collector a wide variety to seek for their collections.
Shooting the “New” Model 1873
Available in two variations from the Winchester Repeating Arms Co.-the Model 1873 Short Rifle and Model 1873 Sporter Case Hardened-this “new” lever-action is a worthy successor to its legendary predecessor. Both models have 20-inch round barrels and are only chambered in .357 Mag., which allows the shooting of .38 Spl.-the latter is a favorite of cowboy action shooting competitors. The Short Rifle, reviewed here, has a blued frame and barrel, while the Sporter Case Hardened’s receiver is color-casehardened with a blued barrel.
The new Model 1873 as manufactured by Japan’s Miroku-the maker of numerous Browning and Winchester lever-actions and single-shots, as well as Browning’s Citori-is a faithful continuation and modern recreation of the famed model that ceased production back in 1919. The Short Rifle has a nicely figured walnut, straight-grip, oil-stained, satin finish stock and a blued steel crescent buttplate. Sights are a Marble Arms gold bead front and a semi-buckhorn rear, just like the originals. The quality of the bluing-and more importantly the polish underneath it-was excellent; there were no blemishes, and it was rich and even.
On the receiver’s right, a blued steel loading gate allows loading 10 rounds of .357 Mag. or 11 rounds of .38 Spl. into the under-barrel tubular magazine. At present, that is the only chambering. The tang is pre-drilled and tapped for an optional aperture rear sight. You will not find one of those obnoxious thumb safeties on this model; it has the original Winchester lever disconnect safety as well as a new firing pin block with a striker that prevents the firing pin from moving forward unless the trigger is pulled. The new ’73 maintains the classic lines and features of the original.
Out of the box, the sample rifle has one of the smoothest actions I have ever encountered on a lever gun. No need for you to make a special trip to the local gunsmith to fine tune this rifle, as it was smooth as silk. At the range, I found it just about perfect for the novice or seasoned cowboy action shooter who wants to shoot a gun bearing the Winchester name without fretting over damaging or devaluing a century-old antique.
Most who have shot a Winchester 1895 in .405 Win. or any rifle with a crescent buttplate and a high-power cartridge, find the shotgun buttplate (a flat or slightly curved butt) to be far less punishing than a crescent shaped buttplate. Nonetheless, with the Model 1873, then as now, it was only chambered in handgun cartridges that never came close to packing the punch of the later Model 1876s, 1886s and 1895s. For this reason the 1873’s crescent buttplate is comfortable to shoot and doesn’t leave the shooter with a painful memory of an otherwise enjoyable day at the range. Another advantage of the crescent shaped buttplate is, when rapid firing offhand, the crescent shape helps hold the rifle firmly in place on your shoulder.
Shooting the rifle was enjoyable, and its operation was flawless. Technically, it is a rifle but with a carbine length barrel, and as such it shouldered well and pointed on target effortlessly. Finding the front sight was no problem with the Marble gold bead, and the semi-buckhorn rear sight is not only historically correct but practical and effective.
Three types of ammunition were used at 50 yards to evaluate the rifle and all performed within the acceptable variance of accuracy given the use of the supplied iron sights and the author’s aging eyes. Younger eyes or a rear aperture sight may have tightened the groups, but most cowboy action shooters and plinkers will find the accuracy acceptable. Even when firing the rifle with .357 Mag. rounds, there was no unpleasant recoil impulse due to the crescent shape of the buttplate. It was actually hard to discern the difference in recoil between the .38 Spl. and the .357 Mag. as both rounds exerted negligible recoil when fired from a rifle that weighs 7 pounds, 4 ounces.
Unlike shooting an original Model 1873, the ejecting shells fall free of the shooter with each and every shot. That’s thanks to some engineering changes to the carrier block, which kicks empties away from the shooter on ejection. After running several hundred rounds through the gun for this review, not one of the spent casings fell anywhere close to my head or face-a surprise for a longtime shooter of original 1873s.
With its chambering in .357 Mag., hopefully this latest Model 1873 will once again find a niche with hunters as well as cowboy action shooters who desire a smooth functioning lever-action bearing the Winchester name.
Manufacturer: Miroku Firearms Mfg. Co., Japan
Importer: Winchester Repeating Arms Co. (Dept. AR), 275 Winchester Ave., Morgan, UT 84050; (800) 333-3288;
Caliber: .357 Mag. (.38 Spl.)
Action Type: lever-action, center-fire repeating rifle
Receiver: blued steel
Rifling: six-groove, 1:183⁄4" RH twist
Magazine: tubular under-barrel, 10-round capacity (11 rounds of .38 Spl.)
Sights: Marble’s gold bead front, semi-buckhorn rear elevator adjustable for elevation; drift adjustable for windage
Trigger: single-stage, 3-lb., 14-oz. pull
Stock: oil-stained walnut: length of pull, 13", drop at heel, 3"; drop at comb, 1¾"
Overall Length: 39"
Weight: 7 lbs., 4 ozs.
Accessories: lock, owner’s manual
Suggested Retail Price: $1,300 (Short Rifle), $1,580 (Case Hardened)
IN THIS ARTICLE
| Winchester |
Which now 85 year old American author wrote the 1971 book The Exorcist ? | Gun Review: Henry Repeating Arms -Original Henry Rifle - The Firearm BlogThe Firearm Blog
Tags: 44-40 , Henry original , Henry Repeating Arms
Original Henry Lever Action
Those readers who have been around TFB for any time know how much I enjoy lever action rifles. That said I’ve had the privilege to review my favorite lever action the Original Henry from Henry Repeating Arms.
For simplicity sake from this point I’ll just refer to the Original Henry with brass receiver as the Henry. Before talking about the Henry I tested let me give you some history behind the rifle and the major contribution it made to the advancement in rifle design upon it’s release in 1860.
Working with other well known individuals in the firearms industry of the time Benjamin Tyler Henry was asked to design a rifle to handle the new ammunition coming out at the time as well as increase the rate of fire. In short Mr. Henry settled on the toggle link system first used in the Volcanic handgun. Mr. Henry changed the design a bit to handle the new and more powerful (for the time) round which became the .44 Henry rimfire. Of course the Henry receiver was enlarged to handle the new cartridge as well as strengthening the internal parts.
When the Henry repeating rifle hit the market in 1860 it was just in time for the American civil war. The government purchased a few of the rifles for the troops but no where near the numbers to make a difference. Individual northern troops purchased Henry rifles with their own money and went to war. At that time the soldier had at his use a rifle that held 15 rounds of .44 rimfire which fired a 200 grain bullet at an average of 1200 FPS. After the southern troops met this rifle in combat they referred to it as the “Damn yankee rifle you load on Sunday and shoot all week”. In fact one squad of union troops could equal the firepower of an entire company using the standard issue rifle.
Once the war was over many of those troops who owned Henry rifles moved west to start settlements. Others purchased the Henry before setting out with their families to settle the western territories and protect their families as well as hunt game to support the families needs.
All of the lever actions that came after the Henry owe the Henry credit for their internal workings and at least for the general way a lever action operates. If one looks at an 1873 Winchester action they are darn near identical in many ways. The 1873 was chambered in several calibers one of which was the brand new 44-40 cartridge. The Henry was modified to use this new round which increased it’s power and all around usefulness.
Original Iron Frame
Let’s jump forward to the last couple of years and the current Henry Repeating Arms Company. Most of the readers are familiar with the 100% American made line of Henry rifles and the popularity they enjoy. I’d always wondered why Henry never made an Original Henry to compliment the extensive line currently offered. Well that changed not long ago and now the shooting public has an identical to the original Henry rifle in 44-40 centerfire. You actually have two choices now which is the specially hardened brass (as hard as today’s steel) receiver model and the Iron Framed Original both of which are chambered in 44-40.
Most of you who aren’t involved in Cowboy shooting or just love lever actions like myself may not know very much about the 44-40 round. Let me say it has more power than you might think. Now the current Cowboy loads tend to be rather mild however for those that reload you can safely load a 200 grain lead flat point bullet to yield a speed of 2000 FPS and energy of 1777 foot pounds. Out to 150 yards the 44-40 can be used in the Henry rifle to take most any game in the US as long as you do your part and make a good shot.
The Henry Original I received for testing is just absolutely gorgeous. In fact I consider it just about the best looking lever action rifle there is. With well chosen Missouri Walnut buttstock, brass butt plate, brass receiver and the deep blue octagon barrel finish it really is a work of art. As you can see in some of the photos the Henry has two side plates so you can access the internals. Unless you get very close these plates are so well fitted you can’t even see the line between the plate and receiver body. All around the fit and finish is outstanding. I can’t say for certain how much hand work went into creating the Original but to get this kind of fit there must be a good deal of it!
Missouri Walnut Stock
The Henry loads and operates much like the lever action .22 you may have had as a kid. The rifle is loaded by raising the brass tab in the magazine all the way to the top moving it over a short amount then turn the last few inches of the barrel shroud to the right. This action exposes the opening in the magazine. The shooter then drops each round base first in the magazine until the magazine is full which takes 13 rounds. The barrel shroud is then moved over to line up with the barrel then the brass tab is lowered onto the top round. As the rounds are fired the brass tab moves down giving the shooter a reference to how many rounds are left.
Loading chamber
The hammer has a half cock notch but none of the obnoxious new safety devices that have been so common on new guns. When you move the lever forward the carrier moves down a small amount and a round is dropped into the carrier. As you pull the lever back into firing position the carrier is raised along with the live round. Next the bolt moves forward pushing the live round into the chamber and engaging the extractor to the bullet rim. After firing the brass ejects up a couple of inches or more depending on how hard you work the lever and tosses the brass straight back and to the right in one handy pile.
Brass buttplate which holds a cleaning rod.
At first I intended to do a few week test but that changed to a several month test after I had a couple of persons who informed me the action of the Henry was weak and wouldn’t hold up to much shooting especially handloads. I didn’t buy that for a minute so over the past few months I’ve shot many hundreds of rounds of factory rounds as well as handloads of my own creation. Let me just say the action is as snug as it was the first day on the range and the accuracy is very good indeed. I’ve run it fairly hard and the Henry has taken everything I’ve thrown at it.
Bolt and chamber
On the range I’ve taken some sessions with several targets and shot fast from 25 yards to 50 yards. Other range trips I simply setup at the 100 yard bench and shot for accuracy on steel targets. As you may note in the photos the front sight is silver and easy to see. I was able to shoot 100 yard ten shot groups with these iron sights that I could cover with the palm of my hand. I consider that very good for iron sights at that distance without a rest. I also setup a steel target at 300 yards and using the Henry rear ladder sight also set at 300 yards. I was firing prone using a backpack as a rest. With some of the more anemic factory loads I had to move the sight to 350–400 yards. With my handloads I was hitting steel with the sights set at 300 yards. I was hitting steel nine times out of ten with a mild wind coming from 5 o’clock at approximately 10 mph. I honestly didn’t think the rifle would shoot so well at that distance but it did and it sure was fun hearing that target ring.
Silver front sight
| i don't know |
What eight letter word is the name of the test performed to discover colour blindness ? | Color Blind Tests - Do you see colors as they really are?
Color Blind Tests
By Gary Heiting, OD
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A color blind test is a device your eye doctor uses to determine if you have a color vision deficiency, commonly known as color blindness . If you think you might be color blind, visit your eye doctor. (Don't have one yet? Click here to find an eye doctor near you.)
There are two types of color blind tests: screening tests that can detect the presence of a color vision problem, and more detailed quantitative tests that can detect a color vision deficiency and determine the type and severity of color blindness.
Screening Color Blind Tests
The most widely used screening test for color blindness is the Ishihara Color Vision Test. The test is named after Japanese ophthalmologist Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), who devised the procedure and first published a description of it in 1917.
Eye doctors use Ishihara plates to screen patients for color vision problems. Someone with a red-green color deficiency may not see the red number in this example.
The Ishihara Color Vision Test consists of a booklet, each page containing a circular pattern (or "plate") comprising many dots of various colors, brightness and sizes.
The seemingly random colored dots are arranged in such a fashion that a person with normal color vision will see a single-digit or two-digit number within the array of dots. But a colorblind person will either be unable to see a number or will see a different number than the one seen by a person with normal color vision.
The complete Ishihara Color Vision Test contains 38 plates. Abbreviated versions that contain 14 or 24 plates are more frequently used as screening tests during a comprehensive eye exam .
People being tested generally view the Ishihara plates in normal room lighting while wearing their normal prescription glasses . Because the Ishihara test requires the person being screened to recognize and identify numbers, the test may be less reliable when testing the color vision of very young children.
What is more important than your vision? Find local eye doctor to get an eye exam
A term frequently used to describe the color plates of the Ishihara Color Vision Test is "pseudoisochromatic." This alludes to some of the colored dots in the pattern that may at first seem equal ("iso-") in color ("chromatic") with surrounding dots. But this is a false ("pseudo") sameness, and the difference that exists enables a person with normal color vision to detect the "hidden" number within the array of dots.
Since the introduction of the Ishihara Color Vision Test, medical device companies have developed similar color blindness screening tests using pseudoisochromatic plates.
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For example, the ColorDx computerized color vision test (Konan Medical) is a self-administered, self-scoring app that comes preloaded on an Android tablet. In addition to testing for genetic color blindness, the ColorDx app can detect color vision deficiencies that can develop later in life due to glaucoma , multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy , macular edema and other disorders, as well as color vision problems associated with long-term use of medications and other substances, according to the company.
Quantitative Color Blind Tests
For a more detailed analysis of color blindness and/or a person's ability to accurately perceive colors, a quantitative color blind test is needed. The most popular such test is the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test.
The Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test identifies and quantifies color vision problems. (Image: Macular Pigment Research Group, Waterford Institute of Technology)
This test consists of four trays containing many small disks of varying hues. Each tray has a colored reference disk at one end. The person being tested must arrange the other disks within the tray to create a continuum of gradually changing hue.
For accurate results, the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test should be administered in a viewing booth that simulates natural daylight as closely as possible. Also, the colored disks should be replaced at least every two years to prevent loss of color saturation that could affect outcomes.
Each colored disk is numbered on the bottom to enable scoring the results against a key. The closer the match between the test sequence of caps and the correct sequence, the more accurate the person's color perception is.
In this fashion, the 100 Hue Test can detect whether or not the person being tested is colorblind and also determine the type and severity of his or her color blindness.
An abbreviated version of the 100 Hue test called the Farnsworth-Munsell D15 Test contains only 15 numbered disks of different hues. The D15 test, like the Ishihara Color Vision Test, is for color vision screening purposes only, and cannot quantify the severity of a person's color blindness.
Who Should Take a Color Blind Test?
A color blind test should be given to anyone considering a profession where accurate color perception is essential. Examples include electricians, commercial artists, designers, technicians, and certain manufacturing and marketing personnel.
The effect color blindness has on a person's job performance depends in large part on the color-related requirements of the position and the severity of the person's color vision deficiency.
In many cases, fears about being handicapped by color blindness are unwarranted. Because the condition is present at birth, most colorblind people are unaware of their color vision deficiency and do not find that it interferes significantly with their daily lives.
Though there is no treatment for color blindness, in some cases specially tinted contact lenses may improve a colorblind person's ability to perceive the differences between certain colors.
Online Color Blind Tests
Many color blind tests can be found online. These almost always are variations of the Ishihara screening test and are presented in varying degrees of quality.
Because exact color representation is essential for the accuracy of any color blind test, results from online color vision screening tests are suspect. For the most accurate results, see your eye doctor and take a color blind test administered by a trained professional using standardized testing materials under proper lighting.
Home » Eye Exams » Color Blind
About the Author: Gary Heiting, OD, is senior editor of AllAboutVision.com. Dr. Heiting has more than 25 years of experience as an eye care provider, health educator and consultant to the eyewear industry. His special interests include contact lenses, nutrition and preventive vision care. Connect with Dr. Heiting via Google+ .
[Page updated October 2015]
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| Ishihara |
Living from 1814 to 1862, what was the Christian name of the American inventor famous for the Colt Revolver ? | Color Blindness Tests and Facts
Test A. I see number
Test F. I see number
Test B. I see number
Test G. I see a
Test C. I see number
Test H. I see a
Test D. I see number
Test I. I see number
Test E. I see number
Test J. I see number
Test your color vision!
The test opposite, based on the Ishihara plates , is designed to give a quick assessment of color vision, and should not replace evaluation by a professional!
The original card version of Ishihara's color test was designed to be carried out in a room adequately lit by daylight. This electronic version may produce some discrepancies in the result as the images have been optimised for web-based delivery and with a 256 color display or greater. The results of this test are not to be considered a valid medical test for CVD and merely serve to illustrate the tests available.
Position yourself about 75cm from your monitor so that the color test image (a dotted disc) you are looking at is at eye level; then, select an image (Test A, B, C, D...) which contains a 1 or 2-digit number, or a shape, and see what you can see! Write your answer into the corresponding textbox. When you are finished, click on the submit button to see your score and compare your responses with the correct answers.
• A color test variant: the Farnsworth color arrangement test
The " Farnsworth arrangement test ", or more commonly – the color arrangement test, was originally developed for Navy use by Commander Dean Farnsworth in 1943 at the Naval Laboratory. To take this color blindness test, simply grab and arrange the colors in order, according to similarity, all along the row. Once you are done, click the button to see your results, then click again to see what type of color blindness you may have. This version of the test was created by Daniel Flück of Colblindor.com .
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• Additional tools and resources used to test for color blindness
An " anomaloscope " is an instrument that measures quantitative and qualitative anomalies in color perception. You can take a color blindness test with the help of a simple anomaloscope here .
If you know a new device for testing color blindness that is not listed on our page, please, don't hesitate to share it with our visitors/readers.
More color vision deficiency facts and questions...
• How does a man/woman affected by CVD perceive this page?
Click on: Red/Green or Blue/Yellow color filter (Be patient, the filter activation may take a minute or so...).
• What color do color vision deficient people dream in?
We only dream of what we know... People who become blind after birth can see colors and images in their dreams. People who are born blind do not see any images, but have dreams equally vivid involving their other senses of sound, smell, touch and emotion. It is hard for a seeing person to imagine it. So, colorblind people dream in the color set they see in real life... However, a full 12% of sighted people dream exclusively in black and white!
• Can a color deficient person experience 3D movies or stereoscopic images?
It depends on the color vision deficiency, and the degree of severity. A color vision deficient person can see recent 3D movies which are devised to be seen with glasses using crossed polaroid lenses, but not the old style 3D movies devised to be seen wearing anaglyph (red-green) glasses. Redgreen colorblind people do sometimes have difficulties with red-green anaglyph images since although the colors appear similar, the intensities are rather different - the red image typically looks darker than the green.
• How do color vision deficient persons perceive a colorwheel ?
Mouse over this standard colorwheel to see it as a colorblind person might see it.
• Reverse color blindness test
Color vision deficient people have a tendency to better night vision and, in some situations, they can perceive variations in luminosity that color-sighted people could not. In fact, most color blind people can easily read what is written in the picture below... That means, if you fail the test, you probably have the full range of color sensitivity that is attributed to color-sighted people. Anyway, this test is not to be considered by itself sufficient to determinate defective color vision.
(Highlight answer: NO)
Image taken from Sarcone's book Puzzillusions
• What bothers colorblind people most?
- When grilling a piece of meat, a red deficient individual cannot tell whether it is raw or well done. Many cannot tell the difference between green and ripe tomatoes or between ketchup and chocolate syrup! Many others are always buying and biting into unripe bananas - they cannot tell if they are yellow or green, and the matt, natural material makes it even harder to distinguish.
- Some food may look definitely disgusting to color vision deficient individuals: a plate full of spinach, for instance, just appears to them like cow pat.
- They can however distinguish some citrus fruits. Oranges seem to be of a brighter yellow than that of lemons.
- A colorblind person is generally unable to interpret the chemical testing kits for swimming pool water, test strips for hard water, soil or water pH tests because they rely on subtle color differences.
- Many colorblind people cannot tell whether a woman is wearing lipstick or not. More difficult to handle for some is the inability to make the difference between a blue-eyed blonde and a green-eyed redhead.
- Color vision deficiencies bother affected children from the earliest years. At school, coloring can become a difficulty when one has to take the blue crayon - and not the pink one - to color the ocean.
- Bi-color and tri-color LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): is that glowing indicator light red, yellow, or green? Same problem with the traffic lights...
Your personal experiences of being a color blind
If you are a color blind person you may want to help us by answering these two questions ...
• I need to pass a color blindness test for work. What can I do?
Some jobs require their employees to take a color vision deficiency test (often using the Ishihara plates above). For instance, good color vision is vital for recognizing various lights and signals important to pilots, especially at night. These tests are required by, among others, the coast-guard and most military and emergency services. Unfortunately, if you really are colorblind, there is very little you can do to pass these tests.
However, the CAA UK and the FAA US are currently reviewing the color vision requirements for professional flight crew. Many documents and papers over the last 20 years have stated the need for new color vision tests that are more appropriate to the tasks that pilots carry out. That is the reason why a new range of tests has been developed by Applied Vision Research Centre . For the few subjects that fail or are judged borderline from the results of the first CVD screening test, then a second program will measure the subject's chromatic sensitivity for stimulus conditions that are considered important experimentally. The results from this will then make it possible to judge whether the subject's performance meets the minimum color vision requirements that yield acceptable visual performance in the tasks investigated.
• Color blindness cure?
No cure exists yet for inherited color deficiency. However, the researchers Jay Neitz and his wife have developed and used gene therapy to restore color vision in two adult male squirrel monkeys that have been unable to distinguish between red and green hues since birth - raising the hope of curing color blindness and other visual disorders in humans.
They introduced the human form of the red-detecting ‘ opsin ’ gene into a viral vector, and injected the virus behind the retina of the monkeys. The researchers then assessed the monkeys’ ability to find colored patches of dots on a background of grey dots by training them to touch colored patches on a screen with their heads. After 20 weeks, the monkeys’ color skills improved dramatically. The insertion of the red-detecting ‘opsin’ gene gave rise to new color perception stimuli and, in fact, their brain started to react on this new visual information. Gaining this new dimension of color vision becomes a simple (!) matter of splitting the preexisting "blue-yellow" pathway into two systems, one for "blue-yellow" and a second for "red-green" color vision.
The Neitz’s are still in the middle of clinical trials. Actually, they are not only looking for a cure, but also trying to develop a test that can help forecast the severity of someone’s color blindness.
More info at http://www.neitzvision.com/content/genetherapy.html
• How can colorblind people compensate for their deficient color vision?
While there are no cures for color blindness, there are many possibilities to help control the annoyance of this disease. A possible treatment for color vision deficiency is to use special glasses with particular color filters to make it easier to interpret colors or actually to better see contrasts. Another way to control symptoms is to use what is called the X-Chrom lens . The X-Chrom lenses are red contact lenses worn on the non-dominant eye of color deficient people and which helps some to better interpret colors or contrasts. The X-Chrom lens does not restore normal color vision, it just allows some colorblind individuals to distinguish colors better.
EnChroma Cx Explorer for Colorblindness Correction
• How can I create a colorblind friendly website?
Apart from its aesthetic appeal, seeing many different colors allows us to distinguish things in the world. However, remember that there are always colorblind people among your audience and readers. Actually, there could be more than TEN colorblind people per 250 people visiting your site.
Then, we, the web community, must create an atmosphere which makes it easier for colorblind individuals to differentiate between text and background along with images! There are 2 ways that we can make information in pictures available to colorblind people:
1) The simplest way is to increase the red/green contrast in the images.
2) We can also convert the variations in red and green colors into variations in brightness and/or blue/yellow coloration.
One way to test your website for colorblind usability is by using these tools:
Each tool will show a copy of your web page as if it was seen as a select type of color vision deficiency.
Firefox also has a great add-on which allows webmasters to see color contrasts:
- Color Contrast Analyser Firefox Extension.
Below is a proposal of a color range selection that may be unambiguous both to color vision deficient people and normal sighted persons.
Some useful hints: when combining colors from this pallet, try to use 'warm' and 'cool' colors alternatively. Avoid combination of colors with low saturation or low brightness!
Set of colors unambiguous to color vision deficients
and to normal sighted persons
Original
Protanopia: CVD resulting from insensitivity to red light, causing confusion of greens, reds, and yellows.
Deuteranopia: CVD resulting from insensitivity to green light, causing confusion of greens, reds, and yellows.
Tritanopia: a rare form of CVD resulting from insensitivity to blue light, causing confusion of greens and blues.
• How can teachers help if a student has a color vision deficiency?
1) Always use white chalk, not colored chalk, on the board to maximize contrast. Avoid yellow, orange, or light tan chalk on green chalkboards.
2) Xerox parts of textbooks or any instructional materials printed with colored ink. Black print on red or green paper is not safe. It may appear as black on black to some color vision deficient students.
• I am colorblind and work on a computer - is there a way that I can determine the various colored graphics or letters?
Yes, there is a new product called Visolve that might help you. It is an interactive software program that takes a picture of your screen and allows you to manipulate various color.
• What is the relation between colorectal cancer and color deficiency?
Men are statistically more likely to die of colorectal cancer than women, and it is thought that one reason for this is that they are more likely than women to be color vision deficient. The link is that if you are red colorblind, when you look at a piece of used toilet paper it may all look the same color, even though there is red and brown on there. Hopefully, the other symptoms will prompt the color deficient person to seek medical attention (source: h2g2 ).
• Are there 'false' colorblind persons?
There is a type of color vision deficiency that is caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of the eye's retina. This kind of color vision deficiency is called " cerebral achromatopsia ". People affected with cerebral achromatopsia are perfectly aware of their visual experiences; however, they are unable to imagine or remember colors. They see the world like a black & white television where everything is a shade of gray. They cannot chromatically order or discriminate hue but they can distinguish color contrasts like a normal person. 'Transient achromatopsia' is a temporary loss of colour vision caused by a short-lived vascular insufficiency in the occipital cortex.
• Are cats and dogs color vision deficient?
Yes, we can compare man’s best friends’ vision with the vision of human being suffering from red or green color vision defiency (protanope, deuteranope, see fig. below). Dogs do see in color, but have two-color, or dichromatic vision , that is, they cannot distinguish between red, orange, yellow or green. They can see various shades of blue and can differentiate between closely related shades of grey that are not distinguishable to people.
Cats have the ability to distinguish between blues and greens, but lack the ability to pick out shades of red. They have a wider field of view — about 200 degrees, compared with humans' 180-degree view. So, cats have a greater range of peripheral vision. They also are crepuscular, that means they are active at dawn and dusk. Their night vision is far superior to that of humans: cats' eyes have 6 to 8 times more rod cells, which are more sensitive to low light [Images: See What a Cat Sees ].
Cats and dogs are primed to see "motion", rather than defining the world through sight alone. They use a blend of senses such as smell and hearing with their vision to do what we humans use our eyes alone to do.
• Are goldfish color vision deficient?
The common goldfish is not colorblind. It seems that it can see a very wide range of the spectrum both infra-red and ultra-violet and has the largest range so far discovered.
In that sense, it is tetrachromatic because its color vision is based on four types of cones (ultraviolet, short, medium and long wavelength-sensitive). Goldfish are actually the only animals that can discriminate, under certain conditions, both infra-red and ultra-violet light.
Since they have greater sensitivity to light than we do, it is important then to protect your goldfish from bright lights and sudden movements, and to spend a little time working out the right location for their tank.
You're encouraged to expand and/or improve this article. Send us your comments, feedback or suggestions.
We welcome the re-use and distribution of the content published on this Web page on the condition that you credit us by including the following information: "Copyright © 1992-2015, Gianni A. Sarcone, Archimedes-Lab.org. Used with permission".
You may not use this editorial content for commercial purposes!
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What seven letter word is the name of the chart containing letters of various sizes commonly found in doctor's surgeries for eye sight tests ? | Glossary of Ophthalmology Terms Mesa Az | East Valley Ophthalmology
AK: Astigmatic Keratotomy , modified form of Radial Keratotomy (RK).
Amblyopia: Dullness or obscurity of sight for no apparent organic reason, therefore not correctable with glasses or surgery. Sometimes called a lazy eye, wherein one eye becomes dependent on the other eye to focus, usually developed in early childhood. Often associated with strabismus .
Amsler grid: Hand held chart featuring horizontal and vertical lines, usually white on black background, used to test for central visual field defects.
Angle: Drainage area of the eye formed between the cornea and the iris , named for its angular shape, which is why you see the word "angle" in the different glaucoma names.
Anisometropia: Condition of the eyes in which they have unequal refractive power .
Anterior ocular segment: Part of the eye anterior to the crystalline lens , including the cornea , anterior chamber , iris and ciliary body .
Antioxidants: Micronutrients that destroy or neutralize free radicals, molecules that have been implicated as one causative factor in the stimulation of abnormal cellular reproduction (cancer) and cellular destruction (aging).
Antireflective coating: Coating on the front or back of glasses lenses, which minimizes the glare for patients who are extremely bothered by glare.
Aphakia: Absence of the lens of the eye.
Aqueous humor: Transparent fluid occupying the anterior chamber and maintains eye pressure.
Argon laser: device used to treat glaucoma (usually open angle) and diabetic retinopathy using a thermal beam.
ARMD: age related macular degeneration: Destruction and loss of the photoreceptors in the macula region of the retina resulting in decreased central vision and, in advanced cases, blindness.
Asthenopia: Eyestrain.
Astigmatic Keratotomy (AK): Treats astigmatism by flattening the cornea with arc-shaped incisions in its periphery, similar to RK.
Astigmatism: Structural defects of the eye in which the light rays from a viewed object do not meet in a single focal point, resulting in blurred images being sent to the brain. An astigmatic cornea is not perfectly rounded like a basketball but has an irregular shape more like the side of a football. Astigmatism is most often combined with myopia or hyperopia .
Automated Lamellar Keratoplasy (ALK): Procedure that predates LASIK eye surgery and is not generally used any more.
Automated perimeter: Computer-driven device used to plot defects in the visual field (peripheral vision or side vision). Usually, this is a large hemisphere shell into which the patient's head is placed. Various points of lights, sometimes of different sizes, intensities and colors are projected onto the screen. The patient then indicates whether the light is seen and the response is recorded. The computer then plots the effective visual thresholds within the targeted visual field.
Axis: Optical - a straight line through the centers of both surfaces of a lens. Visual - a straight line from the object of vision to the fovea of the eye.
BCVA: Best corrected visual acuity .
Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA): Best possible vision a person can achieve with corrective lenses, measured in terms of Snellen lines on an eye chart .
Beta-carotene: Member of the carotinoid family of vitamins, a precursor to vitamin A, thought to be beneficial to the eyes, helpful in treating diseases such as glaucoma.
Bifocals: Lenses containing two focal lengths, usually arranged with the focus for distance above and near focus below.
Binocular vision: Simultaneous use of the two eyes. Normal binocular vision yields a stereoscopic image and parallax-induced depth perception.
Blepharitis: Inflamation of the eyelids, a common problem which tends to be reoccuring in nature.
Blind spot: The area of the optic disk where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and where there are no light-sensitive cells. This small area can be measured and in glaucoma, as the nerve fibers die, the blind spot tends to enlarge and elongate. This is one of the diagnostic hallmarks of glaucoma.
Bowman's membrane: Extremely thin second layer of the cornea , situated between the epithelium and stroma , thought to be responsible for epithelium adhesion.
Capsular haze: A thin film of scar tissue that occasionally forms on the posterior capsule behind the intraocular lens implant following cataract surgery and removed with a Nd:Yag laser .
Caruncle: Small, red portion of the corner of the eye that contains modified sebaceous and sweat glands.
Cataract: Gradual clouding of the crystalline lens resulting in reduced vision or eventual blindness, correctable by cataract surgery .
Cataract surgery: Removal of a cataract , replacing it with an intraocular lens implant .
Central islands: Central islands are a small mound of central tissue, which can interfere with vision and occur when the laser beam does not uniformly remove tissue in the center of the treatment.
Choroid membrane: Dark, vascular , thin skin-like tissue, situated between the sclera and the retina , forming the middle coat of the eye. The choroid membrane nourishes the outer portions of the retina and absorbs excess light.
Chronic: Of long duration, going on for some time.
Closed angle glaucoma: Glaucoma conditions occurring suddenly (acute).
Ciliary body: Part of the eye that connects the choroid membrane to the iris . Produces aqueous humor that fills the front part of the eye and maintains eye pressure.
Ciliary muscle: Muscle attached to the crystalline lens responsible for focus (the same as ciliary body , but used in a different context).
Clear Lens Extraction (CLE): Procedure in which the eye's natural clear crystalline lens is removed and replaced with an intraocular lens implant , using the same technique as cataract surgery.
Colorblindness: Inaccurate term for a lack of perceptual sensitivity to certain colors. Absolute color blindness is almost unknown.
Color vision: Ability to perceive differences in color, including hue, saturation and brightness.
Comprehensive eye exam: Evaluation of the complete visual system.
Conductive Keratoplasty (CK): Procedure in which a radio frequency probe, rather than a laser , is used to reshape the cornea . It is approved for low to moderate hyperopia in patients over age 40, however it does not appear to have the precision of LASIK .
Cones: One of the two types of light-sensitive cells, concentrated in the center of the retina (also see rods ). There are about 6.5 million cones in each eye - 150,000 cones in every square millimeter - responsible for detailed visual acuity and the ability to see in color.
Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and covering the front part of the sclera (white part of eye), responsible for keeping the eye moist.
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation or irritation of the conjunctiva . Symptoms can be present in just one eye, or it can affect both eyes and include redness of the eyes or the edges of the eyelids, swelling of the eyelids or itching.
Contact lens: Small, thin removable plastic lens worn directly on the front of the eyeballs, usually used instead of ordinary eyeglasses for correction or protection of vision.
Convergence: Turning of the eyes inwards so that they are both "aimed" towards a nearobject being viewed. Normally works in harmony with divergence which is used for more distant objects.
Cornea: Transparent tissue that forms the front part of the eyeball, covering the iris and pupil. The cornea is the first part of the eye that bends (or refract s) the light and provides most of the focusing power.
Corneal curvature: Shape of the front of the eye.
Corneal mapping, topography: A tool used to see the refractive problems that might be present in the cornea. Corneal topography is used not only for screening all patients before refractive surgery like LASIK but also for fitting contacts.
Corneal relaxing incisions (CRIs): True corneal incisions, such as RK and AK .
Corneal transplant (penetrating keratoplasty): Surgical operation of grafting a replacement cornea onto an eye.
Crystalline lens: Double convex, transparent part of the eye, located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body. Serves in conjunction with the cornea to refract incoming rays of light onto the retina .
Cylinder: Refers to the degree of astigmatism (uneven roundness) present in the cornea.
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Depth perception: Ability of the vision system to perceive the relative positions of objects in the visual field.
Detached retina: A retinal detachment occurs when the retina is pulled away from its normal position in the back of the eye.
Diabetes mellitus: Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin secretion and/or increased cellular resistance to insulin, resulting in elevated blood levels of simple sugars (glucose) and including complications involving damage to the eyes, kidneys, nervous system and vascular system
Diabetes type I (IDDM): Insulin dependent, resulting from destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic islet cells
Diabetes type II (NIDDM): Non-insulin dependent, resulting from tissue resistance to insulin
Diabetic retinopathy: Deterioration of retina l blood vessels in diabetic patients, possibly leading to vision loss.
Dilated, dilation: Enlargment of the pupil (space in the middle of the iris).
Diopter: Unit of measure of the refractive power of an optical lens (equal to the power of a lens with a focal distance of one meter). A negative diopter value (such as -3D) signifies an eye with myopia and positive diopter value (such as +3D) signifies an eye with hyperopia .
Diplopia: Condition in which a single object is perceived as two; also called double vision.
Divergence: Turning of the eyes outwards so that they are both "aimed" towards the object being viewed. Normally works in harmony with convergence.
Double vision: Same as diplopia.
Dry eye: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable.
Endothelium: Cellular tissue that covers the inner surface of the eye within the closed cavity, typically referring to the cornea .
Enhancement: An additional LASIK procedure, used in the refinement of Personal Best Vision.
Epithelium: Cellular tissue that covers the outer surface of the eye. Consists of one or several layers of cells with only little intercellular material.
Esophoria: Position of the eyes in an over-converged position compensated by the external eye muscles so that the eyes do not appear turned inward.
Esotropia: Position of the eyes in an over-converged position so that non-fixating eye is turned inward. One eye looks straight; one looks inward.
Excimer laser: Laser used in LASIK surgery that operates in the ultraviolet wavelength, producing a cool beam.
Exophoria: Position of the eyes in an over-diverged position compensated by the external eye muscles so that the eyes do not appear turned outward.
Exotropia: Position of the eyes in an over-diverged position so that non-fixating eye is turned outward. One eye looks straight ahead and one turns outward.
Extracapsular cataract surgery: Surgery in which the cataract is removed in one piece through a larger incision, which usually requires several stitches.
Extraocular muscles: Six muscles that control eye movement. Five originate from the back of the orbit; the other one originates from the lower rim of the orbit. Four move the eye up, down, left and right, the other two control the twisting motion of the eye when the head tilts. All six muscles work in unison; when they do not function properly, the condition is called strabismus .
Eye chart: Technically called a Snellen chart, a printed visual acuity chart consisting of Snellen optotypes, which are specifically formed letters of the alphabet arranged in rows of decreasing letter size.
Eyelid: Either of two movable, protective, folds of flesh that cover and uncover the front of the eyeball.
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Farsighted: Common term for hyperopia .
FDA: Abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration. It is the United States governmental agency responsible for the evaluation and approval of medical devices.
Femtosecond laser: Used in the IntraLASIK procedure to make a safer and more precise flap than the older mechanical microkeratome technology, it uses a longer wavelength, smaller spot, and shorter duration per pulse than the excimer laser used to reshape the cornea .
Field of vision: Entire area which can be seen without shifting the gaze.
Flap: Part of the cornea consisting of epithelium , Bowman's membrane and some stroma , cut with a remaining hinge and lifted up as part of the LASIK procedure.
Flashes & floaters: Light spots or streaks and dark moving specks due to the vitreous traction on the retinal (light flashes) and solid vitreous material or blood (floaters).
Fluorescein angiography: Diagnostic test by which the veins deep inside the eye are examined. Dye is injected into a vein in the arm and circulated by the blood to the back of the eye, allowing for visual examination.
Fovea: Small depression in the retina , the point where vision is most acute.
Fundus: Furthest point at the back of the eye, consisting of the retina , choroid membrane , sclera , optic disc and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope.
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Ghost image: Faint second image of the object you are viewing.
Giant papillary conjunctivitis: Type of conjunctivitis wherein bumps or ridges form on the inside of eyelids, which make wearing contact lenses uncomfortable; in fact, this condition is often caused by overwearing of certain contact lenses
Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision.
Glaucoma: Painless disease of the eye characterized by increased pressure within; left untreated it leads to a gradual impairment of sight often resulting in blindness.
Gonioscopy: Viewing procedure utilizing a mirror/lens device placed directly upon the cornea that is used to view the drainage area called "the angle" through which aqueous fluid exits the eyeball.
Halos: Rings around lights due to optical imperfections in, or in front of, the eye.
Haptics: The arms of an intraocular lens , which holds it in place once inserted inside the eye.
Haze: Corneal clouding that causes the sensation of looking through smoke or fog.
Heterophoria: Constant tendency of one eye to deviate in one or another direction due to imperfect balance of ocular muscles.
Holmium laser: A laser which operates in the infrared wavelength, producing a hot beam. It is used in Laser Thermokeratoplasty surgery and more commonly in surgical procedures involving the disintegration of stones and fibrous tissue ablation .
Hyperopia: Also called farsightednesss, hyperopia is the inability to see near objects as clearly as distant objects, and the need for accommodation to see distant objects clearly.
Hypoxia: Deficiency of oxygen supply to a tissue.
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Image: Light reflected into the eye, off objects in front of the eye. This light contains all the information about the objects (such as color, shadow. motion and detail) that are translated to the brain and allow you to "see" (know about the objects).
Inflammation: Body's reaction to trauma, infection, or a foreign substance, often associated with pain, heat, redness, swelling, and/or loss of function.
Informed Consent Form: Document disclosing the risks, benefits, and alternatives to a procedure.
In Situ: Term meaning "in place".
Intracapsular cataract surgery: Cataract surgery in which both the lens and capsule are completely removed, a rarely used procedure.
Intraocular lens implant (IOL): Permanent, artificial lens surgically inserted inside the eye to replace the crystalline lens following cataract surgery or clear lens extraction .
Intraocular pressure (IOP): Fluid pressure within the eye created by the continual production and drainage of aqueous fluid in the anterior chamber .
Iridotomy: Treatment for closed-angle glaucoma, one of the many types of glaucoma, usually done with a laser .
Iris: Colored part of the eye. Elastic, pigmented, muscular tissue in front of the crystalline lens that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil in the center.
Ischemia: Restriction or blockage of blood flow through a blood vessel. Ischemia is a causative agent of certain heart attacks and strokes and is involved in various types of visual field losses.
Intacs: Surgically implanted plastic half rings that change the shape of the cornea .
Keratectomy: Surgical removal of cornea l tissue.
Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea
Keratotomy: Surgical incision (cut) of the cornea . .
Keratoconous: Rare, serious, degenerative cornea l disease, in which the cornea thins and assumes the shape of a cone.
Keratomileusis: Carving of the cornea to reshape it.
Keratoplasty: Surgical reshaping of the cornea .
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Lacrimal apparatus: Part of the eye that produces tears.
LASEK: Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis, a refractive surgery in which the epithelium is cut with a fine blade, called a trephine, and involves displacing the cornea l epithelium as a sheet and then replacing it to (theoretically) act as a natural bandage.
Laser: Device that generates an intense and highly concentrated beam of light. Acronym for: Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation. (Also see: holmium laser , argon laser , Nd:YAG laser , femtosecond laser , and excimer laser )
Laser Thermokeratoplasty (LTK): Holmium 'hot' beam laser, instead of the 'cool' beam excimer laser, is used to treat farsighted patients and is very limited in its application; the effects are not long lasting.
LASIK: Laser Assisted In-Situ Keratomilieusis, a refractive surgery in which Excimer laser ablation is performed under a flap on the cornea to correct refractive errors .
Lazy eye: Amblyopia, an eye condition noted by reduced vision not correctable by glasses or contact lenses and is not due to any eye disease.
Legally blind: 20/200 vision and over is the qualification of legal blindness in the United States.
Lens: Same as the crystalline lens . Double convex, clear part of the eye, behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor. Serves to refract the various rays of light so as to form an image on the retina .
Lenticular: Special non- cataract lenses for patients who have cataracts.
Lid speculum: A surgical tool that holds the eyelids open and which allows the surgeon to gain access to the eye with minimal pressure on the globe.
Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI): Small incisions placed on the far peripheral aspect of the cornea resulting in a cornea that is more round, for correcting astigmatism .
Limbus: Thin area that connects the cornea and the sclera .
Low vision: Condition occurring when ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses are unable to bring a patient's sight up to normal sharpness.
LTK (Laser Thermal Keratoplasty): Holmium 'hot' beam laser, instead of the 'cool' beam excimer laser, is used to treat farsighted patients and is very limited in its application; the effects are not long lasting.
Lutein: Member of the carotinoid family of vitamins, similar to beta-carotene, thought to be beneficial to the eyes, helpful in treating diseases such as glaucoma.
Macula: Yellow spot on the retina , where the photoreceptors are most dense and responsible for the central vision. Has the greatest concentration of cones, responsible for visual acuity and the ability to see in color.
Macular edema: Collection of fluid in and under the macular portion of the retina .
Macular degeneration: Disease of the macula, which results in the loss of central vision.
Meridian: Orientation of a particular curve, often used in relation to the cornea .
Microkeratome: Mechanical surgical device that is affixed to the eye by use of a vacuum ring. When secured, a very sharp blade cuts a layer of the cornea at a predetermined depth.
Miosis: Pupillary constriction.
Monovision: Purposeful adjustment of one eye for near vision and the other eye for distance vision.
Mydriasis: Pupillary dilation.
Myopia: Also called nearsightedness or shortsightedness, the inability to see distant objects as clearly as near objects.
Near point of accommodation: Closest point in front of the eyes that an object may be clearly focused.
Near point of convergence: Maximum extent the two eyes can be turned inwards.
Nearsighted: Common term for myopia .
Neodymium YAG Laser: Laser used to treat Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) as well as open angle glaucoma Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
Neovascularization: Often associated with diabetes, involves the formation of new blood vessels, often fragile and inappropriate for the location.
Nerve fibers/axons: Extensions of photoreceptors that form the nerve bundle that is called the optic nerve.
Neuro-ophthalmology: Subspecialty that treats the nervous and vascular systems that involve the eye.
Normal vision: Occurs when light is focused directly on the retina rather than in front or behind it.
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Ocular herpes: A recurrent viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Ocular herpes represents the most common infectious cause of corneal blindness in the United States.
Ocular hypertension: Elevated fluid pressure. The normal pressure is about 10 to 21mmHg, with the majority of people falling between 13 and 19. Over 21 is considered suspicious. Over 24 cautiously concerned - warranting immediate investigation. Over 30 is considered urgent and a potential emergency situation.
OD: Abbreviation standing for "oculus dextrum" meaning: right eye.
ONH: Optic nerve, optic nerve head. A bundle of nerve fibers about the diameter of pencil that passes through the back of the eyeball, and connects to the nerve fiber layer of the retina . It can be observed directly with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope.
Open angle glaucoma: Glaucoma conditions of long duration (chronic).
Ophthalmologist: An ophthalmologist is either a medical doctor (MD) or an osteopathic physician (D.O.) who is qualified and especially trained to diagnose and treat all eye and visual system problems, both medically and surgically, as well as diagnose general diseases of the body.
Ophthalmoscope: Instrument used to examine the interior of the eye: it consists of a perforated mirror arranged to reflect light from a small bulb into the eye.
Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the internal structures of the eye using an illumination and magnification system.
Optic disc: The head of the optic nerve that is formed by the meeting of all retina l nerve fibers.
Optic nerve: Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the retina with the brain. The optic nerve carries signals of light to the area of the brain called the visual cortex, which assembles the signals into images called vision.
Optician: Expert who designs, verifies and dispenses lenses, frames and other fabricated optical devices upon the prescription of an ophthalmologist or an optometrist.
Optometrist: Eye care professional, graduate of optometry school, provides non-surgical visual care. Specifically educated and trained to examine the eyes, and determine visual acuity as well as other vision problems and ocular abnormalities. An optometrist prescribes glasses and contact lenses to improve visual acuity.
Orbit: Boney socket containing the eyeball, fat, extraocular muscles, nerves and blood vessels.
Orthokeratology (OK): Non-surgical procedure using contact lenses to alter the shape of the cornea to effect a change in the refractive error .
Orthoptics: Exercises designed to help the eye muscles work together to improve visual perception.
OS: Abbreviation standing for "oculus sinistrum" meaning: left eye
Overcorrection: Occurence in refract ive surgery where the achieved amount of correction is more than desired; in LASIK , typically due to a patent's over-response to the laser ablation.
Pachymeter: Instrument that measures the distance between the top of the cornea l epithelium and the bottom of the cornea l endothelium used as diagnostic testing device measuring for cornea l thickness.
Pachymetry: Exam for measuring cornea l thickness.
Papilledema: Non-inflammatory swelling/elevation of the optic nerve often due to increased intracranial pressure or space-occupying tumor.
PD: Used on prescriptions to indicate the distance between the pupils of both eyes.
Pellucid marginal degeneration: A bilateral, noninflammatory, peripheral corneal thinning disorder, which is characterized by a peripheral band of thinning of the inferior cornea.
Peripheral vision: Ability to perceive the presence, motion, or color of objects outside the direct line of vision.
Personal Best Vision: Best possible vision for each individual as corrected.
Phacoemulsification cataract surgery: Cataract removal procedure which involves making a tiny incision, about 1/8" long. A pen-like instrument, inserted through the opening, is used to emulsify and aspirate the clouded lens material, using gentle sound waves. Then an intraocular lens is inserted into place.
Phacofracture cataract surgery: Cataract surgery in which the lens is removed through a small incision by "fracturing" it into several small segments, rarely used today.
Phakic Intraocular Lenses (IOLs): Placed inside the eye without removing the natural lens, and performs much like an internal contact lens.
Phoropter: A common device found in most eye doctor's offices, with mulitple lenses, used to measure refractive errors. A phoropter calculates the prescription required for corrective lenses.
Photocoagulation: Focusing of powerful light rays onto tiny spots on the back of the eye, producing heat, which seals retina l tears and cauterizes small blood vessels.
Photophobia: Sensitivity to light.
Photoreceptors: Microscopic light-sensitive cells that are located in the retina called rods and cones . There are approximately 7 million cones and 125 million rods
Photo Refractive Keratectomy (PRK): Surgery in which a small area on the cornea l epithelium (surface cells) is gently polished away. The laser then reshapes the cornea l surface in exactly the same way as for LASIK surgery.
Pingecula: Irritation caused degeneration of the conjunctiva resulting in a thickening and yellowing of the normally thin transparent tissue.
Pink eye: Type of conjunctivitis, commonly seen in children.
Posterior capsule: The thin membrane in the eye that holds the crystalline lens in place.
Posterior chamber: The back section of the eye's interior.
Posterior optical segment: Part of the eye posterior (behind) to the crystalline lens , including the vitreous, choroid retina and optic nerve.
Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD): Separation of the vitreous body from its attachment from the retina l surface due to shrinkage from degenerative or inflammatory conditions or trauma. An age-related condition.
Prelex: Surgical procedure that attempts to correct presbyopia.
Presbyopia: Inability to maintain a clear image (focus) as objects are moved closer. Presbyopia is due to reduced elasticity of the lens with increasing age.
Prescription: Amount of vision correction necessary, written in a form that can be utilized during the manufacture of corrective lenses or to configure a laser machine.
PRK: Acronym for Photo-Refractive Keratectomy, which is a procedure involving the removal of the surface layer of the cornea ( epithelium ) by gentle scraping and use of a computer-controlled excimer laser to reshape the stroma .
Progressive lenses: Bifocal or trifocal lenses which appear to be single vision with no distinct lines between the various focal lengths.
Punctal occlusion: Treatment for dry eye in which plugs are inserted into the punctum in order to retain lubricating tears naturally produced by the eye.
Punctum: The hole in the upper and lower eyelids through which tears exit the eye. In patients with dry eyes, temporary or permanent plugs may be inserted to help keep tears in the eye. Tears flow through the punctum to the nose, which is why people often experience a runny nose when crying.
Pupil: Black circular opening in the center of iris through which light passes into the crystalline lens . It changes size in response to how much light is being received by the eye, larger in dim lighting conditions and smaller in brighter lighting conditions.
Pupillary response: Constriction and dilation of the pupil due to stimulation by light or accommodation.
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Radial Keratotomy (RK): Outdated procedure once used to correct mild to moderate myopia , whereby making a series of spoke-like incisions around its periphery flattens the cornea .
Refract: To bend aside, as in "the crystalline lens refract s the light as it passes through", or to measure the degree the eyes or lenses bend light, as in "the doctor refract s a patient's eyes".
Refraction: Test to determine the refractive power of the eye; also, the bending of light as it passes from one medium into another.
Refractive errors: The degree of visual distortion or limitation caused by inadequate bending of light rays, includes hyperopia , myopia , and astigmatism .
Refractive power: Ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it.
Refractive surgery: Type of surgery (such as LASIK ) that affects the refract ion of vision.
Retina: Layer of fine sensory tissue that lines the inside wall of the eye, composed of light sensitive cells known as rods and cones . Acts like the film in a camera to capture images, transforms the images into electrical signals, and sends the signals to the brain by way of the optic nerve.
Retinal Detachment: Condition wherein retina breaks away from the choroid membrane , causing it to lose nourishment and resulting in loss of vision unless successfully surgically repaired.
RK: Abbreviation for " radial keratotomy ", an outdated procedure once used to correct mild to moderate myopia , whereby making a series of spoke-like incisions around its periphery flattens the cornea .
Rods: One of the two types of light-sensitive cells, located primarily in the side areas of the retina (also see cones). There are about 125 million rods , which are responsible for visual sensitivity to movement, shapes, light and dark (black and white) and the ability to see in dim light.
Routine eye exam: To test the overall condition of the eye and prescribe corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses or LASIK .
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Schirmer test: Test for dry eyes, which uses a thin strip of filter paper placed at the edge of the eye.
Sclera: White part of the eye. Tough covering that (with the cornea ) forms the external, protective coat of the eye.
Scotoma: Area of partial or complete loss of vision surrounded by an area of normal vision, as what can occur in advanced ARMD or glaucoma.
Single vision: Lenses with only one focal length.
Slit-Lamp: Ophthalmic instrument producing a slender beam of light used to illuminate and examine the external and internal parts of the eye.
Sloan eye chart: A common chart used to test visual acuity with black letters of various sizes against a white background.
Snellen eye chart: Most common chart used to test visual acuity with black letters of various sizes against a white background.
Snellen lines: Snellen optotypes arranged in horizontal rows called "lines".
Snellen optotypes: Specifically formed letters of the alphabet arranged in rows of decreasing letter size on the Snellen chart.
Sphere: Focusing power of the corrective lens.
Stereoscopic vision: Ability to see in three-dimension.
Stereopsis: Ability to perceive three-dimensional depth.
Strabismus: Condition occurs when the muscles of the eye do not aligned properly and binocular vision is not present. Patients with a history of strabismus may develop double vision after refractive eye surgery.
Stroma: Middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea .
Suppression: Inability to perceive all of part of objects in the field of vision of one eye.
Suspensory ligament of lens: Series of fibers that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place; ; also known as zonules.
Sympathetic ophthalmia: Inflammation of one eye following inflammation in the other eye.
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Tonometry: Procedure for the measurement of intraocular pressure. A test for glaucoma.
Topography: A tool used to see the refractive problems that might be present in the cornea. Corneal topography is used not only for screening all patients before refractive surgery like LASIK but also for fitting contacts.
Toric: Lens (eyeglasses, intraocular lens , or contact lens) that is the warped (astigmatic) opposite to that of the eye, thereby canceling out the error.
Trabecular meshwork: Drainage channels located inside the eye.
Trabeculoplasty: A procedure for the treatment of glaucoma, using a laser ( Argon or Nd:YAG ). Trabeculoplasty remodels the trabecular meshwork in order to increase drainage of aqueous and lower the intraocular pressure .
Trifocals: Lenses containing three focal lengths, usually arranged with the focus for distance above, intermediate distance in the middle, and near vision below.
Twenty-twenty, 20/20 vision: To have 20/20 vision means that when you stand 20 feet away from the Snellen eye chart you can see what the majority of people can see at that same distance.
Uveal tract: Pigmented, middle layers of the eye, which include the choroid , ciliary body and iris .
Uveitis: Inflammation of any portion of the uveal tract.
Ultrasound waves: Sound waves above 20,000 vibrations per second, above the range audible to the human ear, used in medical diagnosis and surgery.
Ultrasonography: Recordings of the echoes of ultrasound waves sent into the eye and reflected from the structures inside the eye or orbit. Ultrasonography is used to make measurements and to detect and localize tumors and retina l detachments.
Ultraviolet radiation: Radiant energy with a wavelength just below that of the visible light. UV-c is the shortest wavelength at 200-280 nm and is absorbed by the atmosphere before reaching the surface. UV-b, at 280-315 nm is the burning rays of the sun and damages most living tissue. UV-a, at 315-400 nm is the tanning rays of the sun and is somewhat damaging to certain tissues. UV radiation has been described as a contributing factor to some eye disease processes, which result in ARMD and cataract s and causes exposure keratitis.
Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA): Best possible vision a person can achieve without corrective lenses measured in terms of Snellen lines on an eye chart .
Undercorrection: Occurence in refract ive surgery where the achieved amount of correction is less than desired; in LASIK , typically due to a patient under-responding to the laser treatment.
Vascular: Having to do with transporting blood.
Vision: The ability of the brain to see and interpret what is in front of the eyes.
Vision therapy: Orthoptics, vision training, eye exercises. Treatment process for the improvement of visual perception and/or coordination of the two eyes, for more efficient and comfortable binocular vision.
Visual acuity: Clearness of vision; the ability to distinguish details and shapes, which depends upon the sharpness of the retina l image.
Visual cortex: That part of the brain responsible for vision.
Visual field: Area or extent of space visible to an eye in a given position of gaze. There is a central visual field - the area directly in front of us, and a peripheral visual field - our "side vision". The fields of each eye partly overlap. We do not perceive the blind spots from each eye because the area that is missing in one eye is present in the other.
VISX CustomVue Procedure: WaveScan-driven laser vision correction with the potential to produce better vision than is possible with glasses or contact lenses, and enable surgeons to measure and correct unique imperfections in each individual's vision.
VISX STAR S4 Excimer laser System: Highly advanced laser technology platform, the VISX STAR S4 combines Variable Spot Scanning (VSS) and ActiveTrak 3-D Active Eye Tracking along with the WavePrint.
Vitreous humor, fluid, or body: Jelly-like, colorless, transparent substance occupying the greater part of the cavity of the eye, and all the space between the crystalline lens and the retina .
Vitrectomy: Surgical removal of vitreous humor that is diseased or has lost its transparency.
Wavefront: Wavefront technology produces a detailed map of the eye. The information is transferred to the laser via computer software.
YAG laser surgery: Properly called Nd:Yag laser capsulotomy, a procedure using a Nd:YAG (neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser, used primarily to treat secondary cataract s (capsular haze) that occur subsequent to the primary cataract procedure, or to relieve increased pressure within the eye from acute angle-closure glaucoma via a peripheral iridotomy. It can also be used to treat open angle glaucoma in a procedure called selective laser trabeculoplasty .
The eye specialists of East Valley Ophthalmology perform advanced technology diagnostic testing and treatment, as well as taking the time necessary to provide each patient with information needed to fully understand their condition and to achieve their best possible visual outcome.
If you would like further information, please call our office at:
480-981-6111
East Valley Ophthalmology
Eye Doctors - Mesa, Arizona
If you or a family member or friend have not had a recent routine eye examination, have a specific eye condition that needs addressing, or are looking for an eye specialist or professional eye consultant please take a moment to Request an Appointment .
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FAQs
More than half of all Americans will have dealt with cataracts by the time they are 80, yet many people still do not know what they are or what causes them. Cataracts are common among those over the age of 50 and are characterized by a clouding of the eye's natural lens, resulting in blurry vision.
Currently, the surgical removal of the lenses and subsequent replacement with artificial intraocular lenses (IOLs) is the only cure for cataracts. Fortunately, cataract surgery is a low-risk procedure with an excellent record of safety and success.
Cataracts form when proteins begin to clump together in the lens, clouding a small area of the eye. This cloud will continue to grow and interfere with vision. Cataracts can occur in one or both eyes. While the most common cause of cataracts is age, they can also be caused by eye trauma, certain medications, and various environmental and lifestyle factors. Additionally, some cataracts are congenital.
Causes
Your eye is composed of protein and water. If the protein cells separate from your eye, they will eventually drift onto the natural lens located behind your pupil. This will prevent light from passing completely through the lens and focus properly on your retina, resulting in obscured vision. As light passes through your eye, the lens refracts the light, focusing it on the retina. As the cataract grows, vision becomes progressively worse.
In part, cataracts develop because of the process of oxidation. Free radicals roam throughout the body. These oxygen molecules stabilize themselves by taking electrons from nearby molecules. In response, these molecules will attempt to self-stabilize by taking an electron from another molecule, and the cycle continues until it affects more and more cells. As this process, known as oxidation, occurs in the eye, it can lead to the development of cataracts.
Types of Cataracts
There are three types of cataracts, each defined by its location on the lens:
Nuclear cataracts, which form in the lens' nucleus, are the most common type of cataracts. Because opacity develops in the center of the lens, known as the central nucleus, nuclear cataracts interfere with a person's ability to see objects in the distance. Usually the result of advancing age, nuclear cataracts can take years to develop and often give the nucleus a yellow tint.
Cortical cataracts begin at the outer rim of the lens and gradually work toward the central core. Thus, this type of cataract resembles spokes of a wheel. Patients with cortical cataracts often notice problems with glare, or a "halo" effect around lights. They may also experience a disruption of both near and distance vision.
Subcapsular cataracts progress the most rapidly. While nuclear cataracts take years to develop, subcapsular cataracts reach an advanced stage within a matter of months. Posterior subcapsular cataracts affect the back of the lens, causing glare and blurriness. This type of cataract is usually seen in patients who suffer from diabetes, extreme nearsightedness or retinitus pigmentosa, as well as among those who take steroid medication.
Congenital cataracts refer to cataracts that are present from birth, as well as to those that develop in early childhood. These cataracts can be nuclear, cortical, or subcapsular. Congenital cataracts may be linked to an infection contracted by the mother during pregnancy or to a genetic condition such as Fabry disease, Alport syndrome, or galactosemia. Because clear vision is essential to the development of the child's eyes and brain, it is important to diagnose congenital cataracts as early as possible.
Because each of these cataract types affects vision in a distinct manner, it is possible for a patient to have more than one type of cataract at the same time.
Ready to take the next step? Find a cataract surgeon in your area
Risk Factors
Most cataracts form as a result of advancing age. Other possible causes of cataracts include environmental factors and certain medications, such as antidepressants . If your medical history or lifestyle increases your risk of developing cataracts, it is important to have your eye health monitored regularly by a qualified ophthalmologist.
Over 50 percent of Americans over the age of 80 have cataracts
Age
Age is the main reason cataracts form. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the eye disease appears in over 22 million Americans over the age of 40. Over 50 percent of Americans over the age of 80 have cataracts. In fact, if we live long enough, nearly all of us will eventually develop this condition. Because the lens of the eye cannot shed old cells naturally, protein that accumulates on the lens gradually builds up over time, progressively obscuring vision by preventing light from reaching the retina.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVA or UVB)
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, especially UVB rays, can cause changes in pigment that lead to the formation of cataracts. This is especially common in tropical climates, where high concentrations of UV exposure occur year-round. To protect the eyes from sun damage, it is important to wear sunglasses with a high level of UVA/UVB protection.
Medications
Certain medications are well-known causes of cataracts, and some drugs can also accelerate their development. Steroid medications - whether pills, injections, or eye drops - are most frequently associated with cataract formation. If you are taking steroid medications to manage a long-term condition, it is important to note any visual changes and to have your ocular health managed by a qualified ophthalmologist. The medications that can cause cataracts include:
Corticosteroids
Certain medications for autoimmune conditions
Medication to control heart arrhythmia
Diabetes
High levels of blood sugar cause the lens of the eye to swell with excess fluid, making diabetic patients more susceptible to cataracts and glaucoma. People who have diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts at a younger age, and experience rapid cataract progression. Careful monitoring of blood sugar levels helps to minimize the risk of developing cataracts.
Obesity
Obesity is most commonly linked to the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts. According to researchers at Harvard University, individuals with a BMI of 33 had at least a 30 percent greater likelihood of developing cataracts, compared to subjects with a BMI of 23 or below.
Injury, Inflammation, or Trauma to the Eye
Injury or trauma to the eye increases a patient's risk of developing cataracts. Individuals who have experienced inflammation in the eye, either post-operatively or as the result of another eye disease, are also more likely to eventually develop cataracts. For instance, iritis is an ocular condition that causes chronic inflammation inside the eye, and is commonly linked to early and rapid cataract formation.
Smoking
Lifestyle habits such as smoking or consuming alcohol are often considered causes of cataracts. In 2012, the Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science published a study performed by Chinese researchers on the correlation between smoking and cataracts. The scientists found that smokers were at a significantly higher risk for cataracts, with current smokers showing the highest rate of cataracts development. These individuals were most at risk for nuclear and subcapsular cataracts. Some doctors attribute the connection to the high level of free radicals present in the bodies of smokers, placing them at particular risk of developing nuclear cataracts.
Alcohol
Alcohol is responsible for a slight increase in the likelihood of cataract development, and the level of risk directly correlates to the amount of alcohol consumed. For both eye and overall health, it is recommended that drinking be limited to moderate amounts.
Prevention
Maintaining healthy eating habits can help to prevent cataracts in two ways. First, a good diet will control your weight, thus eliminating one of the significant risk factors. Second, increasing your antioxidant intake can also inhibit the oxidation process. In a 2013 Swedish, researchers observed 30,000 women over age 49, and found that those who consumed the highest amounts of antioxidants had a 13 percent lower chance of developing cataracts than those who consumed the least amounts.
To reduce your risk for cataracts, be sure to eat plenty of foods high in antioxidants. These could include:
Colorful fruits and vegetables
Sunflower seed
Lifestyle Changes
In addition to changes in diet, there are several other modifications you can make to protect your eye health:
Stop smoking: As stated above, current smokers have a significantly higher chance of developing cataracts.
Wear sunglasses: Be sure to look for lenses with 100-percent UV protection. To ensure that you are receiving quality lenses, purchase sunglasses from your ophthalmologist. If you purchase them elsewhere, don't assume that just because the label says they offer complete UVA/UVB protection, they actually do so. Ask you eye doctor to check the percentage before you wear them.
Protect your health: If you have another health condition, such as diabetes, that increases your risk for cataracts, seek treatment for these concerns. If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar under control is one of the most important things you can do to protect your eye health.
Exercise: Although workouts themselves will not affect your eyes, an active lifestyle will help to manage your weight. Of course, if you choose outdoor activities, be sure to wear your sunglasses.
Routine Eye Exams
When you make regular visits to your ophthalmologist, he or she can monitor your eye health and look for cataracts in the early stages. With early diagnosis, your doctor can treat the condition before it begins to impinge upon your quality of life. Typically, you should have an eye exam once a year, although if you are at a higher risk for cataracts, you should make biannual visits.
Symptoms
There are a number of signs that may indicate that you are suffering from cataracts. Common cataract symptoms include:
Blurred vision: When cataracts cloud your lens, light cannot focus on the retina properly, and your brain will register a distorted image.
Difficulties with night vision: With cataracts, your retina is already receiving less light, and therefore, in dim light your sight is compromised even further. This can be especially problematic when you are driving at night.
Halos and light sensitivity: Cataracts cause the light passing through your eye to scatter, so that it hits your retina in several different places. This can cause discomfort and vision difficulties in bright light.
Difficulty distinguishing colors: If you have cataracts, you may have problems perceiving hues on the blue end of the color spectrum. As a result, objects may appear yellow or simply dull and faded.
Rapid changes in vision: If you experience swift and repeated changes in your glasses or contacts prescription, this can be an early sign of cataracts.
White spots on the pupil: On occasion, your cataracts may be visible to an observer, especially when viewed at certain angles or under specific lighting conditions.
Progression of Cataracts
Of course, the frequency and degree of your symptoms will depend on the severity of your cataracts. Symptoms and treatment will vary, depending on whether your cataracts are in the early or advanced stage of development.
In the early stages, indications include changes in vision, such as glares, halos, difficulties with night vision, etc. Often, these symptoms are so slight and progress so slowly that people don't even realize they are present. It is not unusual for cataracts patients to seek treatment only because family members have pointed out that they seem to be having difficulties. In some instance of early stage cataracts, you may develop what is known as "second sight," in which your close up vision will actually improve before your eyesight starts to decline over all.
Advanced cataracts will cause more severe changes in your eyesight. Without treatment, you may have difficulty distinguishing facial features and completing daily tasks. The rate at which your cataracts develop will depend on several factors. Typically, if you are at a higher risk for cataracts, for any of the reasons described above, your cataracts will develop more quickly.
Diagnosis
Cataracts are fairly easy to diagnose. Nevertheless, for the most accurate diagnosis, there are a number of advanced tests that your doctor may use. Utilizing these diagnostic tools, your doctor can also check for an additional eye disease, such as glaucoma or macular degeneration.
Visual Acuity Test
When you think of a routine eye exam, this test is probably what you picture. Your doctor will ask you to read a series of letters off of a Snellen eye chart posted 20 feet away from you. This test allows him or her to detect any significant changes in your vision.
If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, and your vision has degenerated to 20/40 or below, your doctor may recommend surgery. In some cases, you may have a good score on this test, but you still present with other cataract symptoms, such as light sensitivity or blurred vision. When this occurs, your ophthalmologist will likely recommend more tests to determine whether cataracts are, in fact, responsible for your symptoms.
Slit Lamp Exam
Your doctor will give you eye drops to dilate your pupil. By shining a light on the front of your eye, he or she can usually detect any white spots on your lens, even if they are very minute. The slit lamp exam often allows for extremely early diagnosis, so that your ophthalmologist can detect cataracts before they begin to affect your vision. During the test, your doctor will likely use a magnifying lens to examine your retina and optic nerve. Although this step is not necessary for cataracts detection, it enables your doctor to check for other serious eye conditions.
Glare and Contrast Sensitivity Tests
These two tests are similar to a traditional visual acuity test.
During a glare test, you will be asked to read the Snellen chart under various lighting conditions. If you have difficulty discerning the letters under very bright light, this could be a good indication of cataracts.
Contrast sensitivity tests use different kinds of charts; instead of the letters getting smaller as they go down the chart, they "fade," or contrast less with the white background. If you are unable to read all but the most defined rows of letters, this, too, could be an indication of cataracts.
Ishihara Color Test
Named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara, this test uses a series of plates covered with colored dots. The dots vary in color, forming a number in the center of the plate. Those with an inability to distinguish hues on the blue-green end of the spectrum will not be able to see the numbers. If you have not been previously diagnosed as color blind, and you do not pass the Ishihara color test, you may be suffering from advanced cataracts.
Tonometry Test
Your ophthalmologist will direct a puff of air towards your eye, and it will measure the intraocular pressure (IOP), determined by the amount of vitreous fluid inside your eye. Although tonometry tests are most commonly used to diagnose glaucoma, it is important that your doctor be as thorough as possible during cataract diagnosis. When left undiagnosed and untreated, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and similar eye diseases can have dramatic consequences for your vision and ocular health.
Ready to take the next step? Find a cataract surgeon in your area
When to Consider Surgery
During cataract surgery , your doctor will remove the old, clouded lens and replace it with an artificial intraocular lens, or IOL. Fortunately, cataracts only affect your lens, and therefore, there is no rush to undergo cataract surgery.
Typically, doctors will recommend surgical treatment when your condition has started to affect your daily life. If you find that it is difficult to complete certain daily tasks, or if you are no longer able to see objects or faces clearly, it may be time for surgery. If you frequently drive at night, you should undergo surgery sooner, as the nighttime glare can pose a serious risk for accidents. (In the meantime, you should avoid night driving, resuming it only when you have recovered from your cataract surgery.)
Alternatively, your ophthalmologist may recommend surgery if you do not receive a good score on your visual acuity, glare, contrast sensitivity, or Ishihara color tests. Ultimately, the decision to undergo surgery is your own, but your doctor can help you decide when it would be most beneficial to your health and quality of life.
Treatment for Early Stage Cataracts
Before surgery becomes necessary, there are a number of methods that your doctor may employ in the treatment of your cataracts. In the early phases, he or she may recommend new glasses or contacts, anti-glare lenses, and magnification devices. In most cases, however, these treatments will only work for a time. As your cataracts grow, surgery will typically be in your best interests.
Cost
Fortunately, virtually all insurance companies cover the cost of cataract surgery , as it is necessary to restore your vision and quality of life. However, the final cost of your procedure can vary significantly, depending on several factors, and there may be some costs you will need to cover out of pocket.
Read James Lewis, MD's Take:Costs of Cataract Surgery
Premium Cataract Surgery can cost an additional $500 to $5000 per eye. Qualified patients should expect a customized visual result that reduces their dependence on glasses when compared to the basic cataract package. Read Full Article
The Type of IOL
Typically insurance companies will only cover the cost of standard cataract surgery, which includes placement of a basic monofocal IOL. These lenses only correct vision at one distance. Premium lenses provide vision correction at varying distances, but these lenses typically cost more. If you choose to receive a premium lens, your insurance will usually cover the cost of basic surgery, and you will be responsible for any additional fees.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism occurs when your iris is irregularly shaped, and therefore your vision is blurred at all distances. If you suffer from this condition, as well as cataracts, you may benefit from limbal relaxing incisions (LRI) before your procedure. After your doctor makes tiny incisions in the limbus (the tissue that connects the cornea and the white of your eye), your iris may relax and become more rounded as it heals. LRIs typically cost about $500 per eye, and they are not covered by insurance. Astigmatic keratotomy (AK) is a similar procedure, in which your surgeon will make two incisions at the steepest portion of your cornea. Insurance companies also do not typically cover AK.
You may also benefit from a toric IOL, the only type of intraocular lens proven to correct astigmatism. Again, these premium lenses do cost more than traditional monofocal lenses, and the extra cost is not covered by insurance.
Payment
As stated above, most insurance companies, as well as Medicaid, cover the full cost of basic cataract surgery. However, it is important to be fully informed about your insurance coverage and to make certain that you are getting the maximum benefits that your plan provides. Before undergoing cataract surgery, be sure to ask about your deductible and co-pay. You should also inquire about the cost of glasses or contacts. Even after cataract surgery, you may still require corrective lenses, so you will need to budget for this, as well.
In most cases, your surgeon's administrative staff will work as a liaison with your insurance company, making sure that you receive the full amount of your rightful coverage. They will usually file your claim for you, as well. However, you will be directly responsible for any fees not covered by insurance.
Paying for Additional Costs
If you need help covering additional charges, there are several options available to you:
In-house financing: Many doctors offer flexible repayment plans, designed around your budget. Some may even provide significant discounts if you pay for your procedure in full before treatment. Be sure to inquire about any financing options at your initial appointment.
Medical financing: Most eye surgeons accept medical credit cards, as well as medical financing through companies such as Compassionate Finance®. These companies offer fixed-interest plans with approved credit. Many offer no-interest plans when costs are paid in full within a certain time frame.
Third-party financing: Sometimes, banks and other lenders will also finance medical procedures. These loans work much like any other loan that you would take out for a house, car, and other important purchases.
How to Choose a Cataract Surgeon
Your eyesight is invaluable to your quality of life. Therefore, when you are preparing for cataract surgery, it is essential that you choose a surgeon with outstanding training and expertise. The ideal doctor will have performed hundreds, if not thousands, of cataract surgeries with success.
You can inquire with your state's medical board to find out if the doctor you are considering has a good history. Each state is legally required to make these records public, and they will show malpractice suits, as well as complaints lodged against a doctor. In many areas, these records are accessible online, but in other states, you may have to request paper copies through the mail.
Type of Lenses and Surgery
If you are considering a premium IOL, you should look for a surgeon with experience using these advanced lenses. While all cataract surgeries involve technical skill, certain lenses require extremely precise placement for optimal vision enhancement. Additionally, if you are interested in advanced technology , such as laser cataract surgery, find a doctor who has been using these advanced tools on a regular basis for several years.
Read Francis Clark, MD's Take:Advanced Technology for Cataract Surgery
Technological advancements have made it possible for patients to undergo cataract surgery in a matter of minutes, and experience life-changing improvements in vision within 24 hours. Read Full Article
Hospital Privileges
Cataract surgery is typically performed on an outpatient basis, and therefore it is important that you choose a doctor with hospital privileges. Although this procedure is renowned for its low complication rate, in the unlikely event that something goes wrong, you will be assured of a place to go for emergency treatment.
Additionally, doctors must pass rigorous standards and inspections in order to be granted privileges. When you select a surgeon who has passed these tests, you can rest assured that you will be treated with the highest degree of safety and ethical consideration.
Personal Connection
While your safety and the outcome of your surgery are the most important considerations, you are far more likely to enjoy good results, if you choose a doctor who truly takes the time to listen to your concerns. A good eye surgeon will answer your questions and help you feel comfortable about your treatment.
In general, a doctor should make premium IOLs available, but he or she should not pressure you to choose these lenses. Additionally, a surgeon should encourage you to have realistic expectations for the procedure. If he or she promises that you will no longer need glasses or assures 20/20 vision, know that this doctor is making unrealistic guarantees.
The Initial Consultation
Once you have decided that it is time to undergo cataract surgery, you will have a complete consultation with your doctor. This will give you a chance to discuss your goals for surgery, and your surgeon can begin planning out your personal treatment plan. He or she will typically begin by taking your medical history, including a list of current medications. In some cases, the doctor may perform an additional eye exam. If you wear contacts, you should not wear them for about two weeks before your consultation, as they can affect the accuracy of measurements and tests.
Choosing Your Lens
After gathering all relevant information, your doctor will explain the various types of IOLs, including the benefits and disadvantages of both standard and premium lenses. He or she will help you select the right one for your needs. If you want to reduce or eliminate your reliance on glasses or contacts, then premium IOLs may be your best option. However, if finances are your biggest concern, you may want to consider standard monofocal IOLs.
Choosing Your Anesthetic
When you undergo cataract surgery, you will have two sedation options: general and local. Local sedation is the most common choice. However, if you are feeling particularly anxious, you may benefit from general anesthesia. Many doctors also have strong preferences about the type of sedation they use, but a good surgeon will listen to your concerns, putting your safety and comfort above everything else.
Types of Cataract Surgery
There are three basic types of cataract surgery: extracapsular surgery, intracapsular surgery, and laser-assisted surgery. Each offers its own unique benefits and risks.
Extracapsular Surgery
Extracapsular cataract extraction is the most commonly performed type of cataract surgery. There are actually two types of extracapsular procedures:
Standard Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE): Your doctor will make a small incision, about 8 mm to 10 mm wide where the cornea and the white of the eye come together. He or she will make another incision in the lens capsule, the membrane surrounding the entire lens. Then the surgeon will remove the old lens, place the IOL behind the iris, and close the incision in the lens capsule.
Phacoemulsification: This newer procedure is far more common than ECCE. During this treatment, also known as small-incision surgery, your doctor will create two tiny incisions between the cornea and the white of the eye. Then he or she will insert a phaco probe in these incisions. The probe emits ultrasound waves to break apart the clouded lens. Then the pieces can be gently suctioned out without damage to the surrounding tissues. After the old lens has been completely removed, the doctor will place a new lens behind the iris, and the incisions should heal on their own.
Intracapsular Surgery
Intracapsular cataract surgery was invented in the 1980s, but it is rarely performed today. During this procedure, which involves a much larger incision, a doctor will inject the eye with a special medication, which causes the fibers holding the lens in place to dissolve. Then the doctor will freeze the clouded lens by applying liquid nitrogen with a specially designed probe. As he or she removes the probe from the eye, the natural lens will come away with it, enabling the surgeon to place the new IOL. In contrast to extracapsular surgery, in which the artificial lens is placed behind the iris, during intracapsular surgery, the doctor will position the new lens in front of the iris.
Laser-Assisted Surgery
As with many other areas of medicine, advanced lasers are rapidly changing how cataract surgery is performed. In contrast to traditional surgery, in which the doctor creates an incision by hand using a small blade, during a laser procedure, he or she will make these incisions using highly precise femtosecond lasers.
The high power lasers offer even greater accuracy because they are carefully calibrated, based on a three-dimensional digital map of your eye. Although traditional cataract surgery is still quite safe, lasers allow your doctor to place the IOLs even more precisely, and they can also minimize discomfort and recovery time.
The Surgical Procedure
Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure, which typically takes about 15 minutes. However, you should plan to be at the surgical center at least an hour and a half to allow time for anesthesia and post-surgical instruction. If you have cataracts in both eyes, your doctor can treat both eyes. However, this will nearly always take place during two separate surgeries.
Anesthesia
At your pre-surgery consultation, you and your doctor will already have determined the type of sedation best suited to your needs. You will be able to choose from two types:
Under general anesthesia, you will be completely asleep throughout the process.
Under local anesthesia, your doctor will apply numbing drops to your eye. Alternatively, he may use an anesthetic injection to numb the surrounding tissues. With either type, you will remain awake, but you should not feel any discomfort.
Lens Removal
When you are comfortable, the doctor will remove your clouded lens using one of the techniques described above. In most cases, he or she will use phacoemulsification to minimize recovery time and the risk of retinal tears.
IOL Placement
After removing the natural lens, your doctor will carefully place your new IOL, made from silicone, acrylic, or plastic. The surgeon will use extreme precision to ensure the best vision correction possible. If you are undergoing laser-assisted cataract surgery, he or she will situate the lens using the digital map of your eye.
After your doctor has placed the IOL, in most cases, the incisions will heal on their own. However, in rare cases, the surgeon may need to position an interior chamber lens in front of the iris. When doctors use these lenses, they will need to close the incisions using tiny sutures.
Astigmatism Correction
Although limbal relaxing incisions are typically performed prior to cataract surgery, if your doctor recommends astigmatic keratotomy, he or she will often perform this procedure at the same time. Astigmatic keratotomy, also known as AK, functions according to similar principles as LRI, but the incision are located more in the central portion of the cornea, rather than in the limbus.
Types of IOLs
Cataract surgery is not a one-size-fits-all procedure. Rather, it is completely customized to meet your needs, and one of the most important considerations is the type of IOL you choose. Your doctor will explain the benefits and disadvantages of each type and help you select the one that is most suitable for you.
Monofocal IOLs
Monofocal IOLs were the first type of intraocular lenses to be developed, and they provide vision correction at one distance only. Typically patients choose monofocal lenses adjusted for distance vision, and they will continue to wear reading glasses. However, if you work a lot with fine details, you may benefit from monofocal lenses set for close-up vision. In this case, you would continue to rely on glasses for distant objects.
If you are undergoing cataract surgery on both eyes, you may want to ask your doctor about monovision. Using this technique, your doctor will place a distance-adjusted IOL in one eye and a near vision IOL in the other. Your brain will register both distances and adjust the images accordingly. Most patients are able to acclimate themselves to this new way of seeing after a few weeks; if you are considering monovision, however, you may want to try it with removable contacts before your doctor places the IOLs. The technique can be especially beneficial if you work with computers, but if you rely on very sharp, clear vision for your work or hobbies, this may not be the optimal choice for you.
Multifocal/Accommodative IOLs
Multifocal and accommodative IOLs provide vision correction at multiple distances. The two names are sometimes used interchangeably. However, they are actually two lens types that work differently but achieve similar results. Multifocal lenses have a series of visual zones that provide vision correction at varying distances. Your brain automatically learns to use the visual zone that is suited to the task at hand. For a better understanding of these IOLs, you could compare them to bifocals or trifocals. There are three brands of multifocal IOLs available in the US:
Tecnis®
Like your natural lenses, accommodative IOLs are flexible; they can move and adapt to adjust to varying distances. Currently, Crystalens® is the only FDA-approved accommodative IOL, and this brand comes in various strengths. Your eye surgeon will determine the right strength for you, using a highly precise mathematical formula. Although these IOLs can dramatically enhance your vision and reduce your dependence on glasses or contacts, you should have reasonable expectations following your cataract surgery.
Your eyesight will not be as crystal clear as it may have been in your twenties, and you will still need corrective lenses for prolonged reading or detailed work. If you have had previous laser vision correction, or if you have extreme nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism, accommodative lenses may not be the right choice for you. These conditions can complicate the mathematical formula, leaving you with lenses that are not the right strength for your eyes. Nevertheless, for the right patients, accommodative lenses can be a great choice, giving you better vision than you may have enjoyed in years.
Toric IOLs
Toric IOLs are the only type of lens that can treat astigmatism. This condition occurs when your cornea changes shape, making both near and far objects appear blurry. Toric IOLs are fixed focus lenses, but they correct light refraction at varying distances, making all objects appear sharper. If your life has been dogged by the burden of astigmatism for many years, toric IOLs can give you greater freedom and better vision than you may even have enjoyed in your entire adult life.
However, because these lenses must be placed with absolute precision, there is a greater risk for surgical error. There is also a chance that your lens could rotate after placement, distorting your eyesight. Fortunately, these conditions can be corrected with revision surgery. You should also be aware that you are likely to need glasses for prolonged distance vision. FDA-approved toric IOLs include:
AcrySof®
Tecnis®
Blue-Light Filtering IOLs
Your natural lenses have a slight yellow tint, and, thus, they can filter out some of the blue light and UV rays that prove so detrimental to your ocular health. AcrySof® Natural IOLs are designed to mimic this affect, and like natural lenses, they have a yellowish hue. However, these lenses should not affect your color perception.
Some doctors believe that these lenses may inhibit your contrast sensitivity. Others hail their ability to protect against macular degeneration and other conditions that may arise from exposure to UV rays. If you are interested in these specialized lenses, talk to your doctor to learn more and to find out if they may be right for you.
Aspheric IOLs
Aspheric IOLs are flatter on the edges than traditional IOLs. With this advanced design, they can reduce vision aberrations and increase contrast sensitivity, especially at night or in dim light. Some doctors believe that the increased contrast sensitivity will not last for older patients, meaning these premium lenses would have no added benefit. However, for younger patients, they can be a great option, enabling them to live full, uninhibited lives for years to come. Aspheric IOL brands include:
SofPort® AO
AcrySof® IQ ReSTOR
IOL Placement
Your natural lens is surrounded by a soft lining called a capsule. There are three ways in which your surgeon may place your IOL in relation to these tissues:
Inside the capsule: The doctor will fold the IOL so that it can fit through a tiny incision. Once the lens is in place, it will unfold to its full size. This is the most common type of IOL placement.
In front of the capsule: The IOL will lean against the capsule for support. This position is also known as sulcus fixated, and it offers great stability.
In front of the iris: Phakic IOLs rely on the sclera (the white of the eye) for support. These lenses are primarily used for vision correction, as an alternative to LASIK or PRK. However, in rare instances, a doctor may use this placement for cataract surgery.
All three positions are safe and effective, but one may be more suited to your needs than another. At your initial consultation, your doctor will discuss your options and select the right placement for optimal vision enhancement.
Placement during Laser-Assisted Surgery
One of the benefits of laser-assisted cataract surgery is that it allows for highly precise IOL placement, using optical coherence tomography (OCT). To obtain these images, your doctor will dilate your eyes. By shining light through your eye, your doctor can create a three-dimensional map that shows the depth and length of your eye using cross section images. This will enable your doctor to create a personalized treatment plan, and it reduces the risk of a misplaced lens.
Recovery
Cataract surgery is a low-risk procedure that involves little to no discomfort for the patient. The recovery time is relatively brief, and you can typically return to your normal activities within a few days. Immediately after your surgery, your vision may be a bit blurry. This will significantly improve over the next few days, although it could take up to six weeks for your vision to completely stabilize. However, according to the American Optometric Association, approximately 90 percent of patients who undergo cataract surgery report better vision the day after their procedure.
The Day of Your Surgery
Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure, so you will be allowed to go home soon afterwards. Because of the anesthesia and blurred vision, you will not be able to drive home, so you should arrange for a ride in advance of your treatment. You will have a protective shield over your eyes, and you may be allowed to remove it when you arrive home. In some instances, you may need to leave it on for longer, and you will often continue wearing it while you sleep. Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions regarding this device.
Caring for Your Eyes
In most cases, you will have a follow-up appointment with your surgeon 24 hours after your procedure, and you will have another check-up several weeks after that. In between your appointments, there are several things you should do to protect your eyes and encourage faster healing:
Use eye drops: Your doctor will prescribe medicated eye drops to control inflammation and intraocular pressure. You should apply these eye drops several times a day for the next two to four weeks, following the precise instructions set out by your surgeon.
Watch your activity level: For the first two to three days after your cataract surgery, you should rest and avoid strenuous activity. Within a few days, however, you should be able to resume most of your routine activities, including exercise. Avoid heavy lifting until otherwise instructed, as this can increase your intraocular pressure. Reading and watching TV are generally permitted immediately after surgery, although you may find that your vision is too blurred for the first day or two.
Wear sunglasses: After cataract surgery, your eyes may be extremely sensitive to bright light and glare. Whenever you go outside, you should wear sunglasses with high UVA/UVB protection. If your eyes are particularly sensitive, you may even find that sunglasses prove helpful indoors. Continue to wear sunglasses, even after you have completely recovered. The lenses can help prevent cataracts in your other eye, as well as conditions such as macular degeneration and pterygia.
Protect your eyes: You should avoid touching or rubbing your eye for the first few days after your cataract surgery. You can wash your hair and shower, but you should be careful to avoid getting soap or shampoo in your eyes. You should not wear eye makeup for a week after your surgery, and you should not go swimming or play contact sports for two to four weeks.
Results
Right after your surgery, your eyesight will typically be a bit blurred. In some instances, you may notice an almost instant improvement in your vision, particularly if you had advanced cataracts. As your recovery progresses, your vision will continue to improve.
Long-Term Expectations
Following surgery, the vast majority of patients experience dramatically improved eyesight in comparison to their vision with cataract-clouded eyes. Most people enjoy at least 20/40 vision, which means that they are legally permitted to drive without glasses. Many patients rely far less on glasses or contacts, and a number of people no longer need corrective lenses at all.
Following surgery...most people enjoy at least 20/40 vision
However, before your surgery, it is important that you have realistic expectations as to what cataract surgery can and cannot accomplish. The procedure does remove cataracts and greatly enhance your vision. However, you should not expect a full restoration of your youthful sight, particularly if you are in your later years.
Benefits
Of course, the most obvious benefit of cataract surgery is that enhances your vision, and gives you clearer, sharper sight. Even if you continue to wear glasses or contacts your vision will be much better than it was when your lens was covered in cataracts. Additionally, following surgery, you are likely to be less troubled by glares and halos, and you will typically have better night vision.
Enhanced Quality of Life
With improved vision comes improved quality of life. Cataracts can take a huge toll on your daily routine. After surgery, however, you will be able to see your loved ones' faces clearly, and you can fully participate in the hobbies and activities you love. For example, reading, golfing, crafts, and travel will all be much easier and more enjoyable. If you work with computers or engage in manual labor, you may find that your professional performance improves after your treatment.
Finally, cataract surgery can protect your safety as well. With sharp, unobscured vision, you are less likely to fall or have some other type of accident.
Greater Self-Reliance
If you suffer from advanced cataracts, you may rely on others to help you complete daily tasks. You may have stopped driving, either depending on loved ones for rides or rarely going out at all. Following cataract surgery, the vast majority of patients are able to drive, so you should enjoy increased independence. With greater freedom, mobility, and the ability to engage in the activities you love, you could enjoy a dramatic improvement in your mood and self-esteem.
Risks
Cataract surgery is an incredibly safe, low-risk procedure. However, this treatment, like all surgeries, does have some chance for complications. Choosing a highly experienced and well-regarded eye surgeon, according to the guidelines listed above, can further minimize risks.
Ready to take the next step? Find a cataract surgeon in your area
Secondary Cataracts
Secondary cataracts are one of the most common complications of cataract surgery. Once removed, cataracts cannot come back. Therefore, this appellation is actually the colloquial name for posterior capsule opacity (PCO), a condition that occurs when corneal cells grow on the posterior lens capsule. These cells can cause vision to become hazy, and in some cases, PCO can make eyesight worse than it was with cataracts.
Secondary cataracts have nothing to do with a surgeon's skill, and they can affect patients of all ages. Fortunately, the condition is easy to treat with a YAG laser capsulotomy. A highly precise surgical laser can remove the clouded capsule with no need for incisions. The procedure is quick and discomfort-free.
Infection
Eye infection, or endophthalmitis, is another possible risk of cataract surgery. Fortunately, with proper safety protocol, this complication is quite rare. Doctors should apply antibacterial eye drops before cataract surgery. He or she should also disinfect the tissues around the eye and use antiseptic drapes to protect the entire face. Of course, all surgical instruments should be properly sanitized.
Even following proper safety procedures, it is possible for infection to develop. If patients experience severe discomfort, inflammation, worsening vision, or sensitivity to light, they should contact their surgeons immediately. Doctors may treat infection with antibiotic injections, and in severe cases, further surgery may be required.
IOL Displacement
In some cases, an IOL could move out of place, making a patient's eyesight blurry or giving him or her double vision. In extreme cases, it can even cause legal blindness. Fortunately, no matter how severe the results of IOL dislocation, the condition is easily treatable. Doctors typically perform a vitrectomy, removing the vitreous from inside your eye so that they can more easily reposition the IOL. Surgeons will replace the fluid with a gas bubble, which will eventually dissipate as the vitreous repairs itself.
In some cases, small pieces of the IOL may fall to the back of the eye. A vitrectomy is also used to treat this problem, as well.
Want to know more about risks associated with IOLs? IOL Risks
Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment occurs when the jelly-like vitreous inside the eye pulls on the retina, separating it from the underlying cells. When the retina completely tears away, it can cause swift, irreparable vision loss. While the condition can affect anyone, patients who have had cataract surgery are at a higher risk for retinal detachment.
Fortunately, detachment rarely comes on without warning, and it is usually preceded by a retinal tear. If a patient notices sudden flashes of light, floaters, or a curtain-like effect drifting across the visual field, he or she should alert a doctor immediately, as these can be signs of a retinal tear. Laser treatments can often repair these tears quickly and effectively.
Hemorrhage
In rare instances, bleeding can occur in the complex web of blood vessels at the back of the eye (choroid). While scientists are not sure what causes this condition, it is known to affect older patients more than younger individuals. Often, bleeding can be controlled. However, in rare cases, unrestrained bleeding can lead to significantly impaired vision.
Cystoid Macular Edema
If the eye is particularly inflamed after cataract surgery, the tiny blood vessels at the back of the eye may begin to leak. The excess fluid will then swell the macula, the central portion of the retina. Often, this condition will clear up on its own, and doctors can also treat this problem with anti-inflammatory eye drops or steroid injections. In rare instances, vitrectomy may be the only treatment option.
Temporary Side Effects
Cataract surgery has a very short recovery time and involves minimal discomfort. Nevertheless, you may experience a few minor side effects, which will typically go away within a few days of your surgery. These may include:
Bruising: If your doctor injected local anesthetic around your eye, this can cause some bruising, much like a black eye.
Discomfort: This will primarily consist of itching, stickiness, or a feeling of something in the eye. Cataract surgery rarely causes significant pain. If you experience severe discomfort or a sudden increase in pain, you should alert your doctor immediately.
Blurred vision: Your eyesight will typically improve within a few days, if not a few hours, after your surgery. Even with blurred vision, you may find that you see better than you did before your cataract surgery.
Mild headache: This can typically be controlled with over-the-counter pain medication.
Post-Surgery LASIK
When your doctor replaces your cataract-clouded lens with an IOL, it can greatly enhance your vision. However, cataract surgery is primarily designed to remove cataracts and restore unclouded sight. Therefore, it may not provide complete correction for nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis) corrects the way your eye refracts light. Thus, it may reduce or even completely end your dependence on corrective lenses.
How Is LASIK Performed?
During LASIK, your eye surgeon will create a thin flap in the surface of your cornea. The doctor may do this manually or using a precise femtosecond laser. Gently lifting the flap, the surgeon will then reshape your cornea. By removing a few corneal cells, he or she can correct the path of light through your eye, allowing it to focus properly on your retina. Your optic nerve will then be able to send a clear signal to your brain. When the procedure is finished, your doctor will lay the flap back down over your eye, and it will heal on its own, usually within a few days.
RELATED: LASIK Surgery (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis)
Does LASIK after Cataract Surgery Involve Extra Risks?
The vast majority of patients who have undergone cataract surgery are good candidates for LASIK. However, because your intraocular pressure can increase after cataract surgery, most doctors advise waiting several months before undergoing laser vision correction.
If you are not a candidate for LASIK, due to thin corneas, past LASIK surgery, or other factors, you may still be a good candidate for PRK (photorefractive keratectomy). This procedure is similar to LASIK, but it does not involve the creation of a corneal flap. Of course, the only way to know if you are a candidate for laser vision correction is to schedule a consultation with your eye surgeon.
Safety Data
If you are preparing for cataract surgery and are still feeling anxious, a look at the following statistics may prove reassuring.
Complication Rates
David F. Chang, a contributor to the seminal work Textbook of Refractive Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery, complied data from multiple studies to examine the overall rate of post-surgical complications. The numbers proved consistently low. He reported:
Between a 0.8 and 5.6 percent incidence of anterior capsule tears in 4 studies between 2004 and 2007
A rate of vitreous loss between 2 and 4 percent
Cataract Surgery Can Improve Your Overall Safety
Several recent studies published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology show that cataract surgery can significantly reduce the risk of hip fractures and car crashes among senior patients. The study tracked 1.1 million Medicare beneficiaries, including 410,000 recipients of cataract surgery. Researchers found that there was a 16 percent lower chance of hip fractures within the first year of cataract surgery. Among patients with severe cataracts the reduction was even greater - 23 percent.
An Australian study followed 30,000 recipients of cataract surgery, and linked their records to police accident reports in Perth. The researchers found a 13-percent reduction in police-reported car crashes among the subjects. In addition to the preservation of the subjects' lives and health, researchers estimated that the reduced number of accidents saved $4.3 billion Australian dollars.
This study corresponded with a similar American investigation. Dr. Cynthia Owsley, a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, followed 277 patients who were considering cataract surgery. Those who chose to undergo surgery were involved in 50 percent fewer car accidents over the next four to six years than those who did not. Although the two analyses show dramatically different numerical results, they both reinforce the idea that cataract surgery can significantly increase patients' safety.
Statistics
According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology , cataracts affect over 70 percent of adults over the age of 75. Further research shows that 24.4 million Americans age 40 and over are affected by cataracts. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that this number will rise to 30.1 million by the year 2020 .
Compiling data from the World Health Organization and other sources, the International Centre for Eye Health reports that, in developed countries, there are between 4,000 and 6,000 cataract surgeries performed each year per 100,000 inhabitants. Sadly, however, there are an estimated 19.84 million people in the world who are blind because of cataracts. Most of these cases are operable, yet, due to lack of doctors, poor education, and/or poverty, individuals around the world continue to suffer from obscured vision. The World Health Organization also reports that untreated cataracts lead to 33 percent of the world's vision problems.
Age, Race, Gender, and Cataracts
Cataracts are more likely to affect white women over the age of 80. According 2010 data from the National Eye Institute:
68.3 percent of all cataract sufferers were 80 or older. In contrast, only 2.51 percent were between ages 40 and 49.
80 percent of all reported cataract patients were white, 8 percent were black, and 7 percent were Hispanic.
61 percent of cataract suffers are female.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can my doctor correct my nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism during my cataract surgery?
Yes. When you choose a premium IOL, your doctor can often treat your other vision concerns. You should remember that, while cataract surgery can enhance your vision, you may still need glasses or contacts. Many patients, however, are much less dependent on corrective lenses.
How long do IOLs last?
Both standard and premium intraocular lenses are designed to last for life.
Is there an age limit for cataract surgery?
No. Patients of all ages can undergo the procedure. If you have significant health concerns, your doctor will typically recommend local anesthesia, rather than general sedation.
How soon can I drive after cataract surgery?
The answer is different for each patient. Your eyes may take several days to adjust after surgery, or you may be able to drive the next day. As a general rule, you should only do so when you feel comfortable. If there is any doubt in your mind, you should wait to drive for another day or two.
When can I get my new glasses prescription after my cataract surgery?
Again, it can take a while for your eyes to adjust after the procedure. To save time and money, you should typically wait at least a few weeks before getting new glasses.
What causes congenital cataracts?
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Built in 1889, what is the name of the cabaret club in Paris, famous for being the venue where the modern form of the dance the Can Can originate ? | Paris | Modern Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The name Paris derives from that of its inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was called Lutetia (/lutetja/) (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (360–363) the city was renamed Paris.[14]
Others consider that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word parisio meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."[15] Since the early 20th century, Paris has been known as Paname ([panam]) in French slang (Moi j'suis d'Paname, i.e. "I'm from Paname"), a slang name that has been regaining favor with young people in recent years.[citation needed]
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" (most often translated as "The City of Light"),[16] a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the Age of Enlightenment, and later to its early adoption of street lighting.[17]
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" (/pəˈrɪzɪənz/ or /pəˈriːʒənz/) and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] ( listen)). Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo] ( listen)), a term first used in 1900[18] by those living outside the Paris region, but now the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.
History
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Roman bath beneath the Latin QuarterThe earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC.[19] The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC[20]. The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,[19] with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[21] The collapse of the Roman empire and the fifth-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD, Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.[19] The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. The Frankish king Clovis I established Paris as his capital in 508.
Middle ages to 19th century
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The Louvre fortress from the early 15th century illuminated manuscript Book of Hours, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, month of October.Paris' population was around 200,000[22] when the Black Death arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day, and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466.[23] Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII of France reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the Loire Valley[24] until King François I returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528. During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party. In August 1572, under the reign of Charles IX, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV, to Marguerite de Valois, sister of Charles IX, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country.[25][26] During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in September 1792.
Nineteenth century
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1889 Universal Exposition.Paris was occupied by Russian Cossack and Kalmyk cavalry units upon Napoleon's defeat on the 31st of March 1814; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.[28] The ensuing Restoration period, or the return of the monarchy under Louis XVIII (1814-1824) and Charles X, ended with the July Revolution Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under Louis-Philippe ended with the 1848 "February Revolution" that led to the creation of the Second Republic.
Throughout these events, cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then-population of 650,000.[29]
The greatest development in Paris' history began with the Industrial Revolution creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840's. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 Second Empire under Napoleon III; his préfet Haussmann levelled entire districts of Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades that Paris was so famous for.
The Second Empire ended in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on the 28th of January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in Versailles resulted in the creation of a Parisian "Commune" government, supported by an army in large part created from members of the City's former National Guard, that would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the government "Versaillais" army. The result was a bloody Semaine Sanglante that resulted in the death, many by summary execution, of roughly 20,000 "communards" before the fighting ended on May 28th 1871.[31] The ease at which the Versaillais army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's earlier renovations.
France's late 19th-century Universal Expositions made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade and tourism.[32] Its most famous were the 1889 Universal Exposition to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess, the Eiffel Tower, a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line.
Twentieth century
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Liberation of Paris in August 1944.During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway.[33] On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, Paris fell to German occupation forces, who remained there until the city was liberated in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion.[34] Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German General von Choltitz did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940.[35]
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment.[39][40] At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe.[41][42][43] The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the north-eastern suburbs.[44]
Twenty-first century
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La Défense.In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan economy of Paris, several plans are currently underway. The office of Secretary of State for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the French government. Its office holder, Christian Blanc, is in charge of overseeing President Nicolas Sarkozy's plans for the creation of an integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the Saclay plateau in the southern suburbs.
In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the Kyoto Protocol era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.
Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of La Défense, to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the Tour Montparnasse in the early 1970s.
Geography
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Paris seen from Spot SatelliteMain article: Topography of Paris Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).[45]
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 km2 (34 sq mi) in area.[citation needed] The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km2 (41 sq mi)[46].
Climate
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Paris has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is affected by the North Atlantic Current, so the city rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures, such as the heat wave of 2003 and the cold wave of 2006.
Paris has warm and pleasant summers with average high temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) and low of 15 °C (59 °F). Winter is chilly, but temperature is around 3 °C (37 °F) to 8 °C (46 °F), and rarely falls below the freezing point. Spring and autumn have mild to occasionally warm days and cool evenings. Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is 642 mm (25 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries without accumulation. The highest recorded temperature is 40.4 °C (105 °F) on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a −23.9 °C (−11 °F) on 10 December 1879.
Cityscape
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Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse.[edit] Architecture Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling.
Typical Haussmannian buildingFor centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but, beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's urbanisation program involved leveling entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.
Many of Paris's important institutions are located outside the city limit. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD), research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest stadium (the Stade de France), and government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.
Districts and historical centres
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The Sacré-Cœur Basilica.Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for France, too. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations. Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the Rue Royale, there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendôme is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hôtel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square. Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, a major shopping centre around an important metro connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs. Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy. Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area. Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there. Avenue de l'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as Crédit Lyonnais and American Express. Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. Various higher-education establishments, such as the École Normale Supérieure, TELECOM ParisTech, and the Jussieu university campus, make it a major educational centre in Paris. Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.
Avenue des Champs-Élysées at Christmas 2008.
In the Paris area
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La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city proper) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m2 (37,673,686 sq ft) of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.
Val de SeinePlaine Saint-Denis (straddling the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen, immediately north of the 18th arrondissement, across the Périphérique ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the Stade de France, around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two RER stations (on RER line B and D) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's television studios as well as some major movie studios. Val de Seine (straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of Issy-les-Moulineaux and Boulogne-Billancourt to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (TF1 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2 in the 15th arrondissement, Canal+ and the international channels France 24 and Eurosport in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and IT companies such as Neuf Cegetel in Boulogne-Billancourt or Microsoft's Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.
Monuments and landmarks
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Église de la Madeleine.Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth-century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe and the nineteenth-century Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition, but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards: The line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées, and the Arc de Triomphe, centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour.The Palais Garnier built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth-century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.
Parks and gardens
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Jardin du Luxembourg.Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: The former suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont, and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, the Parc André Citroën, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line: Promenade Plantée.
Cemeteries
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The CatacombsParis' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its Left Bank from the beginning of its history[citation needed], but this changed with the rise of Catholicism and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions: Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the Left Bank "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14th arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city tax wall named Wall of the Farmers-General ; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy.
When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux.
Culture
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The Opéra Garnier.Paris' largest opera houses are the nineteenth-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were active two other competing opera houses: Opéra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today; and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include Bobino, Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens, and Charles Aznavour, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia, la Cigale, and le Splendid.
The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. In more recent times, the Le Zénith hall in Paris' La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as Rock en Seine.
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
Cuisine
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The Les Deux Magots cafe.Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to an worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary finesse and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th-century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz, appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909.
Tourism
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Paris from the eleventh century was a popular destination for traders, students and religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourist industry' began on a large scale only with the 19th-century appearance of rail travel, namely from the state's organisation of France's rail network, with Paris at its centre, from 1848. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris' museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: Its Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. Disneyland Resort Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris but for visitors to the rest of Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.
The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin, respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnasse. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Musée Cluny and Musée d'Orsay, respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.
Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. Le Lido, the Moulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, are a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.
Sports
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Stade de France.Paris' most popular sport clubs are the football club Paris Saint-Germain FC, the basketball team Paris Basket Racing, and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located in Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.
In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.
The city's major rugby side is Stade Français. Racing Métro 92 Paris (who also plays in Top 14) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups.
Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre near the Bois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France. Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.
Economy
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Grande Arche.With a 2007 GDP of €533.6 billion[8] (US$731.3 billion), the Paris region has one of the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: Were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Dutch economy.[49] The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of metropolitan France in 2007,[50] its GDP accounted for 28.7% of metropolitan France's GDP.[8] Activity in the Paris urban area, though diverse, does not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc).
The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense, and the Val de Seine. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular business services.
The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the Paris urban area, 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in public administrations and defence, 8.7% in health services, 8.2% in transportation and communications, 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the electronic and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. Tourism and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the Paris Region.[51] Unemployment in the Paris "immigrant ghettos" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources.[52]
Demographics
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The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 census, lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration include de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and improved affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.
Density
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Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some Asian megapolis. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France following Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Vincennes, Levallois-Perret, and Saint-Mandé, all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed arrondissements. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.
Paris agglomeration
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The City of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris' real urbanisation, defined by the pôle urbain (urban area) statistical area, covers 2,723 km2 (1,051 sq mi),[53] or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding départements: Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne départements, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight départements form the larger administrative Île-de-France région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine.
The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II[citation needed]. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the Île-de-France région shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.
Immigration
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By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its aire urbaine (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: At the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France.[56] At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris aire urbaine's population were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999), in their majority from Asia and Africa.[58] 37% of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.
The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917 and Armenians fleeing genocide in the Ottoman Empire; colonial citizens during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.[59] Today around 375,000 Jews live in Paris.[60]
Administration
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Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860, is one of few cities that have not evolved politically with its real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.[61]
Capital of France
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As the capital, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of France resides at the Élysée Palace in the 8th arrondissement, while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon in the 7th arrondissement. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.
The Élysée Palace.The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the Left Bank. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement, while the more important lower house, the Assemblée Nationale, meets in the Palais Bourbon in the 7th. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the Palais du Luxembourg.
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais Royal in the 1st arrondissement.
The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Palais Royal.
City government
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Arrondissements of Paris.Paris has been a commune (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the 1st arrondissement.
In 1790, Paris became the préfecture (seat) of the Seine département, which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: The city of Paris became a distinct département of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine département's position in France's alphabetical list), while three new départements of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne were created and given the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a département are exactly those of its limits as a commune, a situation unique in France.
Municipal offices
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Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the Council of Paris (conseil de Paris), which, in turn, elects the mayor of Paris.
In medieval times, Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the provost of the merchants. In addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleaning of city streets. The creation of the provost of Paris from the thirteenth century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably. A direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the préfet of later years, the Provost (prévôt) of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding prévôté (county) from his office in the Grand Châtelet. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed lieutenant general of police upon its creation in 1667. For centuries, the prévôt and magistrates of the Châtelet clashed with the administrators of the Hôtel de Ville over jurisdiction;[62] the latter notably included the quartiniers, each of whom was responsible for one of the sixteen quartiers (which were in turn divided into four cinquantaines, each with its cinquantainier, and those in turn were divided into dizaines, administered by dizainiers):
All of these men were in principle elected by the local bourgeois. At any one time, therefore, 336 men had shared administrative responsibility for street cleaning and maintenance, for public health, law, and order. The quartiniers maintained the official lists of bourgeois de Paris, ran local elections, could impose fines for breaches of the bylaws, and had a role in tax assessment. They met at the Hôtel de Ville to confer on matters of citywide importance and each year selected eight of "the most notable inhabitants of the quarter," who together with other local officials would elect the city council.[63]
Even though in the course of the eighteenth century these elections became purely ceremonial, choosing candidates already selected by the royal government, the memory of genuine municipal independence remained strong: "The Hôtel de Ville continued to bulk large in the awareness of bourgeois Parisians, its importance extending far beyond its real role in city government."[64]
Paris City Hall.Paris' last Prévôt des marchands was assassinated the afternoon of the 14th of July 1789 uprising that was the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on 14 December the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from 9 October 1790.[65] Through the turmoil of the 1794 Thermidorian Reaction, it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: The office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.
Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, for most of the 19th and 20th centuries Paris, along with the larger Seine département of which it was a centre, was under the direct control of the state-appointed préfet of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed Prefect of Police was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Save for a few brief occasions, the city did not have a mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.
Despite its dual existence as commune and département, Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (conseil municipal) or as a departmental council (conseil général) depending on the issue to be debated.
Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine département jurisdiction. The Prefecture of Police (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' petite couronne of bordering three départements for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.
Capital of the Île-de-France région
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Departments of Île-de-FranceAs part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a département became the capital of the new région of the District of Paris, renamed the Île-de-France région in 1976. It encompasses the Paris département and its seven closest départements. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris département (who served as the prefect of the Seine département before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France région, although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.
Intercommunality
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Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an agglomeration. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as Lille and Lyon, there is no intercommunal entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events is propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (conférence métropolitaine) to the right-wing idea of a more integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris").
Education
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In the early ninth century, the emperor Charlemagne mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, physics, music, and theology; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the Île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank Sainte-Genevieve University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic Latin Quarter best represented by the Sorbonne university.
Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (Île-de-France région) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.[66]
Lycée Louis-le-Grand[edit] Primary and secondary education Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and Lycée Henri-IV. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye and the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel.
Higher-education
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As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,[67] is the largest concentration of university students in Europe.[68] The Paris Region's prestigious grandes écoles and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that, together with the university population, creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.[67]
Universities
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The University of Paris.The cathedral of Notre-Dame was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the University of Paris. The universitas was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' Rive Gauche scholastic centre, dubbed "Latin Quarter" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by Robert de Sorbon from 1257, the Collège de Sorbonne. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology. Following the 1968 student riots, there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V, and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.
In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (Île-de-France) région. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Évry Val d'Essonne, University of Marne-la-Vallée, and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Other institutions include the University of Westminster's Centre for International Studies, the American University of Paris, the Editing American Graduate School of International Relations and Diplomacy, and the American Business School of Paris. There is also a University of London Institute in Paris(ULIP) which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French Studies ratified by the University of London.
Grandes écoles
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The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious grandes écoles, which are specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (ParisTech), which comprises several colleges such as École Polytechnique, École des Mines, Télécom Paris, Arts et Métiers, and École des Ponts et Chaussées. There are also many business schools, including , HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, and ESCP-EAP European School of Management. Although the elite administrative school ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' Left bank 7th arrondissement.
The grandes écoles system is supported by a number of preparatory schools that offer courses of two to three years' duration called Classes Préparatoires, also known as classes prépas or simply prépas. These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV, Lycée Saint-Louis, Lycée Janson de Sailly, and Lycée Stanislas.[69] Two other top-ranking prépas (Lycée Hoche and Lycée Privé Sainte-Geneviève) are located in Versailles, near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. Prépas attract most of the best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.
Libraries
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The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates libraries in Paris. Its Paris libraries include François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.[70]
The American Library in Paris opened in 1920. It is a part of a private, non-profit organization.[71] The modern library originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U.S. soldiers in France.[72] A incarnation existed in the 1850s.[73]
Transportation
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Paris has been building its transportation system throughout history and continuous improvements are on-going. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France[74] (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP).
Paris Metro.The members of this syndicate are the Ile-de-France region and the eight departments of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 654 bus lines, the Métro, three tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.
The Métro is Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by 214 km (133.0 mi) of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new line 14 was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs, as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the RER, has been created since the 1960s to connect more-distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises five lines, 257 stops and 587 km (365 mi) of rails.
Vélib' at Place de la Bastille.In addition, Paris is served by a light rail network of four lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Saint-Denis to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from La Défense to Issy, line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from Bondy to Aulnay-sous-Bois. Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development. Paris also offers a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,450 parking stations, which can be rented for short and medium distances including one way trips. The new ferry service Voguéo has been inaugurated in June 2008, on the rivers Seine and Marne. Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, Gare du Nord, Gare Montparnasse, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, and Gare Saint-Lazare, are connected to three networks: The TGV serving four High-speed rail lines, the normal speed Corail trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien). Paris is served by two major airports: Orly Airport, which is south of Paris, and the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, near Roissy-en-France, which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial Flag carrier Air France. A third and much smaller airport, Beauvais Tillé Airport, located in the town of Beauvais, 70 km (43 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, Le Bourget nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.
The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique, which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six hours and Barcelona in 12 hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away, Brussels can be reached in 1 hour and 22 minutes (up to 25 departures/day), Amsterdam in 4 hours and 13 minutes (up to 8 departures/day), Cologne in 3hours and 51 minutes (6 departures/day), and Marseille, Bordeaux, and other cities in southern France in three hours.
Water and sanitation
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Canal Saint-Martin.Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the fifteenth century, an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; and, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq, providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century: From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways[75] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital.
Health
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Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (practitioners and administratives) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe[76].
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The France Page - Regions
Paris
Paris is the capital city of France. It is situated on the River Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region ("Région parisienne"). Paris has an estimated population of 2,153,600 within city limit (2005 est.). The Paris urban area has a population of 9.93 million and a commuter belt around the same completes the Paris "aire urbaine" (roughly: "metropolitan area") that, with its population of 12 million, is one of the most populated areas of its kind in Europe.
Paris' location at a crossroads between land and river trade routes in lands of abundant agriculture had made it one of France's principal cities by the 10th century, rich with royal palaces, wealthy abbeys and a cathedral; by the 12th century Paris had become one of Europe's foremost centres of learning and the arts. Today, Paris is a major influence in politics, fashion, business, arts and science. The city serves as an important hub of intercontinental transportation and is home to universities, sport events, opera companies and museums of international renown, making it an attraction for over 30 million foreign visitors per year.
History
Early beginnings
The earliest signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. Known boatsmen and traders, a sub-tribe of the celtic Senones, the Parisii, settled the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC.
The Roman westward campaigns had conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC. A permanent Roman settlement began towards the end of the same century on Paris' Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and Île de la Cité island, in a town first called Lutetia, but later becoming Gallicised Lutèce. The Gallo-Roman town expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with palaces, a forum, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre.
The collapse of the Roman empire and third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline: by 400 AD Lutèce, largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into its hastily fortified central island. The city would reclaim its original "Paris" appellation towards the end of the Roman occupation.
Middle ages
Around AD 500, Paris was the capital of the Frankish king Clovis I, who commissioned the first cathedral and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later patron saint of the city, Sainte Geneviève. On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state. By the time of the Carolingian dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold. The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of Francia occidentalis. Odo, Count of Paris was elected king in place of the incumbent Charles the Fat, namely for the fame he gained in his defence of Paris during the Viking siege (Siege of Paris (885-886)). Although the Cité island had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected Left Bank city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the Right Bank. In 987 AD, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the Capetian dynasty which would raise Paris to become France's capital.
From 1190, King Philip Augustus enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the Louvre as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the University of Paris which brought visitors from across Europe. It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and colleges, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central Les Halles marketplace.
Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-ally Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII reclaimed the city in 1437; although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its Loire Valley castles. During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). King Henry IV re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he captured the city from the Catholic party. During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792.
Nineteenth century
The Industrial Revolution, the French Second Empire, and the Belle Époque brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under Napoleon III and his préfet Haussmann, who leveled entire districts of narrow-winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris.
Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris — the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000. Paris also suffered greatly from the siege ending the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and the ensuing civil war Commune of Paris (1871) killed thousands and sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames.
Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous Universal Expositions of the late nineteenth century. The Eiffel Tower was built for the French Revolution centennial 1889 Universal Exposition, as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark. The first line of the Paris Métro opened for the 1900 Universal Exposition and was an attraction in itself for visitors from the world over. Paris's World's Fair years also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.
Twentieth century
During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918-1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dal í to American writer Hemingway. In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the German attack on France, a partially evacuated Paris fell to German occupation forces who remained until the city was liberated in August of 1944. After the Normandy invasion Paris waited for liberation. Central Paris endured WW II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs), and also because German General von Choltitz refused to carry out Hitler's order that all Parisian monuments be destroyed before any German retreat.
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centered on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment. At the same time, the City of Paris (within its Périphérique ring) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the northeastern suburbs.
Geography
Paris is located on a north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité which forms the oldest part of the city. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 metres (426 ft) above sea level.
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 square kilometres (33.56 mi²) in area. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form, but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From its 1860 78 km² (30.1 mi²), these limits expanded marginally to 86.9 km² in the 1920s, and in 1929 the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to its present 105.397 square kilometres (40.69 mi²).
The Paris metropolitan area extends far beyond the city limits, forming an irregular oval with arms of urban growth extending along the Seine and Marne rivers from the city's south-east and east, and along the Seine and Oise rivers to the city's north-west and north. Further, beyond the central suburbs, population density drops sharply in the surrounding land; a mix of forest and agriculture dotted with a network of relatively evenly dispersed satellite towns, this commuter belt, when combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes a Paris aire urbaine (metropolitan area) that covers an oval 14,518 km² (5,605.5 mi²) in area, or about 138 times that of Paris itself.
Climate
Paris has an oceanic climate and is affected by the North Atlantic Drift, so the city enjoys a temperate climate that rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. The average yearly high temperature is about 15 °C (59 °F), and yearly lows tend to remain around an average of 7 °C (45 °F). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1948, was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F), and the lowest was a −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) temperature reached on 10 December 1879. The Paris region has recently seen temperatures reaching both extremes, with the heat wave of 2003 and the cold wave of 2006.
Rainfall can occur at any time of the year, and Paris is known for its sudden showers. The city sees an average yearly precipitation of 641.6 mm (25.2 inches). Snowfall is a rare occurrence, usually appearing in the coldest months of January or February (but has been recorded as late as April), and almost never accumulates enough to make a covering that will last more than a day.
Architecture
"Modern" Paris is the result of a vast mid-19th-century urban remodelling. For centuries it had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's vast urbanisation levelled entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoise standing; most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. These Second Empire plans are in many cases still actual, as the city of Paris imposes the then-defined "alignement" law (imposed position defining a predetermined street width) on many new constructions. A building's height was also defined according to the width of the street it lines, and Paris' building code has seen few changes since the mid-19th century to allow for higher constructions. It is for this reason that Paris is mainly a "flat" city.
Paris' unchanging borders, strict building codes and lack of developable land have together contributed in creating a phenomenon called muséification (or "museumification") as, at the same time as they strive to preserve Paris' historical past, existing laws make it difficult to create within city limits the larger buildings and utilities needed for a growing population. Many of Paris' institutions and economic infrastructure are already located in, or are planning on moving to, the suburbs. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), major renowned schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, etc.), world famous research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest sport stadium (Stade de France), and some ministries (namely the Ministry of Transportation) are located outside of the city of Paris. The National Archives of France are due to relocate to the northern suburbs before 2010.
Districts and historical centres
A few of Paris' major districts :
* Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade turned avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. This avenue has been called "la plus belle avenue du monde" ("the most beautiful avenue in the world").
* Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.
* Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris's "oldest monument". On this place, on the two side of the Rue Royale live two identical stone buildings: the eastern houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendome is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hotel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.
* Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.
* L'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier is a home to the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as Crédit Lyonnais and American Express.
* Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilica of the Sacré Coeur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.
* Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, since the late 1970s a major shopping center around an important metro connection station (the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.
* Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. With large gay and Jewish populations it is a very culturally open place.
* Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) being one of the most historic districts, being a location of an essential event of not only Paris, but the whole country of France. Because of its historical value the square is often used for political demonstrations, including the massive anti-CPE demonstration of March 28, 2006.
* Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. With various higher education establishments, such as the École Normale Supérieure, ParisTech and the Jussieu university campus make it a major educational center in Paris, which also contributes to its atmosphere.
* Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.
* La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km/1.5 miles west of the City of Paris) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business highrises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3.5 million m² of offices, making of it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade around which the district is organised.
Monuments and landmarks
Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the nineteenth century Eiffel Tower, and the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. It is visible from many parts of the city as are the Tour Montparnasse skyscraper and the Basilica of the Sacré Cœur on the Montmartre hill.
The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards: the line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées and the Arc de Triomphe centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area.
The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent ancien régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour.
The Palais Garnier built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most famous museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.
Parks and gardens
Two of Paris's oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created from the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another formerly private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: the formerly suburban parks of Montsouris, Buttes Chaumont and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres"), were creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand and the landscape . You will often see Parisians having picnics at the parks, soaking up the warm sunshine, or simply enjoying the nature. They are peaceful escapes from the city and are enjoyed by all ages. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, to Paris' opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, and gardens being lain to Paris' periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line.
Cemeteries
Paris' cemeteries were on its outskirts upon their 1804 creation. Many of Paris' churches had their own cemeteries, but, by the late 18th century, they were making living conditions unpleasant for nearby housing. Abolished from 1786, all parish cemeteries contents were taken to abandoned limestone mines outside the southern gates of then Paris, today the 14e arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau. The latter are known today as the Paris Catacombes.
Although Paris today has once again grown to surround all its former cemeteries, these have become much-appreciated oases of quiet in a thriving city. Many of Paris's historical figures have found rest in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Other notable cemeteries include Cimetière de Montmartre, Cimetière du Montparnasse, Cimetière de Passy and the Catacombs of Paris.
New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: the largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux.
Culture
Entertainment
Opera
Paris' largest opera houses are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.
Theatre/Concert halls
Theatre traditionally has had a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, although, perhaps strangely, many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. A few of Paris' major theatres are Bobino, Théâtre Mogador and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres also doubled as concert halls.
Many of France's greatest musical legends such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens and Charles Aznavour found their fame in Parisian concert halls: legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Bobino, l'Olympia, la Cigale and le Splendid.
The below-mentioned Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. More recently, the Zenith hall in Paris' La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
Opéra Garnier
Opéra Garnier
Dancehalls/Discotheques
Guinguettes and Bals-concerts were the backbone of Parisian entertainment before the mid-20th century. Early to mid-19th century examples were the Moulin de la Galette guinguette and the Élysées-Montmartre and Chateau-Rouge dancehalls-gardens. Popular orchestral fare gave way to the Parisian accordionists of lore whose music moved the Apollo and le Java faubourg du Temple and Belleville dance-hall crowds. Out of the clubs remaining from this era grew the modern discothèque: Le Palace, although closed today, is Paris' most legendary example. Today, much of the clubbing in Paris happens in clubs like Le Queen, L'Etoile, Le Cab which are highly selective. Electronic music oriented clubs such as Le Rex, the Batofar (a boat converted into a club) or The Pulp are quite popular and the world's best DJs play there.
Cinema
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theaters: on a given week the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2800 seats, while other cinemas all have less than 1000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes with more than 10 or 20 screens in the same building.
Cafés, restaurants and hotels
Cafés quickly became an integral part of French culture from their appearance, namely from the opening of the left bank Café Procope in 1689 and the café Régence at the Palais Royal one year earlier. The cafés in the gardens of the latter locale became quite popular through the 18th-century, and can be considered Paris' first "terrace cafés"; these would not become widespread until sidewalks and boulevards began to appear from the mid-19th century. Cafés are an almost obligatory stop on the way to or from work for many Parisians, and especially during lunchtime.
Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the many origins of its inhabitants. With the early-19th-century railways and ensuing industrial revolution came a flood of migration that brought with it all the gastronomical diversity of France's many different regions, and maintained through 'local speciality' restaurants catering to the tastes of people from all. "Chez Jenny" is a typical example of a restaurant specialising in the cuisine of the Alsace region, and "Aux Lyonnais" is another with traditional fare originating from its city name's region. Of course migration from even more distant climes meant an even greater culinary diversity, and today, in addition to a great number of North African and Asian establishments, in Paris one can find top-quality cuisine from virtually the world over.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909.
Tourism
Paris had always been a destination for traders, students and those on religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourism' in the proper sense of the term began on a large scale only with the appearance of rail travel, namely from state organisation of France's rail network from 1848. One of Paris' first 'mass' attractions drawing international interest were, from 1855, the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that would bring Paris many new monuments, namely the Eiffel tower from 1889. These, in addition to the Capital's 2nd Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris' museums and monuments are by far its highest-esteemed attractions, and tourist interest has been nothing but a benefit to these; tourism has even motivated both city and State to create new ones. The city's most prised museum, the Louvre, sees over 6 million visitors a year. Paris' cathedrals are another main attraction: its Notre-Dame cathedral and Sacré-Coeur basilica receive 12 million and 8 million visitors respectively. The Eiffel tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over 6 million visitors per year. Disneyland Resort Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris, but to Europe as well, with 12.4 million visitors in 2004.
The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnasse. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Lastly, art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Musée Cluny and Musée d'Orsay respectively, the former with the prised tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn.
Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have metamorphised into a parody of French culture, in a form catering to the tastes and expectations of tourist capital. The Moulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism, with results not always positive for Parisian culture.
Sports
Paris's main sport clubs are the football club Paris Saint-Germain, the basketball team Paris Basket Racing and the rugby union club Stade Français Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and is used for football and rugby union, and is used annually for French rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship and sometimes for big matches for the Stade Français rugby team. Racing Métro 92 Paris (who now play in Rugby Pro D2) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups.
Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris and since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Center near the Bois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France. Paris will host this years' 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.
Economy
With a 2005 GDP of €478.7 billion (US$595.3 billion), the Paris Area has one of the the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: if it were a country, it would rank as the sixteenth largest economy in the world. The Paris Region is thus France's premier centre of economic activity: while its population accounted for 18.7% of the total population of metropolitan France in 2005, its GDP was about 28.5% that of metropolitan France. Activity in the Paris metropolitan area, though diverse, has not found a specialization such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries. In recent decades, however, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).
The Paris Region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. At the 1999 census, 47.5% of the 5,089,170 people in employment in the Paris metropolitan area (including commuter belt) worked in the city of Paris and the Hauts-de-Seine département, while only 31.5% worked exclusively in Paris.
Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high value-added activities, in particular business services.
Demographics within the Paris Region
(according to the INSEE 2005 estimates)
City of Paris
(Depts. 92, 93, 94) 4,254,600
Outer ring
(Depts. 77, 78, 91, 95) 4,991,100
(Paris agglomeration) 9,644,507
(Paris aire urbaine) 11,174,743
Immigration
French censuses, by law, ask no questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France. At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris metropolitan area's population were recent immigrants (i.e people who migrated to France between the 1990 and 1999 censuses), in their majority from mainland China and Africa.
The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis in Germany. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917; colonial citizens during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then. The majority of these today are naturalised French without any distinction, in the name of the French Republic principle of equality among its citizens.
Capital of the Île-de-France région
As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a département became the capital of the new région of the District of Paris, renamed the Île-de-France région in 1976. It encompasses the Paris département and its seven closest départements. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris département (who served as the prefect of the Seine département before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France région, although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.
Education
Emperor Charlemagne from the early 9th century mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals a higher education in the finer arts of language, physics, music and theology. It was from then that Paris, already one of France's major cathedral towns, began its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century the île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these was behind the creation of a separate Left-Bank Sainte-Genevieve University that would be the centre of Paris' scholastic Latin quarter best represented by the Sorbonne university.
Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (Île-de-France région) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.
Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Lycée Henri IV.
Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye and the Ecole Active Bilingue
Higher education
As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students, is the largest concentration of university students in Europe. The Paris Region's prestigious grandes écoles and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that together with the university population creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.[28]
Universities
Paris Notre-Dame Cathedral was the first center of higher education before the creation of the University of Paris. The universitas, a corporation status granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes, was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200. Many classes then were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris's Rive Gauche scholastic centre, or "Latin Quarter" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by Robert de Sorbon from 1257, the Collège de Sorbonne. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature and theology.
The 1968 student riots in Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body, resulted in a near total reform of the University of Paris. The following year, the formerly unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.
In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (Île-de-France) région. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Évry-Val d'Essonne, University of Marne-la-Vallée and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
In Paris there is also the english-speaking Westminster Centre for International Studies, department of London's University of Westminster, as well as the The American University of Paris, a private higher education institution; and the The American Business School of Paris.
Grandes écoles
The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of grandes écoles, or prestigious centres of higher specialised education outside the public university structure. Note that the prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the Ve arrondissement. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (ParisTech) which is composed of several colleges such as the famous École Polytechnique, École des Mines, Télécom Paris, and École des Ponts et Chaussées, forming future actors of France's engineering and industry. Business schools are also many, including world-famous HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, and ESCP-EAP European School of Management. Although Paris' former elite administrative school ENA was relocated to Strasbourg, the famous political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' Left bank VIIe arrondissement.
Transport
Paris's role as a centre of international trade and tourism has brought its transportation system many embellishments over the past centuries, and its development is still progressing at a rapid pace today. Only in the past few decades Paris has become the center of an autoroute system, high-speed train network and, through its two major airports, a hub of international air travel.
The public transit networks of the Paris region are coordinated by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP). Members of the syndicate include the RATP, which operates the Parisian and some suburban buses, the Métro, and sections of the RER; the SNCF, which operates the suburban rail lines and the other sections of the RER ; and other private operators managing some suburban bus lines.
The Métro is one of Paris' most important methods of transportation. The system comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, numbered thus because they used to be branches of their respective original lines and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new line 14 was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines.
There are two tangential tramway lines in the suburbs: Line T1 runs from Saint-Denis to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from La Défense to Issy. A third line, in the city proper, T-3, between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry, along the southern inner orbital road opened for use on December 15, 2006.
Paris is served by two principal airports: Orly Airport, which is south of Paris, and the Charles de Gaulle International Airport in nearby Roissy-en-France, one of the busiest in Europe. A third and much smaller airport, at the town of Beauvais, 70 km (45 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. Le Bourget airport nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.
Paris is a central hub of the national rail network of high-speed (TGV) and normal (Corail) trains. Six major railway stations, Gare du Nord, Gare Montparnasse, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, and Gare Saint-Lazare connect this train network to the world famous and highly efficient Métro network, with 380 stations connected by 221.6km of rails. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further in the suburbs as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, known as the RER, has been created since the 1960s to connect more distant parts of the conurbation.
The city is also the hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 autoroute motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway, also known as the A104 (north) and N104 (south) (and N184), in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2000 kilometres of major roads and highways. By road Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in 6 hours and Barcelona in 12 hours.
Water and sanitation
Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were: a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th-century an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the first; finally, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq began providing Paris with water from less polluted rivers away from the Capital. Paris would only have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water from the late 19th-century: from 1857, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that would bring sources from distant locations to reservoirs built in the highest points of the Capital. The new sources became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then dedicated to the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these even today date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital.
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Which theatre, situated in Salford and opened in the year 2,000 is named after a British painter who lived from 1887 to 1976 ? | L. S. Lowry - The Full Wiki
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L. S. Lowry
L.S Lowry at work. Front cover image from
the biographical book of Lowry's life & work
Going to the Match (1928),
Coming from the Mill (1930)
Industrial Landscape (1955)
Honorary Doctor of Letters
Laurence Stephen Lowry (1 November 1887 – 23 February 1976) was an English artist born in Barrett Street, Stretford , Lancashire . Many of his drawings and paintings depict nearby Salford and surrounding areas, including Pendlebury , where he lived and worked for over 40 years at 117 Station Road (B5231), opposite St. Mark's RC Church.
Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of Northern England during the early 20th century . He had a distinctive style of painting and is best known for urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as "matchstick men". He also painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits, and the secret 'marionette' works (the latter only found after his death).
Because of his use of stylised figures and the lack of weather effects in many of his landscapes he is sometimes characterised as a naïve [1] 'Sunday painter' although this is not the position of the galleries that have organised retrospectives of his works. [2] [3] [4] [5]
A large collection of Lowry's work is on permanent public display in a purpose built art gallery on Salford Quays , appropriately named, The Lowry .
Contents
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Early life
He was born on Barrett street (now a community centre on shrewsbury street Old Trafford, previously a district of Stretford).His family called him Laurie. It was a difficult birth, and his mother Elizabeth, who had been hoping for a girl, was uncomfortable even looking at him at first. Later she expressed her envy of her sister Mary, who had "three splendid daughters" instead of one "clumsy boy". Lowry's father Robert, a clerk for the Jacob Earnshaw and Son Property Company, was a withdrawn and introverted man who Lowry once described as "a cold fish" and "(the sort of man who) realised he had a life to live and did his best to get through it."
After Lowry's birth his mother's health was too poor for her to continue teaching. She is reported to have been gifted and respected, with aspirations of becoming a concert pianist. She was an irritable, nervous woman who had been brought up to expect high standards by her stern father. Like him she was controlling and intolerant of failure. She used illness as a means of securing the attention and obedience of her mild and affectionate husband and she dominated her son in the same way. Lowry often maintained in interviews conducted later in his life that he had an unhappy childhood, growing up in a repressive family atmosphere. Although his mother demonstrated no appreciation of her son's gifts as an artist, a number of books Lowry received as Christmas presents from his parents are inscribed to "Our dearest Laurie." At school he made few friends and showed no academic aptitude. His father was affectionate towards him but was, by all accounts, a quiet man who was at his most comfortable fading into the background as an unobtrusive presence. [6] [7]
Education
After leaving school, Lowry signed himself up for some private art lessons in the evenings on antique and freehand drawing. In 1905 Lowry managed to secure a place at the Manchester Municipal College of Art , where he studied under the French Impressionist artist Pierre Adolphe Valette . In 1915 he 'graduated' to the Salford School of Art where he was to continue studying until 1925. Here, he developed his interest in industrial landscapes and began to establish his style. [8]
Death of his mother
His father died in 1932, leaving debts. His mother was subject to neurosis and depression, and became bedridden. Lowry's mother had always been a very important figure in his life and now he had to care for her. He painted from 10 pm to 2 am, after his mother had fallen asleep. Many of the paintings produced during this period were damning self-portraits (often referred to as the "Horrible Heads" series), which demonstrate the influence of expressionism and may have been inspired by an exhibition of Van Gogh 's work Lowry saw at Manchester Art Gallery in 1931. He frequently expressed regret that he received little recognition as an artist until the year that his mother died and that she had never been able to enjoy his success. From the mid-1930s until at least 1939 Lowry took annual holidays at Berwick-upon-Tweed . With the outbreak of war Lowry served as a volunteer fire watcher in Manchester and accepted an invitation to become a war artist, eventually becoming an official war artist in 1943. In 1953 he was appointed Official Artist at the coronation of Elizabeth II .
With the death of his mother in October 1939, Lowry became depressed and neglected the upkeep of his house to such a degree that the landlord repossessed it in 1948. He was not short of money and bought "The Elms" in Mottram in Longdendale , Hyde , Cheshire . Although he considered the house ugly and uncomfortable, he stayed there until his death almost 30 years later. [9]
Personal life
In his later years, Lowry would often spend holidays at the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland , County Durham , painting scenes of the beach, as well as nearby ports and coal mines. [10]
When he had no sketchbook with him, Lowry would often draw scenes in pencil or charcoal on the back of scrap paper such as envelopes, serviettes, and cloakroom tickets and present them to young people sitting with their families nearby. Such serendipitous pieces are now worth thousands of pounds; a serviette sketch can be seen at the Sunderland Mariott Hotel (formerly the Seaburn Hotel).
He was a secretive and mischievous man who enjoyed stories irrespective of their truth. [11] His friends have observed that his anecdotes were more notable for their humour than their accuracy and in many cases he set out deliberately to deceive. His stories of the fictional Ann were inconsistent and he invented other people as frameworks upon which to hang his tales. The collection of clocks in his living room were all set at different times: to some people he said that this was because he did not want to know the real time; to others he claimed that it was to save him from being deafened by their simultaneous chimes.
The contradictions in his life are exacerbated by this confusion. He is widely seen as a shy man but he had many long-lasting friendships including the Salford artist Harold Riley and made new friends throughout his adult life. He often bought works from young artists he admired, such as James Lawrence Isherwood whose 'Woman with Black Cat', hung on his studio wall. [12] He kept ongoing friendships with some of these artists. He befriended the 23-year-old Cumbrian artist Sheila Fell in November 1955 and supported her career by buying several pictures that he gave to museums. Fell later described him as "A great humanist. To be a humanist, one has first to love human beings, and to be a great humanist, one has to be slightly detached from them."As he never got married this had a impact on his influence, but he did have several lady friends.
As his celebrity grew in the late 1950s he grew tired of being approached by strangers, and particularly disliked being visited at home in this way. Another of his unverifiable stories had him keeping a suitcase by the front door so that he could claim to be just leaving, a practice he claimed to have abandoned after a helpful young man insisted on taking him to the railway station and had to be sent off to buy a paper so that Lowry could buy a ticket for just one stop without revealing his deceit. However, he was unfailingly polite to the residents of Mottram , who respected him and his privacy; he used the bus to get about the area in his retirement. A bronze statue of him has recently been erected at the traffic lights in that village.
Despite his attempts to present himself as a "simple man" and, by default, unable to appreciate post-classical art, Lowry seems to have been aware of major trends within 20th century art. In an interview with Mervyn Levy he expressed his admiration for the work of René Magritte and Lucian Freud , although he admitted that he "didn't understand" Francis Bacon 's work. When he started to command large sums for the sale of his works, Lowry purchased a number of paintings and sketches by the Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Many of these works were portraits of Elizabeth Siddal , Jane Morris and William Holman Hunt 's muse Annie Miller . Lowry considered Rossetti to be his chief inspiration.
Retirement
Lowry retired from the Pall Mall Property Company in 1952 on his 65th birthday (McLean, 1978). During his career he had risen to become chief cashier but he never stopped collecting rents. The firm had supported his development as an artist and he was allowed time off for exhibitions in addition to his normal holiday allowance. It seems, however, that he was not proud of his job; his secrecy about his employment by the Pall Mall Property Company is widely seen as a desire to present himself as a serious artist but the secrecy extended beyond the art world into his social circle.
Margery Thompson first met him when she was a schoolgirl and he became part of her family circle. He attended concerts with her family and friends, visited her home and entertained her at his Pendlebury home, where he shared his knowledge of painting. They remained friends until his death, but he never told her that he had any work except his art.
In the 1950s he regularly visited friends at Cleator Moor , Cumberland (where Geoffrey Bennett was the manager at the National Westminster Bank ) and Southampton (where Margery Thompson had moved upon her marriage). Lowry painted pictures of the bank in Cleator Moor, Southampton Floating Bridge and other scenes local to his friends' homes.
In 1957 an unrelated 13-year-old schoolgirl called Carol Ann Lowry wrote to Lowry at her mother's urging to ask his advice on becoming an artist. He visited her home in Heywood, Lancashire some months later, and befriended the family. His friendship with Carol Ann Lowry was to last the rest of his life.
In his later years Lowry often joked with friends about retiring from the art world, citing his lack of interest in the changing landscape as a reason. Instead, he began to focus upon groups of figures and odd imaginary characters. Unknown to his wide circle of friends and the general public, Lowry was also producing a series of erotic works which would not be seen until after his death. The paintings themselves depict the mysterious " Ann " figure, who appears in a number of portraits and sketches produced throughout the artist's lifetime, enduring sexually-charged and humiliating tortures. When these works were finally exhibited at the Art Council's Centenary exhibition at the Barbican in 1988, art critic Richard Dorment wrote in the Daily Telegraph that these works "reveal a sexual anxiety which is never so much as hinted at in the work of the previous 60 years."
Death and legacy
Entrance to the Lowry Centre on Salford Quays
L.S. Lowry memorial at Mottram in Longdendale
He died of pneumonia at the Woods Hospital in Glossop , Derbyshire on 23 February 1976 aged 88. He was buried in Chorlton 's Southern Cemetery in Manchester , next to his parents. He left his estate, valued at £298,459, together with a considerable number of artworks by himself and others to Carol Ann Lowry, who, in 2001, obtained trademark protection of the artist's signature.
Lowry left a cultural legacy, with his works often selling for millions of pounds and even inspiring other works of art. The Lowry in Salford Quays was opened in 2000 and cost £106M; as well as being named after L. S. Lowry, the 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) gallery houses 55 paintings and 278 drawings by the artist – the world's largest collection of his work – with up to 100 on display. [13] In January 2005, a statue of Lowry was unveiled in Mottram in Longdendale, Cheshire. [14] Lowry lived 100 yards away from where the statue stands in a linked detached property, "The Elms", in Stalybridge Road from 1948 up until his death in 1976. Unfortunately this has become a target for local vandals with the statue being vandalised several times since being unveiled. [15] In 2006 the Lowry Centre in Salford hosted a contemporary dance performance inspired by the works of Lowry. [16]
Awards
Lowry was awarded the honorary degree of Master of Arts by the University of Manchester in 1945, and that of Doctor of Letters in 1961, and given the freedom of the city of Salford in 1965. In 1975 he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the Universities of Salford and Liverpool . In 1964, the art world celebrated his 77th birthday with an exhibition of his work and that of 25 contemporary artists who had submitted tributes to Monk's Hall Museum, Eccles . The Hallé Orchestra also performed a concert in his honour and prime minister Harold Wilson used Lowry's painting The Pond as his official Christmas card. Lowry's painting Coming Out of School was the stamp of highest denomination in a series issued by the Post Office depicting great British artists in 1968.
Lowry twice declined appointment to the Order of the British Empire : as an Officer (OBE) in 1955, and as a Commander (CBE) in 1961. He turned down a knighthood in 1968, and appointment to the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 1972 and 1976. He holds the record for the most honours declined.[citation needed]
Quotations
On the industrial landscape:
"We went to Pendlebury in 1909 from a residential side of Manchester, and we didn't like it. My father wanted to go to get near a friend for business reasons. We lived next door, and for a long time my mother never got to like it, and at first I disliked it, and then after about a year or so I got used to it, and then I got absorbed in it, then I got infatuated with it. Then I began to wonder if anyone had ever done it. Seriously, not one or two, but seriously; and it seemed to me by that time that it was a very fine industrial subject matter. And I couldn't see anybody at that time who had done it - and nobody had done it, it seemed."
"Most of my land and townscape is composite. Made up; part real and part imaginary [...] bits and pieces of my home locality. I don't even know I'm putting them in. They just crop up on their own, like things do in dreams."
On his style:
"I wanted to paint myself into what absorbed me [...] Natural figures would have broken the spell of it, so I made my figures half unreal. Some critics have said that I turned my figures into puppets, as if my aim were to hint at the hard economic nescessities that drove them. To say the truth, I was not thinking very much about the people. I did not care for them in the way a social reformer does. They are part of a private beauty that haunted me. I loved them and the houses in the same way: as part of a vision.
"I am a simple man, and I use simple materials: ivory black, vermilion, prussian blue, yellow ochre, flake white and no medium. That's all I've ever used in my paintings. I like oils [...] I like a medium you can work into over a period of time."
On painting his 'Seascapes':
"It's the battle of life - the turbulence of the sea [...] I have been fond of the sea all my life, how wonderful it is, yet how terrible it is. But I often think [...] what if it suddenly changed its mind and didn't turn the tide? And came straight on? If it didn't stay and came on and on and on and on [...] That would be the end of it all."
On art:
"You don't need brains to be a painter, just feelings."
"I am not an artist. I am a man who paints."
"This art is a terrible business."
Works
"Oldfield Road Dwellings, Salford", 1927, oil on wood, 43.2cm x 53.3cm, by L.S.Lowry Tate Gallery .
During his life Lowry made about 1,000 paintings and over 8,000 drawings. The lists here are some of those that are considered to be particularly significant.
Selected paintings
undated The Match [3]
Stolen Lowry works
Five Lowry art works were stolen from the Grove Fine Art Gallery in Cheadle Hulme , Cheshire on 2 May 2007. The most valuable were The Viaduct, estimated value of £700,000 and The Tanker Entering the Tyne, which is valued at over £500,000. The Surgery, The Bridge at Ringley and The Street Market were also stolen (Grove Fine Art Gallery 2007 website).
Collections
Lowry's work is held in many public and private collections. The largest collection is held by Salford Council and displayed at the Lowry Centre. Its L. S. Lowry collection has about 350 of his paintings and drawings. X-ray analysis has revealed hidden figures under his drawings - the 'Ann' figures. Lowry's "Going to the Match" is owned by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) and is also on display at the Lowry Centre in Salford.
The Tate Gallery in London owns 23 works. The City of Southampton owns The Floating Bridge, The Canal Bridge and An Industrial Town. His work is also featured at MOMA , in New York .
The Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu in Christchurch, New Zealand also has a Lowry work in its collection, "Factory at Widnes" (1956). The painting was one of the gallery’s most important acquisitions of the 1950s and remains the highlight of its collection of modern British art. [See; http://www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz/OnDemand/Audio/Collection/Works/PDF/AudioTranscript-69_353.pdf ]
Tributes and legacy
To mark the centenary of his birth, Royston Futter, director of the L. S. Lowry Centenary Festival on behalf of the City of Salford and the BBC commissioned the Northern Ballet Theatre and Gillian Lynne to create a dance drama in his honour. A Simple Man was choreographed and directed by Lynne, with music by Carl Davis and starred Christopher Gable and Moira Shearer (in her last dance role) and it won a BAFTA award as the best arts programme in 1987. It was subsequently transferred to the stage and first performed in Manchester in 1987 and in London at Sadler's Wells in 1988.
Shelley Rohde is known to have completed a one-man-play about the artist for which Christopher Eccleston was at one time engaged to perform. However, following her death in December 2007 it is unclear whether the play will be produced.
In 1978, two years after his death, Mancunian duo Brian and Michael hit number one in the UK pop charts with their only hit, the Lowry tribute Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs. Written by Ancoats -born Michael Coleman and produced by Kevin Parrott, the record sold 750,000 copies.
Terry Gilliam 's dystopian fantasy film Brazil pays homage to Lowry through both the incorporation of 'Lowryesque' cityscapes and the name of its chief protagonist (Sam Lowry).
The Manchester rock band Oasis paid tribute to Lowry by releasing a music video for the single " The Masterplan " in October 2006 which uses Lowry style animation.
Burberry designer Christopher Bailey drew influences from Lowry's work for his autumn/winter 2008-09 collection. [19]
References
Allen Andrews, The Life of L. S. Lowry, A Biography, (London: Jupiter Books, 1977)
David, McLean. 1978.L. S. Lowry. The Medici Society, London.
Hilda Margery Clarke , Lowry Himself, (Southampton: The First Gallery, 1992) ISBN 0-9512947-0-9
Michael Howard, Lowry — A Visionary Artist (Lausanne, Switzerland: Acatos, 1999)
Michael Leber & Judith Sandling (editors), L. S. Lowry, (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987)
Michael Leber & Judith Sandling, Lowry's City: A Painter and His Locale, (London: Lowry House, 2001)
Mervyn Levy , The Paintings of L. S. Lowry: Oils and Watercolours, (London: Jupiter Books, 1975)
Mervyn Levy , The Drawings of L. S. Lowry: Public and Private, (London: Jupiter Books, 1976)
Tilly Marshall, Life with Lowry, (London: Hutchinson, 1981) ISBN 0-09-144090-4
Shelley Rohde , A Private View of L. S. Lowry, (London: Collins, 1979)
Shelley Rohde , The Lowry Lexicon — An A–Z of L. S. Lowry, (Salford Quays: Lowry Press, 1999)
Doreen Sieja, The Lowry I Knew, (London: Jupiter Books, 1983)
Julian Spalding, Lowry, (Oxford: Phaidon, New York: Dutton, 1979)
H. W. Timperley , (ill. L. S. Lowry), A Cotswold Book, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1931)
Notes
| The Lowry |
Which ex President of the National Union Of Mineworkers was revealed as being a police informer after his death in 1993 ? | Map of Museums in Britain
306th Bombardment Group Museum, Thurleigh
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Bedfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: USAF 306th Bombardment Group
Address: Bedford Technology Park, Bedford MK44 1QU
Housed in one of the original WWII airfield buildings, the museum relates the history of the airfield as it was during the war years. Displaying a collection of artefacts from the Second World War, it is exhibited in such a way as to re-create the sights, sounds and atmosphere of those times. Open weekend and bank holidays Mar - Oct, admission charges apply.
Abbey House Museum, Kirkstall, Leeds
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leeds City Council
Address: Abbey Walk, Kirkstall, Leeds LS5 3EH
Set in the gatehouse of the ruined Kirkstall Abbey, the ground floor of the local history museum has been set out as an area of authentic Victorian streets, complete with a range of shops and services, including the original shop fittings. The upstairs galleries explore the history of the abbey and display a collection of 19th century toys, games and dolls. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Abbey Pumping Station, Leicester
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leicester City Council
Address: Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5PX
Together with the adjacent National Space Centre, the two museums trace more than 200 years of science and technology, from the early day of steam to modern day space exploration. In addition, the Abbey tells the story of Leicester's industrial, technological and scientific heritage. Open daily, with free admission.
Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Lakeland Arts Trust
Address: Kendal LA9 5AL
Located in historic Abbot Hall, the gallery exhibits one of the most important collections of George Romney's paintings in Britain, as well as a significant display of watercolours, including J M W Turner's masterpiece The Passage of Mount St. Gotthard and Windermere. The gallery is also the official home of The Arthur Ransome Society, with a display of some of his personal memorabilia exhibited. Open daily Mon - Sat, Sundays throughout July and Aug, admission charges apply.
Aberdeen Maritime Museum
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: North East Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Friends of Aberdeen Art Gallery & Museums
Address: Shiprow, Aberdeen AB11 5BY
Located on historic Shiprow, in the heart of the city and close to the harbour, the museum tells the story of Aberdeen's long association with the sea. The large collection of exhibits cover shipbuilding, fast sailing ships, fishing and the history of the port. Open daily all year round, except Mondays, free admission.
Abingdon County Hall Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Abingdon Museum Friends
Address: Market Place, Abingdon OX14 3HG
Set in the former courtroom of the Berkshire Assizes, this local history museum re-opened in 2012 after an extensive restoration project. The museum's permanent exhibitions include some of Abingdon's most important and historically significant artefacts, including the 16th century Monk's Map, a replica of the Anglo-Saxon Abingdon Sword, and one of the last MGB roadsters produced at the nearby MG factory. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Acton Scott Historic Working Farm
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Shropshire Council
Address: Acton Scott, near Church Stretton, Shropshire, SY6 6QQ
One of Britain's leading working farm museums, Acton Scott Historic Working Farm specialises in practical demonstrations of historic farming using traditional skills and period horse-drawn machines. Experience life around the farm yard and in the cottage, ending each day with milking by hand. Open daily Sat - Wed, between end-March and end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Aldeburgh Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Registered Charity
Address: The Moot Hall, Aldeburgh IP15 5DS
Set within the 16th century timber-framed Moot Hall, the museum tells the story of the sea-side town of Aldeburgh from the earliest settlers until the present day. Open afternoons Apr to Oct, admission charges apply.
Allerford Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1065071
Address: Allerford, Minehead TA24 8HN
Home to the West Somerset Rural Life Museum, Victorian Schoolroom and West Somerset Photographic Archive, Allerford Museum now contains several thousand artefacts and photographs mostly dating from the early 1800s to the late 1950s. The Victorian Schoolroom contains desks and other memorabilia from the period. Open daily from April to end October, closed on Saturdays and Mondays, admission charges apply.
Amberley Museum and Heritage Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Southern Industrial History Centre Trust
Address: Houghton Bridge, Station Rd, Amberley, Arundel BN18 9LT
Occupying a 36 acre site in the South Downs National Park, the museum celebrates the industrial heritage of South East England. Exhibits include a narrow-gauge railway and bus service (to explore the site), a Telecommunications Hall and Electricity Hall. The museum is also home to traditional craftsfolk. Open daily Wed - Sun, between March and Oct, admission charges apply.
American Museum in Britain, Bath
Type of Museum: Genral Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1106989
Address: Claverton Manor, Bath BA2 7BD
Set in 120 acre grounds and housed in historic Claverton Manor, the museum first opened its doors to the public in 1961. The only museum showcasing American decorative and folk art outside of the United States, it was founded to better promote Anglo-American understanding. Documenting the development of American decorative arts from the 1680s onwards, exhibits include an extensive collection of quilts, pieces of traditional Shaker furniture, Native American art and original maps of the New World. A series of period rooms lead the visitor from colonial times until the eve of the American Civil War. Open afternoons Tues to Sun, admission charges apply.
Amersham Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire , England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 288865
Address: 49 High St, Amersham, HP7 0DP
Housed in a 15th century half-timbered house, the museum tells the story of Amersham through collections of archaeological finds and artefacts from Roman times through to the present day. Open Wed, Thur, Sat & Sun afternoons between late spring to early autumn, admission charges apply.
Andover Museum and the Museum of the Iron Age, Andover
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hampshire County Council
Address: 6 Church Close, Andover SP10 1DP
Housed in an 18th century town house, the museum relates the story of the Andover from prehistoric times to the present day. The museum's exhibits and collections relate to natural history, archaeological finds, local industry and Andover's infamous workhouse. In the same building, the Museum of the Iron Age tells the story of the nearby Danebury hill fort. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Annan Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dumfries and Galloway Council
Address: Bank Street, Annan DG12 6AA
Exploring the history of the town and people of Annan from prehistoric times to the modern era, this family friendly museum houses a wide variety of exhibits from a 4000 year old Bronze Age burial urn to a 110 year old piece of chocolate. The museum also hosts special exhibitions and events throughout the season. Open Mon - Sat from April to end-Oct, free admission.
Anson Engine Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Anson Museum Trust Limited
Address: Anson Road, Poynton, Cheshire, SK12 1TD
Set on the site of the old Anson Colliery, this specialist museum houses a unique collection of over 250 gas and oil engines, including many maintained in running order. A steam section includes two Robey engines, and another display explores the development of the internal combustion engine. The museum opens to the public one weekend a month from Easter until end of October.
Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum, South Shields
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
Address: Baring Street, South Shields NE33 2BB
Once a supply fort for Hadrian's Wall, today Arbeias barracks and gatehouse have been reconstructed on their original foundations and a museum set up within to explain the history of the site. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons from April to end-Sept, free admission.
Army Medical Services Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Army Museums Ogilby Trust
Address: Keogh Barracks, Ash Vale, Aldershot, GU12 5RQ
Home to the four collections of the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC), Royal Army Dental Corps (RADC) and Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps (QARANC), the museum relates the story of army medicine and healthcare, both human and animal, from the English Civil War to the present day. Open daily Mon - Thur, free admission.
Ashford Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 298060
Address: The Churchyard, Ashford, Kent, TN23 1QG
Housed in a 17th century listed building, the museum features exhibits associated with Ashford town's history. Set over two floors, it presents a variety of exhibits and artefacts from prehistoric times through to the first and second world wars, including a new railway room. Open 11-14.00, Tues to Sat, free admission.
Ashmolean Museum Broadway
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Worcestershire , England
Owned / Operated by: Ashmolean Museum Broadway
Address: Tudor House, 65 High Street, Broadway, Worcestershire, WR12 7DP
Based at the 17th century Tudor House, the Ashmolean Broadway houses unique collections of furniture and paintings on loan from the Ashmolean Oxford. Displayed over three floors, exhibits include fine and decorative art from the 17th to the 21st centuries. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Oxford University
Address: Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PH
The Ashmolean Museum is home to the Oxford University's collection of art and archaeology. Founded in 1683 it is the first public museum in the UK and one of the oldest in the world. Highlights include mummies from Ancient Egypt; classical sculpture from Greece and Rome; paintings by masters of European art such as Raphael, Rembrandt van Rijn, William Turner, and Vincent Van Gogh; and the greatest collection of Chinese art in the western world. Entry to the museum is free.
Ashwell Village Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Friends of Ashwell Village Museum
Address: Swan Street, Ashwell SG7 5NY
Set in a restored half-timbered Tudor building, the museum exhibits a comprehensive range of everyday artefacts concerned with village life and the surrounding countryside from the Stone Age to the present day. Open Sun and bank holiday afternoons, free admission.
Astley Hall Museum and Art Gallery, Chorley
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Chorley Council
Address: Chorley PR7 1XA
Set within a historic house in the grounds of Astley Park, this museum and art gallery houses a social history collection relating to the hall and the wider Chorley area in general. Other displays in the museum relate to local archaeology and the military history of the area, as well as exhibiting a significant collection of artwork, pottery and glassware. Open weekend afternoons and Mon - Wed afternoons during school holidays, free admission.
Atholl Country Life Museum, Blair Atholl
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO35882
Address: Blair Atholl, Pitlochry PH18 5SP
Once the village school, this unique and lively museum provides an insight into country life and the social history of the Atholl people using a range of imaginative displays. Open daily from end May to end Sept, admission charges apply.
Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings, Bromsgrove
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 241644
Address: Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, B60 4JR
Opened in 1967, Avoncroft became England's first open-air museum. The museum now houses a collection of 30 agricultural, domestic, industrial, and other types of historic buildings, which have been relocated and re-erected on the 19 acre site. Open daily Jul & Aug, Tue - Sun between Mar - Jun & Sep - Oct, Sat & Sun only Nov - Feb, admission charges apply.
Aylth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Perth and Kinross, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Perth & Kinross Council
Address: Commercial Street, Alyth, PH11 8AF
In an area rich in farming and agriculture, the museum exhibits a wealth of pictures and artefacts reflecting life as it was in and around the small Perthshire village of Alyth. Open p.m. Wed - Sun, early-May to late-Sept, free admission.
Baird Institute Museum and Art Gallery, Cumnock, Ayrshire
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: East Ayrshire Council
Address: 3 Lugar Street, Cumnock KA18 1AD
First opened in 1891 to provide educational and leisure facilities for the good folk of Cumnock, the Baird relates the history of the town and Doon Valley area. In particular displays and artefacts tell the story of the religious struggles of the 17th century, the Ayrshire coal and Cumnock pottery industries. The Keir Hardie Room details the life and career of the founder of the Labour Party, who spent much of his adult life in the town. Open daily Thursday - Saturday, free admission.
Bakewell Old House Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bakewell & District Historical Society
Address: Cunningham Place, Bakewell DE45 1DD
Located behind Bakewell Church just a short walk from the town centre, Old House Museum is set within ten beamed rooms with wattle and daub partitions. With parts of the building dating from Tudor times, learn about Bakewell's industrial history with the Arkwright family mill. Open daily from April to Oct, admission charges apply.
Banbury Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cherwell District Council
Address: Spiceball Park Road, Banbury OX16 2PQ
Set beside the Oxford Canal, the museum first opened its doors to the public in 2002 and tells the 400 year old history of the town. Displays explore Banbury as a Victorian market town, as well as the area's involvement in the English Civil War. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Bank of England Museum, City of London
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Bank of England
Address: Bartholomew Lane, London EC2R 8AH
The museum tells the story of the United Kingdom's central bank, from its foundation in 1694 to the current role it plays in maintaining a healthy economy. Exhibits include photographs, paintings, coins, banknotes and a display of gold, from the days of the Roman Empire to a collection of more modern bullion bars. Modern technology is used to explain the Bank's present day role. Open daily from Mon to Fri, free admission.
Bankfield Museum, Halifax
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Calderdale Council
Address: Akroyd Park, Boothtown Road, Halifax HX3 6HG
Set within an imposing Victorian Mansion in the surroundings of Akroyd Park, the museum's collections include a display of textiles from around the world and a toy gallery. Bankfield is also home to the Duke of Wellington's Regiment Museum, complete with an original pair of Wellington's boots! Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Barley Hall, York
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: York Archaeological Trust
Address: 2 Coffee Yard, York YO1 8AR
Once home to the Mayor of York, this stunning medieval building was only re-discovered in the 1980s behind the modern façade of a derelict office block. Now restored to its original 15th century splendour, visitors can experience life in Medieval England first hand. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Battle Museum of Local History
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: East Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by:
Address: The Almonry, High St, Battle TN33 0AE
Set within the pretty walled gardens of the Almonry, the museum exhibits many fascinating artifacts from the town's past, including objects from prehistoric times to the world's oldest effigy of Guy Fawkes. A special exhibition tells the story of England's most famous battle, the Battle of Hastings, fought on the site of nearby Battle Abbey. Open Mon to Sat, free admission.
Beamish Museum, nr Stanley
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 517147
Address: Beamish DH9 0RG
Presenting everyday life in urban and rural North East England during the days of the Industrial Revolution, this 300 acre living history museum utilises a considerable collection of buildings, vehicles, equipment, livestock and costumed interpreters to relate the history of the region. The museum includes a town, complete with Victorian era buildings, a railway station with rolling stock and signal box, a colliery village with an original coal mine, and a mid-nineteenth century farm complex, all connected by a trams and buses. Open daily during the summer season, closed Mondays and Fridays during the winter, admission charges apply.
Beaney House of Art and Knowledge, Canterbury
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Canterbury Museums
Address: 18 High Street, Canterbury CT1 2RA
Set in the heart of the historic city, this art museum and library re-opened its doors to the public in 2012 after an extensive restoration project. Named after its benefactor, Dr James George Beaney, its collections range from ancient Egyptian artefacts to paintings by local artists. Open daily, free admission.
Beatles Story, Liverpool
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: Merseytravel
Address: Albert Dock, Liverpool L3 4AD
Set on Liverpool's Albert Dock, the museum tells the story of the 1960's pop group. From the earliest days at the Casbah Coffee Club, the museum explores how the Fab Four were propelled to worldwide fame to become the greatest band of all time. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Bede's World, Jarrow
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: South Tyneside District Council
Address: Church Bank, Jarrow NE32 3DY
A museum dedicated to the life and times of the Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon monk and scholar who lived at the nearby St Pauls monastery. Best known as the author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, he recorded the beginnings of the English as a single nation. In addition to the main 'Age of Bede' exhibit, the museum also includes replica buildings, built with original materials, using skills that would have been present around 700AD. Open daily throughout the year, entrance charges apply.
Belford & District Hidden History
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Northumberland , England
Owned / Operated by: Belford and District Hidden History
Address: Church Street, Belford, Northumberland
The museum tells the story of Belford and its surrounding area, and on the lives of the men, women and children who lived there. Open daily, free admission.
Berwick Museum and Art Gallery, Berwick-upon-Tweed
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Northumberland, England
Owned / Operated by: Northumberland County Council
Address: Berwick Barracks, Berwick TD15 1DG
The museum tells the violent medieval story of this historic border town. Ever-changing displays of old masters are on display in the gallery, thanks to the collection donated to the town by Glasgow shipping millionaire Sir William Burrell. Open daily Mon - Fri from April to end-Sept, admission charges apply.
Bexhill Museum, Bexhill on Sea
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Bexhill Museum Ltd
Address: Egerton Road, Bexhill TN39 3HL
Celebrating its centenary in 2014, the museum is exploring Bexhill's contribution to the Great War. Other permanent collections within the museum examine the town's role as the birth place of British motor racing and a costume collection dating from the 17th century. Open daily from Feb to Nov, admission charges apply.
Big Pit National Coal Museum, Blaenafon, Torfaen
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Blaenafon, Torfaen NP4 9XP
A working coalmine for over 100 years, the Big Pit National Coal Museum first opened its doors to visitors in 1980. Dedicated to preserving the Welsh heritage of coal mining, the museum tells the story of the power source that fed the Industrial Revolution and the men that made it all possible. Travel 300 feet underground and experience what life was really like for the thousands of men who worked the coal face. Open daily all year round, free admission.
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Birmingham Museums Trust
Address: Chamberlain Square, Birmingham B3 3DH
First opened in 1885, the museum features over forty galleries displaying archaeology finds and exploring local and social history. The museum also exhibits objects spanning seven centuries of European and world history, including the Greeks, Romans and ancient Egypt. The art gallery is famous for its collection of Pre-Raphaelite paintings. Open daily, free admission.
Black Country Living Museum, Dudley
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Black Country Living Museum Trust
Address: Tipton Road, Dudley, DY1 4SQ
First opened in 1978, this large open-air museum consists of historic buildings relocated from their original sites from across the Black Country to portray life in the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. Set over 26 acres, the museum tells the story of the world's first industrial landscape with historic shops, houses, library and fairground. The museum's collection of vehicles includes trams, motor buses, trolley buses, cars, motor cycles as well as canal branch. Open daily Apr - end-Oct, Wed - Sun during winter, admission charges apply.
Black Watch Castle and Museum, Perth
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO05848
Address: Balhousie Castle, Hay Street, Perth PH1 5HR
Housed in historic Balhousie Castle, the Black Watch Museum brings this glorious regiment's past vibrantly to life. The displays and exhibits detail the history of Scotland's oldest Highland regiment. A family friendly museum, with trails, activities and other regular events for families. Open daily throughout the year, admission charges apply.
Blairs Museum, Blairs, Nr Aberdeen
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: North East Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Bishops of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland
Address: South Deeside Road, Blairs, Aberdeen AB12 5YQ
Housed in a former seminary, Blairs offers an insight into Scotland's long Catholic history. The museum is home to an extensive collection of religious artefacts and unique Jacobite memorabilia belonging to the Scottish Roman Catholic Church. Open weekends April to October, admission charges apply.
Blandford Fashion Museum, Blandford Forum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1052471
Address: The Plocks, Blandford Forum DT11 7AA
Set in a well-proportioned Georgian house, the museum first opened its doors to the public in 1996 with the aim of displaying the connection between fashion and social history. The museum exhibits an extensive collection of day wear, evening wear and wedding dresses, dating from the early 18th century to the 1970s. Open daily Mon, Thurs, Fri and Sat, from Easter to November, admission charges apply.
Blandford Town Museum, Blandford Forum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Blandford Museum Trust
Address: Bere's Yard, Blandford Forum DT11 7HQ
Set in a former coach house, the museum holds a wealth of artefacts and archives relating to the town and surrounding area, dating from Prehistoric times to the present day. Open daily Mon - Sat, from April to end-Oct, free admission.
Bletchley Park, nr Milton Keynes
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bletchley Park Trust
Address: Milton Keynes MK3 6EB
The birthplace of modern computing, the museum details the critical contribution that codebreaking and intelligence played in World War II. The main collection of galleries and exhibits are displayed within the wartime Codebreaking Huts, and include Hitler's "Unbreakable" Cipher Machine and a fully-operational bombe, the electro-mechanical device developed by Turing and Welchman to crack the Enigma Codes. Housed on the same site are the National Radio Centre and the National Museum of Computing. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Bolton Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council
Address: Le Mans Crescent, Bolton BL1 1SE
Housed together with the town's central library, this local history museum tells the story of Bolton and its people. In addition, its collections range from natural history, archaeology, Egyptology as well as one of the oldest public aquariums in Britain. The museum's fine art collection comprises more than 3500 exhibits, mainly by British artists dating from the 18th century. Open daily, free admission.
Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton and Hove
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Brighton and Hove City Council
Address: 194 Dyke Road, Brighton BN1 5AA
Founded in 1874 by naturalist Edward Booth, the museum was originally built to house his lifetime collection of stuffed British birds. Other natural history collections on display include butterflies, fossils, bones and skeletons. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
Bowes Museum, nr Barnard Castle
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1079639
Address: Barnard Castle DL12 8NP
This purpose designed art gallery first opened its doors to the public in 1892 and houses a nationally renowned collection. Named in honour of its founder John Bowes, it contains works by El Greco, Goya, Canaletto and Boucher, as well as exhibits of fine and decorative art. With collections displayed over three floors, the Fashion and Textiles Gallery is particularly innovative. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Bradford Industrial Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bradford Council
Address: Moorside Mills, Moorside Road, Eccleshill, Bradford BD2 3HP
Set within a small Victorian spinning mill, the museum displays a collection of textile machinery, steam engines, printing machinery and motor vehicles, reflecting Bradford's industrial heritage. Explore the differences between the splendour of Moorside House, home to the mill manager, against the more austere surroundings of the mill-workers' terraced houses. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Bridgwater Blake Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Bridgwater Town Council
Address: 5 Blake Street, Bridgwater TA6 3NB
Set in a 16th century house in the heart of Bridgwater, the museum first opened its doors to the public in 1926. The building is reputed to be the birthplace of the 'Father of the Royal Navy' Admiral Robert Blake, Cromwell's General-at-Sea, during the English Civil War. The local museum depicting the history of Bridgwater, it also relays the fascinating story of the founder of the modern navy. Open April to end October, Tuesday - Saturday, entry is free.
Bridport Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1090327
Address: 25 South Street, Bridport DT6 3NR
Set behind the façade of a fine 16th century building, the museum houses a collection of artefacts relating the town of Bridport and the surrounding area. The museum's collection of archaeological finds includes some significant Roman military material from two local sites, whilst the Jurassic Coast Gallery contains examples of the fossils which can be found along the nearby stretch of coastline. Open daily Mon - Sat, from April to Oct, free admission.
Brighton Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Brighton and Hove City Council
Address: Royal Pavilion Gardens, Brighton BN1 1EE
Set in the Royal Pavilion gardens, the museum explores Brighton's rich and colourful history, including its royal connections. There are three galleries devoted to Fine Art and a significant collection of World Art. Other galleries explore fashion through the ages, pottery and celebrations from around the world, including puppets, masks, costumes and musical instruments. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Bristol Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Bristol Museums
Address: Queens Rd, Bristol, BS8 1RL
Housing internationally important collections of archaeology, geology and art, this impressive Venetian Gothic style building boasts 19 galleries over 3 floors. The art gallery contains works from all periods, including artwork by local lad Banksy. Open daily, free admission.
British Golf Museum, St Andrews, Fife
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews Trust
Address: Bruce Embankment, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AB
Close to the world famous Old Course and directly opposite from the Royal and Ancient Clubhouse, this museum contains the finest collection of golfing memorabilia in Europe. With over 16,000 items gathered together, it tells the story of golf with exhibits dating from the 17th century through to the present day. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
British Museum, Camden
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1140844
Address: Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG
Housing one of the world's greatest collections of historic treasures, the British Museum documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. First opened to the public in 1759, its vast array of exhibits includes the Elgin Marbles, the Rossetta Stone, the Sutton Hoo treasure and the mummy of Cleopatra from Thebes. Open daily, free admission.
British Schools Museum, Hitchin
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hitchin British Schools Trust
Address: 41/42 Queen Street, Hitchin SG4 9TS
Based in an original Edwardian and Victorian School, this educational museum includes a monitorial schoolroom based on the theories of Joseph Lancaster, the 'Poor Child's Friend'. Dating from the early 1800s, Lancaster's ideas for educating the children of the working poor of Hertfordshire included a system whereby a large number of younger scholars could be taught by older scholars, under the supervision of the master. Open on Tuesdays, am on Saturdays and pm Sundays, admission charges apply.
Brixham Heritage Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Brixham Museum and History Society
Address: New Road, Brixham TQ5 8LZ
Housed in the Old Police Station, the museum is dedicated to preserving the history and heritage of the town and its people. Set over two floors, much of the lower gallery features exhibits reflecting Brixham's maritime heritage and the building's former function as a police station. The first floor gallery displays finds from the museum's archaeological team, spanning prehistoric times to World War II. Open daily Tues - Sat during the summer months, Tues - Sat morning in the winter, admission charges apply.
Bronte Pasonage Museum, Haworth
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bronte Society
Address: Church Street, Haworth BD22 8DR
Former home of the Bronte family, the parsonage museum contains the world's most comprehensive collection of manuscripts, letters, early editions of the novels and poetry of this famous literary family. Explore the rooms were the Bronte's spent most of their lives and wrote their famous novels. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Brooklands Museum, Weybridge
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 296661
Address: Brooklands Road, Weybridge KT13 0QN
Located on the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit, Brooklands was the birthplace of British motorsport and aviation. The museum's motoring and aviation exhibits range from racing cars, motorcycles and bicycles to a unique collection of British-built aircraft, including a World War II Wellington Bomber, Vickers Viscount, Vanguard, VC10, BAC One-Eleven and Concorde. Brooklands is also home to the new London Bus Museum, with a display of more than 30 historic buses dating back to the 1870s. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Buckingham Old Gaol Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 292807
Address: Market Hill, Buckingham MK18 1JX
Set within the heart of Buckingham, this purpose-built former prison now a museum, relates the story of this historic market town. The original cells form part of the museum exhibits as does the prisoners' exercise yard, other zones include Romans, Anglo Saxons, Tudors, Victorians and Edwardians through to WWII. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
Buckinghamshire County Museum, Aylesbury
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Buckinghamshire County Council
Address: Church Street, Aylesbury HP20 2QP
Set within three historic buildings, the museum exhibits artefacts relating to the history of Buckinghamshire with displays of costume agriculture and industry. The museum also houses a significant collection of historic photographs, British Studio Ceramics, as well as fine displays of painting, prints and drawings. To the rear of the building, is the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery, were workshop sessions can be booked in advance. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Buckler's Hard
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Beaulieu Enterprises Ltd
Address: Buckler's Hard, Beaulieu, Hampshire, SO42 7XB
Located in the heart of the New Forest, the museum presents the history of this 18th century shipbuilding village, where warships for Nelson's Navy were once built. A 30 minute cruise reveals the history of the Beaulieu River, one of the few privately owned rivers in the world. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Burnham-on-Crouch and District Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Burnham Museum Trust
Address: Burnham-on-Crouch CM0 8AH
Located in a former boat-builder's premises, the museum exhibits a collection of material relating to agriculture, fishing, oyster fishery and farming. It also explores local industries, including boat building and iron working, as well as the social history of the region. Open afternoons on Wed, Sat and Sun from Easter to end Nov, daily during the school summer holidays, admission charges apply.
Burton Art Gallery and Museum, Bideford
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Accredited Museum
Address: Kingsley Road, Bideford EX39 2QQ
Set in Bideford's Victoria Park, the building houses three exhibition areas including a permanent ceramics display and museum, as well as a collection of highly significant paintings, many of which are directly related to the local area. Open daily, free admission.
Bury Art Museum
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Bury Council
Address: Moss Street, Bury BL9 0DR
Although originally opened in 1907, the museum received a total refurbishment in 2005 to provide a brand new-look facility including a museum, art gallery and library all housed in one building. As well as telling the story of the town and its people, the museum houses the Wrigley Collection. Collected by the Victorian paper manufacturer Thomas Wrigley, the displays include works by Constable, Landseer and Turner. Open daily Tues - Sat.
Bushey Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 294261
Address: Rudpolph Road, Bushey, WD23 3HW
The museum details the story of the village of Bushey and its unique artistic history, through a collection of works and items relating to Sir Hubert von Herkomer RA. Also on show is the Lucy Kemp-Welch Memorial Trust Collection. The social history of the village is explored through displays and aretfacts, including locally made products and historic maps. Open Thurs to Sun, 11 - 16.00, free admission.
Bute Museum, Rothesay, Isle of Bute
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Buteshire Nat. History Soc.
Address: 7 Stuart Street, Rothesay, Isle Of Bute PA20 0EP
An independently run museum detailing the natural and historical heritage of the Isle of Bute. Exhibits and artefacts detail aspects of Bute's history from Mesolithic and Neolithic times, through to the closing years of the 20th century. The Natural History Gallery explores the geology, plants, animals and birdlife of the island. Open daily April - Oct, admission charges apply. Closed Dec and Jan.
Cadbury World, Birmingham
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Cadbury Chocolate Company
Address: Bourneville B30 1JR
Opened in 1990 on Cadbury's Bourneville manufacturing site, the museum explores the history of chocolate. Through its 14 zones, the museum tells the story of chocolate and the Cadbury business utilising various inn votive methods including animatronics, videos, cinema, interactive displays and demonstrations. Open daily between Feb and Nov, with limited opening times in Dec, admission charges apply.
Cambridge Museum of Technology
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by:
Address: Cheddars Lane, Cambridge CB5 8LD
Just a mile from the city centre, this industrial museum is housed in the original sewage pumping station for Cambridge. Displaying the station's original pumping equipment, collections in the museum include artefacts from local industries W.G. Pye and Cambridge Instrument Company. Other exhibits include a working steam winch hauling a narrow gauge incline railway and a print room with a large collection of old printing equipment. Admission charges apply.
Canterbury Heritage Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Canterbury Museums
Address: Stour Street, Canterbury CT1 2NR
Set in the 12th century Poor Priests' Hospital, the museum tells the story of Canterbury from pre-Roman times to the present day. Arranged in chronological order, the exhibits explore the city's history from prehistoric times through to the days of the World War II Blitz. The museum also displays the 9th century Saxon Canterbury Cross and houses a gallery dedicated to Rupert the Bear, whose creator Mary Tourtel was born in the city. Open daily Wed - Sun, admission charges apply.
Cardiff Story Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Cardiff Council
Address: The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1BH
Housed in the iconic Old Library, the Cardiff Story relates the history of the city through a collection of over 3,000 objects and artefacts. It tells the story of how Cardiff was transformed from a small market town to one of the world's largest ports in the 1900s, through to today's cosmopolitan capital city. Open daily throughout the year, free admission.
Carmarthen Museum, Abergwili, Carmarthenshire
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Carmarthenshire County Council.
Address: Abergwili, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire SA31 2JG
Housed in a former priest's college dating from around 1290, the museum tells the history of the county through a rich collection of artefacts, paintings, furniture and costume. Once the palace of the Bishops of St David's, it was from here that the New Testament was first translated into the Welsh language in 1567. Ideal for picnics, the museum's park enjoys spectacular views across the Tywi Valley. Open daily from Tues to Sat all year round, free admission.
Castle House Museum, Dunoon
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Castle House Museum Trust
Address: Castle Gardens, Dunoon, Argyll PA23 7HH
Opened in 1998, the museum is housed in an historic building opposite Dunoon Pier. Through exhibits, models and other artefacts it tells the story of Dunoon from the Neolithic period to the present day. Open daily from Easter to October, admission charges apply.
Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, Widnes
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Halton Borough Council
Address: Mersey Road, Widnes WA8 0DF
The world's first museum dedicated to the chemical industry is set on Spike Island on the north bank of the River Mersey. Through a variety of exhibits and interactive displays, Catalyst tells the story of the historical development of the chemical manufacturing industry in the north west of England. Exploring how the products of chemistry are used in everyday life, it seeks to make science exciting and accessible. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Cater Museum, Billericay
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Cater Museum Trust
Address: 74 High Street, Billericay CM12 9BS
Tracing the recent history of Billericay, the museum is set over three floors and houses a mid-Victorian parlour, bedroom and kitchen. The top floor Billericay at War room displays artefacts from World War II. Open afternoons Mon - Sat, free admission.
Ceredigion Museum, Aberystwyth
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Mid Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Ceredigion County Council
Address: Terrace Road, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 2AQ
Seeking to provide an understanding of the history and culture of the county of Ceredigion, the museum presents a lively programme of temporary exhibitions and events, alongside the more permanent displays. Housed in The Coliseum a restored Edwardian theatre, there are fine collections of Welsh furniture, costume and many artefacts connected with the regions farming and agricultural heritage. Open Monday to Saturday throughout the year, free admission.
Charlestown Shipwreck and Heritage Centre, nr St Austell
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Privately owned centre
Address: Quay Road, Charlestown PL25 3NJ
Housing artefacts from more than 150 shipwrecks, the centre boasts the largest private collection of its type on public display in Europe. With exhibits dating back to 1715, it displays a wide range of maritime history including a large collection of underwater diving equipment. Open daily Mar - Oct, admission charges apply.
Chatham Historic Dockyard
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 292101
Address: The Historic Dockyard, Chatham ME4 4TE
Located on the site of the Royal Navy dockyard at Chatham in Medway, the museum comprises several major features including three historic warships. Another display tells the story of the dockyard, home to the Royal Navy for several hundred years. The Lifeboat Museum houses 17 historic vessels and explores the history of the RNLI. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Chelmsford Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Chelmsford City Council
Address: Oaklands Park, Chelmsford CM2 9AQ
Set in Oaklands Park, the museum houses both the Chelmsford Museum and the Essex Regimental Museum. A local history museum, Chelmsford Museum records the history of city from pre-Roman times to the present day, including its industrial past. The regimental museum portrays the proud story of the foot soldiers of the Essex Regiment and the mounted troops of the Essex Yeomanry. Open daily Mon - Thurs and Sat, Sun afternoons, free admission.
Chepstow Museum, Monmouthshire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Monmouthshire Museums Service
Address: Bridge Street, Chepstow, Gwent NP16 5EZ
Set opposite from Chepstow Castle, the museum displays the rich and varied past of this ancient town, from a trading port in the medieval era through to more recent times, as a centre for poets and painters. Artefacts and exhibits explore Chepstow's wine trade and shipbuilding industry, the museum also includes a fine collection of 18th and 19th century paintings and prints. Open daily all year round, free admission.
Cheshire Military Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 272108
Address: The Castle, Chester, CH1 2DN
Set in a former training block of Chester Castle, the museum tells the story of the regiments of Cheshire from 1685 to the present day. This 300 year history is told through art, artefacts and memorabilia including displays of uniforms, medals and weapons. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Chiltern Open Air Museum, Chalfont St Giles
Type of Museum: Others
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 272381
Address: Gorelands Lane, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4AB
Chiltern Open Air Museum was founded in 1976 with the aim of rescuing threatened buildings from the local area. More than thirty historic buildings have now been saved and rebuilt at the site, including a traditional working farm. Other buildings include an Iron Age roundhouse, a working forge, public convenience, toll house and a WWII nissen hut. Open daily from April to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Chippenham Museum and Heritage Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Chippenham Town Council
Address: 10 Market Place, Chippenham SN15 3HF
Located in Grade II Georgian building the museum sits at the top of Market Place in the centre of town. Entry to the museum is free.
Cider Museum, Hereford
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 267034
Address: Pomona Place, Hereford HR4 0EF
Set in a former cider making factory to the west of the city, the museum explains how apples are milled, pressed and fermented to produce cider. The museum's collections include cider mills and presses, paintings, old photographs and films. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
City Museum, Winchester
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Winchester City Council
Address: The Square, Winchester, SO23 9ES
Through its three galleries the museum relates the story of ancient Winchester's past, from its days as a prehistoric trading centre through its emergence as the principal city in the Anglo- Norman kingdom, following its decline in the Middle Ages and on to more modern days. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Clearwell Caves, The Royal Forest of Dean's Iron Mining Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Wright family
Address: nr Coleford, Royal Forest of Dean GL16 8JR
Mined for iron ore for centuries, nine underground chambers reveal the history of some of Britain's most complex and oldest mine workings. With geological and mining displays, this working mining museum explores how iron ore from the caves have been used to make tools, weapons and machinery. Open daily from mid Feb to end Oct, admission charges apply.
Cliffe Castle Museum, Keighley
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bradford Council
Address: Spring Gardens Lane, Keighley BD20 6LH
Housed within a grand Victorian mansion, this newly reopened museum features a series of galleries exploring various aspects of local history. Once home to the local Victorian millionaire and textile manufacturer, Henry Isaac Butterfield, period themed rooms display how the family would have entertained their more important guests. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Cobbaton Combat Museum, Chittlehampton
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Private Collection
Address: Chittlehampton, Umberleigh EX37 9RZ
Packed into two hangar-like Romney buildings, this military museum exhibits a range of vehicles and equipment, primarily from World War II. With over 60 vehicles and artillery pieces on display, the museum's other collections include military radios and more than 200 deactivated small arms. Open daily from Easter through the summer months, admission charges apply.
Combined Military Services Museum, Maldon
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Registered Charity
Address: Station Road, Maldon CM9 4LQ
Exhibiting artefacts from Britain's proud military history, collections show the everyday combat equipment and weaponry used by the combined armed forces of the Army, Navy, Royal Air Force and Special Forces. The museum displays only genuine period items and seeks to reveal the lifestyle and burden of the average trooper. The collections date from the English Civil War, through to today's high-tech, modern soldier. Open daily Wed - Sun, admission charges apply.
Compton Verney House, Compton Verney
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1032478
Address: Compton Verney CV35 9HZ
Set in an 18th century country mansion, the gallery's collections include examples of Neapolitan art and northern European medieval art, as well as works by Joshua Reynolds. Other exhibits include Chinese bronzes, British folk art and a display of 20th century textiles. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Congleton Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 701430
Address: Market Square, Congleton CW12 1ET
Located on the town's market square, the museum tells the history of Congleton from prehistory, through the English Civil War to the Second World War. The museum also explores how the industrial revolution impacted both the town and local area. Open afternoons Tues - Sun, free admission.
Corinium Museum, Cirencester
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cotswold District Council
Address: Park Street, Cirencester GL7 2BX
Although the museum exhibits artefacts from the Neolithic to Victorian times, it is the collection of finds from the Roman town of Corinium Dobunnorum (modern day Cirencester) that it is most famous for. The museum's fine collection of second to fourth century Roman finds include mosaic floors, tombstones, carvings and jewellery. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, admission charges apply.
Cotswold Motoring Museum, Bourton on the Water
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: CSMA Club
Address: Bourton on the Water GL54 2BY
Set in the picturesque Cotswolds village of Bourton on the Water, the museum displays a fine collection of vintage cars, classic cars, motorcycles, caravans and other motoring memorabilia from the 20th century. Open daily from mid-Feb to Nov, admission charges apply.
Court Barn
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: The Guild of Handicraft Trust
Address: Church Street, Chipping Campden, GL55 6JE
Telling the story of the history of the Arts & Crafts movement in Chipping Campden and the surrounding area from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Coventry Transport Museum
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1113605
Address: Hales Street, Coventry CV1 1JD
Located in the UK's Mo-town, this museum houses a vast collection of British-made road transport vehicles including more than 100 bicycles, 200 motorcycles and 200 cars and lorries. The museum displays many Coventry built cars such as those from the Humber, Jaguar, Standard and Triumph marques, an Alvis tank, Massey Ferguson tractors, as well as many of the famous motorcycle manufacturers including Triumph, Francis-Barnett and Rudge-Whitworth. Open daily, free admission.
Coventry Watch Museum Project
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Coventry Watch Museum Project Ltd
Address: Medieval Spon Street, Coventry CV1 3BA
A centre of watchmaking since the late 1700s, the Coventry Watch Museum Project tells the history of this precision industry and relates it to the industrial development of the city as a centre for motor car, motor cycle and aircraft production. Open on Tuesdays and Saturday.
Creswell Crags
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Creswell Crags Museum & Heritage Centre
Address: Crags Road, Welbeck, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, S80 3LH
Located on the Derbyshire / Nottinghamshire border at the east end of a limestone gorge honeycombed with caves is the museum and education centre that tell the story of life during the last Ice Age. Stone tools and the remains of animals found in the caves reveal one of the most northerly places on earth where our early ancestors once called home. Open daily Feb - Sept, weekends only Nov - Jan, admission charges apply for the exhibition and cave tours.
Crich Tramway Village and National Tramway Museum, nr Matlock
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Accredited Museum
Address: nr Matlock DE4 5DP
The National Tramway Museum is housed within the Crich Tramway Village, a recreated Victorian era village complete with pub, tearooms, traditional sweetshop, printing works, as well as the tram stops and workshops. Many of the museum's trams run through this village setting. The Museum's comprehensive collections of over 70 trams and tramway history collections are world renowned. Open daily from April to Sept, admission charges apply.
Cricklade Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cricklade Historic Society
Address: 16 Calcutt Street, Cricklade SN6 6BD
A small museum housing a substantial number of artefacts associated with the Cricklade district, including a database of local history research resources. Limited weekend opening times.
Cromer Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Norfolk , England
Owned / Operated by: Norfolk Museums Service
Address: East Cottages, Tucker Street, Cromer, NR27 9HB
The museum displays a permanent exhibition of a Victorian fisherman's cottage. Other exhibits tell the story of Cromer's history as a Victorian seaside resort, including the scandal of mixed bathing and the daring rescues of the Cromer lifeboatmen. Open daily Mon - Fri, as well as Sat & Sun afternoons between Apr and Oct, admission charges apply.
Cumberland House - The Natural History Museum, Southsea
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Portsmouth City Council
Address: Eastern Parade, Southsea PO4 9RF
This natural history museum tells the story of the diverse range of wild life that occupy the riverbanks, marshes, woods and countryside of Portsmouth. The geology exhibits explore specimens from more ancient times and the butterfly house is filled with living insects and plants. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Cutty Sark, Greenwich
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Museums Greenwich
Address: King William Walk, Greenwich SE10 9HT
Reopened in 2012 after suffering extensive fire damage in 2007, the Cutty Sark was one of the last and fastest tea clippers to be built, as sail eventually gave way to steam. Now preserved as a museum ship, explore the rich history of this, the world's most famous clipper. Walk the decks, investigate the cargo hold and even venture underneath to fully appreciate the elegant lines that made this Clyde built sailing ship the fastest of her day. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Dalbeattie Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: SC003247
Address: 81 High Street, Dalbeattie DG5 4BS
Opened in 1993, the museum relates the story of Dalbeatties past through displays of memorabilia, artefacts and pictures. Military and World War II items on display include a rare small gramophone disguised as a camera used by the Red Cross, and a reconstructed army bunker. An exhibition of railway items and photographs present the history of the local line sometimes referred to as 'The Paddy Line' that ran between Dumfries to Stranraer, one of the main links to Northern Ireland via the ferry. Open daily Mon - Sat from April to Oct, Sun afternoons during summer months, free admission.
Dartford Borough Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Dartford Borough Council
Address: Market Street, Dartford DA1 1EU
Opened in 1921, the museum's collections relate to the archaeology, history, geology and natural history of the Dartford area. Occupying the same building as Dartford Library at the entrance to Central Park, the museum presents the chronological story of the borough as revealed by archaeology, with additional social history artefacts for more recent times. Open Saturdays and Mon, Tues, Thurs and Fri afternoons, free admission.
Dartmouth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Dartmouth Museum Association
Address: Duke Street, Dartmouth TQ6 9PZ
Set in a 17th century merchant's house, the museum chronicles the history of the port of Dartmouth and its people. Through a comprehensive collection of artefacts, models, paintings and photographs, it traces the maritime, social and economic history of the town. The museum also houses a significant collection of scientific instruments and specimens collected by the self-taught local scientist, William Cumming Henley. Open daily Tues - Sat, Sun and Mon afternoons during the summer months, afternoons only in winter, admission charges apply.
D-Day Museum, Southsea
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Portsmouth City Council
Address: Clarence Esplanade, Southsea PO5 3NT
Opened in 1984, the museum tells the story of Operation Overlord and the D-Day landings of 6th June 1944, through original footage and archive film. The turning point of the World War II, the operation involved landing 160,000 troops along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast to establish a beachhead in France. Open daily, admission charges apply.
de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre, London Colney
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 286794
Address: Salisbury Hall, St Albans AL2 1BU
Formerly known as the Mosquito Aircraft Museum, the museum's collection is based around the prototype shops of the de Havilland Mosquito, the world's third jet aircraft. The museum houses a fine collection of more than 20 historic aircraft, as well as a number of piston, gas turbine and rocket engines. Open daily Tues, Thurs, Sat and Sun from March to October, admission charges apply.
Denny Abbey Farmland Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Denny Abbey Farmland Museum
Address: Denny Abbey, Ely Road, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9PQ
The museum explores the rural life of Cambridgeshire's farming past, with farmworker's cottage village shop and workshops. Discover the stories of the monks, nuns and knights who once lived in Denny Abbey. Open p.m. Mon to Fri & daily Sat and Sun, from March to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Derby Museums
Address: The Strand, Derby DE1 1BS
Founded in 1879, Derby Museum and Art Gallery houses an impressive collection of paintings by Joseph Wright, the celebrated 18th century artist from Derby. Further collections include archaeology, geology, military, natural history and a large display of porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Dick Institute, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: East Ayrshire Council
Address: Elmbank Avenue, Kilmarnock KA1 3BU
The largest museum and gallery in Ayrshire, the Dick features displays of local and industrial history, fine art and natural sciences. The museum relates stories of the social history of the area, with displays and collections from natural history sciences through to archaeology exhibits. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Dingwall Museum, Ross-shire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dingwall Museum Trust
Address: High Street, Dingwall, Ross-shire IV15 9RY
Housed in an impressive building once home to the Dingwall Town Council, the museum explores the history of the region through the presentation of many local artefacts and tales of human exploits. Special exhibitions include an early 20th century kitchen, a local smiddy and a Military Room celebrating Highland heroes. Open daily from mid-May to end Sept, free admission.
Dinosaur Isle, Sandown
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Isle of Wight, England
Owned / Operated by: Isle of Wight Council
Address: Culver Parade, Sandown PO36 8QA
Opened in 2001, this purpose built interactive museum displays over 1000 fossils ranging from 126 million years ago to the more recent cold climates of the Ice-Ages. The museum's collections were started by members of the Isle of Wight Philosophical Society around 200 years ago, and have been added to over the intervening years. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Dinosaur Museum, Dorchester
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: The Dinosaur Museum
Address: Icen Way, Dorchester DT1 1EW
Set close to the Jurassic Coast, the museum is the only one of its kind in Britain dedicated solely to the world of dinosaurs. Amongst the museum's most impressive exhibits are the life-size dinosaur reconstructions that include two examples of T rex and a Stegosaurus with its ridge plated back, whilst outside a Triceratops dominates the courtyard. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
Discovery Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
Address: Blandford Square, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4JA
One of the largest museums in the north east of England, Discovery is both a science and local history museum, as well as housing the regimental museums for 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars and Northumberland Hussars. The museum's local history exhibits include a 34 metre long ship, built to test the concept of steam turbine powered vessels and the prototype light bulbs invented by local lad Joseph Swan. Open daily, free admission.
DLI Museum and Durham Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Durham County Council
Address: Aykley Heads, Durham DH1 5TU
Set in open parkland to the north of the city, the museum relates the proud 200 year old history of the Durham Light Infantry - County Durham's own regiment. One of the most famous county regiments in the British Army, explore the collections of uniforms, weapons and kit, and listen to horror stories of war. Upstairs is the county's largest modern and contemporary art gallery. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Dock Museum, Barrow-in-Furness
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Barrow Borough Council
Address: North Road, Barrow-in-Furness LA14 2PW
Built in an historic graving dock, the museum's exhibits relate largely to the history of the town, with much emphasis placed on the influence of the shipbuilding and steel industries. Housed in a former dry dock, over three floors the museum displays models of the many warships, civilian ships, submarines and armaments built in the Vickers (now BAE) shipyard of Barrow. The museum also displays collections relating to prehistory, natural history, domestic furnishings and toys. Open daily Wed - Sun, free admission.
Dorset County Museum, Dorchester
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society
Address: High West Street, Dorchester DT1 1XA
Founded in 1846, the museum through its substantial collection of artefacts associated with archaeology, geology and natural history, tell the story of the county of Dorset. The museum's vast social history exhibits contains more than 10,000 objects relating to trade, transport, schooling, domestic life, crafts, industry and agriculture in the county. Open daily Mon - Sat all year round, admission charges apply.
Dover Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Dover Borough Council
Address: Market Square, Dover CT16 1PH
Although founded in 1836, the museum only re-opened in its current home in 1991 after suffering shelling from France during the Second World War. Now rehoused in a new three-storey building behind its original Victorian façade, it tells the story of the development of the town and port with original artefacts, graphics and models, including the Dover Bronze Age Boat. Open daily during summer months, Mon- Sat in winter, admission charges apply.
Dover Transport Museum
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Dover Transport Museum Society
Address: Whitfield, Dover CT16 2JX
Dover Transport Museum is the culmination of the dreams of a number of old vehicle enthusiasts in the East Kent area. Run totally by volunteers, we hope to show people something of the transport delights of the East Kent area and further afield. Our model railway has to be seen to be believed and who can remember the hovercraft that used to convey travellers across the Channel? No idea, well we have one of the propellers on show plus shops crammed full of items that will surely get the grey cells going again. Interested please come and see us, we will be truly delighted to have your company. Open daily Wed, Sat and Sun between Apr to end Oct, Sundays only during winter, admission charges apply.
Dovery Manor Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1079760
Address: Doverhay, Porlock TA24 8QB
Housed in an historic manor house dating from 1450, the museum exhibits a locally based collection of artefacts, displays, books, photographs and pictures. A small on-site garden grows plants for their medicinal and culinary uses. Open daily from Easter until 30 September, closed on Sundays, free entry.
Dulwich Picture Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Dulwich Picture Gallery Trust
Address: Gallery Rd, Southwark, London, SE21 7AD
Dulwich Picture Gallery exhibits a collection of over 600 paintings, rich in European masterpieces by the likes of Canaletto, Gainsborough, Rembrandt and Rubens. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: SCO35189
Address: Heathhall Industrial Estate, Dumfries DG1 3PH
Based around the restored control tower of a former WWII airfield, the museums aircraft collection includes two English Electric Canberra's, a Gloster Meteor and a Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer. Other displays include a collection of aero engines, artefacts and memorabilia honouring airborne forces. Open Wed, Sat and Sun, from April to Oct, admission charges apply.
Dumfries Museum
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dumfries and Galloway Council
Address: Rotchell Road, Dumfries DG2 7SW
Set in an 18th century windmill, the top floor of which houses the Camera Obscura, the museum offers a journey of discovery through the region's history from its earliest inhabitants to the stone carvings of Scotland's first Christians. Installed in 1836, the Camera Obscura is the oldest working instrument of its kind in the world and offers panoramic views of the town and surrounding countryside. Open daily from Apr - Sept, Tues to Sat from Oct - Mar, free admission.
Dundee Museum of Transport
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Tayside, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number SC041529
Address: 10 Market Mews, Market St, Dundee, DD1 3LA
Housed in a renovated industrial warehouse at Market Mews, the museum features a wide variety of vehicles including a 1950s city bus, a steam-roller and a horse-drawn ambulance. Open daily Tues - Sun in summer, Wed, Sat and Sun in winter, admission charges apply.
East Anglian Transport Museum, Lowestoft
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: East Anglia Transport Museum Society
Address: Carlton Colville, Lowestoft NR33 8BL
This open air working transport museum features a significant collection of public transport vehicles, including buses, trams, trolleybuses and a narrow gauge railway. Exploring the development of mechanical transport over the best last 100 years, visitors can ride several of the restored vehicles through recreated street scenes of bygone days. Open Thurs and Sun afternoons between Apr to Oct, also Tues, Wed and Sat afternoons during the summer holidays, admission charges apply.
East Grinstead Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1047505
Address: Cantelupe Road, East Grinstead RH19 3BJ
This purpose-built museum tells the story of the historic market town of East Grinstead and its people through a range of displays, hands-on experiences, interactive and audio/visual presentations. Open daily Wed - Sat and Sun afternoons.
Elstree and Borehamwood Museum, Borehamwood
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 115770
Address: 96 Shenley Road, Borehamwood WD6 1EB
First opened in 2000, this independent local history museum presents artefacts and photographs detailing the history of the local area. One permanent exhibition reveals almost 100 years of film and television activity in the local Elstree and Borehamwood Studios. Open afternoons Tues to Thurs, and Saturdays 10-15.00, free admission.
Ely Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 274263
Address: Market Street, Ely CB7 4LS
Housed in the Bishop's Gaol in the centre of historical Ely, the museum tells the story of the Isle of Ely and the Fens from prehistory to the present day. Displays include the original prison cells, Roman remains and archive film of the Fens including punt guns and eel catching. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, closed on Tuesdays during the winter months, admission charges apply.
Enfield Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Enfield Council
Address: Dugdale Centre, Thomas Hardy House, 39 London Road, Enfield, EN2 6DS
The permanent 'Enfield Life' exhibition features artefacts used or manufactured in the borough from ancient times to the present day. A collection of around 15,000 items are used to explore the local, social and political history of Enfield. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun until 13.00, free admission.
Epping Forest District Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex , England
Owned / Operated by: Epping Forest District Council
Address: 39 Sun St, Waltham Abbey, EN9 1EL
Housed in listed Tudor building, this newly redeveloped museum tells the story of the Epping Forest district through its collections and displays. The six galleries now exhibit over 50,000 objects of archaeology and art, as well as documents and photographs of social history. Open daily Mon, Tues Wed, Fri & Sat, free admission.
Eureka! The National Children's Museum, Halifax
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 292758
Address: Discovery Road, Halifax HX1 2NE
Opened in 1992, the museum is modelled on the North American concept of a children's museum, in that it encourages young children to learn about themselves and the world around them through play and discovery. Through a variety of interactive, hands-on exhibits, it aims to inspire children aged between 0 and 10 years. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Explosion - Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Navy
Address: Priddy's Hard Gosport, PO12 4LE
Set in the Royal Navy's former armaments depot of Priddy's Hard, the museum traces the story of naval firepower from gunpowder and cannon to the latest anti-ship missiles. The displays also explore the history of the site itself, from its original use as a powder magazine in 1771, to the story of how 2,500 women worked in the buildings during World War II. Open daily between Apr to Oct and weekends during winter, admission charges apply.
Eyam Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 702067
Address: Hawkhill Road, Eyam S32 5QP
Opened in 1994 in a former Methodist Chapel, the museum's galleries present the history of Eyam from prehistoric times, including its most famous story as a 17th century plague village. Other displays record the growth and subsequent decline of local industries. Open daily Tues - Sun from April to Sept admission charges apply.
Eyemouth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Scottish Borders, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Friends of Eyemouth Museum Trust
Address: Manse Road, Eyemouth TD14 5JE
Set in the Auld Kirk building in the centre of town, the museum tells the story of the towns fishing and social history. The museum displays a unique tapestry commemorating the Great East Coast Fishing Disaster of 1881, when the local community lost 189 of its sons at sea. Open daily from April to Oct, admission charges apply.
Fairlynch Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Devon Museums
Address: 27 Fore Street, Budleigh Salterton, EX9 6NP
Housed in typical 'marine cottage orne', this picturesque thatched museum tells the local history of Budleigh Salterton and the Lower Otter Valley. Notable for its collection of period costumes and lace, the archaeology section includes artefacts from the Bronze Age as well as items from local Roman sites. Open daily Tues - Sun, between Easter and Oct, free admission.
Falmouth Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Falmouth Town Council
Address: The Moor, Falmouth TR11 2RT
Housing one of the leading art collections in England's southwest, the gallery features masterpieces by Gainsborough, Munnings, Tuke and Napier, alongside work by more contemporary artists. The gallery's most famous painting is The Lady of Shalott by John William Waterhouse, it also houses an important print collection and exhibits The Surrealists in Cornwall Collection. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Felixstowe Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Felixstowe History and Museum Society
Address: Viewpoint Road, Felixstowe IP11 3TW
Set at Landguard Point next to Felixstowe dock viewing area, the museum features 14 exhibition areas exploring the military, maritime and social history of the town. Built in 1878, the history of the museum building as a former marine mine factory is detailed. Open Sun afternoons between Easter and Oct, also Wed afternoons through the summer holidays, admission charges apply.
Firepower - The Royal Artillery Museum, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 803006
Address: Royal Arsenal, Woolwich SE18 6ST
Housed in some of the original buildings of the Royal Arsenal, this military museum relates the proud story of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (RA) and of the arsenal itself. Spanning the 300 year old history of the regiment, from Gibraltar to the Gulf, the museum traces its history and recalls some the brave actions made by many of two million men and women who have served in its ranks. Once the world centre for munitions manufacturing, the historic Royal Arsenal explores the use of artillery from slingshot to supergun. Open daily from Tues to Sat, admission charges apply.
Firing Line, Cardiff Castle Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Cardiff Council
Address: The Interpretation Centre, Cardiff Castle, Cardiff CF10 3RB
Opened in 2010, the museum is housed within the Interpretation Centre at Cardiff Castle and is dedicated to the history of the 1st The Queens Dragoon Guards and The Royal Welsh. Commemorating more than 300 years of distinguished service, it spans the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, through the defence of Rorke's Drift against the Zulus in 1879 and on to more recent times in Iraq and Afghanistan. Open daily throughout the year, admission charges are included in the entry ticket to the castle.
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Cambridge
Address: Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RB
Founded in 1816 with the bequest of Viscount FitzWilliam, the museum is located in central Cambridge. The art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge, its five major collections include the Ancient World, Applied Arts, Coins and Medals, Manuscripts and Books, and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. The museum's extensive collection of paintings include works by Rubens, Van Dyck, Canaletto, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Constable, Monet, Turner, Renoir and Picasso, to name but a few. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Navy
Address: RNAS Yeovilton, Ilchester BA22 8HT
Boasting Europe's largest naval aviation collection, the Fleet Arms Museum represents the flying arm of the Roval Navy. Comprising four large halls, the museum tells the story of naval aviation from the first manned kites to the awesome air power of the 21st century. Open all year round, Wed to Sun during winter, daily during summer months. Entry charges apply.
Fleetwood Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lancashire County Council
Address: Queens Terrace , Fleetwood FY7 6BT
Set within Fleetwood's former Customs House overlooking Morecambe Bay, the museum relates the local and maritime history of the town. Planned as a seaside town in the Victorian era, the museum explores Fleetwood's heyday as a holiday resort and its industrial past. Open daily Tue - Sat, admission charges apply.
Forge Mill Needle Museum, Redditch
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Redditch Local History Society
Address: Needle Mill Lane, Riverside, Redditch B98 8HY
Once at the very centre of the world's needle industry, the museum explores how needles were manufactured at the mill during Victorian times. The museum also details how these needles were used in the textile industry and for fishing. Open daily Apr to Sept, Tues - Fri and Sun afternoons through Feb, Mar Oct and Nov, closed Dec & Jan, admission charges apply.
Framework Knitters' Museum, Ruddington
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1087998
Address: Chapel Street, Ruddington, Nottingham NG11 6HE
This industrial museum explores a part of East Midlands history that impacted the whole country. Learn about the harsh lives of the framework knitters, the Luddites, the development of lace and the modern knitwear industry. Open daily Wed to Sat from April to Dec, Sunday afternoons from April to Sept, admission charges apply.
Fraserborough Heritage Centre, Aberdeenshire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: North East Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Fraserburgh Heritage Society
Address: Quarry Road, Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire AB43 9DT
Housed in a former barrel store, the museum records the rich history of this small fishing town, which grew to become Scotland's premier herring port. Explore the bustling quayside in the age of sail and discover the historical, social and economic development of the town. Open daily, April to end-October, admission charges apply.
Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Northumberland, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 273064
Address: Alnwick Castle, Alnwick NE66 1NG
Set in the Abbot's Tower of Alnwick Castle, the museum tells the proud story of one of the oldest infantry regiments in the British Army, the Fusiliers, and their unbroken record of service from 1674 to the present day. Open daily from July to end-Oct, entry to the museum is included in the admission price to the castle.
Gairloch Heritage Museum, Ross-shire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO10249
Address: Achtercairn, Gairloch, Ross-shire IV21 2BP
Through a wealth of exhibits and interactive displays, the museum explores the culture, heritage and customs of the north west Highlands, showing how local people lived and worked in Gairloch through the ages, from the Bronze Age, through crofting, the Jacobites, and traditional industries such as fishing to the present day. Open daily from April to end Oct, admission charges apply.
Galleries of Justice Museum, Nottingham
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: The Egalitarian Trust
Address: The Lace Market, Nottingham NG1 1HN
Set in Nottingham's old courthouse and gaol, this museum of crime and punishment features several informative exhibitions and tours with costumed actors. The museum also houses HM Prison Service Collection. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Gallery Oldham
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Oldham Council
Address: Greaves Street, Oldham OL1 1AL
Set in the Cultural Quarter of central Oldham, with no permanent displays of its own, this public art gallery features an ever changing exhibitions programme over its four galleries. Exhibitions tend to combine touring displays with work from the gallery's own collection of art, natural and social history. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Gatwick Aviation Museum, Charlwood
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1075858
Address: Charlwood, nr. Gatwick RH6 0BT
Set on the fringes of London's Gatwick Airport, this aviation museum is home to a unique collection of British built aircraft. Collected from the decades when British aircraft designers produced the most technically advanced aircraft in the world, it features classic examples from the likes of Avro, Blackburn, de Havilland, English Electric, Gloster, Hawker and Westland. Open Saturdays from Apr to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Gillingham Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Gillingham Local History Society (Registered Charity no 1014970)
Address: Chantry Fields, Gillingham, Dorset, SP8 4UA
Opening its doors to the public for the first time in 1996, the museum presents the history of the town of Gillingham and surrounding area from prehistoric times. Set out in chronological order, there are displays concerning the Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Norman era's, through to the present day. The geological section provides an insight as to how the brick making industry exploited the local clay deposits for more than 150 years. Open daily Tues, Thurs, Fri, Sat and Mon mornings all year round, free admission.
Gladstone Pottery Museum, Longton
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Staffordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 507834
Address: Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Stoke-on-Trent ST3 1PQ
Dating from the 1780s, this former pottery factory is typical of the hundreds that once dominated the skyline of North Staffordshire, supplying the world with its bone china tableware. Now the last complete Victorian pottery factory in the country, the museum explores the history and working conditions endured by the men, women and children who powered this once great industry. Open daily Tue - Sat, admission charges apply.
Gloucester City Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Gloucester City Council
Address: Brunswick Road, Gloucester GL1 1HP
Set in a listed Victorian building, this is the main museum in the City of Gloucester. Housing a significant collection of artefacts and paintings, the museum's displays include archaeology, dinosaurs, furniture, local history, medieval, natural history, Roman, fine and decorative art items. Works by Turner and Gainsborough are displayed in the Art Gallery. Open daily Tues - Sat, admission charges apply.
Gloucester Folk Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Gloucester City Council
Address: 99 - 103 Westgate Street, Gloucester GL1 2PG
Set in two of the oldest buildings in the city, the museum relates the social history of Gloucestershire through exhibits of local craft, costume and industries, with displays relating to domestic and school life over the last several centuries. Open daily Tues - Sat, admission charges apply.
Glynn Vivian Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: South Wales , Wales
Owned / Operated by: Swansea City Council
Address: Civic Centre, Oystermouth Road, Swansea, SA1 3SN
Re-opening to the public in October 2016, this newly developed public art gallery now offers even more gallery and social spaces. Housed in a fine historic building, it displays a broad spectrum of visual art including works by Old Masters and an internationally important collection of ceramics.
Godalming Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Godalming Museum Trust
Address: 109A High Street, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 1AQ
Step through the narrow blue entrance into the local history museum, art gallery, library and coffee shop. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Gordon Highlanders Museum, Aberdeen
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: North East Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO22039
Address: St. Luke's, Viewfield Road, Aberdeen AB15 7XH
Active between 1794 and 1994, the museum celebrates the distinguished history of the Gordon Highlanders. Exhibits include uniforms, weapons and other regimental treasures, as well as a collection of 12 Victoria Crosses from the 19 awarded to the regiment during its active service. Open daily, early February to end-November, admission charges apply.
Gordon Russell Design Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Worcestershire , England
Owned / Operated by: Gordon Russell Trust
Address: 15 Russell Square, Broadway Worcestershire, WR12 7AP
Located in his original workshop, the museum celebrates the life and work of the furniture designer Gordon Russell and his sixty years association with Broadway. Its unique collection of furniture embraces a range of styles spanning from the Arts and Crafts to 30s streamline. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Grampian Transport Museum, Alford, Aberdeenshire
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: North East Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Grampian Transport Museum Trust
Address: Alford, Aberdeenshire AB33 8AE
Featuring a range of transport exhibits from the 1800s, to some of the fastest cars ever produced. Climb aboard many of the vehicles to explore the history of travel and transport in the north east of Scotland. Open daily, April to end-October, admission charges apply.
Grantham Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Lincolnshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Grantham Community Heritage Association
Address: St Peters Hill, Grantham NG31
Located on St Peter's Hill, the museum relates the history of the town and surrounding parishes. Displaying treasures from Anglo-Saxon Grantham to those of the town's most famous daughter, the museum houses pieces donated by Baroness Thatcher. Open daily Thurs - Sat, free admission.
Great Dunmow Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1080286
Address: Mill Lane, Dunmow CM6 1BG
Set in a 16th century timber framed maltings, the museum tells the story of the social history and economic development of Dunmow, from the ancient Flitch Trials to its World War II airfield. Open weekends and Bank Holidays, admission charges apply.
Great North Museum: Hancock
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
Address: Barras Bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4PT
Located on the campus of Newcastle University, the museum reopened its doors to the public in 2009 after undergoing an extensive refurbishment programme. The museum now includes new displays on topics such ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, geology, natural history, prehistory, world cultures, the Romans and Hadrian's Wall. Open daily, free admission.
Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Norfolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Norfolk Museums
Address: Gressenhall, Dereham NR20 4DR
Although re-opened as the Museum of Norfolk Life in 1976, the workhouse first opened its doors to the poor of the parish in 1776. As well as the historic workhouse, the 50-acre site is also home to a museum of life on the land and a traditional farm complete with rare breed animals. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Grosvenor Museum, Chester
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Chester City Council
Address: 27 Grosvenor Street, Chester CH1 2DD
Opened in 1886, the museum includes archaeological finds from the Roman period as well as collections of paintings, silver and musical instruments. Exhibiting displays of Roman life and times in Chester, it also explores the important role the city played in the history of English silver. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Guildford Museum
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Guildford Borough Council
Address: Castle Arch, Guildford GU1 3SX
Forming part of the 17th century gatehouse to Guildford Castle, the museum houses the largest collection of archaeology, local history and needlework in Surrey. The archaeological finds trace life in the county from prehistoric times, whilst the local history gallery explores Guildford's industries and its people. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery, Bangor
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: North Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Gwynedd Council
Address: Ffordd Gwynedd, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 1DT
Preserving the history and culture of Gwynedd and its people, this is the regions only general museum. Collections include furniture, textiles and archaeological finds, showing how the inhabitants of the area lived and worked. Open daily throughout the year (closed Sundays, Mondays and Bank Holidays), free admission.
Hallaton Museum, nr. Market Harborough
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1080871
Address: Churchgate, Hallaton LE16 8TY
Located in the Tin Tab in Churchgate, the museum presents a window into the world of village life including the story of Hallaton Bottle Kicking. The social history of the village is revealed through a unique collection of artefact, curio's and photographs. Open Sat, Sun and Bank Holiday afternoons from May to end-Sept, free entry.
Halliwell's House Museum, Selkirk
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Scottish Borders, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Borders Council
Address: Market Place, Selkirk TD7
Set in the atmospheric narrow cobbled lane known as Halliwell's Close, the museum tells the 400 year old story of the close, including the many different businesses that have occupied the buildings during that time. Over the century's weavers, fleshers, ironmongers, shoemakers, tailors and bakers are just a few who have traded their wares from the close. The museum also relays the wider story of the historic burgh of Selkirk. Open daily from April to end-Oct, free admission.
Harborough Museum, Market Harborough LE16 7LT
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leicestershire County Council
Address: The Symington Building, Adam and Eve Street, Market Harborough LE16 7LT
Recently redeveloped, Harborough Museum now shares the first floor of the Symington Building with the town's central library. In addition to celebrating Market Harborough's history as a centre of trade and industry, the museum also exhibits a nationally important display of Iron Age and Roman finds. Open daily from Tues to Sun, Wed pm only, free admission.
Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Preston City Council
Address: Market Square, Preston PR1 2PP
Named in honour of its local benefactor Edmund Harris, the museum houses important collections on archaeology and local history. The museum's fine art collection includes more than 800 oil paintings; it also displays significant decorative art exhibits of British ceramics and glass. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Haslemere Educational Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Surrey , England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 1071244
Address: 78 High Street, Haslemere, Surrey, GU27 2LA
Set in extensive grounds, the museum displays a wide range of exhibits related to natural history, geology and human history across thre large permanent galleries. Originally founded in 1888 by the famous Quaker surgeon Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, Haslemere Museum was one of the very first museums to encourage a 'hands-on' approach to the artefacts on display by children. Open daily Tue - Sat, free admission.
Hastings Fisherman's Museum
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Hastings Fishermen's Protection Society
Address: Rock-a-nore Road, Hastings TN34 3DW
Set within a former chapel known locally as The Fisherman's Church, the museum explores the fishing industry and maritime history of Hastings. Featuring one of the last of the luggers (sailing fishing boats), the museum also displays models, photos, paintings, rigging and a variety of other fishing related artefacts. Open daily, free admission.
Hastings Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Hastings Borough Council
Address: Bohemia Road, Hastings TN34 1ET
Telling the story of Hastings and its people, as well as the darker tales of smuggling along the Sussex coast, the museum also displays dinosaur remains from more than 110 million years ago. The John Logie Baird Collection exhibits pieces relating to the early days of television history. Open daily Tue - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
Hawick Museum and Scott Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Scottish Borders, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Borders Council
Address: Wilton Lodge Park, Hawick TD9 7JL
Housed in a historic 18th century mansion house within a beautiful Victorian park, the museum tells the story of the town of Hawick and its people. The Jimmie Guthrie and Steve Hislop Rooms showcase the lives and achievements of the town's two tragic motorcycle champions. In addition, there are an old schoolroom, nature displays and archaeological finds to explore. Open daily through the summer months and afternoons through the winter, except Saturday's, free admission.
Haworth Art Gallery, Accrington
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hyndburn Borough Council
Address: Manchester Road, Accrington BB5 2JS
Set in the home of the former local mill owner William Haworth, the gallery houses the largest public collection of Tiffany glass in Europe. Gifted to the town by local lad made good, Joseph Biggs had worked for the American Tiffany company for 40 years prior to sending his collection home in 1933. Displayed over four rooms, the gallery also exhibits a collection of 19th century oil painting and watercolours. Open afternoon Wed - Sun.
Head of Steam - Darlington Railway Museum
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Darlington Borough Council
Address: Station Road, Darlington DL3 6ST
Located on the original route of the world's first steam powered passenger railway, the Head of Steam Museum exhibits artefacts and collections relating to the development and operation of railways in North East England. The museum has a number of locomotives on display, including Locomotive No. 1. Built by George Stephenson, Locomotive No. 1 hauled the first passenger train along the Stockton and Darlington Railway on 27th September 1825. Open daily Tues - Sun during the summer months and Wed - Sun in winter, admission charges apply.
Helicopter Museum, Weston-super-Mare
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 281053
Address: Locking Moor Road, Weston-super-Mare BS24 8PP
The Helicopter Museum celebrates its 25th Anniversary in 2014. It's collection, which is the largest of its kind in the World includes a Russian Gunship, two aircraft of the Queens Royal Flight, the Vietnam Veterans and a 37 seat transport helicopter! Events, Open Cockpit Days and Air Experience Flights take place throughout the year. Open Wednesday to Sunday all year. Shop, Cafe, Film Theatre and large free car park on site. Admission charges apply.
Helmshore Mills Textile Museum, Helmshore Rossendale
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lancashire County Council
Address: Holcombe Road , Helmshore Rossendale BB4 4NP
Set beside the River Ogden in the Rossendale Valley are two of the historic Lancashire textile mills that powered the Industrial Revolution. Now a working museum equipped with original machinery, together they tell the story of how the mills were used to process the raw wool and cotton, transforming it into yarn ready to be woven into the cloth that clothed the world. Open afternoons from Apr to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Helston Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: South Kerrier Heritage Trust
Address: Market Place, Helston TR13 8TH
Founded in 1949, the museum is housed in Helston's historic Market House and Drill Hall. The museum's collections tell the story of the social and industrial history of the Lizard Peninsula, from mining, fishing and farming, through to home life from the 18th century to the present day. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1152899
Address: Jordan Well, Coventry CV1 5QP
Named after local industrialist Sir Albert Herbert, the museum's impressive collections range from the natural history of the surrounding area to the large industrial machinery that dominated this once great manufacturing centre. The museum also features a notable collection of costumes dating from the 1800s. Its gallery spaces include sculpture and paintings by major artists, such as LS Lowry, Stanley Spencer, David Bomberg and Paul Nash. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
Hereford Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Herefordshire Council
Address: Broad Street, Hereford HR4 9AU
Set in a Victorian gothic building, the museum houses archaeological and natural history exhibits, as well as a diverse collection of art associated with the county of Herefordshire. The gallery's collection includes around 3,500 works of art, dating from the 17th century to the present day. Open daily Wed - Sat, free admission.
Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: British Motor Industry Heritage Trust
Address: Banbury Road, Gaydon CV35 0BJ
Located next to the current Jaguar Land Rover Engineering Centre, the museum houses a unique collection of vehicles. Dedicated to preserving Britain's motoring heritage, the museum displays models from all of the companies that have contributed to the nation's motor manufacturing history, including the first Mini produced. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Hertford Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hertford Town Council
Address: 18 Bull Plain, Hertford SG14 1DT
Originally opened in 1903, the museum tells the story of the county town and surrounding parishes of Hertfordshire. Set within a 17th century Jacobean town house, the museum's collections cover local, military, natural, and social history, as well as displaying archaeology finds from the area. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Hexham Old Gaol
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Northumberland, England
Owned / Operated by: Northumberland County Council
Address: Hall Gate, Hexham NE46 1XD
Set in England's first recorded purpose-built prison, built in 1333 the museum explores the history of the gaol and the inmates it housed, including the notorious Border Reivers. Open daily Tues - Sat from April to end-Sept, admission charges apply.
Higgins Art Gallery and Museum, Bedford
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Bedfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Bedford Borough Council
Address: Castle Lane, Bedford MK40 3XD
Set in the Castle Quarter of the town, the Higgins Art Gallery and Museum recently reopened after an extensive refurbishment. The principal art gallery and museum in the county, it is named in honour of one of town's major benefactors, the philanthropic brewer, Cecil Higgins. Originally founded to house his collection of ceramics, glass and objets d'art, it now exhibits an impressive collection of prints, including some of the finest British artists as well as internationally renowned figures such as Picasso. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Highlanders' Museum, Inverness
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Friends of the Highlanders' Museum
Address: Fort George, Ardersier, Inverness IV2 7TD
Housed within Fort George, a working army barracks on the outskirts of Inverness, the museum explores the history of the famous Highland Regiments from the Battle of Culloden through to the present day. Occupying three floors of the former Lieutenant Governors quarters, it is boasts 20,000 artefacts, the largest collection of military memorabilia outside of London. Open daily throughout the year.
Historylinks Museum, Dornoch
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO08747
Address: The Meadows, Dornoch, Sutherland IV25 3SF
Dedicated to the history and archaeology of Dornoch, from the violent days of the early Picts and Vikings though to the feuding clans, and on to the shameful burning of Scotland's last condemned witch. Open daily throughout the summer months, admission charges apply.
Horsham Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Horsham District Council
Address: 9 Causeway, Horsham RH12 1HE
Founded in 1893, the museum tells the story of Horsham and its people through the extensive number of artefacts in its collection displayed throughout its 26 galleries. The museum also houses a significant collection of memorabilia relating to the locally born poet Percy Shelley. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Hove Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Brighton and Hove City Council
Address: 19 New Church Road, Hove BN3 4AB
Opened in 1927, the museum displays a unique collection of toys as well as early cinema paraphernalia. Other exhibits include contemporary craft and a fine arts collection. Open daily Mon, Tue, Thurs, Fri, Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
Hovercraft Museum, Lee-on-the-Solent
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hovercraft Museum Trust
Address: Gosport, Lee-on-the-Solent PO13 9NY
Boasting a collection of more than sixty hovercrafts housed within several hangars, the museum occupies the former HMS Daedalus (Fleet Air Arm) site. The museum's collection includes the world's first working hovercraft model built by Christopher Cockerell in 1955, and two of the world's largest civil hovercraft, the SR.N5 craft. Open Saturdays and Wednesdays, admission charges apply.
Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: University of Glasgow
Address: University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ
Founded in 1807, The Hunterian is the oldest museum in Scotland and includes The Hunterian Art Gallery, The Anatomy Museum, Mackintosh House and The Zoology Museum, all located in various buildings on the main campus of the University of Glasgow. Built upon the bequest of Dr William Hunter, the collections include scientific instruments used by Lord Kelvin, Joseph Lister and James Watt, as well as finds of Roman artefacts from the Antonine Wall. Open daily all year round except Monday's, free admission.
Ilfracombe Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Ilfracombe Museum Trust
Address: Wilder Road, Ilfracombe EX34 8AF
Set in the former laundry of the grand Ilfracombe Hotel, , the museum exhibits a collection of eclectic finds, including a shrunken head and a display of pickled bats. More routine collections relate to Ilfracombe's maritime history, a display of military uniforms and exotic butterflies. Open daily between Easter and end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Imperial War Museum North, Trafford Park
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Imperial War Museum
Address: Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1TZ
Set overlooking the Manchester Ship Canal in Trafford Park, the IWM North is one of five branches of the Imperial War Museum and the only one located in the north of England. Opened in 2002, the museum explores the impact of modern conflicts and the 'wartime experience', from the First World War to the present day. Open daily, free admission.
Imperial War Museum, Duxford
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: British National Museum
Address: Duxford CB22 4QR
Set on a former First and Second World War airfield, IWM Duxford is home to some of the most iconic aircraft in the world including the legendary Spitfire, Lancaster and Concorde. With over 200 aircraft on display as well as tanks, military vehicles and boats, the museum tells the story of British and Commonwealth aviation. The largest aviation museum in Britain, the site is also accommodates several British Army regimental museums, including the Parachute Regiment and the Royal Anglian Regiment. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Imperial War Museum, Southwark
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: British National Museum
Address: Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ
Opening its doors again in July 2014 to mark the Centenary of the First World War, the newly transformed IWM London will feature ground-breaking galleries telling the many stories of the men and women who lived and served on the home front and on the fighting fronts during the Great War. The museum's other permanent exhibitions will also reopen, including the Lord Ashcroft Gallery featuring the world's largest collection of Victoria Crosses and the Holocaust Exhibition.
International Slavery Museum, Liverpool
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museums Liverpool
Address: Albert Dock, Liverpool L3 4AX
Set on Liverpool's Albert Dock in the same building as the Merseyside Maritme Museum, the museum relates the history of slavery. Displays explore the transatlantic slave trade, the legacies of slavery and current human rights issues. Open daily, free admission.
Inveraray Jail, Argyll
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Office
Address: Church Square, Inveraray, Argyll, PA32 8TX
Portraying life in a 19th century prison, Inveraray Jail is a living museum complete with costumed characters re-enacting the roles. Browse the exhibition of prison artefacts, watch actual courtroom trials, talk to the prisoners and even sample the punishments, before making good your escape. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
Inverness Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO42593
Address: Castle Wynd, Inverness IV2 3EB
First opened in 1826, the museum explores the people, environment and traditions of the Highlands through a wealth of artefacts and exciting exhibitions. From the geology and natural history of the region, to its more recent history, including Jacobite memorabilia, Inverness silverware, authentic Highland weapons and bagpipes. Open daily all year round, closed Sundays and Mondays during summer months and Sunday to Wednesday during the winter. Free admission.
Ipswich Museum
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Ipswich Borough Council
Address: High Street. Ipswich IP1 3QH
Telling the history of Ipswich and the wider county of Suffolk, the museum also houses a significant natural history collection including exotic foreign animals. The Ogilvie British Bird Gallery is considered to be one of the most complete in the country, whilst the Suffolk Wildlife Gallery is home to a life-sized model of the woolly mammoth. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Ironbridge Gorge Museums
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust
Address: Coalbrookdale TF8 7DQ (and, various other post codes)
Widely regarded as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, there are ten museums spread along the valley of the River Severn at Ironbridge. Collectively known as the Ironbridge Gorge Museums they include Blists Hill Victorian Town, Broseley Pipeworks, Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron, Coalport China Museum, Coalport Tar Tunnel, Darby Houses, Enginuity, Iron Bridge and Tollhouse, Jackfield Tile Museum and the Museum of the Gorge. Open daily throughout the year, entrance charges apply.
Isle of Wight Bus and Coach Museum, Newport Quay
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Isle of Wight, England
Owned / Operated by: Registered Charity
Address: Newport Harbour PO30 2EF
Set in a former grain warehouse on Newport Quay, the museum houses a collection of road vehicles dating back to the 1910s, many of which have previously operated on the island. Open regularly from Easter - end Oct, admission charges apply.
Jane Austen's House Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hampshire , England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 1156458
Address: Chawton, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 1SD
The museum tells the story of Jane Austen and her family. Exhibits include family portraits and memorabilia, original manuscripts and first editions novels. Open daily, admission charges apply. Closed Jan and Feb 2017.
Jedburgh Castle Jail and Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Scottish Borders, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Borders Council
Address: Castlegate, Jedburgh TD8 6AS
Constructed in 1823, Jedburgh Castle Jail and Museum gives an insight as to what life was like in a 1820s prison. One of the finest remaining Howard reform prisons in Scotland, visitors can walk through the original cell blocks of this Georgian jail. The main building houses a collection of artefacts, prints and paintings which tell the story of Jedburgh, through the traditions, industries and important individuals of this historic Scottish town. Open daily from April to Oct, free admission.
Jewish Museum London, Camden
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 2655110
Address: 129-131 Albert Street, London NW1 7NB
Founded in 1932, the museum houses an internationally noted collection of Jewish ceremonial art. In addition to exploring Jewish culture, heritage and identity, it also places the Jewish story into the wider context of British history. Open daily from Sun to Fri, admission charges apply.
John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, Nr Kirkbean
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dumfries and Galloway Council
Address: Arbigland DG2 8BQ
Exploring the life of "The Father of the American Navy", the museum is housed in a traditional Scottish cottage, the birthplace of John Paul Jones in 1747. Furnished in the style of the 1700s, there is an authentically reconstructed cabin of the ship he commanded when he confronted HMS Serapis off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire in 1779. Open Tues - Sun from April to end-Sept, daily in July and Aug, admission charges apply.
Jorvik DIG, York
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: York Archaeological Trust
Address: St Saviour's Church, St Saviourgate, York YO1 8NN
Based on major excavations undertaken by the York Archaeologist Trust, unearth Roman, Viking, Medieval and Victorian artefacts similar to those found by the Trust's archaeologists during their digs in four replica excavation pits. Grab a trowel for yourself and dig up the clues that reveal how folk lived in these times. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Jorvik Viking Centre, York
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: York Archaeological Trust
Address: Coppergate, York, YO1 9WT
This joint museum and visitor attraction first opened its door to the public in 1984. Based upon archaeological finds uncovered from site on which it stands, visitors can journey through a reconstruction of the streets of the Viking city of Jorvik as it would have appeared nearly 1,000 years ago. The museum itself displays many of the finds from the site and explores what life was like 10th century Viking York. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Judges Lodging, Presteigne, Powys
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Mid Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Presteigne Shire Hall Museum Trust
Address: Broad Street, Presteigne, Powys LD8 2AD
Housed in a former court room dating from 1829, this recently restored building now tells the story of the people who lived and worked in the Lodgings, from the elegant judge's apartments to the dingy gas lit world of the servant's quarters. Presentations include audiotours of actual trials from bygone days in the court house, whilst the basement houses the dark and damp prisoner's cells. Open Monday to Saturday throughout the year, free admission.
Keep Military Museum, Dorchester
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1054956
Address: Barrack Road, Dorchester DT1 1RN
Located to the west of Dorchester town centre in the former gatehouse to the County Armoury, the museum is the official home to the collections of The Devonshire Regiment, The Dorset Regiment, The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment, The Dorset Yeomanry, The Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry, The Dorset Militia, The Royal Devon Yeomanry and 94 Field Regiment RA. The weapons, uniforms, medals and stories of the soldiers and their families are revealed over the museums three floors. Open daily Mon - Sat during the summer months and Tues - Fri in winter, admission charges apply.
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Glasgow City Council
Address: Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AG
Originally opened in 1901 as the Palace of Fine Arts, this recently refurbished building is one of Scotland's most popular free-to-enter visitor attractions. Now boasting over 8,000 exhibits on display, it also houses one of Europe's finest civic art collections. The wide ranging collections explore natural history, arms and armour and of course art, from a variety of different art movements, including Salvador Dali's 'Christ of St John of the Cross'. Open daily all year round, free admission.
Kendal Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: South Lakeland District Council
Address: Station Road, Kendal LA9 6BT
Founded in 1796, the museum includes collections of local archaeology, history and geology. The World Wildlife Gallery provides an introduction to a variety of animals, birds and insects collected from around the world. Open daily Tues to Sat, free admission.
Kent Battle of Britain Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Kent , England
Owned / Operated by: Privately Owned and Operated
Address: Aerodrome Rd, Hawkinge, Folkestone, CT18 7AG
Located on the former RAF Station Hawkinge, this independent musuem is dedicated to all pilots shot down during WW2. The museum displays the largest collection of Battle of Britain artefacts in the country and includes many personal stories, as well as wreckage from over 600 crashed aircraft. Open daily Tue - Sun from Mar to Oct, admission charges apply.
Killhope, Lead Mining Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Durham County Council
Address: nr Cowshill, Upper Weardale DL13 1AR
Set on the site of the former Park Level Mine, Killhope is a fully restored 19th century Victorian lead mine. Featuring a large working waterwheel and other associated machinery, the museum explores the life and work of the lead mining families of the region. Open daily from Apr to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Kilmartin Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Argyll and Bute, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: SC022744
Address: Kilmartin PA31 8RQ
Set in the heart of prehistoric Kilmartin Glen, the museum excavates and displays the artefacts that it finds. Many such finds are of international significance, including rare jet necklaces and some of the earliest beaker pots in Britain. Other items include a 2000 year old sword, found point down in a bog on the nearby Isle of Shuna. Open daily from March to Christmas, admission charges apply.
Kington Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Company Reg: 298365
Address: Mill Street, Kington HR5 3AL
Opened in 1986, the museum is housed within the former stables of the now demolished King's Head Inn. The museum tells the history of Kington town and its surrounding area through artefacts collected from local residents. Open daily Tues - Sat between Apr to Sept, free admission.
Kinross (Marshall) Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Perth and Kinross, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number SC027144
Address: Loch Leven Community Campus, Muirs, Kinross, KY13 8FQ
Located in the Loch Leven Community Campus at the north end of Kinross, the museum exhibits a wealth of pictures and artefacts reflecting life as it was in and around the county town. In particular, the town's close association with the textile industry is explored. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Kirkcaldy Galleries
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Fife Cultural Trust
Address: War Memorial Gardens, Kirkcaldy, KY1 1YG
On the ground floor of Kirkcaldy Galleries, the museum tells the story of the town and its surrounding area, and on the lives of the men, women and children who lived there. Open daily, free admission.
Lakeland Motor Museum, Backbarrow, Ulverston
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Lakeland Motor Museum Ltd
Address: Backbarrow, Ulverston LA12 8TA
The Lakeland Motor Museum houses a collection of classic cars, motorcycles, bicycles and other transport related memorabilia. Boasting a collection of some 30,000 exhibits, all housed in a purpose built, state-of-the-art building. Open daily, entrance charges apply.
Lancaster City Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lancashire County Council
Address: Market Square , Lancaster LA1 1HT
Set in the elegant surroundings of the former town hall, the museum also houses the museum of Lancaster's King's Own Royal Regiment from its formation in 1680. The City Museum's collections trace the history of Lancaster from Roman times. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Leeds Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leeds City Council
Address: The Headrow, Leeds LS1 3AA
First opened in 1888, the museum's houses a significant collection of 19th and 20th century British Art. Set in the heart of Leeds, the museum also displays impressive collections of prints, watercolours, paintings, sculptures, photography, and contemporary art, from well know local and international artists. Open daily, free admission.
Leeds City Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leeds City Council
Address: Millenium Square, Leeds LS2 8BH
Founded in 1819, the museum's considerable and diverse collections are displayed over four floors and several galleries. One collection explores the local history of Leeds and its people, whilst another considers the cultures of the world's five continents. Life on Earth details the planet's natural history, and yet another presents civilisations from the ancient world. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills Museum, Armley, Leeds
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leeds City Council
Address: Canal Road, Armley, Leeds LS12 2QF
Set in what was once the world's largest woollen mill, the museum tells the industrial history of Leeds through collections of textile machinery, railway equipment and other engineering artefacts that helped to power the Industrial Revolution. Located on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the nearby Botany Bay Yard is so named as it was the first place in England where wool from Australia was landed for processing. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Leominster Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leominster Museum Trust
Address: Etnam Street, Leominster HR6 8AL
Through its collection of artefacts, photographs and documents, the museum tells the story of Leominster and its people from prehistoric times through to the present day. It also houses a collection of paintings and drawings by the famous local Victorian artist John Scarlett Davis. Open daily Mon - Sat from Apr to Sept, free admission.
Lion Salt Works
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cheshire West and Chester Council
Address: Ollershaw Ln, Marston, Northwich, CW9 6ES
Housed in a restored open-pan salt making site in the village of Marston, this newly opened museum details how the salt works operated and the impact of salt on mid-Cheshire's people, economy and landscape. Open daily Tues to Sun, admission charges apply.
Llangollen Museum, Denbighshire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: North Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Llangollen Museum Trust
Address: Parade Street, Llangollen, Denbighshire LL20 8P
With a collection of more than 5,000 artefacts, photographs and documents, the museum features displays concerning the history of this area in the borderlands of Wales. From the Stone Age, through the Romans, Normans and on to more recent times, discover more out about the people, places, stories, myths and legends of Llangollen and the surrounding region. Open daily throughout the year, free admission.
London Canal Museum, Islington
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 277484
Address: New Wharf Road, London N1 9RT
Housed in a Victorian ice warehouse, the museum tells the story of the English canal system and the folk that plied their trade along these waterways. Other exhibits and displays consider the art, craft and engineering of London's canals, whilst the buildings use to house ice imported from Norway is explained. Open daily except Mondays, admission charges apply.
London Fire Brigade Museum, Southwark
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: London Fire Brigade
Address: 94a Southwark Bridge Road, London SE1 0EG
The museum tells the story of firefighting from the days of the Great Fire of London in 1666 to the present day, including the essential role that the fire service's 'heroes with grimy faces' played during World War II. Housed in the original Southwark fire station, it is home to a unique collection of historical fire engines and other equipment. Visits to the museum are by guided tour only and must be booked in advance, admission charges apply. Telephone 020 8555 1200 ext 39894.
London Transport Museum, Westminster
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1123122
Address: Covent Garden Piazza, London WC2E 7BB
Housed in a Victorian iron and glass building once part of the Covent Garden Flower Market, the London Transport (LT) Museum tells the story of the transport heritage of the nation's capital city. The museums large collection of exhibits and displays includes more than 80 road and rail vehicles, as well as photographs, posters, signs, tickets, maps and uniforms. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Lostwithiel Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Cornwall Museums Partnership
Address: The Guildhall, 16 Fore St, Lostwithiel, PL22 0BW
Housed in a listed Georgian building, the museum tells the story of Lostwithiel from its founding in the 12th century by a Norman Lord to its growth to become the county town of Cornwall. Displays explain how the town grew rich through the export of tin. Open daily Mon - Fri, from early-Apr to end-Sept, free admission.
Low Parks Museum, Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: South Lanarkshire Council
Address: 129 Muir Street, Hamilton, ML3 6BJ
Housed in two historic buildings, both originally associated with the Dukes of Hamilton, the museum traces the local history of South Lanarkshire, with displays relating to Hamilton Palace, demolished in 1927. Other collections and exhibits detail the working life of the area, including agriculture, weaving, and coalmining; and also the history of the local regiment, the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). Open daily all year round.
Lowewood Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire , England
Owned / Operated by: Broxbourne Borough Council
Address: High Street, Hoddesdon, EN11 8BH
Housed in an imposing Georgian building, the museum tells the story of the historic town of Hoddesdon and the borough of Broxbourne from prehistoric times to the present day. Collections include displays of geology, archaeology, social history, costume, photography and art. Open daily Wed - Sat, free admission.
Lowewood Museum, Hoddesdon
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Borough of Broxbourne
Address: High Street, Hoddesdon EN11 8BH
Set in a grand Georgian building in the historic town of Hoddesdon, the museum tells the history of the borough of Broxbourne. Open daily Wed to Sat, free admission.
Lutterworth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1008383
Address: Gilmorton Road, Lutterworth LE17 4DY
Located in the OneStop Shop just a short walk from the heart of Lutterworth, the museum tells the story of the town and the surrounding villages. In particular it displays a very large collection of Frank Whittle memorabilia, inventor of the modern jet engine. Open Tues to Sat from 10 - 13.00, free entry.
Lynn Museum, Kings Lynn
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Norfolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Norfolk Museums
Address: Market Street, King's Lynn, PE30 1NL
Originally founded in 1844, the museum relates the history of West Norfolk. Highlights of the museum include a life size replica of the Bronze Age timber circle known as 'Seahenge' and a hoard of Iceni gold coins hidden in a cow bone for nearly 2000 years. Open daily Tues - Sat, admission charges apply.
Macclesfield Silk Museums
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Silk Heritage Trust
Address: Park Lane, Macclesfield SK11 6TJ
The four separate sites that constitute the Macclesfield Silk Museums include the Silk Museum, Old Sunday School, West Park Museum and Paradise Mill. Between them they tell the history of Macclesfield's Silk Industry, from cocoon to the journey along the Silk Road and on to the growth of the town's Silk Mills. In Paradise Mill, step back into 1930s industrial Macclesfield and discover what it was like to work in the Silk Industry with 26 restored Jacquard Looms. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
Maidstone Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Maidstone District Council
Address: St Faith's Street, Maidstone ME14 1LH
A treasure chest of over 600,000 fascinating artefacts and specimens. Our outstanding collections, housed in an Elizabethan manor house in the centre of Kent's country town, are amongst the best in the South-East. The Museum regularly hosts temporary exhibitions, and has a lively programme of events for all ages. Admission free, temporary exhibitions may have an entry fee.
Malvern Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Malvern Museum Society Ltd
Address: Priory Gatehouse, Abbey Road, Malvern WR14 3ES
Set in the heart of the town, the museum tells the story of Malvern and its people over five exhibition rooms. Downstairs the museum explores how Celtic tribes existed on the surrounding windy hills before the Romans invaded and occupied the area. The upstairs rooms consider how Malvern was transformed from a tiny hamlet to a popular Victorian holiday destination. Open daily from Easter to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Manchester Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Manchester City Galleries Trust
Address: Mosley Street, Manchester M2 3JL
Featuring a significant collection of the English School, with works by Gainsborough and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the gallery occupies three historic buildings set close to the city centre. Over three floors and 21 rooms, its historic galleries also display international masterpieces from the 17th and 18th centuries. As well as paintings, the museum exhibits collections of furniture, glass and silverware. Open daily, free admission.
Manchester Museum
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Manchester
Address: Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL
First opened to the public in 1888, the museum's collections include works of archaeology, anthropology and natural history. Home to one of the most significant collections of ancient Egyptian artefacts in the Britain, it also houses galleries that explore the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Exhibits from the natural world include a collection of dinosaurs fossils, with live reptiles and amphibians left to roam in the Vivarium. Open daily, free admission.
Mansfield Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Mansfield County Council
Address: Leeming Street, Mansfield NG18 1NG
This local history museum explores the social and industrial heritage of the district through a range of artefacts and photographs. The Art and Exhibition Galleries house a collection of 18th century porcelain and watercolours showing Victorian Mansfield. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Mappa Mundi and Chained Library, Hereford Cathedral
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hereford Cathedral
Address: Cathedral Close, Hereford, HR1 2NG
Housed in Hereford Cathedral, the Mappa Mundi shows how 13th century scholars viewed the world, combining spiritual as well as geographical terms. Dating from around 1300, the map is drawn on a single sheet of vellum (calf skin). The Cathedral's Chained Library is the largest in Europe to survive with all its chains, rods and locks intact. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
Margate Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Friends of Margate Museum
Address: Market Place, Margate Old Town CT9 1ER
Set just a short walk from the sea front in the second oldest building in Margate, the museum tells the story of the town and its people. Displays also explore the buildings former use as the town's police station and magistrates' court, including the original Victorian cells. Open daily Wed, Sat and Sun between May to Sept, Sat and Sun only in winter, admission charges apply.
Market Hall Museum, Warwick
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Heritage & Culture Warwickshire
Address: Warwick CV34 4NF
Set in the 17th century Market Hall, the museum includes displays on the geology, natural history and early history of Warwickshire. Notable exhibits include the stuffed Warwickshire Bear, replicating the county's heraldic sign, and the Sheldon Tapestry, a 16th century map of the county. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sundays during summer, free admission.
Marlipins Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: The Sussex Archaeological Society
Address: 36 High St, Shoreham-by-Sea BN43 5DA
Housed in one of the oldest Norman buildings in Sussex, the museum relates the the story of Shoreham's maritime and local history from prehistoric to medieval times. Open Tue to Sat, May to Oct, admission charges apply.
Meigle Sculptured Stone Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Historic Environment Scotland
Address: Dundee Rd, Meigle, PH12 8SB
Dating from the late 700s to late 900s, the museum displays a set of 26 carved stones, the remaining legacy of the Picts' power centre at Meigle. Open daily, Apr to Sept, admission charges apply.
Mere Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Mere Museum Committee
Address: Barton Lane, Mere BA12 6JA
Founded in 1970, preserving the history of Mere with a collection of more than 7,000 items. Open most days, not Sundays.
Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museums Liverpool
Address: Albert Dock, Liverpool L3 4AQ
Set on Liverpool's Albert Dock in the same building as the International Slavery Museum, the museum explores the international significance of the port as the gateway to the world, including its role in emigration, the merchant navy and the transatlantic slave trade. The museum of the UK Border Agency, 'Seized!' is housed in the building's basement. Open daily, free admission.
Mevagissey Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Mevagissey Museum Trust
Address: East Wharf, Mevagissey PL26 6QR
Housed in an 18th century building originally used to construct vessels for smuggling, the museum relates the history of the boatyard through the original tools and equipment left behind when the last boat builder retired. The wider picture of life in and around Mevagissey is told through a broad collection of artefacts, displays and exhibits, including a cider press and a recreated Cornish kitchen. Open daily from Easter to Oct, free admission.
Midland Air Museum, Baginton
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 508326
Address: Baginton CV3 4FR
Located on the fringe of Coventry Airport, the museum features an impressive collection of aircraft as well as the Frank Whittle Jet Heritage Centre. With more than 30 aircraft on display including an Avro Vulcan and two English Electric Lightnings, the museum details the story of the local aviation pioneer and inventor of the jet engine, Frank Whittle. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Mildenhall Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 281511
Address: Mildenhall Museum, 6 King Street, Mildenhall, Suffolk, IP28 7ET
The museum tells the story of Mildenhall, its treasures and people through displays in newly developed galleries. From pre-history to the Lakenheath Warrior, discover the mystery of the Mildenhall Treasure; and find out about the key role Mildenhall's air base played in WWII. Open Mar to mid-Dec, p.m. only Tues, Wed, Thur & Sat, a.m. and p.m. Fri, free admission.
Milestones Museum, Basingstoke
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hampshire County Council
Address: Churchill Way West, Basingstoke RG22 6PG
Recreating a network of cobbled streets from turn of the century Hampshire, this living history museum features original buildings from the era, as well as a 1930s town with shops. Complete with costumed characters helping to recreate the age, the museum also houses a collection of beautifully restored vintage road and rail vehicles. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Mill Green Mill and Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council
Address: Mill Green Lane, Hatfield AL9 5PD
Enjoying an attractive riverside setting, Mill Green Museum is a restored 18th century working flour mill powered by water to produce flour and demonstrate historic milling practices. The range of historic buildings also house a changing programme based on local art and history. Open daily Tues to Thurs, Sun and Bank Holidays afternoons, admission charges apply.
Milton Keynes Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Milton Keynes Museum Trust
Address: McConnell Dr, Wolverton, Milton Keynes, MK12 5EL
Housed in a former Victorian model farmstead, this interactive museum includes an old school room, air raid bunker and a working GPO telephone exchange. Open daily Wed - Sun summer, weekends only Nov - end-Mar, admission charges apply.
Moffat Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Moffat Museum Trust
Address: Churchgate, Moffat DG10 9EG
Originally housed in an old bakehouse, the recently expanded museum relates the history of the town and its people. It provides a fascinating insight into Moffat's history; from early Roman times, the Border Reivers, the Convenanters, the discovery of the Well and to Moffat's success as a Spa town. Open daily Mon to Sat (closed Wed), from Apr - Sept open Sun pm, free admission.
Moyses Hall Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: St Edmundsbury Borough Council
Address: Icklingham Road, Suffolk, Bury St. Edmunds, IP28 6HG
Set in an impressive medieval building in the heart of Bury St Edmunds, Moyse's Hall Museum houses collections relating to local and social history. From Afghanistan to the Normandy beaches, the battles, traditions and stories of the Suffolks are revealed in the Suffolk Regiment Gallery. Open daily Mon to Sat, and Sun p.m., admission charges apply.
Mull Museum, Tobermory
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO000223
Address: Main Street, Tobermory, Isle of Mull PA75 6NY
A small museum detailing the history of the Isle of Mull and its people. From the early days of duns and brochs, through to the age of warring clans and on to more recent times. Exhibits of crofting, farming, fishing and everyday objects trace what life was like in Mull through the ages. Open from Easter - end Oct, Mon to Fri daily, free admission.
Museum in the Park, Stroud
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Stroud District Council
Address: Stroud GL5 4AF
Set in the grounds of Stratford Park in the market town of Stroud, this museum of local history and culture is housed in a listed 17th century wool merchant's mansion house. Displaying over 4,000 artefacts, the museum's collections represent all aspects of human and geological life in the Stroud District, including patent drawings as well as actual examples of the world's first lawnmower. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Museum of Abernethy
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO023100
Address: School Wynd, Abernethy PH2 9JJ
Opened in 2000, the museum is housed within 18th century farm buildings and includes artefacts and information relating to the ancient Pictish capital of Abernethy. There is a core exhibition relating to the historic Pictish Round Tower and more recently, when Abernethy was home to many Polish troops in WWII. Open from early May to end Sept, Wed - Sun pm, admission is free.
Museum of Archaelogy and Anthropology, Cambridge
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Cambridge
Address: Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ
Founded in 1884, the MAA houses the University of Cambridge's collection of local antiquities, together with archaeological artefacts from around the world and throughout human history. The museum is organised in five key collection areas, including archaeological, anthropological, photographic, modern and contemporary art, and archival material. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Museum of Army Flying, Stockbridge
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 279897
Address: Middle Wallop, Stockbridge SO20 8DY
Set beside the Army Air Corps' working airfield at Middle Wallop, the museum tells the story of flying in the British Arms. From the early days of the Army Balloon section, through the founding of the Royal Flying Corps, the museum brings the story up to date with establishment of the Army Air Corps in 1957. The museum houses a fine collection of fixed wing and rotary aircraft, as well as multiple flight simulators. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Museum of Barnstaple and North Devon, Barnstaple
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Devon Museums
Address: The Square, Barnstaple EX32 8LN
Telling the story of the natural and human history of Barnstaple and North Devon, the museum also houses the regimental collection of the Royal Devon Yeomanry. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Museum of Cambridge
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cambridge 800 Trust
Address: Castle Street, Cambridge CB3 0AQ
The Museum of Cambridge, housed in a 17th century timber frame building which was formerly the White Horse Inn, holds a wonderful and varied collection displaying a wealth of Cambridge tradition and history. By exploring the nine room settings including the Bar, the Guest Room and the Childhood Room, visitors can discover an array of intriguing objects, as well as some familiar household favourites! Open Tues-Sat 10.30am-5pm and Sun 2-5pm. Closed Mondays. Adults £3.50, concessions £2.00, children £1.00 (one child free with each paying adult).
Museum of Carpet
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Carpet Museum Trust
Address: Museum of Carpet, Stour Vale Mill, Green Street, Kidderminster DY10 1AZ
Once the major employer in Kidderminster, the museum exhibits a unique collection of equipment and artefacts associated with the manufacture of carpets and similar textiles'. Samples of rugs and carpets are used to illustrate different fibres and dyes, and the changing styles of design. Open Tues to Sat & Bank Holidays, admission charges apply.
Museum of Croydon
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: London , England
Owned / Operated by: London Borough of Croydon
Address: Croydon Clocktower, Katharine Street, Croydon, CR9 1ET
Housed inside the Croydon Clocktower arts facility, this newly refurbished interactive museum explores the history of Croydon through its collections of art and social history objects. The Riesco Gallery exhibits a collection of Chinese pottery and ceramics. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Registered Charity
Address: Iliffe Way, Stowmarket IP14 1DL
Telling the agricultural history of East Anglia, this living history museum is set on 75 acres of prime Suffolk countryside, originally part of the Abbot's Hall estate. Many of the museum buildings have been relocated from other parts of the county in order to preserve them, including the 18th century watermill. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Museum of Edinburgh
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: City of Edinburgh
Address: 142 Canongate, Royal Mile, Edinburgh EH8 8DD
Located on the Royal Mile, the museum's vast collections illustrate the development of the city from prehistoric times to the present day. Highlights include the National Covenant, James Craig's plans for Edinburgh's New Town, and the collar and bowl of Greyfriars Bobby, the famous little Skye terrier whose devotion touched the heart of the nation. Open daily all year round, free admission.
Museum of Lancashire, Preston
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Lancashire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lancashire County Council
Address: Stanley Street , Preston , Lancashire, PR1 4YP
Set in the former Quarter Sessions House (courthouse) on the outskirts of Preston city centre, the museum tells the 2000 year old story of Lancashire's history and heritage. The county's archaeological collections include 4,000 year old Stone Age axes, Roman artefacts and early industrial items. Other collections include Lancashire at Play, at Work, at War, a People Gallery and Law and Order. Open daily Tue - Sun, free admission.
Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Lincolnshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lincolnshire County Council
Address: Burton Road, Lincoln LN1 3LY
Set in the former barracks of the Royal North Lincoln Militia, the museum explores the culture of Lincolnshire and its people through exhibits and displays reflecting commercial, domestic, agricultural, industrial and community life. The museum also houses one of the first World War I tanks, built by the local firm of William Foster & Co., as well as a collection of early farm machinery built by other Lincolnshire companies. Open daily from April to Sept, Mon - Sat from Oct to Mar, free admission.
Museum of Liverpool
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museums Liverpool
Address: Pier Head, Liverpool L3 1DG
Set on Mann Island at Liverpool's Pier Head, this new purpose-built museum tells the story of the city and its people. Located over four large galleries, the museum's displays explore the following themes; The Great Port, Global City, People's Republic, and Wondrous Place. Open daily, free admission.
Museum of London, City of London
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: City of London Corporation
Address: 150 London Wall, London EC2Y 5HN
Overlooking the old Roman city wall, the museum records the history of London from prehistoric to more modern times. Opened in 1976, its galleries gradually reveal the story of the nation's capital from its earliest days to its development as a city by the Romans, moving through medieval times and on to the Great Fire of London. More recently, it relays the horrors of the days and nights endured by Londoners in the blanket bombings of World War II. And even more recently, the role that London fashion played in shaping the swinging 60s through to the present day. Open daily with free admission.
Museum of Oxford
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Oxford City Council
Address: St Aldate's, Oxford, OX1 1BX
Set in the city's Town Hall, the museum tells the history of the Oxford and its colleges through displays of original artefacts, from prehistoric times onwards. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Museum of Richmond, Richmond-upon-Thames
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Richmond Borough Council
Address: Whittaker Avenue, Richmond-upon-Thames TW9 1TP
The Museum celebrates the rich heritage of Richmond, Ham, Petersham and Kew and, through the exhibition and education programmes, all other areas of the borough. Admission is free and the colourful displays span from mediaeval times to the present day. The museum is close to the River Thames and to Richmond Green on the second floor of the Old Town Hall.
Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI), Manchester
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: MOSI (Enterprises) Ltd
Address: Liverpool Road, Castlefield M3 4FP
Set on the site of the world's first railway station, the museum explores the historic development of engineering, technology and industry, with particular focus on Manchester's contribution to these fields. The museum's extensive collections are themed in terms of transport, power, sanitation, textiles, communications and computing, from complete aircraft and locomotives to the world's first stored-program computer. Open daily, free admission.
Museum of Somerset, Taunton
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Somerset County Council
Address: Taunton Castle, Taunton TA1 4AA
Based at Taunton Castle in the centre of town, the museum also houses the Somerset Military Museum. In addition to displaying objects from the museum's permanent galleries, including geology, archaeology, medieval and ethnography, there are regularly changing temporary exhibitions and activities. Open Tuesday to Saturday, admission is free.
Museum of St Albans
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: St Albans City and District Council
Address: Hatfield Road, St Albans AL1 3RR
Originally opened in 1898 as the Hertfordshire County Museum, the museum presents the history of St Albans from the end of the Roman era to the present day. One gallery is dedicated to the story of Alban, Britain's first Christian martyr, and the abbey that was founded to his memory. Other displays explore how St Albans grew from a small quiet little market town into a bustling commuter city. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Museum of the Broads, Stalham
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Norfolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1036734
Address: The Staithe, Stalham NR12 9DA
Set in the picturesque location of Stalham Staithe, this waterside museum tells the history of Broadland life and explores how people's working lives have helped shape the landscape. River trips on a Victorian steam launch are available at extra costs. Open daily from April to end Sept, admission charges apply.
Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Oxford
Address: Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3AZ
Set in the world's oldest surviving purpose-built museum building, the Old Ashmolean, the Museum of the History of Science displays a unique collection of early scientific instruments. A department of the University of Oxford, its extensive collections range from medieval times through to the early 20th century and includes navigational, mathematical and optical instruments. Open afternoons Tues - Sunday, free admission.
Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester, Cheetham Hill
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Transport for Greater Manchester
Address: Boyle Street, Cheetham M8 8UW
Located approximately 2 miles north of the city centre, the museum holds one of the largest collections of public transport road vehicles in the country. Exploring the history and heritage of Greater Manchester's local passenger transport system, the museum is home to around 100 buses. Open daily on Wed, Sat and Sun, admission charges apply.
Museum on the Mound, Edinburgh
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Bank of Scotland
Address: The Mound, Edinburgh EH1 1YZ
Only opened in 2006 in the former Bank of Scotland headquarters building, the museum presents a unique insight into the world of money, finance and economics. Hands on exhibits reveal how art and design, crime, security, technology and trade all play their part in the story of money. Open daily all year round, free admission.
Nantwich Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Nantwich Museum Trust Ltd
Address: Pillory Street, Nantwich, Cheshire, CW5 5BQ
Telling the story of Nantwich through the ages, the museum is housed in the town's former Victorian Jubilee library. Displays include Roman salt making, the English Civil War - Battle of Nantwich, the town's shoe and clothing industries. Open daily Tues to Sat, free admission.
Narberth Museum, Pembrokeshire
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Narberth Museum
Address: Church Street, Narbeth, Pembrokeshire SA67 7BH
Located in a former bonded store, the new Narberth Museum tells the long history of the town through the use of artefacts, scale models, interpretive panels and interactive activities. Open throughout the year, admission charges apply.
National Civil War Centre & Newark Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by:
Address: 14 Appletongate, Newark, NG24 1JY
This brand new museum is dedicated to telling the story of Britain's deadliest conflict, The English Civil War (1642-1646). Set on the Great North Road at a safe crossing point over the River Trent, the strategic importance of Newark is explored. Open daily, admission charges apply.
National Coal Mining Museum for England, Overton, nr Wakefield
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum
Address: Caphouse Colliery, New Road, Overton, Wakefield WF4 4RH
Set on the site of one of the oldest working mines in Britain, the museum traces the significance of the coal mining industry to the nation's history. Based at the Caphouse Colliery in Overton, much of the original machinery and engineering remains in place to fully appreciate. Travel 140 metres underground and retrace the footsteps of the thousands of miners who descended into the cramped, dark and cold pit. Open daily, free admission.
National Fishing Heritage Centre, Grimsby
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Lincolnshire, England
Owned / Operated by: North East Lincolnshire Council
Address: Alexandra Dock, Grimsby DN31 1UZ
Set on the town's Alexandra Dock, the museum provides an insight into Grimsby's maritime history. Portraying the 1950s heyday of the distant waters fishing fleet, it explores what life was like for the trawlermen and their families. Open daily Tue - Sun, admission charges apply.
National Football Museum, Manchester
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1050792
Address: Urbis Building, Cathedral Gardens, Manchester, M4 3BG
Located in the Urbis building in Manchester city centre, the world's biggest soccer museum is set over four floors and houses a significant collection of association football memorabilia, including the first ever rule book from 1863. Exploring football's past and present with a collection of over 140,000 items; the museum seeks to explain why football has become known as 'the people's game'. Open daily, free admission.
National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 283656
Address: 99 High Street, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JH
Scheduled to open in Autumn 2016, the museum tells the story of horseracing and the science behind the development of the thoroughbred horse. The gallery will exhibit examples of sport related art, sourced from a variety of fine collections.
National Maritime Museum Cornwall, Falmouth
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1067884
Address: Discovery Quay, Falmouth TR11 3QY
Set on the Falmouth's harbourside, the museum presents the story of the sea and boats over several major galleries. In addition to exhibiting the National Small Boat Collection (under 33-foot), the museum devotes three galleries to the maritime history of Cornwall, detailing topics such as fishing, trading, boatbuilding, wrecks and emigration. The pontoon directly in front of the museum building allows a changing display of boats on the water. Open daily, admission charges apply.
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Museums Greenwich
Address: Park Row, Greenwich SE10 9NF
The largest museum of its type in the world, the National Maritime Museum tells the stories of discovery and adventure of this proud seafaring nation. Through its vast collection of original artefacts and modern state-of-the-art technology, it relates tales of epic exploration, fierce battles, pioneering trade, using ancient charts to ships' biscuits and even Nelson's uniform from the Battle of Trafalgar. Open daily, free admission.
National Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. SCO88361
Address: Lady Victoria Colliery, Newtongrange, Midlothian EH22 4QN
With over 60,000 artefacts including the Scotland's largest winding engine, the museum traces the significance of the coal mining industry to the nation's history. Based at the Lady Victoria Colliery, much of the original machinery and engineering remains in place to fully appreciate. Retrace the footsteps of the thousands of miners who descended into the cramped, dark and cold pit. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
National Motor Musem, Beaulieu
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Beaulieu Enterprises Ltd
Address: Beaulieu, Brockenhurst SO42 7ZN
See the National Motor Museum's stunning collection of over 250 vehicles, the World of Top Gear exhibition with genuine vehicles from the BBC show, 13th century Beaulieu Abbey, Palace House and the picturesque grounds and gardens, plus enjoy unlimited rides on the high level Monorail. Open daily throughout the year, entrance charges apply.
National Motorcycle Museum, Bickenhill
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: National Motorcycle Museum Trust
Address: Coventry Road, Bickenhill, Solihull B92 0EJ
Opened in 1984, the museum houses the world's largest collection of British-built motorcycles including examples of the more famous marques such as BSA, Norton and Triumph, to the lesser known makers including Montgomery and New Imperial. Open daily, admission charges apply.
National Museum Cardiff
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP
Officially opened in 1927, the museum houses Wales's national collections of archaeology, botany, fine and applied art, geology and zoology. The museum tells the story of the evolution of Wales from the early Neanderthals to the present day, whilst the art collection is one of the finest to be found in Europe. Open daily throughout the year, free admission.
National Museum of Brisih Popular Culture
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Mitchell Family
Address: Market Street, Craven Arms SY7 9NW
Also known as Stella Mitchell's 'Land of Lost Content', the museum houses a private collection of 20th century memorabilia, bristling with the nostalgia of yesteryear's schooldays, holidays, film, TV, radio, food and drink. Celebrating over 100 years of British ingenuity, quirkiness, style and technology. Open daily (except Wednesdays), admission charges apply. Closed December and January.
National Museum of Flight, East Fortune Airfield, East Lothian
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Government
Address: East Fortune Airfield, East Lothian EH39 5LF
Home to no less than 43 aircraft, this historic First and Second World War airfield features stars of the skies such as a Tiger Moth, Spitfire, Comet, Sea Hawk and Concorde. In and around four hangars, visitors can trace the story of aviation and take part in more than 25 activities where they can feel the force of lift and discover what aircraft are made from. Or, perhaps, test your own skills in a flight simulator. Open daily all summer and weekends during winter months, admission charges apply.
National Museum of Rural Life, East Kilbride
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Government
Address: Philipshill Road, East Kilbride G76 9HR
Set just 13 miles from Glasgow's city centre, the National Museum of Rural Life, which opened in 2001, features a purpose-built museum, historic farmhouse and 1950s working farm. The museum tells the story of how the last 300 years of farming have transformed the Scottish countryside, whilst Wester Kittochside farm provides an insight as to what farm life was really like around 60 years ago. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Government
Address: Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF
One of the top 10 visitor attractions in the UK, this recently redeveloped museum houses an extensive collection of over 20,000 artefacts. These vast collections not only relate the detailed history of Scotland, but also explore the diversity of the natural world, world cultures, art and design, as well as science and technology. Open daily all year round, free admission.
National Portrait Gallery, Westminster
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Westminster City Council
Address: St Martin's Place, London WC2H 0HE
Displaying paintings, sketches and caricatures of almost everybody from ancient royals to modern celebrities, the gallery exhibits a vast collection of almost 200,000 portraits arranged in chronological order. Founded in 1856, the collection includes portraits of famous British men and women from across the spectrum, including artists, musicians, philanthropists, politicians, scientists and writers, as well as sporting and military heroes. Open daily with free admission.
National Railway Museum Shildon
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Co. Durham, England
Owned / Operated by: Science Museum Group
Address: Shildon DL4 1PQ
Part of the National Railway Museum, Shildon tells the 300 year old history of the railways through its vast collection of exhibits. Sited at the home of world's first passenger railway, the museum is now home to more than 70 locomotives and rolling stock from the national collection. From the viewing gallery of the conservation workshop, visitors can see the work carried out restoring some of the exhibits. Open daily, free admission.
National Railway Museum, York
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum
Address: Leeman Road, York YO26 4XJ
Set on the site of the former York North locomotive depot, the museum houses the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles, including a collection of more than 100 locomotives and almost 300 examples of rolling stock. Displayed over a 20 acre site, it details the 300 years of railway history. Open daily, free admission.
National Roman Legion Museum, Caerleon, Newport
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: High Street, Caerleon, Newport NP18 1AE
Guarding the western extremities of their empire, the Romans built one of only three permanent legionary fortresses in Britain at Caerleon. The National Roman Legion Museum lies inside what remains of the fortress known to the Romans as Isca Augusta of Legio II Augusta, and displays many of the archaeological finds that have been recovered from the site. Step outside and discover the most complete amphitheatre in Britain and the remains of the Roman Legionary barracks. Open daily all year round, including Sunday afternoons, free admission.
National Slate Museum, Llanberis, Gwynedd
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: North Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Llanberis, Gwynedd LL55 4TY
Housed in the massive 19th century workshops of the Dinorwig Slate Quarry, the museum tells the story of the Welsh slate industry that roofed the Industrial Revolution. Set on the dramatically beautiful shores of Llyn Padarn, the innovative displays include Victorian era slateworkers cottages and the largest working waterwheel in the UK. Talks and demonstrations, including slate-splitting, provide an insight into the lives of the thousands of men that worked the Welsh quarries. Open daily throughout the year (closed Saturdays from Nov to Easter), free admission.
National Space Centre, Leicester
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1078832
Address: Exploration Drive, Leicester LE4 5NS
Dedicated to space exploration and science, the National Space Centre includes rockets, satellites and many other space related artefacts. Opened in 2001, the centre also includes the Sir Patrick Moore Planetarium experience. Restricted opening hours and entrance charges apply, closed on Mondays.
National War Museum, Edinburgh Castle
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Government
Address: Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh EH1 2NG
Follow the story of Scotland's military history within the stunning setting of Edinburgh Castle. Through a vast collection of military artefacts and personal accounts, discover the stories of Scottish military life from the weapons to the reality of war. Trace the developments in warfare as swords were replaced in the 18th century by guns and discover how weapons evolved through advances in technology. Open daily all year round, admission to the museum is included in entry to Edinburgh Castle.
National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Oystermouth Road, Maritime Quarter, Swansea SA1 3RD
Set in Swansea's Maritime Quarter, the museum relates the huge contribution of industry and innovation in Wales to Britain's Industrial Revolution. Combining modern interactive technology with traditional displays, it explores the nation's vast industrial and maritime heritage. Opened in 2005, the museum elegantly marries the old and the new, with the original listed waterfront warehouse linked to a new, ultra-modern slate and glass building. Open daily all year round, free admission.
National Waterways Museum, Ellesmere Port
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Canal and River Trust
Address: South Pier Road, Ellesmere Port CH65 4FW
Set on the banks of the River Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal, the museum contains the largest collection of canal boats in the world. Designed by the famous Scottish civil engineer, Thomas Telford, it occupies the 7 acre site of the former canal port and consists of a system of locks, docks and warehouses that house the museum's displays. Open daily, admission charges apply.
National Wool Museum, nr Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Dre-Fach Felindre, nr Newcastle Emlyn, Llandysul, Carmarthenshire SA44 5UP
Housed in the historic Cambrian Woollen Mills, the museum relates the story of arguably the most important of Wales's industries. Located in the beautiful Teifi valley, once the centre of the thriving woollen industry, follow the process from fleece to fabric and discover how blankets, shawls, shirts, socks and stockings were made. Open daily from April to Sept, Tues-Sat between Oct and March, free admission..
Natural History Museum of Tring
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Natural History Museum
Address: Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP
Once the private museum of Lionel Walter, 2nd Baron Rothschild, over its six galleries the museum exhibits one of the finest collections of stuffed birds, mammal, reptiles and insects in the country. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Natural History Museum, Kensington and Chelsea
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Address: Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD
With a collection of more than 70 million specimens from across the natural world, the Natural History Museum remains a world-renowned research centre. The ornate architecture of the museum building has earned it the title a cathedral of nature, with five main collections covering the fields of botany, entomology, mineralogy, palaeontology and zoology. Most famous perhaps for its displays of dinosaur skeletons, it is also home to the 1,000s of specimens collected by the celebrated naturalist, Charles Darwin, during his five year voyage on HMS Beagle. Open daily with free admission.
New Walk Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leicester City Council
Address: 53 New Walk, Leicester LE1 7EA
Leicester's original museum features a wide ranging collection spanning the natural and cultural world including Ancient Egypt, Dinosaurs, Wild Space and World Art galleries. The museum offers a range of events and temporary exhibitions. Open daily, free admission.
Newark Air Museum
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 256434
Address: The Showground, Drove Ln, Winthorpe, Newark NG24 2NY
Set on the Winthorpe Showground a former World War II RAF training base, the museum is dedicated to the preservation of the country's aviation heritage. On display are a diverse collection of aircraft and cockpit sections, as well as a fine selection of aero engines. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Leicester City Council
Address: The Newarke, Leicester LE2 7BY
Occupying two historic houses, the museum relays the story of the city and the people of Leicester. The buildings also incorporate the Museum of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment, including a recreation of a World War I trench. Open daily, free admission.
Newcastle Museum and Art Gallery, Newcastle-under-Lyme
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Staffordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Newcastle Borough Council
Address: Brampton Park, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 0QP
Set in Brampton Park just a short walk from the town centre, the museum tells the 2000 year history of the Borough through a range of artefacts and displays. The Victorian Street scene depicts life in the town from that era. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
North Devon Maritime Museum, Appledore
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 267268
Address: Odun Road, Appledore EX39 1PT
Set in the pretty village and sea port of Appledore, the museum reflects the maritime heritage of the area. Housed in an impressive Georgian building, over seven exhibition rooms it displays collections relating to the WWII beach landing experiments, sail and steam vessels, and shipwrecks. Open daily from April to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Northampton Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Northamptonshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Northampton Borough Council
Address: Guildhall Road, Northampton NN1 1DP
With exhibits from ancient Egypt to the present day, the museum boasts the largest collection of footwear in the world. Over two galleries the museum explores the history of shoemaking and how fashions in footwear have changed over the centuries. The museum also houses a collection of oriental ceramics and Italian art. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Norton Priory Museum, Runcorn
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Norton Priory Museum Trust
Address: Tudor Road, Runcorn WA7 1SX
Set on the site of one of the most important monastic remains in Cheshire, the museum relays the priory's story from its foundation in 1134 through to its dissolution and later, as a manor house. The museum exhibits the stone carvings, grave markers and other artefacts excavated from the site. Open daily throughout the year, entrance charges apply.
Nottingham Castle Museum
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Nottingham City Council
Address: Lenton Road, Nottingham NG1 6EL
Set in a 17th century mansion on the site of the former medieval castle, the building houses the city's main museum and art gallery, as well as the regimental museum of the Sherwood Foresters. The museum relates the history and archaeology of Nottingham, whilst the galleries exhibit the city's fine and decorative art collections. Open daily mid-Feb to Oct, Wed - Sun during winter, admission charges apply.
Nottingham Contemporary
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Nottingham City Council
Address: Weekday Cross, Nottingham NG1 2GB
Opened in 2009, this contemporary art gallery features a number of major international exhibitions a year over its four galleries. It also houses an auditorium, education space and a study centre. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Nottingham Industrial Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Wollaton Hall
Address: Nottingham Industrial Museum, The Courtyard, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham NG8 2AE
Housed in the 17th century stable block of Wollaton Hall, the museum exhibits an impressive collection of working steam and diesel engines, as well as textile and transport exhibits, reflecting local industries such as mining, railways, bicycles, motorcycles, pharmaceuticals, tobacco and printing. Open Sat, Sun & Bank Holidays, admission charges apply.
Novium Museum, Chichester
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Chichester District Council
Address: Tower Street, Chichester PO19 1QH
In the heart of the city centre, a bell's ring from Chichester Cathedral, you can follow historical footprints through the Chichester District. Our collection spans 500,000 years of human history with a rich seam of archaeology - including the remains of a Roman Bathhouse on site. We have three floors of interactive exhibitions, activities and events for children and adults. Open daily between Apr and Oct, Tues - Sat during winter, admission charges apply.
Nuneaton Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Nuneaton & Bedworth Borough Council
Address: Riversley Park, Coton Road, Nuneaton CV11 5TU
Located in the grounds of Riversley Park, this local history museum features three galleries. One of the galleries exhibits a fine art collection, whilst another is dedicated to the local author George Eliot. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons.
Old House, Hereford
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Herefordshire Council
Address: High Town, Hereford HR1 2AA
Set in a 17th century timber-framed house in the centre of Hereford, the museum portrays daily life in Jacobean times. Furnished in the style of the era, exhibits include wall-paintings, four-poster bed and a baby-walker. Open daily Tue - Thurs and Sat.
Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Type of Museum: Natural History Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Oxford
Address: Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW
Set in a neo-Gothic style listed building, the museum houses the University of Oxford's natural history collection. The museum's collections are presented over the following four subject areas; Entomology, Geology, Mineralogy and Zoology. Open daily, free admission.
Padstow Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: Padstow Museum Trust
Address: Market Place, Padstow PL28 8AA
Located on the first floor of the Padstow Institute just 20 metres from the harbourside, the museum displays unique collection of artefacts, providing an insight into the history of the port from the 1800s to the present day. Open daily Mon - Sat, between Easter and Oct, free admission.
Peak District Lead Mining Museum, Matlock
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Peak District Mines Historical Society
Address: South Parade, Matlock Bath DE4 3NR
Housing thousands of artefacts, tools and equipment, the museum tells the story of the Derbyshire lead mining industry and the many families that eked out a living employed in this gruelling work. Across the road from the museum is Temple Mine, a working 1920s lead and fluorspar mine, where guided tours provide an authentic insight into life underground. Open daily during the summer months, Wed - Sun in winter, admission charges apply.
People's History Museum, Spinningfields
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: People's History Museum (PHM)
Address: Left Bank, Spinningfields M3 3ER
Set within a former water pumping station that served the world's first industrial city, the museum relates the history of democracy in Britain and explores the lives of ordinary people at work, rest and play since the time of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 to the present day. The museum's exhibits include documents and other items collected from the Labour Party, the Department for Works and Pensions and the co-operative movement. Open daily, free admission.
Perrys Cider Museum, Dowlish Wake
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Perry family
Address: Dowlish Wake, Ilminster TA19 0NY
See how Somerset cider is made the traditional way, by visiting the nearby orchards, pressing rooms and rural life museum. Enjoy the atmosphere of a real working cider mills, housed in the original 16th century thatched cider barn. Open daily all year, Sunday mornings only.
Perth Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Perth and Kinross Council
Address: 78 George Street, Perth PH1 5LB
One of the oldest museums in Britain, it houses an impressive collection of more than half a million objects that reflect the history of the Perth and Kinross area. From Pictish stone sculptures, prehistoric flints, Bronze Age metalwork, through to a fibre glass replica of the largest rod and line salmon ever caught in Scotland in 1922 by Miss Georgina Ballantine. Open daily throughout the year.
Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: City of Peterborough
Address: Priestgate, Peterborough PE1 1LF
Set in an historic mansion house dating from 1816, the museum houses a significant collection of over 200,000 artefacts, including local archaeological finds and examples from the Roman pottery industry. The daily life of Peterborough's people is presented through the Social History section. The collection of marine fossils from the Jurassic period is particularly worthy of note. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Pewsey Heritage Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Pewsey Local History Society
Address: Avonside Works, High Street, Pewsey SN9 5AF
Located in the former foundry of the agricultural engineering works of Whatley and Hiscock, the museum records the social, farming and industrial history of Pewsey Vale. The heavy machinery manufactured by the company takes pride of place within Heritage Centre. Open most days other than Sundays, free admission.
Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery (currently closed for refurbishment)
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Plymouth City Council
Address: Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AJ
Built in an Edwardian Baroque style, the museum's interior was renovated after being gutted in The Blitz and now houses significant collections of fine and decorative arts, natural and human history. Local finds from prehistoric, Bronze and Iron Age times are displayed alongside artefacts from the Middle East and Ancient Egypt. The Art Gallery includes sizable collections of paintings, watercolours, drawings, prints and sculptures, including works by local lad made good, Sir Joshua Reynolds. Currently closed for a major refurbishment and due re-open in spring 2020.
Poole Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Borough of Poole
Address: 4 High Street, Poole BH15 1BW
Set within a 19th century quayside warehouse, over its four floors the museum reveals the story of this ancient port through its comprehensive collection of maritime archaeology and Poole Pottery. The museums other displays and exhibits include fine art, local trade and industry, as well as social history. Open daily Mon - Sat during the summer months and Tues - Sat in winter, also Sunday afternoons all year round, free admission.
Portland Museum, Wakeham
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Portland Museum Trust
Address: 217 Wakeham, Portland DT5 1HS
Set within two 17th-century thatched stone cottages in the ancient hamlet of Wakeham, through its collection of artefacts the museum tells the story of the local Portland Stone industry, the areas maritime past and its people. Over the centuries the Island of Portland has hosted foreign invaders, pirates, military garrisons, convicts, sailors, itinerate workers and artists. Open daily during the summer months only, admission charges apply.
Portsmoth Historic Dockyard
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of the Royal Navy
Address: HM Naval Base, Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
Set within the site of HM Naval Base, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard plays host to several significant attractions relating to the naval history of Britain, including the Mary Rose Museum, HMS Victory, HMS Warrior and the National Museum of the Royal Navy. The site also houses Action Stations, a centre featuring a wide range of interactive displays relating to today's modern high-tech Royal Navy. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Portsmouth City Museum
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Portsmouth City Council
Address: Museum Road, Portsmoth PO1 2LJ
Resembling a fairy-tale castle, the museum is housed in a former army barracks set within formal south facing gardens. Telling the story of Portsmouth's rich history, the museum explores how the city and the life of its people has changed over the centuries. The Fine and Decorative Art Gallery features collections covering a wide range of material from the 17th century to the present day. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Potteries Museum and Art Gallery, Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Staffordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Stoke-on-Trent Museums
Address: Bethesda Street, Stoke-on-Trent ST1 3DW
Displaying one of finest collections of Staffordshire ceramics in the world, the museum's galleries also display costume, local history, archaeology and natural history exhibits. A Submarine Spitfire designed by local lad R J Mitchell takes pride of place as do pieces from the Anglo-Saxon Staffordshire Hoard. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
Purton Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Purton Historical Society
Address: 1 High Street, Purton, Swindon SN5 4AA
Located above the library in Purton High Street, the museum was started in 1990 and houses a collection of artefacts representing 2,000 years of the village's history. From the nearby Ringsbury Iron Age Hillfort, through Roman and Saxon finds and on to more modern times. Open Wednesday afternoons and Saturday mornings, admission is free.
Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Trust
Address: Styal, Wilmslow SK9 4LA
Built in 1788, Quarry Bank Mill is one of the best preserved textile mills of the Industrial Revolution. Powered by Europe's most powerful working waterwheel, it now operates as a museum dedicated to the cotton industry. The inspiration for the 2013 television series The Mill, it explores the development of the cotton industry from medieval times through to the 19th century, complete with the deafening noise from the clattering heritage machinery and steam engines. Open daily during the summer months, Wed - Sun in winter, admission charges apply.
Quay Arts Centre, Newport
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Isle of Wight, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 272007
Address: Newport Harbour PO30 5BD
Set in a former 19th century brewery warehouse, the leading art gallery on the Isle of Wight comprises three gallery spaces and a 134 capacity theatre. Home to a regularly changing programme of Visual Arts, the Quay also operates an artist workshop. Open daily, admission charges may apply.
Queen's House, Greenwich
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Museums Greenwich
Address: Greenwich SE10 9NF
This stunning former royal palace was completed around 1635 for Henrietta Maria, queen of King Charles I. The museum relates the history behind England's first truly classical building and tells the story of the royalty that occupied it. The Queen's House is also home to some of the nation's finest artworks, including paintings by Gainsborough, Hogarth, Reynolds and Hodges. Open daily with free admission.
Reading Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Berkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Reading Borough Council
Address: Blagrave Street, Reading RG1 1QH
Housed behind the historic façade of Reading Town Hall, the museum first opened its doors to the public in 1883. From its origins as a 6th century Saxon settlement to the history of the biscuit-making industry that was once formed the mainstay of the Reading economy, the galleries tell the story of the town and its related industries. One gallery exhibits archaeological finds from nearby Calleva Atrebatum, Silchester Roman Town. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
REME Museum of Technology, Arborfield Garrison
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Berkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: British Army
Address: Isaac Newton Road, Arborfield RG2 9NH
The museum of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, the corps of the British Army responsible for the maintenance and servicing of electrical and mechanical equipment. Exhibiting an assortment of technological artefacts associated with the work of the REME, including a large collection of military vehicles, uniforms and weapons. Open daily Sun - Fri, admission charges apply.
Rifles Berkshire and Wiltshire Museum, Salisbury
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: The Rifles Wardrobe Museum Trust
Address: 58 The Close, Salisbury SP1 2EX
Opened in 1981, The Wardrobe is the home of the Infantry Regiments of Berkshire and Wiltshire in Salisbury. The museum currently holds over 34,000 items, including photographs, archive documents, medals, items of uniform, swords, rifles, pistols, anti-tank weapons, flags and other battlefield souvenirs. Closed during the winter months and on Sundays, restricted opening hours and admission charges apply.
River and Rowing Museum, Henley-on-Thames
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1001051
Address: Mill Meadows, Henley on Thames RG9 1BF
Set on the banks of the River Thames, the museums three galleries are dedicated to the international sport of rowing, the river itself and the local history of Henley on Thames. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Roman Museum, Canterbury
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Canterbury Museums
Address: Butchery Lane, Canterbury CT1 2JR
Renovated in 2013, the museum is built on the remains of an original Roman town house complete with mosaics and under-floor central heating. Exhibiting significant excavated finds from Roman Canterbury, it explores how the town was built with displays of rare tools, glass and a hoard of hidden treasure. Open daily Mon - Sun, admission charges apply.
Royal Air Force Museum, Barnet
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Ministry of Defence
Address: Grahame Park Way, London, NW9 5LL
Located on the former Hendon Aerodrome the 'Cradle of Aviation in the UK', the museum tells the story of flight in general and the Royal Air Force in particular. Also known as the RAF Museum, it houses an impressive collection of over 100 aircraft in five major buildings and hangars, including the Battle of Britain Hall, Milestones of Flight, Bomber Hall, Historic Hangars and the Grahame-White Factory. A second collection of exhibits is housed the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire. Open daily with free admission.
Royal Air Force Museum, Cosford
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Air Force
Address: RAF Cosford, Shifnal TF11 8UP
Boasting one of the largest aviation collections in the UK, there are more than 70 historic aircraft exhibited in three wartime hangars and within the National Cold War Exhibition. Iconic aircraft on display include the world's oldest Spitfire and all three of Britain's V Bombers: the Vulcan, Victor and Valiant. Open daily all year round with free admission.
Royal Albert Memorial Museum and Art Gallery, Exeter
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Exeter City Council
Address: Exeter EX4 3RX
Set in a Gothic Revival building, the museum re-opened its doors to the public in 2011 after an extensive four-year redevelopment. Housing one of the most significant and diverse collections in the south west of England, the museum's new displays and galleries include objects and artefacts from the following curatorial areas: antiquities, ethnography, natural history, decorative and fine arts. City centre location, busy programme of exhibitions and free entry. Open daily Tuesday to Sunday, closed Mondays and Bank Holidays.
Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum
Address: Armouries Drive, Leeds LS10 1LT
Together with the Tower of London and Fort Nelson in Hampshire, this purpose built museum displays the National Collection of Arms and Armour. Consisting of around 70,000 examples of arms, armour and artillery, the collection includes royal armours from the Tudor and Stuart kings, as well as exceptional exhibits of oriental arms and armour. The collection is now housed in three separate locations, with the artillery pieces displayed at Fort Nelson in Hampshire, the London exhibits relate directly to the Tower. Open daily, free admission.
Royal Armouries, Tower of London
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Historic Royal Palaces
Address: HM Tower of London, London EC3N 4AB
Located in the White Tower, the central keep of the Tower of London, the Royal Armouries is the oldest museum in the UK and one of the oldest in the world. Originally used to manufacture arms and armour for the kings of England, it has been open to the public since the days of Charles II. Consisting of around 70,000 examples of arms, armour and artillery, the collection includes royal armours from the Tudor and Stuart kings. The collection is now housed in three separate locations, with the artillery pieces displayed at Fort Nelson in Hampshire and the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds opening in 1996. The remaining part of the collection on display in London relates directly to the Tower. Open daily, admission charges are included in entry charges to the Tower of London.
Royal College of Physicians, Camden
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal College of Physicians
Address: 11 St Andrews Place, Regent's Park, London NW1 4LE
Housed within the Royal College of Physicians building in Regent's Park, the museum's collection relates to the history of the college and the wider history of the medical profession. The museum's collections include medical instruments, decorative silver, anatomical tables, apothecary jars, as well as more than 250 portraits of former presidents and other physicians associated with the college from its foundation in 1518. Open daily Monday to Friday, free admission.
Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Cornwall, England
Owned / Operated by: The Royal Institution of Cornwall
Address: River Street, Truro TR1 2SJ
The Royal Cornwall Museum is the oldest museum in Cornwall. Dedicated to preserving Cornish culture, it also exhibits collections relating to Egyptology, fine art and world cultures, as well as displays of classical Greek and Roman artefacts. In addition, the museum contains a fine collection of minerals, decorative arts and old master drawings. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
Royal Marines Museum, Eastney
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of the Royal Navy
Address: Eastney Esplanade, Southsea, Portsmouth PO4 9PX
Relating the proud history of the Royal Marines from their foundation in 1664 to the present day, the museum's Medal Room features all 10 Victoria Crosses awarded to the Corps. Telling the personal stories of war, battle and endurance, the museum is housed in the 19th century Eastney Barracks, formerly the headquarters of the Royal Marine Artillery. Open daily from April to Oct, Wed - Sun during the winter, admission charges apply.
Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of the Royal Navy
Address: Haslar Jetty Road, Gosport PO12 2AS
Tracing the international history of submarines in general and the Submarine Service in particular, the museum is sited at HMS Dolphin, the home of the Royal Navy Submarine Service until 1999. The museum houses the Royal Navy's first submarine Holland 1 and HMS Alliance, a full sized hunter-killer class, as well as a selection of other craft and associated weaponry. Open daily from Apr to Oct, Wed - Sun during the winter, admission charges apply.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich Park
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Museums Greenwich
Address: Blackheath Avenue, Greenwich SE10 8XJ
Commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, the Royal Observatory is the home of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and of course the location of the world's prime meridian. Set on a hill in Greenwich Park with views over the River Thames, it also houses London's only planetarium and the UK's largest refracting telescope, completed in 1893 and measuring in at 28-inches. Open daily, there is free entry to the Astronomy Centre, however entrance charges apply to Flamsteed House and the Meridian Courtyard.
Rugby Art Gallery and Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Rugby Borough Council
Address: Little Elborow Street, Rugby CV21 3BZ
Located close to the town centre, this purpose built museum tells the local history of the town and its people. The museum also hosts a collection of Roman finds, excavated from the nearby Roman town of Tripontium 'Three Rivers'. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Rural Life Centre
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Old Kiln Museum Trust
Address: The Reeds Rd, Tilford, Farnham, GU10 2DL
The largest countryside museum in the south of England, the Rural Life Centre extends over ten acres of field, woodland and barns. Exhibits include a large collection of implements and devices, representing over 150 years of farming. Open daily Wed to Sun, admission charges apply.
Rutland County Museum, Oakham
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Rutland, England
Owned / Operated by: Rutland County Council
Address: Oakham LE15 5HW
Set in the old riding school of the Rutland Fencible Cavalry regiment, the museum houses a collection of artefacts relating to the history of England's smallest county, including exhibits of archaeology, agriculture, social and rural life. Open daily on Mon, Wed, Sat and Sun, free admission.
Saffron Walden Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Uttlesford District Council
Address: Museum Street, Saffron Walden CB10 1JL
First opened in 1835, the museum's substantial collections range from local archaeology to world cultures. Other displays include Ancient Egypt, Animals and Plants, Ceramics and Glass, Costumes and Textiles, and Earth Beneath our Feet. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons.
Salford Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Salford Community Leisure
Address: The Crescent, Salford M5 4WU
Opened in 1850, the museum tells the story of Salford and its people. Themed to reflect the buildings exterior, the Picture Gallery displays paintings and decorative arts from Victorian times, whilst the recreated Victorian Street presents typical shops from the era. Open daily Tues - Sun, free admission.
Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, Salisbury
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 289850
Address: The King's House, 65 The Close, Salisbury SP1 2EN
Housed in the historic King's House and facing Salisbury Cathedral, the museum has one of the finest collections relating to Stonehenge and a renowned display of local archaeology. Other notable exhibits include prehistory, Romans, Saxons and a history of Old Sarum. Open daily during the summer months, Mon - Sat from Oct to May, admission charges apply.
Sanquhar Tolbooth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dumfries and Galloway Council
Address: High Street, Sanquhar DG4 6BN
Housed in a restored 18th century tolbooth that once served as a gaol and courthouse, the museum tells the story of the people of Upper Nithsdale, including the lives of the miners of Sanquhar and Kirkconnel. It also explores Sanquhar's noted history as the centre of the knitwear industry in southern Scotland. Open daily Tues - Sat, Sun 14-16.00, from April to Sept, free admission.
Savings Banks Museum, Ruthwell, Dumfries
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Savings Banks Museum Trust
Address: Ruthwell, Dumfries DG1 4NN
Relating the story of the savings bank movement, the museum explains how the local minister, Rev Henry Duncan came to open the world's first savings bank, paying interest on to his working class parishioners. Through exhibits and collections, it details how this community self-help project spread nationally and subsequently worldwide. The museum is housed in the very room where Reverend Duncan first opened for business on 10 May 1810. Open daily Tues to Sat from Apr - Sept, Thurs to Sat from Oct - Mar, free admission.
Scalloway Museum, Shetland Islands
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Highlands and Islands, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Shetland Bus Friendship Society
Address: Castle Street, Scalloway, Shetland Islands ZE1 0TP
Owned and run by the Shetland Bus Friendship Society (SBFS), the museum tells the heroic story of those who served and died in Shetland Bus operations during World War II. The Shetland Bus was the name given to the secret undercover operations between occupied Norway during the war. Open Monday to Sunday, from May to mid Oct.
Science Museum, Kensington and Chelsea
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Address: Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2DD
Founded in 1857 with surplus items left over from the Great Exhibition, the Science Museum's current collection of over 300,000 artefacts includes such famous exhibits as Stephenson's Rocket and Puffing Billy, the oldest surviving steam locomotive. More recent additions include the first jet engine and a reconstruction of the DNA model built by Crick and Watson in 1953. Open daily with free admission.
Scott Polar Research Institute
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cambridge University Museums
Address: Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1ER
Part of the University of Cambridge and just 10 minutes' walk from the city centre, the museum tells the story of both the history and contemporary significance of the Arctic and Antarctic and their surrounding seas. Open daily Tues to Sat, free admission.
Scottish Fisheries Museum, Anstruther, Fife
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Edinburgh and Fife, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Fisheries Museum Trust
Address: Harbourhead, Anstruther, Fife KY10 3AB
Set on the harbour front in a collection of historic building in the beautiful port of Anstruther, this award-winning museum records the history of the Scottish commercial fishing industry. It reveals the story of how, through a constant process of innovation, the Scottish fisheries changed the lives of so many Scots. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
Scottish Football Museum, Hampden, Glasgow
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Football League
Address: Hampden Park, Glasgow, G42 9BA
Located in Hampden Park, Glasgow, the world's first international association football museum houses more than 2,000 items of memorabilia, including objects from the first official international soccer match of 1872. It also offers visitors an expansive and informative tour of Hampden Park, similar to that experienced by players on match day. Open daily all year round, admission charges apply.
Scottish Maritime Museum, Irvine, Ayrshire
Type of Museum: Maritme Museum
Country: West Coast of Scotland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Maritime Museum Trust
Address: 6 Gottries Road, Irvine, North Ayrshire, KA12 8QE
Housed in the historic Linthouse Building on Irvine's harbourside, the museum's collection includes shipbuilding machinery and machine tools, as well as a variety of small boats, canoes and lifeboats. Outside the museum's collection of floating vessels, including Spartan, Scotland's last Scottish-built puffer, a harbour tug and a steam yacht dating from 1898. Open daily from March - late Dec, admission charges apply.
SeaCity Museum, Southampton
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Southampton City Council
Address: Havelock Road, Southampton SO14 7FY
Opened in 2012 to mark the centenary of RMS Titanic's departure from the city, the museum houses a permanent exhibition dedicated to its sailing and another gallery explores Southampton's wider role as the gateway to the world. Based in the heart of the city, it tells the story of Southampton's maritime history and its people. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Seaford Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 272864
Address: Esplanade, Seaford BN25 1JH
Set in Martello Tower no 74 on Seaford's seafront, the museum displays artefacts and archives relating to the local history of the area from pre-historic times to the present day. Open Sundays and Wed, Sat afternoons during the summer, Sundays only during winter, admission charges apply.
Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Cambridge
Address: Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ
With a collection of over 1.5 million rocks, minerals and fossils, spanning the 550 million years of Earth's history, the Sedgwick Museum is the geology museum of the University of Cambridge. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Senhouse Roman Museum, Maryport
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Senhouse Roman Museum Trust
Address: Sea Brows, Maryport CA15 6JD
Set on cliffs overlooking the Solway Firth, the museum sits adjacent to a Roman fort and civil settlement, and exhibits the extensive finds excavated from the site. The museum displays a large collection of Roman military altar stones with inscriptions and some unique examples of Romano-British religious sculpture. An observation tower allows visitors to appreciate the full extent of the site, alternatively use the 'Satellite' option to view this interactive map. Open daily from Jun to Oct, Fri - Sun during the winter months, admission charges apply.
Sherborne Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 306251
Address: Church Lane, Sherborne DT9 3BP
Set within the gatehouse of the former monastery, the museum's collections and exhibits relate to the social, historical and industrial life of this small market town. Of particular interest are the museum's exhibits of fossils, silk and gloving displays, and large collection of watercolours by the botanical artist Diana Ruth Wilson. Open daily Tues - Sat from Easter to mid-Dec, Tues and Thurs mornings during winter, admission charges apply.
Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Shropshire County Museum Service
Address: The Music Hall, Market St, Shrewsbury, SY1 1LG
Set in a recently restored Victorian Music Hall and 13th century mansion, this newly opened museum and art gallery now features five galleries dedicated to Shrewsbury and Shropshire's history and a Special Exhibition Gallery for touring exhibitions. The museum exhibits some of the nation's most treasured Roman artefacts, whilst artwork dedicated to to the work of scientist Charles Darwin is also on display. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden airfield
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Bedfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 307534
Address: Shuttleworth (Old Warden) Aerodrome, Nr. Biggleswade SG18 9EP
Originally founded in 1928 by the pioneering aviator Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, this aeronautical and automotive museum is located on the Old Warden Airfield. Housing an impressive collection of well-preserved aircraft and vintage cars, the museum's emphasis is to restore as many aircraft as possible back to flying condition. Its success in doing so is demonstrated several times each year through air shows and flying displays. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Silk Mill, Derby
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Derby Museums
Address: Silk Mill Lane, Derby DE1 3AF
Standing on the site of the world's first factory, the museum is housed in a historic former silk mill. Currently undergoing a community rebuilding project, whereby members of the public are helping to design and build new displays based upon the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) concept. Open daily Fri - Sun and Thursdays 3 - 9pm, free admission.
Sir Richard Arkwright's Masson Mills, Matlock Bath
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Derbyshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Accredited Museum
Address: Derby Road, Matlock Bath DE4 3PY
Dating from 1783, this water-powered mill set on the west bank of the River Derwent is the finest surviving and best preserved example of an Arkwright cotton mill. This working textile museum houses a collection of historic machinery producing yarn and cloth, illustrating Arkwright's legacy of over 200 years of industrial history. Experience the sights, smells, sounds and atmosphere of a working 18th century cotton mill. Open daily from Jan to Nov, admission charges apply.
Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Gloucester
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1095077
Address: Gloucester Docks, Gloucester GL1 2HE
Located in the historic dock area in the city of Gloucester, the museum relates the proud history of the county's two famous regiments, The Gloucestershire Regiment (The Glorious Glosters) and The Royal Gloucestershire Hussars. Collected over 300 years, the regimental exhibits on display reflect many of the campaigns that have influenced the course of British history, including battles in the American Revolutionary War, the defeat of Napoleon, the defence of Dunkirk and fighting the spread of communism in Korea. Due to reopen in April 2014, admission charges apply.
Solent Sky Museum, Southampton
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 262995
Address: Albert Road South, Southampton SO14 3FR
Exploring the history of aviation in the Southampton area, the museum pays particular attention to the Submarine aircraft company. Based in the city, the company manufactured a range of world beating aircraft, including its most famous product, R J Mitchell's Submarine Spitfire. The museum houses a collection of 18 aircraft, including the Sandringham Flying Boat which operated from the Solent. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, admission charges apply.
Solway Aviation Museum, Carlisle
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1034715
Address: Carlisle Airport CA6 4NW
The only aviation museum in Cumbria, is home to a unique collection of aircraft, aviation related items and displays representing this nation's dominance in aircraft design and innovation at the start of the jet age. It's run by a dedicated team of volunteers and the current collection of aircraft includes a Gloster Meteor, De Havilland Vampire, English Electric Canberra, Avro Vulcan (cockpit open to visitors), English Electric Lightning, Jet Provost, Sea Prince and an S55 Helicopter. The museum also contains exhibits relating to Wartime Cumberland and the men and women of the RAF who served in WWII. Open Fri - Sun and Bank Holiday Mondays from 4th Apr to Oct end. Admission charges apply, Family tickets and concessions.
Somerset and Dorset Railway Trust, Washford
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: The Somerset & Dorset Railway Trust
Address: The Railway Station, Washford TA23 0PP
The museum at Washford exhibits relics from the former Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway which ran from Bath to Bournemouth, before it finally closed in 1966. Exhibits include station nameboards, lamps, tools, signalling equipment, tickets, rolling stock and steam locomotives. Open from March to October, admission charges apply.
South Molton Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: South Molton Town Council
Address: The Square, South Molton EX36 3AB
Set on the town square, the museum is located on the ground floor of the impressive 18th century Guildhall. Chronicling the story of the life and times of this historic market town and surrounding area, the museum's exhibits and displays include local archaeological finds, agricultural implements, domestic items, textiles, documents, maps and toys. Open daily Mon and Tues, mornings Thurs and Sat, free admission.
South Shields Museum & Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
Address: Ocean Rd, South Shields NE33 2JA
Housed in an historic building in the town centre, the museum explores the story of South Tyneside through displays and interactive exhibits. With the regions proud history of mining and shipbuilding represented, the museum also houses the council art collection. Open Mon to Sat, free admission.
Southampton City Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Southampton City Council
Address: Commercial Road, Southampton SO14 7LP
Housed within the 1930s Civic Centre, the gallery houses a significant collection of more than 3,000 works spanning several hundred year of European art history from the Renaissance to the present day. Highlights of the collection include Post-Impressionism (including the Camden Town Group), Surrealism and contemporary art from the mid-1970s, as well as a 14th century altarpiece by Allegretto Nuzi. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Southend Central Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Essex, England
Owned / Operated by: Essex Borough Council
Address: Sothend on Sea SS2 6EW
Set in a listed Edwardian building formerly the town's public library, the museum relates the story of the natural and human history of south east Essex. Housing collections of local archaeology and natural history, other displays within the museum reflect the story of Southend's growth as a major seaside destination and home to the iconic EKCO radio. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday, free admission.
Spitfire and Hurrican Memorial Museum, Manston
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: RAF Manston Spitfire & Hurricane Memorial Trust
Address: Manston Road, Ramsgate CT12 5DF
Located at the historic Battle of Britain airfield in Manston, the museum houses the iconic RAF fighter planes of the Second World War, including the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hawker Hurricane, as well as many other exhibits from the war years. Open daily, free admission.
St Fagans National History Museum, nr Cardiff
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: National Museum of Wales
Address: Cardiff CF5 6XB
One of the finest open-air museums in Europe, St Fagans records the lifestyle, culture and architecture of the Welsh people. Comprising of more than 40 buildings recovered from all over Wales, they include a chapel, village schoolhouse, tollbooth, pigsty and tannery. Traditional crafts are represented in the form of a working blacksmith forge, a pottery, weaver and clog maker, as well as two water powered mills. Open daily throughout the year, free admission.
St John's House Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Warwickshire County Council
Address: Market Place, Warwick, CV34 4SA
As well as housing a social history collection reflecting the lives of local Warwickshire folk, this elegant Jacobean mansion is also host to the Royal Warwickshire Regiment of Fusiliers Museum. Galleries include a Victorian kitchen and schoolroom, whilst outside there is a pretty formal garden. Open daily throughout the summer, Tue - Sat in winter, free admission.
St Neots Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: St Neots Museum Ltd
Address: 8 New Street, St Neots PE19 1AE
Housed in the towns Victorian Police Station and law courts, the museum relates the story of this busy market town and its people from prehistoric times to the present day. Open daily Tues - Sat, admission charges apply.
St Vigeans Stones and Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Angus, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Historic Environment Scotland
Address: Kirkstyle, St Vigeans, DD11 4RB
Collected from around the village, the museum displays a set of 38 carved stones, the remaining legacy of where a Pictish church or monastery may have once stood. Open by appointment only, admission charges apply.
St. Albans South Signal Box
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: St Albans Signal Box Preservation Trust
Address: Ridgmont Road, St. Albans AL1 3AG
Built in 1892 by the Midland Railway, the St. Albans South Signal Box is now run by volunteers seeking to restore and preserve this piece of railway architectural heritage. One of only a few boxes on a mainline railway that's open to the public, signalling demonstrations take place on the operating floor. Many signalling items and other railway-related exhibits are on display both inside and in the garden. Open on selected afternoon's only, free admission.
STEAM - Museum of the Great Western Railway, Swindon
Type of Museum: Transport Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Swindon Borough Council
Address: Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon SN2 2EY
Set on the site of the old Great Western's Swindon Works in a restored railway building, the museum houses an impressive collection of locomotives and rolling stock. Opened in 2000, it tells the story of Isambard Kindom Brunel's Great Western Railway and highlights the social impact that this new industry had on the 'railway town' of Swindon. With many hands-on exhibits and interactive displays, there are also reconstructions of areas of work, including the offices, workshops, signal box and foundry. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Tyne and Wear, England
Owned / Operated by: Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
Address: Burdon Road, Sunderland SR1 1PP
The first municipally funded museum to be opened in the country outside of London, the museum now houses the largest collection of Sunderland lustreware pottery in the world. Other collections explore the industrial and social history of the region including shipbuilding, coal mining and more recently car manufacturing. The Winter Gardens exhibits an extensive botanical collection of plants and trees, displayed in naturalistic settings all under a 30 metre dome. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Swanage Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 274200
Address: The Square, Swanage BH19 2LJ
The museum tells the story of the town of Swanage and its people, from Purbeck's very early settlers, through the Roman period to the 120 Viking long ships lost off its coast in 877. The museum's other exhibits relate to the Stone Trade, the principle industry of the area, and to the transformation of the town into a flourishing seaside resort in the Victorian era. Open daily from Easter to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
Swansea Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Swansea City Council
Address: Victoria Road, The Maritime Quarter, Swansea SA1 1SN
Completed in 1841, Swansea is the oldest museum in Wales. Over six galleries the museum displays a wide variety of artefacts and memorabilia, from ancient Egypt to the tug boat Canning. Other exhibits tell the story of Swansea's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. Open daily, Tues - Sun, free admission.
Tate Britain, Westminster
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Address: Millbank, London SW1P 4RG
Housing the national collection of historical and contemporary British art from the 1500s to the present day, Tate Britain recently reopened its doors after two years of renovation work. Originally opened in 1897, it exhibits a substantial collection of the works of J M W Turner, John Constable and William Blake. More contemporary artists include the likes of Tracey Emin, John Latham and Douglas Gordon. Open daily with free admission.
Tate Liverpool
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: Tate
Address: Albert Dock, Liverpool L3 4BB
Housed in a former warehouse within the Albert Dock, the museum displays work from the Tate Collection, the national collection of British art from the year 1500 onwards. The museum also exhibits an international collection of modern and contemporary art. Open daily, free admission.
Tate Modern, Southwark
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Address: Bankside, London SE1 9TG
Opened in 2000, Tate Modern is the most-visited modern art gallery in the world. The gallery contains Britain's national collection of international modern and contemporary art dating from 1900 until the present. Housed in the former Bankside Power Station, the main collections are currently displayed in 4 wings of the building. Open daily with free admission.
Tenby Museum and Art Gallery, Pembrokeshire
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 525673
Address: Castle Hill, Tenby, Pembrokeshire SA70 7BP
Founded in 1878, Tenby is the oldest independent museum in Wales. Dedicated to preserving and promoting the history of the town, the museum has a fine collection of local geology, biology, archaeological finds and maritime artefacts, as well as two art galleries. Open daily through the summer months, Tue - Sat during the winter, admission charges apply.
Tewkesbury Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Borough of Tewkesbury
Address: 64 Barton Street, Tewkesbury GL20 5PX
Located in a 17th century half-timbered building, the museum tells the story of the social history and heritage of the ancient town of Tewksbury. The museum's exhibits and displays include early Roman finds, the Roses €¦Battle of Tewkesbury, the local Mop Fair and the regions industries. Open Tues - Fri and Sat afternoons from April to Dec, Sat afternoon only Jan to Mar, free admission.
Thackray Museum, Leeds
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Thackray Medical Research Trust
Address: Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7LN
Housed within a former workhouse built to accommodate the city's paupers, the museum tells the story of medicine from ancient times to the present. From the Hippocratic Oath first taken by the doctors in ancient Greece, the museum allows visitors to walk through the rat and flea infested slum streets of Victorian Leeds and explore the ailments and treatments of its inhabitants. Open daily, admission charges apply.
The British Library
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: The British Government
Address: 96 Euston Rd, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2DB
The national library of the United Kingdom. With over 170 million items to browse, including books, drawings, journals, magazines, manuscripts, maps, newspapers, patents, play-scripts, prints, stamps, videos, sound and music recordings, the British Library is the largest library in the world. Open daily, free admission.
The Centre for Computing History, Cambridge
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1130071
Address: Rene Court, Coldhams Road, Cambridge CB1 3EW
Opened in 2013, the Centre for Computing History details the developments in computer technology over the past 50 years, exploring the social and cultural impact of the computing revolution. By blending history with science and education, it seeks to make the development of computing relevant and fun. Open daily from Wed to Sun, admission charges apply.
The Collection, Lincoln
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Lincolnshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Lincolnshire County Council
Address: Danes Terrace, Lincoln, LN2 1LP
The combination of a new purpose-built museum and the nearby Usher Gallery, The Collection is the county museum and art gallery for Lincolnshire. From the Stone Age to the Roman Ninth Legion, through Anglo-Savon and Viking Lincoln, the museum tells the story of the county through a range of artefacts, displays, reconstructions and hands-on activities. The Usher Gallery exhibits a diverse collection of fine and decorative arts, including works by the likes of Turner and Lowry. Open daily, free admission.
The Cricklade Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cricklade Historical Society
Address: 16 Calcutt St, Cricklade SN6 6BD
The museum holds a diverse range of items from Cricklade and the surrounding villages. The artefacts range from bones of the Woolly Mammoth to the Romans and Saxons. Displays of glove making and Cricklade Pottery. Large collection of local photographs and local maps. Open Sat a.m. from mid-Jan to end-Nov, and Sat and Sun p.m. during July and Aug, admission charges apply.
The Cromwell Museum
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire , England
Owned / Operated by: Cambridgeshire County Council
Address: Grammar School Walk, Huntingdon, PE29 3LF
Housed in his former school, the museum tells the story of Cromwell's early years through to his rise to fame as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland following the English Civil War. The collection displays several hundred Cromwellian related items, including portraits, clothing, miniatures, arms and armour, historical documents, and one of his death masks. Open daily Tue - Sun throughout the summer, p.m. only in winter, admission charges apply.
The Devil's Porridge Museum, Eastriggs
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: SC031616
Address: Stanfield Farm, Annan Road, Eastriggs, DG12 6TF
On the site of the former HM Factory Gretna, this new state-of-the-art museum relates the story of one of the most remarkable factories in the world. Built soon after the start World War One in the middle of the Scottish border countryside, the factory stretched for nine miles and employed 30,000 munitions girls to produce 1,100 tons of cordite per week. Then a new type of munitions propellant, RDB Cordite provided the ammunition for the troops fighting on the front line. Open daily from Mar to end-Nov, closed Tues and Wed during winter months, admission charges apply.
The Fergusson Gallery
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Perth and Kinross, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Perth & Kinross Council
Address: Marshall Place, Perth, PH2 8NS
The Fergusson Gallery in Perth holds the largest collection of the eminent Scottish Colourist, John Duncan Fergusson's (1874-1961), work in existence. Open daily Tues - Sat, Sun p.m. during summer, free admission.
The Green Howards Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: North Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by:
Address: Trinity Church Square, Richmond, North Yorkshire, DL10 4QN
Redeveloped in 2014, the museum relays the 300 year old story of this illustrious regiment though a unique collection of military artefacts and exhibits. Open Mon to Sun, admission charges apply.
The Guards Museum in London, Wellington Barracks
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: British Army
Address: Wellington Barracks, Birdcage Walk, London, SW1E 6HQ
The Guards Museum in London contains information and artefacts relating to the five regiments of Foot Guards namely Grenadier, Coldstream, Scots, Irish and Welsh Guards. Part of Her Majesty's Household Division they enjoy the privilege of guarding The Sovereign and the Royal Palaces.Open daily, admission charges apply.
The Lightbox
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Surrey, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 1073543
Address: The Lightbox, Chobham Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 4AA
The interactive museum is home to Woking's Story, which explores the history of the town. The three galleries host a range of regularly changing exhibitions. Open daily Tue to Sun, free admission.
The Lowry, Salford Quays
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Manchester, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1053962
Address: Pier 8, Salford Quays M50 3AZ
Set on Pier 8 at Salford Quays, this gallery and theatre complex first opened its doors to the public in 2000. Named after the early 20th century painter L S Lowry, the gallery space displays around 200 of his works in oil, pastel and watercolours, alongside other contemporary exhibitions. Open daily, free admission.
The McManus
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Tayside, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dundee City Council
Address: Albert Square, Meadowside, Dundee, DD1 1DA
Within 8 galleries set over 2 floors, exhibits relating to the life of early man in the area, stunning paintings and decorative art through to artefacts from industries past and present, the City's collections give an insight into Dundee and its people. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sun p.m., free admission.
The Museum of English Rural Life
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Berkshire , England
Owned / Operated by: University of Reading
Address: University of Reading, Redlands Rd, Reading, RG1 5EX
Reopening to the public on 19th October 2016, through 9 new galleries the museum will exhibit a collection of objects related to farming and the traditional processing of food. Open daily Tue - Fri, free admission.
The Museum of Lead Mining, Wanlockhead
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity No:
Address: Wanlockhead Village, ML12 6UT
Explore the underground workings of a real 18th century lead mine set deep into the hillside in the picturesque village of Wanlockhead, the highest village in Scotland. Visit the miners' cottages and see how the miners and their families really lived, prior to discovering the second oldest subscription library in Europe. Open daily from April to end-Sept, admission charges apply.
The Oxfordshire Museum, Woodstock
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Oxfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Oxfordshire County Council
Address: Park Street, Woodstock OX20 1SN
Set in a period 18th century house in the heart of Woodstock, permanent galleries relate the history of Oxfordshire. From the Dinosaur Gallery to the Roman Gallery, Victorian Oxfordshire includes more than 100 artefacts from the county collection. Open daily Tues to Sat and Sun afternoons, free admission.
The Queen's Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: QRLNY Museum
Address: Thoresby Courtyard, Thoresby Park, Nr Perlethorpe, Nottinghamshire, NG22 9EP
The UK's newest cavalry museum displays the historic collections of The Queen's Royal Lancers, the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry and the South Nottinghamshire Hussars. Explore the history of the British cavalry, from the days of the horseback charge, through the great tank battles of the Second World War, to present-day operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Open daily Wed to Sun, between 1 Mar - 30 Nov, free admission.
The Royal West of England Academy (RWA)
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity no. 1070163
Address: Queen's Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 1PX
Set in an imposing listed building, the RWA is England's only regional Royal Academy of Art and Bristol's finest art gallery. Exhibiting the best of historic and contemporary British art, including works by Turner, Constable and Nash. Open Tues to Sun, admission charges apply.
The Scottish Crannog Centre
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Perthshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Trust for Underwater Archaeology
Address: Loch Tay, Kenmore, Nr Aberfeldy, Perthshire, PH15 2HY
Complete with a reconstruction of an ancient loch dwelling, the Scottish Crannog Centre provides a glipse into life in the early Iron Age. Access to the Crannog roundhouse is via an authentic round log walkway on stilts above Loch Tay. The museum houses some of the original early Iron Age artefacts discovered at 'Oakbank Crannog'. Open Sat & Sun, from end-Mar to end-Oct, admission charges apply.
The Stewartry Museum, Kirkcudbright
Type of Museum: Local History
Country: Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dumfries and Galloway Council
Address: St Mary Street, Kirkcudbright DG64AG
Exploring the human and natural history of the Stewartry (the eastern half of the Galloway region), the museum first opened its doors to the public in 1893. Notable social history collections and displays covering the 18th and 19th centuries. Open daily all year Mon - Sat, Sun 14-17.00, free admission.
The Stirling Smith
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Stirlingshire, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number SCO16162
Address: Dumbarton Road, Stirling, FK8 2RQ
Set beneath Stirling Castle, in the King's Park, the ancient hunting grounds of Scottish monarchs, the museum and art gallery is Stirling's home of social history and the arts, as well as the world's oldest football and curling stone. Open daily Tues - Sat, Sun p.m., free admission.
The Village Church Farm
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Lincolnshire, England
Owned / Operated by:
Address: Church Road South, Skegness, Lincolnshire, PE25 2HF
Set in the heart of the town, Village Church Farm is Lincolnshire's only open air farming museum. Exploring agricultural life in days gone by, the 18th century farmhouse is the second oldest building in Skegness. Open Tues to Sun, free admission.
The Wilson, Cheltenham
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cheltenham Borough Council
Address: Clarence Street, Cheltenham GL50 3JT
Recently refurbished and extended, The Wilson reopened its doors to the public in 2013. One of the new gallery spaces has been dedicated to the museums renowned Art and Crafts collection, other displays explore archaeology, Africa to Asia, fine furniture, local history and Cheltenham's own Antarctic explorer, Edward Wilson. Open daily, free admission.
The Wordsworth Trust
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cumbria , England
Owned / Operated by: The Wordsworth Trust
Address: Dove Cottage, Grasmere, Cumbria, LA22 9SH
Set in the first family home of Britain's greatest poet, explore the traditional Lakeland cottage of William Wordsworth and discover what life was like at the turn of the 19th century. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Thinktank, Birmingham
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Birmingham Museums Trust
Address: Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG
Opened in 2001, this museum of science and technology displays its impressive collections and hands-on exhibits over four floors, and includes a purpose-built digital planetarium. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Thornbury and District Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Gloucestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 296345
Address: Chapel Street, Thornbury
Run by volunteers, the museum tells the story of the historic borough and town of Thornbury and the parishes of the Lower Severn Vale. Featuring an exhibition from the Thornbury Roman Coin Hoard, the museum explores the local history of the town and villages and the lives of their occupants. Open Tues - Fri afternoons and Saturdays, free admission.
Time and Tide Museum, Great Yarmouth
Type of Museum: Maritme Museum
Country: Norfolk, England
Owned / Operated by: Maritme Heritage East Museums
Address: Blackfriars Road, Great Yarmouth NR30 3BX
The third largest museum in Norfolk is set in a recently renovated Victorian herring curing works and explores the rich maritime and fishing history of Yarmouth. The museum features a recreated street scene from the early 1900s and a view of Yarmouth quayside from the 1950s. Open daily Mon - Fri, admission charges apply.
Time Machine Museum, Bromyard
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Private Museum
Address: 12 The Square, Bromyard HR7 4BP
This museum of science fiction houses collections associated with Dr Who, Star Wars, Red Dwarf and Gerry Anderson including costumes, props, droids, puppets and a full size TARDIS! Open daily Wed - Sun between Apr to Sept, weekends only in winter, admission charges apply.
Timespan Museum & Arts Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Sutherland, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number SC009796
Address: Dunrobin Street, Helmsdale, KW8 6JA
Telling the story of the Scottish highlands, this local history museum and arts centre covers aspects such as the area's archaeology, the Highland Clearances, the Strath Kildonan Gold Rush and the once important sea fishing industry. Open daily Mar to Oct, weekends and Tues p.m. in winter, free admission.
Tiverton Museum of Mid Devon Life
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Mid Devon District Council
Address: Becks Square, Tiverton EX16 6PJ
Founded in 1960, the museum traces the history of Mid Devon through exhibits and artefacts relating to the economic and social life of the area. The museum's displays include the history of agriculture, the local lace making industry and everyday home life. Pride of place however, goes to the Great Western Railway steam locomotive known locally as the 'Tiwy Bumper', which features in the gallery related to road and rail transport in the county. Open daily Mon - Fri and Sat mornings from Feb to end-Dec, admission charges apply.
Torquay Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Devon, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1026390
Address: 529 Babbacombe Rd, Torquay TQ1 1HG
Founded in the mid-1800s, the museum originally housed the collection of the Torquay Natural History Society. Now ranked as one of the finest museums in the south west, it exhibits artefacts from the Torbay area and around the world. Displaying a fine collection of prehistoric finds from nearby Kent's Cavern, the Agatha Christie gallery, tells the real-life story behind the world-famous crime writer, who was born in Torquay. Open daily Mon - Thurs, admission charges apply.
Towcester Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Northamptonshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity Number 1120909
Address: 163-165 Watling St, Towcester, Northamptonshire, NN12 6BU
Set on the old Roman road of Watling Street, the museum tells the story of Towcester over the centuries. From military highway, international border and major coaching route, through to the everyday experiences of people who lived in the town. Open daily Tues - Sat, admission charges apply.
Trenchard Museum, RAF Halton
Type of Museum: Aviation Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Royal Air Force
Address: RAF Halton HP22 5PG
Named in honour of Lord Trenchard, the father of the Royal Air Force, the museum exhibits artefacts relating to the history of the Aircraft Apprentice training scheme based at Royal Air Force Halton. With two complete aircraft, engines and weapons on display, it is dedicated to preserving the early history of the Royal Air Force. Open every Tues and by arrangement.
Tring Local History Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1053276
Address: The Market Place, Brook Street, Tring HP23 5ED
This local history museum relates all aspects of life in and around the small market town of Tring. Set at the junction of two ancient trading routes beneath the Chiltern Hills, its people have carried on a rural way of life which has changed little over the centuries. Open Fridays and Saturdays, free admission.
Trowbridge Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Trowbridge Town Council
Address: The Shires, Court Street, Trowbridge BA14 8AT
This award-winning history museum includes the county's only specialist textile museum. Highlighting Trowbridge's nationally important collection of items relating to the woollen cloth industry, it includes one of only five Spinning Jennies in the world. This machine represents one of the most significant developments of the Industrial Revolution. Closed on Sundays and Mondays, admission is free.
Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Cumbria, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 1143235
Address: Castle Street, Carlisle CA3 8TP
Set in a converted Jacobean mansion, the museum houses archaeological finds from Hadrian's Wall and the two Roman forts based in Carlisle, alongside items on loan from the British Museum. A new permanent gallery explores the war zone that was home to the Border Reivers for more than 300 years. The museum also exhibits large displays of botanical, geological and zoological artefacts, as well as fine and decorative arts collections. Open daily, free admission.
Tunbridge Wells Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Kent, England
Owned / Operated by: Tunbridge Wells Borough Council
Address: Mount Pleasant, Royal Tunbridge Wells TN1 1JN
Founded in 1885, the museum houses collections of local archaeological finds, coins, costumes and toys, as well as a large display of natural history specimens. The museum also features the largest collection of Tunbridge Ware in the world and exhibits a fine display of Victorian oil paintings. Open daily, free admission.
Tweedale Museum and Gallery, Peebles
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Scottish Borders, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Scottish Borders Council
Address: Chambers Institution, High Street, Peebles EH45 8AJ
Located within the Chambers Institution, a building gifted to the people of Peebles in 1859 by William Chambers, one of the founders of the Chambers Harrap publishing house, is a museum, library and art gallery. The museum and gallery features displays of contemporary art and local history, as well as hosting a lively programme of exhibitions throughout the year. Open daily Monday to Friday and Saturday mornings, free admission.
Usk Rural Life Museum, Usk, Monmouthshire
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: South Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Usk Museum Trust
Address: New Market Street, Usk, Monmouthshire NP15 1AU
Set close the centre of Usk in a 16th century malt barn, the museum traces the story of rural life in Monmouthshire from the 1850s through a unique collection of over 5,000 artefacts. From small handtools through to large agricultural machinery and vintage tractors, other displays include a Victorian cottage, forge, cobbler and hardware shop. Open Apr to end-Oct, Tues - Sat, free admission.
Verdant Works
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Tayside, Scotland
Owned / Operated by: Dundee Heritage Trust
Address: W Henderson's Wynd, Dundee, DD1 5BT
Scotland's Jute Museum @ Verdant Works tells the tale of jute through the life and work of old Dundee, from the rise of the industry to its eventual decline. The orgininal restored machinery transports you back over 100 years when jute was king. Open daily in summer, Wed to Sun in winter, admission charges apply.
Verulamium Museum, St Albans
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: St Albans City and District Council
Address: St Michael's Street, St Albans AL3 4SW
Considered as one of the finest Roman history museums in the country, Verulamium sits on the site of one of the major cities in Roman Britain, the remains of which can be seen in the surrounding parkland. The museum was established following excavations carried out by the famous field archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler and now exhibits some of the finest Roman mosaics and wall plasters to be found outside the Mediterranean. Other artefacts on display include pottery, jewellery, tools, coins and a coffin complete with a male skeleton from the Roman period. Open daily Mon - Sat and Sunday afternoons, admission charges apply.
Victoria and Albert Museum, Kensington, Central London
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Address: Cromwell Road, London SW7 2RL
Founded in 1852, the V&A is the largest museum of decorative arts and design in the world. With more than 4½ million works exhibited over 145 galleries, its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from all corners of the globe. In particular, the museum's collection of ceramics, costumes, furniture, glass, ironwork, jewellery, sculpture, silver and textiles are among the most comprehensive in the world. Open daily with free admission.
Victoria Gallery and Museum, Liverpool
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Liverpool
Address: Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3DR
Set in a 'redbrick' Victorian building, the museum houses the University of Liverpool's art and museum collections. The second floor art gallery exhibits works by the likes of Turner, Epstein, Freud and Frink, whilst the upper floor displays collections on such diverse subjects as archaeology, dentistry, engineering, medicine, oceanography and zoology. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
Type of Museum: Art Gallery
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museums Liverpool
Address: William Brown Street, Liverpool L3 8EL
Named after its founder Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, a wealthy brewer and former mayor of Liverpool, the gallery first opened its doors to the public in 1877 and now houses one of the largest art collections in the country. From Rossetti to Hockney, the museum displays a diverse range of paintings, sculpture and decorative art from as far back as the 13th century to more modern times. Open daily, free admission.
Walsall Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: West Midlands, England
Owned / Operated by: Walsall Council
Address: Lichfield Street, Walsall WS1 1TR
Located in the centre of Walsall, the museum is home to a wide-ranging collection of exhibits exploring Walsall's history, its proud industrial heritage, and the lives of its people. The museum also features a large display of costume and textiles, including a unique collection of working-class clothing from the 1920s to the 1960s. Open daily Tue - Sat, free admission.
Wardown Park Museum, Luton
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Bedfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Luton Borough Council
Address: Old Bedford Road, Luton LU2 7HA
Housed in a large Victorian mansion set within a landscaped park, the museum is located around 1½ miles north from the centre of Luton. Focussing on traditional Bedfordshire crafts and industry, it exhibits extensive collections of women's hats as well as locally produced lace work. Other galleries explore the stories of the people of Luton, local archaeology and natural history. The long and illustrious history of the local regiment is relayed in the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment Gallery. Open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
Wareham Town Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset, England
Owned / Operated by: Wareham Town Council
Address: East Street, Wareham BH20 4NN
Set in the centre of Wareham next to the town hall, the museum tells the story of the town and its people, from its very early settlers to the present day. The museum also features a special section dedicated to T. E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia, who lived and died at nearby Clouds Hill, in May 1935. Open daily Mon - Sat from Easter through the summer months, free admission.
Warrington Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Culture Warrington
Address: Museum Street, Warrington WA1 1JB
Originally opened in 1848, Warrington Museum and Art Gallery is one of the oldest municipal museums in the UK. With a collection of more than 200,000 artefacts, ranging from archaeology, ethnology, local and social history, natural science and numismatics, its fine art collection totals around 1,000 paintings. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
Watchet Boat Museum
Type of Museum: Maritime Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Friends of the Flatner
Address: Harbour Road, Watchet TA23 0AQ
Occupying a former railway goods shed dating from the 1860s, the museum now houses a variety of different types of flatner boats, plus nets and other associated artefacts. Including displays of maps, knotwork and other fun activities specially designed for children. Open daily from Easter to end September, admission is free.
Watchet Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Watchet Town Council
Address: Market Street, Watchet TA23 0AN
Located where the Esplanade meets Market Street and occupying the ground floor of the town's former Market House, constructed in 1820, is Watchet Market House Museum. Besides a fine collection of local artefacts, fossils and marine paintings there is an exhibition to celebrate West Somerset's Industrial heritage from the Victorian era when the West Somerset Mineral Railway carried iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet for shipment to the steel making furnaces of South Wales. Open from the end of March until the end of October 1030-1630 hrs with free entry.
Waterworks Museum, Hereford
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Herefordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No: 515866
Address: Broomy Hill, Hereford, HR4 0LJ.
Set in a Victorian water pumping station which had served Hereford for more than 100 years, the museum traces the history of drinking water from prehistoric times up to the present day. Home to the oldest working triple-expansion steam engine in the UK, the museum houses a significant collection of pumping engines. Open every Tuesday, admission charges apply.
Watford Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Hertfordshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Hertfordshire Museums
Address: 194 High Street, Watford WD17 2DT
Set in the former Benskins Brewery Mansion, the museum tells the story of Watford past and present. The museums galleries include displays of local history, industry and Watford FC, as well as exhibiting collections of fine art and sculpture. Open daily Thurs - Sat, free admission.
Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Singleton
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Registered Charity
Address: Chichester PO18 0EU
Located on a 50 acre site, this open air museum comprises nearly 50 historic buildings set within landscaped gardens, complete with farm animals, walks and a lake. Comprising farmsteads, shops, barns, school, watermill and a smithy, the buildings, dating from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, have all been rebuilt to their original form. Along with the buildings, there are several other 'hands-on' activities and demonstrations. Open daily between Apr to end-Oct, Wed, Sat and Sun only during winter, admission charges apply.
Weaver Hall Museum, Northwich
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Cheshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Cheshire West and Chester Council
Address: 162 London Road, Northwich CW9 8AB
Set in the former Northwich Union workhouse, the museum houses a large collection of artefacts covering archaeology, architecture, exploring the industries and social history of West Cheshire from prehistory to the present day. Set in an area renowned for one industry in particular, it relates the story of salt extraction and processing from Roman times. Other displays trace the history of the workhouse itself, and the paupers who were consigned to a life there. Open daily Tues - Fri, Sat and Sun afternoons, admission charges apply.
Web Ellis Rugby Football Museum, Rugby
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: Warwickshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Webb Ellis Ltd
Address: 5-6 St Matthews St, Rugby CV21 3BY
Located opposite from Rugby School, the museum is housed in the building where the Gilbert family made the world's first rugby balls in 1842. Named after William Webb Ellis, who is credited with inventing the game, the museum exhibits a rich collection of international rugby memorabilia and tells the story of the game. Open daily Tues - Sat, free admission.
Wellcome Collection, Camden
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Wellcome Foundation
Address: 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE
Recently refurbished, the museum explores the interlinking themes of medicine, art and life, from ancient time to the present day through an unusual collection of medical artefacts and original artworks. The museum is named after the enthusiastic traveller and pharmaceutical entrepreneur, Sir Henry Wellcombe, who had gathered an extensive collection of books, paintings and objects, on the theme of the historical development of medicine. Open daily Tuesday to Sunday, free admission.
Wellingborough Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Northamptonshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1079695
Address: 12 Castle Way, Wellingborough Wellingborough
Set within the historic Dulley's Baths building, the museum's collection spans over two million years of local history relating to Wellingborough and the surrounding area. The museum's two galleries display artefacts from prehistory to 1930s, and from 1930s to the present day. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Wesley's Chapel, Museum of Methodism, Islington
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Methodist Church
Address: 49 City Road, London EC1Y 1AU
Recently refurbished, the museum tells the story of Methodism's influence on Britain and its spread throughout the world. Tracing the history of Methodism from John Wesley's conversion, through to his organisational system of societies, to the faith's ultimate separation from the Church of England. Interactive technology is used to convey John Wesley's sermons and Charles Wesley's hymns. Open daily Monday to Saturday, free admission.
West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Suffolk, England
Owned / Operated by: St Edmundsbury Borough Council
Address: Icklingham Road, Suffolk, Bury St. Edmunds, IP28 6HG
Combining the archaeology with living history, this reconstructed Anglo-Saxon Village is set within the 125 acres of West Stow Country Park. Based on an important archaeological site from the era, the museum has extensive indoor galleries. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Westonzoyland Pumping
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Somerset, England
Owned / Operated by: Westonzoyland Engine Trust
Address: Hooper's Ln, Westonzoyland, Bridgwater, TA7 0LS
Housed in Somerset's earliest steam-powered water pumping and land drainage station, the museum exhibits the largest collection of stationary steam engines and pumps in the south of England. Open every Sunday afternoon, admission charges apply.
Weymouth Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Dorset , England
Owned / Operated by: Dorset Museums Association
Address: Brewers Quay, Hope Square, Weymouth, DT4 8TR
Housed on the second floor of the historic Brewers Quay, the museum tells the story of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis from prehistoric times to the twentieth century. Displayed over two galleries, collections include art and ceramics, local industry, maritime items and local history artefacts. Open daily Wed - Sat, admission charges apply.
Wheatley Hill Heritage Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Co. Durham , England
Owned / Operated by: Independent
Address: Cemetery Grounds, Woodlands Avenue, Wheatley Hill, Co Durham, DH6 3LN
Housed in the original Chapel of Rest for the village, the heritage centre displays a permanent exhibition of an early 1900s East Durham colliery home. Other exhibits relate to the story of the village to the present day. Open daily Tues and Thurs & Sat afternoons between late spring to early autumn, admission charges apply.
Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Cambridge
Type of Museum: Science Museum
Country: Cambridgeshire, England
Owned / Operated by: University of Cambridge
Address: Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RH
With a collection of scientific instruments and models, dating from the medieval period to the present day, the museum forms part of the Department of History and Science at the University of Cambridge. Relating to the history of science, its collections include instruments of astronomy, drawing, navigation, surveying and mathematics. Open daily Mon - Fri, admission charges apply.
Whitchurch Heritage Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Shropshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Whitchurch Heritage Centre
Address: 12 St Mary's Street, Whitchurch, Shropshire, SY13 1QY
Exploring the history of this Shropshire market town, the museum contains a range of artefacts dating from the Roman occupation up until modern times. The town's association with the manufacture of Tower Clocks is the subject of one exhibition hall. Open daily Tues, Thurs & Fri, free admission.
Wigston Frameworkers Knitters Museum
Type of Museum: Industrial Museum
Country: Leicestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Oadby & Wigston Buildings Preservation Trust
Address: 42-44 Bushloe End, Wigston LE18 2BA
The museum recreates a knitting workshop from the early 1900s, featuring original knitting frames and other associated equipment that were used in the mass production of stockings and gloves. Explaining the industrial and social history associated with Hand-Frame knitting invented by William Lee in 1589. Open Sunday afternoons, other times by appointment.
Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Wiltshire County Council
Address: Cocklebury Road, Chippenham SN15 3QN
Preserving the archives of Wiltshire, the History Centre combines the archaeology, buildings record, conservation, and museum advisory services together with the county local studies library. For professional advice and guidance on other heritage issues, your passport to the past. Closed on Sundays and Mondays, admission is free.
Wiltshire Museum, Devizes
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Wiltshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Society
Address: 41 Long Street, Devizes SN10 1NS
Tracing 5,000 years of Wiltshire's history from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, and Medieval, through to more modern times. The collections include important finds associated with the World Heritage Sites of Avebury and Stonehenge. Open throughout the year, admission charges apply.
Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum, Wimbledon
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Lawn Tennis Association
Address: Church Road, Wimbledon SW19 5AE
Opened in 2007 inside the grounds of the All England Lawn Tennis Club, Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is the largest tennis museum in the world. With exhibits and artefacts dating back to the 1500s, the museum houses memorabilia from many famous players from the Victorian era right up to the present day. Guided tours are available around the grounds of the club, including access to the players' restaurant and Centre Court. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Winchester's Military Museums, Winchester
Type of Museum: Military Museum
Country: Hampshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Winchester Military Museums
Address: Romsey Road, Winchester SO23 8TS
Housed within the listed Peninsula Barracks close the city centre, Winchester's Military Museums comprise a complex of five museums that are situated within metres of each other which are operated independently. The five museums are Horsepower, the Regimental Museum of The King's Royal Hussars, The Royal Hampshire Regiment, The Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, The Gurkha Museum and The Guardroom Museum, the Museum of the Adjutant General's Corps. Most museums are open daily Tues - Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission applies only to the Royal Hampshire and Guardroom museums.
Worcester City Art Gallery and Museum
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Worcester City Council
Address: Foregate Street, Worcester WR1 1DT
Set in a Victorian building in the heart of the city, the museum explores the industrial history of Worcester; exhibits include local geology, natural history, together with a 19th - 20th century art collection. The Worcestershire Soldier features collections, uniforms and medals from the Worcestershire Regiment and Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry. Open daily Mon - Sat, free admission.
Worcestershire County Museum at Hartlebury Castle
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Worcestershire, England
Owned / Operated by: Worcestershire County Council
Address: Hartlebury Castle, nr Kidderminster Worcestershire DY11 7XZ
Set in north wing of Hartlebury Castle, home to the Bishops of Worcester for over 1,000 years, the museum explores the story of Worcestershire's past. The museum's galleries include displays relating to social history, archaeology, travel and transport, toys and an important collection of colourful Gypsy caravans. Open daily Tues - Sun, admission charges apply.
Workhouse, Southwell
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Nottinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: National Trust
Address: Upton Road, Southwell NG25 0PT
Perhaps the best preserved workhouse in England, this austere building dates from 1824. Following the adoption of the New Poor Law Act of 1834, it served as the prototype for hundreds of similar workhouses that were built up and down the country as a place of last resort for the poor and needy. Now a National Trust museum, it tells the story of the Victorian poor who sought refuge at The Workhouse, including the segregated work yards, day rooms and dormitories. Restricted opening hours and entrance charges apply.
World Museum, Liverpool
Type of Museum: General Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: National Museums Liverpool
Address: William Brown Street, Liverpool L3 8EN
Housing one of the nation's most extensive collections, the museum's displays include archaeology, ethnology and the natural and physical sciences. The free planetarium explores various aspects of space science, including the Solar System and space exploration. The Aquarium features a variety of creatures from the deep, whilst the Bug House displays a selection of specimens from the museum's vast collection alongside real live creepy crawlies. Open daily, free admission.
World of Glass, St Helens
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Merseyside, England
Owned / Operated by: Charity No. 1006990
Address: Chalon Way East, St Helens WA10 1BX
Reflecting the social and industrial heritage of St Helens, the museum tells the story of the town and its close association with the Pilkington Brothers glass works. Explore the history over the two galleries, before trying your hand at some live glassblowing. Open daily Mon - Sat, admission charges apply.
World Rugby Museum, Twickenham
Type of Museum: Sport Museum
Country: London, England
Owned / Operated by: Rugby Football Union
Address: East Stand Twickenham Stadium TW1 1DZ
Opened in 1996, the World Rugby Museum houses the finest collection of rugby memorabilia in the world and tells the story of the history of the sport from its origins to the present day. Set in the East Stand of Twickenham Stadium, it aims to promote the game of rugby football by inspiring, educating; and entertaining visitors. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Worthing Museum and Art Gallery
Type of Museum: Museum and Art Gallery
Country: Sussex, England
Owned / Operated by: Worthing Borough Council
Address: Chapel Road, Worthing BN11 1HP
Set in the heart of the town, the museum houses one of the largest costume and textile collections in the country. The largest museum in West Sussex, its fine art and decorative art collections span several centuries and represent many styles. Open Tues - Sat, free admission.
Wrexham County Borough Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: North Wales, Wales
Owned / Operated by: Wrexham County Borough Council
Address: County Buildings, Regent Street, Wrexham LL11 1RB
Housed in one of Wrexham's iconic buildings, the museum details the eventful history of the region that spans the northern boundary of the Welsh and English border. With exhibitions and artefacts from prehistory to the present day, it tells the story of the borough and its inhabitants. Open throughout the year (closed Sundays and Bank Holidays), free admission.
Wycombe Museum, High Wycombe
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Buckinghamshire, England
Owned / Operated by: Wycombe District Council
Address: Priory Avenue, High Wycombe HP13 6PX
Surrounded by Victorian gardens, the museum exhibits collections relating to the social history of the town and wider Buckinghamshire area, including the local furniture industry. Open daily Mon to Sat and Sunday afternoons, free admission.
York Castle Museum
Type of Museum: Local Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
Owned / Operated by: York Museums Trust
Address: Eye of York, York YO1 9RY
Set in former prison buildings erected on the site of the original Norman York Castle, the museum explores the lives of the inmates in this 18th century Debtors Prison. Other exhibits include a recreated Victorian Street and a collection of children's toys. Open daily, admission charges apply.
Yorkshire Museum, York
Type of Museum: County Museum
Country: Yorkshire, England
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Which Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland who was born in 1626 had The nickname 'Tumbledown Dick' ? | Richard Cromwell (Pepys' Diary)
Richard Cromwell
Wikipedia
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(May 2010)
3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659
(264 days)
Alternative style
Sir
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, and one of only two commoners to become the English head of state, the other being his father, Oliver Cromwell , from whom he inherited the position.
Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being commander of the New Model Army , which emerged victorious from the English Civil War . When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell became disillusioned at inconclusive debates in the Rump Parliament between Presbyterians and other schools of thought within Protestantism. Parliamentarian suspicion of anything smacking of Catholicism, which was strongly associated with the Royalist side in the war, led to enforcement of religious precepts that left moderate Anglicans barely tolerated.
A Puritan regime strictly enforced the Sabbath, and banned almost all form of public celebration, even at Christmas. Cromwell attempted to reform the government through an army-nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament , but the proposals were so unworkably radical that he was forced to end the experiment after a few months. Thereafter, a written constitution created the position of Lord Protector for Cromwell and from 1653 until his death in 1658, he ruled with all the powers of a monarch, while Richard took on the role of heir.
On his father's death Richard became Lord Protector , but lacked authority. He attempted to mediate between the army and civil society, and allowed a Parliament which contained a large number of disaffected Presbyterians and Royalists. Suspicions that civilian councilors were intent on supplanting the army were brought to a head by an attempt to prosecute a major-general for actions against a Royalist. The army made threatening show of force against Richard, and may have had him in detention; he formally renounced power nine months after succeeding. Without a king-like figure, such as Cromwell, as head of state the government lacked coherence and legitimacy.
Although a Royalist revolt was crushed by recalled civil war figure General John Lambert , who then prevented the Rump Parliament reconvening and created a Committee of Safety, he found his troops melted away in the face of general George Monck 's advance from Scotland. Monck then presided over the Restoration of 1660 . Richard Cromwell subsisted in straitened circumstances after his resignation, he went abroad and lived in relative obscurity for the remainder of his life. He eventually returned to his English estate, dying in his eighties. None of his children had offspring of their own and he has no descendants.
Contents
10 External links
Early years and family (1626–53)
Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth . Little is known of his childhood. He and his three brothers were educated at Felsted School in Essex close to their mother's family home. [1] There is no record of his attending university. In May 1647, he became a member of Lincoln's Inn . [1] He may have served as a captain in Thomas Fairfax 's lifeguard during the late 1640s, but the evidence is inconclusive.
In 1649 Cromwell married Dorothy Maijor , daughter of Richard Maijor , a member of the Hampshire gentry. [2] He and his wife then moved to Maijor's estate at Hursley in Hampshire. During the 1650s they had nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood. [3] Cromwell was named a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and sat on various county committees. During this period Cromwell seems to have been a source of concern for his father, who wrote to Richard Maijor saying, "I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography : these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born".
He fought in none of the English civil wars.
Move into political life (1653–58)
In 1653, Cromwell was passed over as a member of Barebone's Parliament , although his younger brother Henry was a member of it. Neither was he given any public role when his father was made Lord Protector in the same year; however, he was elected to the First Protectorate Parliament as M.P. for Huntingdon and the Second Protectorate Parliament as M.P. for Cambridge University . [4]
Under the Protectorate's constitution, Oliver Cromwell was required to nominate a successor, and from 1657 he involved Richard much more heavily in the politics of the regime. He was present at the second installation of his father as Lord Protector in June, having played no part in the first installation. In July he was appointed chancellor of Oxford University , and in December was made a member of the Council of State .
Lord Protector (1658–59)
Proclamation announcing the death of Oliver Cromwell and the succession of Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector. Printed in Scotland 1658.
Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, and Richard was informed on the same day that he was to succeed him. Some controversy surrounds the succession. A letter by John Thurloe suggests that Cromwell nominated his son orally on 30 August, but other theories claim either that he nominated no successor, or that he put forward Charles Fleetwood , his son-in-law.
Richard was faced by two immediate problems. The first was the army, which questioned his position as commander given his lack of military experience. The second was the financial position of the regime, with a debt estimated at £2 million. As a result, Cromwell's Privy council decided to call a parliament in order to redress these financial problems on 29 November 1658 (a decision which was formally confirmed on 3 December 1658). Under the terms of the Humble Petition and Advice , this Parliament was called using the traditional franchise (thus moving away from the system under the Instrument of Government whereby representation of rotten boroughs was cut in favour of county towns ). This meant that the government was less able to control elections and therefore unable to manage the parliament effectively. As a result, when this Third Protectorate Parliament first sat on 27 January 1659 it was dominated by moderate Presbyterians , crypto- royalists and a small number of vociferous Commonwealthsmen (or Republicans ).
The "Other House" of Parliament – a body which had been set up under the Humble Petition and Advice to act as a balance on the Commons – was also revived. It was this second parliamentary chamber and its resemblance to the House of Lords (which had been abolished in 1649) that dominated this Parliamentary session. Republican malcontents gave filibustering speeches about the inadequacy of the membership of this upper chamber (especially its military contingent) and also questioned whether it was indicative of the backsliding of the Protectorate regime in general and its divergence from the " Good Old Cause " for which parliamentarians had originally engaged in Civil War . Reviving this House of Lords in all but name, they argued, was but a short step to returning to the Ancient Constitution of King, Lords and Commons.
Coat of arms of the Protectorate, borne by Cromwell during his reign as Lord Protector.
At the same time, the officers of the New Model Army became increasingly wary about the government's commitment to the military cause. The fact that Cromwell lacked military credentials grated with men who had fought on the battlefields of the English Civil War to secure their nation's liberties. Moreover, the new Parliament seemed to show a lack of respect for the army which many military men found alarming. In particular, there were fears that Parliament would make military cuts to reduce costs, and by April 1659 the army's general council of officers had met to demand higher taxation to fund the regime's costs.
Their grievances were expressed in a petition to Cromwell on 6 April 1659 which he forwarded to the Parliament two days later. Yet Parliament did not act on the army's suggestions; instead they shelved this petition and increased the suspicion of the military by bringing articles of impeachment against William Boteler on 12 April 1659, who was alleged to have mistreated a royalist prisoner while acting as a major general under Oliver Cromwell in 1655. This was followed by two resolutions in the Commons on 18 April 1659 which stated that no more meetings of army officers should take place without the express permission of both the Lord Protector and Parliament, and that all officers should swear an oath that they would not subvert the sitting of Parliament by force.
These direct affronts to military prestige were too much for the army grandees to bear and set in motion the final split between the civilian-dominated Parliament and the army, which would culminate in the dissolution of Parliament and Cromwell's ultimate fall from power. When Cromwell refused a demand by the army to dissolve Parliament, troops were assembled at St. James's Palace . Cromwell eventually gave in to their demands and on 22 April, Parliament was dissolved and the Rump Parliament recalled on 7 May 1659.
In the subsequent month, Cromwell did not resist and refused an offer of armed assistance from the French ambassador, although it is possible he was being kept under house arrest by the army. On 25 May, after the Rump agreed to pay his debts and provide a pension, Cromwell delivered a formal letter resigning the position of Lord Protector. "Richard was never formally deposed or arrested, but allowed to fade away. The Protectorate was treated as having been from the first a mere usurpation". [5]
He continued to live in the Palace of Whitehall until July, when he was forced by the Rump to return to Hursley. Royalists rejoiced at Cromwell's fall, and many satirical attacks surfaced, in which he was given the unflattering nicknames "Tumbledown Dick" and "Queen Dick". [6]
Later years (1659–1712)
During the political difficulties of the winter of 1659, there were rumours that Cromwell was to be recalled as Protector, but these came to nothing. In July 1660, Cromwell left for France, never to see his wife again. [7] While there, he went by a variety of pseudonyms, including John Clarke. He later travelled around Europe, visiting various European courts. As a visiting Englishman, he was once invited to dine with Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti , who was unaware of who he was. At dinner, the prince questioned Cromwell about affairs in England and observed, "Well, that Oliver, tho' he was a traitor and a villain, was a brave man, had great parts, great courage, and was worthy to command; but that Richard, that coxcomb and poltroon, was surely the basest fellow alive; what is become of that fool?". Cromwell replied, "He was betrayed by those he most trusted, and who had been most obliged by his father". Cromwell departed the following morning. [8] During this period of voluntary exile, he wrote many letters to his family back in England; these letters are now held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Huntingdon.
In 1680 or 1681, he returned to England and lodged with the merchant Thomas Pengelly in Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, [1] living off the income from his estate in Hursley. He died on 12 July 1712 at the age of 85. [9] His body was returned to Hursley and interred in a vault beneath All Saints' Parish Church, where a memorial tablet to him has been placed in recent years.
Until 29 January 2012, when Queen Elizabeth II surpassed Cromwell's age at death (85 years 282 days) he was the longest-lived ruler of the British Isles, although he was only in power for a very short period.
Fictional portrayals
• Link
It was impossible that the feeble and unskilful hand of Richard should long hold the reins of a government, which his father, with all his vigour and dexterity, found so difficult to retain. He succeeded him in the protectorate; but as he was heir to none of his great qualities, he was presently deposed from that dignity, which he quitted without reluctance; and probably experienced more solid happiness in retirement and obscurity, than Oliver did at the height of his glory. He passed the last years of his life, in great privacy, at Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. He is said to have carefully preserved a trunk full of addresses, which were sent to him on his accession to the protectorate, and to have bequeathed them to his friends. Ob. 13 July, 1712. Æt. 86.
---A Biographical History of England. J. Granger, 1769.
✹
| Richard Cromwell |
Which act that once represented the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest shares it's name with the title of a record that reached number two in the UK Pop Charts for the group The Sweet in 1971 ? | Richard Cromwell - The Full Wiki
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Richard Cromwell
3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659
(&-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.0000000 years, &0000000000000264.000000264 days)
Nickname(s)
Tumbledown Dick; Queen Dick
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell , and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659.
Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. [1]
Contents
7 External links
Early years and family (1626–1653)
Richard was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth. Little is known of his childhood. Early biographers claim that he attended Felsted School in Essex . There is no record of him attending university. In May 1647, he became a member of Lincoln’s Inn . He may have served as a captain in Thomas Fairfax ’s lifeguard during the late 1640s, but the evidence is inconclusive. In 1649 Richard married Dorothy Maijor , daughter of Richard Maijor, a member of the Hampshire gentry. He and his wife then moved to Maijor’s estate at Hursley . During the 1650s they had nine children, four of whom survived to adulthood. Richard was named a JP for Hampshire and sat on various county committees. During this period Richard seems to have been a source of concern for his father, who wrote to Richard Maijor saying “I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and cosmography: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born”.
Move into political life (1653–1658)
In 1653, Richard was passed over as a member of Barebone's Parliament , although his younger brother Henry was a member of it. When his father was made Lord Protector in the same year, he was also not given any public role; however, he was elected to both the first and second Protectorate parliaments. Under the Protectorate’s constitution, Oliver Cromwell was required to nominate a successor, and from 1657 he involved Richard much more heavily in the politics of the regime. He was present at the second installation of his father as Lord Protector in June, having played no part in the first installation. In July he was appointed Chancellor of Oxford University , and in December was made a member of the Council of State .
Lord Protector (1658–1659)
Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, and Richard was informed on the same day that he was to succeed him. Some controversy surrounds the succession. A letter by John Thurloe suggests that Oliver nominated his son orally on 30 August, but other theories claim either that he nominated no successor, or that he put forward Charles Fleetwood , his son-in-law.
Richard was faced by two immediate problems. The first was the army, which questioned his position as commander given his lack of military experience. The second was the financial position of the regime, with a debt estimated at £2 million. As a result Richard Cromwell's Privy Council decided to call a parliament in order to redress these financial problems on 29 November 1658 (a decision which was formally confirmed on 3 December 1658). Under the terms of the Humble Petition and Advice , this Parliament was called using the traditional franchise (thus moving away from the system under the Instrument of Government whereby representation of rotten boroughs was cut in favour of county seats). This meant that the government was less able to control elections and therefore unable to manage the parliament effectively. As a result, when this Third Protectorate Parliament first sat on 27 January 1659 it was dominated by moderate Presbyterians , crypto-royalists and a small number of vociferous Commonwealthsmen (or Republicans). The 'Other House' of Parliament – a body which had been set up under the Humble Petition and Advice to act as a balance on the Commons – was also revived. It was this second parliamentary chamber and its resemblance to the 'House of Lords' (which had been abolished in 1649) that dominated this Parliamentary session. Republican malcontents gave filibustering speeches about the inadequacy of the membership of this upper chamber (especially its military contingent) and also questioned whether it was indicative of the backsliding of the Protectorate regime in general and its divergence from the 'Good Old Cause' for which parliamentarians had originally engaged in Civil War. Reviving this House of Lords in all but name, they argued, was but a short step to returning to the Ancient Constitution of King, Lords, and Commons.
Royal styles of
Alternative style
Sir
At the same time, the officers of the army became increasingly wary about the government's commitment to the military cause. The fact that Richard Cromwell lacked military credentials grated with men who had fought on the battlefields of the English Civil War to secure their nation's liberties. Moreover, the new Parliament seemed to show a lack of respect for the army which many military men found quite alarming. In particular, there were fears that Parliament would make military cuts to reduce costs, and by April 1659 the army’s general council of officers had met to demand higher taxation to fund the regime’s costs. Their grievances were expressed in a petition to Richard Cromwell on 6 April 1659 which he forwarded to the Parliament two days later. Yet Parliament did not act on the army's suggestions; instead they shelved this petition and increased the suspicion of the military by bringing articles of impeachment against William Boteler on 12 April 1659, who was alleged to have mistreated a royalist prisoner while acting as a Major General under Oliver Cromwell in 1655. This was followed by two resolutions in the Commons on 18 April 1659 which stated that no more meetings of army officers should take place without the express permission of both the Lord Protector and Parliament, and that all officers should swear an oath that they would not subvert the sitting of Parliament by force. These direct affronts to military prestige were too much for the army grandees to bear and set in motion the final split between the civilian-dominated Parliament and the army, which would culminate in the dissolution of Parliament and Richard Cromwell's ultimate fall from power. When Richard refused a demand by the army to dissolve Parliament, troops were assembled at St James’s. Richard eventually gave in to their demands and on 22 April, Parliament was dissolved and the Rump Parliament recalled on 7 May 1659. In the subsequent month Richard did not resist and refused an offer of armed assistance from the French ambassador, although it is possible he was being kept under house arrest by the army. On 25 May, after the Rump agreed to pay his debts and provide a pension, Richard delivered a formal letter resigning the position of Lord Protector. He continued to live in Whitehall Palace until July, when he was forced by the Rump to return to Hursley. Royalists rejoiced at Richard's fall and many satirical attacks surfaced in which he was given the unflattering nicknames 'Tumble Down Dick' and 'Queen Dick'.
Later years (1659–1712)
During the political difficulties of the winter of 1659, there were rumours that Richard was to be recalled as Protector, but these came to nothing. In July 1660 Richard left for France, never to see his wife again. While there he went by a variety of pseudonyms, including “John Clarke”. He later travelled around Europe, visiting various European courts. During this period of voluntary exile he wrote many letters to his family back in England; these letters are now held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Huntingdon.
In 1680 or 1681 he returned to England and lodged with the merchant Thomas Pengelly in Finchley in Middlesex , living off the income from his estate in Hursley. He died on 12 July 1712. Despite his very short reign, Richard Cromwell is, in terms of age, the longest lived ruler or former ruler of England or any of its successor states (currently the United Kingdom).
Ancestors of Richard Cromwell
^ Open Door (2008). "Life in Cromwell's England" . http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/chap4009.html . Retrieved 2008-02-11.
References
Hutton, Ronald (1985). The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822698-5.
External links
3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659
Succeeded by
Up to date as of January 14, 2010
From LoveToKnow 1911
RICHARD CROMWELL (1626-1712), lord protector of England , eldest surviving son of Oliver Cromwell and of Elizabeth Bourchier, was born on the 4th of October 1626. He served in the parliamentary army, and in 1647 was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn . In 1649 he married Dorothy, daughter of Richard Mayor , or Major, of Hursley in Hampshire . He represented Hampshire in the parliament of 1654, and Cambridge University in that of 1656, and in November 16J5 was appointed one of the council of trade. But he was not brought forward by his father or prepared in any way for his future greatness, and lived in the country occupied with field sports, till after the institution of the second protectorate in 16J7 and the recognition of Oliver's right to name his successor. On the 18th of July he succeeded his father as chancellor of the university of Oxford , on the 31st of December he was made a member of the council of state, and about the same time obtained a regiment and a seat in Cromwell's House of Lords. He was received generally as his father's successor, and was nominated by him as such on his death- bed . He was proclaimed on the 3rd of September 1658, and at first his accession was acclaimed with general favour both at home and abroad. Dissensions, however, soon broke out between the military faction and the civilians. Richard's elevation, not being "general of the army as his father was," was distasteful to the officers, who desired the appointment of a commander-in-chief from among themselves, a request refused by Richard. The officers in the council, moreover, showed jealousy of the civil members, and to settle these difficulties and to provide money a parliament was summoned on the 27th of January 1659, which declared Richard protector, and incurred the hostility of the army by criticizing severely the arbitrary military government of Oliver's last two years, and by impeaching one of the major-generals. A council of the army accordingly established itself in opposition to the parliament, and demanded on the 6th of April a justification and confirmation of former proceedings, to which the parliament replied by forbidding meetings of the army council without the permission of the protector, and insisting that all officers should take an oath not to disturb the proceedings in parliament. The army now broke into open rebellion and assembled at St James's. Richard was completely in their power; he identified himself with their cause, and the same night dissolved the parliament. The Long ' Frederic Harrison , Cromwell, P. 34.
Parliament (which re-assembled on the 7th of May) and the heads of the army came to an agreement to effect his dismissal; and in the subsequent events Richard appears to have played a purely passive part, refusing to make any attempt to keep his power or to forward a restoration of the monarchy. On the 25th of May his submission was communicated to the House. He retired into private life, heavily burdened with debts incurred during his tenure of office and narrowly escaping arrest even before he quitted Whitehall . In the summer of 1660 he left England for France , where he lived in seclusion under the name of John Clarke, subsequently removing elsewhere, either (for the accounts differ) to Spain , to Italy , or to Geneva . He was long regarded by the government as a dangerous person, and in 1671 a strict search was made for him but without avail. He returned to England about 1680 and lived at Cheshunt , in the house of Sergeant Pengelly, where he died on the 12th of July 1712, being buried in Hursley church in Hampshire. Richard Cromwell was treated with general contempt by his contemporaries, and invidiously compared with his great father. According to Mrs Hutchinson he was "gentle and virtuous but a peasant in his nature and became not greatness." He was nevertheless a man of respectable abilities, of an irreproachable private character, and a good speaker .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
See the article in the Dict. of Nat. Biography, and authorities there cited; Noble's Memoirs of the Protectoral House of Cromwell (1787); Memoirs of the Protector ... and of his Sons, by O. Cromwell (1820); The Two Protectors, by Sir R. Tangye (1899) Kebleland and a Short Life of Richard Cromwell, by W. T. Warren (1900); Letters and Speeches of O. Cromwell, by T. Carlyle (1904); Eng. Hist. Review, xiii. 93 (letters) and xviii. 79; Cal. of State Papers, Domestic, Lansdowne MSS. in British Museum. (P. C. Y.)
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Born in Belfast in 1948, the name of which former member of Sinn Fein translates into Irish as 'Gearoid Mac Adhaimh' ? | Newsmaker: Gerry Adams | The National
Kagan McLeod for The National
Newsmaker: Gerry Adams
Updated: May 8, 2014 06:57 PM
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October 6, 1948 Born in Belfast into a strongly republican family
1964 Joins Sinn Fein
1971 Marries Collette McArdle, with whom he has one child, Gearoid
1972 Interned under Britain’s Special Powers Act but released for peace talks in London
1978 Arrested and tried for IRA membership but acquitted
1983 Becomes president of Sinn Fein and elected as abstentionist MP in the UK
1984 Survives assassination attempt by loyalist paramilitaries
1989 Involved in unofficial peace talks, ultimately leading to the Good Friday Agreement of 1998
1998 Elected to the power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly
2010 Resigns from his UK and, the next year, Northern Ireland seats to stand successfully for election to the Irish parliament
2014 Arrested, questioned and freed without charge over the IRA’s 1972 murder of Jean McConville
A peacemaker and visionary or a man with the blood of innocents on his hands ... It may be impossible to know about Gerry Adams without holding a strong opinion on him.
With the grey hair and beard, and distinctive spectacles completing the appearance of a rural schoolmaster, Adams is instantly recognisable as the face of Irish republicanism.
The president for 31 years of Sinn Fein, which was broadly seen during the Northern Ireland "Troubles" as the political wing of the Provisional Irish Republic Army (IRA), he played a pivotal role in the transition from armed rebellion to constitutional means.
He has been likened by supporters to Nelson Mandela and was invited to join a guard of honour when the anti-apartheid leader’s body was handed over to the African National Congress before last year’s South African state funeral.
But the judgement of others has been less reverent: "an Armani-clad terrorist" was one description whispered to reporters by a senior aide to Peter Brooke, the then Northern Ireland secretary in the British government, during informal peace talks of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
It’s the persistent allegation of active association with terrorism that has propelled Adams, now a member of the Irish parliament after previously sitting in Northern Ireland’s power-sharing assembly, back into the international spotlight.
For four days, until his release without charge on Sunday, he was questioned by police investigating the IRA’s kidnapping, murder and burial of a Belfast woman, Jean McConville, in 1972.
A Catholic convert and the mother of 10 children, McConville was accused – falsely, according to a later investigation by the Northern Ireland police ombudsman – of selling information about republicans to the British army.
The IRA is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of about half the 3,500 people killed during the Troubles, a wretched period of Ireland’s history stretching from the late 1960s to the turn of the 20th century.
Much of the suffering of the conflict has slipped from public awareness in the ensuing years of what another Northern Ireland minister, the late Mo Mowlam, liked to call a "flawed peace".
But the McConville murder is one atrocity that refuses to be forgotten. Lingering disquiet and suspicion over the circumstances of her death and the disposal of her body led to Adams being interrogated.
One of McConville’s sons, Michael, was 11 when he saw his mother dragged screaming from their home in the Divis Flats, a Belfast stronghold of the IRA. He says that he knows the names of several involved in the abduction but will not publicly reveal them, claiming to have been warned by Adams in the past to be prepared for a "backlash" if he did so. He interpreted the words as a threat; the Sinn Fein leader flatly denies using them.
A file on the case has gone to public prosecutors, though there’s speculation in Northern Ireland that further action against Adams is thought unlikely, unless compelling new evidence is uncovered.
Adams’ alleged involvement is reportedly described in interviews with two leading IRA activists, both now dead, recorded as part of a project on the Troubles by Boston College, a Jesuit research university in Massachusetts. Ivor Bell, a former IRA chief of staff who is now in his late 70s, has been charged with aiding and abetting the murder as a result of the new information that has emerged.
The life and times of Gerard Adams, or Gearóid Mac Ádhaimh as he styles himself in the Irish version of his name, have been examined in thousands of book and newspaper pages, and in countless hours of radio and television airtime.
Now 65, he was born in Belfast, one of 13 children, three of whom died in infancy, and educated by Christian Brothers in the Catholic Falls area of the city.
When community violence erupted, he was a barman serving the lawyers, journalists and politicians who would congregate in the Duke of York public house in central Belfast. But it would be a mistake to suppose that his head was turned by their anecdotes and conversation; he had been a committed republican, a believer in the objective of a united Ireland free of British rule, by violent means if necessary, from boyhood. His parents were activists with long records of involvement in armed resistance.
An uncle, Dominic, was reputedly an IRA chief of staff and some writers on the Troubles maintain that Adams held the same position for more than a year in the late 1970s. Adams denies this and insists that he has never been a member of the IRA.
"I never will disassociate myself from the IRA," he was quoted as saying shortly before his arrest last week. "That doesn’t mean that I agree with everything that they did, because I don’t, particularly in the case of Jean McConville, which I think was wrong – a grave injustice to her and her family. But thankfully, thankfully the war is over."
Whether or not his immersion in the republican cause ever led to formal membership of its armed movement, Adams’ loyalties were not in doubt.
In 1993, he helped to carry the coffin of Thomas Begley, an IRA volunteer whose prematurely exploding bomb killed him, a Protestant paramilitary leader and eight civilians, including two children, at Frizzell’s Fish Shop on Belfast’s Shankill Road.
Six years earlier, in graveside orations after the funerals of eight IRA men killed in an ambush by British special forces, he had warned that republicans would never be defeated. At one burial, he complained that the priest conducting the service had made it sound as if the activist had "died of pneumonia".
Margaret Thatcher, then Britain’s prime minister, found Adams’ media profile disturbing enough to order a ban in 1988 on his voice being heard on radio and television. The measure covered 11 republican and loyalist groups, though Adams was by far the most prominent figure to be affected. Thatcher said that the aim was to "starve the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they depend".
Adams found it simple enough to rationalise his outlook. "If you militarise a situation," he once said, "you beg for an armed response."
In his book, A Secret History of the IRA, published in 2002, Ed Moloney, an acclaimed if controversial author on Irish affairs, presented a mixed appraisal. "There are elements of Adams’ character that some people will find distasteful, his ruthlessness for example," he wrote. "But it was probably his ruthlessness which enabled him to push forward the peace agenda.
"He stands there with people like Michael Collins [the Irish revolutionary leader, involved in negotiating the Anglo-Irish Treaty that created the Irish Free State in 1922] as a very significant figure. He is a man of strategic genius. I think he should have won the Nobel Prize for what he did."
But Moloney also described Adams as responsible for setting up the IRA unit that murdered and buried the so-called "Disappeared", nine of a larger group of people – Jean McConville among them – who vanished in the 1970s and early 1980s. Adams dismissed the claims as outrageous, "a mixture of innuendo, recycled claims, nodding and winking".
Yet the comparison with Collins is telling for another reason. Collins was regarded by former republic comrades as a traitor, and assassinated by rebels during the civil war that followed the treaty’s signing. And republican dissidents of the 21st century believe Adams betrayed the same cause by signing up to the peace process without having achieved the goal of a united Ireland.
In interviews with the British newspaper The Sunday Telegraph a few months before her death in 2013, Dolours Price – one of the IRA bombers who attacked Britain’s most famous criminal court, the Old Bailey, in 1973 – attacked the Sinn Fein leader in stark, bitter and incriminating terms.
Price portrayed his denial of IRA membership as "a betrayal of the cause, a betrayal of me, a betrayal of anybody he sent out to do any kind of operation, or active service, and you know, who sent me to London? Who sent me to London to blow it up? Gerry Adams."
After his recent travails, Adams chose an improbable source of inspiration when spreading his thoughts to more than 52,000 followers of his prolific Twitter posts, quoting from Elvis Presley’s 1970 hit The Wonder of You: "When no one else can understand me/When every thing I do is wrong/U give me hope&consolation/U give me strength 2 carry on."
Gerry Adams is not so much an enigma as a story waiting to be told in full. Reliable detail of all the roles that he has fulfilled in his pursuit of an all-Ireland, 32-county republic may never be known, even after his own death.
But how intriguing it would be, for scholars of modern Irish history as well as those affected by the Troubles, to know precisely what he meant when he told a New York television interviewer in 1994: "Making peace, I have found, is much harder than making war."
| Gerry Adams |
Which actor played the role of Tom The Policeman, one of the travelling companions of Dr Who in the 1966 film Daleks Invasion Earth 2150 AD ? | Gerry Adams in the Wiki
Gerry Adams in the Wiki
Adams claims that he was not a member of the IRA; others claim that he was. The Wiki says that QUOTE Following the failure of the talks, he played a central role in planning the bomb blitz on Belfast known as Bloody Friday UNQUOTE. There is no mention of a paedophile brother. That's the Wiki for you.
Gerry Adams
QUOTE
Gerard "Gerry" Adams, MLA , MP ( Irish : Gear�id Mac �dhaimh; born 6 October 1948) is an Irish republican politician and abstentionist Westminster Member of Parliament for Belfast West . He is the president of Sinn F�in , the political party at the top of the latest Northern Ireland election polls amidst a three-way split in the traditionally dominant unionist vote. Sinn F�in is the second largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly and fifth largest party in the Republic of Ireland .
From the late 1980s onwards, Adams has been an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process , initially following contact by the then Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume and subsequently with the Irish and British governments and then other parties. In 2005, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) indicated that its armed campaign was over and that it is now exclusively committed to democratic politics. Under Adams, Sinn F�in changed its traditional policy of abstentionism towards Oireachtas �ireann , the parliament of the Republic of Ireland , in 1986 and later took seats in the power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly . However, Sinn F�in retains a policy of abstentionism towards the Westminster Parliament, but since 2002, receives allowances for staff and takes up offices in the House of Commons.
Family background
Adam's parents, Gerry Adams Sr. and Annie Hannaway came from strong republican backgrounds. Adams' grandfather, also called Gerry Adams, had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) during the Irish War of Independence . Two of Adams' uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had been interned by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. Although it is reported that his uncle Dominic was a one-time IRA chief of staff , J. Bowyer Bell , in his book, The Secret Army: The IRA 1916 (Irish Academy Press), states that Dominic Adams was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s. Gerry Sr. joined the IRA at aged sixteen. In 1942, he participated in an IRA ambush on a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) patrol but was himself shot, arrested and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.
Adams' maternal great-grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was a member of the Fenians during their dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for �amon de Valera in 1918 in West Belfast but refused to follow de Valera into democratic and constitutional politics upon the formation of Fianna F�il . Annie Hannaway was a member of Cumann na mBan , the women's branch of the IRA. Three of her brothers (Alfie, Liam and Tommy) were known IRA members.
Early life
Adams attended St Finian's Primary School on the Falls Road where he was taught by De La Salle brothers . Having passed the eleven-plus exam in 1960, he then attended St Mary's Christian Brothers Grammar School . He left St. Mary's with six O-levels , and became a barman . He was increasingly involved in the Irish republican movement, joining Sinn F�in and Fianna �ireann in 1964, after being radicalised by the Divis Street riots during the general election campaign.
When Third Way Magazine asked Adams whether he was a Christian he said: 'I like the sense of there being a God, and I do take succour now from the collective comfort of being at a Mass or another religious event where you can be anonymous and individual � just a sense of community at prayer and of paying attention to that spiritual dimension which is in all of us; and I also take some succour in a private, solitary way from being able to reflect on those things.'
In 1971, Adams married Collette McArdle, by whom he has three children.
Early political career
In the late 1960s, a civil rights campaign developed in Northern Ireland. Adams was an active supporter and joined the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967. However, the civil rights movement was met with protests from loyalist counter-demonstrators. This culminated in August 1969, when Northern Ireland cities like Belfast and Derry erupted in major rioting and British troops were called in at the request of the Government of Northern Ireland (see 1969 Northern Ireland Riots ).
Adams was active in Sinn F�in at this time, siding with the Provisionals in the split of 1970.[ citation needed ] In August 1971, internment was reintroduced to Northern Ireland under the Special Powers Act 1922 . Adams was interned in March 1972, on HMS Maidstone , but was released in June to take part in secret, but abortive talks in London. The IRA negotiated a short-lived truce with the British government and an IRA delegation met with the British Home Secretary, William Whitelaw at Cheyne Walk in Chelsea. The delegation included Gerry Adams, Martin McGuinness , Sean Mac Stiofain (IRA Chief of Staff), Daithi O'Conaill , Seamus Twomey , Ivor Bell and Dublin solicitor Myles Shevlin . The IRA insisted Adams be included in the meeting and he was released from internment to participate. Following the failure of the talks, he played a central role in planning the bomb blitz on Belfast known as Bloody Friday . He was re-arrested in July 1973 and interned at the Long Kesh internment camp. After taking part in an IRA-organised escape attempt, he was sentenced to a period of imprisonment. During this time he wrote articles in the paper An Phoblacht under the by-line "Brownie" where he criticized the strategy and policy of Ruari O'Bradaigh and Billy McKee . He was also highly crticical of a decision taken in Belfast by McKee to assassinate members of the rival Official IRA , who had been on ceasefire since 1972 .
During the 1981 hunger strike , Adams played an important policy-making role, which saw the emergence of his party as a political force. In 1983, he was elected president of Sinn F�in and became the first Sinn F�in MP elected to the British House of Commons since Phil Clarke and Tom Mitchell in the mid-1950s. Following his election as MP for Belfast West , the British government lifted a ban on him travelling to Great Britain . In line with Sinn F�in policy, he refused to take his seat in the House of Commons.
On 14 March 1984 in central Belfast, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt when several Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) gunmen fired about 20 shots into the car in which he was traveling. He was hit in the neck, shoulder and arm. After the shooting, he was rushed to the Royal Victoria Hospital , where he underwent surgery to remove the three bullets which had entered his body. Under-cover plain clothes police officers seized three suspects who were later convicted and sentenced. One of the three was John Gregg , who would be killed by Loyalists in 2003. Adams claimed that the British army had prior knowledge of the attack and allowed it to go ahead.
Allegations of IRA membership
Adams has stated repeatedly that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). However, journalists such as Ed Moloney , Peter Taylor , Mark Urban and historian Richard English have all named Adams as part of the IRA leadership since the 1970s. Adams has denied Moloney's claims, calling them "libellous".
President of Sinn F�in
In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint vice-president of Sinn F�in and a key figure in directing a challenge to the Sinn F�in leadership of President Ruair� � Br�daigh and joint vice- president D�ith� � Conaill .
The 1975 IRA-British truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn F�in leadership, which was said to be Southern-based and dominated by southerners like � Br�daigh and � Conaill. However, the Chief of Staff of the IRA at the time, Seamus Twomey , was a senior figure from Belfast. Others in the leadership were also Northern based, including Billy McKee from Belfast. Adams (allegedly) rose to become the most senior figure in the IRA Northern Command on the basis of his absolute rejection of anything but military action, but this conflicts with the fact that during his time in prison Adams came to reassess his approach and became more political.
One of the core reasons that the Provisional IRA and provisional Sinn F�in were founded, in December 1969 and January 1970, respectively, was that people like � Br�daigh, O'Connell and McKee opposed participation in constitutional politics. The other reason was the failure of the Goulding leadership to provide for the defence of nationalist areas. When, at the December 1969 IRA convention and the January 1970 Sinn F�in Ard Fheis the delegates voted to participate in the Dublin (Leinster House), Belfast (Stormont) and London (Westminster) parliaments, the organizations split. Gerry Adams, who had joined the Republican Movement in the early 1960s, sided with the Provisionals.
In Long Kesh in the mid-1970s, and writing under the pseudonym "Brownie" in Republican News , Adams called on Republicans for increased political activity, especially at a local level. The call resonated with younger Northern people, many of whom had been active in the Provisional IRA but had not necessarily been highly active in Sinn F�in. In 1977, Adams and Danny Morrison drafted the address of Jimmy Drumm at the Annual Wolfe Tone Commemoration at Bodenstown. The Address was viewed as watershed in that Drumm acknowledged that the war would be a long one and that success depended on political activity that would complement the IRA's armed campaign. For some, this wedding of politics and armed struggle culminated in Danny Morrison's statement at the 1981 Sinn F�in Ard Fheis in which he asked "Who here really believes we can win the war through the Ballot box? But will anyone here object if, with a ballot paper in one hand and the Armalite in the other, we take power in Ireland". For others, however, the call to link political activity with armed struggle had been clearly defined in Sinn F�in policy and in the Presidential Addresses of Ruair� � Br�daigh , but it had not resonated with the young Northerners.
Even after the election of Bobby Sands as MP for Fermanagh/South Tyrone, a part of the mass mobilization associated with the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike by republican prisoners in the H blocks of the Maze prison (known as Long Kesh by Republicans), Adams was cautious about the level of political involvement by Sinn F�in. Charles Haughey , the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, called an election for June 1981. At an Ard Chomhairle meeting, Adams recommended that they contest only four constituencies which were in border counties. Instead, H-Block/Armagh Candidates contested nine constituencies and elected two TDs. This, along with the election of Bobby Sands, was a precursor to a big electoral breakthrough in elections in 1982 to the Northern Ireland Assembly . Adams, Danny Morrison , Martin McGuinness , Jim McAllister , and Owen Carron were elected as abstentionists. The SDLP had announced before the election that it would not take any seats and so its 14 elected representatives also abstained from participating in the Assembly and it was a failure. The 1982 election was followed by the 1983 Westminster election , in which Sinn F�in's vote increased and Gerry Adams was elected, as an abstentionist, as MP for West Belfast. It was in 1983 that Ruair� � Br�daigh resigned as President of Sinn F�in and was succeeded by Gerry Adams.
Republicans had long claimed that the only legitimate Irish state was the Irish Republic declared in the Proclamation of the Republic of 1916, which they considered to be still in existence. In their view, the legitimate government was the IRA Army Council , which had been vested with the authority of that Republic in 1938 (prior to the Second World War ) by the last remaining anti- Treaty deputies of the Second D�il . Adams continued to adhere to this claim of republican political legitimacy until quite recently - however, in his 2005 speech to the Sinn F�in Ard Fheis he explicitly rejected it.
As a result of this non-recognition, Sinn F�in had abstained from taking any of the seats they won in the British or Irish parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn F�in delegates passed a resolution to amend the rules and constitution that would allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/D�il �ireann). At this, Ruair� � Br�daigh led a small walkout, just as he and Sean Mac Stiofain had done sixteen years earlier with the creation of Provisional Sinn F�in. This minority, which rejected dropping the policy of abstentionism , now nominally distinguishes itself from Provisional Sinn F�in by using the name Republican Sinn F�in (or Sinn F�in Poblachtach), and maintains that they are the true Sinn F�in republicans.
Adams' leadership of Sinn F�in was supported by a Northern-based cadre that included people like Danny Morrison and Martin McGuinness . Over time, Adams and others pointed to Republican electoral successes in the early and mid-1980s, when hunger strikers Bobby Sands and Kieran Doherty were elected to the British House of Commons and D�il �ireann respectively, and they advocated that Sinn F�in become increasingly political and base its influence on electoral politics rather than paramilitarism. The electoral effects of this strategy were shown later by the election of Adams and to the House of Commons.
Voice Ban
Adams's prominence as an Irish Republican leader was increased by the ban on the media broadcast of his voice (the ban actually covered eleven republican and loyalist organisations, but in practice Adams was the only one prominent enough to appear regularly on TV). This ban was imposed by the then prime minister Margaret Thatcher on 19 October 1988, the reason given being to "starve the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they depend" after the BBC interviewed Martin McGuinness and Adams had been the focus of a row over an edition of After Dark , an intended Channel 4 discussion programme which was never made.
A similar ban, known as Section 31 , had been law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However, media outlets soon found ways around the ban, initially by the use of subtitles, but later and more commonly by the use of an actor reading his words over the images of him speaking. One actor who voiced Adams was Paul Loughran .
This ban was lampooned in cartoons and satirical TV shows, such as Spitting Image , and in The Day Today and was criticised by freedom of speech organisations and British media personalities, including BBC Director General John Birt and BBC foreign editor John Simpson . The ban was lifted by British Prime Minister John Major on 17 September 1994.
Moving into mainstream politics
Sinn F�in continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster Parliament even after Adams won the Belfast West constituency. He lost his seat to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in the 1992 general election . However, he regained it at the next election in May 1997.
Under Adams, Sinn F�in appeared to move away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organised political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland .
SDLP leader John Hume , MP, identified the possibility that a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British Northern Ireland Office under the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Peter Brooke , and with the government of the Republic under Charles Haughey � although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with "terrorists".
These talks provided the groundwork for what was later to be the Belfast Agreement , as well as the milestone Downing Street Declaration and the Joint Framework Document .
These negotiations led to the IRA ceasefire in August 1994. Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds , who had replaced Haughey and who had played a key role in the Hume/Adams dialogue through his Special Advisor Martin Mansergh , regarded the ceasefire as permanent. However, the slow pace of developments contributed in part to the (wider) political difficulties of the British government of John Major and the consequent reliance on Ulster Unionist Party votes in the House of Commons, led the IRA to end its ceasefire and resume the campaign.
A re-instituted ceasefire later followed as part of the negotiations strategy, which saw teams from the British and Irish governments, the Ulster Unionist Party , the SDLP, Sinn F�in and representatives of loyalist paramilitary organizations, under the chairmanship of former United States Senator George Mitchell , produced the Belfast Agreement (also called the Good Friday Agreement as it was signed on Good Friday , 1998). Under the agreement, structures were created reflecting the Irish and British identities of the people of Ireland, with a British-Irish Council and a Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly created.
Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, Bunreacht na h�ireann , which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal, Sinn F�in agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", as a result taking seats in the new Stormont -based Assembly and running the education and health and social services ministries in the power-sharing government.
Opponents in Republican Sinn F�in accused Sinn F�in of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what it called " partitionist assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However, Gerry Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a mechanism to deliver a united Ireland by non-violent and constitutional means, much as Michael Collins had said of the Anglo-Irish Treaty nearly 80 years earlier.
When Sinn F�in came to nominate its two ministers to the Northern Ireland Executive, for tactical reasons the party, like the SDLP and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), chose not to include its leader among its ministers. (When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, Mark Durkan , who then opted to remain in the Committee.)
Adams remains the President of Sinn F�in, with Caoimhgh�n � Caol�in serving as Sinn F�in parliamentary leader in D�il �ireann, and Daith� McKay as head of the Sinn F�in group in the Northern Ireland Assembly.
Adams was re-elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 March 2007, and on 26 March 2007 he met with DUP leader Ian Paisley face-to-face for the first time, and the two came to an agreement regarding the return of the power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.
In January 2009, Adams attended the United States presidential Inauguration of Barack Obama as a guest of US Congressman Richard Neal .
On 6 May 2010, Adams was re-elected as MP for West Belfast garnering 71.1% of the vote.
UNQUOTE
| i don't know |
Which theatre, situated in Manchester shares it's name with the name of a Greek God who was the son of Zeus and Leto and twin brother of Artemis ? | Voyages to Antiquity | Shore Excursions in 2016 by Voyages to Antiquity - issuu
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MEDITERRANEAN, AEGEAN, ADRIATIC & ATLANTIC CRUISES
2016
CONTENTS
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AGADIR Morocco AMMAN Jordan AMMAN/PETRA/DEAD SEA Jordan ANCONA Italy ANTALYA Turkey ATHENS Greece (Hotel Stay) BARCELONA Spain BORDEAUX France BRINDISI Italy CADIZ Spain CANAKKALE Turkey CANNES France CARTAGENA Spain CASABLANCA Morocco CIVITAVECCHIA Italy CORFU Greek Islands DARTMOUTH England DELOS Greek Islands
6 7 8–9 10 11 12 – 15 16 – 17 18 – 19 20 21 22 – 23 24 – 25 26 27 28 – 29 30 31 32
DIKILI Turkey DOVER England DUBROVNIK Croatia EL MARSA Moroccan Sahara FALMOUTH England FEZ/VOLUBILIS Morocco FUNCHAL Madeira GYTHION Greece HERAKLION Crete, Greek Islands HONFLEUR France ISTANBUL Turkey (Hotel Stay) ITHACA Greek Islands IZMIR Turkey KATAKOLON Greece KAVALA Greece KUSADASI Turkey LA CORUNA Spain LANZAROTE Canary Islands LA PALMA Canary Islands LA ROCHELLE France LIMASSOL Cyprus
33 34 – 35 36 37 38 – 39 40 41 42 – 43 44 45 – 47 48 – 51 51 52 53 54 55 – 56 57 58 59 60 61
LISBON Portugal LIVORNO Italy LONDON England MADRID Spain MALAGA Spain MARRAKESH/EL JADIDA Morocco MARSEILLES France MONTE CARLO Monaco MOTRIL Spain MOUNT ATHOS (sailing) MYKONOS Greek Islands NANTES France OPORTO Portugal PALERMO Sicily, Italy PATMOS Greek Islands PIRAEUS Greece PORTOFINO Italy PYLOS Greece RAVENNA Italy RHODES Greek Islands ROME Italy (Hotel Stay) SALERNO Italy SANTORINI Greek Islands SARANDE Albania SETE France SEVILLE Spain (Hotel Stay) SKIATHOS Greek Islands SORRENTO Italy SPLIT Croatia SAINT-MALO France TANGIER Morocco TAORMINA Sicily, Italy THESSALONICA Greece TRAPANI Sicily, Italy VALENCIA Spain VENICE Italy VIGO Spain VOLOS Greece ZADAR Croatia
62 – 63 64 – 65 66 – 68 69 70 – 71 72 – 73 74 75 76 – 77 77 78 78 – 79 80 – 81 82 – 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 – 93 94 95 96 97 98 – 99 99 100 101 102 103 104 – 105 106 – 107 108 109 110 – 111 112 113 114
MEDITERRANEAN, ADRIATIC, AEGEAN & ATLANTIC CRUISES 2016
Dr Samuel Johnson once wrote, "The grand object of travelling, is to see the shores of the Mediterranean. All our religion, almost all our law, has come to us from the shores of the Mediterranean�. Today, when you consider the variety and splendour of the historical treasures to be found in this region, it is hard to disagree with him. From the great Doric temples of Sicily and the magnificence of the Roman Palace of Diocletian in Split to the sparkling genius of the mosaics of St Mark's in Venice and the glories of Rome, the artistic and architectural jewels of the Mediterranean have dazzled visitors for thousands of years. Inside this brochure you will find information and insight on all the fantastic sites that are featured in Voyages to Antiquity's 2016 cruises.
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excursions guide Your cruise includes shore excursions, except on the odd occasion, such as at Portofino, and the Greek islands of Mykonos, Ithaca and Skiathos where little or no organised sightseeing is available. Some ports offer multiple opportunities for sightseeing, and in these instances, Voyages to Antiquity offers carefully selected excursions – some as an alternative to the included excursion, some at an additional cost.
WHAT TO EXPECT ON TOUR These sightseeing programmes are outstanding but can be challenging. Visits to archaeological sites require walking over uneven surfaces, up and down multiple steps, and therefore a reasonable level of fitness is recommended. Some passengers may decide to take a break on certain days and explore the environs around the port. Look for the symbols above each tour description (see key opposite) to get a good idea of the level of walking that may be involved. Tour durations are approximate and, to be sure you get the most out of the excursion and to avoid
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overcrowding, the sequence of site visits and operating times may vary. The on-board staff will brief you nightly on the expected plans for the following day. All departure times and meeting points will be advised in the Daily Journal on board. Some countries require you to carry certain documents ashore and this will be advised on board at the appropriate time. Please note that we reserve the right to change, cancel or substitute an included excursion at any time.
OUR GUIDES It is one thing to see Aphrodisias and quite another to see it in the company of a good guide who speaks your language and can share his/her knowledge and passion for history. All off our shore excursions feature qualified Englishspeaking guides who seek to enlighten your visit with their expertise.
SHOPPING From Greek gold in Minoan designs to kilim carpets in Turkey, the crafts of the Mediterranean have evolved over the centuries. While these shore
excursions focus on the history, culture and archaeology of this area, some offer the chance to visit local workshops and observe demonstrations. Voyages to Antiquity has no connection with any shopping establishment and does not assume responsibility for purchases made ashore. We also recommend insurance on anything you choose to ship home.
TRANSPORTATION Various modes of transportation are used, depending on the excursion. Most motorcoaches are deluxe, air-conditioned vehicles unless unavailable in that port.
VISITS TO SITES/MUSEUMS On occasions, substitutions need to be made due to opening/closing times of some sites/museums, but all possible is done to ensure schedules operate as described. If a change is made, guests will be advised with their final documents.
KEY TO EXCURSION SYMBOLS Please note the symbols featured in each tour description: Moderate walking over relatively level terrain and some steps. Medium to heavy walking indicates cobblestones, or slippery surfaces, and some stair climbing. Guests with physical limitations will want to take this into consideration. Heavy walking for one or more hours over uneven terrain, with multiple uphill segments or where excursion features climbing in and out of local boats or small vehicles. Dining at local restaurant Tender Port
Note: For passengers on Grand Voyages, availability of included and optional excursions in Istanbul, Piraeus, Venice, Cannes, Seville, Civitavecchia, Dover, Lisbon and Malaga will be advised on board.
5
Half day
INCLUDED
Sometimes known as the “Little Marrakesh”, Taroudant is an old trading centre located in Morocco’s Souss Valley. Surrounded by citrus groves, protected by magnificent red-mud walls and with the snowcapped peaks of the High Atlas beckoning beyond, Taroudant’s situation is truly enchanting. Despite its medieval souks and squares, this is not simply a tourist destination, as Taroudant is a working market town where Berbers trade the produce of the rich and fertile Oued Souss plain.
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On your drive there from the port of Agadir, keep an eye out for the tree-climbing goats that call this part of the world home. Upon arrival, step inside this 11th-century citadel and prepare to be hurled back in time. Resting peacefully within its ramparts, Taroudant has avoided time’s march, retaining its traditional look and feel. Four miles of chunky walls encircle the city, pierced by five impressive gateways. Within them lie Taroudant’s most famous attractions, the daily Berber market and the Arab souk.
AMMAN
AMMAN jordan Amman City Tour AMM1
Half day
INCLUDED
Amman, the capital of Jordan, is one of the great cultural centres of the Middle East and there is much here to interest the visitor. It is also a city of surprises and many of these are to be found in the area known as the Citadel. Sitting on the highest hill in Amman, Jebel al-Qala’a (about 850m above sea level), the Citadel is the site of the ancient Ammonite capital of Rabbath-Ammon. Artefacts dating from the Bronze Age show that the hill was a fortress and/or agora (open space for commerce and politics) for thousands of years. The complex is surrounded by 1700m-long walls, which were rebuilt many times during the Bronze
and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods. Here you will visit the Archaeological Museum – a small museum housing an excellent collection of antiquities ranging from prehistoric times to the 15th century – the Folkloric Museum, the remains of the Roman Temple of Hercules, the Byzantine basilica and the gate to Umayyad Palace. Also, see the Roman theatre which was built during the reign of Antonius Pius (138-161AD) and can accommodate 6,000 spectators. Afterwards there will be a short tour of modern Amman.
7
AMMAN/PETRA/DEAD SEA jordan Ancient Jerash AMM 2
Half day
INCLUDED
Located some 48 km (30 miles) north of the capital Amman, Jerash is known for the ruins of the Graeco-Roman city of Gerasa, and is sometimes misleadingly referred to as the "Pompeii of the Middle East", referring to its size, extent of excavation and level of preservation (though Jerash was never buried by a volcano). Jerash became an urban centre during the 3rd century BC and a member of the federation of Greek cities known as the Decapolis ("ten cities" in Greek). Jerash prospered during the 1st century BC as a result of its position on the incense and spice trade route from the Arabian Peninsula to Syria and the Mediterranean region. Jerash was a favourite city of the Roman emporer, Hadrian, and reached its zenith in AD130, flourishing economically and socially. Jerash began to
8
decline in the 3rd century, later becoming a Christian city under the rule of the Byzantine empire. The Muslims took over in AD635, but the final blow to the city was dealt by Baldwin II of Jerusalem in AD1112 during the Crusades. You will depart from Amman for the short drive to Jerash. Here you will find a fine example of the grand, formal provincial Roman urbanism that is found throughout the Middle East, comprising paved and colonnaded streets, temples, theatres, public squares and plazas, baths, fountains and city walls pierced by towers and gates. Enjoy a walking tour throughout this fantastic ancient city seeing all the main sites including the Temple of Artemis, Hadrian’s Arch and the Hippodrome before returning to Amman.
AMMAN
Walking Tour of Petra PET1
Half day
INCLUDED
One of the great moments in travel is when you emerge from the narrow winding Siq to encounter the extraordinary rose-red city of Petra. This guided tour is entirely on foot so you can more intimately interact with this UNESCO World Heritage Site, chosen as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Together with your guide, start your walk from the main gate to the obelisk tombs. Then continue to the Siq, the sole entrance to Petra, a long winding path between two overhanging cliffs that acts as the city's main gate. As you proceed along this mile-long fissure, your guide will point out such details as Petra's ingenious water system where some of the original terracotta pipes are still in place. Your first sight will be the magnificent spectacle of Al Khazneh (The Treasury), carved out of the rock by Nabataean Arabs some 2,000 years ago. You may continue along the Street of Façades taking in such sights as the amphitheatre and the Royal Court, where recent excavations have revealed a public pool and gardens. Note:The guides will take you to the Treasury area and from this point you will have the option of continuing on to the Street of Façades. Please note that there is an optional, one-way horse ride included in your ticket. Horse drawn carriages are available at the site entrance but passengers should be reminded that these are not recommended and are at the passenger’s own risk.
SWIMMING IN THE DEAD SEA Treat your body and soul to an experience unmatched anywhere, floating on the water of the Dead Sea. The lake lies 1,407 feet below sea level and with 34% salinity is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world. Our drive takes us along a route where the surreal scenery suggests the red planet, Mars, as you descend into the Jordan Valley to arrive at the lowest part of the earth’s surface and the Dead Sea. Pause for lunch at a rest house and take a dip in the sea’s salutary buoyant waters before our drive onward to Petra.
9
ANCONA ITALY Renaissance Urbino ANC1
Full day
INCLUDED
Situated on a hilltop, Urbino is a small town with a big history. This place had a huge influence on Renaissance culture and Urbino’s Ducal Palace is one of the finest buildings of the period. In the fifteenth century, Urbino was ruled by the Montefeltro family, and reached its peak during the reign of the Duke Federico da Montefeltro. Urbino was also the birthplace of the artist Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio 1483-1520) and your tour includes a visit to the house where he lived up to age of 14. This modest dwelling contains memoirs and artistic furniture of that period. Raphael was born here in 1483 and trained at home at least until the age of 11, when his father died. There is a small mural attributed to the boy painter in one room, but the house is chiefly interesting as an atmospheric 15th-century home/workshop. Your visit continues to Palazzo Ducale, Italy’s most beautiful Renaissance palace built for Duke Federico da Montefeltro, who ruled
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Urbino between 1444 and 1482. Since he was a man of the arts as well as a soldier, he enriched his palace with a comprehensive library, famous paintings including works by Piero della Francesca, Raphael and Titian and refined architecture. Another of Urbino’s magnificent buildings is the Duomo built in 1789 on top of a sixthcentury sacred site. Completed in 1604, it was destroyed by an earthquake and then rebuilt. The duomo now has a neo-classical appearance and houses several important artworks, including a painting of the Last Supper by Federico Barocci. The Museo Diocesano has a collection of glass, ceramics, and religious items. After visiting the cathedral there is some free time for lunch on your own in one of Urbino’s many restaurants (you may wish to try Antica Osteria della Stella, an ancient inn that claims to have hosted Raphael and Piero della Francesca) and souvenir shopping.
ANTALYA
ANTALYA TURKEY Perge & Aspendos ANT1
Full day
INCLUDED
A few miles outside Antalya are the isolated sites of Perge and Aspendos, once part of the ancient kingdom of Pergamon. Your adventure includes both destinations, beginning with a drive to the site of Perge, whose impressive ruins date back to around 1,000BC. Legend has it that the city was founded by two Greek seers returning from the Trojan War. Though Perge was not as large, its theatre was spectacular with seating for 14,000, an orchestra, and a stage that still bears traces of the marble reliefs that once covered the entire façade. Perge played an important role in the spread of early Christianity and we visit the basilica where St Paul preached his first sermon in 46AD. The stadium here is one of the best-preserved in Anatolia, a huge arena where over 12,000 could watch athletic competitions. Walk through the Roman Gate, the entrance to the city, and follow a fine colonnaded avenue that once took the ancients to the Nymphaeum, the Baths Complex and the Agora.
Aspendos, located on the Eurymedon River and splendidly backed by the Taurus Mountains, was a major port city in Roman times. To date, only parts of Aspendos have been excavated, but the well-preserved Roman theatre was one of the most spectacular buildings of its time. The theatre was built by two wealthy brothers during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century AD. The architect Xenon gave it a public entrance, dressing rooms, a colonnaded gallery, rows of marble seats and suites for the dignitaries, as well as a canopy to protect patrons from the weather. After lunching on local Turkish food, we drive to the Antalya Archaeological Museum which offers an excellent survey of the great periods in Pamphylia’s history, from the neolithic on through the Bronze age, to Hellenistic and Roman times. You will admire the statues of divinities, mostly from Perge and the Gallery of Roman Emperors.
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ATHENS GREECE (Hotel Stay) The Acropolis & its Museum ATH1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Visit the sublime expression of Classical Greece, the Acropolis with its sweeping views of Athens. Commissioned by Pericles in the 5th century BC, the site is dominated by the majestic Parthenon: a building that embodies the stunning achievements of the Athenian “Golden Age”. Surrounding the great temple are the other architectural masterpieces of the citadel: the Propylaia (monumental gateway), the Erechtheion with its beautiful Karayatid Porch and the Temple of Athena Nike
(Winged Victory). Below the temple complex is the theatre of Dionysos where the dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were first performed. Then explore another marvel: the longanticipated $200-million, 226,000-square-foot Acropolis Museum. In the dramatic Gallery of the Slopes of the Acropolis, ascending floors of glass literally “float” you above the excavations for an extraordinary perspective of the layers of Greek history that lie below.
* Note: In Athens, you have a choice of included excursion (either ATH1 or ATH2). 12
ATHENS
Half day
National Archaeological Museum INCLUDED*
Never in the history of Christianity has a school of artists infused such a high degree of spirituality into its work. Byzantine theologians insisted that painters and mosaicists reflect the image of God. This morning's sightseeing reveals the splendour of Byzantine art in a tour that combines visits to both the Byzantine Museum, home to the world's largest collection of icons, and also the Monastery of Kaisariani with its fine frescoes and elegant gardens. Drive from the pier to Illissia Mansion, winter residence of the Duchess of Piacenza, and home to the Byzantine and Christian Museum. Founded in 1914, this renowned museum focuses exclusively on Byzantine art from the 4th to 19th centuries. In addition to its impressive icons, frescoes and tapestries, there are paintings, sculptures and illuminated manuscripts. Displays recreate Byzantine churches from the 5th to 11th centuries. Continue next to the slopes of Mt. Hymettos, for a visit to the Monastery of Kaisariani, a beautiful example of Byzantine architecture. Inside its high walls discover the 11th-century catholicon, or main church, built in a Greek cross shape. The dome is supported by four columns from an earlier Roman temple and colourful frescoes from the 14th to 18th centuries enliven the interior walls. There is also an 11th-century bathhouse. Later additions include a refectory, the monks’ cells and a 19th-century bell tower. Savour the views of Athens and the serenity of this delightful spot before returning to the ship.
ATH3
Half day
OPTIONAL $48pp
Founded at the end of the 19th century to house and protect antiquities from all over Greece, the National Archaeological Museum is one of the most important in the world devoted to ancient Greek art. During your visit you will be able to see Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean and Classical Greek art, and you'll also view sculptures from the Archaic and Hellenistic periods, along with pottery from the Geometric period. A few of the museum's most important exhibits include the bronze statue of Poseidon, the head of Hygeia (Goddess of Health), the bronze statue of the "Jockey-Boy" of Artemision, the golden mask of Agamemnon and the brilliant Minoan frescoes from the site on Thira (Santorini). Within the museum's walls more than 11,000 exhibits provide a panorama of Greek art from prehistory to late antiquity. Wander amid the royal tombs of Mycenae, dating from 1500BC. Marvel at sculpture from the 7th to 5th centuries BC, including the kouroi, nude male athletes, carved in Naxian marble. Admire a delicate bronze by Praxiteles and frescoes from Akrotiri, buried over 3,500 years ago in a volcanic eruption. Trace the evolution of Greek pottery from earliest times in collections including rare white clayware. This astonishing museum even includes Egyptian and Cypriot antiquities, as well as treasures from the sea. A shipwreck at Antikythera produced a scientific instrument used for astronomical calculations in the 1st century BC.
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ATHENS GREECE (Hotel Stay) Ancient Corinth & Epidaurus ATH4
Full day
INCLUDED*
Leave Athens by road for the famous Corinth Canal. The concept of cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth to link the Ionian and Aegean Seas was first proposed in the 6th century BC by the tyrant Periander, founder of Ancient Corinth. The magnitude of the task defeated him so he opted instead to built a paved slipway across which sailors dragged small ships on rollers – a method used until the 13th century. Nero, one of Rome’s most infamous emperors, inaugurated one attempt in 67 AD with his golden spade, but this attempt took a while to finish as it wasn’t finally completed until 1893. Enjoy a brief photo stop before continuing your tour to the once rich and powerful city of Ancient Corinth. A city blessed with a superb location, fertile plains and virtually impregnable refuge. Excavations reveal that the ancient city was huge and wealthy; a survivor of the numerous invasions but devastated by earthquakes. St Paul lived and
worked in Corinth for 18 months, making converts where he could. The Bema (platform) where the Roman governor tried him is still visible. See one of Corinth’s most striking ancient buildings – the Temple of Apollo, seven of whose original columns still stand. Walk through the remains of the Market Place, a colonnaded square once surrounded by many small shops. See the celebrated Fountain of Priene, which has produced water from earliest times, and the Lechaion Road, formerly the main thoroughfare to the port of Lechaion. From here enjoy a scenic drive through the Argos Plain towards one of the most renowned of Greece’s ancient sites, as reflected by its listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Situated on the cool slopes of a beautiful and wooded valley, Epidaurus was known throughout the Hellenic world for its unique medical facilities and healing treatments. Dedicated to Aesclepius, the god of healing, who restored health to the sick and sometimes (it was said) life to the dead, the city was filled with curative spas and baths and only priests had access to certain secret rites. Most of the ruins of Epidaurus have been reduced to their foundations, with the exception of the astonishing theatre. Still used for special performances, the theatre is in an admirable state of preservation. Built into the ground, rather than above it, the theatre is known for its fantastic acoustics, which we will observe during our visit. After the visit enjoy a traditional Greek lunch before returning back to ship. * Please note that this excursion is included on April 19, April 30, September 5 and September 16 sailings only..
14
Half day
INCLUDED*
Descend to a unique underground museum for a glimpse of everyday life in Barcino, as Roman Barcelona was called. Hidden under the medieval buildings and squares of Barcelona's Gothic Quarter is a town of far greater antiquity. Roman troops arrived here during the Punic Wars (264 to 146BC) and remained for over 600 years, putting their imprint on the language, law and culture. Not all of the ancient colony is underground. Sections of the original walls, towers and gates can be seen en route to Plaza Ramon Berenguer and Plaza Nova, where an aqueduct and main road once connected Barcino with the rest of the Empire. View the Forum with its remains of a 1st century temple to Caesar Augustus. Then take an elevator to get an in-depth look at daily life in Roman times. Visit one of Europe's largest underground archaeological sites at the Barcelona City History Museum. Stroll metal walkways through workaday Barcino with its laundry, dye shop, salted fish factory and wine shop to get a slice of life – 20 centuries ago. Collections of objects found at the digs include Roman portraits, mosaics, Roman and Hebrew inscriptions, as well as the utensils of daily life. Emerge from this tour with an enriched understanding of Roman influence and appreciation of Barcelona's antiquity.
16
Half day
INCLUDED*
Barcelona is an art historian’s dream destination as its galleries contain some of the greatest works of art ever created. Your tour will start, however, with a drive towards the Gothic Quarter, Barcelona’s oldest neighbourhood. Take a stroll through the maze of streets and after a photostop at the Gothic Cathedral, continue your drive towards the Montjuic mountain. This site was selected for several venues during Barcelona’s 1992 Summer Olympics and hosts spaces like the Olympic Stadium, the Olympic Ring and other sporting facilities. You will then head to the National Art Museum of Catalunya (MNAC). The MNAC is housed in the fabulous National Palace of Montjuic, a spectacular building with wonderful views over Barcelona. Here you will have the opportunity to gain an extraordinary insight into the development of Catalonia’s – and some of Europe’s – finest artists over the centuries. The gallery’s most famous works date from the 16th to 18th centuries, and include paintings by El Greco, Velazquez, Rubens and other masterpieces from the Spanish Golden Age. The collection also includes a wide range of styles of the 19th and 20th centuries, from Neoclassicism to Avant-gardes of the 1950s. There are artworks by Fortuny, Casas, Rusinol, Gaudi, Picasso and Miro.
* Note: In Barcelona, you have a choice of included excursion (either BAR1 or BAR2).
BARCELONA
Gaudi’s Golden Works BAR3
Half day
OPTIONAL $59pp
Antoni Gaudi's work is admired by architects around the World as being one of the most unique and distinctive architectural styles. His work has greatly influenced the face of Barcelona’s architecture and you will see stunning examples of Gaudi's work all around the city centre. Departing from the pier, you will start with a brief panoramic drive to the Sagrada Familia (outside visit), Gaudi’s most emblematic work and the greatest example of his genius. This famous structure has become a symbol of Barcelona all over the world. Next, you will head to Passeig de Gracia, the famous boulevard where Gaudi’s houses of La Pedrera and Casa Batllo are located. The present Casa Batllo is a result of a total refurbishment of an old previous conventional house built in 1877. Some people regard Casa Batllo as a building that embodies a unique fusion of art, architecture and design. It is celebrated for its visual solutions and its creative use of materials and colour. Casa Batllo has been on UNESCO’s World Heritage list since July 2005. After your tour of the interior, you take a short walk to La Pedrera for a photo stop. Once you arrive, you will look in vain for straight lines and admire the sumptuous curves of the façade, the wrought iron balconies with forms of plants, the paintings on the ceilings of the foyers, and much more. Before returning to the ship – time permitting – you will have the chance to admire the Olympic Stadium while enjoying a panoramic drive through the Montjuic Mountain.
17
BORDEAUX FRANCE UNESCO Bordeaux BDX1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Depart by coach from the ship for a panoramic walking tour of Bordeaux. Drive along the river front where the wine trade has flourished for centuries and then view the Second World War German submarine base. In the summer of 1941, Admiral Dönitz decided to build highly fortified U-Boat pens in Bordeaux and construction began in September 1941. They were constructed with reinforced concrete and the roof above the pens was 5.6 m (18ft 4 in) thick. Then on to L’Esplanade des Quinconces. This is one of Europe’s largest squares (12 hectares) and its principal monument was erected between 1894 and 1902 in memory of the Girondists who fell victim of the Reign
of Terror during the French Revolution. Stop at the Palais Rohan, the 18th-century former home of the Archbishop that is now the City Hall and walk to the 13th-century Cathedral of St Andrew, where Eleanor of Aquitaine married Louis VII, for an inside visit. Continue to the nearby the Grand Theatre de Bordeaux which was built by the architect Victor Louis and inaugurated in 1780. This is one of the most beautiful theatres in Europe and a pure work of art from the 18th century. Strolling through the Old Bordeaux area, you will come across beautiful squares such as La Place du Parlement, the former royal marketplace (1760) with its harmonious façades and fountain, and Place de la Bourse, the former royal square dedicated to Louis XV (1729).
* Note: In Bordeaux, you have a choice of included excursion (either BDX1 or BDX2). 18
BORDEAUX
Half day
INCLUDED*
For many years Bordeaux was known as “La Belle au Bois Dormant” (Sleeping Beauty) due to its magnificent buildings being shrouded in centuries of black soot. Then in 2000, the mayor, former Prime Minister Alain Juppé, roused Bordeaux, restoring its neoclassical architecture and implementing a high-tech public transport system. His efforts paid off: in mid-2007 half of the entire city (18 sq km, from the outer boulevards to the banks of the Garonne) was UNESCOlisted, making it the largest urban World Heritage Site. After a panoramic tour of the main sites including the 13th-century cathedral, the Palais Rohan and the Grand Theatre de Bordeaux, you will leave the city for the nearby world-famous vineyards that surround Bordeaux. The history of Bordeaux wine spans almost 2,000 years to Roman times when the first vineyards were planted. In the Middle Ages, the marriage of Henry Plantagenet and Eleanor of Aquitaine opened the Bordeaux region to the English market and eventually to the world's stage. Today, Bordeaux wine remains the world’s most popular and sought-after wine. You will stop at one of the prestigious wine estates such as Chateau La Louvière, Chateau Haut Bailly, Chateau Carbonnieux or Chateau Latour-Martillac to visit their cellars, be introduced to the art of wine making and, of course, to enjoy a wine tasting.
Half day
OPTIONAL $75pp
Saint-Emilion is a charming medieval village located in the heart of the famous Bordeaux wine area. This is a very special place that combines world-famous wineries, beautiful architecture and great monuments. A local legend says that the village was founded by a monk from Brittany who fled from his hometown of Vannes to seek refuge in one of the natural caves in the 8th century. His name was Emilion and for many years, he lived as a hermit. He is said to have performed a few miracles and rapidly became famous in the region and beyond. Soon he had many disciples and with their help, he made the town a religious centre. Even after his death his followers carried on his legacy and named the town after him: Saint-Emilion. In 1999, the vineyards of Saint-Emilion became the first winery in the world to be given World Heritage status by UNESCO. Note: Only available on 25 June sailing.
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BRINDISI italy Ancient Lecce BRI1
Half day
INCLUDED
Lecce is a city of outstanding historical and architectural treasures. With its abundance of ancient ruins, Baroque churches and noble palaces carved out of honey-coloured local stone, it is a place that will stay long in the memory. Set in the heart of the Salento region on the south-eastern tip of Italy’s “boot”, Lecce was founded in the 5th century BC and was later an important Roman city. The 25,000-seat amphitheatre dating from the 1st century BC in the Piazza St Oronzo is a magnificent legacy of the city’s Roman past and it is here that your tour begins. You will also pass by the Roman column that marks the end of the Appian Way and then continue on to the city centre to discover the remarkable buildings from a later time. From the 16th to the 18th century, Lecce flourished under a period of great splendour and was duly embellished with Rococo and Baroque monuments. The local limestone
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was particularly easy to work, making the creation of decorative relief and delicate detail relatively easy and created a style known as Lecce Baroque. You will visit the Santa Croce Basilica, which is sumptuously decorated and represents the triumph of Baroque art in Lecce. Nearby, admire the impressive façade of the Governor’s Palace (the former monastery of the Celestine monks). Visit one of the finest and most impressive squares in southern Italy – Piazza Duomo. Explore the elegant streets of Lecce adjacent to the square and you will discover that the typical local crafts of the town, such as papier-mâché or Leccese stone items, are traditional art forms here. The objects created in the artisans’ workshops are crafted according to ancient traditions handed down from generation to generation.
CADIZ
CADIZ SPAIN Jerez and Sherry Tasting
Cadiz City Tour & Cathedral
Half day
INCLUDED*
Cadiz has clung to Spain’s Atlantic coast for over 4,000 years and in this time its influence has been felt far and wide. The city has long been considered a bridge between Europe and Africa and was the gateway to the Americas during the age of discovery. The old city is immensely intriguing – a cluster of narrow streets opening on to charming small squares. You will appreciate the atmosphere and history of Cadiz during a drive through the city from the delightful ancient seaport, passing the 18th century baroque cathedral, then around the old part of the city with its splendid views over the bay. You will see the Plaza Espana and the gardens where the famous monument of Las Cortes (Spanish Parliament) of 1812 is situated. Then you will continue to the Moorish-style Alameda de Apodaca Gardens, a reminder of their occupancy in past centuries. The cathedral with its famous towering golden domes acts as a landmark against the Cadiz skyline, and the famous composer Manuel de Falla is buried here. After this, you will drive inland to the historic town of Jerez de la Frontera. Jerez is home to dozens of sherry companies, and a visit will be made to the well-known Bodega Gonzalez Byass, which produces some of the most delicious sherry in the world. Here, the ageold process of blending is explained and then you will be invited to sample various types of the fortified wine in the unique atmosphere of the cellars.
Half day
INCLUDED*
Enjoy the picturesque views of the seaport as you make your way to the old quarter of Cadiz. Here you will see the most beautiful monuments of Cadiz. Start by passing the tobacco factory built in1741, which now serves as the Congress building, Santo Domingo Church, and the old Royal Prison. Then carry on to the ancient Phoenician port of La Caleta, and the Santa Catalina Fortress. Finished in the seventeenth century, Santa Catalina was part of a series of fortifications designed to protect Cadiz from the English after Sir Francis Drake had successfully breached the harbour in 1587 in an attack that became known as “singeing the King of Spain’s beard”. You'll continue towards the San Carlos Gate for a tour of the old town. Among its many historical monuments, El Populo's stone gates were there to bid Christopher Columbus goodbye as he left the Cadiz harbour on his second trip in 1493. Afterwards, you will visit the Cathedral of Cadiz and the Diocesan Museum. It took 116 years to complete this 18th century Baroque and neo-classical Cathedral. You then head to the picturesque Plaza Flores, and the Plaza de Espana with its massive monument commemorating the meeting of the Cortes, Spain’s first representative national assembly, in 1810-12. Note: Visits inside the cathedral are not allowed on Sundays. The cathedral can also close at short notice on weekdays.
* Note: In Cadiz, you have a choice of included excursion (either CAD1 or CAD2). 21
CANAKKALE
Half day
INCLUDED*
Enter the world of Helen of Troy and Paris, Hektor and Achilles. The 13th or 12th century BC siege of Troy by Spartan and Achaean warriors from Greece has fired the imagination of poets over thousands of years. The site is one of the most significant demonstrations of early contact between the civilisations of Anatolia and the Mediterranean world. The shores of the Dardanelles, known in antiquity as the Hellespont, lead our way to the last vestiges of the fabled city called Ilion in Greek and Truva in Turkish. In legend, Troy was said to be founded by Dardanos, the son of Zeus and Electra. The site's existence was long considered merely a fable invented by Homer in The Iliad. Then, in 1870, Heinrich
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Schliemann, an amateur archaeologist working more on passionate belief than empirical evidence, discovered the site. Today, most historians agree that Troy was one of nine civilisations that inhabited the spot. There is also evidence to support the tale of a ten-year siege, giving further weight to Homer’s tales. Alexander the Great, who declared himself a descendent of Achilles, made a pilgrimage to this site in 334BC. Today little remains of the 5,000 years of habitation. Lecturer-guides bring its storied past to life as you view the massive walls, a Roman theatre and the reputed Palace of King Priam.
CANAKKALE
Half day
INCLUDED*
Take a ferry across the Dardanelles to the moving memorials and battlefields of Gallipoli on the Gelibolu Peninsula. In World War I, over 500,000 Allied and Turkish troops died in the 8-month campaign as British commanders sought unsuccessfully to make a strategic rush through the Dardanelles to capture Istanbul and open the Black Sea for the Allied Army. It is here that a young Istanbul Colonel, Mustafa Kemal, distinguished himself and later become known as Ataturk, father of the Turkish Republic. Today the peninsula is a national park with over 31 cemeteries. From the landing at Eceabat, drive to the major battlefields. Discover the stories
of North Beach, Anzac Cove and Beach Cemetery. Walk amid the sites of Lone Pine, a hauntingly beautiful memorial to the thousands of Australian and New Zealand men killed during the battle. At Chunuk Bair, learn of the epic stand by New Zealand's Wellington Battalion. At this site Ataturk exhorted his men "not just to fight, but to die" in a counterattack that claimed the lives of all his men. From here, the sweeping views of the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea let you glimpse Canakkale’s importance as a strategic military choke point. In this tranquil seaside setting, the horror of what happened in 1915 seems far away. On the ferry back, look for the memorials carved into the cliffs.
* Note: In Canakkale, you have a choice of included excursion (either CAK1 or CAK2).
2315
CANNES FRANCE Grasse & St Paul-de-Vence
Monaco & Monte Carlo
Half day
INCLUDED*
Head to the hills above Cannes to find a stunning contrast to the Riviera's glittering coast: the medieval village of St Paul-de-Vence, a place beloved by artists and seekers of the extraordinary. En route your adventure takes you to Grasse, where the French perfume industry was born. Here you'll tour a perfume factory and learn how the essence of flowers are condensed in one of the world's oldest distillation processes. Sample a selection of the exquisite Provençal fragrances first made fashionable when Catherine de Medici donned a pair of perfumed gloves in the 16th century. Then drive through glorious Loup River canyon scenery to St Paul-de-Vence. This idyllic spot has drawn artists from Chagall to Miro and celebrities from Garbo to Deneuve. You will find that, typical of other fortified villages guarding the frontier, St Paul has retained much of its medieval appearance. Start your explorations at the main gate where medieval ramparts built by Francis I in 1536 remain intact to this day. Stroll the narrow cobblestone lanes lined with boutiques, museums and art galleries. Lose all sense of the modern world. By the time you leave, you can expect to be laden with souvenirs and memories, ready to return to the ship for a relaxing rest of the day.
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INCLUDED*
Our tour starts with a stunning drive along the Middle Corniche road, set above cliffs that rise vertically. Savour panoramic views of Villefranche, Cap Ferrat and the village of Eze, set on a craggy peak high above the Mediterranean. This breathtaking ride takes you from France to the independent principality of Monaco. Your first stop is at the foot of the Rock. Ascend to its top by escalators and elevators to discover the historic Old Town. Your guided walking tour takes you past the Prince’s Palace, the Oceanographic Museum, and the 19thcentury Romanesque Cathedral in which Prince Rainier and Princess Grace had their fairytale wedding. Wander the ancient covered alleyways of Old Town, before continuing to Monte Carlo. Drive along part of Monaco's famous Formula 1 Grand Prix circuit to Casino Square. In this haven for the rich and famous, you have time on your own to take in the attractions of your choice, be it the Grand Casino, the opulent Hotel de Paris, the chic boutiques – or you can just soak up the atmosphere for future daydreams after your return to the ship.
* Note: In Cannes, you have a choice of included excursion (either CAN1 or CAN2).
25
INCLUDED*
INCLUDED*
Cartagena has almost 3,000 years of history. The city’s heyday was during the Roman Empire when it was known as Carthago Nova (the New Carthage). Later it was one of the important cities during the Umayyad invasion of Hispania, under its Arabic name of Qartayannat al-Halfa. Due to its strategic position, it has been throughout its history an important military and trade port.
Cartagena has been an important military and trade port throughout its history. This has blessed Cartagena with unique artistic heritage, with a number of landmarks such as the Roman theatre, the second largest of the Iberian Peninsula after the one in Merida, and an abundance of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine and Moorish remains.
The first stop on this tour is the recently restored Roman theatre. The highlight of the visit is when you enter into the theatre itself and see the enormity of the site. The theatre was built between 5 and 1BC and had room to seat 6,000 people. It was built over by a market in the 3rd century and only discovered in 1988.
After departing from the pier by coach, you will begin with a panoramic tour of the city, passing by such sights as the Plaza de Espana and university buildings.
You will then make your way on foot to the site of the Roman Forum. Step back in time and explore the district around the Roman Forum of Cartagena, the former nerve centre of the ancient city of Cathago Nova. See the curia, the baths, the peristyle (columned courtyard), the atrium and many more remnants of an era that thousands of years later still fascinates. This archaeological treasure trove, which dates from at least 209BC, was unearthed by chance in the late 1980s during infrastructural works in the city. Ever since, slowly but surely the past has been giving up its secrets to the point where there is now a vast site centred on the former Roman Forum on Molinete Hill.
26
Half day
The main stop on this tour is the recently restored Roman theatre. The highlight of the visit is when you enter in the theatre itself and can see the enormity of the site, an arena that had capacity for 6,000 people. You will then get to try the famous drink of the city, “cafe asiatico”. This is a traditional drink which is made of coffee, condensed milk, cinnamon and the liqueur of the area called, rather oddly, 43 liqueur. The origin of the recipe dates back to the 1940s, when it was prepared by Pedro Conesa Ortega in his bar at Albujon in Cartagena, the "Pedrin" bar.
* Note: In Cartagena, you have a choice of included excursions (either CAR1 or CAR2).
CASABLANCA
Half day
INCLUDED*
The history of Casablanca has been one of many political and cultural changes. At different times it has been governed by Berber, Roman, Arab, Portuguese, Spanish, French, British and Moroccan regimes. It has had an important position in the region as a port city, making it valuable to a series of conquerors during its early history. Today, Casablanca is more cosmopolitan, and more open to Western ways than other places in Morocco. Casablanca is Morocco’s economical and cultural capital: this is where money is made, where the industry is, and where the arts flourish. An orientation tour of Casablanca shows us the port, the old medina, the Place Mohammed V – a busy shopping street lined by residential blocks dating from the 1930s – United Nations Square, designed by French architect Joseph Marrast, and the League of Arab States Park. The tour also includes a visit to the impressive Hassan II Mosque. This is the second largest mosque in the world with the tallest minaret in the world.
CAS2
Half day
INCLUDED*
From Casablanca we drive to Rabat, the capital city of Morocco. The colonial architecture is stunning, the palm-lined boulevards are well kept and the atmosphere is relaxed and cosmopolitan. This is a civilised and very pleasant place to visit. The quiet medina has an authentic feel to it, some good shops and fascinating architecture. Rabat has a long and rich history, and plenty of monuments to show for it from the Phoenician, Roman, Almohad and Merenid times. The visit will include the old medina; the picturesque Kasbah of the Oudayas and the Oudaya Gate, built during the Almohad dynasty; the well-preserved Hassan Tower and the Chellah which were built by the Merinids in the 12th and 13th centuries; the Mohamed V Mausoleum, the burial place of the present King’s father; the front of the Royal Palace; and the government district.
Note: Ladies must wear a headscarf to enter the mosque.
* Note: In Casablanca, you have a choice of included excursion (either CAS1 or CAS2).
2715
CIVITAVECCHIA ITALY Eternal Rome CIV1
Full day
INCLUDED*
Immerse yourself in the sights of Rome on this full-day guided tour highlighted by visits inside the Colosseum and St Peter's Basilica, as well as a stroll through some of the city's renowned piazzas. This tour starts with a drive from port to the Colosseum, where beneath the arena, cells once held beasts brought from all over the Empire for gladiatorial combats. Continue to Vatican City and St Peter's Basilica with its towering dome by Michelangelo. Step inside this most important church in Christendom, filled with art and historic masterpieces, a highlight of any visit to the Eternal City. Afterward, explore St Peter's Square at leisure. Marvel at Bernini's
28
colonnade or seek out a trattoria for lunch on your own. Your afternoon walking tour encompasses Rome's ancient, medieval and baroque delights, starting at the Trevi Fountain. Legend holds that if you toss a coin just right, you will return to Rome. Stroll to Colonna Square where a 2nd-century marble column celebrates Rome's victory over the Germans. Pass the governmental area and Palazzo Montecitorio en route to the Pantheon, said to have the widest dome in the world. Your final stop is the pride of Baroque Rome: Piazza Navona, home to Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers and Fountain of the Moor, as well as the Fountain of Neptune, which the locals once used for washing their clothes.
CIVITAVECCHIA
Extended half day
INCLUDED*
Buried for centuries, this well-preserved archaeological site is far less visited than Pompeii, yet in many ways provides a more complete picture of daily life in the Roman Empire. Ostia Antica was ancient Rome's main port on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Anco Marzio (640BC to 616BC), the fourth king of Rome, is traditionally named the founder of this city at the mouth "ostia" of the Tiber. At the city's peak, about 100,000 people from all classes and all parts of the Mediterranean lived here until decline began due to the silting of the river, barbarian invasions and malaria. Excavations reveal a hard-working city with apartments, warehouses, bakeries, bars, plus public and religious buildings. Your tour of the archaeological zone begins at Via delle Tombe, leading to the city gates. Stroll along the Decumanus Maximus, the
main road. Visit the Baths of Neptune with beautiful black-and-white mosaics of the god's wife, Amphitrite. Walk to the theatre, the Forum and such public buildings as the Capitolium and the Temple of Rome and Augustus. A variety of religious buildings include several temples dedicated to the cult of Mithras, Egyptian and Roman gods, plus a 1st century BC Jewish synagogue and a Christian basilica. See the large thermal baths, the 20-hole public latrine and the living complex called the House of Diana. The Termopolium with its marble counter where ancient Romans could have a quick lunch features a fresco representing the food on sale. Round out your visit with a stop at the Museum Ostiense, displaying some of the wonderful sculptures and mosaics found at this remarkable site.
* Note: In Civitavecchia, you have a choice of included excursion (either CIV1 or CIV2).
29
CORFU GREEK ISLANDS Venetian Corfu COR1
Half day
Byzantine Corfu INCLUDED*
You can thank Venice for the thickly wooded headland of Corfu. During the Republic's four centuries of rule on this Ionian island (from 1386 to 1797), it was decreed that an olive tree be planted at each birth and a cypress at each death. Early admirers included the Greek poet, Homer, who sang the island's praises. Octavian brought his fleet to the island's harbour before the battle at Actium. Today's sightseeing starts with a drive to Corfu Town and a visit to the Old Fortress rising majestically from a large cliff and surrounded by a fairytale moat that has its sinister side as the last resort of the lovelorn. Built on the remains of a Byzantine castle, the fort was completed over four centuries, first by the Venetians who gave it the moat and then by the British who erected the fort's church of St George. The fort proved a formidable bulwark against the Turks. From the fort, enjoy a stroll along the Venetian-built Esplanade past the colonnade of the Liston Cafe, built during French rule. The cafe takes is name from a time when the promenade was limited to Venetian nobility that appeared on a list in the Libro d'Oro (Golden Book). Today this path provides an excellent view of the town's cricket pitch, a legacy from British rule, and the start of our walking tour. Discover Old Town's narrow stepped streets, Georgian mansions and red-domed Agios Spyridon church, built in 1589, containing the remains of Corfu's patron saint.
COR2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Journey to Corfu Town, where a 15thcentury church holds a surprise for all who venture inside: one of Greece's most extensive collections of Byzantine art. Northernmost of the Ionian Islands, Corfu is renowned for its natural beauty and as a crossroads of civilisation. The island figured in The Odyssey of Homer and The Tempest of Shakespeare. Today's adventure starts with a scenic drive to Corfu Town's historic Campielo quarter, where the Byzantine Museum is located in the Panaghia Antivouniotissa (Our Lady Opposite the Mountain), a church that was restored by the Greek government and re-opened in 1984 as a museum. The collection exhibits a wide selection of Byzantine icons, a form of sacred art still used in the Eastern Orthodox religion and held to be an influence on Italian Renaissance artists. Highlights include an altar-cloth from Russia, the Noli Me Tangere icon (Touch Me Not) by Emmanuel Tzanes and the icon of Saints Sergius, Bacchus and Justina by Michael Damaskenos. After your visit a short walk takes you to the heart of Corfu Town. Visit the 16thcentury rococo church dedicated to St Spiridon, Corfu's patron saint, whose bones are preserved in a gleaming casket. Explore the maze of narrow, stepped streets where little has changed for centuries. Discover an array of past rulers reflected in the French boulevards, Georgian mansions, Venetian citadel and Greek temple.
* Note: In Corfu, you have a choice of included excursion (either COR1 or COR2). 30
DARTMOUTH
DARTMOUTH ENGLAND Slapton Sands and the Forgotten Heroes of D-Day
Medieval Totnes and Buckfast Abbey
DAR1
Half day
INCLUDED*
The idyllic town of Dartmouth in Devon, situated at the mouth of the River Dart, is not only home to the Royal Navy from its very earliest days but also the ideal stepping off point for a look at some of the less talked about aspects of the D-Day landings. Every suitable beach and slipway along this stretch of coastline was utilised to stage the D-Day landings. Based on its similarity to much of the French coastline, Slapton was selected for a vast rehearsal prior to the actual landings. Join your local guide today for a visit to Slapton Sands, site of one of the most unfortunate episodes to take place in the build up to the D-Day operations. Hear a D-Day expert explain the significance of this remote stretch of beach and visit the Memorial given by the United States to the local inhabitants in gratitude for them evacuating their homes to make way for war wounded. Continue to Torcross to see one of the Sherman tanks brought up from the beach. Afterwards, return to Dartmouth for a walking tour of this fascinating town and free time to enjoy the surrounds before joining the tender back to the ship at your leisure.
Half day
INCLUDED*
Visit a Medieval town that remains to this day a thriving market town, and travel to a fascinating nearby Abbey, lovingly rebuilt in recent times. On the edge of the moor lies Buckfast Abbey, a thriving community of Benedictine monks. The original 11th century Buckfast Abbey fell into ruin after the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1882, four monks returned, and in 1906 they began the monumental task of rebuilding the church themselves. It took them 31 years – a feat made even more remarkable by the fact that only one of them had previous building experience. Now only the absence of the patina of age distinguishes this splendid church – a mix of early English and Norman styles – from the original fabric. A presentation and exhibition explains the monks' achievement and their present-day work. Famed for its stained glass, fine examples of the monk’s own work adorn the Abbey. You’ll have plenty of time to explore the abbey, the gardens and the produce shop, which sells everything from bees wax to the much enjoyed monastic beverage, meade. Afterwards, head to the thriving medieval town of Totnes. Choose to explore with your guide and ascend the steep hill to the wellpreserved castle, or enjoy some time to shop in the eclectic selection of quaint ancient stores in the town’s narrow streets.
* Note: In Dartmouth, you have a choice of included excursion (either DAR1 or DAR2). 31
DELOS
DELOS GREEK ISLANDS Sacred Delos DEL1
Half day
INCLUDED
Discover the tiny, deserted isle of Delos, the religious centre of the Cyclades, where columns lie glistening in the sun, and the Lions of Delos guard the Sacred Way. As the reputed birthplace of the god Apollo, Delos was once a principal religious and commercial centre of the Eastern Mediterranean. Pilgrims, traders, politicians and warriors alike came from all over the Mediterranean to this sanctuary. In fact, the “Cyclades,” the name of this island group, means “those islands around Delos.” In the 5th century BC, the Delphic Oracle decreed the island was to be purged of all the dead and that no person could either die or give birth on Delos to preserve the isle’s sanctity.
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Some of the richest archaeological treasure troves in Greece await as you leave the Sacred Harbour on your guided walking tour. Imagine the merchants in the Agora and the pilgrims entering the Sanctuary of Apollo. Walk along the spectacular Avenue of the Lions. Pay homage to the guardians of the Sacred Lake where Leto gave birth to the twin gods, Artemis and Apollo. And above all, savour the almost-mystical silence that pervades this haunting site of antiquity. Note: May not be available on May 1 if the site is closed. Alternative arrangements will be made.
DIKILI
DIKILI TURKEY Pergamon: Acropolis & Asclepion DIK1
Half day
INCLUDED
Ride a cable car to the spectacular hill-top capital of Pergamon and visit the city's ancient healing centre. Pergamon rose to power as a Greek kingdom in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, but was earlier ruled by Lydians and Persians before falling to Alexander the Great in 334BC. Alexander was followed by his general Lysimachus and a line-up that included the eunuch Philatairos, founder of the Attalid Dynasty; Eumenes, whose great library caused Egypt to withhold the export of papyrus and pergamon to invent parchment. One look at the unassailable site reveals how the city got its name: from the Greek word for citadel. Pass through the Royal Gate to explore the noted library, the 10,000-seat theatre
carved into the steep slopes, and the dramatic Temple of Trajan overlooking the Selinus River below. See the base of a monumental Altar of Zeus (German archaeologists carted the entire top back to Berlin's Pergamonmuseum). Also see a shrine to Dionysus, a sanctuary of Demeter, the gymnasium and Agora. Next, tour what may be the world's first full-service health clinic: the Asclepion. Pergamon's rehabilitation centre is named after the god of health, and was a site of pilgrimage for centuries, entered by a sacred road lined with columns. A sacred spring fed pools that were the basis for various water therapies. The Asclepion had latrines, a library, a theatre, and treatments that included honey cures, a psychotherapy tunnel and dream interpretation.
33
DOVER ENGLAND (EMBARKATION & DISEMBARKATION)† Chartwell DOV1
Turnaround transfer
INCLUDED*
Bought by Sir Winston Churchill for its magnificent views over the Weald of Kent to Sussex, Chartwell was his favourite home and the place from which he drew inspiration from 1924 until the end of his life. The rooms and gardens remain much as they were when Sir Winston lived here, with pictures, books, maps and personal mementoes strongly evoking the wide-ranging interests of this great statesman. Set on a hillside, with commanding views across a valley, the estate of 80 acres gave Sir Winston the peace and tranquillity that he loved. He relaxed here by painting in the garden or in his studio. Walking along the attractive pathway and entering the house you will immediately appreciate Chartwell’s rich history. It was here that Churchill wrote most of his famous
34
wartime speeches and perhaps the most atmospheric of the rooms is the great man’s study. Here we can quietly appreciate the room that was Churchill’s place of work for over 40 years. Here he worked on five budgets as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1924 to 1929, and dictated a stream of memos to his ministerial colleagues on every subject, whether large or small. Out of office in the 1930s, he brought to this room worried political and military advisers to discuss the spread of Fascism in Europe. Churchill’s inspired leadership during the war years are a permanent part of our history. Despite his election defeat in 1945, when the public craved change and a new beginning, he was still widely acknowledged as the greatest living Englishman, and Chartwell has become a shrine to his war-time achievements.
DOVER
Turnaround transfer
INCLUDED*
This is a landscape of timbered and tile-hung villages and welcoming towns. Today, though there are still some remains of the ancient native forest which once covered much of southern England, a good deal of this gently rolling region is farmland. Your tour starts by taking a direct route to Leeds Castle, one of the most romantic and most ancient castles in the Kingdom. In the 9th century, this was the site of a manor of the Saxon royal family. Listed in the Domesday Book, this castle has been a Norman stronghold, a royal residence to six
of England’s medieval Queens and palace to Henry VIII. Today, lovingly restored, it is home to a magnificent collection of medieval furnishings, paintings, tapestries and treasures. Situated on two small islands in the midst of an encircling lake, it is surrounded by a green arc of parkland. As you pass from room to room, well-informed castle guides are stationed to answer any of your questions. There will be many fine photo opportunities during your visit, although photography is not allowed in the castle chapel.
* Note: In Dover, you have a choice of included excursion (either DOV1 or DOV2). †Only applicable to passengers with a 2-night pre- or post-cruise London hotel stay.
35
DUBROVNIK CROATIA Cavtat and Countryside
Dubrovnik DUB1
Half day
INCLUDED
Lord Byron called this majestic walled city “the Pearl of the Adriatic,” and it is easy to see why. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is held to be the best-preserved walled city in the Mediterranean with a seafront setting and dramatic mountain backdrop. The city skyline is a medley of bell towers, copper domes and massive 10th-century walls. Dubrovnik was founded in the 7th century AD and was a powerful independent republic from 1358 to 1808, when Napoleon conquered the city. Today the city is an inspiration in self-resurrection. Despite a destructive earthquake in 1667, Dubrovnik has managed to preserve its beautiful Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance churches, monasteries, palaces and fountains. This morning’s walking tour of the Old Town takes you along the city’s main street, the Stradun or Placa, once a sea channel connecting two ancient settlements. Visit the Dominican Monastery, home to a beautiful 15th-century Gothic cloister and the city’s finest collection of Renaissance paintings. Next, the Franciscan Monastery is home to Europe’s oldest pharmacy, founded in 1318 and still in existence. Your walk continues past such landmarks as the Sponza Palace with its elaborate stone exterior, the Baroque Church of St Blaise and Onofriou’s Fountain. Visit the Cathedral of Our Lady, originally built in the 12th century, destroyed in the 1667 earthquake and triumphantly rebuilt. View Titian’s Assumption over the main altar and, in the Treasury, one of Europe’s finest collections of gold and silver, including the bejeweled skull of St Blaise. Following the tour there will be free time to explore the nooks and crannies of the Old Town.
36
Half day
OPTIONAL $68pp
Get ready for a scenic drive along the Croatian Riviera and through the rolling Konavle countryside to the picturesque town of Cavtat. Your drive starts with a photo stop of Dubrovnik, the majestic walled city Lord Byron called “the Pearl of the Adriatic.” Cavtat has a history that predates even Dubrovnik's. Both cities were once part of the Ragusan Republic which existed from the 14th century until being conquered by Napoleon in 1808. Settle back and soak up the scenery on a drive that meanders past scenic villages of the fertile Konavle Valley with its panoramic views of the region's bays and magnificent architecture. Stop at an old mill, now an acclaimed restaurant. Snack on local specialties such as smoked ham, cheese and homemade bread beside the cascading waters of the Ljuta River. Continue to Cavtat, built on the ruins of the old Roman city of Epidaurum. Over 16 churches are crammed alongside the cobblestone streets of the old town. Highlights include the Rector's Palace, the Franciscan Monastery and St Nicholas Church. England's Duke of Windsor and Wallace Simpson visited this atmospheric spot on their honeymoon, and today it is a favourite with the international yachting set. You have free time to stroll along the beautiful promenade, shop, or relax in the cafes before continuing to the ship. Note: Only available on some sailings.
EL MARSA
EL MARSA moroccan sahara The Sahara Desert & Laayoune ELM1
Half day
INCLUDED
Leave the port of El Marsa by road and head for the town of Laayoune in the desert region south of Morocco’s Anti Atlas Mountains. Archaeological evidence suggests Laayoune was occupied in prehistoric times but the town itself was built by the Spanish in the 1930s as capital of its Saharan possessions. Laayoune’s most interesting facet is its quirkiness: you can visit the colonial Spanish church where many UN workers now meet to worship, or spend an afternoon chatting with locals over a cup of mint tea. Your tour
will include the massive main square at Place du Mechouar and the aviary at Colline des Oiseaux. There will also be time to shop for malhafas, the colourful sari-like garments worn by Sahrawi women, visit the Spanish Church, and see the works on sale at the craft complex. You will also visit the Souk Djemal, a bustling market area (everything useful is sold here) with a peculiar architectural style including buildings with eggshell-domed roofs that are designed to keep the houses cool in summer. .
37
FALMOUTH ENGLAND The Eden Project FAL1
Full day
INCLUDED*
Departing from the pier at Falmouth, your route takes you through Cornwall's city of Truro, offering a view of the three-spired cathedral, then cross the peaceful countryside of small villages, granite farmhouses and hedged fields before arriving at Eden. On arrival at the Eden Project, near St Austell, you will have approximately three hours to visit this dramatic global garden at your leisure. The Eden Project opened in April 2001 and is the world's largest global garden. The effect is breathtaking: a cultural melting pot of global plants, both wild and cultivated, are housed in a glass dome large enough to fully enclose the Tower of London in its 60 meter deep crater. The Garden of Eden contains plants and trees ranging from the Amazon to West Africa to
38
Malaysia and is the only one of its kind anywhere in the world. As well as the outdoor landscape, there is a chance to visit the biomes – giant conservatories with cathedral-like qualities. The Humid Tropics Biome allows you to experience the sights, smells, and sheer scale of the rainforest in the world’s largest conservatory, whilst the Warm Temperate Biome showcases the world from the Mediterranean to South Africa and California, demonstrating how the plants thrive on drought and poor thin soils. Learn about the inter-relationship between men and plants throughout history and marvel at the interesting displays and retail outlets. Following a day indulging the senses re-board your motorcoach for the journey back to the pier.
FALMOUTH
St Michael’s Mount FAL2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Transfer from the ship to Marazion before arriving at St Michael’s Mount, a place described as the jewel in Cornwall’s crown. Separated from the mainland by a causeway covered by sea at high water, St Michael's Mount beats to a pace of life ruled by weather and tides. Follow in the footsteps of pilgrims over the ages who have looked out over the rocky ledge on the western side of the island. It was here, according to legend, a vision of the Archangel St Michael appeared to some fishermen in the year 495. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the invaders were struck by the similarity of the mount to their own Mont St Michel off the Normandy coastline, whose monks were invited to build a smaller abbey here in Cornwall. During Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries, St Michael’s
Mount was turned into a coastline defence to protect England from feared French invasion. In 1659, the Mount was purchased by Sir John St Aubyn whose descendants turned the fortress into a magnificent residence and still reside in this ancestral home today. Enjoy a guided tour of the Castle on St Michael’s Mount followed by some free time to take photographs and soak up the scenery. There are also some wonderful shops around the harbour area – the perfect place to buy a memento of your day. Cross back over to Marazion and spend some free time in this tranquil, beautiful coastal town. Enjoy stunning views towards the Lizard Peninsula as you marvel at its clean, sandy beaches before re-boarding your coach for the return journey back to Falmouth.
* Note: In Falmouth, you have a choice of included excursion (either FAL1 or FAL2). 39
FEZ
FEZ MOROCCO Fez City Highlights FEZ1
Half day
INCLUDED
The walled city of Fez is at the heart of Moroccan cultural life and is famous for being the home to the world’s oldest university, the Qarawiyyin university. Fez, the medieval capital of Morocco, was founded by Idris I in 789 and was a great city of high Islamic civilisation. Fez has the best-preserved old city in the Arab world, the sprawling, labyrinthine medina of Fes el-Bali, and the impressive souks have been declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site. The tour of Fez explores both the old and new medinas including visits to one of the 14thcentury religious schools (medrasas), either Bou Inania or Attarine. Other highlights include the imposing gate of Bab Boujloud, the splendid fountain at Place Nejjarine, the ancient ramparts, and the beautiful front entrance of the Royal Palace.
VISIT
ROMAN VOLUBILIS MOROCCO
En route from Fez to Tangier you will visit the ancient Roman city of Volubilis. Founded in the 3rd century BC, Volubilis was the capital of Roman Morocco and became an important outpost of the Roman Empire. It was graced with many fine buildings and extensive remains of these survive including the triumphal arch, basilica and approximately 30 mosaic floors dating from around 25BC. Volubilis is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a large Roman colonial town on the fringes of the empire and the archaeological remains of several civilisations can be found here.
40
FUNCHAL madEira Scenic Drive & Wine Tasting
Madeira’s Botanical Gardens
Half day
INCLUDED
Madeira’s dramatic scenery and botanical treasures are true wonders and have inspired many visitors to the island. Those moved to describe the island’s charms include H N Coleridge, nephew of the poet, who wrote in 1825: “I should think the situation of Madeira the most enviable on the whole earth. It ensures every European comfort with almost every tropical luxury.” A tour of the island will help you appreciate this “enviable” situation. Head from the port to Cabo Girão, the second highest sea cliff in the world, where the rugged coastline and spectacular views are breathtaking. Continue to the quaint fishing village of Camara de Lobos where Sir Winston Churchill spent many of his days painting and where you will take a guided walk through the picturesque streets. On the way back to Funchal you will stop at Pico dos Barcelos to enjoy the fantastic views over Funchal and the villages scattered over the surrounding hills of this beautiful island. Before returning to our cruise ship, you will have the opportunity to enjoy a tasting of the various types of the renowned Madeiran product as well as more recent Madeira wines at the Old Blandy Wine Lodge.
Half day
OPTIONAL $28pp
This tour is a must for any gardener or lover of the natural beauty of plants and flowers. From the pier, you will head to the Madeira Botanical Gardens, famous for its rich and endemic flora. The 'Madeira Botanical Gardens' have become Madeira Island's most treasured and certainly most famous tourist attraction. Within an area of 80,000 square metres you will encounter a truly fascinating collection of more than 2,500 plant species. From the gardens you can also enjoy wonderful views over the city. After your visit, you'll travel into the heart of Funchal's old town for a guided walking tour through the quaint narrow streets to your next stop: the traditional Mercado dos Lavradores. Built in the 1930’s, in a gracious combination of art deco and modernism, the Lavradores Market offers the very best of the Island: the freshest and exotic fruits, vegetables, luxurious flowers and plants of this “Atlantic Garden”, as the Madeira Island is often called. At the fish market, the scabbard fish and huge tuna on display beside more common types of fish are a great attraction. Other features of the Market are the living tradition and folklore, a place where one can still find the sellers wearing traditional Madeira costumes, filled with vivid colours and a genuine sense of fun. Your final stop will be in an embroidery factory that produces some of Madeira's famous hand-stitched embroidery. While here, you will be able to observe how this authentic embroidery is designed, printed and then carefully stitched by hand.
41
GYTHION GREECE The Last Byzantine Stronghold GYT1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Not much remains of Sparta, the ancient Greek city-state devoted to warrior culture, which we pass en route to the glorious array of Byzantine monuments in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Mystras. The Spartans cultivated disciplined soldiers and were so confident in their valour that they erected no city walls until the 4th century BC. The long war between Sparta and Athens has been the focus of many historical works, most notably Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. This conflict culminated in a Spartan victory in 404BC, but the triumph was short lived. Another power, Thebes, defeated Sparta in 371BC and the city never regained its power. Continue to nearby Mystras, once called the “wonder of Morea”. This museum town was originally built around a fortress erected in 1249 by the Prince of Achaia.
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It was reconquered by the Byzantines who established it as a centre of art and learning in the 14th and 15th centuries and was then occupied by the Turks and Venetians, until it was abandoned in 1832 leaving breathtaking remnants of a medieval past in a beautiful setting on the slopes of Mount Taygetos. This haunting place includes a 13th-century Crusader fortress, a despot’s palace and splendid churches. Drive to the peak of the city for a splendid view of Sparta and then descend to explore the lower town on foot. The more energetic may choose to climb to the summit for yet more outstanding views. Those who prefer a less strenuous experience can seek out the frescoes in the Byzantine churches, notably Agios Dimitrios and the Pantanassa.
GYTHION
Half day
INCLUDED*
Board small fishing boats to sail into Diros Cave and explore the narrow passageways of this prehistoric dwelling place on the Gulf of Laconia. Finds here suggest the existence of a sizeable prehistoric settlement with a plentiful supply of water. In the late Neolithic period (4000 to 3000BC), these caves were used as a dwelling, workshop, cemetery and place of worship. Complete unburied human skeletons were found, suggesting that at the beginning of the Bronze Age, a severe earthquake blocked the entrance with large boulders so the cave's inhabitants were walled up and died of starvation. The entrance remained sealed for some 4,500 years until discovered in 1958 by speleologists Ionnis and Anna Petrocheilos, then systematically excavated by George
Papathanasopoulos, Ephor of Antiquities for the Greek Ministry of Culture. You'll find yourself surrounded by stalactites and stalagmites as your small fishing boat navigates the mouth of the cave. Several chambers opening off the central cave are accessible by boat or foot through a maze of corridors, and each has a name referring to its shape, such as Alepotrypa (foxhole). Along with skeletons, other finds included weapons, stone and bone tools, Neolithic pottery and rock paintings. Following your visit you'll have time for pictures before returning to the port of Gythion, once used by the Spartans who enlarged the harbour so they could use this port as a naval base. Note: Cannot be operated in bad weather – please check with our on-board team.
* Note: In Gythion, you have a choice of included excursion (either GYT1 or GYT2). 43
HERAKLION
The Palace of Knossos HER1
Half day
INCLUDED
Even without the tales of a bloodthirsty Minotaur, this magnificent palace complex with its flamboyant decoration, courts, audience chambers and residential areas is an impressive and inspiring site. Constructed around 1900BC, it was the administrative and religious centre of the Minoan kingdom. Here King Minos held court and – so mythology holds – his wife gave birth to a half-man, half-bull creature that lurked in the palace’s labyrinth. This fearsome beast was appeased only by human sacrifices. An earthquake destroyed the original complex; it was then rebuilt on an even grander scale, only to be destroyed again by the massive volcanic eruption on Santorini around 1500BC. Though periodically excavated by Greek archaeologists in the late 19th century, credit for the full excavation and restoration is given to amateur Victorian archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. Roundly criticised for occasional missteps in restoration, Sir Arthur poured his fortune into the effort and did a remarkable job for the time period. Knossos today, at least, allows the visitor to visualise the palace as it once was and understand its intricacies. The guided tour will take you through this legend-rich, entrancing complex that sprawled across five acres, where everything from the throne room to royal living quarters is reconstructed with meticulous care. On our return to Heraklion, we will visit the Heraklion Archaeological Museum, one of the greatest museums in Greece and the best in the world for Minoan art, as it contains the most notable and complete collection of artifacts of the Minoan civilisation of Crete.
44
Full day
INCLUDED*
Leave the port of Honfleur by road for the town of Bayeux. Fortunately, despite being the first town to be liberated following the Normandy landings in World War II, Bayeux survived the conflict virtually unscathed and these days, it’s a great spot to soak up the gentle Norman atmosphere. The delightful city centre is crammed with 13th- to 18th-century buildings, many of them half-timbered, and a fine Gothic cathedral. It is also, of course, home to the worldfamous Bayeux Tapestry. This depicts the dramatic story of the Normans’ conquest of England in 1066 on 58 panels presented like a modern-day comic strip with scenes depicting all the action of the invasion. The origin of the 225-foot tapestry remains obscure, but has sometimes been attributed to Queen Mathilda and is said to have been commissioned by Bishop Odo of Bayeux,
William’s half-brother, for the opening of Bayeux’ cathedral in 1077. After visiting the Tapestry Museum, drive to Arromanches for lunch in a seaside restaurant before continuing on to the D-Day Landing Museum. The beaches of Normandy and the events of June 6, 1944 will never be forgotten and in the museum you will find fitting tributes to, and excellent exhibitions of, the heroism and courage shown that day. The Allied invasion was the largest military armada ever assembled and the stories from what was codenamed Operation Overlord will never cease to move and astound us. You will also visit the remains of the Mulberry, the vast artificial floating harbour that the Allies deployed for D-Day and also stop at the legendary Pegasus Bridge that was captured by British airborne troops in the opening minutes of the campaign.
* Note: In Honfleur, you have a choice of included excursion (either HON1, HON2 or HON3).
45
Full day
INCLUDED*
From the port of Honfleur you head for Caen, the scene of heavy fighting following the Allied landings in Normandy and one of the main objectives of the invasion’s first phase. Here you will visit the Memorial Museum dedicated to the memory of those who lost their lives in the landings and in the Battle of Caen. The museum was officially opened on 6 June 1988 (the 44th anniversary of D-Day) by the French President Francois Mitterand. The original building deals primarily with World War II, looking at the causes and course of the conflict. The museum was subsequently extended to include a gallery dedicated to the Nobel Peace Prize, and three memorial gardens – the American Garden, the British Garden and the Canadian Garden – were dedicated to the three main allied nations involved in liberating France.
46
After this, drive to Gold Beach where the British 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, commanded by Major-General D.A.H. Graham, with naval artillery support, landed on D-Day. The 8th Armoured Brigade provided armour support. Here you will also see the remains of Mulberry, the artificial port that was one of the most extraordinary industrial and tactical achievements of the whole war. After this, travel to Arromanches for lunch at a seaside restaurant before heading to Longues-sur-Mer where you can explore the remains of a part of Hitler’s imposing and terrifying Atlantic Wall. These vast fortifications were designed to prevent an Allied landing on continental Europe: fortunately, they failed.
HONFLEUR
Half day
INCLUDED*
Leave Honfleur pier and drive to the city centre. The history of Honfleur has always been tightly bound up with the sea. Today, Honfleur offers visitors a unique heritage, which can be best glimpsed by strolling along the picturesque narrow streets lined by timber framed houses. The walking tour of the city includes the St Catherine’s Church built in wood in the 15th century and its bell tower, the seventeenthcentury Salt Warehouses, the Lieutenancy, residence of the former governor of the city, and the Old Port with picturesque quaysides. You then leave Honfleur and drive to Deauville.
The “Planches”, a wooden plank promenade that runs the length of the beach, is the special characteristic of this famous sea resort. With its race course, international film festival, villas, Grand Casino and sumptuous hotels, Deauville is regarded as the "queen of the Norman beaches" and one of the most prestigious resorts in all of France. Indeed, elegant buildings such as the Pompeian Baths and the Bar du Soleil have been the haunt of celebrities for years. In Deauville, you will have an orientation tour of this delightful spot and have time at your leisure before driving back to Honfleur.
47
ISTANBUL
*Important Notice: The sightseeing programme shown here is for passengers who have a pre- or post-cruise 48
hotel stay in Istanbul. Passengers on cruises where Istanbul is a mid-cruise port of call will have a full sightseeing programme which will include Hagia Sophia, Topkapi Palace, the Blue Mosque. Grand Bazaar and Underground Cisterns, and lunch will be provided at an outside restaurant.
ISTANBUL
ISTANBUL TURKEY (Hotel Stay) Hagia Sophia & Blue Mosque IST1
Half day
Topkapi Palace & Grand Bazaar INCLUDED*
Byzantium. Constantinople. Istanbul. With its strategic location between the Balkans and Anatolia, as well as the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Istanbul has long been at the centre of things. On today's sightseeing tour visit Hagia Sophia, the 6th century cathedral that is this city's most important Byzantine monument, then wander the grounds of the lavish Topkapi Palace, once seat of the Ottoman Empire. Start with a drive to Hagia Sophia. In 325, Emperor Constantine erected the original basilica, Santa Sophia, which was rebuilt many times in the centuries to come. In 1934, Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish Republic, converted the church to a museum. Today this monument dazzles with its magnificent mosaics and frescoes, as well as its immense dome. Your tour continues with a drive to the old city to visit the mosque of Sultan Ahmet, considered the last great mosque from the classical period of the Ottoman Empire. The traditional Islamic architecture is massive with cascading domes and mini domes surrounded by slender minarets. While the exterior is splendid, this venerated site is renowned for its interior, which features more than 20,000 handcrafted Iznik tiles in shades of blue and a magnificently carved marble mihrab.
IST2
Half day
INCLUDED*
The spiritual and worldly come together on this sightseeing tour that visits Topkapi Palace with its extraordinary tile interior, then explores the iconic Grand Bazaar. Topkapi Palace, served as the imperial residence of the Ottoman Sultans for almost 400 years. The lavish 143-acre complex overlooks the Bosphorus with such amenities as courts, fountains, gardens and harem rooms. Admire the treasures of sultans, including the 86-carat Spoonmaker Diamond, the Emerald Dagger, and one of the world's richest collections of delicate Japanese and Chinese porcelain. Next turn your attention to more earthly matters at the Grand Bazaar, one of the largest covered markets in the world with 60 streets and 5,000 shops. Into this maze of barrel vaults and skylights come some 250,000 to 400,000 visitors daily seeking jewelry, ceramics, carpets, embroideries, spices or perhaps just a cup of green apple tea. Sit at one of the cafes and watch the crowds pass by. Indulge in the art of bargaining for a souvenir, one of the best ways to capture the romance of old Istanbul.
Note: Combination of sites will vary according to day of operation and on May 1st (Labor Day holiday in Turkey). Hagia Sophia is closed on Mondays; Topkapi Palace is closed on Tuesdays. 49
ISTANBUL
ISTANBUL TURKEY (Hotel Stay) Underground Cistern and Archaeological Museums IST3
Half day
INCLUDED*
Trace the path of Anatolian civilization at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, where an inviting array of exhibits includes the world's first legal code, first love poem and first peace treaty, along with artifacts culled from sites such as Ephesus and Troy. In addition, visit the Underground Cistern, a basilica-sized Byzantine monument that was part of this city's ancient waterworks. Start with a drive to Gulhane Park to visit the Archaeological Museums, a 3-building complex. The museum's main faรงade is inspired by two of its prized sarcophagi: Alexander and the Mourning Woman, tombs from the necropolis of Sidon. Other exhibits include the giant chain Constantine IX pulled across the entrance to the Golden Horn to thwart naval invaders. See tablets inscribed with the Code of Hammurabi, a Babylonian
50
love poem from the 8th century BC, and the world's first peace agreement, the Kadesh Treaty between the Egyptians and Hittites. A second building is dedicated to the Ancient Orient with Sumerian, Hittite and pre-Islamic collections. The third building is the Tiled Pavilion of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, built in 1492, with a wealth of Seljuk and Ottoman ceramics, as well as exquisite Iznik tiles. From the museum, take a short walk to the Underground Cistern, built by Justinian I in 532 after the bloody Nika Revolt, which was sparked by rioting factions of chariot racing fans. With its 336 Corinthian and Doric columns rising out of water, carved heads of Medusa and haunting sounds of dripping, the cistern encapsulates the mystery and historical fascination of this great city.
ITHACA
21/2 hours
OPTIONAL $45pp
Enjoy an afternoon sail on the Bosphorus, the winding waterway that separates two continents, Asia and Europe. Aboard a private boat, relax and take in the unfolding scenery that most visitors to this iconic city never explore. Picturesque seaside mansions, small fishing villages, hilltop lighthouses and an Ottoman fortress are just a few of the sites to be seen on this leisurely trip offering an unforgettable memory of your time in exotic Istanbul.
ITHACA
GREEK ISLANDS
EXPLORE ON YOUR OWN
Homer tells us Odysseus set out from this this small Ionian island for the Trojan War, and returned 10 years later to be faced with another battle: his wife, Penelope, circled by a pack of encroaching suitors. Delightfully, he went unrecognised by all but his aged dog and nurse, and easily won back his wife in a bow-and-arrow contest, then slaughtered all the interlopers. Of course, Ithaca has plenty beside legend to enjoy during your free time here. Vathy, the capital and port, is an attractive place with red-domed churches and brown-roofed houses rebuilt in the traditional style after a 1953 earthquake. The surrounding green hills are the site of the first settlement, which dates as far back as 4000BC. In Mycenaean times, the island was the capital of a kingdom that included neighbouring islands, and the culture of that time is represented in the town's Archaeological Museum. There is little development on the island and the countryside is lovely to explore. Tiny villages mingle with pebble beaches and such Homeric landmarks as the Arethusa Fountain, the Grotto of Nymphs and the Palace of Odysseus. 51
IZMIR
IZMIR TURKEY Pergamon: Acropolis & Asclepion
Ancient Ephesus IZM1
Half day
INCLUDED
The cosmopolitan city of Ephesus was, in its heyday, on a par with Athens and Rome. Once home to over 250,000 people, this site affords ancient snapshots of daily lives of the Greeks, and their conquerors, the Romans. The seaside port that fueled the city’s prosperity in antiquity has silted up, leaving the grand sites frozen in time in a state of remarkable preservation. Over the centuries, Ephesus was a sacred centre to Artemis, a Roman stronghold, and later, a centre of Christianity. There is evidence that St Paul, St John and the Virgin Mary were in this city, along with a cast of characters that includes Croesus, General Lysimachus and those famous lovers, Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Highlights of your walking tour include the Library of Celsus with its splendid columned façade, the Grand Theatre where St Paul once preached his sermons, the terraced houses and the Temple of Hadrian. Few places bring antiquity so vividly to life.
IZM2
Full day
INCLUDED
Ride a cable car to the spectacular hill-top capital of Pergamon and visit the city's ancient healing centre on this adventure. Pergamon rose to power as a Greek kingdom in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, but was earlier ruled by Lydians and Persians before falling to Alexander the Great in 334BC. He was followed by his general Lysimachus and a line-up that included the eunuch Philatairos, founder of the Attalid Dynasty; Eumenes, whose great library caused Egypt to withhold papyrus and Pergamon to invent parchment; and King Atallus III, who bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Empire in 133BC. One look at the unassailable site reveals how the city got its name: from the Greek word for citadel. Pass through the Royal Gate to explore the noted library, the 10,000-seat theatre carved into the steep slopes, and the dramatic Temple of Trajan overlooking the Selinus River below. See the base of a monumental Altar of Zeus (German archaeologists carted the entire top back to Berlin's Pergamonmuseum). Also see a shrine to Dionysus, a sanctuary of Demeter, the gymnasium and Agora. Next, tour what may be the world's first full-service health clinic: the Asclepion. Pergamon's rehabilitation centre is named after the god of health, and was a site of pilgrimage for centuries, entered by a sacred road lined with columns. A sacred spring fed pools that were the basis for various water therapies. The Asclepion had latrines, a library, a theatre, and treatments that included honey cures, a psychotherapy tunnel and dream interpretation.
52
KATAKOLON GREECE Ancient Olympia KAT1
Half day
INCLUDED
The small fishing village of Katakolon is approximately an hour from the mystical site of Ancient Olympia, sacred ground to the people of the Peloponnese Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Olympia is most familiar as the site where the first Olympic Games were held in 776BC in honour of Olympian Zeus. The origin of the word Olympic comes from the ancient Greek Olympiad – meaning every four years. The setting could not be more idyllic: prominently located in the middle of a fertile valley with the rivers of Alfeios and Kladhios flowing past. The site was a religious sanctuary even before the Stadium was built and the games took place in the sacred area called Altis. The most imposing monument in the area was the outstanding Temple of Zeus housing the gold-and-ivory statue of Zeus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The Temple of Hera, the Prytaneion, and the Philippeion were also monuments standing in the sacred grove. The famous Stadium, the largest of its day with a capacity of 45,000 spectators, was entered through a long, tunnel-like passage, constructed in Roman times. The stadium was restored in 2004 for the historic return of the modern Olympics to Athens. After your exploration of the famous grounds, visit the archaeological museum which is a short 5-minute walk from the site. Among the great finds of the area that are displayed are the Head of Hera and ornaments from the Temple of Zeus, the famous statue of Hermes created by Praxiteles and the helmet of Miltiades, the Athenian general during Athens' 'Golden Age'.
53
Half day
INCLUDED
Visit the city founded by (and named after) Philip of Macedonia in 356BC, confront antiquity at every turn of its extraordinary archaeological site, and, in addition, visit the stream where St Paul's first European convert to Christianity was baptised. Today's adventure starts from Kavala, once the ancient port of Philippi, where a castle overlooks the bustling harbour. The drive to Philippi is only a short distance, but it takes you a long way back in time. The site is at the foot of Mount Pangeon on the border of a marsh that once covered the entire plain. History whispers at every turn. Thucydides was exiled here. When the city was a Roman colony, Julius Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius, met their deaths at the Battle of Philippi. Saint Paul visited several
54
times and wrote a letter thanking the citizens for their support while he was in jail. Tour the main archaeological site to see the extensive ruins, which include a large Roman forum, sacred gates, baths, wrestling rings and even a public latrine with marble seats. Other sights include the reputed "jail" of St Paul, a theatre from the classical period and two Byzantine basilicas. These testify to the town's transition to a Christian headquarters. On your return to the ship, stop at the stream where St Paul's first European convert, a merchant-woman named Lydia, was christened along with the rest of her household. The site is marked by a Greek Orthodox basilica. From here it's a short drive back to the ship. Time permitting you may chose to remain in town and return to the ship at leisure.
KUSADASI
Half day
INCLUDED*
The cosmopolitan city of Ephesus – just 45 minutes from Kusadasi – was, in its heyday, on a par with Athens and Rome. Once home to over 250,000 people, this site affords ancient snapshots of daily lives of the Greeks, and their conquerors, the Romans. The seaside port that fueled the city’s prosperity in antiquity has silted up, leaving the grand sites frozen in time in a state of remarkable preservation. Over the centuries, Ephesus was a sacred centre to Artemis, a Roman stronghold, and later, a centre of Christianity. There is evidence that St Paul, St John and the Virgin Mary were in this city, along with a cast of characters that includes Croesus, General Lysimachus and those famous lovers, Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Highlights of your walking tour include the Library of Celsus with its splendid columned façade, the Grand Theatre where St Paul once preached his sermons, the terraced houses and the Temple of Hadrian. Few places bring antiquity so vividly to life.
KUS2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Stand in the great theatre at Miletus where St Paul once preached, then visit the majestic Temple of Apollo at Didyma, an oracle that rivalled Delphi. This excursion into antiquity starts with a drive to Miletus, once a great commercial port at the mouth of the Meander River until the harbour silted up. Native sons include Thales, who predicted an eclipse in 585BC, the mathematician, Anaximenes, and the philosopher, Anaximander. The 15,000-seat theatre is one of the oldest in Anatolia, built by the Greeks and enlarged by the Romans. The Apostle Paul summoned the Ephesian elders here to deliver a powerful message that still echoes amid the quiet of this remote site. Continue to Didyma, meaning "twin." In Greek mythology this is the site where Zeus, in the form of a giant swan, fathered Apollo and Artemis. Didyma was the centre for the cult of Apollo, the god of divination. His colossal temple is larger than a football field and has 128 finely decorated columns. Apollo's temple was once connected to his twins in Miletus via a Sacred Way lined with lions, sphinxes and statues. His oracle was consulted for nearly 500 years until Christianity ended the practice.
* Note: In Kusadasi, you have a choice of included excursion (either KUS1 or KUS2). 55
KUSADASI
Full day
INCLUDED†
Two and a half times the size of Pompeii, Aphrodisias is named after the Greek goddess of love and could be said to rival Ephesus in a claim to be “the most well-preserved ancient site in the world”. Aphrodisias sprang up around one of the finest marble quarries in antiquity, and was the centre for Greek and Hellenistic sculpture for nearly seven centuries. Monuments include a magnificent theatre, vast stadium and the remains of a great temple. Ongoing excavations reveal superb sculptures each year – more than any other classical site in the Mediterranean. Additionally, because of the remote setting in the hills surrounding the valley of the Meander, the site is relatively free of tourists and utterly unspoilt. After an enticing local lunch of Turkish delights, sit back, relax and enjoy the drive back to Kusadasi. † Included only on March 31st call.
56
LA CORUNA SPAIN Santiago de Compostela
A Taste of La Coruna
LAC1
Full day
INCLUDED*
Leave La Coruna by road for Santiago de Compostela, one of the most important places in Catholicism, because it is reputed to be the place where St James, one of the twelve Apostles of Christ, is buried. On arrival, enjoy a guided tour of Obradoiro Square. Named after the workmen who built the Cathedral, this square sits in front of the main entrance of the Cathedral on its northern façade. Facing the Cathedral is the Palacio de Rajoy that was built in the eighteenth century to house the choirboys and a seminary for priests. It was later used as a prison and is now the Town Hall. Facing the Cathedral is the Hostal dos Reis Catolicos that was built as a hospital for pilgrims during the reign of the Catholic kings in the XV century and today is one of the most beautiful buildings combining different styles such as Renaissance, Gothic and Baroque. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela has been a place of pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the early Middle Ages. What we see today is actually the fourth church to stand on this spot. The lavish baroque façade facing Praza do Obradoiro was erected in the 18th century, replacing the weather-damaged Romanesque one. This is the cathedral's main entrance, but owing to repair work on the towers and interior, it's likely to be closed until about 2021. In the meantime, most people enter through the south door on Praza das Praterias.
Half day
INCLUDED*
Settled in Roman times, La Coruna grew into an important port that saw off the attentions of Sir Francis Drake in the sixteenth century and went on to be the gateway through which thousands of Galicians travelled on their way to a new life in America. Begin with a visit to the Town Hall in the Plaza Maria Pita. La Coruna's main plaza takes its name from the town's heroine, Maria Pita who came to fame as a result of her role in Sir Francis Drake's attack in 1589. Continue on foot to visit the old part of the city, which contains most of the city’s historical monuments. Then drive along La Coruna’s waterfront boulevard, and visit the Archaeological Museum located at the Castle of San Anton. Close by is the Tower of Hercules, an ancient Roman Lighthouse, almost 1,900-years-old and standing 185 feet (57 meters) high. The Tower of Hercules is unique as it is the only lighthouse of Greco-Roman antiquity to have retained a measure of structural integrity and functional continuity and it still remains working nowadays. Finally, enjoy an appetiser or a drink in La Coruna before returning to the pier.
* Note: In La Coruna, you have a choice of included excursion (either LAC1 or LAC2). 57
LANZAROTE
LANZAROTE CANARY ISLANDS Exploring Lanzarote’s Natural World
Northern Lanzarote
Half day
INCLUDED*
This trip takes you deep into the National Park Timanfaya to the famous Fire Mountains of Lanzarote. The unique landscape and amazing geological features have made Timanfaya one of the most important national parks in Spain. The absence of wildlife creates an apparent calm and silence. It is hard to imagine how a volcanic eruption would be like, but the land is still bubbling beneath the surface and you will be amazed by the craters and the active volcanoes. During the tour you will enjoy the recorded testimony from a well-known priest from Yaiza who lived through an eruption that affected a great part of the south of the island. This volcanic event occurred on September 1st, 1730 and is known locally as the “Big Bang”. After admiring this astonishing natural beauty you will have the opportunity to appreciate the coastline of Los Hervideros. At this tiny inlet the lava from the eruption flowed down to the sea and, as it cooled, it created some strange shapes. The journey back to the pier passes by the beautiful vineyards of La Geria area, where of course you will have the chance to taste typical Lanzarote wine. This wine producing area is a few miles inland; the wall of volcanic rock divide the apparently barren field but, within these walls, the wine flourish under a layer of Picon (porous lava granules which absorb the dew at night and provide constant moisture to the plants).
58
Half day
INCLUDED*
Lanzarote is different, not only compared to the other Canary islands, but to everything else on this planet. On this tour you will visit Haria with its gorgeous views over the valley of 1,000 palm trees: a green oasis in the midst of Lanzarote's arid landscape. Afterwards you will travel to the village of Maguez where the Volcan de La Corona (Volcano of the Crown) rises up before you. Continuing with the tour you will reach the town of Ye with the Mirador Del Rio. It stands 479 metres high up on the top of the Famara Massive allowing for a magnificent view of the small group of islands and islets to the north of Lanzarote, known as the "Archipielago Chinijo" (The Tiny Archipielago). Then on to the “Jameos del Agua” cave, the last stop on the route. This remarkable space is the result of volcanic activity and was decorated by the famous artist Cesar Manrique. The journey back passes by the wood loose cultivating lands near the villages of Mala and Guatiza.
* Note: In Lanzarote, you have a choice of included excursion (either LAN1 or LAN2).
LA PALMA
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Caldera de Taburiente INCLUDED*
Half day
INCLUDED*
La Palma is one of the most verdant of the Canary Islands, offering the opportunity to experience truly unspoiled nature. From the lush forests in the north to the desert landscapes of the south and the serene pine forests of the Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente, La Palma is a naturalists dream. From the port of Santa Cruz you will head to the village of El Paso which is situated in the Parque Nacional and surrounded by the mountains that form the Caldera de Taburiente.
It is but a short drive to reach the Santuario Virgen de Las Nieves, the Patron Saint of the island. This 17th-century church sits in a tranquil spot surrounded by trees and gardens. Inside is a fabulously ornate interior with myriad sculptures, crystal chandeliers and the Virgin Mary surrounded by a glittering altar. This 14th-century statue is the island’s oldest religious relic and every five years it features in a grand procession through Santa Cruz.
The city of El Paso is situated on the mountain road connecting Los Llanos and Tazacorte with the capital and it is from this that it gets its name (El Paso or the pass). It belonged to the jurisdiction of the Valle de Aridane until 1837 when it got its independence. El Paso was given the official title of villa in 1878 and of city in 1910. Before leaving El Paso we will visit the Silk Museum. Not far from El Paso is our next stop: La Glorieta Square, a mosaic designed by the local artist Luis Morera, and built after Gaudi’s Park Güell in Barcelona. The stunning design depicts the flora and fauna of La Palma.
From here the journey will take you to the viewpoint known as the Mirador de la Cumbrecita. From there you will be astonished by the amazing views over the Caldera de Taburiente, a huge crater 8km in diameter with a circumference of almost 20km, which is one of the oldest National Parks in Spain. You will enjoy a guided walking tour (approx. one hour in duration) around the crater edge. Before returning to the pier you will call at the viewpoint of La Concepcion to appreciate the amazing views over La Palma and its harbour.
In the small town of Fuencaliente you can enjoy some free time before returning to the ship. Here you will find some cafes and bars as well as an interesting 18th century church.
* Note: In La Palma, you have a choice of included excursion (either LAP1 or LAP2).
59
LA ROCHELLE FRANCE La Rochelle Highlights and Cognac
Chateau de la Roche Courbon
LAR1
Half day
INCLUDED
Arriving in La Rochelle, start your panoramic city tour and see the Old Harbour with the Two Towers at its entrance. These were built to protect the harbour in times of war when an enormous chain was raised between the two 14th-century stone towers at the harbour entrance. Begin the walking tour at Saint-Sauveur Church close to the old harbour. The tour will explore La Rochelle’s mercantile and military past. This history is reflected in the city’s narrow streets paved with ancient stone slabs, vaulted passages, arcades and porches. During the tour there will also be time to browse La Rochelle’s morning market before heading out of the city by coach to the Chateau de La Peraudière. Owned by the Normandin Mercier family, the Chateau was established in 1872 by Jules Normandin, a Cognac brandy broker and landowner. The site Jules chose for his Cognac business was perfect as it is not only close to La Rochelle, which was the major export harbour for Cognac, but also has the ideal climatic conditions for producing the spirit. You will visit the cellars and have a tasting of Cognac and Pineau des Charentes, a fortified wine made from lightly fermented grape must and Cognac.
Half day
OPTIONAL $75pp
A castle was built here in around 1475 by Jehan de Latour, on a site that had been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the 17th century, the Courbon family, which had occupied the castle for two centuries, transformed it into a more comfortable residence. More alterations were made in the 18th century, but it was eventually sold in 1817 and then abandoned. It was purchased in 1920 by Paul Chenereau, who restored the chateau and its gardens. The chateau is still owned and inhabited by his descendants. Built in the 15th century, upon a rocky outcrop in the midst of marshland, the original castle was transformed into an elegant residence by Jean-Louis de Courbon, during the 17th century. As the marquis would not flee during the French Revolution, the chateau was not sold. His daughter Charlotte married an aide-de-camp of Napoleon. Because upkeep was so expensive, however, the chateau became abandoned during the following hundred years. The chateau has a Garden à la française, redone in 1936-1939, featuring a terrace with an Italian gallery, a monumental stairway, a parterre with four compartments and statues. The gardens include an orchard, flower garden, geometrical flower beds and lawns surrounding a small lake ('mirror pool'). The River Bruant flows through the gardens, feeding the water features. Beyond that, an ornamental staircase leads to higher ground, on the far side of the river. In the grounds are some Stone Age cave dwellings in woodland close by the River Bruant. Prehistoric finds from the site are housed in the 'keep' museum.
60
LIMASSOL CYPRUS Ancient Kourion LIM1
Half day
INCLUDED
Although five earthquakes shook the thriving city kingdom of Kourion during the 7th century BC, it took a tsunami – created by the last earthquake – to deliver the final blow. Today, visit this remarkable GrecoRoman city founded by Mycenaean Greeks and a major cultural centre of its time. The setting is superb, perched atop a hill just outside the modern city of Limassol with breathtaking views of cultivated lands stretching to the Mediterranean. A highlight is the fully restored Roman theatre, built in the 2nd century BC. Once two thousand spectators watched gladiators in this arena, today the site's wonderful acoustics and stunning sea views make it ideal for musical performances. Also tour the House of Eustolios with its beautiful 5thcentury mosaic floors, colonnaded courtyard
and unique baths. Continue to the romantic remains of the Sanctuary of Apollo, a 7thcentury shrine to the sun god that features stunning Corinthian columns. The stadium nearby was a venue for such Greek sports as wrestling, and you can still see the urns that provided water to the athletes. En route to Kourion, enjoy a short photo stop at the 13th-century Colossi Castle, a fine example of Crusader architecture. An opening above the entrance gate served as ornamentation and also allowed the castle occupants to pour boiling oil or tar over unwanted entrants. Besides being the bestpreserved medieval castle on Cyprus, the site is where Coummandaria, the island's famous sweet dessert wine, was first produced over 800 years ago.
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LISBON PORTUGAL Lisbon City Tour LIS1
Half day
INCLUDED
Heading towards the west side of Lisbon, you will arrive at the historical Belem Quarter, a pleasant riverside area that has historic links with the 15th-century Portuguese Age of Discovery as it was from here that the Caravels set sail on their voyages to the New World. Belem is also where the most famous Lisbon’s landmarks are located including the Belem Tower, the Discoveries Monument and the Monastery of Jeronimos. Belem’s undisputed heart-stealer is this UNESCO-listed monastery. The mosteiro was commissioned by Manuel I to trumpet Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a sea route to India in 1498 and the great explorer is interred in the church here. Then take a scenic drive from Belem to the city centre passing by the Alfama Quarter,
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Baixa (Downtown), Restauradores, and the fancy Avenida da Liberdade with its highend shops. Stop at Alto do Parque to admire Lisbon from the north and from here you have an astonishing view to the banks of the River Tagus. Afterwards stop at Rossio Square where you can enjoy some free time. Praca do Rossio, or the Rossio Square, is one of the most beautiful places to see in Lisbon. The square, which is located in downtown Lisbon, has been a witness to various historical events in the city, from popular celebrations and revolutions to executions and bullfights. Today, Praca do Rossio is a popular destination both for locals and tourists. Every day, people from different places flock to the square to relax, hang out, and just take in the atmosphere.
LISBON
Cabo da Roca & Sintra LIS2
Half day
OPTIONAL $58pp
The Cabo da Roca is the most western point of mainland Portugal and Continental Europe. The views of the Atlantic from here are remarkable and the point was memorably described by Luis de Cameos, Portugal’s most famous poet, as “where the land ends and the sea begins.” Then on to Sintra, a small village built against the northern slope of the “Serra de Sintra” Mountains. Sintra is well known for its charming narrow roads shrouded in lush greenery, with climbing plants and the semitropical vines trailing from mossy walls and
balconies. Noble houses and palaces with walled gardens and stately courtyards are scattered throughout the forested hills. Due to its position on the mountain, this charming town benefits from a microclimate that bathes it in soft, cool air, and this favourable atmosphere attracted the Portuguese royal family who holidayed here in the eighteenth century. You will have plenty of free time in Sintra, so you can explore on your own the charms of this emblematic village of Portugal, a place that moved Lord Byron to write: “Lo! Cintra’s glorious Eden intervenes, in variegated maze of mount and glen”.
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LIVORNO ITALY Renaissance Florence LIV1
Full day
INCLUDED*
Discover the town that gave birth to the Italian Renaissance and view the period's outpouring of art in the renowned Uffizi Gallery. From the port of Livorno, it is a about an hour and a half drive through the Tuscan hills to Florence where you begin a tour through the history and art of this timeless city. A highlight of the morning is a visit to the Accademia, Europe's first school of drawing, where Michelangelo's colossal statue of David presides over a rich collection of paintings and sculptures. Enjoy a guided walking tour past such landmarks as the 10th-century Ponte Vecchio spanning the River Arno. View the Duomo cathedral flanked by Giotto's Bell Tower. So dense is Florence with monuments, every step reveals new marvels. See the Baptistry, where
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Ghiberti and Donatello competed to design the bronze doors. Admire the Basilica di Santa Croce where Michelangelo and Machiavelli are interred. Pause in Piazza Signoria, in 1497 the site of Fra Savonarola's Bonfire of the Vanities. Then there is free time to relax over lunch on your own. The centrepiece of this tour is an afternoon visit to the world-renowned Uffizi Gallery. The 16th-century palace, built when Cosimo Medici was the First Grand Duke of Tuscany, houses such Renaissance masterpieces as The Annunciation by Leonardo da Vinci, the exquisite Madonnas of Filippo Lippi, and an entire room of Botticellis, including The Birth of Venus. Foreign artists from Rembrandt to Rubens are also represented. Later, savour your impressions on a panoramic drive back to the ship.
LIVORNO
Full day
INCLUDED*
Enchanting Lucca, situated on the banks of the River Serchio, in the northwest corner of Tuscany, endears itself to everyone who visits. Hidden behind imposing Renaissance walls, its cobbled streets, handsome piazzas and shady promenades make it a perfect destination to explore by foot. Always important, this town began life as a Roman colony in 177 BC, and grew in importance to become the provincial capital of Tuscany in the Middle Ages. This fascinating walking tour will begin with a stroll to the Cathedral of San Martino with its Romanesque façade. Its decorated interior is rich in reliefs, fine sculpture and religious artefacts. Then on to the arena and a series of arches that are the remains of the colossal ancient Roman amphitheatre that once graced the centre of town. You will walk through the “Piazza” and find the Church of San Frediano, founded in the 6th century. Its Romanesque
style is a monument to a 12th century restoration project, and its impressive façade features a mosaic depicting Christ and the Apostles. After your tour of Lucca, enjoy some free time for lunch on your own and to explore this picturesque town. Next, continue by road to Pisa, a city internationally famous for its superb and unusual architecture. Unfortunately, most of Pisa was bombed during World War II, but one section miraculously survived intact: the Piazza del Duomo, now known as the Piazza dei Miracoli because of its remarkable escape from destruction. As you approach the Square of Miracles, the city’s most famous symbol, the precarious Leaning Tower, appears before you. Begun in 1174, the tower started to lean when construction reached the third story. Attempts to make the remaining floors slightly higher on the leaning side only made it worse. Legend says that Pisa’s most illustrious son Galileo (born in 1564) conducted his famous experiments on gravity by dropping metal balls from the top of the 187-foot-high tower. Next, visit Pisa’s magnificent Cathedral, a Romanesque basilica of white marble that is renowned for its beautifully carved pulpit and paintings and, on the door facing the tower, the Romanesque panels portraying the life of Christ. Admire its famous pulpit designed by Giovanni Pisano, who decorated it with nine biblical reliefs. Enter the lovely Gothic Baptistry and view its marble font under a conical dome and famous organ, noted for its fine echo. Also admire its pulpit, carved by Giovanni’s father, Nicola Pisano. Then, relax and savour your experience as you return to Livorno.
* Note: In Livorno, you have a choice of included excursion (either LIV1 or LIV2).
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LONDON ENGLAND (HOTEL STAY) Panoramic London LON1
Half day
INCLUDED
From the hustle and bustle of Leicester Square, at the heart of London’s theatre district and the city’s quiet parks with their trees and lakes, to the grandeur of Buckingham Palace and the living history of Westminster Abbey, London’s fascination is its variety. Old and new stand side by side. History, pageantry and tradition mix with the modern, eccentric and avant-garde, offering something for everyone. This leisurely tour is a great way for you to obtain an overall impression of one of the most lively and interesting cities in the world. Our tour itinerary takes us on a circular itinerary around the capital where we view the highlights from the comfort of the coach.
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We see Westminster, Whitehall and St James’s section of London, crossing Westminster Bridge, and passing by the neo-Gothic Parliament buildings presiding over the banks of the River Thames and its adjacent 320-foot clock tower of Big Ben. From Parliament Square, we look across to St Margaret’s Church, scene of society weddings. Standing adjacent is the architectural and masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries – Westminster Abbey. Your guide will point out the main external features of the building and you will be able to take photographs of the outside.
LONDON
Half day
OPTIONAL $115pp
Westminster Abbey is steeped in more than a thousand years of history. Benedictine monks first came to this site in the middle of the tenth century, establishing a tradition of daily worship which continues to this day. The Abbey has been the coronation church since 1066 and is the final resting place of seventeen monarchs. The present church, begun by Henry III in 1245, is one of the most important Gothic buildings in the country, with the medieval shrine of an Anglo-Saxon saint still at its heart. A treasure house of paintings, stained glass, pavements, textiles and other artefacts, Westminster Abbey is also the place where some of the most significant people in the nation's history are buried or commemorated. Taken as a whole the tombs and memorials comprise the most significant single collection of monumental sculpture anywhere in the United Kingdom.
From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as Master of the King's Works. Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. More recently, on Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy.
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LONDON ENGLAND (HOTEL STAY) British Museum LON3
Half day
OPTIONAL $69pp
The British Museum was founded in 1753, the first national public museum in the world. From the beginning it granted free admission to all 'studious and curious persons'. Visitor numbers have grown from around 5,000 a year in the eighteenth century to nearly 6 million today. The origins of the British Museum lie in the will of the physician, naturalist and collector, Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753). Over his lifetime, Sloane collected more than 71,000 objects which he wanted to be preserved intact after his death. So he bequeathed the whole collection to King George II for the
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nation in return for a payment of ÂŁ20,000 to his heirs. The gift was accepted and on 7 June 1753, an Act of Parliament established the British Museum. Today, the original 1753 collection has grown to over thirteen million objects and among the must-sees are: the Rosetta Stone, the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics, discovered in 1799; the controversial Parthenon Sculptures, taken from the Parthenon in Athens by Lord Elgin (the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire); the large collection of Egyptian mummies; the Anglo-Saxon Sutton Hoo burial relics and the Winged Bulls from Khorsabad.
MADRID
MADRID SPAIN (OPTIONAL HOTEL STAY) Madrid City Sightseeing MAD1
Half day
INCLUDED
Madrid, Spain's capital, is a cosmopolitan city. Its position as a centre for economics, finance, administration and services combines the most modern infrastructure with an important cultural and artistic heritage. The historic old town, also known as "Madrid de las Austrias" (referring to the Hapsburg empire) is a living example of the city's 16th- and 17thcentury heyday, as is its impressive Plaza Mayor (main square), which was opened in 1620 and remains one of Spain's most popular spots. Near to the Plaza Mayor is the so-called "aristocratic centre" of Madrid, home to the stunning Royal Palace, a 17th-century monument that combines Baroque and Classical styles. Next to the palace you can find the Oriente Square, the Opera House and the modern Almudena Cathedral, consecrated in 1993 by Pope John Paul II. This ensemble of monuments
is completed by the Puerta del Sol, a square flanked by select shops, and the "Paseo del Arte", so called for its unique museums, palaces and gardens, not forgetting the unmistakable Bank of Spain building, the Telecommunication Palace and the Cibeles and Neptuno fountains. The Royal Palace of Madrid is the official residence of His Majesty The King of Spain, who makes use of it only for official ceremonies. The origins of the Palace go back to the 9th century. The Palace also contains a select Painting Gallery, including major works of Juan de Flandes, Caravaggio, Velรกzquez and Goya. Note: the Royal Palace may close at short notice, in which case the Prado Museum will be visited instead.
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MALAGA SPAIN Granada & Alhambra Palace MAL 1
Full day
INCLUDED*
"Everything here appears calculated to inspire kind and happy feelings, for everything is delicate and beautiful. The very light falls tenderly from above, through the lantern of a dome tinted and wrought as if by fairy hands." Washington Irving, Tales of the Alhambra. Leave the port of Malaga and drive through the wonderful landscape of Andalusia passing endless fields of olive trees and picturesque villages. Your journey takes you to one of the most magical places in the world and the most outstanding symbol of Moorish heritage in Spain, the Alhambra. The Alhambra was a palace, a fortress and home of the Nasrid Sultans. The Nasrid Dynasty (1238-1492), was the last Islamic sultanate in the Iberian Peninsula and the Nasrid Sultans chose this site for their court as it was the ideal place from which to keep watch over the capital of their kingdom and the surrounding area. From the beginning of the 13th century, the original fortress grew into a huge walled site that was clearly intended to be both a palace and court. Within this gradual change, different stages of development, grandeur and decadence can
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clearly be seen through the various works of art and buildings erected over the years. The Alhambra was not a single construction, but rather the result of an evolution of successive reforms and extensions. Your guide will take you inside the “Alqala hamra”, meaning "red castle" where you will be able to visit the Nazaries Palaces with intricately carved stucco walls, knotted ceilings, elaborate honeycomb vaulting, and beautiful courtyards; “Serallo”, the official residence of the Sultan and the Harem, which surrounds the famous "Patio de los Leones," with its fountains feeding water through the mouths of 12 lions (representing months of the year), and many other wonderful sites within the fortress. Continuing on, the tour will visit the “Generalife Palace” which was build as the summer paradise for the Sultans of Granada. Its lovely terraces, grottoes, flowerbeds and fabulous fountains will make you feel the glamour of the Moorish inhabitants. After taking in all of these wonderful sites you will enjoy a traditional lunch at a local restaurant. Finally, and to round the day off, there’s a panoramic tour around the city of Granada before returning to Malaga.
MALAGA
Panoramic Malaga and Picasso Museum MAL 2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Departing from the pier this tour will show you the major coastal city of Andalusia: Malaga. Although Malaga may at first appear a little austere, the historic city centre is charming with its majestic, unfinished Gothic cathedral, surrounded by traditional balconied buildings, narrow pedestrian streets and some of the best tapas bars in the province. In recent years, the city has heavily invested in its culture and heritage with new museums. Malaga is a joy to stroll around, with a skyline that reflects the city’s eclectic character; church spires jostle for space with russet-red tiled roofs and lofty apartment buildings while, like a grand old dame, the 11th-century Gibralfaro Castle sits grandly and provides the best view of all. Take a panoramic drive and pass by some outstanding structures of Mudejar and Gothic architecture, parks, gardens and the city's bullring before reaching the famous Gibralfaro Castle for a short exterior visit and photo stop.
Your next stop will be the Picasso Museum, which is located in the Buenavista Palace. This historical building boasts classical characteristics of 16th century Andalusian architecture, whereby Renaissance and Mudejar elements are mixed. The collection inside the museum gathers together paintings, sculptures, drawings, ceramic and graphic works of this unique artist throughout his life. This enviable collection of 204 works, 155 donated and 49 loaned to the museum by Christine Ruiz-Picasso (wife of Paul, Picasso’s eldest son) and Bernard Ruiz-Picasso (his grandson), includes some wonderful paintings of the family, including the heartfelt Paulo con gorro blanco (Paulo with a white cap), a portrait of Picasso’s eldest son painted in the 1920s. Don’t miss the Phoenician, Roman, Islamic and Renaissance archaeological remains in the museum’s basement, discovered during construction works. After the visit, enjoy some free time before returning to the pier.
* Note: In Malaga, you have a choice of included excursion (either MAL1 or MAL2).
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MARRAKESH MOROCCO (HOTEL STAY) Marrakesh Sightseeing MAK1
Half day
INCLUDED
With its grand square bustling with snake charmers and market traders and its almost psychedelic souks, Marrakesh is a showcase for exoticism. Surrounded by the sights, sounds and aromas of the medina you can truly appreciate the allure of this North African city. Our guided tour of the old medina of Marrakesh begins with a walk through one of the most interesting quarters of Marrakesh. Here we'll stroll along labyrinthine alleyways, catching glimpses of mosques, hammams, traditional public bakeries, fondouks (old lodging houses used by the caravans) and fountains carved in wood and decorated with kuffic inscriptions.
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You’ll walk through the colourful souks which are organised according to goods sold and where craftsmen can be seen practicing their traditional trades. After this it is on to the aristocratic Bahia Palace where we see a lush Moorish-style garden in the courtyard of a large palace with beautifully painted residential rooms. Then, after walking through a maze of shaded, narrow streets you will emerge into the famous Djemma el-Fna Square, where throughout the ages local people and African caravans have gathered for entertainment, celebrations, gossip and business. Here we
MARRAKESH stop at the foot of the famous Koutoubia Minaret, one of the masterpiece works of Islamic architecture. Highlight of our tour is a visit to the Marjorelle Garden, a 12-acre botanical garden in the heart of Marrakesh which was designed in the 1920s and 30s, and was once owned by Yves Saint-Laurent whose ashes were scattered here. Within the gardens, be sure visit the Museum, housing North African textiles from Saint-Laurent’s personal collection, as well as ceramics, jewellery, and paintings by the founder, Jacques Marjorelle.
VISIT
EL JADIDA MOROCCO
En route from Marrakesh to Casablanca, you will visit the stylish and beautiful town of El Jadida that is, with its narrow lanes and ramparts, a fine example of an old colonial Portuguese Medina. The town is the holiday destination for Morocco's wealthy city dwellers. The town is famous for the remains of Portuguese buildings and the Cistern. Built in 1514 by the Portuguese, this underground chamber may have been used as an arsenal or as a store before being transformed into a cistern to be used during sieges. Its surprising Gothic architecture represents a square room of 1100m² supported by five rows of columns and a vaulted ceiling. The cistern is famous especially for the thin layer of water that covers the floor, and which creates fine exciting reflections from the little light there is and the Spartan shapes of the columns and the roof. Having been forgotten, it was rediscovered by accident in 1916 by a shopkeeper who wanted to enlarge his premises. This room has served as the set for many films, including the famous Othello by Orson Welles (1954). Note: Only applicable to the 28 October sailing. 73
MARSEILLES
MARSEILLES FRANCE Avignon’s Papal Palace
Marseilles & Aix-en-Provence
Full day
INCLUDED*
Explore the Provençal countryside on this full-day tour that visits Avignon with its papal legacies. Your adventure starts with a 90-minute drive to Avignon which rose to glory in the Middle Ages, when a series of French-born Popes fled Rome and made the town a base from which they ruled Christendom until 1407. Enjoy views of the Rhone River and Avignon's much-sung-about bridge, Pont St Benezet. The highlight of your visit is a guided tour of the Pope's Palace with its long, echoing Great Audience Hall, 14th-century wall paintings and Great Chapel. Also enjoy a walking tour through Palace Square and Horloge Square. Then enjoy a leisurely lunch and time on your own to wander or shop before heading back to Marseilles.
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Full day
INCLUDED*
The day begins in Marseilles where you’ll visit the “Vieux Port," the Old Port, where the Greeks landed in 600 BC. Here classically French cafes and restaurants nestle about gently bobbing fishing boats in the harbour. Continue along the J.F. Kennedy Corniche. The first stop is Notre Dame de la Garde Basilica, located at the highest point of the city at just over 500 feet. Built on an ancient fortress from the 16th century, the sanctuary was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and consecrated in 1864. From the Basilica descend into the city's shopping district and the Longchamp Palace. This municipal water tower, houses the Museums of Fine Art and Natural History. In the afternoon, your visit to Aix-en-Provence starts with a walking tour of the Cours Mirabeau. This wide avenue is shaded by trees and was built in the 1600s on the site of the city’s medieval ramparts. The aristocratic façades of the old mansions line the Cours and their wrought-iron balconies and finely carved doorways invite the visitor to explore. Note the different architectural styles of Saint Sauveur Cathedral with a Romanesque nave, a Merovingian baptistery and a Gothic section.
* Note: In Marseilles, you have a choice of included excursion (either MAR1 or MAR2).
MONTE CARLO
MONTE CARLO MONACO Monte Carlo Walking Tour
Monaco & Eze
Half day
INCLUDED*
Your guided walking tour takes you past the Prince’s Palace, the Oceanographic Museum and the 19th-century Romanesque Cathedral in which Prince Rainier and Princess Grace had their fairytale wedding. Wander the ancient covered alleyways of Old Town, before continuing to Monte Carlo. Drive along part of Monaco's famous Formula 1 Grand Prix circuit to Casino Square. In this haven for the rich and famous, you have time on your own to take in the attractions of your choice, be it the Grand Casino, the opulent Hotel de Paris, the chic boutiques – or you can just soak up the atmosphere for future daydreams after your return to the ship.
Half day
INCLUDED*
After the glitz and glamour of Monaco, head for the hills to the ancient village of Eze, with its fabulous views over Saint Jean-CapFerrat. Perched on rock 1,400 feet above sea level, the village centres on the ruins of a 12th-century castle – a testament to centuries of occupation, from Romans and Moors to the House of Savoy – that offers scenic views and photo opportunities. You’ll visit the quaint cobblestone streets filled with craftsmen's boutiques and pass bougainvillea-wrapped villas that lead down the hillside to the Mediterranean. Then travel to Monaco Rock where elevators and escalators take you up to the Old City and the Palace Square for an exterior view at Prince Rainier's magnificent residence palace. Stroll through the Old Town and see the Cathedral, where Princes and Princesses of Monaco are buried.
* Note: In Monte Carlo, you have a choice of included excursion (either MON1 or MON2).
Scenic Riviera & Nice MON3 Half day
OPTIONAL $45
Enjoy a scenic drive from the port of Monte Carlo to Nice for a panoramic tour of the city and a ride along the Promenade des Anglais. Afterwards, leave your coach for a walk to the old town to enjoy some free time on Cours Saleya, the elegant promenade of Old Nice which is lined with shops and restaurants and the famous flower and fruit market. It's an ideal opportunity to purchase a memento of your visit or the perfect gift for someone back home. After this break, re-board your coach for the drive back to Monte Carlo. 75
MOTRIL
MOTRIL SPAIN Granada & Alhambra Palace MOT 1
Full day
INCLUDED
"Everything here appears calculated to inspire kind and happy feelings, for everything is delicate and beautiful. The very light falls tenderly from above, through the lantern of a dome tinted and wrought as if by fairy hands." Washington Irving, Tales of the Alhambra. Your journey takes you to one of the most magical places in the world and the most outstanding symbol of Moorish heritage in Spain, the Alhambra. The Alhambra was a palace, a fortress and home of the Nasrid Sultans. The Nasrid Dynasty (1238-1492), was the last Islamic sultanate in the Iberian Peninsula and the Nasrid Sultans chose this site for their court as it was the ideal place from which to
keep watch over the capital of their kingdom and the surrounding area. From the beginning of the 13th century, the original fortress grew into a huge walled site that was clearly intended to be both a palace and court. Within this gradual change, different stages of development, grandeur and decadence can clearly be seen through the various works of art and buildings erected over the years. The Alhambra was not a single construction, but rather the result of an evolution of successive reforms and extensions. Your guide will take you inside the “Alqala hamra”, meaning "red castle" where you will be able to visit the Nazaries Palaces with intricately carved stucco walls, knotted ceilings, elaborate honeycomb vaulting, and beautiful courtyards; “Serallo”,
Please note that the ship will sail from Motril to Malaga during the day. Passengers not partaking in this there will be an included Picasso Museum excursion on arrival in Malaga, see page 71 for details. 76
MOUNT ATHOS the official residence of the Sultan and the Harem, which surrounds the famous "Patio de los Leones," with its fountains feeding water through the mouths of 12 lions (representing months of the year), and many other wonderful sites within the fortress. Continuing on, the tour will visit the “Generalife Palace” which was build as the summer paradise for the Sultans of Granada. Its lovely terraces, grottoes, flowerbeds and fabulous fountains will make you feel the glamour of the Moorish inhabitants. After taking in all of these wonderful sites you will enjoy a traditional lunch at a local restaurant. Finally, and to round the day off, there’s a panoramic tour around the city of Granada before heading to Malaga to rejoin the ship.
SAIL PAST
MOUNT ATHOS GREECE
This so-called “Holy Mountain” is really a long peninsula which rises at its southern tip to a 6,000 ft. peak. Dotted along its length are twenty monasteries, some dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. Women are absolutely forbidden to set foot on the Mountain, even – in theory – all female animals. Fortunately, most of the monasteries are on or near the coast and can be seen clearly from our ship. Our lecturers will be on hand to make sure you don’t miss a thing.
excursion will have to stay on board ship, however, 77
MYKONOS
Overnight Excursion
INCLUDED
The historic town of Saumur is located between the Loire and Thouet rivers, and is surrounded by the vineyards of Saumur itself, which produce some of ALL MEALS France's finest wines. The city’s famous INCLUDED castle stands firm on a cliff and marks the entrance to the Loire Valley.
MYKONOS
GREEK ISLANDS
EXPLORE ON YOUR OWN
Contrast the sacred sights of Delos with the more worldly charms of Mykonos, a whitewashed resort that is the very image of a Greek isle. The huge granite rocks you see strewn across the hilly landscape are said to be the graves of the Titans. The windmills are a later refinement, dating from the 16th century, used for grinding grain for shipment when Mykonos was a major seaport between Venice and Asia. In town, the streets are a delightful maze, designed to confuse attacking pirates, although eventually the island became the headquarters of the Corsair fleet and a place where pirates recruited for their ships. Today these winding streets are lined with tempting shops, galleries and boutiques that all exact their tribute. Along the waterfront, near the area called Little Venice, the seaside cafes are ideal for evening drinks.
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The Chateau de Saumur was originally built as a castle and later developed as a chateau. It was constructed in the 10th century by Theobald I, Count of Blois as a fortified stronghold against Norman attack and then in 1026 it came into the hands of the Count of Anjou, who bequeathed it to his Plantagenet heirs. Following its destruction in 1067, the castle was rebuilt by Henry II of England in the later 12th century. In 1621 the castle was converted into an army barracks. Nearly two centuries later it was converted into a state prison under Napoleon Bonaparte. At present the Chateau is undergoing some renovations to its turrets and so there may be some areas not accessible during your visit. After a visit to Saumur and its charming medieval streets it is on to the Chateau d’Amboise. Confiscated by the monarchy in the 15th century, the Chateau d’Amboise became a favoured royal residence and was extensively rebuilt. King Charles VIII died at the château in 1498 after hitting his head on a door lintel. The chateau fell into decline from the second half of the 16th century and the majority of the interior buildings were later demolished, but some survived and have been restored, along with the outer defensive circuit of towers and walls. It has been recognised as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1840. Perhaps the chateau’s most famous visitor was Leonardo da Vinci
NANTES
OF MONTOIR-DE-BRETAGNE)
who was invited to France by King Francois I in 1516. Leonardo spent three years here drawing and teaching architecture and engineering. He died on the 2nd May 1519 and, according to his wishes, was buried at the Church of Saint-Florentin of the Chateau d’Amboise. When the church was demolished in the 19th century, his remains were transferred to Saint-Hubert’s chapel inside the Chateau’s grounds. Following this, you will check in at your hotel and enjoy dinner. After breakfast, head for the fairy-tale Chateau de Chenonceau and its fabulous gardens. First mentioned in the 11th century, the current chateau was built in 1514-1522 and was later expanded to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l’Orme and the gallery on the bridge (1570– 1576) to designs by Jean Bullant. The chateau is built in the Gothic and Renaissance styles
and its beauty has made it the second most visited chateau in France after Versailles. It has hosted kings, queens and great figures of French culture such as Voltaire and Rousseau. Also, the Catherine di Medici Gardens are a truly spectacular horticultural treasure. After lunch in the wonderful Orangery at the Chateau de Chenonceau it is on to Tours. The walking tour explores the area of "Old Tours" with its narrow, pedestrian streets, and many houses with half-timbered façades dating mainly from the 15th century and 16th centuries. Stroll around the picturesque medieval streets where you will find many craft shops. You will also see the famous Charlemagne Tower which is all that remains from an old basilica dedicated to Saint Martin. Legend has it that the name of the tower comes from Charlemagne’s fourth wife, Luitgarde d’Alemanie who is said to be buried here. 79
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OPORTO PORTUGAL Oporto City and Port Tasting OPO1
Half day
INCLUDED
Historically, Oporto is no doubt one of the most important cities in Portugal. The town centre dates mainly from the 18th century, when trade was booming and merchants embellished the city with large squares and avenues that made a big contrast with the narrow little streets of the old medieval quarters, and all around you can see the façades of elegant homes and palaces that show how prosperous they were in days gone by. Our first stop is the Romanesque-style Cathedral, built in the 12th century and extensively rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries. You’ll be able to admire the interior and see the altar dating from the baroque period. Next you’ll visit the Stock Exchange Palace, built in the 19th century to impress European investors. The surprising Moorish decorated rooms are nowadays used by the Chamber of Commerce, the President and members of the government for official receptions. You’ll cross the Douro River by way of the unique double-decker Dom Luis Bridge to Gaia to visit a well-known wine cellar for a tasting of the port wine.
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PALERMO SICILY, ITALY Palatine Chapel & Cathedral PAL1
Half day
INCLUDED
During Roger II’s reign as King of Sicily (1130AD to 1154AD), the island became a great maritime power and also the channel through which Greek and Arabic thought passed into Europe. The embracing spirit of Roger’s reign is gloriously expressed in many of the great buildings of Sicily, but nowhere more perfectly than the Palatine Chapel, built during the 1130s and 1140s. This is the king’s masterpiece – a miraculous fusion of Latin, Byzantine and Arabic architectural design. Creamy marble is inlaid with gold leaf, Byzantine mosaics blanket entire walls and the ceiling of carved wooden coffers speaks of the finest Arabic design. The palace in
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which the chapel is housed had its start in the 9th century AD, when the Emir of Palermo built on the site of a Punic Roman stronghold. Roger II turned the building into the city’s main fortress and his sumptuous palace, then crowned it with this jewel of a chapel. Following your visit to the Palatine Chapel, the walking tour continues to nearby San Giovanni degli Eremiti, built by Roger II in 1132, a Norman church with Arabic domes. Drive next to Palermo Cathedral, site of the huge porphyry tomb of Roger II, as well as the silver urn that contains the remains of Palermo’s protector, St Rosalia.
PALERMO
Half day
INCLUDED
Travel just a short distance out of Palermo to discover Monreale Cathedral, considered by many to be the most beautiful Norman church in Italy. Designed by William the Good in 1174, the church offers visions of beauty, grace and the divine. The exterior’s thick walls and powerful towers have the look of an austere fortress, but just step inside: it is the interior that is this cathedral’s true glory. The large nave with its side aisles and grey granite columns draws the eyes upward to 12th-century gold mosaics that cover over one and a half acres of wall space. The tour also visits the Benedictine cloisters, a magnificent synthesis of Romanesque and Arab architecture. Admire the serenity of the courtyard with its graceful arcade featuring 216 sets of twin columns and pointed Arabic arches. Later, enjoy free time in the main square before we return to the ship.
A Special Visit to Palazzo Gangi PAL3
DONATION $55pp
Among Palermo’s most delightful secrets are the aristocratic, privately-owned residences. When the Princes Gangi decided to remodel the 15th-century ancestral palace of the Princes Valguarnera, it was a vast undertaking that spread over the 18th century and continues today under the auspices of Princess Carine Vanni Mantegna. Sicily’s leading artists were summoned to assist in creating a showcase. Today, we’ll visit the fabulous results. The palazzo is especially noted for its Sicilian Baroque ballroom decorated with Murano chandeliers, gold fittings and glittering mirrors. Here, in 1882 Wagner composed the opening bars of Parsifal and in 1963 Luchino Visconti filmed the magnificent ball scene of The Leopard. The visit to Palazzo Gangi is exclusive to guests of Voyages to Antiquity. Note: Please check with the Tour Office on board for details on how to register for this programme which is operated as an extension to included excursions. However, as space is very limited, we recommend you register at the earliest opportunity once on board. 83
PATMOS
PATMOS GREEK ISLANDS St John's Patmos PTM1
Half day
INCLUDED
Visit the small cave where St John received his revelation, the medieval village of Chora and the Monastery of St John the Theologian – together a UNESCO World Heritage Site that constitutes an exceptional example of a Greek Orthodox pilgrimage centre. Patmos may be one of the smallest islands in the Dodecanese, but it compensates for size with beauty and history. Called the "Jerusalem of the Aegean," the island has long been a site of pilgrimage. When St John came to Patmos in 95AD the Emperor Domition's persecution of Christians were at their height and the "beloved disciple" lived for two years in a small cave on the island. Here he wrote his Gospel and dictated the Book of the Apocalypse. This afternoon, a short drive takes you from port to the grotto where St John once lived.
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The cave is now converted into a beautiful chapel with a stone orifice the saint is said to have used as a pillow. From the cave, continue to the 12th-century village of Chora and the Monastery of St John the Theologian which dominates the town. The walking tour starts with a climb to the castle-like monastery, founded in the 10th century. Enter the courtyard with its intricately pebbled floor, decorated arches and old well fed by a reservoir beneath. Visit the ornate chapel of Christodoulos with its frescoed entrance and religious relics that include the skull of St Thomas. Tour the old treasury, where the breathtaking collection includes jewelled chalices, crowns, crucifixes and an El Greco icon. Later, there will be free time to explore Chora with its whitewashed houses and Byzantine churches before the return to the tavernas of Skala and the ship.
PIRAEUS
PIRAEUS GREECE The Acropolis & its Museum
Byzantine Athens
Half day
INCLUDED*
Visit the sublime expression of Classical Greece, the Acropolis with its sweeping views of Athens. Commissioned by Pericles in the 5th century BC, the site is dominated by the majestic Parthenon: a building that embodies the stunning achievements of the Athenian “Golden Age”. Surrounding the great temple are the other architectural masterpieces of the citadel: the Propylaia (monumental gateway), the Erechtheion with its beautiful Karayatid Porch and the Temple of Athena Nike (Winged Victory). Below the temple complex is the theatre of Dionysos where the dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were first performed. Then explore another marvel: the longanticipated $200-million, 226,000-square-foot Acropolis Museum. In the dramatic Gallery of the Slopes of the Acropolis, ascending floors of glass literally “float” you above the excavations for an extraordinary perspective of the layers of Greek history that lie below.
Half day
INCLUDED*
Never in the history of Christianity has a school of artists infused such a high degree of spirituality into its work. Byzantine theologians insisted that painters and mosaicists reflect the image of God. This morning's sightseeing reveals the splendour of Byzantine art in a tour that combines visits to both the Byzantine Museum, home to the world's largest collection of icons, and also the Monastery of Kaisariani with its fine frescoes and elegant gardens. Drive from the pier to Illissia Mansion, winter residence of the Duchess of Piacenza, and home to the Byzantine and Christian Museum. Founded in 1914, this renowned museum focuses exclusively on Byzantine art from the 4th to 19th centuries. In addition to its impressive icons, frescoes and tapestries, there are paintings, sculptures and illuminated manuscripts. Displays recreate Byzantine churches from the 5th to 11th centuries. Continue next to the slopes of Mt. Hymettos, for a visit to the Monastery of Kaisariani, a beautiful example of Byzantine architecture. Inside its high walls discover the 11th-century catholicon, or main church, built in a Greek cross shape. The dome is supported by four columns from an earlier Roman temple and colourful frescoes from the 14th to 18th centuries enliven the interior walls. There is also an 11th-century bathhouse. Later additions include a refectory, the monks’ cells and a 19th-century bell tower. Savour the views of Athens and the serenity of this delightful spot before returning to the ship.
* Note: In Piraeus, you have a choice of included excursion (either PIR1 or PIR2).
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EXPLORE ON YOUR OWN
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Sitting on a peninsula in the Tigullio Gulf east of Genoa is the picturesque, half moon shaped seaside village of Portofino. Originally founded by the Romans, today it is known as a resort of the rich and
famous, and is filled with boutiques, restaurants, cafes and luxury hotels including the world-famous Hotel Splendido, situated high up on the a cliff with spectacular views. At sea level, beautiful pastel houses line the shores of the harbour, making it one of the most perfect, most photogenic fishing ports in the Mediterranean. It has been a magnet for Europe’s beau monde for decades, from Rex Harrison to Elizabeth Taylor.
PYLOS
PYLOS GREECE Ancient Messini PYL1
Half day
Castles of Southern Greece INCLUDED*
Messini is regarded by many as one of the best-preserved archaeological sites in Greece. Take a short drive to the Arcadian Gate, an impressive structure that once acted as an entrance to the ancient city of Messini. From here, you’ll head for the archaeological site of Messini, which dates back to 146 BC. This is a marvellous site that includes an almost-intact theatre, the ruins of a 3rdcentury temple, a time-worn sanctuary and a Byzantine monastery. Then on to Mavromati village, about five minutes away, for a coffee break and the chance to enjoy the great panoramic view of the ancient site of Messini before making your way back to the ship.
PYL2
Half day
INCLUDED*
This tour combines ancient history with a taste of everyday local life. Proceed to the castle of Niokastro, situated at the southern part of the port of Pylos. The castle was built by the Turks in 1573 and, due to its strategic importance, it quickly became one of the major castles in the Peloponnese during the Turkish occupation. It was captured by the Venetians in 1686 but was recaptured by the Turks some years later. Niokastro is one of the most well preserved castles in Greece, and is today the home of the Centre for Underwater Archaeological Studies. Then on by road to the city of Methoni where you will find beaches of golden sand, winding alleyways, cobbled houses, and where you will visit the Venetian castle of Methoni.
* Note: In Pylos, you have a choice of included excursion (either PYL1 or PYL2). 87
RAVENNA
RAVENNA ITALY Ravenna's Mosaics RAV1
Half day
INCLUDED
Discover the mosaic-encrusted treasures of a Byzantine exarchate, or bishopric. When Rome's power declined in the 5th century, Ravenna's power rose and the city became the capital of the Western Roman Empire. That dominance continued through successive rulers and Byzantine control in the late 5th and 6th centuries. Today, Ravenna's superb early Christian mosaics and buildings from that period remain to dazzle the eye. From the pier, drive to the city's historic centre where your walking tour begins. Visit the superb Basilica of St Vitale, one of Western Europe's most important examples of Byzantine art and architecture. In this massive octagonal church, mosaic depictions of Justinian and his wife Theodora glitter in blue, green and gold. Perhaps even lovelier is your next stop, the 5th-century Mausoleum of Galla Placida. This tiny gem was designed for the wife of a barbarian emperor, built in the shape of a cross and covered with mosaics in what seems every imaginable shade of blue. Following this visit there will be free time to explore a bit before the walking tour continues through Ravenna's old streets and serene piazzas to the Orthodox Baptistry. This octagonal monument is called the Baptistry of Neon after Bishop Neon, who completed the project in the 5th century and may have commissioned the beautiful mosaics. Next, visit the Arian Baptistry, erected by the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great, where the interior of the massive dome is covered in mosaics depicting the baptism of Jesus.
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RHODES GREEK ISLANDS Old Town & Grand Master’s Palace RHO1
Half day
The Acropolis at Lindos INCLUDED*
Leave behind the port where the Colossus once stood and discover a stunning ensemble of Gothic architecture just a short drive from the port. These UNESCO World Heritage monuments testify to the role of Rhodes, the largest island in the Dodecanese group, as a strategic crossroads. Many structures date to the era of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem, who lived on the island from 1309 until 1522 when the Ottoman Empire finally dislodged the Knights. En route, you’ll visit the lookout Mount Smith, named after the British admiral Sir Sydney Smith who used this vantage point to scan the seas for French ships in the Napoleonic era. Then you enter the citadel of the Knight’s through the d’Amboise Gate and head for the restored Grand Master’s Palace. The first building of the 14th-century Crusaders, the Palace was modelled on the great Papal Palace of Avignon. It served as a fortress in times of war, a residence for the Grand Master of the Knights, a meeting place for senior knights, and, in later times, a summer residence of both Mussolini and Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Stroll the cobblestone Street of the Knights and admire the honey-coloured stone buildings with their giant doorways and arched windows. Step into the 15th-century Knights Hospital, now an archaeological museum that counts the Aphrodite of Rhodes in flawless Parian marble among its treasures. At the conclusion of this tour, you can return to the ship or stay to wander this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
RHO2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Gain inspiration from the exquisite natural setting of the Acropolis at Lindos, a destination of both historic and scenic interest, just an hour’s drive from Rhodes. This Doric town rose in power hundreds of years before Christ and continued to thrive into the middle ages. We’ll walk to the Acropolis, surrounded by the contrasting 12th-century crusader fortifications, clinging to the rocks above the village. At the summit is the Doric Temple of Lindian Athena, an archaeological jewel dating from the 4th century BC, with a double-winged portico and elaborate propylaea. The site offers sweeping views over St Paul’s Bay, where the Apostle is said to have sought shelter during a storm. Following the Acropolis, we’ll descend to the village with its whitewashed houses and tempting shops. A favorite resort since the time of Julius Caesar, Lindos is home to writers, artists and craftsmen.
* Note: In Rhodes, you have a choice of included excursion (either RHO1 or RHO2). 89
ROME
ROME ITALY (HOTEL STAY) The Colosseum & St Peter’s Basilica ROM1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Between 200BC and 200AD the Romans were masters of the Mediterranean, and Rome was the centre of that universe. Feel that ancient world come alive as we see these two iconic sights. Discover the Flavius Amphitheatre, also known as the Colosseum. This arena is the biggest and most imposing stadium in the Roman World, an engineering feat based on the arch. At its peak, the Colosseum could hold as many as 60,000 spectators, and in summer a canvas roof covered the top to protect crowds from the sun. Started by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavia family, this huge elliptical amphitheatre was opened by his son Titus in 80AD with a week-long celebration featuring combats between gladiators and beasts. Continue to the Roman Forum for a panoramic view from our motorcoach. Foro was the name that the Romans gave to this
central square set between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. The Forum offers a vision of the city as it was 2,000 years ago: a cosmopolitan hub pulsing with life. Here stand the remains of grand temples, triumphal arches and a complex devoted to Vestal virgins, along with a labyrinth of governmental buildings that include a Records Office, the Senate, a prison, and even a spot used by tax collectors. Next is a visit to St Peter’s Basilica, the most important basilica in the Christian World. Inside, an almost unimaginable wealth of art treasures await. The basilica is built on the site of a church where St Peter, the first Pope, is said to be buried. Fronting the basilica is one of Rome’s most famous squares, Bernini’s elliptical Piazza San Pietro, an extraordinary sight punctuated by an Egyptian obelisk and a graceful colonnade.
* Note: In Rome, you have a choice of included excursion (either ROM1 or ROM2). 90
ROME
Half day
INCLUDED*
Depart the hotel and drive to the Catacombs. This curious underground maze of tunnels was hollowed out of the volcanic rock where the early Christians, persecuted by the Romans, had to practice their religion in secret and bury their dead. The Christian catacombs are extremely important for the art history of early Christian art, as they contain the great majority of examples from before about 400 AD, in fresco and sculpture. Continue on to the Roman Hills. Italy boasts a wealth of beautiful countryside and the area surrounding Rome is no exception. Head from Rome along the Appian Way – one of the first ancient Roman military roads – and into the enchanting surrounding countryside with its rolling hills and lush farmlands dotted with farmhouses, villas and palaces. You’ll reach the Lake of Albano in the crater of an extinct volcano. Winding your way up to the top of a nearby hill, you will stop for a short stroll in the lovely medieval town of Castelgandolfo, where the Popes have kept their summer residence for centuries. In fact, Castel Gandolfo’s Papal Palace and Gardens are actually part of the sovereign Vatican State.
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ROME ITALY (HOTEL STAY) Vatican Museums & Sistine Chapel ROM3
Half day
OPTIONAL $78pp
Enjoy a dazzling visit to what is considered one of the world's most important art collections, the Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel with its magnificent frescoes by Michelangelo. This tour takes you to Vatican City where centuries of popes, beginning with Gregory XI in 1377, have enriched the palatial complex. Wander through the fascinating Candelabra Gallery, the Gallery of Tapestries and the Gallery of Maps. Pass through the magnificent Stanza of Raphael, where in the 16th century the young artist decorated the rooms of Pope Julius II's residence with such masterpieces as the "School of Athens," which shows Aristotle, Plato and other philosophers. Your visit culminates in the Vatican's most celebrated building, the Sistine Chapel. Built
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in the 15th century as a private place of worship for the popes, the chapel was completely restored in the 1990s. At the same time Raphael was frescoing the walls of the papal apartments, Michelangelo was on a scaffold painting the chapel's extraordinary ceiling with nine scenes from Genesis, including the Creation of Man, the Expulsion of Adam and Eve, as well as The Flood. On the wall behind the main altar, The Last Judgment, painted twenty years later, provides further testament to the artist's genius. Though working against his will and in a medium he disliked (he saw himself as a sculptor), Michelangelo managed to fill the room with masterpieces and left a legacy at which the world can only marvel.
ROME
Tivoli & the Villa d'Este ROM4
Half day
OPTIONAL $68pp
Among the world's most beautiful gardens, the grounds of the Villa d'Este embody Renaissance culture at its most refined and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Your visit to this remarkable place starts with a drive to Tivoli, a small town in a lovely wooded area on the slopes of the Apennines. The region is rich in caves, waterfalls and legend (a local Sybil prophesied the birth of Jesus). In the hills, opulent villas date to a time when Tivoli was the resort of Roman emperors. Your destination is the 16thcentury Villa d'Este, famed for its spectacular gardens, which feature the Avenue of the Hundred Fountains, the Rotunda of Cypresses and an Organ Fountain that still makes music. With their grottoes, terraces and water displays, these gardens
had a profound influence on European mannerist and baroque style garden design. Originally a Benedictine convent, the palace was the residence of the exiled Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, governor of Tivoli from 1550. He envisioned a garden set amid hanging cliffs and enlisted the painter-architectarchaeologist Pirro Ligorio to design them. Their innovative construction and the series of terraces upon terraces call to mind the hanging gardens of Babylon. The Aniene River laces the property and the control of its waters, along with the gravity-powered fountains evoke the engineering skill of the Romans. Following your visit, enjoy free time to wander through the colourful open air market offering souvenirs, fruit, and a variety of local products.
93
Half day
Ravello INCLUDED*
Imagine the surprise of the King of Naples when his 17th-century road project revealed three Greek temples in a state of near perfection amid a malaria-infested swamp. He had discovered Paestum, a major city of classic times, surviving untouched since the fall of the Roman Empire. Drive from the ship to the east-west mountain ridge that acted as a boundary between the colonies of Magna Graecia (Greater Greece) and the indigenous Lucanian people. Mythology credits Jason and the Argonauts with the city’s founding but, more likely if less romantically, the honour belongs to the Greeks who settled here in 600BC, naming the site Poseidonia to honour the god of the seas. The city was occupied by the Lucans in 400BC, but evidence suggests that the two cultures prospered together. In 273BC, the city became a Roman colony and was renamed Paestum. Three exquisite Greek temples, built between 530BC and 460BC, are at the heart of the city and are complemented by magnificent Roman discoveries that include baths, an amphitheatre and the remains of a forum. We will also visit the site’s museum, where the tomb frescoes, discovered by a local farmer in 1969, are worthy of special note. Thankfully, moist conditions enabled these Greek paintings to survive the centuries without drying and flaking and maintain their colours. The various themes include a banquet attended by male lovers, a spirited chariot race and a diver captured in midplunge. They are among the world’s rare surviving examples of ancient Greek painting.
SAL2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Settle back for a beautiful drive along the legendary Amalfi Coast to magnificent Ravello. From the harbour, the narrow main road winds along sheer cliffs and offers breathtaking panoramas at every hairpin turn. Many consider this the most beautiful drive in the world and it certainly is a fitting prelude to Ravello. Perched 1,150 feet above the Bay of Salerno, the town is a vision of antique towers, graceful arches and flowering gardens that contrast with the rugged surrounding landscape. Its beauty has drawn poets, artists and musicians over the millennia. Boccaccio wrote of Ravello in his Decameron and, more recently, the author Gore Vidal made the town his home. Our first stop will be at the aristocratic Villa Rufolo, which has hosted Pope Adrian IV and King Robert of Anjou. The 11th-century Arab style structure has a fountain-decked garden that so entranced Wagner he called it "the garden of Klingsor" after the legendary sorcerer and guardian of a magic garden from his opera Parsifal. The terrace is the setting for Ravello's annual music festival. Later, you'll have time to browse Ravello's cafes, shops and such gems as the cathedral's pulpit which features mosaics of lions and parrots in its sumptuous design.
* Note: In Salerno, you have a choice of included excursion (eitherSAL1 or SAL2). 94
SANTORINI
SANTORINI GREEK ISLANDS Santorini & Akrotiri SAN1
Full day
INCLUDED
Closed to the public for over six years, the newly reopened Minoan settlement of Akrotiri is the tour's highlight, but you also visit several of Santorini's picturesque villages. One of the Aegean's most important archaeological sites, Akrotiri was abandoned after severe earthquakes, then covered in pumice by a volcanic eruption in about 1625BC. A visit tells the tale of an affluent society who farmed, built two-story homes and indulged a taste for frescoes, furniture and jewellery. Today's tour includes a visit to the ongoing excavations, where you can walk amid the well-preserved streets, view the workshops and squares. Start your adventure with a transfer from the ship by local boat, then drive to the northern tip of the island to the village of Oia with its
whitewashed houses, blue-domed churches and coffee shops carved in the cliffs. Stroll along the cobblestone streets where wealthy sea captains built their mansions, now converted to cafes, boutiques and art galleries. Take in breathtaking views in all directions. Continue to the southern end of the island and the archaeological site of Akrotiri. The excavations, led by Professor Spyros Marintos, began in 1967. Walk around this amazing city and get an insight into the culture that laid the foundation for Greek civilisation. Then continue to tiny Pyrgos, once the capital. View the distant Venetian castle, then sit down to lunch at a local taverna. Conclude your adventure in Fira, the scenic capital. From here, you'll have the option of remaining in town or returning to the ship by cable car.
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SARANDE ALBANIA Archaeological Site of Butrint SAR1
Half day
INCLUDED
Surrounded by a picturesque lagoon, Butrint is one of the Ionian's most remarkable archaeological sites and one of Albania's most beautiful national parks. Inhabited since prehistoric times, Butrint, in antiquity Buthrotum, was successively the site of a 6th-century Greek colony, a Roman city and a bishopric. The city prospered under Byzantine administration, was occupied in the 14th century by the Venetians, then by the French, and then the Ottomans. The Ottomans built a fortress for private entertaining and one of their regular visitors was Lord Byron who wrote a poem dedicated to Butrint. Butrint began to be abandoned in the late Middle Ages due to marshes forming in the area. Wars, earthquakes and new cities hastened the city's decline. Today the site is a rich repository of the past and a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the pier, a 45-minute drive takes us to Butrint, where the visit begins.
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The word Butrint is related to Aeneas, the Trojan hero who sailed to this area and sacrificed an ox to gain safe entrance to the region. The ox swam to shore, the site of Butrint, thus giving the area its name, "wounded ox". The idyllic wooded setting has inspired writers from Virgil to Racine. An Italian archaeological team headed by Luigi Ugolini supervised three excavations here from 1928 to 1939. Following the war, Albania continued the excavations. Since 1994, archaeologists of the University of East Anglia have made further excavations. Today, the approximately 50 square mile site (86 sq. kilometers) is an Albanian National Park and is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. Walk along the winding paths to discover layers of civilisation: Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Venetian. Complete the visit with a view from Butrint's acropolis and a short visit to the museum.
SETE
Full day
INCLUDED*
Relive centuries of history when you visit two cities with Roman roots: the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Carcassonne, an outstanding example of a medieval fortified town, and landlocked Narbonne, once a leading port celebrated by the troubadour Bertrand de Bar. Your adventure starts with a drive through the wild Languedoc countryside to Carcassonne, a site continuously occupied for over 2,500 years. Encircled by double walls, this stronghold stands exactly as it did in the Middle Ages with miles of battlements, 52 towers and a castle. View the mighty gate with its chains, portcullis and intricate access system. Stroll the lists between the double walls and savor the atmosphere as you get an education in military architecture. Then you will be taken by coach to the second major place of the region: Narbonne. Enjoy a three-course lunch before visiting the first town founded by the Romans during the second century BC. At that time the town was also a sea port and took advantages of the privileges as Rome. In the 5th century Narbonne was a Visigoth capital and in the Middle Ages an important Episcopal centre, as can be seen in several superbly preserved monuments.
Extended half day
INCLUDED*
A short distance inland from the Mediterranean Sea sits the capital of the Languedoc Roussillon area, Montpellier. Founded in the 10th century by the counts of Toulouse, it boasts one of France’s largest and Europe’s oldest universities founded here in the 12th century). Begin with a guided walking tour through the charming streets, take time to appreciate the handsome medieval buildings and elegant private mansions, plus the 14th-century Cathedrale de Saint Pierre and the lookalike Arc de Triomphe at the end of the Rue Foch. Enjoy free time to explore the narrow back streets and lively squares before driving to Chateau de Flaugergues, property of the “de Colbert” family since 1696. Count and Countess Henry de Colbert live in the castle, a French historical monument, and you will enjoy a visit of their home with its family collections and a walk in the gardens. The castle preserves antique furniture and a collection of stunning Flemish tapestries. Then you will discover the cellars and taste wine produced at the Chateau’s vineyards: a red, rose and white wine of “AOC Coteaux de Languedoc” and “Coteaux de la Mejanelle”.
* Note: In Sete, you have a choice of included excursion (either SET1 or SET2). 97
SEVILLE
SEVILLE SPAIN (HOTEL STAY) Seville City Tour SEV1
Half day
INCLUDED
Seville is a beautiful and romantic place. Legend has it this Andalusian city was founded 3,000 years ago by Hercules and it is also said to be the birthplace of flamenco. Your tour will, we trust, give you a flavour of this intoxicating place. Admire the exterior of the spectacular fifteenth-century Cathedral of Seville which is the third largest in Europe and one of the last built in the Gothic style. It stands on the site of the great 12th-century Almohad mosque, with the mosque’s minaret (the Giralda) still towering beside it.
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It has been said that if heaven does exist then it probably looks like Seville’s Royal Palace Alcazar. A building existed on this site as early as 913 but the main construction was carried out in the early fourteenth century with the sublime Mudejar Palacio de Don Pedro being completed in 1366. The Alcazar is a functioning royal palace and some of the Upper Royal Quarters are still used by the Spanish royal family. Finally, stroll through the Old Jewish Quarter of Santa Cruz with its labyrinth of narrow streets and lovely Moorish courtyards.
SKIATHOS
Full day
INCLUDED
In its history, Cordoba has been both a capital of a Roman province and capital of the Arab state of Al-Andalus. A great cultural reference point in Europe, this ancient city has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains a mixture of wonderful buildings, monuments and artefacts that are a reminder of the cultures that have settled it throughout history. It has been estimated that in the 10th century Cordoba was the most populous city in the world, and today it is a moderately sized city with a population of about 330,000. The historic quarter of Cordoba is a beautiful network of small streets, alleys, squares and whitewashed courtyards arranged around the Mezquita, which reflects the city's prominent place in the Islamic world during medieval times. You will visit the most famous and inspiring monuments of the city, including the Roman Bridge and the famous Great Mosque, a building that was considered a wonder of the medieval world by both Muslims and Christians. The building is most notable for its giant arches with over 1,000 columns of jasper, onyx, marble and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple that had occupied the site previously. When Cordoba was re-conquered from the Moors in 1236 by King Ferdinand III of Castile, the mosque became a Catholic church.
SKIATHOS
Another highlight is the old Jewish quarter. You will have the opportunity to visit the ancient market, now transformed to artisan market, and walk through the well known “Calle de las Flores” or “street of flowers”, a beautiful example of a typical Andalusian street decorated with plants and flowers. Before heading to lunch, you will have some time at leisure to explore the city independently.
Following the Peloponnesian Wars, the island endured successive waves of conquerors. Today, cosmopolitan Skiathos draws visitors from all over Europe. There are the superb beaches, the walled town of Kastro and a lively town where you can sample the local olives, honey and almond sweets.
GREEK ISLANDS
EXPLORE ON YOUR OWN
The westernmost island in the Sporades, Skiathos is famous for its splendid beaches. The shade cast by the treecovered hills is said to have inspired the Pelasgians to give the island its name. Dionysus, the god of wine, was worshipped here. Herodotus wrote that the residents used beacons to notify the Greeks of the approaching Persian fleet in 480BC.
99
Half day
INCLUDED*
The patricians who built their mansions in Pompeii came to escape the turmoil in Rome, but a different sort of violence awaited them in their southern retreats. In 79AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted at 10am and, within three hours, extinguished these affluent communities even as it preserved their remains for our discovery. Begin with a scenic hour drive along the Bay of Naples to Pompeii. On the walking tour, you will be guided expertly through this spectacular site. Places not to be missed include the aristocratic mansions, temples, theatres, markets and large forum. At every turn, inscriptions bring the hustle and bustle of this ancient city to life: there are notices of wine sales and apartment vacancies, upcoming gladiatorial events in the theatre and political announcements.
SOR2
Half day
INCLUDED*
A scenic hour drive takes us to Herculaneum which was engulfed by volcanic mud in the same eruption that claimed Pompeii. Fortunately for us, this mud sealed and protected entire buildings: today inlaid marble floors, paintings, mosaics and carbonised woods can all be seen. These range from the sculpture of the Drunken Hercules in the House of the Stags to mosaics of tritons in the city baths. Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii with an extraordinary density of fine houses, with far more lavish use of coloured marble cladding. The discovery in recent years of some 300 skeletons along the sea shore came as a surprise since it was known that the town itself had been largely evacuated. Following our visit, we will return to central Sorrento where you have the option of exploring independently or returning to the ship in the company of the guide.
* Note: In Sorrento, you have a choice of included excursion (either SOR1 or SOR2). 100
SPLIT
Half day
INCLUDED
When Emperor Diocletian shook up the Roman Empire by abdicating in 305AD, he had his retirement residence ready: a lavish palace he had just built in Salona, now Split, in his native Dalmatia. Visit this amazing palace complex that, when completed, held three temples, a massive mausoleum, and could accommodate 9,000 people. For an intimate perspective on how life was organised, this tour includes a walk through the palace cellars. The city of Split grew inside and around this palace, with the population retreating behind its walls when under attack, and then spilling out beyond them in times of peace. Today the Palace of Diocletian is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but don’t expect a deserted ruin. Discover instead a vibrant warren of museums, galleries, shops and restaurants mingled with medieval fortifications, preRomanesque churches and Gothic chapels. Renaissance palaces testify to a time when Split was a key port of the Venetian Republic. The tour visits Diocletian’s massive octagonal mausoleum, converted into a cathedral in the 7th century and named after a Christian martyred during that emperor’s persecutions. You’ll also tour the city museum where 15th-century furnishings recapture aristocratic life in that period. Other sights include the palace’s monumental Golden and Silver Gates and the columned Peristyle Square. Following the tour, there will be free time to visit the colorful local market or explore Split on your own.
SPL2
Half day
OPTIONAL $58pp
Drive along the Riviera of the Seven Castles to two gems of the Dalmatian coast: the town of Salona, home to the most important Roman excavations in Croatia, and the tiny island of Trogir, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Leave behind busy Split for Solin, as ancient Salona is now called, and enter a world where time stands still. Long before Split even existed this affluent Roman colony buzzed with over 40,000 inhabitants. Here archaeologists have excavated temples, a necropolis and baths dating from the 1st century AD. There is an amphitheatre where it is thought mock naval battles where held. In this arena early Christians were martyred and their relics rest in Salona's excavated churches. Following your tour through Roman antiquity, your drive continues past the castles built by Venetians to defend against the Turks. Cross a bridge from the mainland and enter the Middle Ages on the island of Trogir. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a remarkable example of urban continuity starting with the Greeks in 300BC, followed by a litany of other conquerors. In the 13th century Trogir was an artistic centre under the kings of Hungary. The 13th century Cathedral of St Lawrence dominates the town, a magnificent example of sacral architecture with three naves, three apses and a grand main portal carved by a local artist known as Master Radovan. Enjoy an unforgettable walk along narrow stone streets whose plan dates to the Hellenistic era. Confront the past at every turn from the bright blue face of the massive Clock Tower to the mullioned windows of Cipiko Palace and Town Hall. Later you will have free time to shop for Trogir embroidery or perhaps try some palacinke (jam-filled pancakes) in a cafe. 101
SAINT-MALO
SAINT-MALO FRANCE Mont Saint-Michel STM1
102
Extended half day
INCLUDED
Departing from Saint-Malo, proudly named the “Privateers’ City” due to its association with pirates in the 19th century, the tour takes you directly to the Mont SaintMichel, which Victor Hugo described as being “to the ocean what the Pyramid of Cheops is to the desert”. The famous author added that “We must protect by any means this masterpiece of the nature and the art.”
monastery was found by the 10th century and it lent its support to William of Normandy in his claim to the throne of England. This he rewarded with properties and grounds on the English side of the Channel, including a small island off the south-western coast of Cornwall which was modelled after the Mount and became a Norman priory named St Michael's Mount of Penzance.
The walking tour takes you through the narrow streets of the medieval village and up to the abbey, the plans of which are said to have been first revealed in a dream. The
Today, the Mont welcomes you as modern pilgrims following the century-old tradition. And there will be time for independent sightseeing and shopping.
TANGIER
TANGIER MOROCCO Tangier Highlights TAN1
Half day
INCLUDED
Situated only a short distance across the Strait of Gibraltar from the shores of Europe, Tangier is a gateway to a vastly different culure. This tour is perfect if you really want to discover more of Tangier, and explore the bustling Medina, with its tiny streets lined with shops filled with trinkets and treats. First head for a photostop at Cape Spartel Lighthouse – more than a century old it shines a warning beacon to ships sailing between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Arriving back in Tangier, visit the Medina (old town) whose walls mark the line of the Roman defences. The grand Mosque rises on the foundations of a temple to Neptune, and the Petit Socco covers the area of what used to be the Forum. The bustling Kasbah is situated on the highest part of the Medina in an area that has been the preserve of palaces and castles for thousands of years. Your guide will walk you through the Medina and the Kasbah, allowing you the opportunity to view the fruit and vegetable market and Mendoubia Park where you can explore at leisure, if you wish.
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S IC I LY , ITALY
Taormina Walking Tour TAO1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Nowhere is the beauty of Sicily more apparent than in the hilltop town of Taormina. Today we will tender ashore for a short, scenic drive to this idyllic spot with its mountainous backdrop, lemon-blossom scented air and narrow, medieval “streets�. This walking tour proceeds past the Cathedral and the 15th-century Palazzo Corvaja with its black and white lava decoration. The highlight is a guided tour of the theatre. Originally built by the Greeks in the 3rd century BC and rebuilt by the Romans in the 2nd century AD, the site offers heart-skipping views of the sea and Mount Etna. Your tour concludes with a stroll along the pedestrian Corso Umberto. In the small lanes and twisting viuzze you can shop for colourful ceramics, seek out the wines that won the praise of Pliny or dine on the mullet favoured by Ovid. Passengers wishing to linger in Taormina after the tour can do so, as we have a later return transfer back to the ship.
* Note: In Taormina, you have a choice of included excursion (either TAO1 or TAO2). 104
TAORMINA
Half day
INCLUDED*
When seeking locations for The Godfather trilogy about the notorious Corleone family, the filmmakers felt the town of the same name was too developed and chose, instead, two remote mountain villages: Savoca and Forza d'Agro. Both are reached by a drive through scenery that exemplifies the sensual beauty of Italy. As you disembark for a drive through Naxos, founded by Greek colonists in the 8th century BC, the magnificent bay, Taormina and Mount Etna are just a taste of what's to come. Enjoy the coastal scenery before turning inland to the Peloritani Mountains, where Savoca is set in a saddle between two hills. Here, the Bar Vitelli seems undisturbed from the time when Francis Ford Coppola was here and has a collection about the film. From the bar, a leisurely walking tour traces the wedding path of Michael Corleone and his bride up the main street past the 15th and 16th century churches to Santa Lucia, where they were married. Climb to the hill's summit for panoramas of a Norman Castle and the Strait of Messina. Also visit the Cappuccini Church where mummified bodies stand fully dressed in the crypt's shadowy niches. Your excursion into Godfather Country winds to the nearby village of Forza d'Agro, where Al Pacino and Sophia Coppola came to shoot scenes for Godfather III. Landmarks include the Church of S. Agostino with its Gothic-Catalan portal, the Baroque Mother Church and the Arab-Norman Castle of Capo Sant'Alessio. You don't need to be a film buff to appreciate this choice part of Sicily.
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THESSALONICA GREECE Byzantine Thessalonica THE1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Byzantine emperors held Thessalonica (also known as Salonica) second only in importance to Constantinople, and today the city is an open-air museum with Christian monuments dating from the 4th to the 21st century. Thessalonica became part of the Byzantine Empire in 395AD and was one of the first bases for the spread of Christianity. Drive from the ship to the Byzantine Museum, stopping en route at the 15th-century White Tower and the International Trade Fair grounds, built on the site of an old Jewish cemetery razed by the Germans in World War II (the headstones were used to surface roads). At the museum, enjoy an absorbing look at Byzantine and post-Byzantine culture. Learn how art and theology intertwined with politics and social structure, permeating all
aspects of everyday life. Drive next to the 5thcentury basilica, Agios Dimitrios, devastated in a 1917 fire that destroyed half the city. The church was rebuilt and inside are some of the finest mosaics in Greece, including depictions of St Dimitrios, Thessalonica's patron saint. From here, your walking tour continues to the palace of the Emperor Galerius and the 4th-century Rotunda, his mausoleum. The climax is a visit to the 8th-century Agia Sofia, patterned on Justinian's Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, its giant dome a symbol of technical mastery and the mosaics inside a work of Byzantine art. Following the visit you may drive back to the ship or, if time permits, explore more of the town at leisure.
* Note: In Thessalonica, you have a choice of included excursion (either THE1 or THE2). 106
THESSALONICA
Half day
INCLUDED*
Enter the ancient walls of Thessalonica to discover the wondrous monuments of a city that was once the capital of Roman Macedonia and, in the Byzantine era, second only to Constantinople. Founded in 315BC by Cassander of Macedonia and named after his wife, a stepsister of Alexander the Great, the city was a metropolis from the start. Today it is the second largest city in Greece, as well as the principle gateway from the Mediterranean to the Balkans and Central Europe. The past has left a splendid variety of art and architecture from the Hellenistic era to the present, witness to a far-reaching heritage. Begin with a visit to the White Tower, a restored 15th century Venetian fortification that is the city symbol. Also known as the Blood Tower, this was the site of a massacre of Christian soldiers during the Turkish occupation. Your scenic tour includes a look at the grounds of the International Trade Fair, the campus of the university and such Roman treasures as the Arch of Galerious and a brickwork Rotunda probably intended as that emperor's mausoleum. Visit the Church of St Dimitrios built on the spot where the city's patron saint was martyred. Then continue to the Archaeological Museum, home to a wealth of gold jewellery, part of the celebrated finds from the Hellenistic tombs at Derveni, discovered by chance in 1961. Other highlights include the Citadel and City Walls, from which you will have a marvellous view of the city, the Thermaic Gulf and, in the background, Mount Olympus, the home of the gods.
Half day
OPTIONAL $68pp
Journey to the burial site of Macedonia's kings, including the father and son of Alexander the Great. The Royal Tombs of Vergina are held to be among antiquity's greatest treasures. Your archaeological adventure starts with a drive to nearby Vergina, once known as Aegae, the first capital of Macedonia. Today this small village is renowned for its remarkable temple complex, only opened to the public since 1993. The tour includes a visit to the site where a monumental palace was brought to light. See the newly constructed exhibit bearing the tombs and the findings of all three tombs, including Alexander's father, Phillip II, who was assassinated, and also his son, Alexander IV, who was poisoned at 14. For centuries the tombs lay hidden under debris and local children played ball on the tumulus, as the grave mound is called, unaware of what was underneath their feet. The story of the tombs' discovery by Manolis Andronikos, on the final day of excavation, is a cliff-hanger tale in itself. Visit the unique museum and walk down a white sandstone ramp that descends partially underground beneath a huge dome that simulates the look of the original mound. Feast your eyes on the marvellous treasures found in Phillip's magnificent solid gold casket. All are masterpieces of ancient Greek art dating back to the 4th century BC. Admire the golden laurel wreaths, silver vessels and miniature sculpture, as well as paintings. Of special note are Phillip's crown, armour and shield. On the return, as the mists of time lift, you'll be glad you took this thrilling turn off the beaten path.
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TRAPANI SICILY, ITALY Segesta TRA1
Erice Half day
INCLUDED
It is about an hour’s drive to Segesta, once an advanced centre of the Elymian civilisation. The city is thought to have been founded in the 5th to 4th century BC by a combination of exiled Trojans, Phocaeans from Greece and Sicans of Sicily. Segesta was well defended, located on a vast plateau between two peaks and surrounded by walls. Presiding in splendid isolation is a stunning Greek theatre and the majestic 36-columned, 5th-century BC Doric temple. This archaeological jewel is in an extraordinary state of preservation and makes a superb sight amid its surroundings of rolling hills. A short, albeit steep, walk from the temple takes you to the Greek (and later Roman) theatre, an open amphitheatre, where in the summer Greek plays are staged. There is a shuttle bus up the hill, but the views are so stunning that if you can manage it, walk! It is set on top of a stunning mountain plateau and you can see for miles over the valleys below. As the site of an ancient and important town which was only abandoned in the Middle Ages, Segesta also boasts the archaeological remains of many other times and cultures. There are the ruins of a Norman castle, a small church and a mosque.
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Half day
OPTIONAL $48pp
Upon seeing Pepoli Castle soaring 2,500 feet above the sea, the Norman architecture may lead you to believe that this is a town out of the Middle Ages, but, in fact, this exquisite hill-top town has origins that reach back to prehistory. There is evidence of a cult to a goddess of fertility, Venus Erycina, that can still be seen inside the castle, along with a sacred well and Roman bath. The Norman walls encircling the town incorporate original Phoenician fortifications – you can still see letters from the Phoenician alphabet carved in their surface. Stroll upwards along winding, cobblestone streets to grand squares with 14th-century churches and wander atmospheric byways dotted with Englishstyle gardens. Following the guided tour, there will be free time to explore the tempting shops that feature such local specialities as marzipan pastries or check out the panoramic views of Trapani and the Egadi Islands.
VALENCIA
VALENCIA SPAIN Valencia and Gardens
Valencia City Tour VAL1
Half day
INCLUDED*
Few cities are able to combine so harmoniously the remains from an ancient history with the most modern, avant-garde buildings as well as Valencia. You will visit both the historical centre and the most modern part of the city. Start by viewing the most outstanding monuments in the city including the fourteenth century church of the Knights Templar, the North Station, a modernist building designed by the architect Demetrio Ribes and inaugurated in 1917, and the Serranos and Quart Towers the only two doors that were conserved from the old wall that protected Valencia for 500 years. Continue to the Central Market (for an outside visit), Lonja (old silk exchange) – this building is one of the best examples of civic Gothic architecture, a work of great beauty by Pere Compte. For years Round Square has been used as a market and meeting place. Nowadays it is the scene of some fantastic handicraft stalls and souvenir shops. Steeped in history, the main Cathedral in Valencia's Plaza de la Virgen was built on the site of a former Roman temple and Muslim mosque. You will also see the exterior of the Basilica and the Generalitat Palace, which is a flamboyant Gothic building dating from 1421 that was the seat of the Valencian Government. In the most modern part of the city the highlight is the new landmark of Valencia, the City of Arts & Sciences, the largest cultural-educational complex in Europe.
VAL2
Half day
INCLUDED*
Depart from the pier for the Royal Gardens. The garden was donated to the city in 1903 for a horticultural nursery from which it derives its other name by which it is known: Viveros. The gardens have been enlarged, with the addition of fountains, greenhouses and more. In the garden itself, you will find the reconstructed palace gateway featuring the Dukes of Mandas in the sixteenth century “plateresque” style, an elaborate ornamentation suggestive of silver plate. This façade was previously located in Avellanas Street. An eighteenth century gateway is also found a few steps from here, which was once from Condes de Alcudia Palace (or Moroder) in Tetuan Square. From here, you will enjoy a panoramic tour of the city centre. Valencia is Spain’s thirdlargest city and is wonderfully liveable with thriving cultural, eating and commercial scenes. Brilliant contemporary buildings grace the city, which also has some fabulous museums and a large, characterful old quarter – perhaps explore these during your free time.
* Note: In Valencia, you have a choice of included excursion (either VAL1 or VAL2). 109
VENICE
VENICE ITALY (HOTEL STAY) Walking Tour of Venice VEN1
Half day
INCLUDED
Whether it is your first or fifteenth time in Venice, it is easy to get lost amid the labyrinth of bridges, footpaths and waterways, but save that pleasure for later. On this walking tour, a knowledgeable guide will navigate the city for you, uncovering its treasures as he or she shares its tales. Travel by boat down the beautiful Guidecca Canal to the heart of Venice, St Mark’s Square, and disembark at the bustling Riva degli Schiavoni. Stand in the regally proportioned square so famous for its pigeons and pealing bell towers. Sights here include the Campanile and the 15thcentury clock tower where two huge bronze statues strike the hour.
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Walk to St Mark's Basilica, a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, and admire its façade mosaics and golden dome, both superbly restored to their original grandeur. Next, take in the beauty of the Doge's Palace, a 14th-century Gothic masterpiece with pink marble exterior and lacy stone arches. For nearly a thousand years, this was the seat of the Venetian government and the residence of the Republic's elected leader, the Doge. After viewing this sight from outside, you'll have free time to explore the shops and cafes around St Mark's Square, where necklaces of Venetian glass make a treasured souvenir.
VENICE
St Mark’s Basilica VEN2
Evening visit
INCLUDED
If there is one memory to take home with you, it is the sight of St Mark’s Basilica, the cathedral of Venice, and this is a once-ina-lifetime opportunity the see this remarkable building at its very best. This evening, St Mark’s will be reserved for Voyages to Antiquity guests who will be treated to a private tour and the breathtaking sight of the famous mosaics illuminated in a spectacular light show. The church was built in 828 as a tomb for Saint Mark, whose body was spirited out of Alexandria hidden in a casket of pork, a bit of intrigue you can see memorialised in the mosaics above the church door. After a 976 fire, the church was rebuilt and served as the Doge’s private chapel. As such, it was a place of immense wealth and power that it became known as the Golden Church, or Chiesa d’Oro. For example, the Four Horses of St Mark in front are replicas of the Roman sculptures inside, brought back by the Venetians after the sacking of Constantinople. These horses originally had giant rubies in their eye sockets. The interior reinforces the jewel-encrusted Byzantine effect with its galleries high above the naves, massive chandeliers and over 40,000 square feet of mosaics. Works by Tintoretto, Bellini and Mantegna – to mention a few – adorn the walls. The Treasury brims with wealth from centuries of conquest. A visit here is an unforgettable glimpse into the heights reached by La Serenissima, as The Most Serene Republic of Venice was called.
VEN3
Half day
OPTIONAL $95pp
When Venetian doges of the 15th to 18th centuries wanted summer homes, they resorted to the Veneto region and built beautiful villas along the banks of the River Brenta. Today we'll visit the Villa Foscari, a UNESCO World Heritage Site designed by Andrea Palladio (1508-80), and Villa Pisani, a Versailles-like structure where Gianbattista Tiepolo (1696-1770) covered the ballroom ceiling with a fresco masterpiece. Depart from the pier to the tiny town of Malcontenta. Stop first at Greek temple-like Villa Foscari, poised high above the mouth of the Brenta River. Completed in 1560, the building is considered among the most mature of Palladio's designs and echoes his reverence for classical design principles. The villa is built on a platform with an Ionic colonnaded portico framed by stairs on each side for harmony and balance. Inside, allegorical frescoes by Giovanni Battista Zelotti and Giovanni Battista Franco depict such subjects as the Fall of the Giants. As your drive continues along the Brenta River road, take in the patrician Venetian villas. At the town of Stra, visit the Villa Pisani, now a national museum housing 18th and 19th century works of art and furniture. Tiepolo's massive masterpiece, The Glory of the Pisani Family, covers the ceiling of the ballroom. Tour the entire piano nobile, or principal floor, of 30 rooms with original furnishings. The gardens are breathtaking and feature a maze so complex it is said Napoleon got lost in it, while Hitler and Mussolini, who met here, refused to enter.
111
VIGO SPAIN Santiago de Compostela VIG1
Full day
INCLUDED
Vigo, the Gateway to the Atlantic, is a great combination of ancient history, beautiful beaches and a modern cosmopolitan outlook. This Galician city also has a proud heritage. Vigo was where the Roman Empire met the ocean and, in the 19th century, it became the main transatlantic departure point for a nation. Leave Vigo by road for Santiago de Compostela one of the most important places in Catholicism, because it is reputed to be the place where St James, one of the twelve Apostles of Christ, is buried. On arrival, enjoy a guided tour of Obradoiro Square. Named after the workmen who built the Cathedral, this square sits in front of the main entrance of the Cathedral on its northern faรงade. Facing the Cathedral is the Palacio de Rajoy that was built in the eighteenth century to house the choirboys and a seminary for priests. It was later used as a prison and is now the Town Hall.
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Facing the Cathedral is the Hostal dos Reis Catolicos that was built as a hospital for pilgrims during the reign of the Catholic kings in the XV century and today is one of the most beautiful buildings combining different styles such as Renaissance, Gothic and Baroque. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the reputed burial-place of Saint James, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ, and it has been a place of pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the early Middle Ages. What we see today is actually the fourth church to stand on this spot. The lavish baroque faรงade facing Praza do Obradoiro was erected in the 18th century, replacing the weather-damaged Romanesque one. This is the cathedral's main entrance, but owing to repair work on the towers and interior, it's likely to be closed until about 2021. In the meantime, most people enter through the south door on Praza das Praterias.
VOLOS
VOLOS GREECE Remarkable Monasteries of Meteora VOL1
Full day
INCLUDED
Perhaps the highlight of any trip to Greece is the sight of the Byzantine monasteries built atop the rock towers of Meteora. The very word means "suspended in air" and their effect is unforgettable. These sandstone "columns in the sky" soar up over a thousand feet above sea level and are crowned with monasteries built by anchorite monks from the 11th century onward. In all, there are twenty-four monasteries in Meteora, and while many have fallen into ruin, some of those that remain are adorned with beautiful frescoes which mark a key stage in postByzantine art. Originally visitors were winched up to the monasteries by a windlass, but stairs were cut in the 1930s to ease access a bit. From the ship, it’s a 2-hour drive across the fertile plain of Thessaly, the country of the mythical centaurs and the site of a battle between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. The monks who built the monasteries were looking for an escape from later battles, and nature provided the perfect place in Meteora.
The rock formations unfold along a winding road, and whether they were formed, as some hold, by an ancient lake 30 million years ago or by the flow of the Peneus River, they are stupendous. Six of the monasteries are still inhabited and two are nunneries. Visit the oldest and most accessible monastery, Agios Stephanos, now a convent. The Byzantine Emperor Paleologos stayed here in 1333 while en route to a battle on the plains below. The nuns here are involved in artistic pursuits that include icon painting, and the monasteries 15th-century church has an icon museum. Next, visit the Varlaam Monastery, which requires climbing about 150 steps, but it is well worth the effort both for the commanding views of the Pindus Range and also the fabled frescoes that include an apocalyptic vision of hell. Following the visit, we'll continue driving through this unearthly landscape, viewing new sights as we descend slowly to the plain. Few sights are more iconic than this.
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ZADAR CROATIA Historic Zadar on Foot ZAD1
Half day
INCLUDED
In 1409, King Ladislaus of Hungary sold his Dalmatian islands and cities, Zadar among them, to Venice for 100,000 ducats. This town has changed hands frequently since the first Neolithic settlement: the 9th-century BC Liburni were followed in the 4th century BC by Greeks and in the 1st century BC by the Romans, who called the area Zadara. As a result of so many rulers, Zadar has a wealth of monuments contained within the walls of its magnificent Old Town. Our included sightseeing visits the 1stcentury Roman Forum, now the site of several of Zadar's most beautiful churches. Visit the Cathedral of St Anastasia, the largest church in Croatia and a superb example of Romanesque architecture with two rose windows. This basilica was constructed in
114
the 12th and 13th centuries, but its origins as a shrine go back centuries earlier. Inside, a stone sarcophagus contains the remains of St Anastasia of Syrmia, martyred during Diocletian’s persecution. The walk takes you past the 9th-century Church of St Donatus, a Byzantine masterpiece with three naves that incorporate fragments of the town's original Roman Forum. Visit the Church of St Mary, where architectural elements range from a 12th-century bell tower built by the Hungarian-Croatian King Koloman to a beautiful 16th-century Renaissance façade. The convent next door is home to the Museum of Sacred Art, recently opened to the public, a showcase of Zadar's sacred treasures, including sculptures, paintings and such relics as the arm of St Isidore encased in a 12th-century casket.
SHORE EXCURSION PROGRAMME
TERMS & CONDITIONS Itinerary Changes The cruise and tour programmes featured in this brochure are planned many months in advance. Occasionally changes have to be made to the itineraries due to circumstances beyond the control of Voyages to Antiquity. Responsibility The responsibility of Voyages to Antiquity and the operator of the vessel is strictly limited according to the Terms and Conditions set forth in the Passage Contract that you receive prior to embarkation. You are urged to read the Passage Contract carefully. A sample is available to be mailed on request or can be viewed and printed from the Voyages to Antiquity website at any time. Transportation on board the ship is provided solely by the ship operator and pursuant to the Passage Contract. Voyages to Antiquity reserves the right to accept or decline any person as a guest for any reason. Voyages to Antiquity shall not be responsible for any act, event or omission during the time passengers are not aboard the Voyages to Antiquity vessel. Voyages to Antiquity acts only as an agent for the supplier of off-ship services such as airlines and other off-ship transportation carriers, meals, shore excursions, accommodations, air ambulance and shoreside physicians. Guests agree not to hold Voyages to Antiquity, its owners, agents or representatives liable for any loss, injury, expense or damage which results directly or indirectly from any act or omission, whether negligent or otherwise, of any third party person or firm which is to, or does, provide goods or services in connection with the trip or any available option. Without limiting the foregoing, Voyages to Antiquity shall have no liability to passengers for the quality of services at, and the condition, cleanliness or safety of a hotel, housing facility, or conveyance, or for any transportation delay, including but not limited to liability for inconvenience, shortened vacation time, additional
expenses, or any other kind of damage. Voyages to Antiquity expressly disclaims all responsibility of any nature whatsoever for any loss, damage or injury to property or person resulting from air, rail, motorcoach or any other form of transportation other than that actually provided by the Voyages to Antiquity vessel. Services provided by Independent Contractors All shoreside tours and services described in this brochure or on the website are provided by independent contractors. Voyages to Antiquity acts solely as ticketing agent for all shoreside activities and has no legal obligation or liability of any kind to guests for acts or omissions in connection with or arising out of arrangements with independent contractors, including but not limited to airline carriers, ground/tour operators, and hotels since they are neither agents for nor employees of Voyages to Antiquity. Guests with Special Needs The tour programmes featured in this brochure include extensive sightseeing and to fully participate each guest must be reasonably fit and have no walking difficulties. Whenever possible Voyages to Antiquity will try to accommodate guests with special needs as long as the mobility issues are not an impediment to others on the guided tours. For further details, refer to the Essential Travel Information leaflet or to that section of the Voyages to Antiquity website. Errors & Omissions While Voyages to Antiquity makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of information in this brochure, its promotions and as displayed on the website, Voyages to Antiquity reserves the right not to honour any published fares that it determines were erroneous due to printing, electronic or clerical error. Voyages to Antiquity is not responsible or liable for any typographical errors, omissions or misprints. 115
shore excursions
MEDITERRANEAN, AEGEAN, ADRIATIC & ATLANTIC CRUISES
2016
| Apollo (ballet) |
Which British monarch who was born in 1765 had the nickname 'The Sailor King' ? | Free Flashcards about 1415 KAAC League
Round 1
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A bud found on this type of swollen stem is called an 'eye.' Taro roots, water chestnuts, and yams are all examples of this thick, fleshy stem. Usually found underground, what is the term for this kind of stem, such as the potato?
TUBER
2. A rhombus has a side length of 37 units. What is the perimeter of the rhombus, in units?
148 (UNITS)
3. According to one saga, he sailed from Greenland to Norway about A.D. 1000, and was converted to Christianity. On his return, he sailed off course and landed not at Greenland but in an unknown land. What son of Eric the Red is given credit for establishing the first European settlement in the Americas?
4. After volunteering as a nurse during the American Civil War, this woman was inspired to write "Hospital Sketches." In addition to Eight Cousins, she also wrote a novel based on the exploits of Meg, Beth, Amy, and Jo March. Identify this author of Little Men and Little Women.
(LOUISA MAY) ALCOTT
5. This element of dance remains stationary when the dancer doesn't move her feet. It includes both the dancer's level and direction. Identify the element of dance that describes the area in which the dancer moves.
SPACE
6. A car company named for this inventor produced an electric automobile called the Model S, with zero emissions. A Serbian-American, he advocated the use of alternating current. Who is the man that helped build the first hydro-electric power plant, located on Niagara Falls?
(NICOLA) TESLA
7. Although he worked during the Baroque period, his work served as a forerunner of Impressionism, and particularly influenced Manet [ma-NAY]. He painted many of his best known works while he was the court artist for King Philip the Fourth. Identify this seventeenth-century Spanish artist.
(DIEGO) VELÁZQUEZ [vuh-LAHS-kehs]
8. Although one of the most influential thinkers ever, his life was largely unremarkable: plain and real in a Chinese expression. He was born in 551 B.C. in Lu, which is now part of Shandong Province. Identify this man considered China's most famous teacher, political theorist, and philosopher.
CONFUCIUS [kuhn-FYOO-shuhs] (Accept: KONGZI, KONGFUZI)
9. Angle ABC and CBD share ray BC. What name is given to a pair of angles that share a common ray?
ADJACENT (ANGLES)
10. Her novel Home of the Brave follows Kek, an African immigrant who adjusts to life in Minnesota. She won a Newbery Medal for the story of Ruby the baby elephant and her gorilla mentor. Which young adult author wrote The One and Only Ivan?
(KATHERINE) APPLEGATE
11. A condition commonly called Dowager Hump is part of the effects of this disease. The word literally means porous bone. Identify the disease common in women due to loss of calcium in the bone-matrix.
OSTEOPOROSIS
12. Alfred Hitchcock drew inspiration from this painting when creating the Bates Motel in Psycho. Its stern geometric form and lack of vegetation create sense of loneliness that is further imposed by the railroad tracks that divide the viewer from the house. Identify this work that employs the typical harsh lighting employed by Edward Hopper.
HOUSE BY THE RAILROAD
13. Consider the equation 3 X minus 4 equals 2 X plus B. If the solution to this equation is X equals 12, then what is the value of B?
(B EQUALS) 8
14. He is a feral child whom his adoptive parents call "the Frog" because of his hairlessness and constant squirming. Throughout his childhood, he befriends Baloo the bear, but avoids Shere Khan the tiger. Name this Indian child raised by wolves in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book.
MOWGLI
15. He left Norway as a boy when his father was exiled to Iceland. When he himself was exiled from Iceland, he sailed west with his household and livestock. What explorer established the first European settlement in Greenland in the late tenth century A.D.?
ERIK (THE RED) (Accept: ERIK THORVALDSON [TOOR-vahl-sun])
16. A mycologist could tell you that the world record holder for largest organism isn't the blue whale, but this type of organism, beginning with the letter "F." By growing along tree roots via hyphae (HIGH-fee), and extending rhizomorphs, this organism has spread to cover nearly four square miles. Identify the kingdom this organism belongs to, which includes yeasts, molds, smuts, and mushrooms.
FUNGUS (Accept: FUNGI)
17. Both Gothic and Art Nouveau forms were incorporated into the design of this church in Barcelona, Spain. The architect spent his last years working on it, and when he died in 1926, less than a quarter of it had been completed. Name this church designed by Antoni Gaudi [GOW (as in "how") dee] that is still under construction today.
(CHURCH OF THE) SAGRADA FAMILIA suh-GRAH-duh fuh-MEEL-yuh] (Accept: (CHURCH OF THE) HOLY FAMILY)
18. Given the arithmetic [ar-ith-MET-ick] sequence 100, 91, 82, 73, and so on, what is the twenty-first term of the sequence?
NEGATIVE 80
19. He served under George Washington at Valley Forge, briefly represented Virginia in Congress, and was named secretary of state by John Adams. When John Jay refused reappointment after the resignation of Oliver Ellsworth, Adams nominated this man for the Supreme Court. Name the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court whose tenure spanned thirty-four years.
(JOHN) MARSHALL
20. Her lesser-known books include Jumped and No Laughter Here. Her two novels about sisters Delphine, Vonetta, and Fern earned Coretta Scott King Awards, as well as a Scott O'Dell Award and a Newbery Honor. Give the author of One Crazy Summer and P. S. Be Eleven.
(RITA) WILLIAMS-GARCIA
21. A prankster group has tried to have this common compound banned by several cities, using its technical name. It is a colorless, odorless compound when at room temperature. What compound with the chemical name dihydrogen monoxide is necessary for life?
WATER (Accept: H2O)
22. As a twenty-year-old college dropout, this biography's subject founded a tech company in his parents' garage. He co-founded and was CEO of Pixar, but is best known for running the company that makes the iPhone. Name this biography, subtitled The Man Who Thought Different, by Karen Blumenthal.
STEVE JOBS
23. He shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to smooth the transition to majority rule in his country. He suffered a lung infection, and several months of ill health, before dying in 2013 at the age of ninety-five. Name this Nobel Peace Prize recipient, and former president of South Africa.
(NELSON) MANDELA
24. If five cans of soup costs $1.85, what is the cost of one can of soup?
37 CENTS
25. Nickname required. Even as a child, the composer of this symphony was noted for his sense of humor, and he demonstrated it with this work. According to one story, he was conducting it when he instructed the musicians to play the final chord of the second movement fortissimo [fore-TIS-uh-moe] to wake up a sleeping member of the audience. As a result, what nickname was given to this startling composition by Haydn [HIDE-un]?
SURPRISE (SYMPHONY)
26. A step-up transformer will increase this quantity of electricity. The quantity can be added up when batteries are arranged in series. Identify the quantity that measures electrical potential.
VOLT(AGE)
27. Born in Pennsylvania, this songwriter was primarily known for his parlor and minstrel music. Many of his songs remain popular even today, including "Oh! Susanna" and "Camptown Races." Name the American composer who wrote Kentucky's official state song.
(STEPHEN COLLINS) FOSTER
28. His father and uncle pave the way for his historic adventure by trading with the Mongols on the Volga River. He went east himself in 1271 as a teenager, remaining there until his return to Europe in 1295. Who spent many years of his life at the court of Kublai Khan before returning to Italy?
(MARCO) POLO
29. If X is the mean of a set of 10 numbers, what will be the new mean if each number is increased by 5?
X PLUS 5
30. In one poem, this writer describes silver, golden, brazen, and iron bells "Keeping time, time, time / In a sort of Runic rhyme." The death of his wife, Virginia Clemm, prompted him to write "Annabel Lee." Identify the American short story writer and poet best known for "The Raven."
(EDGAR ALLAN) POE
31. A woman who travels 500 meters in 5 minutes. What is the woman's speed in meters per minute?
100 (METERS PER MINUTE)
32. Although it is considered a type of flute, this instrument is usually made of wood or plastic. Composers like Bach and Vivaldi used it to suggest shepherds and imitate birds in their music. Identify this instrument with a whistle-type mouthpiece and holes along its length that can be covered to change its pitch.
RECORDER
33. First and last name answer required. On May 25, 1961, this man declared his goal of landing a man safely on the moon by the end of the decade. His inaugural address instructed listeners, "ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country." Which American president was assassinated in 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald?
JOHN (F. OR FITZGERALD) KENNEDY
34. In this battle, the Greeks were led by Miltiades [mil-TIE-uh-deez], and lost 192 men. In the battle, the Athenians surrounded the Persians' infantry, forcing a Persian retreat. What 490 B.C. battle that gave its name to a race, based on the legend of an Athenian messenger who took word of the victory back to Athens?
(BATTLE OF) MARATHON
35. Mary takes 6 different classes during the school day. In how many ways could these 6 classes be ordered?
720
36. An artificial system of this type was created for eight individuals in 1991, named Biosphere 2. An example of one found in nature is the Great Barrier Reef. What is defined as the interactions between a community of living organisms in a particular area, along with its nonliving environment?
ECOSYSTEM
37. Because it is intended to be played indoors, this style of music is usually played by small groups of string and woodwind instruments. It was often written to be light entertainment at a party or gathering, but was rarely the sole focus of an event. Which type of music takes its name from the fact that its players were originally sequestered in a separate room from the audience?
CHAMBER (MUSIC)
38. In "One Ordinary Day with Peanuts," this author explores the Johnsons' attempts to influence their acquaintances' days for better or worse. Kindergartener Laurie blames his imaginary friend for his own misbehavior in her story "Charles." Name the author best known for her story of Tessie Hutchinson's stoning, "The Lottery."
(SHIRLEY) JACKSON
39. More than a hundred people died in this country in November 2012 in a fire at a factory that made sweaters and shorts. Five months later, more than a thousand people died when a garment factory collapsed in Savar, a suburb of the capital. What south Asian nation, once part of Pakistan, has its capital at Dhaka [DAK-uh]?
BANGLADESH
40. Multiple answer required. Consider the relation consisting of the points (3, 5), (4, 7), (2, 8), and (5, 12). What is the range of this relation?
5, 7, 8, 12 (ANY ORDER)
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 1 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. According to legend, this man's camp stove covers an acre, and men grease his hotcake griddle by using bacon for skates. The cousin of Tony Beaver, he created the Grand Canyon, Black Hills, and Puget [PYOO-jit] Sound, as well as Minnesota's ten thousand lakes. Who is this mythical lumberjack and companion of Babe the Blue Ox?
(PAUL) BUNYAN
2. An example of this growth pattern is a plant tendril coiling around a supporting string. Give the biological term for an organism's "oriented growth…in response to mechanical contact."
THIGMOTROPISM [thig-MO-truh-piz-uhm]
3. Beginning in 1907, this dancer was the first to tour the world with her own company. She performed many iconic roles, but is best known for her depiction of the Dying Swan. Name this ballerina credited with bringing Russian dance to the rest of the world.
(ANNA) PAVLOVA [PAH-vluh-vuh]
4. Multiple answer required. Solve the equation for X: X squared minus 3X minus 40 equals 0.
(X EQUALS) 8, NEGATIVE 5
5. Multiple answer required. Colonists in these two towns were warned by Paul Revere that the British were coming to capture their military stores. At what two towns was the British force met by local minutemen, and turned back to Boston?
LEXINGTON, CONCORD (Either order)
6. A well-known modern adherent of this religion was Freddie Mercury, the lead singer for Queen, the group that recorded "We Will Rock You." It was one of the earliest religions to reject the idea of multiple gods, worshipping only Ahura Mazda, although it venerates the forces of nature, particularly fire. Identify this religion closely associated with ancient Persia and modern India.
ZOROASTRIAN(ISM) (Accept: PARSI(ISM))
7. An example of this kind of sentence is, "Katie adopted a kitten from the humane society." What type of sentence makes a statement?
DECLARATIVE
8. Ancient astronomers deemed this planet the slowest-moving, while Galileo first observed it with a telescope in 1610. Its mean density is the lowest of any object's in the solar system, meaning it could float in a large enough ocean. Identify the second largest planet, known for its rings.
SATURN
9. Rounded to the nearest mile, how many kilometers are in 10 miles?
16 (KILOMETERS)
10. The first settlement in this colony was St. Marys City, which was founded in 1634. It was a proprietary colony formed under a charter given to Cecilius Calvert in 1632. Name this colony whose major city was named for George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore.
MARYLAND
11. An example of this sentence structure is, "The computer crashed, so I lost my term paper." Identify the sentence structure that contains two or more independent clauses.
COMPOUND (SENTENCE)
12. Animals that exhibit this feeding behavior include alligators, owls, and lions. The "apex" type resides at the top of its ecosystem's food chain. What type of consumer survives by hunting and eating its prey?
PREDATOR
13. For his ninth labor, Hercules was sent to this queen to retrieve her magic girdle. Some versions say he killed her when taking it, others that she gave it to him freely. What fierce warrior was the daughter of Ares, and the queen of the Amazons?
HIPPOLYTE [hih-PAWL-ih-tee] (Accept: HIPPOLYTA [hih-PAWL-ih-tuh])
14. Solve the inequality: 3 plus 5X is greater than 4x minus 5
X IS GREATER THAN -8
15. The five clauses included in this amendment include the assembly clause and petition clause. The first clause is called the establishment clause. What amendment also protects the freedoms of speech and the press?
(Accept: FIRST (AMENDMENT)) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) ONE)
16. Although the family fled to Italy, this musical has them fleeing to Switzerland to escape the Nazis. Created by Rodgers and Hammerstein, the musical features songs like "My Favorite Things" and "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" as well as the title song. What musical follows the story of a young nun and her interactions with Captain Von Trapp and his seven children?
(THE) SOUND OF MUSIC
17. Every few years, this weather irregularity appears off the coast of Peru and Ecuador in late December. Its warm ocean currents vary in intensity, but can disrupt global climates. Identify this set of ocean conditions, whose name means "the Christ child" in Spanish.
EL NIÑO
18. Examples of this kind of conjunction include unless, before, and because. Name the kind of conjunction that introduces an adverb clause or joins an independent and a dependent clause.
SUBORDINATING (CONJUNCTION)
19. State your answer as a simplified radical.
3 CUBE ROOT OF 2
20. The spread of this economic system was spurred by the English cloth industry beginning in the sixteenth century. It has been the most dominant economic system since the end of feudalism. Identify the economic system found in the United States.
CAPITALISM (Accept: Other forms of the word, FREE ENTERPRISE, FREE MARKET)
21. After completing school, this British royal chose to go into the military. He served in combat in Afghanistan until a story was published in an Australian magazine revealing his location. Identify this member of the royal family who, after the birth of his nephew Prince George, is currently fourth in line of succession to the British crown.
(PRINCE) HARRY (OF WALES)
22. As a noun, this word can refer to an arched structure that forms a ceiling over a room. It also names a strong, fireproof metal cabinet for storing materials. Give this word that, as a verb, one may perform with a pole at a track and field event.
VAULT
23. In a Punnett square, this type of organism will possess one capital and one lowercase letter for a given characteristic. Give the term for a diploid organism whose cells contain two different alleles of a given gene.
HETEROZYGOUS [het-er-uh-ZIGH-gus] (Accept: HETEROZYGOTE)
24. The dimensions of a rectangular prism are 4 units by 5 units by 8 units. What is the volume of this prism, in cubic units?
160 (CUBIC UNITS)
25. This cylindrical map projection became the standard projection for nautical purposes, beginning in the sixteenth century. Name this projection that shows lines of latitude and longitude as straight lines, but exaggerates the size of objects far from the equator.
MERCATOR (PROJECTION)
26. A Latin root appears in the English words legislature and legal. What is the English meaning of the Latin root leg?
LAW
27. Examples of this dramatic element include stage left, upstage, and downstage. Actors must practice it consistently so that they know where to be in each scene. Identify the performance element of drama that tells the actors where to go and how to move onstage.
BLOCKING (Accept word forms)
28. In animals, these structures move liquids along internal epithelial [ep-uh-THEE-lee-uhl] tissue. In certain protozoans [proh-tuh-ZOH-uhnz], they provide locomotion by beating in rhythmic waves. What are these tiny, hairlike organelles?
CILIA [SILL-ee-uh]
29. This declaration may not have been legal, simply because it applied to areas of the country not under Union control. It was preceded by a warning in September 1862 that it would be issued unless the states in the Confederacy returned to the Union. By what statement did Abraham Lincoln declare that slaves in the states in rebellion were now free?
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
30. Triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF. If AB has a length of 5 and BC has a length of 8, then what is the length of EF if DE has a length of 40?
64
31. In a duet, this element of music is sung by the lead vocalist. When you whistle a song, this is the part that you whistle, without any of the instrumental accompaniment. What musical element is the progression of single notes that make up a song or musical phrase?
MELODY
32. In French, this term means "chewed paper." What art medium consists of paper pulp and glue that is molded into a desired shape and allowed to harden?
PAPIER-MÂCHÉ [pay-per-muh-SHAY]
33. This kind of map adds a third dimension to latitude and longitude by showing natural features of the Earth's surface, elevation in particular. What kind of map may use color or contour lines to show elevation?
TOPOGRAPHIC (MAP)
34. This property is a major component in determining an object's inertia. The connection between itself and energy is seen in the equation E equals m c squared. Identify tis fundamental property of matter.
MASS
35. What is the degree of the polynomial, F of X, equals 4 X raised to the fifth, plus 3 X cubed, minus 2 X squared?
5
36. All three kinds of this literary device rely on the contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. Examples include Mark Antony's statement, "Brutus is an honorable man," and the audience's awareness that Montresor plans to murder Fortunato in "The Cask of Amontillado" [uh-mon-tee-AH-doh]. Name this device, which can be dramatic, situational, or verbal.
IRONY
37. In a song, this element of music is demonstrated when a soprano sings one part and an alto sings a different part. In a chord, it is demonstrated when two or more complementary notes are played at the same time. Name this element of music where notes are added to complement the main melodic line.
HARMONY
38. This mountain system, part of the Appalachians, includes the Unaka [YOO-nuh-kuh] Mountains. It contains the highest mountains in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. What colorfully named chain includes the Great Smoky Mountains?
BLUE RIDGE (MOUNTAINS)
39. This type of reaction can be halted by removing either air or heat. Its spontaneous form can occur when pistachio nuts are stored in large quantities. Name this reaction that usually includes oxygen, and results in heat and light in the form of fire.
COMBUSTION (REACTION)
40. What is the largest 3 digit integer that is divisible by 6?
996
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 Our Town by Thornton Wilder does not use this element of drama. It can be as elaborate as an entire building or street, or as simple as a backdrop and a few raised platforms. What element creates a physical environment for a play?
SCENERY
SS-2 This policy resulted from fears that European nations might help Spain recover some of its colonies in the Americas. It was announced on December 2, 1823, during an annual message to Congress. What U.S. foreign policy doctrine declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization?
MONROE DOCTRINE
M-3 What is the sum of the absolute value of 8 with the absolute value of negative 8?
16
SC-4 When a drop of nitric acid is placed on this element to determine its purity. The only acid that can dissolve this element is aqua regia. Name this element with atomic number of 79 and symbol A-u.
GOLD
LA-5 Works in this literary form include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Moby Dick. It is "a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity" that presents characters and a sequence of events. Identify this literary form, whose name can also be a synonym for "new."
NOVEL
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A 16-ounce soda costs $1.44. What is the cost per ounce for the soda?
9 CENTS
2. A chili pepper is technically this in the eyes of a botanist, even if it doesn't taste sweet. While cooks may call squash or cucumbers vegetables, they are botanically defined as this. What do we call the ripened ovary of a flowering plant, containing one or more seeds?
FRUIT
3. A full-size replica of this landmark can be found in Centennial Park in Nashville. The original was designed by Phidias [FID-ee-us], and was completed in 432 B.C. Identify the temple of the Greek goddess Athena that sits on the hill of the Acropolis.
PARTHENON [PAHR-thuh-nuhn]
4. First and last name answer required. This character's friends include Hurry Harry March, Uncas, and Chingachgook [CHIN-gutch-gook]. Nicknamed "Hawkeye," "Deerslayer," and "Pathfinder," he appears in five novels that span his life from youth to death. Who is this protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales?
NATTY BUMPPO
5. When a dancer is unaccompanied, he can use his heartbeat to keep track of this element of dance. With musical accompaniment, he can use the music's rhythm and tempo. Name this element of dance that has to do with how fast or slow a movement is performed.
TIME
6. A radio DJ has 5 songs to choose from, but he only has time to play 3 of them. In how many ways could the DJ arrange the next 3 songs from his 5 choices?
60
7. According to medicalnewstoday.com, if a person's bodyweight is at least 20% higher than it should be, he or she is considered this. A person with a Body Mass Index over 30 falls into this category. What 5-letter word can mean overweight, to a point where it can negatively affect one's health?
OBESE
8. Although it is in the Sistine Chapel, this Michelangelo work was created twenty-five years after he painted the chapel's ceiling. Unlike most works on this subject, he depicts Christ as an avenging judge, determining the fate of all humanity. Name this fresco in which the saved souls ascend on the left, while the condemned souls descend on the right.
LAST JUDGMENT
9. An area occupied by this ancient culture is administered by Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, but is not open to the public. The culture takes its name from a Pima word that means "those who are gone," and is divided into the Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary, and Classic periods. Name this culture that flourished from 200 to perhaps 1450 along the Gila and Salt rivers in Arizona.
HOHOKAM [huh-HOH-kum]
10. In A Season of Gifts, this author continues the story of beloved, eccentric Grandma Dowdel. His previous novels detail Grandma's outrageous adventures as she helps Joey and Mary Alice shake up a small Illinois town. Who wrote A Long Way from Chicago and A Year Down Yonder?
(RICHARD) PECK
11. Acronym required. This device was first created in 1960, by Theodore Maiman [MAY-mun], but could only operate in pulses. It is commonly used in playback features of CDs and DVDs. Name this device, which is the acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation."
LASER
12. Add the following two polynomials and state your answer in descending order: 3 X cubed plus 2 X squared minus 5X plus 3, added to, 4 X cubed minus 7 X squared plus 3 X minus 8.
7 X CUBED MINUS 5 X SQUARED MINUS 2X MINUS 5
13. Believing that anything could be worthy of being painted, this artist chose his subjects from grocery store shelves and movie posters. He began mass-producing his works, and printing variations of portraits of famous people in garish colors. Name the Pop artist known for his depictions of Marilyn Monroe and Campbell's soup cans.
(ANDY) WARHOL
14. Forces under this general Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in western Tennessee in 1862. Because of his successes, President Lincoln appointed him commander of all Union armies in 1864. Name the Union general who defeated Robert E. Lee, and later was twice elected president.
(ULYSSES S.) GRANT
15. Individual stories in this collection include "Christopher Robin Leads an Expedition to the North Pole" and "Piglet Meets a Heffalump." The title bear lives in the Hundred Acre Wood, where he eats honey and has adventures with friends Eeyore, Tigger, and Kanga. What is this prequel to House at Pooh Corner by A. A. Milne?
WINNIE-THE-POOH
16. An example of this property would be the potential for gasoline to burn. Other examples includes oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, and double replacement reactions. Identify the kind of property measured by the potential of an element or compound to undergo a reaction.
CHEMICAL (PROPERTY)
17. Angle ABC is bisected by ray BD. If the measure of angle ABD is equal to 3x minus 5 degrees and the measure of angle DBC is equal to 5x minus 13 degrees, what is the measure of angle ABC, in degrees?
14 (DEGREES)
18. Commonly seen in Neoclassical architecture, this type of column is used in the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. Its base is comprised of several stacked round disks. Which type of column features volutes [vuh-LOOTS], or scroll-shaped ornaments, on its capital?
IONIC (Accept: IONIAN)
19. Her second novel, Touch Blue, profiles a Maine island whose only school is in danger of closing. She based David, the autistic hero of her Newbery Honor Book, on her own son, Gregory. Identify the author of Rules.
(CYNTHIA) LORD
20. In 1691, this colony was absorbed into a nearby colony that had been established in 1630. The leaders were religious Separatists who had earlier fled England for Holland, then arrived in the Americas in 1620. What colony's first settlers arrived on the Mayflower?
PLYMOUTH (COLONY)
21. An immature, wingless, feeding stage of an insect is the definition for this word. It is a stage of life for insects, coming before the pupa stage. Identify the stage of an insect's life before it goes through metamorphosis.
LARVA
22. At age thirty-five, this man became the first American-born conductor and musical director of the New York Philharmonic. He is the subject of a YALSA Finalist biography by Susan Goldman Rubin. Which conductor and composer's story is told in Music Was It?
(LEONARD) BERNSTEIN
23. In 1821, he became the first attorney to filed what is called a "friend of the court" brief before the U.S. Supreme Court. He promoted what he called the American System, and he failed to win the presidency in 1824, 1832, and 1844. Name this Kentucky senator known as the "Great Compromiser."
(HENRY) CLAY
24. Multiple answer required. 3 X squared minus 5 X plus 4 equals 0?
NEGATIVE 23
25. The name for this period may come from a Portuguese word meaning misshapen pearl, a negative description of the heavily ornamented art and music of this era. Probably the best known composers from this period are Johann Sebastian Bach and Frederic Handel. What era of music lasted from about 1600 to 1750, and was followed by the Classical period?
BAROQUE (PERIOD OR ERA)
26. Animals falling into this behavior pattern include hedgehogs, possums, bats, and owls. They often possess heightened senses, including eyes that compensate for low light levels. What word refers to animals that are primarily active at night?
NOCTURNAL(ITY)
27. Eugene Loring was the choreographer for this work based on a 1925 biography written by Walter Noble Burns. Numbers in the ballet include "The Open Prairie," "Card Game at Night," and "Gun Battle." Identify this ballet by Aaron Copland [COPE-lund] about an Old West outlaw.
BILLY THE KID
28. In one work, this poet equates being "Somebody" with telling "one's name - the livelong June - / To an admiring Bog!" Another of her poems describes an eerie carriage ride past "the School, where Children strove / At Recess - in the Ring…" Name the reclusive "Belle of Amherst" who wrote "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" and "Because I could not stop for Death."
(EMILY) DICKINSON
29. Lenin wrote that this form of economic system corresponds to Marx's second stage of socialism. It has largely been identified with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Name the system in which all means of production are controlled by the government.
COMMUNISM (Accept word forms)
30. Multiple answer required. Give the next two terms of the pattern: pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, and so on.
NONAGON, DECAGON
31. As a verb, this can mean to grow organisms in a specially prepared medium. As a noun, it is the fruited growth of those organisms. What is the name of the colony of microorganisms grown, commonly in a petri dish, in a medium such as agar?
CULTURE
32. Early versions of this brass instrument had no valves, and relied solely on harmonics to change its pitch. In the modern orchestra, it is the brass instrument with the highest range. What instrument was played by jazz greats Dizzy Gillespie and Louis Armstrong?
TRUMPET
33. First and last name answer required. This man delivered his speech "The Leader & the Cause" after being shot in the chest. Another speech offered Americans a "square deal," while a third alluded to a character from Pilgrim's Progress, the Man with the Muck Rake. Name this American president nicknamed the "Bull Moose."
THEODORE (OR TEDDY) ROOSEVELT
34. Multiple answer required. If you know that a number is divisible by 6, then what two other positive prime numbers must the number be divisible by?
2, 3
35. Multiple answer required. These two nations were involved in an on-again, off-again struggle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, over the question of who should rule one of them. That part of their struggle for leadership in Europe ended when Charles the Seventh conquered Normandy and Aquitaine [AK-wih-tane]. What two nations fought the Hundred Years' War?
ENGLAND, FRANCE (Either order) (Accept: BRITAIN or other equivalents)
36. Carl Sagan hosted the documentary titled "Cosmos" in 1980, while this astrophysicist hosted an updated version in 2014. As director of the Hayden Planetarium, he led the scientific community in classifying Pluto as a dwarf planet. Name this influential figure in the realm of science, who appeared alongside Bill Nye on an episode of "The Big Bang Theory."
(NEIL DEGRASSE) TYSON
37. Developed in the Roman Catholic Church around A.D. 600, this style of music is sung without instrumental accompaniment by the choir, and accompanies the text of the mass. It is led by a cantor who sings the opening words of a phrase, which is then finished by the whole choir. What style of music was named for the man who was pope from 590 to 604?
GREGORIAN CHANT
38. In "The Hitch-Hiker," this author describes a pickpocket who steals a policeman's diary after bumming a ride with the narrator. Another story implies that the title character will kill and stuff Billy Weaver, a young man who rents a room at her bed and breakfast. Identify this author of "The Landlady," as well as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
(ROALD) DAHL [ROO-all DOLL]
39. One prism has a volume of 50 cubic units. If a second prism has dimensions that are twice the first prism, what is the volume of the second prism?
400 (CUBIC UNITS)
40. The completion of this project did much to make New York a major commercial center of the United States. It was begun under the leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York. What engineering project required eighty-three locks to span the distance from Buffalo, New York, to the upper Hudson River?
ERIE CANAL
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 2 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. Despite its name, this geological category is determined by temperature, and may not even contain water. It must continuously experience a temperature colder than zero degrees Celsius for two or more years. Give the term for perennially frozen ground often found in the tundra.
PERMAFROST
2. During her time with the New York City Ballet, this choreographer created Fall River Legend, which she based on the story of Lizzie Borden. In 1942, her choreography for Rodeo became the first to integrate tap-dancing and classical ballet. Name this American choreographer, who created the dances for musicals like Brigadoon and Oklahoma!
(AGNES) DEMILLE
3. In ancient mythology, this bird had a melodious voice and gold and red plumage. Only one existed at any given time, and it lived at least five hundred years. What kind of bird burned itself on a funeral pyre, only to see a new bird rise from the ashes?
PHOENIX
4. Solve the equation: X plus 2 times the quantity, X minus 4, close quantity, equals 43.
(X EQUALS) 17
5. The name by which many people know him means the "awakened one." In his first sermon after his enlightenment, he set forth the Four Noble Truths. Name the found of a major philosophical system that includes such varieties as Mahayana [mah-huh-YAH-nuh] and Zen.
BUDDHA (Accept: GAUTAMA SIDDHARTHA [either or both])
6. According to tradition, this saint was a bishop who lived in third-century Rome. He secretly married couples in defiance of the emperor's edict, and was put to death for his crime. What saint's feast day is celebrated on February 14?
(SAINT) VALENTINE (Not: VALENTINE'S DAY)
7. Correct the grammatical error, if one exists, in the following sentence: If you aren't feeling well, go lay down on the couch.
CHANGE "LAY" TO "LIE" (Accept equivalent answers)
8. Full name answer, please. This astronomical chart organizes stars by spectral class and absolute magnitude. The main sequence stars form a diagonal line from top left to bottom right, with giants in the upper right and dwarves in the bottom left corners. What is this diagram named for the Danish and American astronomers who independently created it?
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL (DIAGRAM)
9. Solve the inequality: 4 minus X is greater than 12
X IS LESS THAN -8
10. The name of this river comes from a Miami word that means "water over white stones." It was part of the longest canal system in the U.S., linking Evansville, Indiana, with Lake Erie. What river that flows through Indiana shares its name with that of a fictional train?
WABASH (RIVER)
11. An example of this sentence structure is, "Until she graduates, she will live with her parents, but then she wants to move." Give the term for a sentence that contains as least two independent and at least one dependent clause.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX (SENTENCE)
12. Generic scientific term required. The science that studies these objects is divided into internal, external, intermediate, and terminal. The objects are affected by gravity and wind, and they are kept in motion by their own inertia. What is the scientific term for any objects that are propelled through the air by a force, such as the gunpowder in a bullet?
PROJECTILES
13. His parents threw him out of Olympus because he was born lame. Apollo brought him back to Olympus, and he eventually became the consort of Aphrodite. Identify the Greek god of fire, volcanoes, and blacksmithing.
HEPHAESTUS [hih-FES-tus]
14. State your answer as a mixed fraction. The shortest of the triple crown races, the Preakness Stakes, is 9 and a half furlongs in length. If one furlong is one-eighth of a mile, then how long, in miles, is the Preakness Stakes?
1 3/16 (MILES)
15. This amendment, according to some, reflects the ancient Roman belief that every citizen was a soldier. It restricts the federal government's power to regulate state militias. Identify the amendment that protects an individual's right to carry and use arms for self-defense.
(Accept: SECOND (AMENDMENT)) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) TWO)
16. Created by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty, this Broadway musical is a fusion of many beloved children's stories. It pulls characters and plots from books such as Miss Gertrude McFuzz and Horton Hears a Who!, and is narrated by the Cat in the Hat. Identify this Broadway show that brings to life the fantastical world of Dr. Seuss.
SEUSSICAL (THE MUSICAL)
17. Give the superlative form of the adverb in the following sentence: Cats can see well in the dark.
BEST
18. In botany, this word refers to the long, straight, soft hairs that cover certain plants' flowers and fruit. More commonly, it names wormlike projections found in a human's digestive tract. What feature of the small intestine's mucous membrane aids in nutrient absorption?
VILLI [VIL-ahy]
19. The following are test scores for a pretest in math class: 40, 80, 60, 70, and 50. What is the mean of these scores?
60
20. This country elected Enrique Peña Nieto [ehn-REE-kay PAYN-yah nee-EH-toh] as its president in 2012. The country was hit by a hurricane from the Pacific, and a tropical storm from the Gulf, at the same time in 2013. What country saw thousands of tourists stranded, including those at Acapulco [ak-uh-POOL-koh]?
MEXICO
21. Although this website was originally created for students at Harvard, it now has over a billion users. Its development and rise in popularity was depicted in the film The Social Network. Identify this website created by Mark Zuckerberg and his college roommates.
FACEBOOK (DOT COM)
22. As a verb, this word can mean "to think or meditate in silence, as on some subject." As a noun, it can refer to a person who inspires a creative artist. What word, in Greek mythology, refers to any of nine sister goddesses who ruled the arts?
MUSE
23. In meteorology, this phenomenon is the counterpart of praecipitatio [pree-sip-i-TEY-shee-oh]. What term names the streaks of ice particles and water drops that fall from a cloud, but evaporate before reaching the ground?
VIRGA
24. The perimeter of a hexagon is 120 units. If the average length of 5 sides of the hexagon is 22 units, what is the length of the sixth side?
10 (UNITS)
25. This legend normally found on a map helps people understand what the map shows. What type of legend might be used to show the symbols for a state capital, a large city, or a hospital?
(MAP) KEY
26. In English, this Greek root translates as "light." Give this root often appearing before synthesis and graph.
PHOTO
27. In Punnett squares, this type of allele is represented by a capital letter. Examples include detached earlobes, curly hair, and brown eyes. What kind of genetic trait is guaranteed to appear in an organism's phenotype?
DOMINANT
28. This artist of the Italian Renaissance, a favorite of Lorenzo de Medici, was almost lost to history until he was rediscovered in the nineteenth century. His most famous paintings illustrate stories from classical mythology with the linear grace typical of the Florentine School. Which artist is particularly renowned for his depictions of the goddess Venus?
(SANDRO) BOTTICELLI [bot-ih-CHEL-ee] (Accept: (ALESSANDRO) FILIPEPI)
29. This mountain peak was named for a nineteenth-century British surveyor general in India. It is on the border of Nepal and China, and its summit was first reached by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary. What mountain in the Himalayas contains the highest elevation on Earth?
(MOUNT) EVEREST
30. This test is sometimes referred to as the pencil test. What test can be used to easily determine if the graph of a relation represents a function?
VERTICAL LINE (TEST)
31. In Polynesian languages, this word names anything that is at once sacred and forbidden. Give the five-letter word beginning with t for any action that society deems inappropriate.
TABOO
32. This artist was sometimes called the "Leonardo of the North" because of his varied interest in many subjects. He raised printmaking to an art form, and applied the use of hatching to create shadows and depth in his woodcuts. Identify this German artist who, in addition to his many self-portraits, created several paintings and engravings of Saint Jerome.
(ALBRECHT) DÜRER [DYOOR-er]
33. This place was named Cape of Storms by Bartolomeu Dias [bahr-too-loo-MEH-oo DEE-ash], after he became the first known European to sail past it. One account says that King John of Portugal renamed it because he thought it was a good omen. Name this promontory on the coast of South Africa.
(CAPE OF) GOOD HOPE
34. Triangle ABC is similar to triangle XYZ. If angle A has a measure of 40 degrees and angle B has a measure of 60 degrees, then what is the measure of angle Y, in degrees?
60 (DEGREES)
35. Using appropriate vector units, determine the momentum of a 50-kilogram person rolling down a hill at 3 meters per second.
150 KILOGRAMS (TIMES) METERS PER SECOND DOWN(WARD)
36. If an author calls soldiers "boots on the ground" or sailors "hands on deck," she is using this literary device. What kind of device uses part of a person or object to represent the whole?
SYNECDOCHE [sin-EK-duh-kee]
37. This period in art began in Italy, but by the sixteenth century had spread throughout Europe. One trademark characteristic of this period was the development of linear perspective and the use of balance and symmetry. Which period included artists such as Botticelli [bot-ih-CHEL-ee] and Michelangelo?
RENAISSANCE
38. This resource comes from an ancient carboniferous [kar-buh-NIF-er-us] swamp that covered the interior lowlands of North America million of years ago. It comes in two major types: anthracite and bituminous. What energy resource is found on the western edge of the Appalachians?
COAL
39. Using correct units, calculate the kinetic energy of a 1,000-kilogram car moving at a constant velocity of 10 meters per second.
50,000 JOULES [JOOLZ]
40. What is the cube root of 54 as a simplified radical?
5 RADICAL 2 (Accept: 5 SQUARE ROOT OF 2)
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This seventeenth-century painting features a young woman wearing a blue and yellow scarf on her head while looking back over her shoulder. The story of its creation was fictionalized in a 1999 novel, which was later made into both a film. Identify this Vermeer work in which the viewer's eye is drawn to a simple piece of jewelry.
GIRL WITH A PEARL EARRING
SS-2 Washington's troops took up quarters here after being defeated at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Situated on the west bank of the Schuylkill [SKOOL-kil] River, it provided a place where Baron von Steuben could drill the troops into an effective fighting force. Where did the Continental Army take up winter quarters in the winter of 1777?
VALLEY FORGE (PENNSYLVANIA)
SC-3 When a star rotates away from the Earth, its electromagnetic radiation exhibits this phenomenon. It is similar to the Doppler effect in that it lengthens the frequency of the wave. What colorful astronomical phenomenon is used to demonstrate the expansion of the universe?
REDSHIFT
M-4 Which two-digit negative integer has the largest absolute value?
NEGATIVE 99
LA-5 Works in this literary genre, closely related to autobiography, include Elie Wiesel's Night and Frank McCourt's Angela's Ashes. Give the six-letter word for a work in which someone--often a politician or celebrity--recounts past experiences.
MEMOIR
Round 3
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A Chinese instrument, the "dizi," is a traditional flute made of this grass. It can grow up to four feet in 24 hours, and can reach heights of twenty feet. A staple in the diet of the panda, name this plant called the "perfect renewable resource."
BAMBOO
2. A dancer controls this element of dance with tension and relaxation. It allows the dancer to make heavy movements or smooth, flowing movements. Which element of dance is determined by the energy that a dancer uses?
FORCE (Accept: ENERGY)
3. A prism has a base with an area of 25 square units. The height of the prism is 12 units. What is the volume of the prism, in terms of cubic units?
300 (CUBIC UNITS)
4. British forces retreated to this coastal town so their commander could maintain communication by sea with the main British army in New York. Continental and French troops left New York and hurried southward to join the forces besieging the British. At what Virginia town did forces under Washington and Lafayette force British General Cornwallis to surrender?
YORKTOWN (VIRGINIA)
5. This author founded and served as principal of Mount Vernon School, a girls' secondary school. He wrote the Franconia Stories, but is better known for creating a young boy who travels the world with his uncle George. Name the nineteenth-century American author of the Rollo series.
(JACOB) ABBOTT
6. Animals in this category generally have broad, flat teeth adapted to crushing and grinding. Elephants, giraffes, horses, and cows are all examples. What kind of animals are adapted to living entirely on plants?
HERBIVORE(S)
7. Commissioned by the Medici family, this painting depicts the mythological creation of a goddess. She has emerged from the sea as a full-grown woman, standing on a shell. Which Botticelli [bot-ih-CHEL-ee] painting depicts a beautiful woman standing on a seashell?
BIRTH OF VENUS
8. Consider the relation given by the equation Y equals X squared. What is the domain of this relation?
ALL REALS
9. Four main theories try to explain this economic trend, including the quantity theory. The trend can be an increase in the supply of money, or an increase in money income. What economic trend is generally thought of in terms of an increase in prices?
INFLATION
10. In one adventure, this character heads for Spidermonkey Island with his nine-year-old crewman, Tommy Stubbins. He encounters the Great See Snail and befriends Chee-Chee the monkey and Polynesia the parrot. Who is this Hugh Lofting creation, a naturalist and physician who can talk to animals in their own languages?
(DOCTOR) DOLITTLE
11. Archimedes [ar-kuh-MEE-deez] supposedly used this physical property to determine whether the king's wreath was pure gold. Displacement is commonly used when measuring volume in an irregular object to calculate this property. Name this physical property that is defined as the amount of mass per unit of volume.
DENSITY (Accept: SPECIFIC GRAVITY)
12. Convex quadrilateral ABCD is similar to quadrilateral PQRS. If the measures of angles A, B, and C are 100 degrees each, then what is the measure of angle S, in degrees?
60 (DEGREES)
13. Finished in 1800, this canvas was done by the official painter to the Spanish court. It displays the subjects in all their royal finery, but does nothing to hide their plain, squat stature. Identify this depiction of the royal family, painted by Francisco Goya.
CHARLES IV OF SPAIN AND HIS FAMILY
14. He arrived in Boston in 1631, but was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. His unpopular religious views caused him trouble in Massachusetts, so he founded a town on Narragansett Bay in 1636. Name the religious reformer who founded of Rhode Island.
(ROGER) WILLIAMS
15. The author entitled the first of his "Extraordinary Journeys" novels Five Weeks in a Balloon. He created the eccentric protagonists Otto Lidenbrock, Captain Nemo, and Phileas Fogg. Name the French science fiction author of Journey to the Center of the Earth, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and Around the World in Eighty Days.
(JULES) VERNE
16. Arthropods, cephalopods, and gastropods all belong to this classification. Jellyfish are a good example, as they become unstructured blobs when they are beached. Give the word for animals that are spineless.
INVERTEBRATE(S)
17. For a rectangle, the ratio of length to width is three to five. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 32, what is the length, in units, of the rectangle?
6 (UNITS)
18. He dropped out of high school and earned a GED, then became a private contractor for the NSA in 2009. He fled the United States in 2013, and ended up in a Russian airport. Name this American security contractor who leaked information about United States' surveillance, and sought asylum in Russia.
(EDWARD) SNOWDEN
19. He was one of the few Renaissance architects who actually trained in building construction as a stonemason. His buildings and designs exhibit symmetry and a distinct Roman influence. Which architect wrote the treatise titled The Four Books of Architecture?
(ANDREA) PALLADIO [puh-LAH-dee-oh]
20. In this novel, a young girl moves to Los Alamos, New Mexico, where her mathematician father is helping to build "the gadget." Dewey Kerrigan meets J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Manhattan Project, and discovers that "the gadget" is actually an atomic bomb. Name this historical novel, winner of the Scott O'Dell Award, written by Ellen Klages [CLAY-jes].
(THE) GREEN GLASS SEA
21. Brushing and flossing can not only prevent, but also treat this disease. If left untreated, underlying dental bone can be infected, causing periodontitis. Name the disease caused by poor dental hygiene, that is marked by the inflammation of the gums.
GINGIVITIS
22. How many permutations are there of 8 things if they are taken 2 at a time?
56
23. Multiple answer required. One of these cities had a massive wall around its citadel, whose name means "high city." The other was known for is rigorous military rule, which made soldiers of nearly all its male citizens. What two Greek city-states led the opposing alliances during the Peloponnesian [pel-uh-puh-NEE-zhun] War?
ATHENS, SPARTA
24. The author wrote and illustrated this book in response to his children's question of whether he was a settler like early American pioneers. It details his childhood in Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia and the influence of Western pop culture on dismantling the Iron Curtain. What is this book, subtitled Growing Up Behind the Iron Curtain, by Peter Sís [SEES]?
(THE) WALL
25. The premier of this overture was delayed by police for two weeks because they feared it would stir up trouble at the university where the premier was held. Its main melodies come from tavern songs that were well-known to German college students. Which work did Brahms compose for the occasion of his receiving an honorary doctorate of music degree?
ACADEMIC FESTIVAL (OVERTURE)
26. Charles Goodyear patented this process in 1844. It is performed by heating rubber mixed with sulfur. Named after the Roman god of fire, what is this process that improves the strength and elasticity of rubber?
VULCANIZATION
27. First and last name required. As a composer, he sought to combine the techniques and forms of classical music with the style and rhythms of popular music and jazz. He created several Broadway musicals with his brother, including Girl Crazy and Of Thee I Sing. Who composed Rhapsody in Blue and Porgy and Bess?
GEORGE GERSHWIN
28. In geometry, what name is given to two rays that share a common endpoint?
ANGLE
29. In this poem, the speaker's horse "gives his harness bells a shake / To ask if there is some mistake," but, "The only other sound's the sweep / Of easy wind and downy flake." It ends with the speaker remembering that he has "promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep." Name this Robert Frost poem.
"STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING"
30. The editor of one Detroit paper wrote that this political leader was innocent because Senator Benjamin Wade was "guilty of being his successor." The political leader's refusal to submit to the demands of Radical Republicans in Congress resulted in a call for his impeachment. Who was the first president to face impeachment, retaining his office by just one vote?
(ANDREW) JOHNSON
31. Connecting circuits in this way can double the voltage while maintaining the same capacity. What wiring configuration creates a single continuous flow of electricity?
SERIES
32. Early versions of this instrument were developed in Germany in the early 1800s. Today it is popular with folk musicians across Europe. It consists of a set of bellows with piano-like keys on one side, and rows of buttons on the other. Name this instrument that is related to the concertina.
ACCORDION
33. In 1940, this man confessed to his cabinet that he had nothing to offer them but "blood, toil, tears, and sweat." In the wake of Dunkirk's successful evacuation, he assured listeners, "we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds…we shall never surrender." Identify this prime minister, who led Britain through World War II.
(WINSTON) CHURCHILL
34. Multiple answer required. Give the next two terms in this pattern: million, billion, trillion, and so on
QUADRILLION, QUINTILLION
35. The origin of this people is uncertain, but it is suggested that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau. Their success in creating an empire was due to their remarkable system of agriculture, which included irrigation and the reclamation of swamp land. What empire's downfall came at the hands of Hernán Cortés [her-NAN KAWR-tez]?
AZTEC (Accept word forms)
36. Ecologists abbreviate this concept with a capital K. It differs for every species in a given habitat because each species has specific food, social, and shelter needs. What term names the maximum number of a species' organisms that an environment can support?
CARRYING CAPACITY
37. First developed in the early 1940s, this style of jazz was the first to make full use of the twelve-note chromatic scale. It is characterized by complicated melody lines and chord patterns played at exceptional speed. Name this style of jazz pioneered by Thelonius [thuh-LOH-nee-uhs] Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker.
BEBOP (JAZZ) (Accept: BOP (JAZZ))
38. Multiple answer required: Solve the equation for X: Quantity X plus 2, close quantity, squared, equals 25.
(X EQUALS) 3, NEGATIVE 7
39. One character in this story, John Wilson, is an artist who lost arm in the Vietnam War. His summer art class helps eighth grader Adam Zebrin [ZEE-brin] regain mobility in his damaged left hand. Give the name of this Chaim Potok [HYM PO-tahk] story.
ZEBRA
40. This abyss [uh-BISS] marks the location where the Pacific tectonic plate dips beneath the Philippine plate. It was explored in 2012 by filmmaker James Cameron. What trench is considered the deepest trench on Earth, reaching depths of more than 35,000 feet?
MARIANA(S) (TRENCH)
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 3 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. English aristocrats encountered this style of dancing in fashionable Parisian ballrooms in the early 1800s. It consisted of couples in square formation that danced intricate patterns between and around each other. Identify this dance, the precursor to American square dancing, and takes its name from the number of couples involved, four.
QUADRILLE
2. Galileo discovered four of this planet's moons--Io, Ganymede [GAN-uh-meed], Callisto, and Europa--in 1609. It rotates twice as fast as Earth, but takes twelve years to orbit the Sun. Which planet is our solar system's most massive?
JUPITER
3. In this fable, "gratitude is the sign of noble souls." An escaped slave removes a thorn from a beast's paw, only to have the beast spare his life later on. What is the name of this Aesop fable?
ANDROCLES AND THE LION
4. One pint of strawberries contains about 12 strawberries. Using this estimation, how many strawberries would be in a gallon of strawberries?
96 (STRAWBERRIES)
5. This amendment in the Bill of Rights was a response to the British practice of requiring colonists to provide shelter for their troops. Which amendment includes the statement, "No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner"?
THIRD (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) THREE)
6. Correct the grammatical error, if one exists, in the following sentence: Who stepped on my package of M&M's?
NO CORRECTION NEEDED (Accept equivalent answers)
7. Followers of this religion emphasize the Three Treasures: compassion, humility, and moderation. It focuses on harmony with nature, and is sometimes called The Way or The Path. Identify this Chinese religious tradition founded by Lao Tzu [LOW (as in "how") DZUH].
TAOISM (Accept: DAOISM)
8. In 2004, ten-year-old Tilly Smith, on vacation in Thailand, saved dozens of lives when she warned her family about this dangerous aftermath of an undersea earthquake. Friction as the ocean floor rises causes the water to rise higher. What destructive wave takes one of its names from the Japanese for "harbor wave"?
TSUNAMI (Accept: TIDAL WAVE)
9. Solve the equation for A: 4X minus 2A equals 8Y.
(A EQUALS) 2X MINUS 4Y (Accept: (A EQUALS) NEGATIVE 4Y PLUS 2X)
10. This compass point lies at 22 degrees north, 30 minutes east. What compass direction is abbreviated as NNE?
NORTH-NORTHEAST (Not: NORTH BY NORTHEAST)
11. Capitalize the appropriate words in the following sentence: John and I sent our uncle George a birthday card.
JOHN, I, GEORGE (any order)
12. Hubris was the downfall of many figures in mythology, including this weaver, who was the daughter of Idmon. She boasted of her skill with the loom, and challenged the goddess Athena to a contest. What character in Greek mythology was transformed into a spider so she could weave forever?
ARACHNE [uh-RAK-nee]
13. In biology, this term can refer to a simple structure, such as a seed, bud or spore. It can also refer to a microorganism, especially one that produces disease in plants or animals. Identify the word that can describe a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, that we strive to kill with proper hand-washing technique.
GERM(S)
14. Solve the inequality: 2 times the quantity X plus 5, close quantity, is less than X minus 8
X IS LESS THAN -18
15. This disease took the lives of perhaps two-thirds of the crew who sailed with Vasco Da Gama around Africa to India. Name this disease caused by a deficiency of the vitamin found in citrus fruit.
SCURVY (Accept: VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY)
16. Directed by Marianne Elliott and Tom Morris, this Broadway play was based on the novel of the same name by Michael Morpurgo. It tells the story of Billy Narracott and Joey as they try to survive during World War One. What play features life-sized horse puppets and horse choreography?
WAR HORSE
17. Identify the verb tense of the following sentence: At six p.m., they will have danced for six hours.
FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE)
18. In cells, this substance lies outside the nuclear membrane, but inside the cell membrane. What semifluid substance, in eukaryotes [yoo-KAR-ee-ohtz], contains all of a cell's organelles?
CYTOPLASM [SAHY-tuh-plaz-uhm]
19. The length of a rectangle is 3 more than twice the width of the rectangle. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 36 units, what is the length of the rectangle?
13 (UNITS)
20. This former slave was invited to speak to an anti-slavery conference in Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1841. He later established his own anti-slavery newspaper, North Star. Name this man who would call for former slaves to be enlisted in the Union Army, and who late in life was named U.S. minister to Haiti.
(FREDERICK) DOUGLASS (Accept: (FREDERICK) BAILEY)
21. At the age of fourteen, this singer moved to Nashville and quickly became the youngest songwriter ever hired by Sony Music. In 2008, she crossed over into pop music with her singles "Love Story" and "You Belong With Me." Which musical icon declares that "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"?
(TAYLOR) SWIFT
22. In international law, this word means "refuge afforded to a person whose extradition is sought by a foreign government." It also refers to the sacred refuge that the Christian church formerly provided to criminals and debtors. What six-letter word previously named an institution that housed orphans or the mentally ill?
ASYLUM
23. It is a pyrimidine [pahy-RIM-i-deen] nitrogenous base whose molecular formula is C-4-H-5-N-3-O. One of the basic components of both DNA and RNA, it forms a base pair with guanine [GWAH-neen]. Name this base, often abbreviated C.
CYTOSINE [SITE-oh-seen]
24. This river drains an area of some 2.7 million square miles. It begins high in the Andes Mountains, and travels eastward thousands of miles into the Atlantic Ocean. Name the river that includes the largest drainage system in the world, and rivals the Nile River in length.
AMAZON (RIVER)
25. What is the absolute value of the quantity, 4 minus 20, close quantity?
16
26. In Latin, this root translates as "to speak." Identify the root present in contradict and dictionary.
DICT- (Accept stated or spelled)
27. It may be partially consolidated sandstone, or loose sand that contains high concentrations of bitumen [by-TOO-muhn]. It produces synthetic crude oil, a powerful fossil fuel. Name this type of sand from which asphalt can be obtained.
TAR SAND(S)
28. This depiction of the Peninsular War was influenced by Rubens' Massacre of the Innocents, and in turn influenced Picasso's Guernica [gher-NEE-kah]. It depicts soldiers killing a group of resistance fighters who are highlighted by the soldiers' lantern. Identify this Goya painting that depicts the atrocities of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain.
(THE) THIRD OF MAY 1808 (Accept: (THE) EXECUTION OF THE DEFENDERS OF MADRID ON THE THIRD OF MAY, 1808)
29. This scientific instrument used for observations dates back to at least A.D. 600. It came into wide use during the Middle Ages, particularly in the Islamic world. Name this instrument, used for reckoning time, or calculating the position of the sun and prominent stars, with respect to the horizon and meridian.
ASTROLABE [AS-truh-laib]
30. What is the product of the following two polynomials? The quantity, 3 X minus 4, close quantity, times the quantity 5 X plus 8, close quantity.
15 X SQUARED PLUS 4 X MINUS 32
31. In scientific jargon, this French phrase is known as promnesia [prom-NEE-zhuh]. Literally, it means "already seen." Identify the sensation of having previously encountered something that you are actually experiencing for the first time.
DÉJÀ VU [day-zhah VOO]
32. This painting depicts the mythological tale about a Titan who, fearful that one of his children will overthrow him, eats each one as it is born. It is the most famous of the Black Paintings that resided in the artist's house and was not intended for public display. Name this dark, malevolent work by Francisco Goya.
SATURN DEVOURING HIS CHILDREN
33. This property can be determined by the wavelength of the light reflected from a surface. It is often described in terms of saturation, hue, and lightness. Name this physical property that is measured on a spectrum, and is notably demonstrated in refraction of light through prisms.
COLOR
34. Three-word answer, please. The Bear, Weber, and Jordan rivers flow into the lake, which has no outlet. The lake is a remnant of an ancient lake ten times its size, in the Great Basin region of the United States. Name this lake which is the largest non-freshwater lake in the Western Hemisphere.
GREAT SALT LAKE
35. What is the sum of the digits of the largest three digit prime number?
25
36. If this kind of poem is in the Petrarchan [puh-TRAR-kun] style, it consists of an octave followed by a sestet. If it is Shakespearean, it comprises three quatrains and a couplet. What is this fourteen-line poem?
SONNET
37. This painting was created shortly after the artist moved to New York City, and it is inspired by Manhattan's city grid. The perpendicular lines are yellow with red, blue, and white squares, instead of the solid black the artist often used. Identify this Piet Mondrian [PEET mon-dree-AHN] painting whose title is an homage to his favorite city and his favorite dance.
BROADWAY BOOGIE-WOOGIE
38. This property is increased when energy from light causes a substance to vibrate faster. It is defined as the average kinetic motion of a substance. Name this property that can be measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit.
TEMPERATURE
39. Two of the earliest villages in this region are Hassuna [hah-SOO-nah] and Tell Sawwan [SOW-wahn]. Later, civilizations such as Sumeria and Assyria arose there. The name of what region comes from a Greek words that refer to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
MESOPOTAMIA
40. What is the sum when you add the square root of 8 to the square root of 18? What is the result when you multiply the square root of 50 times the square root of 4 ?
10 RADICAL 2 (Accept: 10 SQUARE ROOT OF 2)
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This period of art began in Paris in the nineteenth century, with its name taken from a painting by one of its founders. It tried to use light and color to record reality in an accurate and objective style. What art movement included Monet [moh-NAY], Renoir [ren-WAHR], and Cassatt [kuh-SAT]?
IMPRESSIONISM (Accept word forms)
SC-2 This unit is officially defined as producing a force equal to two times ten to the negative seventh power per meter of length between two conductors. It can be understood as the flow of one coulomb [KOO-lahm] of electricity per second. Name this unit of electricity current.
AMP(ERE)
LA-3 This word, the state motto of California, means "I have found it" in Greek. What word did Archimedes [ahr-kuh-MEE-deez] scream when he discovered a scientific principle by displacing water in a bathtub?
EUREKA [yoo-REE-kuh]
M-4 Which statistical measure, which is part of the five-number summary, is equal to the 50th percentile?
MEDIAN
SS-5 While representing New York in Congress in the 1780s, he argued that the country needed a stronger central government. A master of financial planning, he wrote many of the articles in "The Federalist Papers." What secretary of the Treasury persuaded Congress to establish a national banking system, and a revenue program to provide for the repayment of the national debt?
(ALEXANDER) HAMILTON
Round 4
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A cylinder has a base with a radius of 5 units. What is the height of the cylinder, in units, if the volume of the cylinder is 150 pi cubic units?
6 (UNITS)
2. Above ground, these are found on the underside of leaves; aquatic plants have them on the upper side. They are minute openings through which gases and water vapor are exchanged. Identify these pores found on plant leaves.
STOMA (Accept: STOMATA)
3. Although he wasn't the first geographer, his treatise on cartography [kahr-TOG-ruh-fee] compiled all that was known about geography in the Roman Empire of his day. Name this Egyptian geographer of Greek descent, who also gave his name to a geocentric view of the solar system.
(CLAUDIUS) PTOLEMY [TOL-uh-mee] (Accept: (CLAUDIUS) PTOLEMAEUS)
4. Examples of this dance element include push, pull, dodge, and sway. It can happen when the dancer is stationary, or when he travels through a space. Which element of dance can be classified as locomotor or non-locomotor?
MOVEMENT
5. This author taught at her sister's school in Cincinnati, where she encountered many escaped slaves from Kentucky. After moving to Maine, she wrote a novel subtitled Life Among the Lowly, featuring Eva St. Clare and Topsy. What abolitionist writer helped spark the Civil War with her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin?
(HARRIET BEECHER) STOWE
6. A teacher wants to form a group of three students to represent her class at the assembly. If the teacher has 12 students in her class, how many groups of three could she form?
220
7. Animals use this process to locate prey, avoid obstacles, and interact socially. It consists of short sound bursts at varying frequencies and rates. Identify this orientation process practiced by whales and bats.
ECHOLOCATION
8. Created about 1498, this woodcut is the most famous in a series of fifteen scenes that tell of the coming of the kingdom of God. It depicts War, Pestilence, Famine, and Death as riders, trampling humanity under their horses' hooves. Identify this work by Albrecht Dürer [AHL-brekht DYOOR-er] based on a story in the Book of Revelations.
FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE
9. He became king of the Lombards in 774. Six years earlier, when he was probably only ten or eleven years old, he had become king of the Franks. Who, in 800, was crowned the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire?
CHARLEMAGNE [shar-le-MAIN] (Accept: CHARLES THE GREAT)
10. In this novel, set in late-1970s Manhattan, the protagonist's mother appears on the game show The $20,000 Pyramid. Miranda Sinclair receives notes from the Laughing Man that convince her he has traveled through time to save her friend Sal. Name this Newbery Medal-winning novel by Rebecca Stead.
WHEN YOU REACH ME
11. Cancer prevention, improved eye health, and reduction in blood triglyceride levels are all attributed to the intake of these fatty acids. Commonly found in fish, these fats are considered good fats, because they are liquid at room temperature. What are these fatty acids which use a Greek letter in their name?
OMEGA-3
12. Convert the number 3 billion, 500 million to scientific notation.
3.5 TIMES 10 TO THE 9TH (POWER)
13. He received his grant of land along the Delaware River from the king as a reward for his father's service to the crown. His colony prospered, and became a place of settlement for immigrating Germans, Irish, and Scotch-Irish in the early eighteenth century. Identify the Quaker who founded a colony with its capital at Philadelphia.
(WILLIAM) PENN
14. In 1962, Andy Warhol began experimenting with this technique that "gave more of an assembly line effect" to his paintings. He would select a photograph, enlarge it, and transfer it onto silk, then use ink to create prints in various colors, but retain the same original image. Identify this technique that Warhol used in his work titled Marilyn Diptych.
SILKSCREEN(ING)
15. This author published several semi-autobiographical novels, including The Long Winter and By the Shores of Silver Lake. Farmer Boy tells of her husband Almanzo's childhood, while These Happy Golden Years details her old age. Who wrote about her American pioneer days in Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie?
(LAURA INGALLS) WILDER
16. Cockroaches, birds, and some dinosaurs have this organ also called a ventriculus. It contains gastroliths, or small bits of stone and grit used for grinding. Identify the part of certain animals' digestive systems that is used to "chew" food in lieu of teeth.
GIZZARD
17. Given the arithmetic [ar-ith-MET-ick] sequence 12, 20, 28, and so on, which term in the sequence is 92?
11(TH TERM)
18. He succeeded his father as king about 1792 B.C., and ruled for some forty years. He is credited with one of the oldest writings of significant length, this one dealing with rules of behavior. Name the Babylonian king whose code was one of several sets of laws in ancient Mesopotamia.
HAMMURABI [hah-moo-RAH-bee]
19. In architecture, this ornamental detail is found on all three orders of Greek columns. It is usually used just for decoration, but it can also help to reduce the weight of a column. What name is given to the vertical grooves on the shaft of a column?
FLUTING (Accept: FLUTE)
20. In this story, Jaeger Stitch wants to turn the title location into an Alligator World Wrestling Arena and Theme Park. Clay Brayburn and raccoon brothers Bingo and J'Miah attempt to wake the title character, a gigantic creature who thrives on sugar cane. Give the title of this National Book Award Finalist, written by Kathi Appelt.
(THE) TRUE BLUE SCOUTS OF SUGAR MAN SWAMP
21. Dr. Henry Gray published a notable book on this subject in 1858. Although it can refer to plants and animals, it is generally thought to be the study of the human body. Identify this science, dealing with the structure of animals and plants.
ANATOMY
22. He was a volunteer in the militia that hanged abolitionist John Brown in 1859. During the Civil War, he developed several plans to kidnap President Lincoln, none of which were carried. Name the assassin who snuck into the presidential box at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865., and shot Lincoln.
(JOHN WILKES) BOOTH
23. If two polygons are similar, what nine-letter geometric term do you know about how the angles of the two polygons compare?
CONGRUENT
24. The text for this oratorio comes from three parts of the Bible, and focuses on Jesus's birth, death, and resurrection. Familiar choruses include "For Unto Us a Child is Born" and "All We Like Sheep", and it is commonly performed around Christmas. Which oratorio by Handel is also the source for the "Hallelujah Chorus"?
MESSIAH (NOT: “THE” MESSIAH)
25. This biography's subject grew up in a small Texas town before bursting on the international music scene in the 1960s. Subtitled Rise Up Singing, its subject changed the face of rock and roll before dying of a drug and alcohol overdose at age twenty-seven. What is this YALSA Finalist book, written by Ann Angel?
JANIS JOPLIN
26. Ecologists define this word as a group of interacting populations living within a habitat. Its number of species and the complexity of their interactions characterizes its biodiversity. What is this scientific word?
COMMUNITY
27. He enlisted in the Marine Corps as a young teen, becoming an apprentice in the Marine Band. His composition titled "Semper Fidelis" [fih-DAY-lis] became the official Marine Corps march. Identify this American composer who 136 military marches, including "The Stars and Stripes Forever."
(JOHN PHILIP) SOUSA
28. His selection as vice president helped prompt the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, requiring separate ballots for president and vice president. He was nominated for governor of New York in 1804, but a political rival kept him from being elected. Name this man who fled west, and plotted an invasion of Mexico, after killing rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
(AARON) BURR (JR.)
29. Solve the equation for X: one-half X plus two-thirds equals three-fourths.
(X EQUALS) ONE-SIXTH
30. This Fireside Poet described the Acadians' expulsion from Canada in Evangeline. Other works of his include the Native American woman Minnehaha and a colonial patriot who warns his compatriots that "the British are coming." Which American poet wrote "The Song of Hiawatha" and "Paul Revere's Ride"?
(HENRY WADSWORTH) LONGFELLOW
31. Examples of these materials include pennies, aluminum cans, and stainless steel pans. What kind of materials will allow electric currents to flow through them?
CONDUCTORS
32. In a July 4, 1939 speech, he considered himself "the luckiest man on the face of the earth," despite the "bad break" he got two weeks earlier. He thanked his family, teammates, and fans for standing by him both before and after his diagnosis of ALS. Name this "iron horse" of baseball, who retired from the Yankees due to his namesake degenerative disease.
(LOU) GEHRIG
33. It is the oldest family of musical instruments, and its name comes from a Latin word that means "to strike." Instruments in this family can be struck with the hands, a stick, or even designed mallets. Which family includes the snare drum and the triangle?
PERCUSSION (FAMILY)
34. One occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when the North Pole is tilted about 23.4 degrees toward the sun. Another occurs about six months later when the South Pole is tilted about 23.4 degrees toward the sun. What name is given to the time in June and December when the days are longest and shortest?
(SUMMER AND WINTER) SOLSTICE [SOL-stis]
35. Solve the inequality: 5 minus the quantity X over 8, close quantity, is greater than 3
X IS LESS THAN 16
36. Giuseppe Piazzi [juh-SEP-ee pee-AHT-zee] discovered this dwarf planet on January 1, 1801. It is the main asteroid belt's largest body. Which astronomical object shares its name with the Roman goddess of agriculture?
CERES
37. In this type of song, the melodies are written in such a way that they combine harmoniously. The performers sing the same words and the same melodies, but start at different times. What type of musical composition are "Three Blind Mice" and "Row, Row, Row Your Boat"?
ROUND
38. One of this author's stories features a mural of African-American leaders, while another sees white cameraman making a film of African-Americans for a county's food stamp program. Another story explores Squeaky's twin loves for racing and her mentally challenged brother. Who wrote "The War of the Wall," "Blues Ain't No Mockin' Bird," and "Raymond's Run"?
(TONI CADE) BAMBARA
39. State your answer as a reduced fraction. A school day lasts from 8 a.m. until 3 p.m. During the day, if 50 minutes is spent in math class, what is the ratio of time spent in math class to the time spent in school?
5/42
40. The protections in this amendment have been defined by such cases as Mapp versus Ohio. Different courts, however, have reached different conclusions as to what the word "unreasonable" means. Which amendment protects individuals against "unreasonable searches and seizures"?
FOURTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) FOUR)
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 4 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. In 1669, Hennig Brand discovered this element while attempting to create the fabled philosopher's stone. The element's name means "light-bearing," given because of it glows in the dark. Name this element with an atomic number of 15 and the chemical symbol P.
PHOSPHORUS
2. In 1940, this dancer began working with the American Ballet Theatre, first as a soloist, and then as a choreographer. His first ballet, Fancy Free, was set to the music of Leonard Bernstein. Who also choreographed the Broadway hits West Side Story and Fiddler on the Roof?
(JEROME) ROBBINS
3. One translation of this fable's moral is, "Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear." It follows two rodent cousins whose feast is interrupted by vicious dogs. Give the name of this Aesop fable.
(THE) TOWN MOUSE AND THE COUNTRY MOUSE
4. State your answer as a simplified radical. What is the result when you divide the square root of 32 by the square root of 2?
4
5. There are two kinds of this deposit: demand and time. The interest on the time version is higher than the interest on regular savings accounts. With what kind of deposit account might a customer have to pay a penalty fee if the funds are withdrawn early?
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (Accept: CD, DEPOSIT ACCOUNT)
6. Founded in the 1500s after breaking away from the Zurich state church, this sect of Mennonites followed Jakob Ammann [YAH-kop AHM-mahn]. They emigrated to Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century when others rejoined the main Mennonite group. What Christian sect still lives mainly in rural Pennsylvania, and shuns modern technology, innovations, and worldly ways?
AMISH (MENNONITE)
7. Give the predicate adjective in the following sentence: Her behavior last semester was absolutely outrageous.
OUTRAGEOUS
8. In a camera, this measure determines how closely you can zoom in on a fixed object. It is denoted by the variable "f." What measure is defined as how strongly a system of lenses will converge or diverge light?
FOCAL LENGTH
9. The diagonal of a square has a length of 5 radical 2 units. What is the perimeter of the square, in units?
20 (UNITS)
10. This city, on the Shawmut Peninsula, was founded in 1630, and named for the town in Lincolnshire [LING-kun-sheer] from which many of its residents had emigrated. One fourth of its area is water, including a section of the Charles River. What city, once the home of Paul Revere, saw its annual marathon race marred by the explosion of two bombs in 2013?
BOSTON (MASSACHUSETTS)
11. Consider the structure of the following sentence: "The birds are chirping because the sun has come up." What is the grammatical structure of the previous sentence, which includes one independent and one dependent clause?
COMPLEX (SENTENCE)
12. In classical mythology, this goddess was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and a favorite goddess of the rural population. She was worshipped as the protector of wild animals and women, and mistress of the hunt. What twin sister of Apollo was usually depicted with a stag or hunting dog and carrying a bow and arrow?
ARTEMIS
13. In computer science, this is a segment of self-replicating code. In biology, it is a replicating pathogen found in a living host. Name these infectious agents that contain genetic code, a protein coat, and in some cases a surrounding envelope.
VIRUS(ES) (Accept: VIRII)
14. The points (4, 8), (2, 10), (5, 15), and (8, 12) determine a function labeled F of X. What is F inverse of 8 ?
4
15. This civilization built great stone buildings and pyramid temples at places like Tikal [tee-KAHL], Copán [koh-PAHN], and Palenque [pah-LENG-keh]. It used a form of hieroglyphic writing in the lowlands of what is now Guatemala, and in the highlands of the Yucatán Peninsula before the arrival of the Spanish. Name this civilization that all but disappeared, but whose descendants still live in their old home lands.
MAYA (Accept word forms)
16. Howard Gray's popular comic strip was the basis for this 1977 Broadway musical. One song in the musical promises that "the sun'll come out tomorrow." In what musical does a young orphan girl try to keep a positive attitude while trying to get out of the orphanage?
ANNIE
17. In grammar, this aspect of a verb can be indicative, imperative, or subjunctive. Give this word, which also names the emotions a story creates in a reader.
MOOD
18. In mammals, this body system includes the pharynx [FAR-ingks], trachea, and bronchioles. In fish, the gills are its major structure. Which of a living organism's systems exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide to satisfy energy requirements?
RESPIRATORY (SYSTEM)
19. This explorer reached Spitzbergen when sailing for the Muscovy Company in 1607. His later discoveries allowed the Dutch to get a toehold in North America, and were used by the English to claim much of Canada. Identify this explorer whose name is attached to a major New York river and to a large Canadian bay.
(HENRY) HUDSON
20. What is the classification of the following polynomial based on the number of terms? 40X cubed, minus 12 X squared, plus 23 .
TRINOMIAL
21. Complete title required. This cartoon was originally targeted at girls ages two to eleven. However, it has gained a large following among young men, many of whom call themselves "bronies" [BRO-nees]. Give the full title of the series featuring Twilight Sparkle, Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie and others.
MY LITTLE PONY: FRIENDSHIP IS MAGIC
22. It is the brief stage preceding cleavage in humans' and other animals' embryonic development. Name the type of diploid cell that results when two haploid gametes fuse.
ZYGOTE [ZAHY-goht]
23. Spelling required. The benevolence committee provided casseroles following the funeral. Spell the word in the previous sentence that means "a group elected to perform a service."
C-O-M-M-I-T-T-E-E
24. This Greek philosopher was satirized by Aristophanes [AIR-uh-STOF-uh-neez] in his play titled The Clouds. He is said to have written nothing himself, but is known from compositions by such admirers as Xenophon [ZEH-nuh-fahn] and Plato. Name this philosopher whose life was ended when he was sentenced to death by poisoning.
SOCRATES [SOK-ruh-teez]
25. What is the discriminant for this quadratic equation: Solve the equation for X: Quantity, X plus 3, close quantity, times the quantity, 2X minus 5, close quantity, equals 0.
(X EQUALS) NEGATIVE 3, 5/2 (Accept: (X EQUALS) NEGATIVE 3, 2.5)
26. Meteorologists classify it as a "high" cloud because its mean height is anywhere from 16,500 to 42,500 feet. Made entirely of ice crystals, it indicates imminent precipitation, but doesn't produce it. Name this kind of cloud consisting of thin, white, wispy bands.
CIRRUS (CLOUDS)
27. The Greek root tele- appears in numerous words, including television, telegraph, and telephone. What is its English meaning?
DISTANCE (accept other word forms) (Accept: FAR)
28. This purchase reaffirmed the implied powers of the Constitution, although the man behind it doubted he really had the power to complete it. It more than doubled the size of the United States, at the cost of a few cents per acre. What territory did President Jefferson agree to buy from France?
LOUISIANA (TERRITORY) (Accept: LOUISIANA PURCHASE)
29. This skyscraper, finished in 1958, is an excellent example of International Style architecture in the corporate world. It uses walls of glass and steel to impress those who see it, and sits back from the road to create a plaza in front of it. Name this New York City skyscraper designed by Mies Van der Rohe [meez van der ROE-uh] and Philip Johnson.
SEAGRAM (BUILDING)
30. What is the median for this set of data. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 12, and 15?
8.5
31. This animal's name means "earth pig" in Dutch. Name this large, nocturnal, burrowing animal that eats ants and termites with its long tongue.
AARDVARK
32. This river flows from the south, northward, and, in ancient times, was in flood at the warmest time of the year. It is formed by three streams: the Atbara [AHT-buh-ruh], the Blue, and the White. What river is fed by the waters of Lake Victoria, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea?
NILE (RIVER)
33. This structure, a type of plastid, encloses the stroma and the thylakoid [THIGH-luh-koyd] membrane. Surrounded by a double membrane, it contains two pigments that help produce ATP. What is this light-absorbing structure within a green plant cell?
CHLOROPLAST(S)
34. This type of Greek column is the simplest of the orders, and has only 20 flutes. It features short, heavy columns and a square abacus that connects it to the entablature [in-TA-bluh-chur]. Identify this order of columns with plain round capitals.
DORIC (Accept: DORIAN)
35. What is the sum of the smallest and largest two digit prime numbers?
108
36. In historical and academic studies, this word describes original documents, recordings, or artifacts that have not been altered. A person with direct knowledge of a situation can also serve as one to a journalist. Give the term for an original source of information that was created during the time under study.
PRIMARY (SOURCE)
37. This small, isolated mountain range rises from the Great Plains, reaching its highest elevation at Harney Peak. In 1877, after the land was taken from the Sioux tribe, the Homestake Mine there became the largest gold mine in the U.S. What South Dakota range is home to Mount Rushmore?
BLACK HILLS
38. This two-word phrase names two parts of the circulatory system--one superior and one inferior. They both convey oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart. Give this term, which means "hollow vein" in Latin.
VENA CAVA
39. This type of support allows exterior walls to be built higher by providing support and stability. It functions by redirecting the weight of the roof pushing against the walls. Identify this architectural feature that can be clasping, diagonal, or flying.
BUTTRESS
40. What is the value of the expression: absolute value of quantity A times B minus C, close quantity, if A equals 4, B equals negative 3 and C equals negative 8?
4
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
SS-1 This three-word phrase refers to a 2,200-mile-long trail from Georgia to Arkansas. It describes the forced removal of Indians from the Southeast, particularly the Cherokee, to land west of the Mississippi River. What phrase poignantly described the suffering these people experienced, and the many deaths that occurred along the way?
TRAIL OF TEARS
SC-2 This word names the liver's channels for bile, as well as the lymphatic system's smallest elements. In the circulatory system, they are so small that red blood cells must pass through them single-file. What are these tiny blood vessels that allow oxygen, waste, and nutrients to be exchanged between tissues and blood?
CAPILLARIES [KAP-uh-ler-eez]
H-3 Usually used as a waterspout, this sculpture was usually made of lead or carved from stone. It is a common feature on many medieval buildings, especially on Gothic cathedrals. What architectural feature resembles a monster or evil spirit?
GARGOYLE
M-4 What kind of line intersects a pair of parallel lines?
TRANSVERSAL
LA-5 While its literal meanings include "pity," "affection," and "love," this word is traditionally used as both a greeting and a farewell. Which word means both "hello" and "goodbye" in Hawaiian?
ALOHA
Round 5
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A cylinder has a base with an area of 16 pi square units. If the height of the cylinder is twice the radius of the cylinder, what is the volume of the cylinder, in terms of pi and in cubic units?
128 PI (CUBIC UNITS)
2. According to Horticulture Magazine, examples of this type of plant include Foxglove, Hollyhock, Forget-me-not and Poppy. In their first year of growth, they produce only roots, stems and leaves, and in year two, they flower and form seeds. What is the name for a plant that completes its life cycle in two growing seasons?
BIENNIAL(S)
3. As a special minister to France, he helped Robert Livingston negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. He was appointed secretary of war by President Madison in 1814, then defeated Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election. Name this man whose name is attached to a fundamental doctrine in foreign affairs.
(JAMES) MONROE
4. This aspect of dance can be used to describe the process of creating a dance routine. It is derived from the Greek words for "dance" and "writing." Which term can also describe the notation used to record a dance routine?
CHOREOGRAPHY
5. This author's first novels included Precaution, The Spy, and The Pilot. He created the beloved character Chingachgook [CHIN-gutch-gook], as well as the hero of a five-novel series, Natty Bumppo. Which colonial author wrote The Last of the Mohicans as the second novel in his Leatherstocking Tales?
(JAMES FENIMORE) COOPER
6. Arthropods undergo a specific type of this process, ecdysis [EK-duh-sis]. Birds, insects, and reptiles all undergo it to replace their horns, skin, feathers, or hair. Give the biological term for the shedding of an outer layer and the formation of its replacement.
MOLTING
7. Created in 1526, this work depicts Saints Peter, Paul, Mark, and John in conference, each holding an item that serves as his symbol. Peter holds a key, Paul holds a sword and closed book, Mark holds a scroll, and John holds an open book. Identify this work in which Peter holds a key, one the last of the large works by Albrecht Dürer [AHL-brekht DYOOR-er].
(THE) FOUR APOSTLES
8. Founded as Indiana Colony in 1874, this city received its current name, a Chippewa word that means "crown of the valley," the next year. The city lies in the San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. Identify the California city that is best known for its annual Tournament of Roses and Rose Bowl football game.
PASADENA (CALIFORNIA)
9. Given the number 4 point 8 times 10 to the 12th power, state the number in standard form.
4 TRILLION, 800 BILLION
10. In this novel, the protagonist's family moves from a Japanese community in Iowa to a small town in the Deep South. Katie Takeshima's sister Lynn teaches her to have a "glittering" outlook, even though Lynn is dying of lymphoma. Which Cynthia Kadohata novel earned her a Newbery Medal?
KIRA-KIRA
11. Disorders of this part of the human body include anemia, malaria, and leukemia. This fluid can be categorized as A, B, AB or O. What is the circulating collection of cells and platelets found in arteries and veins called?
BLOOD
12. He is given credit for making his city the cultural and political leader of ancient Greece. He conducted the Peloponnesian [pel-uh-puh-NEE-zhun] War until his death, and had the Acropolis built. Name this leader, who contributed greatly to Athens' supremacy in Greece.
PERICLES [PER-ih-kleez]
13. How many ways are there of arranging the letters in the world APPLE?
60
14. In addition to painting, this artist encouraged her wealthy American friends to buy Impressionist works. She was a great friend of Edgar Degas [duh-GAH], and his influence can be seen in many of her works, including Little Girl in a Blue Armchair. Which American-born Impressionist was known for her depictions of women and children?
(MARY) CASSATT [kuh-SAT]
15. This character converts to Christianity after serving his own god, Benamuckee. The protagonist saves him from other Caribbean cannibals, and he shows his gratitude by loyally serving his new master. Who is the title character's manservant in Robinson Crusoe?
(MAN) FRIDAY
16. If F of X equals the absolute value of X divided by X, what is the value of F of negative 7?
NEGATIVE 1
17. In 1754, he was appointed to a royal office, that of deputy postmaster for all the northern colonies. At age twelve, he was apprenticed to his brother as a printer, and during that time he read tirelessly, and taught himself to write as well. Name this "Founding Father" who was a publisher, a diplomat, and a member of the Second Continental Congress.
(BENJAMIN) FRANKLIN
18. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered this subatomic particle in an experiment involving beryllium [buh-RIH-lee-um]. The particle is also a main component in nuclear fission. Name the fundamental subatomic particle that has no charge.
NEUTRON
19. In the design of this house, Palladio [puh-LAH-dee-oh] drew inspiration from the Pantheon in Rome. It is completely symmetrical, and each of the four sides has an identical façade and portico. Name this house near Vicenza [vee-CHEN-dzah], Italy, that has influenced many other buildings, including Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
VILLA (LA) ROTONDA (Accept: VILLA CAPRA)
20. In this story, twelve-year-old Mila and her father travel from London to upstate New York. Mila uses her powers of observation to find her father's vanished friend, Matthew. Give the name of this National Book Award Finalist by Meg Rosoff [RO-zoff].
PICTURE ME GONE
21. If the two legs of a right triangle are 7 units and 24 units, then what is the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle, in units?
25 (UNITS)
22. In 1945, this man retired at the age of 81 to his Dearborn, Michigan estate, Fair Lane. He is sometimes mistakenly credited for inventing the automobile and the assembly line. Who is this innovator who created the rugged, inexpensive and successful Model T motorcar?
(HENRY) FORD
23. In June 2012, this country underwent a so-called "soft coup," when the military sought to keep Islamists out of power. The military deposed Mohammed Morsi [moh-HAH-mehd MOOR-see] as president in 2013. Name this country that owns the Suez Canal, and is known as the land of pharaohs and pyramids.
EGYPT
24. The title of this ballet is the name of smiling young puppet who has a large, hooked nose. Based on a traditional character from folklore, it tells the story of three puppets that come to life. Name this ballet, composed by Igor Stravinsky [EE-gawr struh-VIN-skee, that is based on traditional Russian puppets.
PETRUSHKA [peh-TROOSH-kuh]
25. This book begins with one of its title characters listing the pros of cons of marrying the other. It explores how a deeply religious wife challenged and inspired her husband's controversial scientific theories--most notably, the theory of evolution. What is this book, subtitled The Darwins' Leap of Faith, by Deborah Heiligman?
CHARLES AND EMMA
26. He has scored over a hundred films, and his work is noted for its integration of vocal and electronic elements, and the use of Celtic melodies and themes. Over the course of his career, he has worked on many major films, including Field of Dreams, Avatar, and The Amazing Spider-Man. What American composer's music for the film Titanic earned him two Oscars?
(JAMES) HORNER
27. In a set of data, what is the name for the statistical measure that represents the data item that occurs most often?
MODE
28. In a simple machine, such as a jack, this physical measure equals the load lifted divided by the force delivered. Because of friction, the measure is always less than one. What measure is defined as the ratio of useful work output to total work input?
(MECHANICAL) EFFICIENCY
29. In this major wind system, the wind blows from one direction half the year, and from the opposite direction the other half. It is found along Australia and Africa, as well as the Pacific coast of Central America. Identify the type of wind that often brings huge amounts of rain and floods to the Indian subcontinent.
MONSOON (Accept: MONSOON WIND)
30. This poem appears in S. E. Hinton's 1967 novel The Outsiders. Its first lines are, "Nature's first green is gold, / Her hardest hue to hold. / Her early leaf's a flower; / But only so an hour." Identify this eight-line poem by Robert Frost.
"NOTHING GOLD CAN STAY"
31. In ecology, this word means the group of individuals within a species that interbreeds and lives in a given area. What term, in statistics, refers to the number of people living in a given city, state, or country?
POPULATION
32. In this play, Jack Worthing must convince Lady Bracknell of his noble parentage before he can wed Gwendolyn Fairfax. Meanwhile, Algernon Moncrieff falls in love with Jack's young ward, Cecily Cardew. Give the title of this Oscar Wilde comedy of manners.
(THE) IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST
33. Many percussion instruments are played using different types of this object. Hard wood or nylon versions can be used on chimes and xylophones, while softer felt or yarn-wrapped ones are usually used on the vibraphone or timpani. What kind of object is used to strike a percussion instrument in order to produce its sound?
(PERCUSSION) MALLET (Accept: BEATER)
34. Multiple answer required. The first of these three men was chosen by Samuel and public acclamation. The second was an aide to the first, as well as best friend to the first's son. The third was the son and successor of the second. Name the first three kings of ancient Israel.
SAUL, DAVID, SOLOMON (Any order)
35. In meters per second squared, calculate the acceleration when a 25-newton net force is applied to a 10-kilogram stone.
2.5 (METERS PER SECOND SQUARED) (Accept: TWO AND A HALF, FIVE HALVES)
36. Literally translated, it means "in the church style." This refers to a time when church music was performed by unaccompanied choirs. Give this term which today refers to any vocal work that is performed without instrumental accompaniment.
A CAPPELLA
37. Multiple answer required. Given the pattern 17/21, 15/19, 13/17, and so on, what are the next two terms in the pattern?
11/15, 9/13
38. Multiple answer required. The younger of these two men helped out down the Whiskey Rebellion, then fought against the Miami tribe in Ohio. The older commanded the Chosen Rifle Company at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, then returned to Louisville until the younger man invited him on an adventure. What two men led an 1804-1806 expedition that traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast and back?
(MERIWETHER) LEWIS, (WILLIAM) CLARK (Either order)
39. This author based one of his stories on his experience in a capsized boat off the coast of Florida. As in the real shipwreck, the story features a newspaper correspondent, an oiler, a cook, and the ship's captain. Identify the American author of "The Open Boat."
(STEPHEN) CRANE
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 5 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
40. In several European folk traditions, this ceremonial dance is performed during spring celebrations. In it, dancers weave long ribbons around a tall pole in complex patterns. Name this dance that is an integral part of the May Day festival.
MAYPOLE (DANCE)
41. In strict biological terms, it is the group of physical and chemical reactions that produce, maintain, or destroy an organism's substance and provide it with energy. People who have trouble losing weight may blame their condition on a "slow" one. Give this word beginning with m.
METABOLISM
42. One circle has a radius of 5 units. A second circle has a radius of 8 units. What is the difference between the circumference of the second circle and the first circle?
6 PI (UNITS)
43. Some scientists believe this creature is a descendant of the extinct Plesiosaur [PLEE-see-uh-sawr]. She allegedly inhabits the largest volume of fresh water in Great Britain. Name this legendary monster who supposedly resides in a Scottish lake.
LOCH NESS MONSTER
44. The tales about this ancient hero have been compared to the Odyssey, only about a king who did not want to die. He eventually found the plant that gave eternal life, but it was eaten by a serpent. Name this legendary Sumerian king.
GILGAMESH [GIL-guh-mesh]
45. He entered a monastery of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine on July 17, 1505. Twelve years later, he asked the archbishop of Mainz [MIGHNTS] to stop Johann Tetzel from peaching that buying an indulgence guaranteed the forgiveness of sins. Name the German monk whose 95 theses spearheaded the Protestant Reformation.
(MARTIN) LUTHER
46. Identify the dependent clause in the following sentence: Do you recognize the baker who went to town on Friday?
WHO WENT TO TOWN ON FRIDAY
47. In the gym, this type of exercise builds muscle with bursts of exertion. In biology, this type of organism lives in an O2-free environment. What is this term which means living or active in the absence of oxygen?
ANAEROBIC [an-uh-ROE-bick]
48. Solve the linear equation for X: X divided by 8 equals 2.4.
(X EQUALS) 19.2
49. This agency was created by the Glass-Steagall Act, also called the Banking Act, of 1933. It is funded by fees paid by insured banks, and has a payout limit of $250,000 as of 2014. What agency insures bank checking and savings accounts and certificates of deposit up to a maximum amount?
FDIC (Accept: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION)
50. Give the structure of the following sentence: Yellowstone and Yosemite are my favorite national parks.
SIMPLE
51. In the realm of technology, this type of robotic structure worn outside of the body is helping those stricken with paralysis to walk again. In the animal kingdom, it's the scientific term for the hard outer shell of an insect or crustacean. Composed chiefly of chitin (KYE-tin), name this protective covering found on lobsters and crabs.
EXOSKELETON
52. Multiple answer required. They were supposed to have been drowned in the Tiber, but were taken in and reared by a shepherd and his wife. Later, one killed the other when he jumped over a city wall his twin had built. What twins of Roman mythology were suckled by a she-wolf, and founded Rome?
ROMULUS, REMUS (either order)
53. State your answer as a simplified radical.
7
54. This amendment ended a social practice not actually mentioned in the Constitution. In effect, it extended the Emancipation Proclamation to all states in the Union. Identify the amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
THIRTEENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) THIRTEEN)
55. In the sentence, "John passed Jacob the ball," ball serves this grammatical function. Give the two-word phrase for a person or thing that receives a verb's action.
DIRECT OBJECT
56. In this musical based on a French novel, rising opera star Christine Daaé [DIE-ay] catches the attention of a mysterious masked man. He lives in the sewers below the opera house, and competes with a wealthy nobleman for Christine's love. Name the musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber that takes place at the Paris Opera.
PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
57. Scientists estimate that this process has created up to half of all known angiosperm species. Give the name for a cell that has three or more complete sets of chromosomes.
POLYPLOID(Y)
58. The points (1, 6), (2, 7), and (A, 5) determine a relation. If the relation is not a function, what are possible values of A?
1, 2
59. This artificial waterway is being enlarged to accommodate larger vessels, including supertankers, as they pass between two oceans. In 1999, the country that built it turned it over to the country in which is was located. Identify the canal built a century ago by the United States to allow ships to avoid the Cape Horn of South America.
PANAMA (CANAL)
60. Created by Stan Lee, this fictional superhero first appeared in Tales of Suspense Number 39 in March 1963. Tony Stark created this character to protect his own identity as he saves the world from evildoers. Name this iconic superhero played by Robert Downey Jr. in several films.
IRON MAN
61. Spelling required. Despite her ominous judgment, I was courteous in my reply. Spell the word from the previous sentence that is a synonym of polite.
C-O-U-R-T-E-O-U-S
62. The most famous examples of this volcano subgroup are found in Iceland, the Galapagos [guh-LOP-uh-gohs] Islands, and Hawaii. It forms from repeated, nonexplosive basalt eruptions, and has a large caldera [kal-DAIR-uh] at its center. What kind of broad volcano made of slow-moving lava flows is Mauna Kea [MAW-nuh KEE-uh]?
SHIELD (VOLCANO)
63. The ratio of students to teachers in a school is 23 to 1. If there are 30 teachers in the school, how many students are in the school?
690 (STUDENTS)
64. This collective name was given to five measures passed by Congress to maintain a balance between free and slave states. Among other acts, the measures organized the territories of New Mexico and Utah, and addressed the question of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. What name refers to the acts that were passed in response to the 1849 request of California to become a state that prohibited slavery?
COMPROMISE OF 1850
65. The Greek word therm- appears in words like thermal and thermometer. What does it mean in English?
HEAT
66. These extragalactic objects have especially large red shifts. Powered by high velocity gases spiraling into black holes, they are found at the centers of some galaxies. Name these bodies thought to be the most distant and luminous objects in the universe.
QUASAR(S) [KWEY-zahr]
67. This document grew out of the Articles of the Barons, a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. It was signed under the threat of civil war, and much later became a symbol and battle cry against oppression. What charter was signed at Runnymede by King John in 1215?
MAGNA CARTA (Accept: GREAT CHARTER)
68. This prolific composer came to prominence through the patronage of the Esterhazy [ES-ter-hah-zee] family of Hungary, and worked with them for almost 30 years. In his Farewell Symphony, the musicians leave the stage one by one, until only two violins are left playing. Which Classical Austrian composer helped establish the forms and styles for both the string quartet and the symphony?
(FRANZ JOSEPH) HAYDN [HIDE-un]
69. Two horizontal lines are cut by transversal CD. An angle on the left side of the transversal between the horizontal lines has a measure of 47 degrees. What is the measure, in degrees, of the other angle on the left side of the transversal between the horizontal lines?
133 (DEGREES)
70. This empire was ruled by a dynasty founded by Manco Capac [MANG-koh KAH-pahk]. It built a vast network of roads that were limited to government and military business. Identify this civilization that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands for several thousand miles.
INCA (Accept word forms)
71. This German compound word refers to a swift, intensive military attack that uses tanks and aircraft to defeat an enemy quickly. Identify this word, whose roots mean "lightning" and "war."
BLITZKRIEG [BLITS-kreeg]
72. This question requires a full-name answer. This series of four operas is almost never performed as one work, since it would last over 20 hours. It is inspired by a German epic poem and includes Siegfried and Götterdämmerung [got-er-DAM-uh-roong], or the Twilight of the Gods. Identify this work by Richard Wagner [VAHG-ner] that is sometimes called the Ring cycle.
(THE) RING OF THE NIBELUNG [NEE-beh-lung] (Accept: (DER) RING DES NIBELUNGEN [NEE-beh-LUN-gen]
73. This structure forms when a mammal's uterine mucous membrane fuses with fetal membranes. It provides a fetus with nutrition, eliminates its waste products, and aids in respiration. Name this vascular structure attached to the umbilical cord.
PLACENTA
74. Using the letter X to represent legal speeds on the interstate, state a combined inquality that would represent this situation: When traveling on the interstate, the speed limit is 70 miles per hour, but the minimum speed allowed is 40 miles per hour.
40 IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO X IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 70
75. Stories in this genre include "The Crow and the Pitcher" and "The Wolf and the Kid." It is a short story intended to teach a moral lesson, and often features anthropomorphized [an-thruh-puh-MAWR-fized] animals as characters. Name the kind of story most closely associated with Aesop.
FABLE
76. This navigator and explorer made a name for himself fighting Muslims along the coast of India. His ships passed through the strait at the southern tip of South America that bears his name. What Portuguese explorer died in the Philippines in 1521 before one of his ships completed circling the globe?
(FERDINAND) MAGELLAN
77. This work is considered the classic example of Impressionism in music, and was inspired by a Stéphane Mallarmé [stay-FAHN mah-lahr-MAY] poem. It has no specific plot, but evokes the images of frolicking creatures from Greek mythology. Identify this symphonic poem by Claude Debussy [deb-yoo-SEE].
PRELUDE TO THE AFTERNOON OF A FAUN (Accept: PRELUDE A L'APRES-MIDI D'UN FAUNE [ah LAH-pray-mee-DEE doon FAWN])
78. What is the quotient when you divide the polynomial, X squared plus 5 X plus 4 close quantity, by the polynomial X plus 1?
X PLUS 4
79. When built into coordinated muscular actions, these involuntary responses form many of an organism's instincts. Ivan Pavlov conditioned them in dogs by training them to salivate when they heard a bell ring. Name these simple behaviors that are direct and immediate responses to particular stimuli, and include blinking and scratching.
REFLEX(ES)
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
SS-1 This soldier and politician served in the Black Hawk War under his future father-in-law, Zachary Taylor. He was elected to Congress in 1845, but resigned to command the First Mississippi volunteers during the Mexican War. What secretary of war under Franklin Pierce is best remembered as the president of the Confederate States of America?
(JEFFERSON) DAVIS
LA-2 This three-letter prefix is also the French word for no. Which prefix means "not" when it appears before words like fat and sense?
NON-
H-3 This work was commissioned by King George the Second as a part of an outdoor festival, and originally called for a military band with no string accompaniment. Consisting of five movements altogether, its two central movements are called "The Peace" and "The Rejoicing." Identify this suite by Handel that celebrated the end of the War of the Austrian Succession.
MUSIC FOR THE ROYAL FIREWORKS
M-4 What is the remainder when 872 is divided by 9?
8
SC-5 When this response is activated, dilated pupils, constricted blood vessels, slowed digestion, and accelerated heart and lung action result. The first stage of general adaptation syndrome, it begins with the body's release of cortisol and adrenaline. Name this stress response that prepares the sympathetic nervous system to respond to a perceived threat.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT (RESPONSE)
Round 6
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A cylinder has a radius of 10 units, and the diameter of the cylinder is equal to its height. What is the volume of the cylinder, in terms of pi, and in cubic units?
2,000 PI (CUBIC UNITS)
2. Frederick Sanger and Dorothy Hodgkin determined the structure of this pancreatic hormone. Secreted in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, it is used to treat diabetes. Identify the hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood by stimulating cells to absorb and metabolize glucose.
INSULIN
3. He founded the oldest settlement in Puerto Rico, serving as governor there. He went searching for the island of Bimini [BIM-uh-nee] in the Bahamas, but found a land he named after the Spanish phrase for Easter. Name this Spanish explorer who landed in and named Florida, supposedly while searching for the fountain of youth.
(JUAN) PONCE DE LEÓN [PONS duh LEE-uhn]
4. In art, it can create focal points or draw the eye to a particular place. It is the simplest of all art elements, and can be thick, thin, curved, or even broken. Name this element of art that is the path of a point as it moves through a space.
LINE
5. This book's title character is a Northern lawyer who moves to the small Missouri town of Dawson's Landing. His amateur fingerprinting uncovers the fact that Roxy, a slave woman, switched her newborn son Chambers with her master's son, Tom. Give the title of this Mark Twain novel.
(THE TRAGEDY OF) PUDD'NHEAD WILSON
6. Given a geometric sequence where the third term is 36 and the fifth term is 100, what is the fourth term?
60
7. Having already painted several members of the papal court, the creator of this work offered to paint the Holy Father himself. The resulting portrait highlights the subject's pink skin tone with the use of red and white vestments and a red velvet backdrop. Name the subject and you'll name this painting by Diego Velázquez [vuh-LAHS-kehs].
(PORTRAIT OF)(POPE) INNOCENT THE TENTH
8. He was a vocal critic of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's social policies. Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio [HOHR-hay MAH-ree-oh bair-GOH-lee-oh] in 1936, he became a Jesuit in 1958. What name did he choose to take when he was named to succeed Pope Benedict the Sixteenth in 2013?
(POPE) FRANCIS (THE FIRST)
9. Hieratica (HI-er-AT-tick-kah) is the finest type of this writing material. At a research institute in Giza, tourists can learn how the ancient Egyptians made paper from this plant. Identify the reed from which early forms of paper was created.
PAPYRUS
10. The author originally wrote this book, which begins in 500,000 B.C., to entertain his grandchildren. Since its 1921 publication, it has been updated to include topics like the Arab-Israeli conflict and Obama's election. Which book by Hendrik Willem van Loon won the first Newbery Medal?
(THE) STORY OF MANKIND
11. Given the function F of X is equal to X squared plus 5 X minus 4. What is the value of F of negative 3 ?
-10
12. In 2005, this inventor urged Stanford's graduating class, "Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life." On his passing in October of 2011, Apple said, "The world is immeasurably better because of" him. Name this former CEO of Apple, who was responsible for the creation of the iPod, iPad, and iPhone.
(STEVE) JOBS
13. In this iconic painting, a young woman in a long striped dress dips her child's feet into a small wash basin full of water. Like many Impressionist works, the artist uses soft lighting and subtle color contrasts to convey the emotion of the scene. Name this painting by Mary Cassatt [kuh-SAT].
(THE) BATH (Accept: (THE) CHILD'S BATH)
14. Members of this ancient class could not be senators, and could not hold any public office except military tribune. They were also forbidden to marry members of the patrician class. What name was given to members of the general Roman citizenry?
PLEBEIAN [PLEE-bee-uhn] (Accept: PLEBES [pleebs])
15. This character discovers his talisman's powers when he disappears after slipping it on. He leaves the Shire with his friends Merry, Pippin, and Sam, and eventually defeats Sauron's power by throwing the ring into the Cracks of Doom. Give the name of the hobbit protagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy.
FRODO (BAGGINS)
16. Given the linear function, F of X equals 3X minus 5, what is the slope of the function?
3
17. In arthropods, this structure is a small external opening in the trachea or book lung. Some sharks and rays have them in their heads, while tadpoles' open from their gill chambers. Give the word for a breathing hole that, in cetaceans, consists of a blowhole.
SPIRACLE
18. Many of this architect's works are in Florence, Italy. One of the leading architects of the Italian Renaissance, he was also known for his development of linear perspective. Who designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral?
(FILIPPO) BRUNELLESCHI [BROO-nuh-LESS-kee]
19. Multiple answer required. The first of these two trails followed the Platte River for part of its route, and was used mostly from the 1840s through the 1860s. The other trail was used from 1821 to 1860, and followed the Kansas and Arkansas rivers for miles. What two trails were the main routes to the American West in the nineteenth century?
OREGON (TRAIL), SANTA FE (TRAIL) (Either order) (Accept: OREGON-CALIFORNIA (TRAIL))
20. The author based this novel on her experiences as a ten-year-old girl speaking no English in 1975 America. Hà's family flees wartime Saigon, but she faces bullies and alienation after settling in Alabama. Give the title of this Newbery Honor Book by Thanhha Lai [TENG-ha LIE].
INSIDE OUT AND BACK AGAIN
21. Giving your answer as an improper fraction, what is the sum of 8 and its reciprocal?
65/8
22. In the early 1600s, a Flemish scientist captured this gas given off by burning wood, calling it "gas sylvestre [sil-VES-truh]." The compound binds with hemoglobin in the veins, giving them their characteristic blue color. Name this compound that is a byproduct of animal respiration.
CARBON DIOXIDE (Accept: CO2)
23. She was the daughter of a peasant farmer, and she claimed she was led by the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. At Orleans [awr-lay-AHN] she led the forces that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years' War. Name this saint who believed she was acting under divine guidance, and who was burned at the stake.
(SAINT) JOAN (OF ARC)
24. These six works were commissioned by the younger brother of King Frederick the First of Prussia, after hearing the composer perform. Each work is classified as a concerto grosso [kun-CHER-toe GROH-soh], in which a group of several soloists performs together with a small orchestra. Which group of works by Bach is named after a region in Germany?
BRANDENBURG CONCERTOS
25. This book deals with the passage, effects, and eventual repeal of the U.S. Constitution's Eighteenth Amendment. Subtitled Murder, Moonshine, and the Lawless Years of Prohibition, it details how children smuggled illegal liquor, often funded by notorious gangsters. Identify this YALSA Finalist book by Karen Blumenthal.
BOOTLEG
26. If the area of a circle is 8 pi squared units, what is the circumference of the circle, in terms of units?
4 RADICAL 2 (TIMES) PI (UNITS) (Accept: 4 SQUARE ROOT OF 2 (TIMES) PI (UNITS))
27. In the mid-1930s, Edwin Armstrong developed this alternate means of transmitting sound. This wave component is also related to the pitch of a produced sound. Name this wave component whose SI [ess eye] unit is the hertz.
FREQUENCY
28. Known for his unorthodox compositions and unusual instrumentation, he sometimes used tape recorders, record players, and radios in his works. He also placed objects between the strings of a piano to change its sound, and called this a prepared piano. Name the American composer whose most famous composition consists of four minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence.
(JOHN) CAGE
29. The amendment is sometimes called the Reconstruction Amendment. Among other things, it declared that the United States was not obligated to pay any debt incurred by the Confederate States. What amendment aimed to ensure that former slaves were guaranteed an equal protection under the law as citizens?
FOURTEENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) FOURTEEN)
30. This poem begins, "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down! / Long has it waved on high, / And many an eye has danced to see / That banner in the sky." Its title comes from the nickname for the USS Constitution, a naval frigate that the poem saved from being decommissioned. Name this Oliver Wendell Holmes poem.
"OLD IRONSIDES"
31. In this general process, a cell's plasma membrane folds inward, thereby bringing substances into the cell. Its phago- [FAY-go] type forms a vacuole around solid material, while the pino- type encloses liquid within a vesicle. Name this process by which a cell ingests living material.
ENDOCYTOSIS [en-doh-sahy-TOH-sis]
32. Multiple answer required. What is the value of F of negative 2?
17
33. Multiple answers required. The Italian families with these two names engage in a decades-long feud. Despite not being a member of either clan, Mercutio dies as a result of their bickering. Give the surnames of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
CAPULET (AND) MONTAGUE (either order)
34. Musical instruments that use this special type of mouthpiece are members of the oboe family. In addition to the oboe, bassoons and English horns also use this mouthpiece. What type of mouthpiece is constructed from two pieces of cane that are bound together with string?
DOUBLE REED
35. This city was founded in 1729, and named for the Irish barony its proprietors held. The Continental Congress met there for six months in 1776 and 1777, when it appeared that the British would capture Philadelphia. What city was defended by Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the poem that became our national anthem?
BALTIMORE
36. In this two-word process, advantageous variations in a genotype are passed from one generation to another. Less beneficial traits die out with the organisms that possess them. Name this adaptive process, the basis for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
NATURAL SELECTION
37. Solve the proportion: 3 over X equals 9 over 15.
(X EQUALS) 5
38. The earliest written form of these musical compilations appeared in the Middle Ages in Christian churches. After the Protestant Reformation, they became a standard feature of Christian worship in Western Europe and later in the United States. Give the general term for this collection of religious songs which, in the Anglican church, is called the Book of Common Praise.
HYMNAL (Accept: HYMNBOOK)
39. This author featured Irene Adler and Professor Moriarty in stories like "A Scandal in Bohemia" and "The Adventure of the Empty House." Jabez Wilson features prominently in one of his best-known stories, "The Adventure of the Red-Headed League." Which Scottish physician created Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes?
(SIR ARTHUR CONAN) DOYLE
40. This future president joined the Whig Party because he believed that the West needed federal aid for economic development. He was elected to the state legislature four times from 1834 to 1840, and served one term in Congress as a representative from Illinois. What rail-splitting lawyer became the nation's first Republican president?
(ABRAHAM) LINCOLN
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 6 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
41. It began in Trinidad as a popular dance contest, but gained fame in the U.S. during the 1950s and '60s. All contestants must attempt to go under a vertical bar that is lowered during each round without touching it, until only one dancer remains. Identify this dance that challenges you to prove how low you can go.
LIMBO
42. Leukocytes also go by this three-word name. Contained in lymph, these corpuscles fight infections within the body. Identify these cells created in the bone marrow, and that multiply to fight off bacteria or viruses.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
43. State your answer in scientific notation. What is the product when you multiply 3 times 10 to the 8th power with 4 times 10 to the 12th power?
1.2 TIMES 10 TO THE 21ST (POWER)
44. This animal protagonist plods steadily along while his rival takes two long naps. By the story's conclusion, he has proven that "slow and steady wins the race." Identify this counterpart of the hare in Aesop's best-known fable.
(THE) TORTOISE (Not: (THE) TURTLE)
45. This great desert has been in existence for about five million years. Several thousand years ago, however, it was able to support such animals as elephants, giraffes, and rhinos. What desert in North Africa is the largest desert in the world?
SAHARA (DESERT)
46. He was baptized into a new denomination on April 14, 1832. He helped found Salt Lake City, and was the first governor of the Utah Territory. Name the man who took over the Mormon church after the death of Joseph Smith.
(BRIGHAM) YOUNG
47. Identify the following sentence's adverbial clause: Danielle ate corn on the cob and popcorn after she got her braces off.
AFTER SHE GOT HER BRACES OFF
48. Like a battery, this unit stores electric energy, but it contains an insulator called a dielectric [die-uh-LECK-trick]. It is used in electric currents to block DC current, or to smooth the flow of AC current. What device stores energy generated by the potential difference between its two conductors?
CAPACITOR
49. The equation of line A is Y equals 5X plus 4. What is the slope of line B if it is parallel to line A?
5
50. This name was given to several related peoples, and most likely refers to snowshoes. Some are found in parts of Siberia, though we mostly associate them with the New World. What general name is given to the peoples, such as the Inuit [IN-oo-it], who inhabit the Arctic regions of North America?
ESKIMO
51. How many commas should the following sentence contain? Historians consider July 4th, 1776, to be America's birthday.
TWO
52. One of the twelve Olympian deities, this god is referred to as "Earth-shaker" and "tamer of horses." He once lost a contest with Athena over which would become the namesake of the capital of Attica. Who was the brother of Zeus and god of the oceans?
POSEIDON
53. Some taxonomic classification systems rank this category highest, while others use Domain above it. Modern classification groups in this category include plant, animal and fungus. Name the biological category which ranks above Phylum.
KINGDOM
54. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 8 units. If one leg of the triangle is 4 units, then, in units, what is the length of the other leg?
4 RADICAL 3 (UNITS) (Accept: 4 SQUARE ROOT OF 3 (UNITS))
55. This North American war was part of a European war that involved nearly all the powers of Europe. It began over the issue of who controlled the upper Ohio River valley, the British or the French. What war, part of the Seven Years' War, and saw Colonel George Washington defeated at Fort Necessity.
(THE) FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
56. In the sentence, "The speech was written by a member of the congresswoman's staff," the verb is in this grammatical voice. In what kind of voice is the subject acted on by the verb?
PASSIVE (VOICE)
57. Popular songs from this show include "I Could Have Danced All Night" and "On the Street Where You Live." Lerner and Loewe created this musical that concerns a Cockney flower girl who takes speech lessons from the irritable Henry Higgins. Identify this Broadway musical based on the play Pygmalion, by George Bernard Shaw.
MY FAIR LADY
58. The solution to an inequality is that X is less than or equal to 10. What would the graph of this inequality look like when drawn on a number line?
A CLOSED CIRCLE AT 10, SHADED TO THE LEFT (ACCEPT SIMILAR ANSWERS)
59. These primitive mammals have one opening for the urinary, genital, and digestive organs. Unlike other mammals, they possess a shoulder girdle and hatch their young from eggs. Identify this order, which includes the echidna [ih-KID-nuh] and the duckbill platypus.
MONOTREME(S) (Accept: MONOTREMATA)
60. This number is normally used together with a debit card to make purchases, or make withdrawals at an ATM machine. What do we call the numerical password used to access an account?
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (Accept: PIN (NUMBER))
61. First and last name required. His older brother has starred in many TV shows, while his younger brother has a recurring role in the Hunger Games movies. In fact, he and his younger brother, Liam, both auditioned for the role that made him famous. Who was chosen in 2011 to play Thor opposite Tom Hiddleston's Loki [LOH-kee]?
CHRIS HEMSWORTH
62. Spelling required. The sergeant waited for his nuisance of a headache to disappear. Spell the word in the preceding sentence that is a synonym of vanish.
D-I-S-A-P-P-E-A-R
63. There are 6 piles of candy, and in each pile, there are 10 different choices. If you can choose one piece of candy from each pile, how many different combinations of candy are possible?
ONE MILLION
64. They are a specific class of very dense neutron stars that rotate rapidly. Some emit only visible light, gamma rays, or x-rays, but most regularly create radio waves. Give the name for these vibrating stars.
PULSAR(S)
65. This railroad line was granted a charter by the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1850. The following year, Tennessee authorized it to build an extension to the state capital. Name this Kentucky-based railroad that proved to be an important carrier in providing supplies and support for invading Union troops.
LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE (RAILROAD) (Accept: L&N (RAILROAD))
66. The Latin and Greek roots ped- and pod-, as in pedestrian and pseudopod, mean the same thing. What is their English meaning?
FOOT
67. This action is the counterpart of deposition, which sees material transported to a new site. Climate change, deforestation, and agricultural practices all contribute to its prevalence. In what process do wind, water, glaciers, and other agents transport pieces of the Earth's surface?
EROSION
68. This composer was instrumental in the evolution of popular music from ragtime and jazz bands through the golden age of musicals. His fame as a songwriter began with songs like "Alexander's Ragtime Band" and "God Bless America." Which Russian-born American composer also wrote "Puttin' on the Ritz" and "White Christmas"?
(IRVING) BERLIN (Accept: (ISRAEL) BALINE)
69. This state is separated into two parts by a double-bend in the Mississippi River. It is about 40,400 square miles in area, and the 2010 Census put its population at more than 4,300,000. What state's Jackson Purchase region lies along the New Madrid [MAD-drid] fault zone?
KENTUCKY
70. What is the greatest common factor of these terms: 15 X squared, 25 X cubed, and 40 X.
5 X
71. This composer was responsible for creating a uniquely American sound in his music, through the use of folk melodies, cowboy songs, and jazz rhythms. He created the score for several films, including Of Mice and Men and Our Town. Which American composer is best known for his ballets Rodeo and Appalachian Spring?
(AARON) COPLAND [COPE-lund]
72. This hyphenated French word describes people who are sitting opposite each other. What is the French equivalent of the English phrase "face-to-face"?
VIS-À-VIS [VEEZ-uh-VEE]
73. This practice protects fish from natural predators and provides them with adequate nutrition. It bolsters the commercial food market, but also benefits sport fishing. What is the process of raising fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in controlled underwater environments?
AQUACULTURE
74. This structure is also known as the Flavian [FLAY-vee-un] Amphitheatre. It could seat about fifty thousand spectators, and was the scene of hand-to-hand combats between gladiators. Name this giant Roman amphitheater, part of which still stands today.
COLOSSEUM [kol-uh-SEE-um]
75. What is the mode for this set of data: 80, 72, 75, 80, 76, 72, 89, 92, 72, and 76?
72
76. The name of this literary genre comes from the Greek for "no place." It originally named an imaginary island in Thomas More's most famous work. Identify this word for any ideal place or society.
UTOPIA
77. This composer, the winner of two Pulitzer Prizes, was known for his lyrical and romantic compositions. One of his early compositions, "Music for a Scene from Shelley," was inspired by the Percy Shelley poem "Prometheus Unbound." Identify this American composer best known for his Adagio for Strings.
(SAMUEL) BARBER
78. This structure's moist lining is called the endometrium [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhm]. It is connected to the fallopian tubes on one end and the vagina on the other. Identify this mammalian reproductive organ that houses a developing fetus.
UTERUS
79. This term was probably first used about 1905 to describe atmospheric conditions in some cities in England. It comes in two types: sulfurous and photochemical, also called London and Los Angeles. What do we call this haze that can endanger your health?
SMOG
80. What is the result when you multiply 5 plus 3 radical 2 by its conjugate?
5 PLUS RADICAL 3 (Accept: 5 PLUS SQUARE ROOT OF 3)
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This jazz bandleader and trumpeter attended Juilliard [JOO-lee-ahrd], although he skipped many classes to participate in jam sessions with musicians like Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. A major contributor to both bebop and cool jazz, he pioneered the jazz-rock movement of the 1960s. Name this jazz great whose best known albums include Birth of the Cool and Kind of Blue.
(MILES) DAVIS
SC-2 This type of cell is haploid, meaning it contains half the genetic material needed to make a complete organism. It fuses with another cell during fertilization to produce a diploid zygote [ZAHY-goht]. Give the generic term for a mature sex cell like a sperm or an egg.
GAMETE(S)
SS-3 Two-word answer required. This structure is made of more than 2 million blocks of stone, weighing nearly 6 million tons. It was built for Khufu [KOO-foo], who is also known by the Greek name Cheops [KEE-ops]. What structure, one of three at Giza, is considered one of the seven ancient wonders of the world?
GREAT PYRAMID
M-4 Which integer is a whole number, but not a natural number?
0
LA-5 This word can refer to the left side of a ship, or to a city or town where ships load and unload. As a Latin root, it means "to carry." Identify this root present in the words export and transportation.
PORT
Round 7
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A combination consists of 4 single digit numbers. If the digits may not be repeated, how many possible combinations are there?
5040
2. A native of Vermont, he was baptized into his new faith in 1832 while living in New York. In the 1840s, he led the other members of his faith to a new home in Utah. Who became leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints after the murder of Joseph Smith in 1844?
(BRIGHAM) YOUNG
3. From the Greek for "primary," these compounds are essential to all living organisms. They consist of one or more chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Found in foods such as legumes, eggs, fish, and meat, name these molecules that are necessary to grow and repair tissue.
PROTEIN
4. This character gets "engaged" to the novel's protagonist, but breaks up with him when she discovers his previous engagement to Amy Lawrence. The local judge's daughter, she becomes trapped in McDougal's Cave after a picnic with classmates. Identify this pretty, yellow-haired girl, the "Adored Unknown" of Tom Sawyer.
(BECKY) THATCHER
5. This element of art is usually two-dimensional, although it can be combined to create a three-dimensional figure. It can be irregular and organic, or regular and geometric. Examples of which art element include squares, circles, and triangles?
SHAPE
6. A composite figure is made by combining a cone with a hemisphere, where the base of the cone has the same area as the base of the hemisphere. If the radius of both is 3 units, and the height of the cone is 8 units, what is the volume of the composite figure, in terms of pi, and in cubic units?
42 PI (CUBIC UNITS)
7. A tenth of this nation is covered with glacial ice, and another tenth by cooled lava. About 200 volcanoes of different types are found there, although it is not a large country. Name this island nation where hot geysers provide heat for hothouse agriculture year-round.
ICELAND
8. If you have zinnias in your garden, you have this type of plant to admire. They germinate, blossom, produce seed, and die in one growing season. Name the classification of plant, commonly including weeds and vegetables, that only survive for about one year.
ANNUALS
9. In 1661, this artist depicted his riverside hometown in View of Delft. In addition to his cityscapes, he also painted several works that feature working-class women in ordinary scenes, as seen in The Milkmaid. Name this seventeenth-century Dutch artist.
(JOHANNES) VERMEER
10. This author creates lovable outcasts in her novels Flip-Flop Girl and The Great Gilly Hopkins. Other novels follow the sibling rivalry between Sara Louise and Caroline, and the friendship between Jess Aarons and Leslie Burke. Who won Newbery Medals for Jacob Have I Loved and Bridge to Terabithia?
(KATHERINE) PATERSON
11. A regular polygon has congruent angles and congruent sides. What is the measure, in degrees, of an interior angle in a regular icosagon [eye-KOS-uh-gon]?
162 (DEGREES)
12. About 140 miles long, this area is bounded on one side by the appropriately named Funeral Mountains. The area lies along the border the Great Basin and the Mohave Desert in California. Name this area that records some of the world's highest temperatures, has almost no rainfall, and contains the lowest spot in America.
DEATH VALLEY
13. In botany, this adjective describes flowers that open during the day and close at night. Animals falling into this category are active during the day and sleep at night. What is this adjective, the antonym of "nocturnal"?
DIURNAL
14. In this painting, members of the middle class are enjoying a warm, sunny afternoon outing in a waterfront park. One of the first and most famous paintings created with pointillism, it even has a frame composed of small dots of color. Identify this painting by French artist Georges Seurat [ZHORZH suh-RAH].
(A) SUNDAY AFTERNOON ON THE ISLAND OF LA GRANDE JATTE [grahnd ZHAHT]
15. This character imparts directions to the March Hare's house after informing Alice that everyone in Wonderland is mad. The King of Hearts orders his execution, but rescinds the command when no one can determine how to chop off an already disembodied, floating head. Identify this feline Lewis Carroll creation, who disappears until only his grin is left.
(THE) CHESHIRE CAT
16. A right triangle has legs with lengths of 1 and 2. What is the length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle?
RADICAL 5 (UNITS) (Accept: SQUARE ROOT OF 5 (UNITS))
17. Construction on this fort began in 1829, and was still going on when the Civil War broke out. It remained in Federal hands in 1861, even after most others in the South had fallen into Confederate hands. Name this fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where Confederate guns opened fire, and the war began.
(FORT) SUMTER
18. In early August, a "bloom" of this type of organism was responsible for contaminating Toledo, Ohio's water supply for days. These eukaryotic organisms obtain energy from carbon uptake and photosynthesis. Name these plantlike organisms that lack true roots, stems, leaves, and embryos.
ALGAE
19. Our name for the fear of open spaces is derived from this Greek word. It was the center of commerce and government, and also function as an open meeting space. What part of a Greek city was analogous to the Roman forum?
AGORA
20. The first story in this two-volume collection follows Little Bao, a Chinese peasant boy who participates in a famous uprising. The second tale focuses on Vibiana, a Chinese girl who must choose between her heritage and her adoptive, Christian missionary parents. What is this graphic novel, a National Book Award Finalist written by Gene Luen Yang?
BOXERS & SAINTS
21. At the store, five cans of carrots can be bought for $1.98. At this rate, what is the cost of 25 cans of carrots?
$9.90
22. In the FEMA [FEE-mah] trailers delivered to victims of Hurricane Katrina, health officials found levels of this toxic chemical were 75 times the recommended maximum for workers. The colorless, strong-smelling gas is used to make building materials, furniture, and other household products. Name this compound that is commonly used to preserve animals and specimens for future observation.
FORMALDEHYDE
23. In the winter of 1803, this city was formally transferred to the United States. It was attacked by British forces in January 1815, who did not know the War of 1812 was over. Name the city that was protected by American forces led by Andrew Jackson.
NEW ORLEANS
24. This ballet, which is famous for its barbaric rhythms and dissonance, is divided into two parts: Adoration of the Earth and The Sacrifice. It was commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev [sur-GAY dee-AH-guh-lev] after the success of the composer's earlier work, The Firebird. Identify this ballet composed by Igor Stravinsky [EE-gawr struh-VIN-skee].
(THE) RITE OF SPRING (Accept: (LE) SACRE DU PRINTEMPS [luh SAH-kruh dyoo prahn-TAHN])
25. This book follows Jerrie Cobb, Janey Hart, the Dietrich sisters, and nine other NASA hopefuls. Dubbed the "Mercury 13," these women passed the same physiological tests as the Mercury 7 astronauts, but were denied jobs at NASA. Identify this Sibert Medal-winning book, subtitled 13 Women Who Dared to Dream, by Tanya Lee Stone.
ALMOST ASTRONAUTS
26. Given that the fifth term of an arithmetic [ar-ith-MET-ick] sequence is 39 and that the common difference is 12, what is the 14th term of the sequence?
147
27. Many of this composer's works went unappreciated until after his death, although he did win a Pulitzer Prize for his Third Symphony in 1947. His compositions, such as "Variations on America" and "Central Park in the Dark," often reflect his perception of the American experience. Name this composer perhaps best known for his symphony Three Places in New England.
(CHARLES) IVES
28. Multiple answer required. One of these two characteristics denotes the greatest displacement upward from the rest position of a wave. The other refers to the greatest displacement downward. What two parts of a wave mark the largest amplitudes?
TROUGHS (AND) CRESTS (Either order)
29. Samuel Adams depicted this incident as a battle for the liberty of the colonies. His cousin John Adams, however, successfully defended the men who went on trial for murder. In what 1770 incident did British soldiers fire on local workers and sailors, leading to the deaths of five including Crispus Attucks?
BOSTON MASSACRE
30. This poem describes a "manxome foe" who, "with eyes of flame, / Came whiffling through the tulgey wood, / And burbled as it came!" Its opening lines describe a day that "'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves / Did gyre and gimble in the wabe." Name this nonsense poem featured in Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll.
"JABBERWOCKY"
31. Given that X plus 8 is one factor of the polynomial, 3 X squared plus 22 X minus 16, what is the other factor of this polynomial?
3 X MINUS 2
32. Of the two types of valves used in brass instruments, this one is found more commonly. It changes the pitch of a note by moving up or down to direct the air flow through different lengths of metal tubing. What type of valve shares its name with a part found in most gasoline engines?
PISTON (VALVE)
33. Organisms falling into this protist subcategory include amoebas, paramecia, and dinoflagellates. They are eukaryotic, usually unicellular, and heterotrophic. Name these animal-like protists, the counterparts of fungi-like protists and algae.
PROTOZOA(NS) [proh-tuh-ZOH-uh]
34. Residents of this fictional town include Simon Stimson, Si Crowell, and Howie Newsome. The play's third act takes place in its cemetery, where Emily Webb Gibbs lies buried after dying in childbirth. Identify this pastoral New England setting of Thornton Wilder's play Our Town.
GROVER'S CORNERS, (NEW HAMPSHIRE)
35. This amendment, passed in 1870, did not actually become truly effective, until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 put an end to unfair restrictions. What amendment declared that the right to vote could not be "denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"?
FIFTEENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) FIFTEEN)
36. Given the five-number summary 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, what is the lower quartile of this data?
20
37. Polyhedral, rod, and complex are the three words used to describe the shapes that these protein coatings take. Made of capsomeres (CAP-so-meerz), these shells protect viral genetic material from damage. Identify the protein shell which covers the nucleic acid molecule inside of a virus.
CAPSID
38. The name for this style of music comes from a Portuguese phrase that means "new trend." It evolved in the beach culture of South America from a union of samba and cool jazz. Name this Brazilian style of music in syncopated two-four time with simple musical arrangements and emphasis on vocal improvisation.
BOSSA NOVA
39. This author tells of Dmitri and Anna's close friendship in "The Lady with the Dog." In another story, a lawyer and a banker make a wager about whether the death penalty is worse than life imprisonment. Name the Russian author of "The Bet."
(ANTON) CHEKHOV
40. This caravan route linked the Roman Empire with East Asia. It began in north-central China, followed the Great Wall, and crossed Afghanistan to the coast lands of Asia Minor. What route between Asia and Europe was named for one of the commodities that it brought from the East?
SILK ROAD (Accept: SILK ROUTE)
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 7 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
41. Given the linear function, F of X equals 2x plus 7, what is F of 8?
23
42. Many notable ballet dancers, including Anna Pavlova [PAH-vluh-vuh] and Vaslav Nijinsky [VAH-sluhf ni-ZHIN-skee], passed through this man's dance company. He also choreographed Stravinsky's ballets Petrushka [puh-TROOSH-kuh], The Firebird, and The Rite of Spring. Name the Russian impresario who founded the Ballet Russes [ROOS].
(SERGE) DIAGHILEV [dee-AH-guh-lef]
43. Species with this conservation status include the golden toad, moa, and Chinese river dolphin. Habitat loss, inbreeding, and human exploitation all contribute to the condition. Give the word for a species whose last members have died out.
EXTINCTION (Accept: EXTINCT)
44. This city was settled in 1851n and was named for the chief of several local tribes. It is home to the winners of the 2014 Super Bowl of the National Football League. Name this city of the Pacific Northwest that is home of the Supersonics and the Space Needle.
SEATTLE (WASHINGTON)
45. This creature's name comes from the Tibetan language spoken by Sherpas. It is a large, hairy, humanlike creature that supposedly inhabits the Himalayan Mountains. Identify this monster also known as the Abominable Snowman.
YETI
46. Identify, in correct order, the indirect and direct object in the following sentence: The substitute teacher gave our class two essays for homework.
CLASS, ESSAYS
47. If F of X is equal to 3 X plus 2, then what is an equation for F inverse of X?
(F INVERSE OF X EQUALS) (QUANTITY) X MINUS 2 (CLOSE QUANTITY) OVER 3 (Accept: (F INVERSE OF X EQUALS) ONE-THIRD X MINUS TWO-THIRDS)
48. If you have ever wondered why many restaurants serve more fish dishes in the spring, this religious observance is probably the reason. It lasts from Ash Wednesday until the Saturday before Easter, a total of forty days. During what period of reflection are Christians encouraged to abstain from eating meat or other foods?
LENT
49. Spiders and certain insect larvae have these specialized organs. They are tubular structures that assist in building webs and cocoons. Name these silk-producing organs from which threads are exuded.
SPINNERET(S)
50. This corporate combination happens generally in vertical or horizontal varieties. It often happens when one company purchases the stock of another company. By what process do two or more businesses combine into one?
MERGER (Accept word forms)
51. How many words should be capitalized in the following sentence? "This summer, my family will leave on Flag Day to travel to Mount Rushmore."
FIVE
52. If X is known to be greater than 4, then what can you state about 12 minus 3X ?
(12 MINUS 3X IS) LESS THAN 0
53. She said she would marry the man who could beat her in a foot race, and she speared those she overtook. Many died until Hippomenes [hih-POM-men-EES] used the golden apples of the Hesperides [heh-SPER-uh-deez] to distract her. What Greek huntress stopped to pick up the golden apples, and thus lost the footrace?
ATALANTA (Not: ATLANTA)
54. The energy of this quantity is defined as Planck's constant times its frequency. Its speed is defined as the wavelength times its frequency. Name this form of energy that is generally defined as both a particle and a wave.
LIGHT
55. This explorer helped found the first stable European settlement in what is now called Latin America. From there, he followed the scent of gold westward across a narrow isthmus Identify the Spanish explorer considered the first European to have seen the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean.
(VASCO NUÑEZ DE) BALBOA [bal-BOH-uh]
56. If you were to travel around the equator 25 times, you will have traveled one gigameter [GIG-uh-mee-ter]. How many meters are in one gigameter?
ONE BILLION
57. Informal term required. This kind of verb is used with a main verb to express tense and mood. Also known as an auxiliary verb, it is usually a form of be. Will, can, and might are all what type of verb?
HELPING (VERB)
58. Premiering on Broadway in 2003, this musical features songs like "Popular" and "Defying Gravity." It tells the story of Galinda and Elphaba [ELL-fah-bah] and what happened in Oz before Dorothy arrived. Name this play that is subtitled "The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz."
WICKED
59. This aspect of an organism results from the interaction of its genes and its environment. What is the term for all of an organism's observable characteristics, including shape, size, and color?
PHENOTYPE [FEE-nuh-type]
60. This line runs from British Columbia down through Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. It mostly follows the crest of the Rocky Mountains. What two-word name is given to the line that separates rivers that flow toward opposite ends of a continent?
CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
61. First and last name required. This politician first received national attention when making political speeches for his father, who ran for president in 2008. He was an ophthalmologist for many years before running for office. Identify the politician who, as of 2014, was the junior U.S. senator from Kentucky.
RAND PAUL (Accept: RANDAL (HOWARD) PAUL)
62. Spelling required. The anxious mother attempted to discipline the rambunctious toddler. Spell the word from the preceding sentence that means "punishment inflicted by way of correction."
D-I-S-C-I-P-L-I-N-E
63. This astronomical event occurs twice a year, with six months separating the vernal from the autumnal. Earth's day and night are equal in length because the Sun is exactly above the equator. Name these events, which occur on March 21 and September 22.
EQUINOX(ES)
64. This medieval source of income normally consisted of land and the unfree peasants who came with it. It was given to ensure the holder's service as a knight to his lord. Identify the holding that constituted the central institution of feudal society.
FIEF [feef]
65. To determine the factorial of a natural number, multiply the number by every preceding natural number, down to 1. Using this definition, what is the value of 6 factorial?
720
66. The Latin root ab- appears in the words abrasion, absent, and abnormal. What does it mean in English?
AWAY (FROM)
67. This atmospheric layer spans the region lying fifty to two hundred miles above the Earth's surface. It overlaps with the magnetosphere to create the aurora borealis. Which region of the atmosphere influences atmospheric electricity and the propagation of radio waves?
IONOSPHERE
68. This keyboard instrument was a precursor to the modern piano. It was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque music, and Bach wrote extensively for it. Identify this instrument that uses a plectrum to pluck its strings in order to produce sound.
HARPSICHORD
69. This North African city was founded in the early 700s B.C., and is now a suburb of Tunis. It began as a colony and trading post established by the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon [SIGH-dun]. Identify this North African city that was destroyed by Rome after the third Punic War.
CARTHAGE [KAHR-thij]
70. Using 3.14 for pi, what is the circumference, rounded to the nearest tenth, of a circle with a radius of 6 units?
37.7 (UNITS)
71. This member of the string family is played in an upright position with the instrument resting on the floor and held between the player's knees. It is the lowest-pitched member of the standard string quartet. What musical instrument is associated with Pablo Casals [kuh-SAHLZ] and Yo-Yo Ma?
CELLO (Accept: VIOLONCELLO)
72. This phrase directly translates as "much pleasure." Spanish speakers often utter it after being introduced to a new person. Give the two-word Spanish phrase that many people use as "pleased to meet you."
MUCHO GUSTO
73. This slave owner told one visitor that only the abolition of slavery would make the Union for which he had fought a permanent union. He freed his own slaves he thought could support themselves, and had the others taught useful skills. Name this president of the United States, who inherited his first slave from his half-brother, Lawrence, then came into many more when he married Martha Custis.
(GEORGE) WASHINGTON
74. This stage of ecological succession occurs when present species successfully reproduce and prevent other species from invading. Human interference, climate change, and natural disasters prevent the stage from being completely permanent. What kind of stable, mature community has reached equilibrium in its present environment?
CLIMAX (COMMUNITY)
75. Using order of operations, what is the value of negative 2 times negative 5 plus negative 40 divided by negative 8?
15
76. This kind of five-line poem has an AABBA rhyme scheme. What type of humorous verse shares its name with an Irish city?
LIMERICK
77. This musical instrument is the major bass instrument of the woodwinds in an orchestra. In Peter and the Wolf, it represents the grandfather and plays his theme. Name this double-reed instrument that, if stretched out, would be over eight feet long.
BASSOON
78. This tribe migrated along with the Apache to the Southwest United States, probably sometime between 1100 and 1500. Its members adopted many of the practices of the nearby Pueblos, and they practice dry-sand painting. Name the second most populous of Native Americans today, whose language proved to be a vital help during World War Two.
NAVAJO
79. This weather phenomenon usually accompanies thunderstorms because it needs cumulonimbus clouds with strong updrafts. Irregular freezing rates give them alternating clear and opaque layers. What kind of potentially destructive precipitation takes the form of ice pellets larger than five millimeters?
HAIL
80. What is the conjugate of the radical expression 5 minus radical 3?
NEGATIVE 1
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This musical instrument often replaces the baritone in brass band orchestrations. It resembles a smaller version of the tuba, and has four valves instead of the usual three. Identify this instrument in the brass family whose common name means "well-sounding."
EUPHONIUM [yoo-FOH-nee-um] (Accept: BARITONE)
LA-2 This word originated in Paradise Lost when Milton used it to name the capital of Hell. It refers to a chaotic, wild uproar. Give this word, beginning with the letter P, which includes the name of a Greek satyr.
PANDEMONIUM
SS-3 Two-name answer required. This military leader made a fateful decision when he crossed the Rubicon [ROO-bih-kahn]. He conquered Gaul, was victorious in a civil war, and became dictator before he was murdered. Identify this Roman general for whom the "Ides of March" was a fateful day, as depicted in a play by Shakespeare.
(GAIUS) JULIUS CAESAR
M-4 What is the sum of the solutions of the quadratic equation X squared plus 8 X plus 12 equals 0? Consider the quadratic function, F of X equals X squared minus 3X plus 2. What are the zeros of this function?
2, 1
SC-5 When preceded by the root micro-, this ecological concept refers to the place where an individual organism resides. What word usually names the natural environment, including both biotic and abiotic factors, in which a community of organisms lives?
HABITAT
Round 8
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A cone has a height that is three times its radius. If the volume of the cone is 27 pi cubic units, then what is the radius of the cone, in units?
3 (UNITS)
2. After serving with a Venetian firm in the eastern Mediterranean, he moved to England. In 1496, King Henry the Seventh of England authorized him and his sons to search for unknown lands. What explorer who sailed for England likely visited Newfoundland on his second voyage, but disappeared during his final voyage?
(JOHN) CABOT (Accept: (GIOVANNI) CABOTO)
3. Differences in this element of art are created by various light wavelengths. It is often arranged in a wheel to illustrate the relationships between hues. Name the element of art that can be described as cool or warm, as well as primary or secondary.
COLOR
4. In humans, there are four types of this irregularly-shaped tissue patch: alpha, beta, delta, and C. Over one million exist in humans, and are responsible for the production of glucagon and insulin. Identify these endocrine cells named for the German physician who discovered them.
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
5. This character is sold to Silas and Sally Phelps by two con men pretending to be a duke and a dauphin [doh-FAN]. He travels the Mississippi River on a raft, accompanied by the thirteen-year-old son of St. Petersburg, Missouri's town drunk. Give the name of Miss Watson's runaway slave in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
JIM
6. A convex dodecagon [doh-DECK-uh-gon] has 11 angles that measure 160 degrees each for a total of 1,760 degrees. What is the measure, in degrees, of the twelfth angle in the dodecagon?
40 (DEGREES)
7. Congress defeated a motion to have this amendment read "expressly delegated" rather than "delegated." It was added to the Constitution to assure the states' rights advocates that the federal government's authority was indeed limited. Identify the amendment that reserves to the states and the citizens any powers not granted to the federal government or prohibited to the states.
TENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) TEN)
8. In some plants, this reproductive structure is brightly colored to attract insects and other animals for pollination. Containing a stamen and/or pistil, it is commonly enclosed in petals or sepals. What is the name for this structure of angiosperm plants that begins with "F," and is synonymous with blossom?
FLOWER
9. In this Renaissance painting, we see two mythological lovers in front of three satyrs. The satyrs are stealing the man's weapons as he sleeps, while the beautiful woman watches them. Identify this Botticelli [bot-ih-CHEL-ee] painting that serves as an allegory for the triumph of love and beauty over war.
VENUS AND MARS
10. This author won her two Newbery Medals twenty-nine years apart. One book follows Claudia and Jamie Kincaid's attempts to run away to the Metropolitan Museum, while the other profiles Mrs. Olinski's sixth grade Academic Bowl team. Name the author of From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and The View from Saturday.
(E. L.) KONIGSBURG
11. A wire is attached to the top of a utility pole. If the pole is 10 feet tall, and the wire is attached to the ground 6 feet away from the base of the pole, then how much wire, in feet, is needed to attach the pole to the ground?
2 SQUARE ROOT OF 34 (FEET) (Accept: 2 RADICAL 34)
12. He brought three Eskimos to England when he returned from his 1577 expedition. He lost his funding when his expedition up the Hudson Strait the following year failed to bring back silver or gold. Who visited Baffin Island, and mistook a deep bay that bears his name for the passage he sought?
(MARTIN) FROBISHER [FROH-bih-sher]
13. In this technique developed in France in the 1880s, artists do not create figures with solid lines or shapes. Instead, they use many tiny dots of pure, unmixed colors that blend together to create an overall image. What technique was developed by Paul Signac [see-NYAK] and Georges Seurat [ZHORZH suh-RAH]?
POINTILLISM
14. Knowledge of math and science, as well as physical fitness, are necessary in this line of work. Only a few hundred people have ever held this position, including Christa McAuliffe, Yuri Gagarin and Alan Shepard. From the Greek for "star sailor," name this occupation.
ASTRONAUT(S)
15. This character is a sea captain and surgeon who, at one point, visits Glubdubdrib, the Island of Sorcerers. Other stops on his worldwide journey include the flying island of Laputa [luh-PYOO-tuh], Houyhnhnmland [WIN-um-land], Brobdingnag [BROB-ding-nag], and Lilliput. Name this hero of a satirical novel by Jonathan Swift.
(LEMUEL) GULLIVER
16. Consider the proportion A over B equals X over Y. Solve this proportion for Y.
(Y EQUALS) B X OVER A
17. His forceful, direct writings expressed what many people were thinking in 1776. He argued that the colonies should not just fight against unjust taxation, but should fight for independence from his native England. Whose contribution to the colonies' cause included the pamphlet titled "Common Sense"?
(THOMAS) PAINE
18. Newton expanded on the concept of inertia to determine that there must be a direct relation between the mass of a given object and the rate at which the object accelerates. Name the law that defines force as mass times acceleration.
(NEWTON'S) SECOND (LAW OF MOTION)
19. The first buildings this architect designed were cottages for farmworkers in Pomerania [pom-uh-RAY-nee-uh], which is now mostly in Poland. His preference for functional materials and clean, geometric designs can be seen in the Pan Am Building in New York City. Identify the German architect who founded the Bauhaus [BOUGH-hows] school.
(WALTER) GROPIUS [GROW-pee-us]
20. This book's heroine is a fourteen-year-old girl who spends the summer on her mother's bonobo sanctuary in the Democratic Republic of Congo. After a political coup, Sophie escapes to the jungle with her pet ape, Otto, in tow. What is this National Book Award Finalist by Eliot Schrefer?
ENDANGERED
21. Consider the quadratic function, F of X, equals X squared minus 4X plus 5. What is the y-intercept of this function?
14 (Accept: (0, 14))
22. In the Northern Hemisphere, one occurs when the sun moves north across the celestial equator. A second happens when the sun moves southward some six months later. What name is given to the times when the Sun is exactly above the equator, and day and night are of equal length?
(VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL) EQUINOX [EE-kwuh-nocks, EK-wuh-nocks]
23. One example of these types of properties is carbon dioxide's ability to sublime from a solid to a gas. The properties include boiling point, melting point, and density. What scientific properties can be measured or observed without changing an object's composition?
PHYSICAL (PROPERTIES)
24. This book opens with Japanese-American soldiers liberating prisoners from Germany's Dachau [DAH-cow] concentration camp. It explores the U.S. government's unfair response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor: the internment of countless Japanese-Americans. Name this book, a YALSA Finalist, written by Martin W. Sandler.
IMPRISONED
25. This collection of compositions was written for a keyboard that used a tuning system that would work equally well for all twelve major and minor keys. It was published in two volumes that consisted of 24 preludes and 24 fugues. Which Bach work was intended to help students become familiar with the chords and arpeggios [ahr-PEJ-ee-ohs] of each key?
(THE) WELL-TEMPERED CLAVIER [kluh-VIR, CLAY-vee-ur]
26. Given that i equals the square root of negative 1, what is the value of i raised to the tenth power?
625 X (RAISED) TO THE SIXTH (POWER)
27. Many of this folksinger's songs chronicled the plight of the common people, especially during the Great Depression. He spent much of his life on the road, playing his guitar and harmonica in bars and taverns to help support his family during the Dust Bowl. Name the American folk musician who wrote "This Land Is Your Land."
(WOODROW WILSON "WOODY") GUTHRIE
28. Multiple answer required. Needing to keep these four states in the Union was a major reason why Lincoln's administration initially made no attempt to abolish slavery. Name the four slave states, often called the border states, that remained in the Union throughout the war.
DELAWARE, MARYLAND, KENTUCKY, MISSOURI (Any order)
29. Organisms in this category may be parasitic, cellular, net, or true. The true kind, belonging to phylum Myxomycota [mik-soh-MY-cut-uh], evolves from a shapeless plasmodium to a sporangium [spoor-AN-jee-uhm]. Identify these primitive nuclear organisms that resemble both fungi and protozoans.
SLIME MOLD(S)
30. This poem muses that "parallel movement / isn't lateral," and explores "why mankind / alone among the animals / learns to cry." It begins, "If i can't do / what i want to do / then my job is to not / do what i don't want / to do." Give the title of this Nikki Giovanni poem.
"CHOICES"
31. Given the five-number summary 68, 72, 80, 84, 94, what is the range of the data set?
26
32. Multiple answer required. These lines got their names because, at one point in time, the sun appeared in two specific constellations. The lines mark the northernmost and southernmost points of the sun's declination. What lines are found at roughly 23 degrees, 27 minutes north and south of the equator?
TROPIC OF CANCER, TROPIC OF CAPRICORN (Either order)
33. One type of instrument in this family is played by blowing across an open hole in the mouthpiece. The other type uses vibrating reeds to produce sound. Name this family that includes the piccolo, the bagpipe, and the clarinet.
WOODWIND (FAMILY)
34. Some strands of this type of fungus can be beneficial, and are used to make cheeses. In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming noticed that the growth of this inhibited the formation of bacteria. What is the name of the often fuzzy growth of fungus on decaying foodstuffs or bathroom walls?
MOLD
35. The 1956 adaptation of her writings earned a Pulitzer Prize for Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett. The play depicts her years in hiding with her parents, sister, and the van Daan family. Identify this young Jewish girl whose diary reveals her life under the Nazis in Germany.
(ANNE) FRANK
36. If you were to dig a hole that is one meter by one meter by one meter, how many cubic centimeters is the volume of the hole?
ONE MILLION
37. The arrival of immigrants from this island in the 1840s contributed to the rise of anti-immigration parties in the United States. The island saw its population drop by nearly two million from 1844 to 1851. What island saw hundreds of thousands of its people move to the United States as a result of a potato famine?
IRELAND (Accept: EIRE)
38. The epiglottis is made of this tough, fibrous, elastic tissue. Elasmobranchs are fish with skeletons made up of this soft material. Name the type of tissue that human kneecaps, noses, and ears are composed of.
CARTILAGE
39. This folk song, written by Banjo Paterson, is the best known example of a bush ballad. It tells the story of a drifter in the Australian outback who steals a sheep to eat. What song begins with the line, "Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong"?
"WALTZING MATILDA"
40. This man set many of his short stories, including "Barn Burning" and "Dry September," in the fictional Yoknapatawpha [yahk-nap-uh-TAW-fuh] County, Mississippi. In one story, Southern spinster Emily Grierson poisons her fiancé and keeps his body in her bedroom. Name the author of "A Rose for Emily."
(WILLIAM) FAULKNER
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 8 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
41. Let F of X equal 5 X minus 4 and G of X equal 8 X plus 6. Using these functions, what is F of G of 1 ?
66
42. The level of this white, crystalline substance in the bloodstream can affect the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease. High doses of vitamin B3 are used to lower the bad type of this in the blood, and increase the good. Name the substance that, when measured, are given in LDL and HDL figures.
CHOLESTEROL
43. This adventurer and writer led an expedition to what is now Venezuela in 1595, and wrote a book describing the expedition. He had earlier fought against the Irish rebels, leading to his becoming a favorite of the monarch. Who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and tried to establish a colony along the coast of North Carolina?
(SIR WALTER) RALEIGH
44. This American choreographer worked with Lester Horton and Martha Graham before forming his own dance company in 1958. His company's signature piece, Revelations, is set to the music of African American spirituals. Which choreographer has been credited with promoting African American involvement in modern concert dance?
(ALVIN) AILEY
45. This expression means "to attempt something formidable or dangerous." It is also the title of an Aesop fable whose moral is, "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." What is this fable, in which a group of mice tries to outsmart a feline?
BELLING THE CAT
46. In Christian tradition, the first known ascetic of this type is considered Paul of Thebes ]THEEBZ]. He and others fled into the Egyptian desert to escape the persecution of Roman Emperor Decius [DEE-shus] in the mid-third century. What name is given to a person who leaves society for religious reasons to live in solitude, often in a cave or the desert?
HERMIT (Accept: EREMITE [ER-uh-might])
47. Name the following sentence's simple predicate: The ice cube melted into a puddle.
MELTED
48. Solve the inequality for X: X plus 3 B is greater than Y.
X IS GREATER THAN Y MINUS 3B (Accept: X IS GREATER THAN NEGATIVE 3B PLUS Y)
49. The namesake of this law of electricity also gives his name to the SI [ess eye] unit of resistance. Whose law relates current, voltage, and resistance?
OHM'S (LAW)
50. This ancient Egyptian city was originally called "White Walls," which may have referred to whitewashed bricks in the palace. It is said to have been founded by Menes [MEE-neez], about 2925 B.C. Name this city, located south of modern-day Cairo, whose name is a Greek version of the Egyptian Men-nefer.
MEMPHIS
51. How many words should be capitalized in the following Supremes song title: "Stop in the Name of Love"?
THREE
52. Suppose you roll three six-sided die and add the sum of the faces that appear. As a fraction, what is the probability that the sum is 18?
1/216
53. The advice of this woman over fifty years old who dressed as a maiden was sought throughout the classical world. The temple in which she lived was dedicated to Apollo, and was built on the site of his victory over the Python. Who was this prophetess of ancient Greece?
ORACLE AT DELPHI (Accept: PYTHIA)
54. The relationship between clownfish and anemones, based on shelter, illustrates this type of symbiosis. In what kind of relationship does one species benefit without either harming or benefiting the other?
COMMENSALISM
55. This early U.S. statesman received one electoral vote from Rhode Island in the election of 1800. In 1781, he was minister to Spain, and was on the five-man commission that negotiated peace with Britain. What author of The Federalist was the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court?
(JOHN) JAY
56. Less common examples of this conjunction category include for and yet. They connect two grammatical elements--words, clauses, phrases, or sentences--of identical construction and importance. What kind of conjunction are the words or, but, and and?
COORDINATING (CONJUNCTION)
57. Set more than 200 years earlier, this play is actually an allegory depicting the Red Scare of the 1950s. Characters include the Reverend Samuel Parris, Abigail Williams, and Tituba [tih-TOO-buh], a slave girl. Identify this Arthur Miller play about the Salem witch trials.
(THE) CRUCIBLE
58. The low temperature on January 3 was negative 12 degrees. During the day, the temperature rose 28 degrees. In degrees, what was the high temperature on January 3?
16 (DEGREES)
59. This astronomical region is the source of comets that take more than two hundred years to orbit the sun. Its icy, small bodies are over one thousand times farther from the Sun than Neptune. Identify this massive, spherical region named for the Dutch astronomer who postulated its existence.
OORT CLOUD
60. This gently sloping plateau has the same name as an area in Italy. It lies east of the Appalachians, and runs from New Jersey to Alabama. What region takes its name from the Italian for "mountain foot"?
PIEDMONT
61. First appearing in 1963, this team of superheroes was created by Stan Lee, and originally had five members. A 2012 film version of their adventures set a record with an opening weekend gross of more than $200 million. Identify this group of superheroes that includes Thor, Hulk, Captain America, and Wonder Woman.
AVENGERS
62. Spelling required. After the laboratory accident, the scientist needed time to regain her equilibrium. Spell the word from the preceding sentence that is a synonym of balance.
E-Q-U-I-L-I-B-R-I-U-M
63. The slope of a linear function is 4. The x-intercept of the function is negative 7. What is the y-intercept of the function?
28 (Accept: (0, 28))
64. This atmospheric region extending from nine to twenty-two miles above the Earth lies almost entirely within the stratosphere. Comprising O3 molecules, it blocks most harmful forms of solar radiation from reaching our planet. Identify this layer, whose holes result from air pollution.
OZONE (LAYER)
65. This nation endured what international media called an "airpocalypse" [air-POK-uh-lips] in October 2013. It was forced to encourage its sick and elderly to stay inside, even though some officials claimed the problem was just heavy fog. Identify the nation led by Communist Party chief Xi Jinping [SHEE JEEN-PEENG] beginning in 2013.
(PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) CHINA
66. The same Greek root appears in the words democracy and demographic. To what does dem- translate in English?
PEOPLE
67. The terms in an arithmetic [ar-ith-MET-ick] sequence are 10, 14, x, 22, y, and 30. What is the sum of X and Y?
44
68. This biological process produces offspring that are exact genetic copies of the parent. Examples include budding, spore formation, and fission. What kind of reproduction doesn't involve the union of gametes?
ASEXUAL (REPRODUCTION)
69. This philosopher proposed the theory of forms, and divided the soul into three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite.. He founded the Academy, a school that fostered research in a wide range of endeavors. What Greek philosopher wrote such works as Symposium and The Republic?
PLATO
70. This term, which comes from a Latin word meaning "service," originally referred to any sort of professional entertainer such as a juggler, acrobat, or storyteller. By the fourteenth century however, it began to refer specifically to a musician who played secular music. Name these musicians who were sometimes attached to a noble house, but would also wander between towns in search of an audience.
MINSTRELS
71. This system was created by a 1913 act of Congress, and is led by a board of governors. It influences the economy by setting the interest rate its members banks charge other banks. Identify the central banking system of the United States.
FEDERAL RESERVE (SYSTEM) (Accept: FED)
72. This three-word Italian phrase usually describes a life filled with luxury and pleasure. Give this phrase, which means "the sweet life."
LA DOLCE VITA [lah dohl-chay VEE-tuh]
73. This type of folk song was originally sung to accompany a dance, and was handed down by oral tradition. It always tells a short story, often ending with a catastrophe. What type of song are "Lord Randal," "Tom Dooley," and "Barbara Allen"?
BALLAD
74. This unit of length is almost equal to ten trillion kilometers, or six trillion miles. While astronomers prefer the parsec, popular science frequently uses this term. Identify this unit for measuring interstellar distances.
LIGHT YEAR
75. Two circles are concentric, one with a radius of 4 units and the other circle with a radius of 7 units. What is the area outside the smaller circle but within the larger circle, in terms of units squared?
33 PI (UNITS SQUARED)
76. This kind of sound device appears in the sentences, "I feel depressed and restless," and, "Men sell the wedding bells." Name this device, in which two or more words use the same vowel sound with different consonant sounds.
ASSONANCE
77. This type of musical composition was originally a courtship song meant to be sung in the evening, often performed by men. It later lost its association with courtship, and became any light piece suitable for an open air evening performance. Mozart's work, A Little Night Music, is an example of what type of music?
SERENADE
78. Tidewater glaciers undergo this process more frequently in deeper water. It occurs when chunks of the glacier break off to form icebergs. Identify this phenomenon, which shares its name with how cows give birth.
CALVING
79. Variants of this tool include ones called Cumberland, Ohio, and Suwannee. It was lance-shaped, partially fluted, and was used for killing mammoths and other large game. What name is given to this artifact, first discovered in 1929 at a kill site in New Mexico?
CLOVIS (POINT)
80. What are the factors of the following polynomial? X squared minus 49.
X PLUS 7, X MINUS 7
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
LA-1 This word, a synonym of abhor, means "to feel disgust or intense aversion for." Give this six-letter verb beginning with L.
LOATHE
H-2 Unlike much Latin music intended for dancing, this style of music is in three-four time, and is performed at a slow pace. Its vocalists are accompanied by guitars and castanets, which are played by the dancers. What style of music shares its name by a famous concert piece by Maurice Ravel [moh-REES ruh-VEL]?
BOLERO
M-3 What is the value of 8 factorial divided by 6 factorial?
56
SS-4 When his father died in 1035 while returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, he was proclaimed duke. His youngest son became Henry the First, King of England, in 1100 A.D. Who defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings to take the throne of England in 1066?
WILLIAM (THE CONQUEROR) (Accept: WILLIAM THE FIRST)
SC-5 When this geological formation occurs at the Earth's surface, it is called an outcrop. It forms saprolite when water penetrates it. Give the term for a layer of solid rock usually buried beneath soil.
BEDROCK
Round 9
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A cone has a height and a radius of 5. What is the volume of the cone, in terms of pi, and in cubic units?
125 / 3 PI (CUBIC UNITS) (Accept: 41 2/3 PI (CUBIC UNITS))
2. A native of Macedonia, and moved to Athens where he joined the Academy about 367 B.C. His works include Physics, On the Soul, and Politics. Name this philosopher who was the founder of formal logic, and who tutored Alexander the Great.
ARISTOTLE
3. In the Indian elephant, this period lasts twenty-two months, while in the Virginia opossum, it is twelve days long. In marsupials, it occurs partly in the pouch, while mammals complete it inside the uterus. What word refers to the time between conception and birth during which an embryo develops?
GESTATION (PERIOD)
4. This character purchases the title slave from Marie St. Clare. Cassy and Emmeline escape his rule, but he orders the title character beaten to death when he can't crush his faith. Who is this evil slaveholder from Uncle Tom's Cabin?
(SIMON) LEGREE
5. This element of art is defined as the perceived surface quality of a piece of artwork. Examples include smooth, hard, rough, and bumpy. Which art element describes the way something feels, or looks as though it would feel?
TEXTURE
6. A kite has diagonals of lengths 10 units and 7 units. What is the area, in square units, of the kite?
35 (SQUARE UNITS)
7. He achieved national fame by representing Dartmouth College before the Supreme Court in 1819. He represented first New Hampshire and then Massachusetts in Congress, and unsuccessfully ran for president as the Whig candidate in 1836. Identify the New England politician who was secretary of state Presidents William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore.
(DANIEL) WEBSTER
8. It is believed that this seventeenth-century work was created with the use of an optical device that allowed the artist to translate the scene into an image. The work hangs in the British Royal Collection, and shows a bass viol in the foreground. Identify this Vermeer painting, which depicts a young woman playing a musical instrument, while a man looks on.
(THE) MUSIC LESSON (Accept: (A) LADY AT THE VIRGINAL WITH A GENTLEMAN)
9. Julius von Sachs found that starch was a product of this plant process. It is the reciprocal and opposite process of respiration. Identify this oxygen producing process in green plants, which takes place only during daylight.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
10. This author's novel The Wanderer follows Sophie's journey across the Atlantic to visit England with her uncles and cousins. Her best-known protagonist, Salamanca Tree Hiddle, travels across the country with her grandparents to grieve over her mother's death in a bus crash. Identify the writer of Walk Two Moons.
(SHARON) CREECH
11. A mouse is in a tunnel running back and forth. A number line going from negative 10 to positive 10 is placed inside the tunnel. What is the distance the mouse travels if it starts at negative 7, runs to 3, turns around and runs back to negative 5, and then turns around one more time and runs to positive 9?
32 (UNITS)
12. He served in the Mexican War, then taught military engineering at West Point, from which he had graduated in 1846. He was put in charge of training the Union's "Army of the Potomac" after the Union defeat at Bull Run in 1861. What general was criticized for being too cautious, and lost to Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election?
(GENERAL GEORGE B.) MCCLELLAN
13. Influenced by Cubism, this artist moved to Paris in 1912. His works often featured clean perpendicular lines and primary colors. Identify the creator of Diagonal Composition and Composition in Red, Yellow, and Blue.
(PIET) MONDRIAN [PEET mon-dree-AHN]
14. Since March 2014, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have been the countries hardest hit by the outbreak of this virus. Fruit bats can transmit the disease to other animals, which can then be spread to humans. Beginning with the letter "E," name the virus that has been in recent news, of which vaccines are currently being developed.
EBOLA (VIRUS)
15. This character is an optimistic, naïve young girl who moves to Riverboro, Maine, to live with her aunts Jane and Miranda Sawyer. She moves back home to care for her ailing mother and younger siblings, but becomes an independent woman when Miranda wills her the Sawyer farm. Who is this Kate Douglas Wiggins creation associated with Sunnybrook Farm?
REBECCA (OF SUNNYBROOK FARM)
16. A parallelogram has diagonals that are congruent. What is the most specific name that can be applied to the parallelogram?
RECTANGLE
17. He was apparently killed during an attack on his farm, called Bermuda Hundred, in 1622. He experimented with tobacco seeds brought from Bermuda, and produced a crop that helped give Virginia economic stability. Name the Jamestown settler who married Pocahontas.
(JOHN) ROLFE
18. Skeletal muscle fibers contain multiples of this organelle, while red blood cells lose theirs altogether. Its double-layered membrane has pores that allow large molecules to enter. Identify this cellular structure, which stores genetic material and controls the cell's growth and metabolism.
NUCLEUS
19. These architectural elements are used for support as well as design, and come in five major styles. They can be polygonal [puh-LIG-uh-nul] as well as round or rectangular. What vertical elements in architecture have capitals and bases?
COLUMNS
20. This book's title character begins second grade with a lump on his head, thanks to a mishap at the Jolly Green Giant statue. He makes dioramas, participates in a poetry slam, and helps his father and mother care for his little sister. Identify this Newbery Honor Book, written by Kevin Henkes [HEN-kus].
(THE) YEAR OF BILLY MILLER
21. A square has a side with a length of 10 units. What is the length of the diagonal of the square, in units?
10 RADICAL 2 (UNITS) (Accept: 10 SQUARE ROOT OF 2 (UNITS))
22. He was denounced to Congress for his actions as commander at Philadelphia, and he asked for a court-martial to clear his name. Although he was seriously wounded during the Saratoga campaign, the monument honoring him does not bear his name — just a booted leg with a bullet hole. Who later conspired to hand over West Point to the British, and was declared a traitor?
(BENEDICT) ARNOLD
23. Strict vegetarians may not get enough of this nutrient from their food, since its source is in animal products. Once absorbed into the body, it can be stored in the liver for over a year, limiting the risk for this nutrient deficiency. What vitamin does the body need to make red blood cells and maintain a healthy nervous system?
(VITAMIN) B12 (Accept: (CYANO)COBALAMIN)
24. This book takes its title from the Langston Hughes poem "Mother to Son." It details the life of Lewis Micheaux [mee-SHOW], an African-American man who founded and ran a famous Harlem bookstore. What is this Coretta Scott King Award-winning book written by Vaunda Micheaux Nelson?
NO CRYSTAL STAIR
25. This memorial composition was inspired by the death of the composer's mother and his close friend, Robert Schumann. Most works of this type are part of the Catholic mass for the dead, but this work quotes from Martin Luther's translation of the Bible. Identify this ambitious work by Johannes Brahms.
(A) GERMAN REQUIEM [RECK-wee-um] (Accept: (EIN) DEUTSCHES REQUIEM)
26. Consider the function F of X equals the absolute value of X. What letter of the alphabet does the graph of this function resemble?
V
27. His expedition discovered many landmarks, including the Grand Canyon. That expedition reached as far northward into what is now Kansas in 1541, Name this explorer whose search for the Seven Cities of Cibola [SEE-buh-luh was a failure.
(FRANCISCO VÁZQUEZ DE) CORONADO [kawr-uh-NAH-doh]
28. The first radio transmitters varied this component of a wave to transmit sound. What wave property, related to the intensity of a sound, is defined as the height of a wave?
AMPLITUDE
29. This 1859 song was originally composed as a walk-around, the term for the last number in a minstrel show. Other composers wrote different words for the song, which became the unofficial anthem of the Confederate States. What Daniel Decatur Emmett song includes the line "I wish I was in the land of cotton"?
"DIXIE"
30. This poem's speaker admonishes the reader not to "set down on the steps / 'Cause you find it's kinder hard." She describes "a-climbin' on" although "Life for me ain't been no crystal stair." Give the name of this Langston Hughes poem.
"MOTHER TO SON"
31. Given the data set 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, and 32, what is the upper quartile of the data?
26
32. Ordinal number required. This military effort was called for at the Council of Clermont by Pope Urban the Second. It departed in August 1096, bound for the Holy Land. Which crusade resulted in the establishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099?
FIRST (CRUSADE)
33. The bars of this type of xylophone are usually made of rosewood or mahogany, although less expensive versions may use synthetic material. It also uses aluminum resonators of various lengths that contribute to its rich, full timbre. Name this percussion instrument that was probably brought to the Americas by African slaves.
MARIMBA
34. The name of this four-letter food comes from the unfortunate combination of the Chinese words for "beans" and "rotten." Whether firm, soft or silken, this soy product is an excellent source of protein. Name this vegetarian delight that is also known as soybean curd.
TOFU
35. This character's father, Bob Cratchit, works for the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge. He ends a story--and later, a play--with the phrase, "God bless us, everyone!" Name this disabled little boy from Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol.
TINY TIM (CRATCHIT)
36. Let F of X equal 5 X squared plus B X. If F of 3 equals 51, what does B equal?
(B EQUALS) 2
37. The federal government began allowing this market-sensitive bank account in 1982. It pays interest, but is often accessible by check or debit card. Name this kind of account that generally limits the number of transactions per month.
MONEY MARKET (DEPOSIT) (ACCOUNT)
38. The name of this mammal comes from a Brazilian Indian word meaning "thick." It forages on the tropical forest floor with its proboscis (pro-BOSS-kiss). Name this short, stout mammal, related to the horse and rhinoceros, with an elongated movable snout.
TAPIR (TAY-per)
39. This Grammy Award is significant because it its one of the few categories that can be won by a musician from any genre [ZHAHN-ruh]. It was awarded to Adele for 2008, and Macklemore and Ryan Lewis for 2013. What award is presented to a musician making his or her debut on a national level?
(GRAMMY AWARD FOR) BEST NEW ARTIST
40. This science fiction story features Dr. Donald Gentry and Sam Chase, a fifteen-year-old gravitational engineer. Sam serves a three-year tour of duty on Energy Planet, where he convinces the Commandeer to respect the planet's insectoids. What is this Isaac Asimov story?
HALLUCINATION
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 9 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
41. Multiple answer required. Using this formula, what is the X value of the vertex of the parabola with equation F of X equals 2 X squared minus 8 X plus 15?
(X EQUALS) 2
42. The natural type of this process is a result of the tendency of fluids to expand when they are heated. The forced type is found when water is moved by a pump. Identify the process by which heat is transferred by a heated fluid, such as water or air.
CONVECTION
43. The ruins of ancient southern Mesopotamia lie ten miles west of the Euphrates River. It is noted for its huge ziggurat [ZIG-goo-raht], built by the founder of its third dynasty about 2100 B.C. Name this city, said to be the ancestral home of Abraham of the Bible.
UR
44. This American dancer and choreographer studied under Martha Graham, and is known for the humor and casual air of her dances. In addition to ballets and musicals, she has also choreographed films, including Hair and Amadeus. Identify this woman, who directed and choreographed the musical Movin' Out.
(TWYLA) THARP
45. This fable teaches that, "It is best to prepare for the days of necessity." One character spends all summer singing, only to starve when the winter comes and his more industrious neighbor has food. Name this Aesop fable featuring two insects.
(THE) ANT AND THE GRASSHOPPER
46. Members of the Episcopal church in America are part of this denomination's communion. This Protestant denomination was founded in 1538 when King Henry the Eighth separated it from the Roman Catholic Church. Identify the denomination led by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
ANGLICAN (CHURCH) (Accept: ANGLICAN COMMUNION, CHURCH OF ENGLAND)
47. Multiple answer required. Give the next two terms of the geometric sequence that starts 4, 16, 64, and so on.
256, 1,024
48. The Volstead Act, passed over the veto of President Woodrow Wilson, was enacted to enforce this amendment. It s the only amendment to the Constitution that was later repealed. What amendment is known as the Prohibition Amendment?
EIGHTEENTH (AMENDMENT) (Accept: (AMENDMENT) EIGHTEEN)
49. The world's largest flower, the Rafflesia (RAFF-full-EEZ-zha), which has no stems or leaves, is this type of organism. It is one half of a non-symbiotic relationship, and contributes nothing to the pairing. Feeding on its host, what is the name for an organism that obtains nourishment from another with no reciprocation?
PARASITE
50. This grammatical unit may be main or subordinate. What is the term for a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb?
CLAUSE
51. Identify each kind of punctuation mark that should appear in the following sentence: Aunt Julia asked me, "Will you come to dinner on Saturday evening?"
COMMA, QUOTATION MARKS, QUESTION MARK (any order)
52. Solve the proportion and state your answer as an improper fraction. Quantity, X plus 2, close quantity, over 5, equals quantity, X minus 3, close quantity, over 8
(X EQUALS) NEGATIVE 31/3
53. The daughters of Ceto [SEE-toe] and Phorcys [FORE-siss], two of them were immortal, but the third could be killed. They had bronze claws and snakes instead of hair on their head. Who were these sisters, the most famous of whom was Medusa?
GORGONS
54. These types of heterotrophic organisms are also called saprotrophs [SAP-ruh-trohfs]. What kind of organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, breaks down and feeds on dead organic matter?
DECOMPOSER(S)
55. This language family was the most widely distributed in the Northeast United States and Canada at the time European colonization began. Identify the language family that today includes Cree, Ojibwa, and Cheyenne.
ALGONQUIAN [al-GONG-kee-uhn, al-GONG-kwee-uhn]
56. More pronouns fall into this grammatical category than any other. Two examples appear in the sentence, "Many will enter, but few will win." Name this kind of pronoun, which refers to a non-specific person or thing.
INDEFINITE (PRONOUN)
57. State your answer as a simplified fraction. A bag of marbles has 4 red marbles, 3 blue marbles, and 5 black marbles. What is the probability of drawing a red marble, replacing that marble, and then drawing a black marble?
5/36
58. The dramatist who wrote this 1965 comedy created a 1985 version with female characters named Florence and Olive. The original version focuses on the relationships between the uptight and neat Felix, and the messy, easygoing Oscar. In what Neil Simon play do two mismatched friends try to live together?
(THE) ODD COUPLE
59. This constellation contains Betelgeuse [BEET-l-jooz] and Rigel [RAHY-juhl], two of the sky's brightest stars. Its namesake nebula includes hundreds of young stars visible to the naked eye. Which constellation's three-starred belt lies on the celestial equator?
ORION
60. This line runs along the parallel of 39 degrees, 43 minutes north latitude. It was drawn to settle a dispute between the Calvert and Penn families. What line is named for the two men who surveyed the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 1760s?
MASON-DIXON (LINE)
61. He passed on a chance to play Oliver Twist, but was a success as David Copperfield in a 1999 television movie He was recognized for his work with The Trevor Project, and appeared as Allen Ginsberg in a 2013 movie. What actor who is best known for playing Harry Potter?
(DANIEL) RADCLIFFE
62. Spelling required. My principal congratulated me for receiving this opportunity. Spell the word in the previous sentence that means "a favorable time or occasion."
O-P-P-O-R-T-U-N-I-T-Y
63. The dots on a side of a dice are called pips. How many pips are there on a standard six-sided die?
21
64. This group of air currents is found near the tropopause, the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. Both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have a polar and a subtropical one. What are these bands of narrow, high-speed winds that can benefit or hinder air travel?
(THE) JET STREAM(S)
65. This nation once stretched from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea, and as far east as the Pacific Ocean. It split into fifteen separate nations in 1991, including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Name this former country, parts of which are now the nations of Russia and the Ukraine.
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (Accept: SOVIET UNION or USSR)
66. The linear function H of X equals 2X plus 3 represents the height of a plant where X is time measured in days, and H of X is measured in centimeters. On what day is the height of the plant 31 centimeters?
(DAY) 14
67. This body part is the specialty of a cardiologist. To what organ does the Greek root cardio refer?
HEART
68. This dancer spent her entire career with the Royal Ballet, and was appointed Prima Ballerina Assoluta by Queen Elizabeth II. She gained notoriety for her roles in Sleeping Beauty and Romeo and Juliet. Which British ballerina partnered with Rudolf Nureyev [NOO-rey-ef] for many years?
(MARGOT) FONTEYN
69. This kind of scientific diagram represents males with squares and females with circles. For humans, it traces the inheritance of a specific disease, abnormality, or genetic trait. Give the term for the record of a breed's purity or ancestry.
PEDIGREE
70. This nation was hit by debris from a meteor in 2013, and more than a thousand people were hurt. Shattered glass caused most of the injuries when the meteor exploded in the atmosphere. What nation was accused of sending troops into its neighbor, Ukraine, in 2014?
RUSSIA
71. This lively couples dance was introduced to Paris in the mid-1800s, and is still popular today as both a folk and ballroom dance. In the United States, it is associated with Germanic culture, and is often performed at Oktoberfest celebrations. Identify this lively Bohemian dance in 2/4 time.
POLKA
72. This practice takes its name from a comment by Senator William Marcy of New York in 1832. Marcy was defending the appointment of one of President Andrew Jackson's supporters to a government position. In what practice do the winners of an election reward its supporters by giving them government jobs?
SPOILS SYSTEM (Accept: PATRONAGE (SYSTEM))
73. This reproductive organ is part of a flowering plant. It consists of two parts, the filament and the anther. Name this pollen-bearing organ of a flower.
STAMEN
74. This two-word phrase is the name of a song in Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera. Meaning "first lady" in Italian, it originally named the principal female singer of an opera company. What is this phrase for a temperamental person who expects privileged treatment?
PRIMA DONNA [pree-muh DON-uh]
75. What is the result when you square the expression 25 X cubed?
64 Y (RAISED) TO THE NINTH (POWER)
76. This literary device is also known as anthropomorphism [an-thruh-puh-MAWR-fiz-uhm]. An example is the sentence, "The flowers waltzed in the spring breeze." Which literary device gives human attributes to animals, inanimate objects, or natural phenomena?
PERSONIFICATION
77. This prehistoric settlement may have had a population of 20,000 at its peak between 950 and 1350. It was built by people of the river valley of the Mississippi, who had adopted a corn-based economy. Identify this center of the Mississippian culture found near St. Louis, and known for its mounds.
CAHOKIA [kuh-HOHK-ee-uh] (MOUNDS)
78. This Russian-born ballet dancer and choreographer was famous for his spectacular leaps and expressive dancing. After he joined the Ballet Russes [ROOS] in 1909, roles in Petrushka [puh-TROOSH-kuh] and Scheherazade [shuh-hair-uh-ZAHD] were created specifically for him. Name this dancer, who also choreographed The Rite of Spring and Afternoon of a Faun.
(VASLAV) NIJINSKY [ni-ZHIN-skee]
79. Today, this scientific term refers to the interstellar medium and excludes other galaxies. Its members are divided into dark, emission, reflection, and diffuse categories. What word names any cloud of interstellar gas and dust?
NEBULA
80. What second degree polynomial has factors of X plus 8 and 2 X minus 3?
2 X SQUARED PLUS 13 X MINUS 24
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This choreographer worked with Serge Diaghilev [sur-GEY dee-AH-guh-lef] and the Ballets Russes [ROOS] before coming to America in 1934. He was a co-founder of the New York City Ballet, and served as its artistic director for more than 35 years. Name this choreographer, whose version of The Nutcracker is performed in New York City every Christmas season.
(GEORGE) BALANCHINE [BAL-un-cheen]
LA-2 This part of speech's purpose is to describe a relationship between other words in a sentence. Teachers sometimes describe it as "any place a mouse can go." Give the part of speech of the words in and under.
PREPOSITION
SS-3 This type of stone is made up mostly of calcium carbonate, and may contain large amounts of dolomite [DOH-luh-might]. It is of great interest to paleontologists because of its rich fossil deposits. Name the type of stone that underlays much of the Bluegrass and Pennyrile regions of Kentucky.
LIMESTONE
M-4 When measuring amounts of apples, a common measurement is a peck. How many pecks are in a bushel?
4 (PECKS)
SC-5 When this region expands, it forms a solar wind that ends at the heliopause. It reaches temperatures of two million Kelvins, but has a low density and is half as bright as the Moon. Give the name for the outermost region of the Sun's atmosphere.
CORONA
Round 10
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
1. A movie store charges $3 for the first day for a DVD rental, and an additional $1 for each day that the DVD is rented. How much will the rental charge be for a DVD that is rented six days?
$8
2. As governor of New York from 1839 to 1843, he became a leader of the anti-slavery wing of the Whig Party. He lost the Republican nomination for president in 1856 and 1860, but became President Lincoln's closest and most trusted advisor. What secretary of state, who survived an assassination attempt the night Lincoln was killed, later negotiated the treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska?
(WILLIAM HENRY) SEWARD
3. Like liverworts, this type of plant doesn't have vessels, roots, stems or leaves. Belonging to the class Musci, it is divided into the "true" type and the "peat" type. Identify this small, flowerless plant that is commonly found in damp places, and forms a soft green covering on tree trunks.
MOSS
4. This character torments himself so much that he develops a heart condition and sears a mark into his own chest. He eventually acknowledges publicly that Pearl is his daughter, the result of his adulterous affair with Hester Prynne. Name this Puritan minister from Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.
(ARTHUR) DIMMESDALE
5. This element of art is used to control contrast and shading in a picture. It can be altered by mixing pure colors with black, white, or gray. Which art element controls how light or dark a hue appears?
VALUE
6. A pyramid has a square base with a length of 10 units. If the slant height of the pyramid is 13 units, what is the height of the pyramid, in units?
12 (UNITS)
7. He lost his right leg during a Dutch attack on the Portuguese island of St. Martin in the Caribbean. In 1645, he was named director general of all Dutch possessions in North America. Identify this unpopular leader of New Amsterdam, who was forced to give up the city to the English, who renamed it New York.
(PETER) STUYVESANT [STY-vuh-sunt]
8. Like many of its creator's works, this painting depicts an ordinary indoor scene, specifically a scientist at work. He is seated at a desk, studying a celestial globe that is illuminated by natural light coming in through the window. Name this Vermeer painting, once described known as "a work depicting a Mathematical Artist."
(THE) ASTRONOMER
9. Organisms achieve this state by using positive and negative feedback mechanisms. The body detects any stimulus that disrupts blood pressure, temperature, or glucose level, for instance, and compensates for it. Give the term for a self-regulating process that maintains an organism's internal stability.
HOMEOSTASIS
10. This novel begins its author's "Hard Pan" trilogy, so named for its setting--a fictional California town with forty-three inhabitants. The title heroine eavesdrops on local Twelve Step meetings, and runs away when she thinks her guardian Brigitte wants to return to France. Give the title of this Newbery-winning book by Susan Patron [puh-TROHN].
(THE) HIGHER POWER OF LUCKY
11. A Toyota Highlander SUV has a gross vehicle weight rating, or GVWR, of 5,500 pounds. How many tons is the GVWR of the SUV?
2.75 (TONS)
12. In his late teens, he joined the fleet belonging to some of his relatives, the Hawkins family of Plymouth. He rescued the first settlers on Roanoke during his explorations in the region of the Chesapeake Bay. Name this English explorer who helped defeat the Spanish Armada, and who circumnavigated the globe.
(SIR FRANCIS) DRAKE
13. The Carousel of Progress was created by this innovator and inventor, showcasing possible technological advances for the future. He patented the "multi-plane camera," which allowed for layered animation, giving a richer illusion of depth and motion. Name this pioneer in the world of science, art, and entertainment, who said to never forget that it all started with a mouse.
(WALT) DISNEY
14. The creator of this painting had a great deal of respect for country life, and wanted to express that in this work. The models for the rural couple in this work were the artist's sister and his dentist. What Grant Wood painting shows a stern older couple standing in front of a plain house?
AMERICAN GOTHIC
15. This character is the runt of the litter, but Fern Arable saves him from the slaughter by adopting him. A selfless spider saves his life later on by weaving a web bearing the message "Some Pig." Who is this porcine protagonist of E. B. White's Charlotte's Web?
WILBUR
16. An equilateral triangle has sides with a length of 4 units. What is the length, in units, of the height of the triangle?
2 RADICAL 3 (UNITS) (Accept: 2 SQUARE ROOT OF 3 (UNITS))
17. It took Union forces more than a year to capture this Confederate stronghold. The city finally fell when General U.S. Grant moved his forces to the east bank of the Mississippi River and began a siege. Identify this city in Mississippi that surrendered to Grant's forces on July 4, 1863.
VICKSBURG (MISSISSIPPI)
18. The earliest version of this system came when English chemist John Newlands developed the "law of octets." In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev [men-duh-LAY-ef] arranged the elements according to their similar properties. In what chart are the elements arranged by their atomic numbers?
PERIODIC TABLE (OF THE ELEMENTS)
19. These sculptures were most commonly used in Ionic temples, and were originally intended to represent handmaidens of the goddess Artemis. What name is given to these statues of women that take the place of columns in some Greek temples?
CARYATIDS [kahr-ee-AT-ids]
20. This man has won five Coretta Scott King Illustrator Honors, as well as two Illustrator and two Author Awards. His two author awards came for books subtitled The Story of America and African Americans and The Story of Negro League Baseball. Identify the creator of We Are the Ship and Heart and Soul.
(KADIR) NELSON
21. Assume X over Y equals 3 over 5. If Y equals 95, then what does X equal?
(X EQUALS) 57
22. Medical term required. This infectious fever takes its name from the word for a swelling of the lymph glands It is caused by a bacterium, transmitted from rodents by the bite of fleas. What disease was responsible for the Black Death of the fourteenth century?
BUBONIC PLAGUE
23. The name of this type of heart chamber is from the Latin for "little belly." The aorta, the largest artery of the human body, emerges from the left of the two chambers of this type. Name these lower chambers of the heart.
VENTRICLE(S)
24. This book uses collages to tell of the title animals, whose once-booming population dwindled to twenty-four by the 1960s. In the 1970s, the title island partnered with the U.S. government to replenish the now flourishing bird population. Name this Sibert Medal-winning book by Cindy Trumbore and Susan L. Roth.
PARROTS OVER PUERTO RICO
25. This opera is based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais [boh-mar-SHEH], the sequel to the Barber of Seville. It recounts a single day of madness in the palace of a Spanish count, where a servant plans to wed his fiancée, despite his employer's interference. Identify this comic opera by Mozart.
(THE) MARRIAGE OF FIGARO (Accept: (LE) NOZZE DI FIGARO)
26. Consider the quadratic function, G of X, equals 3 X squared minus 8 X plus 14. What is the vertex of this quadratic function ?
(NEGATIVE 4, NEGATIVE 8)
27. The location of this city was determined by a compromise, resulting in the Residence Act of 1790. Under compromise, the national capital would be moved south, and the southern states would help pay the national debt. What city thus became the capital of the United States?
WASHINGTON (D.C.)
28. The physics of this type of wave can be demonstrated using a Slinky, which displays the wave's compressions and rarefactions. In what type of wave do the individual particles move in the same direction as the wave is advancing?
LONGITUDINAL (WAVE)
29. This bandleader's orchestra is considered to be the first great swing band, with its rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums. As the pianist for his band, he was known for his use of dramatic pauses and unembellished style of playing. Name this jazz great whose famous songs include "Jumpin' at the Woodside" and "One O'Clock Jump."
(COUNT) BASIE (Accept: WILLIAM BASIE)
30. This poem's title phenomenon "sits looking / over harbor and city / on silent haunches / and then moves on." The poet describes it as coming "on little cat feet." Give the name of this weather-centered poem by Carl Sandburg.
"FOG"
31. If the interquartile range for a data set is 12, and the lower quartile is 47, what is the upper quartile for the data set?
59
32. The basic combination of these musical devices has three, with the first lowering the harmonic series by a whole tone. The second lowers it by a semi-tone, and the third by a tone and a half. What devices allow air into the tubing of a brass instrument?
VALVES
33. The Mexicans call the treaty that gave this area to the United States the sale of the Mesilla [meh-SEE-yah] valley. The United States wanted the area for a southern transcontinental railroad route. What area takes its name from the transaction that took place in 1853?
GADSDEN (PURCHASE)
34. The Royal Canadian Air Force developed a workout program called 5BX, which focused on this category of exercises. From the Greek for "beautiful strength", these light exercises include sit-ups, push-ups, and jumping jacks. Name these gymnastic exercises designed to develop muscular tone and promote physical well-being.
CALISTHENICS
35. This leader delivered his most famous speech on October 5th, 1877, when he surrendered to the U.S. Army. In it, he claims that his "heart is sick and sad" and avows, "From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever." Who was this historic Nez Perce chief?
(CHIEF) JOSEPH
36. Let the function F of X equal 2 X minus 8, and G of X equal 3 X plus 2. What is the value of F plus G of negative 5 ?
-31
37. The original membership of this legislative body was twenty-two. It was the first elective governing body in the English colonies. Name this assembly that would later expand its powers, and become an important force for colonial self-government.
HOUSE OF BURGESSES [BUR-jis-es]
38. The wavelength of this band of the electromagnetic spectrum is just short of visible light. It is divided into longwave, shortwave, and midwave, all of which are emitted by the sun. What band of the electromagnetic spectrum helps you tan but can cause sunburns?
ULTRAVIOLET (Accept: UV)
39. This hybrid musical form developed in New York City in the 1940s and '50s, but became more popular as Hispanic cultural identity spread in North America. It is based on Afro-Cuban rhythms and syncopation combined with the Spanish guitar tradition. Identify this Latin musical style most closely associated with Eddie Palmieri and Tito Puente [PWEN-tay].
SALSA
40. This short story allegedly came from Simon Wheeler, a bartender at the Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California. Jim Smiley enters his pet, Dan'l Webster, in a race, but the competitor pours lead shot into Dan'l's mouth to prevent him from winning. This is the plot of what humorous short story by Mark Twain?
(THE) CELEBRATED JUMPING FROG OF CALAVERAS COUNTY
End of First Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Round 10 - Second Half
Middle Grades – 2014-15 Governor’s Cup Practice Questions
41. Multiple answer required. Given the geometric sequence 256, 128, 64, 32, and so on, what are the next two terms?
16, 8
42. The people of this culture were the ancestors of the Hopi [HOH-pee], Zuni [ZOO-nee], and Acoma [AK-uh-maw] tribes. The culture lasted from about A.D. 100 to 1600, and is divided into various Basketmaker and Pueblo periods. What culture, centered in the Four Corners area of the southwestern United States, was known for its basket weaving and pottery?
ANASAZI [ah-nuh-SAH-zee] (Accept: ANCESTRAL PUEBLO (CULTURE))
43. These anopheles (an-OFF-fell-eez) insects are especially attracted to dark colors. Yellow fever, malaria, and the West Nile virus are known to be transmitted by this pest. From the Latin for "fly," name the insect of which the females are the ones that feed on the blood of animals.
MOSQUITO(S)
44. This American performer got his start in vaudeville with his sister, Adele. While best known for his dancing, he was also a successful actor, starring in movies like The Gay Divorcee and Shall We Dance. Which American icon was famous for his onscreen partnership with Ginger Rogers?
(FRED) ASTAIRE
45. This kind of monster, which is closely related to a cyclops, appears in "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" and "Puss in Boots." It is a hideous giant who feeds on human flesh, as in "Jack and the Beanstalk." What kind of creature did DreamWorks depict more benignly in the form of Shrek?
OGRE(S)
46. Members of this denomination have included fantasy author Piers Anthony and President Richard Nixon. Members are known for their pacifism, refusal to swear oaths, and participation in the movement to end slavery. What denomination was founded by George Fox in seventeenth-century England, and included William Penn?
QUAKERS (Accept: (SOCIETY OF) FRIENDS)
47. State your answer as a mixed fraction. A circle has a radius that has length of five and twelve-seventeenths. What is the length, in units, of the diameter of the circle?
11 7/17 (UNITS)
48. The Social Security Administration began offering this two-word electronic method in 1976. It has required the method for all new applicants since 2013. Name this method that automatically deposits recurring amounts into your bank account.
DIRECT DEPOSIT
49. These eukaryotes contain chlorophyll, but lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They range in size from a single cell to structures over 100 feet long. What kind of protists range in color from red, orange, and yellow to brown, blue, and green?
ALGAE
50. This kind of grammatical clause is also called a relative clause, because it begins with a relative pronoun. In the sentence, "The author who won the Nobel Prize is my favorite," the words "who won the Nobel Prize" serve this function. What kind of clause answers questions like, "What kind?," "How many?," and "Which one?"
ADJECTIVAL (CLAUSE) (Accept: ADJECTIVE (CLAUSE))
51. Identify the words that should be capitalized in the following sentence: "We studied the Age of Enlightenment in my social studies class."
WE, AGE, ENLIGHTENMENT (any order)
52. State your answer as a simplified fraction. If you flip a coin three times, what is the probability of getting all three heads or all three tails?
1/4
53. The jealous Venus ordered Cupid to make this beautiful princess fall in love with the most despicable man around, but Cupid fell in love with her. When she disobeyed him and used a lamp to see who he was, he deserted her. Eventually, they married, and she became immortal. What young woman of mythology has a named that means "soul"?
PSYCHE [SIGH-kee]
54. This article of the Constitution provides a procedure for impeachment of presidents. It provides for two senators from each state, with the number of representatives based on population. Which article also vests legislative powers in the Congress, and establishes Congress's right to levy taxes?
(ARTICLE) ONE (Accept: FIRST (ARTICLE))
55. This biological concept is sometimes abbreviated SWATS for soil, water, air, temperature, and sunlight. Give the term for non-living parts of an environment that affect an ecosystem and the organisms in it.
ABIOTIC (FACTORS)
56. Pronouns falling into this category include where, what, and which. Name the type of pronoun that asks a question.
INTERROGATIVE (PRONOUN)
57. The factors of a polynomial are X plus 7 and 3 X plus B. If the polynomial is 3 X squared plus 30 X plus 63, what is the value of B?
9
58. The musical garnered a Pulitzer Prize for Frank Loesser [LES-er] in 1962. The main character is a window-washer in New York City, J. Pierrepont Finch, who tries to find a job at the World Wide Wicket Company. The 2011 revival of what comedy saw the part of Finch played by British actor Daniel Radcliffe?
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS WITHOUT REALLY TRYING
59. This kind of structure consists of p arms, q arms, and a centromere. In humans, each diploid cell contains twenty-three pairs. Name this nuclear component that carries genes in a linear sequence.
CHROMOSOME(S)
60. This member of the ruling Roman family was ungainly and ugly, but Livy recognized his intelligence and supported his studies. He is said to have been poisoned by his wife, Agrippina [ah-gree-PEE-nah], so that her son, Nero, could become emperor. What historically inclined nephew of Tiberius became emperor after the assassination of Caligula [kuh-LIH-gyuh-kuh]?
CLAUDIUS [CLAW-dee-us]
61. In 2014, this became the first film from Disney Animated Studios to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature. It is loosely based on The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen, and features the vocal talents of Kristen Bell and Jonathan Goff. Identify this film in which Princess Anna and Kristoff set off on a dangerous adventure to bring back Queen Elsa.
FROZEN
62. Spelling required. The drum majors sustained their enthusiastic rhythm. Spell the element of music from the previous sentence.
R-H-Y-T-H-M
63. The function G of X is equal to 3 minus the absolute value of the quantity X plus 5 close quantity. What is the vertex on the graph of this function?
(-5, 3)
64. This landmass was intact during the Early Permian Period, but broke apart during the Early Jurassic. It combined Eurasia with Gondwana, and was surrounded by the global ocean Panthalassa [pan-thuh-LAS-uh]. What was this "supercontinent" proposed by Arthur Wegener [VEY-guh-nuhr]?
PANGAEA [pan-JEE-uh]
65. This Middle Eastern nation has been torn by an ongoing uprising against its president, and has been accused of using chemical weapons against its own people. It later agreed to give up its supply of such weapons to the United Nations. What country has its capital at Damascus?
SYRIA
66. The side of a square has length of 3.6 units. What is the area of the square, in units squared?
12.96 (UNITS SQUARED)
67. This Greek root appears in the names of many instruments used for viewing things. As a standalone word, it can mean "extent or range of view" or "space for movement or activity." What is this root, which can appear after tele- and micro-?
SCOPE
68. This holiday begins on St. Andrew's Day, and is considered the beginning of the church year. Its traditions include marking the passing of days on a special calendar and lighting candles, while reflecting on acts of charity. Name this month-long holiday observed on the four Sundays before Christmas.
ADVENT
69. This meteor shower peaks every year in November. Their parent body, Comet Tempel-Tuttle, has a thirty-three year orbital period. Identify these meteors, whose collective name comes from their origin in the lion constellation.
LEONIDS
70. This plateau encompasses some 965.000 square miles, making it the world's largest. It lies mostly in southwestern China. What Asian plateau is often called the "Roof of the World"?
TIBETAN (PLATEAU) (Accept: TIBET, TIBETAN HIGHLANDS)
71. This holiday commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and lasts for eight days. Its many rituals and traditions include the ceremonial lighting of the menorah, which is why it is also called the Festival of Lights. What Jewish holiday occurs sometime between late November to late December?
HANUKKAH
72. This political party grew out of the secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, founded in 1849. It flourished in the decade before the Civil War, and was strongly anti-immigrant and anti-Roman Catholic. What party's popular name came from the response members gave when asked about the organization?
KNOW-NOTHING (PARTY) (Accept: AMERICAN (PARTY))
73. This type of airship takes its name from the German general who designed it. It is a large, dirigible [dih-RIJ-ih-buhl] balloon whose covered framework contains gas-filled cells. Give this eight-letter word, which follows "Led" in the name of a rock band.
ZEPPELIN
74. This type of fruit belongs to the family Fabaceae (fab-ACE-see-eye). They live in a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in structures called nodules. Beginning with "L," what is the common name of this plant family in which the characteristic fruit is a seed pod?
LEGUME
75. Two-word answer required. The only common factor of 21 and 32 is 1. What two-word phrase describes two numbers whose only common factor is 1?
RELATIVELY PRIME
76. This holiday falls on the tenth day of the seventh month of the Jewish calendar. It is observed with fasting and intensive prayer. On what holy day do Jews atone for their sins of the past year against God and others?
YOM KIPPUR [yohm kih-POOR, YAHM kih-POOR] (Accept: DAY OF ATONEMENT, YOM HA-KIPPURIM)
77. This literary device occurs in the novel Brave New World, which takes its title from a line in Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Name the device an author uses when he makes a passing remark to an actual person, event, or other literary or artistic work.
ALLUSION
78. This small, central region of ancient Palestine is bounded by Galilee to the north, the Jordan River to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. It shares its name with the city that was its capital. What area was home to a group of Jews held in low esteem, one of whom is a central character in a parable about helping an injured man?
SAMARIA [suh-MAIR-ee-uh]
79. Traditional Fijian and Ugandan cloth can be made from this part of a tree, softened by pounding it. It adapts to protect the living tree from the environment, diseases and insects. Consisting of phloem and periderm, what is this protective outer covering of the trunk, branches, and roots of trees?
BARK
80. What is the result when you cube the expression 4 Y cubed? What is the result when you raise 5 to the negative 1 power?
ONE-FIFTH
End of Second Half – Begin Three-Minute Inquiry Period
Extra Questions
H-1 This major world religion evolved from the blending of indigenous beliefs with Aryan influences.]. It is codified in its sacred scriptures, the Vedas [VAY-duhz] and the Upanishads [you-PAN-ih-shods]. Identify this religion whose major deities include Brahma the Creator and Shiva the Destroyer.
HINDU(ISM)
LA-2 This ten-letter word describes an action verb that needs a direct object to complete its meaning. Name this type of verb, which appears in the sentence, "Marisa patted the dog's head."
TRANSITIVE
SS-3 This type of landform takes its name from the French for "rising ground." The term sometimes refers to an elevation that isn't high enough to be considered a mountain, but is higher than a hill. What type of landform is a flat-topped hill that has steep sides, and slopes downhill to a plain?
BUTTE
M-4 What is the sum if you square negative 4 and then add the square of negative 8?
80
SC-5 White asparagus is grown underground, so that this coloring agent cannot be produced. Leaves change color in autumn due to the breakdown of this pigment. Name the green pigment found in plants that is necessary to carry out photosynthesis.
CHLOROPHYLL
| i don't know |
Made in July 2006, which city saw US President George W Bush famously say the words ‘Yo Blair, how are you doing‘ at a G8 meeting ? | Tony Blair
Tony Blair
The Rt Hon. Tony Blair
Tony Blair addressing a news conference at the 2006 G8 summit in Strelna, Saint Petersburg , Russia
Spouse
Cherie Booth
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the UK Labour Party, and Member of the UK Parliament for the constituency of Sedgefield in North East England. As a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom he is also a Privy Counsellor . As First Lord of the Treasury, his official residence is 10 Downing Street in London .
Blair became leader of the British Labour Party in July 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under Blair's leadership, the party won a landslide victory in the May 1997 general election, ending 18 years of government by the Conservative Party. Blair is the Labour Party's longest-serving Prime Minister, the only person to have led the party to three consecutive general election victories and the only Labour prime minister to serve more than one full consecutive term.
Together with Gordon Brown and Peter Mandelson, Blair is both credited and criticised for moving the Labour Party towards the centre of British politics, using the term " New Labour" to distinguish his pro- market policies from the more collectivist policies which the party had espoused in the past. Blair has described his political philosophy as "modern social democracy" and "the third way".
In domestic government policy, Blair has significantly increased public spending on health and education and made controversial structural reforms in these areas. Blair's tenure has also seen the introduction of the minimum wage , constitutional reform such as devolution in Scotland and Wales , and progress in the Northern Ireland peace process.
Since the advent of the War on Terror in 2001, a significant part of Blair's political agenda has been dominated by foreign affairs. Blair has strongly supported a number of aspects of US foreign policy, notably by participating in the invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. He has encountered fierce criticism as a result, and the circumstances in which he took Britain to war in Iraq have caused many opponents of the war to perceive him as dishonest.
On 7 September 2006 Blair publicly stated he would step down as party leader by the time of the September 2007 Trades Union Congress, but has not yet stated a precise date for his departure.
Background and Family Life
Tony Blair was born at the Queen Mary Maternity Home in Edinburgh , Scotland , the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair (née Corscadden). Leo Blair was the illegitimate son of two English actors, Charles Parsons and Mary Augusta Ridgway Bridson, whilst Hazel Corscadden's family were Protestants from County Donegal, Ireland . He has one elder brother, William Blair, who is a barrister and a Queen's Counsel (QC), and a younger sister, Sarah. Blair spent the first 19 months of his life at the family home in Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh. During this period his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. His family spent three and a half years in the 1950s living in Adelaide , Australia , where his father was a lecturer in law at the University of Adelaide. The Blairs lived quite close to the university, in the leafy suburb of Dulwich.
The family returned to Britain in the late 1950s, living for a time with Hazel Blair's parents at their home in Stepps, near Glasgow . Blair spent the remainder of his childhood in Durham , England , his father being by then a lecturer at Durham University. After attending Durham's Chorister School Blair boarded at Fettes College, a famous independent school in Edinburgh, where he met Charlie Falconer, whom he later appointed Lord Chancellor. Blair reportedly modelled himself on Mick Jagger, and is said to have enjoyed a reputation as a conspicuously " cool" young man among his fellow pupils. His teachers, however, were less impressed by his behaviour: his biographer John Rentoul reported that "All the teachers I spoke to... said he was a complete pain in the backside, and they were very glad to see the back of him."
After Fettes, Blair spent a year in London, where he attempted to find fame as a rock music promoter, before going up to Oxford University to read law at St John's College. As a student, he played guitar and sang for a rock band called Ugly Rumours. During this time, he dated future American Psycho director Mary Harron. After graduating from Oxford with a second class degree, Blair became a member of Lincoln's Inn, enrolled as a pupil barrister and met his future wife, Cherie Booth (daughter of the actor Tony Booth) at the Chambers founded by Derry Irvine (who was to be Blair's first Lord Chancellor), 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers. His biographer Rentoul records that, according to his lawyer friends, Blair was much less concerned about which party he was affiliated with than about his aim of becoming Prime Minister.
Blair married Booth, a practising Roman Catholic and future Queen's Counsel, on 29 March 1980. They have four children ( Euan, Nicky, Kathryn and Leo). Leo (born 20 May 2000) was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years, since Francis Russell was born to Lord John Russell on 11 July 1849.
Although the Blairs stated that they had wished to shield their children from the media, Euan and Nicky's education was a cause of political controversy. They both attended the Catholic London Oratory School, which had been criticised by left-wingers for the perceived elitism of its selection procedures. The Blairs chose this school over a Catholic school in Labour-controlled Islington, where they then lived. However, Tony Blair pointed out that he was the first post-war Prime Minister to have sent his children to state-funded schools, rather than independent ones. There was further criticism from the left when it was revealed that Euan received private coaching from the staff of the fee-paying Westminster School, but this was not unusual for Prime Ministers of either political party to have arranged for their children . He lived in Richmond Avenue, Islington, for the years leading up to his election as prime minister.
Early political career
Blair joined the Labour Party shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. During the early 1980s, he was involved in Labour politics in Hackney South and Shoreditch, where he aligned himself with the " soft left" of the party. He unsuccessfully attempted to secure selection as a candidate for Hackney Borough Council. Through his father-in-law, the actor Tony Booth, he contacted Labour MP Tom Pendry to ask for help in pursuing a Parliamentary career. Pendry gave him a tour of the House of Commons and advised him to stand for selection as a candidate in the forthcoming by-election in the safe Conservative seat of Beaconsfield, where Pendry knew a senior member of the local party. Blair was chosen as the candidate; he won only 10% of the vote and lost his deposit, but he impressed Labour Party leader Michael Foot and acquired a profile within the party. In contrast to his later centrism, Blair described himself in this period as a Socialist . A letter that he wrote to Foot in July 1982, eventually published in June 2006, gives an indication of his outlook at this time.
In 1983 Blair found that the newly created constituency of Sedgefield, near where he had grown up in Durham , had no Labour candidate. Several sitting MPs displaced by boundary changes were interested in securing selection to fight the seat. He found a branch that had not made a nomination and arranged to visit them. With the crucial support of John Burton, he won their endorsement; at the last minute he was added to the shortlist and won the selection over displaced sitting MP Les Huckfield. Burton later became his agent and one of his most trusted and longest-standing allies.
Blair's election literature in the 1983 UK general election endorsed the distinctly left-wing policies that the Labour Party advocated in the early 1980s. He called for Britain to leave the EEC , though he had told his selection conference that he personally favoured continuing membership. He also, more enthusiastically, supported unilateral nuclear disarmament, being a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament at the time. Sedgefield was a safe Labour seat and Blair was elected as its MP, despite the party's national landslide defeat. Blair was helped on the campaign trail by soap actress Pat Phoenix, his father-in-law's girlfriend.
Blair stated in his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 6 July 1983: "I am a socialist not through reading a textbook that has caught my intellectual fancy, nor through unthinking tradition, but because I believe that, at its best, socialism corresponds most closely to an existence that is both rational and moral. It stands for cooperation, not confrontation; for fellowship, not fear. It stands for equality". The Labour Party is declared in its constitution to be a democratic socialist party, rather than a social democratic party - Blair himself organised this declaration of Labour to be a socialist party when he dealt with the change to the party's Clause IV in their constitution.
In opposition
Once elected, Blair's ascent was rapid, and he received his first shadow-cabinet appointment in 1984 as assistant Treasury spokesman. He demanded an inquiry into the Bank of England's decision to rescue the collapsed Johnson Matthey Bank in October 1985, and embarrassed the government by finding a European Economic Community report critical of British economic policy that had been countersigned by a member of the Conservative government. By this time Blair was aligned with the reforming tendencies in the party, headed by leader Neil Kinnock, and was promoted after the 1987 election to the shadow Trade and Industry team as spokesman on the City of London. In 1987, he stood for election to the Shadow Cabinet, with a good show of 77 votes.
After the stock market crash of October 1987, Blair raised his profile further when he castigated City traders as "incompetent" and "morally dubious". He also protested against the third-class service for small investors at the London Stock Exchange. In 1988, Blair entered the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy, and the following year he became Shadow Employment Secretary. In this post, he realised that the Labour Party's support for the emerging European "Social Charter" policies on employment law meant dropping the party's traditional support for closed shop arrangements, whereby employers required all their employees to be members of a trade union . He announced this change in December 1989, outraging the left wing of the Labour Party. As a young and telegenic Shadow Cabinet member, Blair was given prominence by the party's Director of Communications, Peter Mandelson. His first major platform speech, at the 1990 Labour Party conference, was a major embarrassment, however: he spoke too fast and lost his place in his notes.
In the run-up to the 1992 general election, Blair worked to modernize Labour's image. He had responsibility for developing the minimum wage policy stance that that was expected to see strong opposition; during the election campaign he had a notable confrontation with the owner of a children's nursery who insisted that the policy would cost jobs.
When Neil Kinnock resigned as party leader after Labour's fourth consecutive electoral defeat, Blair became Shadow Home Secretary under John Smith. The Labour Party at this time was widely perceived as weak on crime and Blair worked to change this: he accepted that the prison population might have to rise, and bemoaned the loss of a sense of community, which he was prepared to blame (at least partly) on "1960s liberalism". On the other hand, he spoke in support of equalising the age of consent for gay sex at 16, and opposed capital punishment. He defined his policy, in a phrase coined by Gordon Brown , as " Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime".
John Smith died suddenly in 1994 of a heart attack . Blair beat John Prescott and Margaret Beckett in the subsequent leadership election. After becoming Leader of the Opposition, Blair was, as is customary for the holder of that office, appointed a Privy Counsellor , which permitted him to be addressed with the style " The Right Honourable".
Leader of the Labour Party
Blair announced at the end of his speech at the 1994 Labour Party conference that he intended to replace Clause IV of the party's constitution with a new statement of aims and values. This involved the deletion of the party's stated commitment to 'the common ownership of the means of production and exchange', which was widely interpreted as referring to wholesale nationalisation. The clause was replaced by a statement that the party is one of democratic socialism. A special conference approved this practically insignificant but highly symbolic change in April 1995.
Blair also revised party policy in a manner that enhanced the image of Labour as competent and modern — he used the term "New Labour" to distinguish the party from its past. Although the transformation aroused much criticism (its alleged superficiality drawing fire both from political opponents and traditionalists within the "rank and file" of his own party), it was nevertheless successful in changing public perception. At the 1996 Labour Party conference, Blair stated that his three top priorities on coming to office were "education, education and education".
Aided by the unpopularity of John Major's Conservative government (itself deeply divided over the European Union ), "New Labour" won a landslide victory in the 1997 general election with Blair the youngest person to attain the office of Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812.
First term 1997 to 2001
Blair embraces U.S. President (now former) Bill Clinton .
Independence for the Bank of England
Immediately after taking office, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown gave the Bank of England the power to set the UK base rate of interest autonomously. This decision was popular with the British financial establishment in London , which the Labour Party had been courting since the early 1990s. Together with the Government's decision to remain within projected Conservative spending limits for its first two years in office, it helped to reassure sceptics of the Labour Party's fiscal "prudence".
Domestic politics
Post nominals
PC (not used when Rt.Hon. used), MP
In the early years of his first term, Blair relied for his political advice on a close circle of his staff, among whom his press secretary and official spokesman Alastair Campbell was seen as particularly influential. Controversially, Campbell was permitted to give orders to civil servants, who had previously taken instructions only from ministers. Unlike some of his predecessors, Campbell was a political appointee and had not come up through the Civil Service. Despite his overtly political role, he was paid from public funds as a civil servant. His was one of a number of New Labour appointments that gave rise to fears that the traditional political neutrality of the civil service was being eroded.
A significant achievement of Blair's first term was the signing, on 10 April 1998, of the Belfast Agreement, generally known as the Good Friday Agreement. Negotiations aimed at bringing peace to Northern Ireland had begun under the previous Prime Minister, John Major, but had collapsed after the end of the first IRA ceasefire in the mid-1990s. In the Good Friday Agreement, most Northern Irish political parties, together with the British and Irish Governments, agreed upon an "exclusively peaceful and democratic" framework for the governance of Northern Ireland and a new set of political institutions for the province.
Blair's first term saw an extensive programme of changes to the constitution. The Human Rights Act was introduced in 1998; a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly were set up; most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords in 1999; the Greater London Authority and the post of Mayor of London were established in 2000; and the Freedom of Information Act was passed later in the same year, with its provisions coming into effect over the following decade. This last Act disappointed campaigners, whose hopes had been raised by a 1998 White Paper which had promised more robust legislation. Also, whether the House of Lords should be fully appointed, fully elected, or be subject to a combination of the two remains a disputed question. 2003 saw a series of inconclusive votes on the matter in the House of Commons.
During Blair's first term, the age of consent for gay sex was equalized at 16 and the ban on gays in the armed forces was lifted. Subsequently, in 2005, a Civil Partnership Act came into effect, allowing gay couples to form legally recognised partnerships.
Tony Blair's touch was less sure with regard to the Millenium Dome project. The incoming government greatly expanded the size of the project and consequently increased expectations of what would be delivered. Just before its opening Blair claimed the Dome would be "a triumph of confidence over cynicism, boldness over blandness, excellence over mediocrity". In the words of BBC correspondent Robert Orchard, "the Dome was to be highlighted as a glittering New Labour achievement in the next election manifesto". The ultimate unpopularity of what should have been a fringe project meant that its failure had a political effect that far exceeded its intrinsic importance.
Foreign policy
In 1999, Blair planned and presided over the declaration of the Kosovo War. While in opposition, the Labour Party had criticised the Conservatives for their perceived weakness during the Bosnian war, and Blair was among those urging a strong line by NATO against Slobodan Milošević. Blair was criticised both by those on the Left who opposed the war in principle and by some others who believed that the Serbs were fighting a legitimate war of self-defence. One month into the war, on 22 April 1999, Blair made a speech in Chicago setting out his "Doctrine of the International Community".
Also in 1999, Blair was awarded the Charlemagne Award by the German city of Aachen for his contributions to the European ideal and to peace in Europe.
Blair urged his fellow EU members on October 20, 2006 to send a strong message to the Sudanese government that it must allow a UN force into Darfur, arguing that it is a critical time for Darfur and therefore a chance for the EU to strengthen the pressure on the Sudanese government.
Second term 2001 to 2005
Blair welcomes US President George W. Bush to Chequers, the Prime Minister's countryside retreat.
In the 2001 general election campaign, Blair emphasised the theme of improving public services, notably the National Health Service and the State education system . The Conservatives concentrated on opposing British membership of the Euro, which did little to win over floating voters. The Labour Party largely preserved its majority, and Blair became the first Labour Prime Minister to win a full second term. However, the election was notable for a large fall in voter turnout.
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, Blair was very quick to align the UK with the United States, engaging in a round of shuttle diplomacy to help form and maintain an international coalition prior to the 2001 war against Afghanistan. He maintains his diplomatic activity to this day, showing a willingness to visit countries that other world leaders might consider too dangerous to visit. In 2003, he became the first Briton since Winston Churchill to be awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress for being "a staunch and steadfast ally of the United States of America", although media attention has been drawn to the fact that Blair has yet to attend the ceremony to receive his medal; some commentators point to the unpopularity in Britain of his support for the U.S. as the explanation for the delay. In 2003, Blair was also awarded an Ellis Island Medal of Honour for his support of the United States after 9/11 - the first non-American to receive the honour.
Iraq war
Blair gave strong support to US President George W. Bush 's invasion of Iraq in 2003. He soon became the face of international support for the war, often clashing with French President Jacques Chirac, who became the face of international opposition. Widely regarded as a more persuasive speaker than Bush, Blair gave many speeches arguing for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the days leading up to the invasion.
Blair's case for war was based on Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction and consequent violation of UN resolutions. He was wary of making direct appeals for regime change, since international law does not recognize this as a ground for war. A memorandum from a July 2002 meeting that was leaked in April 2005 showed that Blair believed that the British public would support regime change in the right political context; the document, however, stated that legal grounds for such action were weak. On 24 September 2002 the Government published a dossier based on the intelligence agencies' assessments of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Among the items in the dossier was a recently received intelligence report that "the Iraqi military are able to deploy chemical or biological weapons within 45 minutes of an order to do so". A further briefing paper on Iraq's alleged WMDs was issued to journalists in February 2003. This document was discovered to have taken a large part of its text without attribution from a PhD thesis available on the internet. Where the thesis hypothesized about possible WMDs, the Downing Street version presented the ideas as fact. The document subsequently became known as the " Dodgy Dossier".
Forty-six thousand British troops, one-third of the total strength of the British Army (land forces), were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq. When, after the war, it was established that Iraq had not possessed any WMDs, the two dossiers, together with Blair's other pre-war statements, became an issue of considerable controversy. Many Labour Party members, including a number who had supported the war, were among the critics. Successive independent inquiries (including those by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons , the senior judge Lord Hutton, and the former senior civil servant Lord Butler of Brockwell) have found that Blair honestly stated what he believed to be true at the time, though Lord Butler's report did imply that the Government's presentation of the intelligence evidence had been subject to some degree of exaggeration. These findings have not prevented frequent accusations that Blair was deliberately deceitful, and, during the 2005 election campaign, Conservative leader Michael Howard made political capital out of the issue.
Several anti-war pressure groups want to try Blair for war crimes in Iraq at the International Criminal Court. The Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan , stated in September 2004 that the invasion was "illegal", but did not state the legal basis for this assertion. Prior to the war, the UK Attorney General Lord Goldsmith, who acts as the Government's legal adviser, had advised Blair that the war was legal.
British armed forces were active in southern Iraq to stabilise the country in the run-up to the Iraqi elections of January 2005. In October 2004, the UK government agreed to a request from US forces to send a battalion of the Black Watch regiment to the American sector in order to free up US troops for an assault on Fallujah. The subsequent deployment of the Black Watch was criticised by some in Britain on the grounds that its alleged ultimate purpose was to assist George Bush's re-election in the 2004 US presidential election. As of September 2006, seven thousand and five hundred British forces remain in Southern Iraq, around the city of Basra. After the presidential election, Blair tried to use his relationship with President Bush to persuade the US to devote efforts to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In an interview with David Frost on Al Jazeera in November 2006, Blair appeared to agree with Frost's assessment that the war had been "pretty much of a disaster", although a Downing Street spokesperson denied that this was an accurate reflection of Blair's view.
Domestic politics
After fighting the 2001 election on the theme of improving public services, Blair's government raised taxes in 2002 (described by the Conservatives as " stealth taxes") in order to increase spending on education and health. Blair insisted the increased funding would have to be matched by internal reforms. The government introduced the Foundation Hospitals scheme to allow NHS hospitals financial autonomy, although the eventual shape of the proposals, after an internal struggle with Gordon Brown , allowed for less freedom than Blair had wished. Several healthcare trusts established under the foundation hospitals scheme are now in severe financial difficulties, having spent large proportions of their funding increases on pay rises for staff and on expensive drugs. As a result, with supply of healthcare services increasing less quickly than demand, benefits from the NHS have not increased to the same degree, and the NHS had an £800 million deficit for the 2005/6 financial year.
The peace process in Northern Ireland hit a series of problems. In October 2002, the Northern Ireland Assembly established under the Good Friday Agreement was suspended. Attempts to persuade the IRA to decommission its weapons were unsuccessful, and, in the second set of elections to the Assembly in November 2003, the staunchly unionist Democratic Unionist Party replaced the more moderate Ulster Unionist Party as Northern Ireland's largest unionist party, making a return to devolved government more difficult. At the same time, Sinn Féin replaced the more moderate SDLP as the province's largest nationalist party.
In its first term, the government had introduced an annual fixed tuition fee of around £1,000 for higher education students (rejecting requests from universities to be allowed to vary the fee), with reductions and exemptions for poor students. At the same time, the remaining student maintenance grant was replaced with a low-interest loan, which was to be repaid once the student was earning over a certain threshold. In 2003, Blair controversially introduced legislation permitting universities to charge variable fees of up to £3,000 per year. At the same time, the repayment of student loans was delayed until the graduate's income was much higher, and grants were reintroduced for some students from poorer backgrounds. It was claimed the increase in university fees violated a promise in Labour's 2001 election manifesto, though this claim is arguably unsustainable if the relevant promise is interpreted strictly and literally. At its second reading in the House of Commons in January 2004, the Higher Education Bill which contained the changes was passed with a majority of only five, due to a large-scale backbench Labour rebellion. A defeat was averted by a last-minute change of intention by a small number of Gordon Brown's backbench allies.
The term "Tony Bliar" is commonly used in anti-war demonstrations against the 2003 Iraq War
On 1 August 2003 Blair became the longest continuously serving Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, surpassing Harold Wilson 's 1964-1970 term. By this time, the Government was confronted with the crisis over the suicide of Dr. David Kelly, and there were no celebrations. The Hutton Inquiry into Kelly's death reported on 2 August, and, despite widespread expectations that Hutton's report would criticise Blair and his government, Hutton cleared the Government of deliberately inserting false intelligence into the September Dossier, while criticising the BBC editorial process which had allowed unfounded allegations to be broadcast. Evidence to the inquiry raised further questions over the use of intelligence in the run up to the war, and the report did not satisfy opponents of Blair and of the war. After a similar decision by President Bush, Blair set up another inquiry - the Butler Review - into the accuracy and presentation of the intelligence relating to Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction. Opponents of the war, especially the Liberal Democrats, refused to participate in this inquiry, since it did not meet their demands for a full public inquiry into whether the war was justified.
The political fallout from the Iraq War continued to dog Blair's premiership after the Butler Review. On 25 August 2004 Plaid Cymru MP Adam Price announced he would attempt to impeach Blair, hoping to invoke a Parliamentary procedure that has lain dormant for 150 years but has never been abolished. In principle, the British House of Commons has the power to indict Tony Blair before the House of Lords, who would in turn have the power to pass whatever sentence it considered appropriate upon him, without reference to the ordinary criminal courts. This move was supported by Plaid Cymru and the SNP, as well as by RESPECT's George Galloway and Independent MP Richard Taylor. Ten Conservative MPs signed the relevant motion, as did two Liberal Democrats, making a total of 23 MPs. The campaign attracted the support of writers Iain Banks and Frederick Forsyth, and actor Corin Redgrave. The case for Blair's impeachment was outlined by Adam Price in a report entitled "A case to answer".
In April 2004, Blair announced that a referendum would be held on the ratification of the EU Constitution. This represented a significant development in British politics: only one nationwide referendum had previously been held (in 1975, on whether the UK should remain in the EEC), though a referendum had been promised if the Government decided to join the Euro, and referenda had been held on devolved structures of government in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was a dramatic change of policy for Blair, who had previously dismissed calls for a referendum unless the constitution fundamentally altered the UK's relationship with the EU. Michael Howard seized upon this "EU-turn", reminding Blair of his declaration to the 2003 Labour Party conference that "I can only go one way. I haven't got a reverse gear". The referendum was expected to be held in early 2006; however, after the French and Dutch rejections of the constitution, the Blair government announced it was suspending plans for a referendum for the foreseeable future.
During his second term, Blair was increasingly the target for protests. His speech to the 2004 Labour Party conference, for example, was interrupted both by a protester against the Iraq War and by a group that opposed the government's decision to allow the House of Commons to ban fox hunting.
On 15 September 2004 Blair delivered a speech on the environment and the 'urgent issue' of climate change . In unusually direct language he concluded that If what the science tells us about climate change is correct, then unabated it will result in catastrophic consequences for our world... The science, almost certainly, is correct. The action he proposed to take appeared to be based on business and investment rather than legislative or tax-based attempts to reduce CO2 emissions: ...it is possible to combine reducing emissions with economic growth... investment in science and technology and in the businesses associated with it...
Health problems
On 19 October 2003 it emerged Blair had received treatment for an irregular heartbeat. Having felt ill the previous day, he went to hospital and was diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia. This was treated by cardioversion and he returned home that night. He was reported to have taken the following day ( 20 October) a more gently than usual and returned to a full schedule on 21 October. Downing Street aides later suggested the palpitations had been brought on by drinking lots of strong coffee at an EU summit and then working-out vigorously in the gym. However, former minister Lewis Moonie, a doctor, said the treatment was more serious than Number 10 had admitted: "Anaesthetising somebody and giving their heart electric shocks is not something you just do in the routine run of medical practice."
In September 2004, in off-the-cuff remarks during an interview with ITV news, Lord Bragg said Blair was "under colossal strain" over "considerations of his family" and that Blair had thought "things over very carefully." This led to speculation Blair would resign. Although details of a family problem were known by the press, no paper reported them because according to one journalist, to have done so would have breached "the bounds of privacy and media responsibility."
Blair underwent a catheter ablation to correct his irregular heartbeat on 1 October 2004, after announcing the procedure on the previous day, in a series of interviews in which he also declared he would seek a third term but not a fourth. The planned procedure was carried out at London 's Hammersmith hospital.
Connaught Square
At the same time as Blair's operation it was disclosed the Blairs had purchased a house at 29 Connaught Square, London , for a reported £3.5 million. Some have speculated that part of No. 29 is to be converted into offices for a future Blair Foundation. The purchase also led to more speculation that Blair was preparing for life after government.
Third term 2005 to present
The Labour Party won the 2005 general election and a third consecutive term in office. The next day, Blair was invited to form a Government by Queen Elizabeth II . The reduction in the Labour majority (from 167 to 66) and the low share of the popular vote (35%) led to some Labour MPs calling for Blair to leave office sooner rather than later; among them was Frank Dobson, who had served in Blair's cabinet during his first term. However, dissenting voices quickly vanished as Blair in June 2005 took on European leaders over the future direction of the European Union .
G8 and EU presidencies
The rejection by France and the Netherlands of the treaty to establish a constitution for the European Union presented Blair with an opportunity to postpone the doubtful UK referendum on the constitution without taking the blame for failing from the EU. Foreign Secretary Jack Straw announced that the Parliamentary Bill to enact a referendum was suspended indefinitely. It had previously been agreed that ratification would continue unless the treaty had been rejected by at least five of the 25 European Union member states who must all ratify it. In an address to the European Parliament , Blair stated: "I believe in Europe as a political project. I believe in Europe with a strong and caring social dimension."
Chirac held several meetings with Schröder and the pair pressed for the UK to give up its rebate, famously won by Margaret Thatcher in 1984. After verbal conflict over several weeks, Blair, along with the leaders of all 25 member states, descended on Brussels for the EU Summit of the 18 June 2005 to attempt to finalise the EU budget for 2007-2013. Blair refused to renegotiate the rebate unless the proposals included a compensating overhaul of EU spending, particularly on the Common Agricultural Policy which composes 44% of the EU budget. After intense arguments inside closed doors, talks broke down late at night and the leaders emerged, all blaming each other. It is widely accepted that Blair came out on top, making allies in the Netherlands and Sweden and potentially (and crucially) several of the Eastern European accession countries.
It fell to Blair to broker a deal on the EU budget during the UK's Presidency of the European Union during the latter half of 2005. Early international opinion, particularly in the French press, suggested that Blair held a very strong opening position partly on account of the concurrence of British presidencies of the EU and G8. However, early in the UK's six-month term the 7 July London bombings distracted political attention from the EU despite some ambitious early statements about Blair's agenda. Domestically, Blair faced further distractions from European affairs including a resurgent Conservative Party under its newly-elected leader David Cameron , and assessments of the British presidency's achievements under Blair have been lukewarm in spite of some diplomatic success including a last-minute budget deal. The most controversial result was an agreement to increase British contributions to the EU development budget for new member countries, which effectively reduced the UK rebate by 20%.
2012 Summer Olympics
On 6 July 2005, during the 117th International Olympic Committee ( IOC) session in Singapore , the IOC announced that the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Games of the XXX Olympiad, were awarded to London over Paris by a small (four votes) margin. The competition between Paris and London to host the Games had become increasingly heated particularly after French President Jacques Chirac commented three days before the vote that "one cannot trust people [ie: the British] whose cuisine are so bad." The surprise win by London over the perceived frontrunner Paris was said to have been decided by the presence of Blair at the IOC session. Irish IOC member Patrick Hickey said, "This is down to Tony Blair. If he hadn't come here I'd say that six to eight votes would have been lost and London would not be sitting here today winners".
2005 London bombings
Tony Blair reads a statement following the July 7, 2005 London bombings.
On Thursday 7 July 2005, a series of four bomb explosions struck London's public transport system during the morning rush-hour. All four incidents were suicide bombings. Fifty-six people were killed and 700 injured. The incident was the deadliest single act of terrorism in the United Kingdom since 270 died in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland and replaced the 1998 Omagh Bombing (29 Dead) as the second most deadliest terrorist attack on British soil. It was also the deadliest bombing in London since World War II .
Blair made a statement about the day's bombings, saying that he believed it was "reasonably clear" that it was an act of terror, and that he hoped the people of Britain could demonstrate that their will to overcome the events is greater than the terrorists' wish to cause destruction. He also said that his determination to "defend" the British way of life outweighed "extremist determination" to destroy it. On 13 July 2005, he told that international cooperation would be needed to "pull up this evil ideology by its roots".
On 21 July 2005, a second series of explosions were reported in London , two weeks and some hours after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Four controlled explosions, of devices considerably less advanced than those of the previous attacks, were carried out at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval underground stations, and on a bus in Shoreditch. Even though the attacks on the 21st were less severe than those on the 7th, Blair was reported to have said that the bombings in London today were intended "to scare people and to frighten them, to make them anxious and worried". He went on to say how the "police have done their very best, and the security services too, in the situation, and I think we have just got to react calmly and continue with our business as much as possible normal".
Concerns about terror attacks led to 10 Downing Street requesting media organizations not to identify the location of Blair's 2005 summer holiday. After Blair attended a public function it was acknowledged that the holiday was in Barbados , as a guest of the singer Cliff Richard with whom Blair has stayed before. During a renewed stay there in August 2006, Blair refused to endorse calls for a ceasefire in Lebanon.
A Guardian/ICM poll conducted after the first wave of attacks found that 64% of the British population believed that Blair's decision to wage war in Iraq had led indirectly to the terrorist attacks on London. The public did however indicate approval of Blair's handling of the attacks, with his approval rating moving into positive territory for the first time in five years. In December 2005, the Prime Minister was presented with the "Statesman of the Decade" award by the EastWest Institute, a trans-Atlantic think tank that organizes an annual Security Conference in Brussels.
Proposed laws to cope with the threat of terrorism proved extremely controversial; an amendment to require that glorifying terrorism be deliberate in order to be an offence was rejected in the House of Commons by just three votes (a result initially announced as a one-vote margin, due to a miscount). The proposal to allow terrorist suspects to be held for questioning for up to 90 days was defeated on 9 November by a margin of 31 with 49 Labour MPs voting against the government. Instead, MPs supported an amendment to allow questioning for 28 days proposed by veteran backbencher David Winnick. This was Blair's first defeat on the floor of the House of Commons since he became Prime Minister in 1997, and most commentators saw this as seriously undermining his authority.
Education reforms 2006
The introduction of further reforms to the education system, which restricted the involvement of local education authorities in opening new schools, proved controversial. Labour backbenchers opposed to the proposals produced a rival manifesto, and the Bill to introduce the changes was delayed while the government negotiated with them. The Conservative Party declared its support for the reforms, making passage certain but increasing the likelihood that Labour MPs would vote against them. On 15 March 2006 the Education and Inspections Bill passed its second reading, with 52 Labour MPs voting against; had the Conservative Party also voted against it would have been defeated.
Local elections on 4 May 2006 and cabinet reshuffle
The local elections in England on 4 May 2006 dealt a blow to Blair, with the loss of 317 seats and 18 councils. This result was thought to be partly continued fallout from public dissatisfaction over the decision to invade Iraq, and partly due to a scandal concerning the Home Office's mishandling of foreign criminals' deportation. At the same time, an affair of the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott with his diary secretary had been made public. Further, some Primary Care and Hospital Trust sustained significant deficits and had to release staff, which called into question the position of Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt. On 5 May, Blair reshuffled his Cabinet. Most significantly, Charles Clarke and Foreign Secretary Jack Straw were relieved of their duties and many other positions were reassigned. Many commentators saw this as a panic reaction designed to ward off calls for Blair to step down.
Resignation as Labour Party leader and Prime Minister
On 7 September 2006, Blair announced that the 2006 Labour Party conference would be his last as leader (i.e. he planned to resign by September 2007). Gordon Brown , the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is the favourite to be the next Labour Party leader and thereby to take over from Blair as Prime Minister.
Background
After Labour's 2004 conference, Blair announced in a BBC interview that he would serve a "full third term" but would not fight a fourth general election. No term limits exist in British politics, and such an announcement was historically unprecedented. Blair said he would give "ample time" for his successor to establish himself before the next general election, likely to be held in 2009 or 2010.
Following the 2005 election there has been constant speculation over the date of Blair's departure. At Westminster, he was expected to retire after the proposed UK referendum on the European Union Constitution, but the constitution's demise eliminated this possibility. The July 2005 terror attacks also reduced the likelihood of an early departure. Speculation as to the likely timing of Blair's departure increased in May 2006, following Labour's poor results in English local elections. His successor is widely expected to be Gordon Brown , the current Chancellor of the Exchequer. The only politician to formally declare himself a contender for Labour leadership following Blair's departure is left-wing Labour MP John McDonnell, who launched his campaign on 14 July 2006.
If Blair remains in office until 27 November 2008, he would surpass Margaret Thatcher as the longest continuously serving Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool, 1812-27.
On 22 August 2005, the Sunday Mirror suggested Blair would join the Carlyle Group upon leaving Number Ten. The chairman of Carlyle is Lou Gerstner, whom Blair personally recommended for a knighthood in 2001.
Blair has said that after stepping down as Prime Minister, he plans to leave front-line politics and does not intend to take a seat in the House of Lords, commenting that it is, "...not my scene". There were rumours in the British press that Blair would stand for the position of United Nations Secretary-General when Kofi Annan stepped down on 31 December 2006, but Blair did not pursue that position.
It was reported on 30 July 2006 that Blair had agreed a £4m deal for his diaries with a publishing firm owned by Rupert Murdoch.
On 5 September 2006 a letter signed by 17 Labour MPs called for Tony Blair to resign. On the same day 49 other Labour MPs signed a statement supporting Blair's departure timetable. The next day The Sun reported that Blair would step down as Labour leader on May 31, 2007, and as Prime Minister when a new leader is elected. That same day, seven of the MPs who signed the letter resigned as Parliamentary Private Secretaries (unpaid and unofficial posts assisting Government ministers).
Regarding his departure, on 7 September 2006 he stated that the next Labour Party conference would be his last as leader. He did not announce a specific timetable for either his departure or the election of a new leader, but he did state that he would "set a precise date" at some point in the future. On 26 September 2006 he restated this at Labour's annual conference "this is my last conference as leader".
Row over Muslim women wearing veils
A row over Muslim women wearing veils developed after Leader of the Commons Jack Straw said he asked women in his constituency to remove them when they visited him. The Prime Minister believed that this was a "mark of separation" and made some "outside the community feel uncomfortable". He also backed Kirklees Council, which suspended a classroom assistant Aishah Azmi for refusing to remove her full face veil at school. There was criticism from some areas asserting that the Prime Minister may have breached the ministerial code with his outspoken intervention especially as Miss Azmi's court case was still ongoing.
Blair and Parliament
Blair has changed Parliamentary procedures significantly. One of his first acts as Prime Minister was to replace the two weekly 15-minute sessions of Prime Minister's Questions, held on a Tuesday and Thursday, with a single 30-minute session on a Wednesday. This reform was said to have led to greater efficiency, but critics have noted that it is easier to prepare for one long set of questions than for two shorter sessions. In addition to PMQs, Blair has held monthly press conferences, at which he fields questions in a less confrontational manner than in the Commons.
Other procedural reforms supported by Blair include changes to the rules concerning the times when Parliament sits. These latter changes are said to allow Parliament to operate in a more business-like manner.
Blair and Brown
After the death of John Smith in 1994, both Blair and Gordon Brown were viewed as possible candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party. They had agreed that they would not stand against each other, and Brown had previously been considered to be the more senior of the two men — he understood this to mean that Blair would give way to him. It soon became apparent, however, that Blair had greater public support. At the Granita restaurant in Islington on 31 May, Brown agreed with Blair that he would not contest the leadership election. He understood Blair to have agreed in return to step down as party leader after a specified period (after 8 years, according to some reports), but Blair has always denied striking any such deal with him. It may be that both men placed honestly differing interpretations on the same conversation. In September 2003, British TV Channel Channel 4 broadcast a one-off drama about the alleged agreement, called The Deal, which culminated in the conversation in question. The final words of it, as spoken by the actors playing Blair and Brown, were as follows:
Brown: And the election after that? (i.e. the election following two terms of a Labour Government) Blair: Well... Obviously, I couldn't go on for ever.
It has also been alleged that while in office as Prime Minister, Blair gave Brown further indications (and even promises) that he would step down in Brown's favour at specified times. Whatever the truth of these reports, Blair's consistent refusal to leave office (so far) has led to relations between the two men becoming irretrievably embittered. At certain times, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott has reportedly acted as their "marriage guidance counsellor".
Another aspect of the political relationship between Blair and Brown is the exceptional freedom given by Blair from the start of his time in office to his Chancellor in the area of economic policy. Downing Street insiders have subsequently reported that Blair grew to regret granting Brown this freedom, since he has been excluded from important fiscal decisions as a result.
Blair is still seen as refusing to endorse Gordon Brown as his successor. Commentators speculate that this reflects hopes in Downing Street that, given sufficient time, other candidates for Prime Minister will emerge so as to force a full leadership contest.
Blair's religious faith
Blair has rarely discussed his religious faith in public, but he is often identified as an Anglo-Catholic — that is, a member of the high church branch of the Church of England , sympathetic to the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church . His wife Cherie Booth is a practising Roman Catholic, and Blair has attended Catholic Masses at Westminster Cathedral, while on holiday in Italy, and with his family at his current home in Number 10 Downing Street. At one point, he was reprimanded by Cardinal Basil Hume for receiving Holy Communion at Mass despite not being a Roman Catholic, a contravention of Catholic doctrine.
In an interview with Michael Parkinson broadcast on ITV1 on 4 March 2006, Blair referred to the role of his Christian faith in his decision to go to war in Iraq, stating that he had prayed about the issue, and saying that God would judge him for his decision: "I think if you have faith about these things, you realise that judgement is made by other people … and if you believe in God, it's made by God as well." His comments were later interpreted by some of his critics as indicating that he believed that God had endorsed his decision to participate in the invasion.
Political overview
Which part of the political spectrum Tony Blair occupies is disputed. Many Britons would place him in the centre ground. His party (Labour) is a socialist political party, and Conservatives consider him left of centre. Yet some of his Labour-party backbenchers and other Left-wing critics would place him to the right of centre. Blair rarely applies such labels to himself, though he promised, in advance of the 1997 election, that New Labour would govern "from the radical centre", and he is on record as describing himself as a " social democrat".
An overview of Blair's policies gives an idea of the difficulty of defining him politically. He has raised taxes; implemented redistributive policies (to a rather larger extent than popularly realised); introduced a minimum wage and some new employment rights (while keeping Margaret Thatcher's trade union legislation); introduced significant constitutional reforms (which remain incomplete and controversial); promoted new rights for gay people in the Civil Partnerships Act; and signed treaties integrating Britain more closely with the EU). He has also firmly supported George W. Bush's foreign policy (while reportedly attempting to act as a restraining influence on him); introduced substantial market-based reforms in the education and health sectors; introduced student tuition fees; sought to reduce certain categories of welfare payments; and introduced tough anti-terrorism and identity card legislation (with claimed public support).
Criticism
The criticism of Tony Blair includes accusations of dishonesty and authoritarianism, as well as criticism about his alliance with U.S. President George W. Bush , and his policies in the Middle East , including the Iraq War , the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Signs of increasing public animosity towards him came in a poll by the British television station Channel 4 in 2003 which found Tony Blair listed as first in a list of the one hundred worst Britons.
Spin, authoritarianism and alleged dishonesty
A widely-levelled criticism of Blair and his subordinates is that they make use of spin to such an extent that his government has fundamentally lost credibility with the British public. It is also claimed that the Government has on occasions crossed the line between selective presentation of information and deliberate misleading.
Blair is perceived by many as an excessively autocratic leader, paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the House of Commons . His style is sometimes compared to not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he is, but more to a president and head of state, which he is not.
Blair has consistently supported the police and sought to increase police powers. While this policy initially attracted widespread support, the government's legislative response to the threat of militant Islamism has been regarded by some as authoritarian.
Blair has often (particularly after the invasion of Iraq) been labelled as an insincere "King of Spin" and "Phoney Tony", and has been accused of cronyism in his perceived penchant for promoting his friends to top jobs (Tony's Cronies). In his early years, Blair was often criticised as an unscrupulous opportunist who was solely interested in doing anything that would get him elected, a focus group politician. More recently, his unpopular support of the United States over Iraq has shown more commitment to his own beliefs, despite public opposition. His name has been deliberately mis-spelt 'Tony Bliar' (sometimes 'B. Liar') or 'Tory Blur' by critics of his actions and his policies (particularly his stance on Iraq). The Economist on 5 June 2003 devoted its front cover to a photograph of Blair and the headline, "Bliar?".
Relationship with the United States
George W. Bush and Tony Blair shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on 12 November 2004.
Along with enjoying a close relationship with Bill Clinton during the latter's time in office, Blair has formed a strong political alliance with President George W. Bush of the United States of America , particularly in the area of foreign policy: at one point, Nelson Mandela described Blair as "the US foreign minister". For his part, President Bush has lauded Blair and the UK. In his post-September 11 speech, for example, he stated that "America has no truer friend than Great Britain". The alliance between Bush and Blair has seriously damaged Blair's standing in the eyes of many British people.
Middle East policy and links with Israel
One of Blair's first actions in joining the Labour Party was to join Labour Friends of Israel. In 1994, a friend and former colleague of Blair at 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers, Eldred Tabachnik, Q.C. (one time president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews) introduced Blair to Michael Levy, later Lord Levy, a pop music mogul and major fundraiser for Jewish and Israeli causes, at a dinner party hosted by the Israeli diplomat Gideon Meir. Blair and Levy soon became close friends and tennis partners. Levy ran the Labour Leader's Office Fund to finance Blair's campaign before the 1997 General Election and received substantial contributions from such figures as Alex Bernstein and Robert Gavron, both of whom were ennobled by Blair after he came to power. Levy was created a life peer by Blair in 1997, and in 2002, just prior to the Iraq War, Blair appointed Levy as his personal envoy to the Middle East . Levy has praised Blair for his "solid and committed support of the State of Israel" and has been described himself as "a leading international Zionist". In 2004, Blair was heavily criticised by 50 former diplomats, including ambassadors to Baghdad and Tel Aviv for his policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Iraq War. They stated they had "watched with deepening concern" at Britain following the U.S. into war in Iraq in 2003 also stating, "We feel the time has come to make our anxieties public, in the hope that they will be addressed in parliament and will lead to a fundamental reassessment," and asked Blair to exert "real influence as a loyal ally". The ambassadors also accused the allies of having "no effective plan" for the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq and the apparent disregard for the lives of Iraqi civilians. They diplomats also criticised Blair for his support for the road map which included the retaining of settlements on the West Bank stating, "Our dismay at this backward step is heightened by the fact that you yourself seem to have endorsed it, abandoning the principles which for nearly four decades have guided international efforts to restore peace in the Holy Land".
In 2006, Blair was heavily criticised for his failure to call for a ceasefire in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his cabinet openly criticising Israel. Jack Straw, the Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary stated that Israel's actions risked destabilising all of Lebanon and that it was "very difficult to understand the kind of military tactics used by Israel", "These are not surgical strikes but have instead caused death and misery amongst innocent civilians.". The Observer newspaper claimed that at a cabinet meeting before Blair left for a summit with President George Bush on July 28, 2006, a significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticise Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon.
Relationship with Labour party
Blair's apparent refusal to set a date for his departure has been criticised by the British press and members of parliament. It has been reported that a number of cabinet ministers believed that Blair's timely departure from office would be required to be able to win a fourth election. Some ministers viewed Blair's announcement of policy initiatives in September 2006 as an attempt to draw attention away from these issues. Upon his return from his holiday in the West Indies he announced that all the speculation about his leaving must stop. This stirred not only his traditional critics but also traditional party loyalists.
While the Blair government has introduced social policies supported by the left of the Labour Party, such as the minimum wage and measures to reduce child poverty , Blair is seen on economic and management issues as being to the right of much of the party. A possible comparison may be made with American Democrats such as Joe Lieberman, who have been accused by their party's "base" of adopting their opponents' political stances. Some critics describe Blair as a reconstructed neoconservative or Thatcherite . He is occasionally described as "Son of Thatcher", though Lady Thatcher herself rejected this identification in an interview with ITV1 on the night of the 2005 election, saying that in her opinion the resemblances were superficial.
Approval rating
In May 2006, the Daily Telegraph reported that Blair's personal approval rating had dipped to just 26 per cent, lower than Harold Wilson's rating after devaluation of the pound and James Callaghan's during the Winter of Discontent, meaning that Blair had become the most unpopular post-war Labour Prime Minister. Of all British Prime Ministers , only Margaret Thatcher and John Major have recorded lower approval (the former in the aftermath of the Poll Tax Riots). Previously Blair had achieved the highest approval ratings of any British Prime Minister of either party in the months following his election in 1997.
Portrayals in fiction
Michael Sheen has portrayed Blair twice in the films The Deal (2003) and The Queen (2006).
Tony Blair made a cameo appearance as himself in The Simpsons episode, The Regina Monologues (2003).
Works
Blair, Tony (2003). Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government Diane Publishing, ISBN 0-7567-3102-X
Blair, Tony (2002). The Courage of Our Convictions Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0603-4
Blair, Tony (2000). Superpower: Not Superstate? (Federal Trust European Essays) Federal Trust for Education & Research, ISBN 1-903403-25-1
Blair, Tony (1998). The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0588-7
Blair, Tony (1998). Leading the Way: New Vision for Local Government Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-86030-075-8
Blair, Tony (1997). New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country Basic Books, ISBN 0-8133-3338-5
Blair, Tony (1995). Let Us Face the Future Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0571-2
Blair, Tony (1994). What Price Safe Society? Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0562-3
Blair, Tony (1994). Socialism Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0565-8
Miscellany
Blair, T. (2004). "Blair, The Right Hon. A. C. L." from Who's Who, 156th ed., London: A & C Black.
Halsbury's Laws of England (2004), reference to impeachment in volume on Constitutional Law and Human Rights , paragraph 416
The Queen (2006 film)
| Saint Petersburg |
Having a name meaning ‘Swift Seizer‘ which dinosaur had the description as being about 6 feet 5 inches in length, it had long curved claws for grasping prey and walked on two legs ? | Tony Blair
Tony Blair
The Rt Hon. Tony Blair
Tony Blair addressing a news conference at the 2006 G8 summit in Strelna, Saint Petersburg , Russia
Spouse
Cherie Booth
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the UK Labour Party, and Member of the UK Parliament for the constituency of Sedgefield in North East England. As a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom he is also a Privy Counsellor . As First Lord of the Treasury, his official residence is 10 Downing Street in London .
Blair became leader of the British Labour Party in July 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under Blair's leadership, the party won a landslide victory in the May 1997 general election, ending 18 years of government by the Conservative Party. Blair is the Labour Party's longest-serving Prime Minister, the only person to have led the party to three consecutive general election victories and the only Labour prime minister to serve more than one full consecutive term.
Together with Gordon Brown and Peter Mandelson, Blair is both credited and criticised for moving the Labour Party towards the centre of British politics, using the term " New Labour" to distinguish his pro- market policies from the more collectivist policies which the party had espoused in the past. Blair has described his political philosophy as "modern social democracy" and "the third way".
In domestic government policy, Blair has significantly increased public spending on health and education and made controversial structural reforms in these areas. Blair's tenure has also seen the introduction of the minimum wage , constitutional reform such as devolution in Scotland and Wales , and progress in the Northern Ireland peace process.
Since the advent of the War on Terror in 2001, a significant part of Blair's political agenda has been dominated by foreign affairs. Blair has strongly supported a number of aspects of US foreign policy, notably by participating in the invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. He has encountered fierce criticism as a result, and the circumstances in which he took Britain to war in Iraq have caused many opponents of the war to perceive him as dishonest.
On 7 September 2006 Blair publicly stated he would step down as party leader by the time of the September 2007 Trades Union Congress, but has not yet stated a precise date for his departure.
Background and Family Life
Tony Blair was born at the Queen Mary Maternity Home in Edinburgh , Scotland , the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair (née Corscadden). Leo Blair was the illegitimate son of two English actors, Charles Parsons and Mary Augusta Ridgway Bridson, whilst Hazel Corscadden's family were Protestants from County Donegal, Ireland . He has one elder brother, William Blair, who is a barrister and a Queen's Counsel (QC), and a younger sister, Sarah. Blair spent the first 19 months of his life at the family home in Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh. During this period his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. His family spent three and a half years in the 1950s living in Adelaide , Australia , where his father was a lecturer in law at the University of Adelaide. The Blairs lived quite close to the university, in the leafy suburb of Dulwich.
The family returned to Britain in the late 1950s, living for a time with Hazel Blair's parents at their home in Stepps, near Glasgow . Blair spent the remainder of his childhood in Durham , England , his father being by then a lecturer at Durham University. After attending Durham's Chorister School Blair boarded at Fettes College, a famous independent school in Edinburgh, where he met Charlie Falconer, whom he later appointed Lord Chancellor. Blair reportedly modelled himself on Mick Jagger, and is said to have enjoyed a reputation as a conspicuously " cool" young man among his fellow pupils. His teachers, however, were less impressed by his behaviour: his biographer John Rentoul reported that "All the teachers I spoke to... said he was a complete pain in the backside, and they were very glad to see the back of him."
After Fettes, Blair spent a year in London, where he attempted to find fame as a rock music promoter, before going up to Oxford University to read law at St John's College. As a student, he played guitar and sang for a rock band called Ugly Rumours. During this time, he dated future American Psycho director Mary Harron. After graduating from Oxford with a second class degree, Blair became a member of Lincoln's Inn, enrolled as a pupil barrister and met his future wife, Cherie Booth (daughter of the actor Tony Booth) at the Chambers founded by Derry Irvine (who was to be Blair's first Lord Chancellor), 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers. His biographer Rentoul records that, according to his lawyer friends, Blair was much less concerned about which party he was affiliated with than about his aim of becoming Prime Minister.
Blair married Booth, a practising Roman Catholic and future Queen's Counsel, on 29 March 1980. They have four children ( Euan, Nicky, Kathryn and Leo). Leo (born 20 May 2000) was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years, since Francis Russell was born to Lord John Russell on 11 July 1849.
Although the Blairs stated that they had wished to shield their children from the media, Euan and Nicky's education was a cause of political controversy. They both attended the Catholic London Oratory School, which had been criticised by left-wingers for the perceived elitism of its selection procedures. The Blairs chose this school over a Catholic school in Labour-controlled Islington, where they then lived. However, Tony Blair pointed out that he was the first post-war Prime Minister to have sent his children to state-funded schools, rather than independent ones. There was further criticism from the left when it was revealed that Euan received private coaching from the staff of the fee-paying Westminster School, but this was not unusual for Prime Ministers of either political party to have arranged for their children . He lived in Richmond Avenue, Islington, for the years leading up to his election as prime minister.
Early political career
Blair joined the Labour Party shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. During the early 1980s, he was involved in Labour politics in Hackney South and Shoreditch, where he aligned himself with the " soft left" of the party. He unsuccessfully attempted to secure selection as a candidate for Hackney Borough Council. Through his father-in-law, the actor Tony Booth, he contacted Labour MP Tom Pendry to ask for help in pursuing a Parliamentary career. Pendry gave him a tour of the House of Commons and advised him to stand for selection as a candidate in the forthcoming by-election in the safe Conservative seat of Beaconsfield, where Pendry knew a senior member of the local party. Blair was chosen as the candidate; he won only 10% of the vote and lost his deposit, but he impressed Labour Party leader Michael Foot and acquired a profile within the party. In contrast to his later centrism, Blair described himself in this period as a Socialist . A letter that he wrote to Foot in July 1982, eventually published in June 2006, gives an indication of his outlook at this time.
In 1983 Blair found that the newly created constituency of Sedgefield, near where he had grown up in Durham , had no Labour candidate. Several sitting MPs displaced by boundary changes were interested in securing selection to fight the seat. He found a branch that had not made a nomination and arranged to visit them. With the crucial support of John Burton, he won their endorsement; at the last minute he was added to the shortlist and won the selection over displaced sitting MP Les Huckfield. Burton later became his agent and one of his most trusted and longest-standing allies.
Blair's election literature in the 1983 UK general election endorsed the distinctly left-wing policies that the Labour Party advocated in the early 1980s. He called for Britain to leave the EEC , though he had told his selection conference that he personally favoured continuing membership. He also, more enthusiastically, supported unilateral nuclear disarmament, being a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament at the time. Sedgefield was a safe Labour seat and Blair was elected as its MP, despite the party's national landslide defeat. Blair was helped on the campaign trail by soap actress Pat Phoenix, his father-in-law's girlfriend.
Blair stated in his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 6 July 1983: "I am a socialist not through reading a textbook that has caught my intellectual fancy, nor through unthinking tradition, but because I believe that, at its best, socialism corresponds most closely to an existence that is both rational and moral. It stands for cooperation, not confrontation; for fellowship, not fear. It stands for equality". The Labour Party is declared in its constitution to be a democratic socialist party, rather than a social democratic party - Blair himself organised this declaration of Labour to be a socialist party when he dealt with the change to the party's Clause IV in their constitution.
In opposition
Once elected, Blair's ascent was rapid, and he received his first shadow-cabinet appointment in 1984 as assistant Treasury spokesman. He demanded an inquiry into the Bank of England's decision to rescue the collapsed Johnson Matthey Bank in October 1985, and embarrassed the government by finding a European Economic Community report critical of British economic policy that had been countersigned by a member of the Conservative government. By this time Blair was aligned with the reforming tendencies in the party, headed by leader Neil Kinnock, and was promoted after the 1987 election to the shadow Trade and Industry team as spokesman on the City of London. In 1987, he stood for election to the Shadow Cabinet, with a good show of 77 votes.
After the stock market crash of October 1987, Blair raised his profile further when he castigated City traders as "incompetent" and "morally dubious". He also protested against the third-class service for small investors at the London Stock Exchange. In 1988, Blair entered the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy, and the following year he became Shadow Employment Secretary. In this post, he realised that the Labour Party's support for the emerging European "Social Charter" policies on employment law meant dropping the party's traditional support for closed shop arrangements, whereby employers required all their employees to be members of a trade union . He announced this change in December 1989, outraging the left wing of the Labour Party. As a young and telegenic Shadow Cabinet member, Blair was given prominence by the party's Director of Communications, Peter Mandelson. His first major platform speech, at the 1990 Labour Party conference, was a major embarrassment, however: he spoke too fast and lost his place in his notes.
In the run-up to the 1992 general election, Blair worked to modernize Labour's image. He had responsibility for developing the minimum wage policy stance that that was expected to see strong opposition; during the election campaign he had a notable confrontation with the owner of a children's nursery who insisted that the policy would cost jobs.
When Neil Kinnock resigned as party leader after Labour's fourth consecutive electoral defeat, Blair became Shadow Home Secretary under John Smith. The Labour Party at this time was widely perceived as weak on crime and Blair worked to change this: he accepted that the prison population might have to rise, and bemoaned the loss of a sense of community, which he was prepared to blame (at least partly) on "1960s liberalism". On the other hand, he spoke in support of equalising the age of consent for gay sex at 16, and opposed capital punishment. He defined his policy, in a phrase coined by Gordon Brown , as " Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime".
John Smith died suddenly in 1994 of a heart attack . Blair beat John Prescott and Margaret Beckett in the subsequent leadership election. After becoming Leader of the Opposition, Blair was, as is customary for the holder of that office, appointed a Privy Counsellor , which permitted him to be addressed with the style " The Right Honourable".
Leader of the Labour Party
Blair announced at the end of his speech at the 1994 Labour Party conference that he intended to replace Clause IV of the party's constitution with a new statement of aims and values. This involved the deletion of the party's stated commitment to 'the common ownership of the means of production and exchange', which was widely interpreted as referring to wholesale nationalisation. The clause was replaced by a statement that the party is one of democratic socialism. A special conference approved this practically insignificant but highly symbolic change in April 1995.
Blair also revised party policy in a manner that enhanced the image of Labour as competent and modern — he used the term "New Labour" to distinguish the party from its past. Although the transformation aroused much criticism (its alleged superficiality drawing fire both from political opponents and traditionalists within the "rank and file" of his own party), it was nevertheless successful in changing public perception. At the 1996 Labour Party conference, Blair stated that his three top priorities on coming to office were "education, education and education".
Aided by the unpopularity of John Major's Conservative government (itself deeply divided over the European Union ), "New Labour" won a landslide victory in the 1997 general election with Blair the youngest person to attain the office of Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812.
First term 1997 to 2001
Blair embraces U.S. President (now former) Bill Clinton .
Independence for the Bank of England
Immediately after taking office, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown gave the Bank of England the power to set the UK base rate of interest autonomously. This decision was popular with the British financial establishment in London , which the Labour Party had been courting since the early 1990s. Together with the Government's decision to remain within projected Conservative spending limits for its first two years in office, it helped to reassure sceptics of the Labour Party's fiscal "prudence".
Domestic politics
Post nominals
PC (not used when Rt.Hon. used), MP
In the early years of his first term, Blair relied for his political advice on a close circle of his staff, among whom his press secretary and official spokesman Alastair Campbell was seen as particularly influential. Controversially, Campbell was permitted to give orders to civil servants, who had previously taken instructions only from ministers. Unlike some of his predecessors, Campbell was a political appointee and had not come up through the Civil Service. Despite his overtly political role, he was paid from public funds as a civil servant. His was one of a number of New Labour appointments that gave rise to fears that the traditional political neutrality of the civil service was being eroded.
A significant achievement of Blair's first term was the signing, on 10 April 1998, of the Belfast Agreement, generally known as the Good Friday Agreement. Negotiations aimed at bringing peace to Northern Ireland had begun under the previous Prime Minister, John Major, but had collapsed after the end of the first IRA ceasefire in the mid-1990s. In the Good Friday Agreement, most Northern Irish political parties, together with the British and Irish Governments, agreed upon an "exclusively peaceful and democratic" framework for the governance of Northern Ireland and a new set of political institutions for the province.
Blair's first term saw an extensive programme of changes to the constitution. The Human Rights Act was introduced in 1998; a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly were set up; most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords in 1999; the Greater London Authority and the post of Mayor of London were established in 2000; and the Freedom of Information Act was passed later in the same year, with its provisions coming into effect over the following decade. This last Act disappointed campaigners, whose hopes had been raised by a 1998 White Paper which had promised more robust legislation. Also, whether the House of Lords should be fully appointed, fully elected, or be subject to a combination of the two remains a disputed question. 2003 saw a series of inconclusive votes on the matter in the House of Commons.
During Blair's first term, the age of consent for gay sex was equalized at 16 and the ban on gays in the armed forces was lifted. Subsequently, in 2005, a Civil Partnership Act came into effect, allowing gay couples to form legally recognised partnerships.
Tony Blair's touch was less sure with regard to the Millenium Dome project. The incoming government greatly expanded the size of the project and consequently increased expectations of what would be delivered. Just before its opening Blair claimed the Dome would be "a triumph of confidence over cynicism, boldness over blandness, excellence over mediocrity". In the words of BBC correspondent Robert Orchard, "the Dome was to be highlighted as a glittering New Labour achievement in the next election manifesto". The ultimate unpopularity of what should have been a fringe project meant that its failure had a political effect that far exceeded its intrinsic importance.
Foreign policy
In 1999, Blair planned and presided over the declaration of the Kosovo War. While in opposition, the Labour Party had criticised the Conservatives for their perceived weakness during the Bosnian war, and Blair was among those urging a strong line by NATO against Slobodan Milošević. Blair was criticised both by those on the Left who opposed the war in principle and by some others who believed that the Serbs were fighting a legitimate war of self-defence. One month into the war, on 22 April 1999, Blair made a speech in Chicago setting out his "Doctrine of the International Community".
Also in 1999, Blair was awarded the Charlemagne Award by the German city of Aachen for his contributions to the European ideal and to peace in Europe.
Blair urged his fellow EU members on October 20, 2006 to send a strong message to the Sudanese government that it must allow a UN force into Darfur, arguing that it is a critical time for Darfur and therefore a chance for the EU to strengthen the pressure on the Sudanese government.
Second term 2001 to 2005
Blair welcomes US President George W. Bush to Chequers, the Prime Minister's countryside retreat.
In the 2001 general election campaign, Blair emphasised the theme of improving public services, notably the National Health Service and the State education system . The Conservatives concentrated on opposing British membership of the Euro, which did little to win over floating voters. The Labour Party largely preserved its majority, and Blair became the first Labour Prime Minister to win a full second term. However, the election was notable for a large fall in voter turnout.
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, Blair was very quick to align the UK with the United States, engaging in a round of shuttle diplomacy to help form and maintain an international coalition prior to the 2001 war against Afghanistan. He maintains his diplomatic activity to this day, showing a willingness to visit countries that other world leaders might consider too dangerous to visit. In 2003, he became the first Briton since Winston Churchill to be awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress for being "a staunch and steadfast ally of the United States of America", although media attention has been drawn to the fact that Blair has yet to attend the ceremony to receive his medal; some commentators point to the unpopularity in Britain of his support for the U.S. as the explanation for the delay. In 2003, Blair was also awarded an Ellis Island Medal of Honour for his support of the United States after 9/11 - the first non-American to receive the honour.
Iraq war
Blair gave strong support to US President George W. Bush 's invasion of Iraq in 2003. He soon became the face of international support for the war, often clashing with French President Jacques Chirac, who became the face of international opposition. Widely regarded as a more persuasive speaker than Bush, Blair gave many speeches arguing for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the days leading up to the invasion.
Blair's case for war was based on Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction and consequent violation of UN resolutions. He was wary of making direct appeals for regime change, since international law does not recognize this as a ground for war. A memorandum from a July 2002 meeting that was leaked in April 2005 showed that Blair believed that the British public would support regime change in the right political context; the document, however, stated that legal grounds for such action were weak. On 24 September 2002 the Government published a dossier based on the intelligence agencies' assessments of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Among the items in the dossier was a recently received intelligence report that "the Iraqi military are able to deploy chemical or biological weapons within 45 minutes of an order to do so". A further briefing paper on Iraq's alleged WMDs was issued to journalists in February 2003. This document was discovered to have taken a large part of its text without attribution from a PhD thesis available on the internet. Where the thesis hypothesized about possible WMDs, the Downing Street version presented the ideas as fact. The document subsequently became known as the " Dodgy Dossier".
Forty-six thousand British troops, one-third of the total strength of the British Army (land forces), were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq. When, after the war, it was established that Iraq had not possessed any WMDs, the two dossiers, together with Blair's other pre-war statements, became an issue of considerable controversy. Many Labour Party members, including a number who had supported the war, were among the critics. Successive independent inquiries (including those by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons , the senior judge Lord Hutton, and the former senior civil servant Lord Butler of Brockwell) have found that Blair honestly stated what he believed to be true at the time, though Lord Butler's report did imply that the Government's presentation of the intelligence evidence had been subject to some degree of exaggeration. These findings have not prevented frequent accusations that Blair was deliberately deceitful, and, during the 2005 election campaign, Conservative leader Michael Howard made political capital out of the issue.
Several anti-war pressure groups want to try Blair for war crimes in Iraq at the International Criminal Court. The Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan , stated in September 2004 that the invasion was "illegal", but did not state the legal basis for this assertion. Prior to the war, the UK Attorney General Lord Goldsmith, who acts as the Government's legal adviser, had advised Blair that the war was legal.
British armed forces were active in southern Iraq to stabilise the country in the run-up to the Iraqi elections of January 2005. In October 2004, the UK government agreed to a request from US forces to send a battalion of the Black Watch regiment to the American sector in order to free up US troops for an assault on Fallujah. The subsequent deployment of the Black Watch was criticised by some in Britain on the grounds that its alleged ultimate purpose was to assist George Bush's re-election in the 2004 US presidential election. As of September 2006, seven thousand and five hundred British forces remain in Southern Iraq, around the city of Basra. After the presidential election, Blair tried to use his relationship with President Bush to persuade the US to devote efforts to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In an interview with David Frost on Al Jazeera in November 2006, Blair appeared to agree with Frost's assessment that the war had been "pretty much of a disaster", although a Downing Street spokesperson denied that this was an accurate reflection of Blair's view.
Domestic politics
After fighting the 2001 election on the theme of improving public services, Blair's government raised taxes in 2002 (described by the Conservatives as " stealth taxes") in order to increase spending on education and health. Blair insisted the increased funding would have to be matched by internal reforms. The government introduced the Foundation Hospitals scheme to allow NHS hospitals financial autonomy, although the eventual shape of the proposals, after an internal struggle with Gordon Brown , allowed for less freedom than Blair had wished. Several healthcare trusts established under the foundation hospitals scheme are now in severe financial difficulties, having spent large proportions of their funding increases on pay rises for staff and on expensive drugs. As a result, with supply of healthcare services increasing less quickly than demand, benefits from the NHS have not increased to the same degree, and the NHS had an £800 million deficit for the 2005/6 financial year.
The peace process in Northern Ireland hit a series of problems. In October 2002, the Northern Ireland Assembly established under the Good Friday Agreement was suspended. Attempts to persuade the IRA to decommission its weapons were unsuccessful, and, in the second set of elections to the Assembly in November 2003, the staunchly unionist Democratic Unionist Party replaced the more moderate Ulster Unionist Party as Northern Ireland's largest unionist party, making a return to devolved government more difficult. At the same time, Sinn Féin replaced the more moderate SDLP as the province's largest nationalist party.
In its first term, the government had introduced an annual fixed tuition fee of around £1,000 for higher education students (rejecting requests from universities to be allowed to vary the fee), with reductions and exemptions for poor students. At the same time, the remaining student maintenance grant was replaced with a low-interest loan, which was to be repaid once the student was earning over a certain threshold. In 2003, Blair controversially introduced legislation permitting universities to charge variable fees of up to £3,000 per year. At the same time, the repayment of student loans was delayed until the graduate's income was much higher, and grants were reintroduced for some students from poorer backgrounds. It was claimed the increase in university fees violated a promise in Labour's 2001 election manifesto, though this claim is arguably unsustainable if the relevant promise is interpreted strictly and literally. At its second reading in the House of Commons in January 2004, the Higher Education Bill which contained the changes was passed with a majority of only five, due to a large-scale backbench Labour rebellion. A defeat was averted by a last-minute change of intention by a small number of Gordon Brown's backbench allies.
The term "Tony Bliar" is commonly used in anti-war demonstrations against the 2003 Iraq War
On 1 August 2003 Blair became the longest continuously serving Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, surpassing Harold Wilson 's 1964-1970 term. By this time, the Government was confronted with the crisis over the suicide of Dr. David Kelly, and there were no celebrations. The Hutton Inquiry into Kelly's death reported on 2 August, and, despite widespread expectations that Hutton's report would criticise Blair and his government, Hutton cleared the Government of deliberately inserting false intelligence into the September Dossier, while criticising the BBC editorial process which had allowed unfounded allegations to be broadcast. Evidence to the inquiry raised further questions over the use of intelligence in the run up to the war, and the report did not satisfy opponents of Blair and of the war. After a similar decision by President Bush, Blair set up another inquiry - the Butler Review - into the accuracy and presentation of the intelligence relating to Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction. Opponents of the war, especially the Liberal Democrats, refused to participate in this inquiry, since it did not meet their demands for a full public inquiry into whether the war was justified.
The political fallout from the Iraq War continued to dog Blair's premiership after the Butler Review. On 25 August 2004 Plaid Cymru MP Adam Price announced he would attempt to impeach Blair, hoping to invoke a Parliamentary procedure that has lain dormant for 150 years but has never been abolished. In principle, the British House of Commons has the power to indict Tony Blair before the House of Lords, who would in turn have the power to pass whatever sentence it considered appropriate upon him, without reference to the ordinary criminal courts. This move was supported by Plaid Cymru and the SNP, as well as by RESPECT's George Galloway and Independent MP Richard Taylor. Ten Conservative MPs signed the relevant motion, as did two Liberal Democrats, making a total of 23 MPs. The campaign attracted the support of writers Iain Banks and Frederick Forsyth, and actor Corin Redgrave. The case for Blair's impeachment was outlined by Adam Price in a report entitled "A case to answer".
In April 2004, Blair announced that a referendum would be held on the ratification of the EU Constitution. This represented a significant development in British politics: only one nationwide referendum had previously been held (in 1975, on whether the UK should remain in the EEC), though a referendum had been promised if the Government decided to join the Euro, and referenda had been held on devolved structures of government in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was a dramatic change of policy for Blair, who had previously dismissed calls for a referendum unless the constitution fundamentally altered the UK's relationship with the EU. Michael Howard seized upon this "EU-turn", reminding Blair of his declaration to the 2003 Labour Party conference that "I can only go one way. I haven't got a reverse gear". The referendum was expected to be held in early 2006; however, after the French and Dutch rejections of the constitution, the Blair government announced it was suspending plans for a referendum for the foreseeable future.
During his second term, Blair was increasingly the target for protests. His speech to the 2004 Labour Party conference, for example, was interrupted both by a protester against the Iraq War and by a group that opposed the government's decision to allow the House of Commons to ban fox hunting.
On 15 September 2004 Blair delivered a speech on the environment and the 'urgent issue' of climate change . In unusually direct language he concluded that If what the science tells us about climate change is correct, then unabated it will result in catastrophic consequences for our world... The science, almost certainly, is correct. The action he proposed to take appeared to be based on business and investment rather than legislative or tax-based attempts to reduce CO2 emissions: ...it is possible to combine reducing emissions with economic growth... investment in science and technology and in the businesses associated with it...
Health problems
On 19 October 2003 it emerged Blair had received treatment for an irregular heartbeat. Having felt ill the previous day, he went to hospital and was diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia. This was treated by cardioversion and he returned home that night. He was reported to have taken the following day ( 20 October) a more gently than usual and returned to a full schedule on 21 October. Downing Street aides later suggested the palpitations had been brought on by drinking lots of strong coffee at an EU summit and then working-out vigorously in the gym. However, former minister Lewis Moonie, a doctor, said the treatment was more serious than Number 10 had admitted: "Anaesthetising somebody and giving their heart electric shocks is not something you just do in the routine run of medical practice."
In September 2004, in off-the-cuff remarks during an interview with ITV news, Lord Bragg said Blair was "under colossal strain" over "considerations of his family" and that Blair had thought "things over very carefully." This led to speculation Blair would resign. Although details of a family problem were known by the press, no paper reported them because according to one journalist, to have done so would have breached "the bounds of privacy and media responsibility."
Blair underwent a catheter ablation to correct his irregular heartbeat on 1 October 2004, after announcing the procedure on the previous day, in a series of interviews in which he also declared he would seek a third term but not a fourth. The planned procedure was carried out at London 's Hammersmith hospital.
Connaught Square
At the same time as Blair's operation it was disclosed the Blairs had purchased a house at 29 Connaught Square, London , for a reported £3.5 million. Some have speculated that part of No. 29 is to be converted into offices for a future Blair Foundation. The purchase also led to more speculation that Blair was preparing for life after government.
Third term 2005 to present
The Labour Party won the 2005 general election and a third consecutive term in office. The next day, Blair was invited to form a Government by Queen Elizabeth II . The reduction in the Labour majority (from 167 to 66) and the low share of the popular vote (35%) led to some Labour MPs calling for Blair to leave office sooner rather than later; among them was Frank Dobson, who had served in Blair's cabinet during his first term. However, dissenting voices quickly vanished as Blair in June 2005 took on European leaders over the future direction of the European Union .
G8 and EU presidencies
The rejection by France and the Netherlands of the treaty to establish a constitution for the European Union presented Blair with an opportunity to postpone the doubtful UK referendum on the constitution without taking the blame for failing from the EU. Foreign Secretary Jack Straw announced that the Parliamentary Bill to enact a referendum was suspended indefinitely. It had previously been agreed that ratification would continue unless the treaty had been rejected by at least five of the 25 European Union member states who must all ratify it. In an address to the European Parliament , Blair stated: "I believe in Europe as a political project. I believe in Europe with a strong and caring social dimension."
Chirac held several meetings with Schröder and the pair pressed for the UK to give up its rebate, famously won by Margaret Thatcher in 1984. After verbal conflict over several weeks, Blair, along with the leaders of all 25 member states, descended on Brussels for the EU Summit of the 18 June 2005 to attempt to finalise the EU budget for 2007-2013. Blair refused to renegotiate the rebate unless the proposals included a compensating overhaul of EU spending, particularly on the Common Agricultural Policy which composes 44% of the EU budget. After intense arguments inside closed doors, talks broke down late at night and the leaders emerged, all blaming each other. It is widely accepted that Blair came out on top, making allies in the Netherlands and Sweden and potentially (and crucially) several of the Eastern European accession countries.
It fell to Blair to broker a deal on the EU budget during the UK's Presidency of the European Union during the latter half of 2005. Early international opinion, particularly in the French press, suggested that Blair held a very strong opening position partly on account of the concurrence of British presidencies of the EU and G8. However, early in the UK's six-month term the 7 July London bombings distracted political attention from the EU despite some ambitious early statements about Blair's agenda. Domestically, Blair faced further distractions from European affairs including a resurgent Conservative Party under its newly-elected leader David Cameron , and assessments of the British presidency's achievements under Blair have been lukewarm in spite of some diplomatic success including a last-minute budget deal. The most controversial result was an agreement to increase British contributions to the EU development budget for new member countries, which effectively reduced the UK rebate by 20%.
2012 Summer Olympics
On 6 July 2005, during the 117th International Olympic Committee ( IOC) session in Singapore , the IOC announced that the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Games of the XXX Olympiad, were awarded to London over Paris by a small (four votes) margin. The competition between Paris and London to host the Games had become increasingly heated particularly after French President Jacques Chirac commented three days before the vote that "one cannot trust people [ie: the British] whose cuisine are so bad." The surprise win by London over the perceived frontrunner Paris was said to have been decided by the presence of Blair at the IOC session. Irish IOC member Patrick Hickey said, "This is down to Tony Blair. If he hadn't come here I'd say that six to eight votes would have been lost and London would not be sitting here today winners".
2005 London bombings
Tony Blair reads a statement following the July 7, 2005 London bombings.
On Thursday 7 July 2005, a series of four bomb explosions struck London's public transport system during the morning rush-hour. All four incidents were suicide bombings. Fifty-six people were killed and 700 injured. The incident was the deadliest single act of terrorism in the United Kingdom since 270 died in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland and replaced the 1998 Omagh Bombing (29 Dead) as the second most deadliest terrorist attack on British soil. It was also the deadliest bombing in London since World War II .
Blair made a statement about the day's bombings, saying that he believed it was "reasonably clear" that it was an act of terror, and that he hoped the people of Britain could demonstrate that their will to overcome the events is greater than the terrorists' wish to cause destruction. He also said that his determination to "defend" the British way of life outweighed "extremist determination" to destroy it. On 13 July 2005, he told that international cooperation would be needed to "pull up this evil ideology by its roots".
On 21 July 2005, a second series of explosions were reported in London , two weeks and some hours after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Four controlled explosions, of devices considerably less advanced than those of the previous attacks, were carried out at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval underground stations, and on a bus in Shoreditch. Even though the attacks on the 21st were less severe than those on the 7th, Blair was reported to have said that the bombings in London today were intended "to scare people and to frighten them, to make them anxious and worried". He went on to say how the "police have done their very best, and the security services too, in the situation, and I think we have just got to react calmly and continue with our business as much as possible normal".
Concerns about terror attacks led to 10 Downing Street requesting media organizations not to identify the location of Blair's 2005 summer holiday. After Blair attended a public function it was acknowledged that the holiday was in Barbados , as a guest of the singer Cliff Richard with whom Blair has stayed before. During a renewed stay there in August 2006, Blair refused to endorse calls for a ceasefire in Lebanon.
A Guardian/ICM poll conducted after the first wave of attacks found that 64% of the British population believed that Blair's decision to wage war in Iraq had led indirectly to the terrorist attacks on London. The public did however indicate approval of Blair's handling of the attacks, with his approval rating moving into positive territory for the first time in five years. In December 2005, the Prime Minister was presented with the "Statesman of the Decade" award by the EastWest Institute, a trans-Atlantic think tank that organizes an annual Security Conference in Brussels.
Proposed laws to cope with the threat of terrorism proved extremely controversial; an amendment to require that glorifying terrorism be deliberate in order to be an offence was rejected in the House of Commons by just three votes (a result initially announced as a one-vote margin, due to a miscount). The proposal to allow terrorist suspects to be held for questioning for up to 90 days was defeated on 9 November by a margin of 31 with 49 Labour MPs voting against the government. Instead, MPs supported an amendment to allow questioning for 28 days proposed by veteran backbencher David Winnick. This was Blair's first defeat on the floor of the House of Commons since he became Prime Minister in 1997, and most commentators saw this as seriously undermining his authority.
Education reforms 2006
The introduction of further reforms to the education system, which restricted the involvement of local education authorities in opening new schools, proved controversial. Labour backbenchers opposed to the proposals produced a rival manifesto, and the Bill to introduce the changes was delayed while the government negotiated with them. The Conservative Party declared its support for the reforms, making passage certain but increasing the likelihood that Labour MPs would vote against them. On 15 March 2006 the Education and Inspections Bill passed its second reading, with 52 Labour MPs voting against; had the Conservative Party also voted against it would have been defeated.
Local elections on 4 May 2006 and cabinet reshuffle
The local elections in England on 4 May 2006 dealt a blow to Blair, with the loss of 317 seats and 18 councils. This result was thought to be partly continued fallout from public dissatisfaction over the decision to invade Iraq, and partly due to a scandal concerning the Home Office's mishandling of foreign criminals' deportation. At the same time, an affair of the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott with his diary secretary had been made public. Further, some Primary Care and Hospital Trust sustained significant deficits and had to release staff, which called into question the position of Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt. On 5 May, Blair reshuffled his Cabinet. Most significantly, Charles Clarke and Foreign Secretary Jack Straw were relieved of their duties and many other positions were reassigned. Many commentators saw this as a panic reaction designed to ward off calls for Blair to step down.
Resignation as Labour Party leader and Prime Minister
On 7 September 2006, Blair announced that the 2006 Labour Party conference would be his last as leader (i.e. he planned to resign by September 2007). Gordon Brown , the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is the favourite to be the next Labour Party leader and thereby to take over from Blair as Prime Minister.
Background
After Labour's 2004 conference, Blair announced in a BBC interview that he would serve a "full third term" but would not fight a fourth general election. No term limits exist in British politics, and such an announcement was historically unprecedented. Blair said he would give "ample time" for his successor to establish himself before the next general election, likely to be held in 2009 or 2010.
Following the 2005 election there has been constant speculation over the date of Blair's departure. At Westminster, he was expected to retire after the proposed UK referendum on the European Union Constitution, but the constitution's demise eliminated this possibility. The July 2005 terror attacks also reduced the likelihood of an early departure. Speculation as to the likely timing of Blair's departure increased in May 2006, following Labour's poor results in English local elections. His successor is widely expected to be Gordon Brown , the current Chancellor of the Exchequer. The only politician to formally declare himself a contender for Labour leadership following Blair's departure is left-wing Labour MP John McDonnell, who launched his campaign on 14 July 2006.
If Blair remains in office until 27 November 2008, he would surpass Margaret Thatcher as the longest continuously serving Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool, 1812-27.
On 22 August 2005, the Sunday Mirror suggested Blair would join the Carlyle Group upon leaving Number Ten. The chairman of Carlyle is Lou Gerstner, whom Blair personally recommended for a knighthood in 2001.
Blair has said that after stepping down as Prime Minister, he plans to leave front-line politics and does not intend to take a seat in the House of Lords, commenting that it is, "...not my scene". There were rumours in the British press that Blair would stand for the position of United Nations Secretary-General when Kofi Annan stepped down on 31 December 2006, but Blair did not pursue that position.
It was reported on 30 July 2006 that Blair had agreed a £4m deal for his diaries with a publishing firm owned by Rupert Murdoch.
On 5 September 2006 a letter signed by 17 Labour MPs called for Tony Blair to resign. On the same day 49 other Labour MPs signed a statement supporting Blair's departure timetable. The next day The Sun reported that Blair would step down as Labour leader on May 31, 2007, and as Prime Minister when a new leader is elected. That same day, seven of the MPs who signed the letter resigned as Parliamentary Private Secretaries (unpaid and unofficial posts assisting Government ministers).
Regarding his departure, on 7 September 2006 he stated that the next Labour Party conference would be his last as leader. He did not announce a specific timetable for either his departure or the election of a new leader, but he did state that he would "set a precise date" at some point in the future. On 26 September 2006 he restated this at Labour's annual conference "this is my last conference as leader".
Row over Muslim women wearing veils
A row over Muslim women wearing veils developed after Leader of the Commons Jack Straw said he asked women in his constituency to remove them when they visited him. The Prime Minister believed that this was a "mark of separation" and made some "outside the community feel uncomfortable". He also backed Kirklees Council, which suspended a classroom assistant Aishah Azmi for refusing to remove her full face veil at school. There was criticism from some areas asserting that the Prime Minister may have breached the ministerial code with his outspoken intervention especially as Miss Azmi's court case was still ongoing.
Blair and Parliament
Blair has changed Parliamentary procedures significantly. One of his first acts as Prime Minister was to replace the two weekly 15-minute sessions of Prime Minister's Questions, held on a Tuesday and Thursday, with a single 30-minute session on a Wednesday. This reform was said to have led to greater efficiency, but critics have noted that it is easier to prepare for one long set of questions than for two shorter sessions. In addition to PMQs, Blair has held monthly press conferences, at which he fields questions in a less confrontational manner than in the Commons.
Other procedural reforms supported by Blair include changes to the rules concerning the times when Parliament sits. These latter changes are said to allow Parliament to operate in a more business-like manner.
Blair and Brown
After the death of John Smith in 1994, both Blair and Gordon Brown were viewed as possible candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party. They had agreed that they would not stand against each other, and Brown had previously been considered to be the more senior of the two men — he understood this to mean that Blair would give way to him. It soon became apparent, however, that Blair had greater public support. At the Granita restaurant in Islington on 31 May, Brown agreed with Blair that he would not contest the leadership election. He understood Blair to have agreed in return to step down as party leader after a specified period (after 8 years, according to some reports), but Blair has always denied striking any such deal with him. It may be that both men placed honestly differing interpretations on the same conversation. In September 2003, British TV Channel Channel 4 broadcast a one-off drama about the alleged agreement, called The Deal, which culminated in the conversation in question. The final words of it, as spoken by the actors playing Blair and Brown, were as follows:
Brown: And the election after that? (i.e. the election following two terms of a Labour Government) Blair: Well... Obviously, I couldn't go on for ever.
It has also been alleged that while in office as Prime Minister, Blair gave Brown further indications (and even promises) that he would step down in Brown's favour at specified times. Whatever the truth of these reports, Blair's consistent refusal to leave office (so far) has led to relations between the two men becoming irretrievably embittered. At certain times, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott has reportedly acted as their "marriage guidance counsellor".
Another aspect of the political relationship between Blair and Brown is the exceptional freedom given by Blair from the start of his time in office to his Chancellor in the area of economic policy. Downing Street insiders have subsequently reported that Blair grew to regret granting Brown this freedom, since he has been excluded from important fiscal decisions as a result.
Blair is still seen as refusing to endorse Gordon Brown as his successor. Commentators speculate that this reflects hopes in Downing Street that, given sufficient time, other candidates for Prime Minister will emerge so as to force a full leadership contest.
Blair's religious faith
Blair has rarely discussed his religious faith in public, but he is often identified as an Anglo-Catholic — that is, a member of the high church branch of the Church of England , sympathetic to the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church . His wife Cherie Booth is a practising Roman Catholic, and Blair has attended Catholic Masses at Westminster Cathedral, while on holiday in Italy, and with his family at his current home in Number 10 Downing Street. At one point, he was reprimanded by Cardinal Basil Hume for receiving Holy Communion at Mass despite not being a Roman Catholic, a contravention of Catholic doctrine.
In an interview with Michael Parkinson broadcast on ITV1 on 4 March 2006, Blair referred to the role of his Christian faith in his decision to go to war in Iraq, stating that he had prayed about the issue, and saying that God would judge him for his decision: "I think if you have faith about these things, you realise that judgement is made by other people … and if you believe in God, it's made by God as well." His comments were later interpreted by some of his critics as indicating that he believed that God had endorsed his decision to participate in the invasion.
Political overview
Which part of the political spectrum Tony Blair occupies is disputed. Many Britons would place him in the centre ground. His party (Labour) is a socialist political party, and Conservatives consider him left of centre. Yet some of his Labour-party backbenchers and other Left-wing critics would place him to the right of centre. Blair rarely applies such labels to himself, though he promised, in advance of the 1997 election, that New Labour would govern "from the radical centre", and he is on record as describing himself as a " social democrat".
An overview of Blair's policies gives an idea of the difficulty of defining him politically. He has raised taxes; implemented redistributive policies (to a rather larger extent than popularly realised); introduced a minimum wage and some new employment rights (while keeping Margaret Thatcher's trade union legislation); introduced significant constitutional reforms (which remain incomplete and controversial); promoted new rights for gay people in the Civil Partnerships Act; and signed treaties integrating Britain more closely with the EU). He has also firmly supported George W. Bush's foreign policy (while reportedly attempting to act as a restraining influence on him); introduced substantial market-based reforms in the education and health sectors; introduced student tuition fees; sought to reduce certain categories of welfare payments; and introduced tough anti-terrorism and identity card legislation (with claimed public support).
Criticism
The criticism of Tony Blair includes accusations of dishonesty and authoritarianism, as well as criticism about his alliance with U.S. President George W. Bush , and his policies in the Middle East , including the Iraq War , the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Signs of increasing public animosity towards him came in a poll by the British television station Channel 4 in 2003 which found Tony Blair listed as first in a list of the one hundred worst Britons.
Spin, authoritarianism and alleged dishonesty
A widely-levelled criticism of Blair and his subordinates is that they make use of spin to such an extent that his government has fundamentally lost credibility with the British public. It is also claimed that the Government has on occasions crossed the line between selective presentation of information and deliberate misleading.
Blair is perceived by many as an excessively autocratic leader, paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the House of Commons . His style is sometimes compared to not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he is, but more to a president and head of state, which he is not.
Blair has consistently supported the police and sought to increase police powers. While this policy initially attracted widespread support, the government's legislative response to the threat of militant Islamism has been regarded by some as authoritarian.
Blair has often (particularly after the invasion of Iraq) been labelled as an insincere "King of Spin" and "Phoney Tony", and has been accused of cronyism in his perceived penchant for promoting his friends to top jobs (Tony's Cronies). In his early years, Blair was often criticised as an unscrupulous opportunist who was solely interested in doing anything that would get him elected, a focus group politician. More recently, his unpopular support of the United States over Iraq has shown more commitment to his own beliefs, despite public opposition. His name has been deliberately mis-spelt 'Tony Bliar' (sometimes 'B. Liar') or 'Tory Blur' by critics of his actions and his policies (particularly his stance on Iraq). The Economist on 5 June 2003 devoted its front cover to a photograph of Blair and the headline, "Bliar?".
Relationship with the United States
George W. Bush and Tony Blair shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on 12 November 2004.
Along with enjoying a close relationship with Bill Clinton during the latter's time in office, Blair has formed a strong political alliance with President George W. Bush of the United States of America , particularly in the area of foreign policy: at one point, Nelson Mandela described Blair as "the US foreign minister". For his part, President Bush has lauded Blair and the UK. In his post-September 11 speech, for example, he stated that "America has no truer friend than Great Britain". The alliance between Bush and Blair has seriously damaged Blair's standing in the eyes of many British people.
Middle East policy and links with Israel
One of Blair's first actions in joining the Labour Party was to join Labour Friends of Israel. In 1994, a friend and former colleague of Blair at 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers, Eldred Tabachnik, Q.C. (one time president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews) introduced Blair to Michael Levy, later Lord Levy, a pop music mogul and major fundraiser for Jewish and Israeli causes, at a dinner party hosted by the Israeli diplomat Gideon Meir. Blair and Levy soon became close friends and tennis partners. Levy ran the Labour Leader's Office Fund to finance Blair's campaign before the 1997 General Election and received substantial contributions from such figures as Alex Bernstein and Robert Gavron, both of whom were ennobled by Blair after he came to power. Levy was created a life peer by Blair in 1997, and in 2002, just prior to the Iraq War, Blair appointed Levy as his personal envoy to the Middle East . Levy has praised Blair for his "solid and committed support of the State of Israel" and has been described himself as "a leading international Zionist". In 2004, Blair was heavily criticised by 50 former diplomats, including ambassadors to Baghdad and Tel Aviv for his policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Iraq War. They stated they had "watched with deepening concern" at Britain following the U.S. into war in Iraq in 2003 also stating, "We feel the time has come to make our anxieties public, in the hope that they will be addressed in parliament and will lead to a fundamental reassessment," and asked Blair to exert "real influence as a loyal ally". The ambassadors also accused the allies of having "no effective plan" for the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq and the apparent disregard for the lives of Iraqi civilians. They diplomats also criticised Blair for his support for the road map which included the retaining of settlements on the West Bank stating, "Our dismay at this backward step is heightened by the fact that you yourself seem to have endorsed it, abandoning the principles which for nearly four decades have guided international efforts to restore peace in the Holy Land".
In 2006, Blair was heavily criticised for his failure to call for a ceasefire in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his cabinet openly criticising Israel. Jack Straw, the Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary stated that Israel's actions risked destabilising all of Lebanon and that it was "very difficult to understand the kind of military tactics used by Israel", "These are not surgical strikes but have instead caused death and misery amongst innocent civilians.". The Observer newspaper claimed that at a cabinet meeting before Blair left for a summit with President George Bush on July 28, 2006, a significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticise Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon.
Relationship with Labour party
Blair's apparent refusal to set a date for his departure has been criticised by the British press and members of parliament. It has been reported that a number of cabinet ministers believed that Blair's timely departure from office would be required to be able to win a fourth election. Some ministers viewed Blair's announcement of policy initiatives in September 2006 as an attempt to draw attention away from these issues. Upon his return from his holiday in the West Indies he announced that all the speculation about his leaving must stop. This stirred not only his traditional critics but also traditional party loyalists.
While the Blair government has introduced social policies supported by the left of the Labour Party, such as the minimum wage and measures to reduce child poverty , Blair is seen on economic and management issues as being to the right of much of the party. A possible comparison may be made with American Democrats such as Joe Lieberman, who have been accused by their party's "base" of adopting their opponents' political stances. Some critics describe Blair as a reconstructed neoconservative or Thatcherite . He is occasionally described as "Son of Thatcher", though Lady Thatcher herself rejected this identification in an interview with ITV1 on the night of the 2005 election, saying that in her opinion the resemblances were superficial.
Approval rating
In May 2006, the Daily Telegraph reported that Blair's personal approval rating had dipped to just 26 per cent, lower than Harold Wilson's rating after devaluation of the pound and James Callaghan's during the Winter of Discontent, meaning that Blair had become the most unpopular post-war Labour Prime Minister. Of all British Prime Ministers , only Margaret Thatcher and John Major have recorded lower approval (the former in the aftermath of the Poll Tax Riots). Previously Blair had achieved the highest approval ratings of any British Prime Minister of either party in the months following his election in 1997.
Portrayals in fiction
Michael Sheen has portrayed Blair twice in the films The Deal (2003) and The Queen (2006).
Tony Blair made a cameo appearance as himself in The Simpsons episode, The Regina Monologues (2003).
Works
Blair, Tony (2003). Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government Diane Publishing, ISBN 0-7567-3102-X
Blair, Tony (2002). The Courage of Our Convictions Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0603-4
Blair, Tony (2000). Superpower: Not Superstate? (Federal Trust European Essays) Federal Trust for Education & Research, ISBN 1-903403-25-1
Blair, Tony (1998). The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0588-7
Blair, Tony (1998). Leading the Way: New Vision for Local Government Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-86030-075-8
Blair, Tony (1997). New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country Basic Books, ISBN 0-8133-3338-5
Blair, Tony (1995). Let Us Face the Future Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0571-2
Blair, Tony (1994). What Price Safe Society? Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0562-3
Blair, Tony (1994). Socialism Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0565-8
Miscellany
Blair, T. (2004). "Blair, The Right Hon. A. C. L." from Who's Who, 156th ed., London: A & C Black.
Halsbury's Laws of England (2004), reference to impeachment in volume on Constitutional Law and Human Rights , paragraph 416
The Queen (2006 film)
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Having a name meaning ‘Winged Finger‘ which dinosaur was described as being a long slender, powerful creature with long narrow jaws, sharp teeth and a wingspan of approximately 3 feet 3 inches ? | Dinosaurs In the News
Dinosaurs In the News
Entire Chunk of Feathered Dinosaur Discovered in Amber Scientific American - December 11, 2016
The color appears to have been chestnut brown on top and cream or white on the bottom, but it is possible the colors have been altered by, and it bears repeating here, the 99 million years they've spent in the ground.
Dino-bird fossil had sparkly feathers 'to attract mate ' BBC - November 15, 2016
An extinct bird that lived about 120 million years ago had iridescent feathers that it may have used to attract a mate, fossil evidence shows. The prehistoric bird, which was found recently in China, may have puffed up its feathers like a peacock. The bird's feathers are "remarkably preserved", including the chemical that gave them sparkle. The animal belongs to a group of early birds known as enantiornithines, which lived during the Age of the Dinosaurs. All known specimens come from rocks in Liaoning, China, which have yielded numerous fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds and pterosaurs.
Fossilized dinosaur brain tissue identified for the first time Science Daily - October 28, 2016
Researchers have identified the first known example of fossilized brain tissue in a dinosaur from Sussex. The tissues resemble those seen in modern crocodiles and birds. An unassuming brown pebble, found more than a decade ago by a fossil hunter in Sussex, has been confirmed as the first example of fossilized brain tissue from a dinosaur. The fossil, most likely from a species closely related to Iguanodon, displays distinct similarities to the brains of modern-day crocodiles and birds. Meninges -- the tough tissues surrounding the actual brain -- as well as tiny capillaries and portions of adjacent cortical tissues have been preserved as mineralized 'ghosts'.
Giant dinosaur footprint discovered in Mongolia desert PhysOrg - September 30, 2016
One of the biggest dinosaur footprints ever recorded has been unearthed in the Gobi Desert, researchers said Friday, offering a fresh clue about the giant creatures that roamed the earth millions of years ago. A joint Mongolian-Japanese expedition found the giant print, which measures 106 centimetres (42 inches) long and 77 centimetres wide. One of several footprints discovered in the vast Mongolian desert, the huge fossil was discovered last month in a geologic layer formed between 70 million and 90 million years ago, researchers said.
Ancient birds' wings preserved in amber BBC - June 28, 2016
Two wings from birds that lived alongside the dinosaurs have been found preserved in amber. The "spectacular" finds from Myanmar are from baby birds that got trapped in the sticky sap of a tropical forest 99 million years ago. Exquisite detail has been preserved in the feathers, including traces of colour in spots and stripes. The wings had sharp little claws, allowing the juvenile birds to clamber about in the trees. The tiny fossils, which are between two and three centimetres long, could shed further light on the evolution of birds from their dinosaur ancestors.
Rare Dinosaur - Era Bird Wings Found Trapped in Amber National Geographic - June 28, 2016
Bone, tissue, and feathers show the almost 100-million-year-old wings are remarkably similar to those on modern birds. Two tiny wings entombed in amber reveal that plumage (the layering, patterning, coloring, and arrangement of feathers) seen in birds today already existed in at least some of their predecessors nearly a hundred million years ago. They most likely he belonged to enantiornithes, a group of avian dinosaurs that became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Skin, muscle, claws, and feather shafts are visible, along with the remains of rows of feathers similar in arrangement and microstructure to modern birds.
Dinosaurs Migrated Out of Europe as Ancient Supercontinent Broke Up Live Science - April 29, 2016
Between 230 million and 66 million years ago, dinosaurs plodded across the supercontinent Pangea, and migrated from Europe to other parts of the world. Now, by gathering and comparing all the data about their fossils, paleontologists have been able to visually map the dinosaurs' migration during the time they ruled the Earth. The researchers used "network theory" in a new way to see how different dinosaur fossils were connected.
Newly discovered titanosaurian dinosaur from Argentina, Sarmientosaurus Science Daily - April 26, 2016
Approximately 95-million-year-old complete sauropod skull examined, possibly exceptional sensory capabilities. Scientists have discovered Sarmientosaurus musacchioi, a new species of titanosaurian dinosaur, based on an complete skull and partial neck fossil unearthed in Patagonia, Argentina, according to a new study. The researchers found that the Sarmientosaurus brain was small relative to its enormous body, typical of sauropods. However, they also found evidence of greater sensory capabilities than most other sauropods. They suggest that Sarmientosaurus had large eyeballs and good vision, and that the inner ear may have been better tuned for hearing low-frequency airborne sounds compared to other titanosaurs. Moreover, the balance organ of the inner ear indicates that this dinosaur may have habitually held its head with the snout facing downward, possibly to feed primarily on low-growing plants.
Dinosaurs 'in decline' 50 million years before asteroid strike BBC - April 18, 2016
The new assessment adds further fuel to a debate on how dinosaurs were doing when a 10km-wide space rock slammed into Earth 66 million years ago. A team suggests the creatures were in long-term decline because they could not cope with the ways Earth was changing.
Deceptive feathered dinosaur finally gets a name PhysOrg - April 18, 2016
Solving one of the longest cases of mistaken identity, University of Alberta PhD candidate Greg Funston recently described a new genus and species of toothless dinosaur from Alberta. Long thought to be a more common ornithomimid, Apatoraptor pennatus instead turned out to be a member of the notoriously enigmatic caenagnathid family.
Jurassic Park Just Got Real? Chicken Embryo Grown With Dinosaur Legs Morning News USA - March 17, 2016
It's a known fact in the field of science that birds and chickens, for that matter, are dinosaurs. They are among the present-day animals that are direct descendants of long-gone dinosaurs. Over the course of millions of years, birds, to which chickens belong, have evolved and survived the test of time. But through the course of millions of years, chickens have lost some of the primitive traits and features of their ancestors. One of which is their humongous and powerful lower legs.
Scientists develop chick with 'dinosaur' feet: study PhysOrg - March 17, 2016
Scientists in Chile have created a chicken embryo that developed dinosaur-like feet after genetic manipulation, highlighting the evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and birds. The research shows that "by inhibiting early maturation of a leg of the chicken embryo, the leg reverts to the shape that dinosaurs' legs had. The research should help shed new light not just on the links between birds and dinosaurs, but on the genetic changes involved in the evolution
Molecular experiment reverses evolution in birds obtaining a dinosaur-like lower leg PhysOrg - March 11, 2016
Anyone who has eaten roasted chicken can account for the presence of a long, spine-like bone in the drumstick. This is actually the fibula, one of the two long bones of the lower leg (the outer one). In dinosaurs, the ancestors of birds, this bone is tube-shaped and reaches all the way down to the ankle. However, in the evolution from dinosaurs to birds, it lost its lower end, and no longer connects to the ankle, being shorter than the other bone in the lower leg, the tibia. Scientists noted long ago that bird embryos first develop a tubular, dinosaur-like fibula. Afterward, it becomes shorter than the tibia and acquires its adult, splinter-like shape.
Research team identifies rare dinosaur from Appalachia PhysOrg - January 23, 2016
An international team of researchers has identified and named a new species of dinosaur that is the most complete, primitive duck-billed dinosaur to ever be discovered in the eastern United States. They named the new dinosaur Eotrachodon orientalis, which means dawn rough tooth from the east. The name pays homage to "Trachodon," which was the first duck-billed dinosaur named in 1856.
Fossil dinosaur tracks give insight into lives of prehistoric giants PhysOrg - December 1, 2015
A newly discovered collection of rare dinosaur tracks is helping scientists shed light on some of the biggest animals ever to live on land. Hundreds of footprints and handprints made by plant-eating sauropods around 170 million years ago have been found on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The discovery - which is the biggest dinosaur site yet found in Scotland - helps fill an important gap in the evolution the huge, long-necked animals, which were the biggest of the dinosaurs.
Ornithomimus dinosaur with preserved tail feathers and skin tightens linkages between dinosaurs and birds PhysOrg - October 28, 2015
An undergraduate University of Alberta paleontology student has discovered an Ornithomimus dinosaur with preserved tail feathers and soft tissue. The discovery is shedding light on the convergent evolution of these dinosaurs with ostriches and emus relating to thermoregulation and is also tightening the linkages between dinosaurs and modern birds.
Baby Duck-Billed Dinos Unearthed in 'Dragon's Tomb' Nest Live Science - October 14, 2015
A cluster of baby duck-billed dinosaurs - hadrosaurs like the adorable character Ducky in the 1988 animated film "The Land Before Time" - was uncovered in a slab of rock from a fossil-rich part of Mongolia known as "Dragon's Tomb." Scientists examining a roughly 1-foot-long (0.3 meters) piece of rock from the Dragon's Tomb site, which is located in the Gobi Desert, discovered at least three new baby Saurolophus angustirostris fossils. The rock was part of a dinosaur nest and contained some interesting bones, but until now, scientists didn't know exactly what those bones were. The new discovery, akin to finding a whole new chapter in a family photo album, could help researchers piece together the entire Saurolophus family tree. Saurolophus were large duck-billed hadrosaurs with distinctive crests on the top of their heads. But the newly identified fossils weren't very large at all, the scientists said. In fact, the newfound hadrosaurs were probably at the very earliest stages of life - either they had just hatched, or were just about to.
Dinosaurs became birds
Dinosaur find: Velociraptor ancestor was 'winged dragon' BBC - July 16, 2015
Scientists have discovered a winged dinosaur - an ancestor of the velociraptor - that they say was on the cusp of becoming a bird. The 6ft 6in (2m) creature was almost perfectly preserved in limestone, thanks to a volcanic eruption that had buried it in north-east China. And the 125-million year-old fossil suggests many other dinosaurs, including velociraptors, would have looked like "big, fluffy killer birds".
End of the dinosaurs gave rise to the modern 'Age of Fishes,' researchers find PhysOrg - June 30, 2015
A pair of paleobiologists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego have determined that the world's most numerous and diverse vertebrates - ray-finned fishes - began their ecological dominance of the oceans 66 million years ago, aided by the mass extinction event that killed off dinosaurs. Mammals evolved 250 million years ago but didn't become really important until after the mass extinction. Ray-finned fishes have the same kind of story. The lineage has been around for hundreds of millions of years, but without the mass extinction event 66 million years ago, it is very likely that the oceans wouldn't be dominated by the fish we see today.
Why did the dinosaur cross the equator, then not stay there? Science Daily - June 15, 2015
For more than 30 million years after dinosaurs first appeared, they remained inexplicably rare near the equator, where only a few small-bodied meat-eating dinosaurs eked out a living. The age-long absence of big plant-eaters at low latitudes is one of the great, unanswered questions about the rise of the dinosaurs. And now the mystery has a solution, according to an international team of scientists who pieced together a remarkably detailed picture of the climate and ecology more than 200 million years ago at Ghost Ranch in northern New Mexico, a site rich with fossils from the Late Triassic Period.
How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds Scientific American - June 13, 2015
Modern birds descended from a group of two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods, whose members include the towering Tyrannosaurus rex and the smaller velociraptors. The theropods most closely related to avians generally weighed between 100 and 500 pounds - giants compared to most modern birds - and they had large snouts, big teeth, and not much between the ears. A velociraptor, for example, had a skull like a coyote�s and a brain roughly the size of a pigeon�s.
Researchers hot on the trail of Velociraptor relative Science Daily - June 11, 2015
In a discovery seemingly straight from the movie 'Jurassic World,' researchers have just documented a rich fossil footprint site in central China containing tracks by several kinds of dinosaurs, including raptors. From these tracks, the team has gained new insights into how raptors moved.
Were Dinosaurs Warm-Blooded? New Study Fuels Debate - June 11, 2015
Dinosaurs were once thought to be the cold-blooded kings of the Mesozoic era. But new research on their growth rates suggests the prehistoric beasts grew just as fast as mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded creatures. However, not everyone agrees with the results, and some paleontologists suggest dinosaurs fell in the middle of the cold-blooded (ectotherm) and warm-blooded (endotherm) spectrum, making them intermediate-blooded (mesotherms).
Preserved dinosaur cells found, but scientists still can't build Jurassic World PhysOrg - June 10, 2015
The science behind the Jurassic Park films always seemed far-fetched, even before the latest installment, Jurassic World, introduced the idea of genetically engineered super-dinosaurs. For one thing, finding mosquitoes that had drunk the blood of dinosaurs and then been preserved in amber for hundreds of millions of years is incredibly unlikely. But there's another more important reason: organic molecules such as proteins and DNA degrade fast after a creature's death. They are almost never found preserved in bones older than a few thousand years. This has been the dogma for many years.
Wales' 'first meat-eating' Jurassic dinosaur on show BBC - June 9, 2015
A fossilized skeleton of a meat-eating Jurassic dinosaur found on a south Wales beach is being revealed to the public for the first time. The small theropod dinosaur - a distant cousin of the giant Tyrannosaurus rex - was uncovered by spring storms in 2014 at Lavernock, Vale of Glamorgan.
'Blood cells' found in dino fossils BBC - June 9, 2015
Researchers have discovered what appear to be the remnants of red blood cells and connective tissue in 75 million-year-old dinosaur fossils. The work could shine a light on long-standing questions about dinosaur physiology, including whether specific species were warm- or cold-blooded. Chemical analysis revealed similarities between blood cells from fossils and those from living emu.
Oldest horned dinosaur species in North America found in Montana PhysOrg - December 10, 2014
The limited fossil record for neoceratopsian - or horned dinosaurs - from the Early Cretaceous in North America restricts scientists' ability to reconstruct the early evolution of this group. The authors of this study have discovered a dinosaur skull in Montana that represents the first horned dinosaur from the North American Early Cretaceous that they can identify to the species level.
Mystery of dinosaur with giant arms solved BBC - October 22, 2014
For half a century, all that was known about this dinosaur was that it had enormous forearms, measuring 2.4m-long (8ft) and tipped with three giant claws. Its name Deinocheirus mirificus means unusual, horrible hands. In various reconstructions, it has been imagined as anything from a T. rex-type predator grasping at prey with its claws, to a giant, sloth-like climber, using its arms to dangle from trees. But the discovery of two nearly complete skeletons in Mongolia have finally laid this speculation to rest. The international research team says the beast was very large, measuring about 11m (36ft) long and weighing six tons. It had an elongated head with a duck-like beak, and a large humped sail on its back.
New dinosaur species unearthed in Venezuela PhysOrg - October 8, 2014
A team of paleontologists with members from Brazil, Venezuela, the U.S. and Germany has found fossil evidence of a previously unknown dinosaur in Venezuela. Because the bone fossils were found in the Venezuelan state of Tachira the dino has been named Tachiraptor admirabilis, a relatively small dinosaur believed to have measured just 1.5 meters from the tip of its nose to the end of its tail. The research team believes the bones date to approximately 201 million years ago. That would put the creature that left them behind as living just a million years after the mass extinction that marked the conclusion of the Triassic period and the beginning stages of the Jurassic.
How dinosaur arms turned into bird wings Science Daily - September 30, 2014
Although we now appreciate that birds evolved from a branch of the dinosaur family tree, a crucial adaptation for flight has continued to puzzle evolutionary biologists. During the millions of years that elapsed, wrists went from straight to bent and hyperflexible, allowing birds to fold their wings neatly against their bodies when not flying. A resolution to this impasse is now provided by an exciting new study.
Dinosaur With Mysteriously Large Nose Discovered in Utah Epoch Times - September 24, 2014
Rhinorex condrupus was recently discovered in Utah. And that thing on the front of its head? That�s its nose. Rhinorex was actually dug up in the 1990s, but it was never put together. It was just kept in storage at Brigham Young University. Finally, two scientists decided to piece the fossils together, and that�s when they realized they had a new species on their hands.
Hadrosaur with huge nose discovered: Function of dinosaur's unusual trait a mystery Science Daily - September 24, 2014
Call it the Jimmy Durante of dinosaurs - a newly discovered hadrosaur with a truly distinctive nasal profile. The new dinosaur, named Rhinorex condrupus by paleontologists, lived in what is now Utah approximately 75 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period.
Nest of Young Dinosaurs with 'Babysitter' Discovered Live Science - September 3, 2014
A nest of baby dinosaurs with what might have been a juvenile babysitter sitting atop them has been discovered in China, researchers say. These findings help shed light on how sociable these ancient reptiles might have been, scientists added. The oldest known dino nesting sites are 190 million years old, and their existence suggests that even the earliest dinosaurs may have exhibited complex family behaviors.
Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds BBC - July 31, 2014
Huge meat-eating, land-living dinosaurs evolved into birds by constantly shrinking for over 50 million years, scientists have revealed. Theropods shrunk 12 times from 163kg (25st 9lb) to 0.8kg (1.8lb), before becoming modern birds. The researchers found theropods were the only dinosaurs to get continuously smaller. Their skeletons also changed four times faster than other dinosaurs, helping them to survive.
Four-winged flying dinosaur unearthed in China The Guardian - July 15, 2014
A new species of prehistoric, four-winged dinosaur discovered in China may be the largest flying reptile of its kind. The well-preserved, complete skeleton of the dinosaur Changyuraptor yangi features a long tail with feathers 30cm in length - the longest ever seen on a dinosaur fossil. The feathers may have played a major role in flight control, say scientists in the latest issue of Nature Communications, in particular allowing the animal to reduce its speed to land safely.
Birdlike fossil challenges notion that birds evolved from ground-dwelling dinosaurs Science Daily - July 10, 2014
The re-examination of a sparrow-sized fossil from China challenges the commonly held belief that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs that gained the ability to fly. The birdlike fossil is actually not a dinosaur, as previously thought, but much rather the remains of a tiny tree-climbing animal that could glide.
Say Hello to a Horned Dinosaur With 'Wings' on Its Head NBC - June 19, 2014
The latest name in dinosaurs is Mercuriceratops gemini - a bizarre horned dinosaur that had a frill so wide it looked the wings on the Greek god Mercury's helmet. At least that's what the scientists who named the beast thought. That's how they came up with the genus name, which is derived from the Greek for "Mercury horned-face." The 77 million-year-old plant-eater is described and classified in a paper published online by the journal Naturwissenschaften. The "gemini" refers to the fact that almost identical twin specimens of the species' skull were found in north central Montana's Judith River Formation and Alberta's Dinosaur Provincial Park.
Dinosaurs 'neither warm nor cold blooded' BBC - June 12, 2014
Dinosaurs fit in an intermediate class between warm and cold blooded animals, a study in the journal Science claims. Scientists compared the growth rates of hundreds of living and extinct species, using growth rings and bone size to calculate the rates for dinosaurs.
'Biggest dinosaur ever' discovered BBC - May 17, 2014
Fossilized bones of a dinosaur believed to be the largest creature ever to walk the Earth have been unearthed in Argentina, paleontologists say. Based on its huge thigh bones, it was 40m (130ft) long and 20m (65ft) tall.
New Tyrannosaur named 'Pinocchio rex' BBC - May 7, 2014
A new type of Tyrannosaur with a very long nose has been nicknamed "Pinocchio rex". The ferocious carnivore, nine metres long with a distinctive horny snout, was a cousin of Tyrannosaurus rex. Researchers now think several different tyrannosaurs lived and hunted alongside each other in Asia during the late Cretaceous Period, the last days of the dinosaurs.
Ancient Crocodilians Used 'Death Rolls' to Kill Dinosaurs Scientific American - May 7, 2014
Ancient giant crocodilians killed dinosaur prey by spinning their bodies in "death rolls," tearing off the beasts' flesh and limbs, researchers say. These new findings shed light on the way ancient reptiles interacted with their environments. Crocodilians include the largest of all reptiles alive today, the saltwater crocodile, a deadly carnivore that can grow at least 23 feet (7 meters) long and weigh more than 2,200 lbs. (1,000 kilograms). These predators will eat just about anything they can, including sharks. (Although these reptiles do kill people, far more people die of bee stings each year than crocodile attacks.)
Revealing the healing of 'dino-sores': Examining broken bones in 150-million-year-old predatory dinosaur Science Daily - May 7, 2014
Scientists have used state-of-the-art imaging techniques to examine the cracks, fractures and breaks in the bones of a 150-million-year-old predatory dinosaur. The research sheds new light, literally, on the healing process that took place when these magnificent animals were still alive.
All teeth and claws? New study sheds light on dinosaur claw function Science Daily - May 7, 2014
How claw form and function changed during the evolution from dinosaurs to birds is explored in a new study into the claws of a group of theropod dinosaurs known as therizinosaurs. Theropod dinosaurs, a group which includes such famous species as Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, are often regarded as carnivorous and predatory animals, using their sharp teeth and claws to capture and dispatch prey. However, a detailed look at the claws on their forelimbs revealed that the form and shape of theropod claws are highly variable and might also have been used for other tasks.
Boneheaded Dinosaurs Butted Heads In Combat Live Science - July 18, 2013
Dinosaurs with giant domes on their heads may have used their extra padding for head butting, new research suggests. An analysis of pachycephalosaurid skulls revealed head wounds likely incurred during combat. The pattern of wounds, described July 16 in the journal PLOS ONE, suggest the dome-headed dinos butted heads, just as bighorn sheep do today.
Nasutoceratops: 'Big-nose, horn-face' dinosaur described BBC - July 16, 2013
An unusual new species of dinosaur, unearthed from the deserts of Utah, has been described by scientists. The 5m-long (15ft) beast is a member of the triceratops family, but with a huge nose and exceptionally long horns, palaeontologists say it is unlike anything they have seen before. It has been named accordingly as Nasutoceratops titusi, which means big-nose, horn-face.
Dinosaur Eggs Are Missing Link In Egg Evolution National Geographic - May 31, 2013
Studying dinosaur eggs is a lot like a big, frustrating Easter egg hunt: The eggs are rare, fragile - rainwater is acidic enough to dissolve some egg fossils - and it can be difficult to identify which dinosaur species they belong to. But every now and then, scientists' persistence pays off. A recently discovered clutch of 150-million-year-old fossil eggs is being billed as an important missing link in the evolution of dinosaur eggs.
Ancient bone-headed dinosaur found BBC - May 8, 2013
Scientists have unveiled a new species of bone-headed dinosaur, which they say is the oldest in North America, and possibly the world. The dog-sized plant-eater had a dome-shaped skull that may have been used to head-butt other dinosaurs.
Crow-Size Pterosaur Named After 9-Year-Old Fossil Hunter National Geographic - March 24, 2013
A new species of crow-size pterosaur has been named in honor of the nine-year-old fossil hunter who discovered it, a new study says. The new species of pterosaur - a type of flying reptile that lived alongside the dinosaurs - was dubbed Vectidraco daisymorrisae after U.K. youngster Daisy Morris.
Jet-Size Pterosaurs Took Off from Prehistoric Runways Live Science - November 8, 2012
It's a bird � It's a plane � It's a plane-size bird! If humans had lived 67 million years ago in what is now Texas, they would've had a hard time missing the giant flying pterosaur called Quetzalcoatlus, which was the size of an F-16 fighter jet. The biggest animal ever to fly in the history of the world, this pterosaur dominated the sky with its 34-foot (10 meters) wingspan. Fossils of the creature have been found in Big Bend National Park, in an area that was heavily forested in the late Cretaceous. But this presents a puzzle: How did it fly? The region lacked the cliffs that make flight for such large birds easy to conceive. A new computer simulation has the answer: These beasts used downward-sloping areas, at the edges of lakes and river valleys, as prehistoric runways to gather enough speed and power to take off.
2-Ton 'Alien' Horned Dinosaur Discovered Live Science - November 8, 2012
Paleontologists in Canada have discovered fossils of a new 2-ton, 20-foot-long horned dinosaur that roamed the Earth about 80 million years ago. And its headgear would've put on quite a show for the ladies. The dinosaur, a distant cousin of Triceratops called Xenoceratops foremostensis, is one of the oldest specimens known to date of the ceratopsid group. The beast's name, Xenoceratops, translates to "alien horned-face," referring to its strange pattern of horns on its head and above its brow, and the rarity of such horned dinosaurs in this part of the fossil record.
Flying Dino Too Weak to Lift Off? Discovery - November 8, 2012
Pterodactyls had the wingspan of a F-16 fighter, but they may have been too out of shape to fly. A new analysis of the largest of pterodactyls suggests they were too big and their muscles too weak to vault into the air and fly. Instead, they were right at the upper limit of animal flight and needed a hill or stiff breeze so they could soar like hang gliders.
Dinosaur Die out Might Have Been Second of Two Closely Timed Extinctions Science Daily - September 6, 2012
The most-studied mass extinction in Earth history happened 65 million years ago and is widely thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. New University of Washington research indicates that a separate extinction came shortly before that, triggered by volcanic eruptions that warmed the planet and killed life on the ocean floor.
Huge Asteroid Is Still the Central Villain in Dinosaurs� Extinction New York Times - May 7, 2012
For some 30 years, scientists have debated what sealed the fate of the dinosaurs. Was an asteroid impact more or less solely responsible for the catastrophic mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous geological period, 65 million years ago? Or were the dinosaurs already undergoing a long-term decline, and the asteroid was merely the coup de grace?
Australia had 'globe-trotting' dinosaurs: study PhysOrg - May 7, 2012
Scientists said Monday a new fossil discovery suggested Australia's dinosaurs were cosmopolitan globe-trotters, unlike the "unique weirdos" of its current wildlife. Palaeontologist Erich Fitzgerald said an ankle bone fossil found 87 kilometres (54 miles) from Melbourne indicated that meat-eating dinosaurs known as ceratosaurs lived in what is now Australia some 125 million years ago.
Dinosaur gases 'warmed the Earth' BBC - May 7, 2012
Giant dinosaurs could have warmed the planet with their flatulence, say researchers. British scientists have calculated the methane output of sauropods, including the species known as Brontosaurus. By scaling up the digestive wind of cows, they estimate that the population of dinosaurs - as a whole - produced 520 million tonnes of gas annually. They suggest the gas could have been a key factor in the warm climate 150 million years ago.
First Dinosaur Discovered in Spain Is Younger Than Believed Live Science - March 12, 2012
The first dinosaur ever found in Spain is not as old as paleontologists had believed - though at 130 million years old, the long-necked creature is no spring chicken. The dinosaur, Aragosaurus ischiaticus, was originally discovered in 1987. But the fossil was difficult to date. Now, researchers at the University of Zaragoza's Aragon Research Institute of Environmental Sciences have found the sauropod's age was estimated at 15 million years too old. The age-shaving results suggest the dinosaur was an ancestor of the enormous Titanosauriforms, a group that includes the largest dinosaurs to ever live. The new age estimate puts the dinosaur in the Hauterivian age between 136 million and 130 million years ago, the researchers reported March 12 in the journal Geological Magazine. <
Caught in the Act: Ancient Armored Fish Downs Flying Reptile Live Science - March 9, 2012
An ancient armored fish was fossilized in the act of attacking and drowning a pterosaur in a toxic Jurassic lake, revealing that the winged reptiles were victims of a wide variety of carnivores, scientists find. Pterosaurs dominated the skies during the Age of Dinosaurs. Still, flight did not always ensure them safety - researchers have recently discovered that Velociraptor dined on the flying reptiles.
Velociraptor's last meal revealed BBC - March 7, 2012
The bone of a large flying reptile has been found in the gut of a Velociraptor, sparking fresh discussion among paleontologists. Velociraptors have previously been described as "hyper predators". However, scientists suggest this pterosaur was too large to be the Velociraptor's intended prey but could have been scavenged. An international team of scientists revealed the drama of 75 million years ago with a detailed analysis of the skeleton found in the Gobi desert, Mongolia. A famous fossil unearthed in 1971 known as the "fighting dinosaurs" shows a Velociraptor and larger Protoceratops apparently locked in combat.
Triceratops and Torosaurus dinosaurs 'two species, not one' BBC - March 1, 2012
A study has rejected claims that Triceratops and the lesser-known Torosaurus are one and the same type of dinosaur. Nicholas Longrich and Daniel Field, of Yale University, looked at 35 specimens ascribed to both species and concluded they represented two distinct creatures. "We looked at a bunch of changes in the skulls as the animals age and used a programme to arrange the skulls from youngest to oldest," explained Dr Longrich to BBC News. "What we found is there are young Torosaurus individuals and very old Triceratops individuals and that's inconsistent with Torosaurus being an adult Triceratops."
Dinosaurs had fleas too -- giant ones, fossils show PhysOrg - February 29, 2012
In the Jurassic era, even the flea was a beast, compared to its minuscule modern descendants. These pesky bloodsuckers were nearly an inch long. New fossils found in China are evidence of the oldest fleas - from 125 million to 165 million years ago, said Diying Huang of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology. Their disproportionately long proboscis, or straw-like mouth, had sharp weapon-like serrated edges that helped them bite and feed from their super-sized hosts, he and other researchers reported today.
T. rex bite was world's strongest BBC - February 29, 2012
Tyrannosaurus rex had the most powerful bite of any creature that has ever walked the Earth, say scientists. Previous estimates of the prehistoric predator's bite suggested it was much more modest - comparable to modern predators such as alligators. This measurement, based on a laser scan of a T. rex skull, showed that its bite was equivalent to three tonnes - about the weight of an elephant.
Study says T. rex has most powerful bite of any terrestrial animal PhysOrg - February 28, 2012
Research at the University of Liverpool, using computer models to reconstruct the jaw muscle of Tyrannosaurus rex, has suggested that the dinosaur had the most powerful bite of any living or extinct terrestrial animal. Previous studies have estimated that T. rex's bite had a force of 8000 to 13,400 Newtons, but given the size of the animal, thought to weigh more than 6000kg, researchers suspected that its bite may have been more powerful than this. Liverpool scientists developed a computer model to reverse engineer the animal's bite, a method that has previously been used to predict dinosaur running speeds.
Dinosaur forests mapped PhysOrg - February 28, 2012
The first detailed maps of the Earth's forests at the time of the dinosaurs have been drawn up. The patterns of vegetation, together with information about the rate of tree growth, support the idea that the Earth was stifling hot 100 million years ago.
Oldest dinosaur nest site found BBC - January 24, 2012
A nesting site for dinosaur eggs found in South Africa is 100 million years older than the previous oldest site. Paleontologists found 10 separate nests, each containing clutches of up to 34 eggs measuring 6-7cm. The fossils are of the prosauropod Massospondylus, a relative of the long-necked sauropods such as Diplodocus. They suggest that Massospondylus returned to the site repeatedly, laying their eggs in groups in the earliest-known case of "colonial nesting".
Meet America's biggest dinosaur MSNBC - December 7, 2011
Here's a trivia question for your dino-crazy kids: What's the biggest dinosaur to roam North America? Paleontologists report that it's Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, one of many breeds of long-necked, long-tailed sauropods to roam the continent 69 million years ago.
North America's Biggest Dinosaur Revealed Science Daily - December 7, 2011
New research from Montana State University's Museum of the Rockies and the State Museum of Pennsylvania has unveiled enormous bones from North America's biggest dinosaur.
Massive volcanoes, meteorite impacts delivered one-two death punch to dinosaurs: study PhysOrg - November 17, 2011
A cosmic one-two punch of colossal volcanic eruptions and meteorite strikes likely caused the mass-extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period that is famous for killing the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, according to two Princeton University reports that reject the prevailing theory that the extinction was caused by a single large meteorite.
15 Infant Dinosaurs Discovered Crowded in Nest Live Science - November 17, 2011
A nest of 15 young dinosaurs uncovered in Mongolia - cousins of Triceratops - now suggests these plant-eating beasts might have cared for their young, scientists reveal. The dinosaur is named Protoceratops andrewsi, a sheep-size herbivore that lived about 70 million years ago that's known for the frill at the back of its head. Within the nest were infants about 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) long and probably no more than a year old.
First Long-Necked Dinosaur Fossil Found In Antarctica Live Science - November 5, 2011
It's official, long-necked sauropod dinosaurs once roamed every continent on Earth - including now-frigid Antarctica. The discovery of a single sauropod vertebra on James Ross Island in Antarctica reveals that these behemoths, which included Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus, lived on the continent in the upper Cretaceous Period about 100 million years ago. "Sauropods were found all around the world, except Antarctica," said study researcher Ariana Paulina Carabajal, a paleontologist at the Carmen Funes Municipal Museum in Plaza Huincul, Argentina. "Until now."
Archaeopteryx was first bird after all PhysOrg - October 26, 2011
The crown of the famous 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil as the first bird has been restored by a new evolutionary tree. Archaeopteryx had been considered for 150 years to be the first known bird since the first complete specimen was found in Germany in 1861, revealing a combination of reptilian and and bird features. But Chinese researchers asserted recently that a new and closely related fossil, Xiaotingia zhengi, was a bird-like dinosaur - therefore suggesting that Archaeopteryx was also a dinosaur.
Dinosaurs Migrated, Tooth Fossils Confirm Live Science - October 26, 2011
By analyzing fossilized dinosaur teeth, researchers determined that the dinosaurs migrated hundreds of miles from their home to find food and water during dry spells. This is the first direct evidence supporting the theory that certain types of dinosaurs migrated to avoid seasonal food slumps. "Sauropods in western North America were living in an environment that was seasonally dry, that has a pronounced wet season and a pronounced dry season," said study researcher Henry Fricke of Colorado College. "If you have an animal that needs to eat a lot and drink a lot, it's going to have to move to access vegetation and to get water."
Fossil of an Armored Dinosaur Hatchling: Youngest Nodosaur Ever Discovered Science Daily - September 27, 2011
It is the youngest nodosaur ever discovered, and a founder of a new genus and species that lived approximately 110 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous Era. Nodosaurs have been found in diverse locations worldwide, but they've rarely been found in the United States.
Tiniest Baby Dinosaur Discovered by Amateur Fossil Hunter Live Science - September 16, 2011
On a mid-afternoon stroll with his wife on a Sunday in January 1997, amateur dinosaur hunter Ray Stanford stumbled upon something extraordinary. While walking in the riverbed near his home in College Park, Md., he found the tiniest example of an armored dinosaur anyone has ever seen. It took awhile for Stanford to realize the find he had on his hands. The impression left by the 5-inch (13 centimeter) baby dinosaur was covered in silt from the riverbed. One night, when a dim overhead kitchen light hit the stone in the right way, the shadows highlighted what was really there, the impression of a tiny dinosaur.
Pictures: "Incredible" Dinosaur Feathers Found in Amber National Geographic - September 16, 2011
Preserved for 70 to 85 million years, these feathers are part of a newly revealed trove of likely dinosaur and bird plumage found trapped in amber in Alberta, Canada. The unusual find suggests a wide array of plumed creatures populated the time period - sporting everything from seemingly modern feathers to their filament-like forebears - and that even by this early date, feathers had become specialized, for example, for diving underwater, a new study says.
Tiny Dinosaurs Left Footprints On Ancient South Pole Live Science - August 10, 2011
Several groups of dinosaurs that were roaming the South Pole more than 100 million years ago left three-toed prints in the wet, sandy soil. As they became compacted into cliffs, the prints waited patiently for Anthony Martin of Emory University to stumble across them in what is now Victoria, Australia. He found 24 complete prints.
Enormous bird lived alongside dinosaurs MSNBC - August 10, 2011
All that's left of this big bird is its toothless lower jaw. The structure and characteristics of the jaw are associated with birds and not non-avian dinosaurs, the researchers believe. They conclude that the skull of the bird during its lifetime would have been about a foot long. If flightless, it could have stood close to 10 feet tall. If it flew, its wingspan is likely to have exceeded 13 feet. The big bird is now the second known large avian from the dinosaur era. The first to be identified was Gargantuavis philoinos, which lived in southern France around 70 million years ago. It too may have been flightless and ostrich-like.
Crocodile-Nosed Dinosaur Found in Australia Live Science - June 15, 2011
A mysterious group of large, crocodile-snouted dinosaurs from the northern latitudes also inhabited the land that would become Australia, a newly found fossil reveals, indicating dinosaurs got around far more than is generally thought.
Australian dinosaur had UK double BBC - June 15, 2011
A 5cm-wide (2in) fossil may have something big to say about how dinosaurs ranged across the Earth. The 125-million-year-old neck vertebra belonged to a spinosaurid - an animal with a crocodile-like snout that it probably used to prey on fish. The specimen is the first such dinosaur identified in Australia but one that is nearly identical to a UK creature. This suggests northern and southern hemisphere dinos had a lot more in common than previously thought.
How Dinosaurs Got So Huge Live Science - April 13, 2011
Among dinosaurs, the biggest of the big is Argentinosaurus. This long-necked, puny-headed creature is a member of a group of giants called sauropods. This particular extinct creature measured as much as 140 feet (43 meters) long and weighed up to 90 tons (82 metric tons). Beyond inspiring awe, a creature of these proportions inspires all sorts of questions: Why and how did these dinosaurs, which started out relatively small, become so big? How did they feed and maintain their large bodies? A new exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City explores the mysteries surrounding their enormity.
Dinosaur named 'thunder-thighs' BBC - February 23, 2011
Scientists have named a new dinosaur species "thunder-thighs" because of the huge thigh muscles it would have had. Fossil remains recovered from a quarry in Utah, US, are fragmentary but enough to tell researchers the creature must have possessed extremely powerful legs. The new species, described in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, is a sauropod - the family of dinosaurs famous for their long necks and tails.
Fossil female pterosaur found with preserved egg BBC - January 20, 2011
For fossil hunters, it represents one of those breakthrough moments. A pterosaur has been found in China beautifully preserved with an egg. The egg indicates this ancient flying reptile was a female, and that realisation has allowed researchers to sex these creatures for the first time.
Meet 'Mrs. T': Ancient Flying Reptile Found with Egg Live Science - January 20, 2011
As birdlike as the extinct winged reptiles known as pterosaurs might have seemed as they soared through prehistoric skies, it turns out their eggs and nests might have been like their more grounded lizard cousins than any feathered rival, scientists find. These insights, based on the fossils of a female pterosaur named "Mrs. T" and her egg, shed light on bygone creatures that once ruled the skies for more than 150 million years, whose home life we are only beginning to understand.
"Nasty" Little Predator From Dinosaur Dawn Found National Geographic - January 14, 2011
Argentina (Pangea) - Valley of the Moon -- Deadly and dog-size, the dinosaur Eodromaeus (shown in reconstruction) lived in Argentina 230 million years ago, a new study says. The new species is providing fresh insight into the era before dinosaurs overtook other reptiles and ruled the world, a new fossil study says. ( Watch video. ) One of the earliest known dinosaurs, Eodromaeus was only about 4 feet (1.3 meters) long and would have barely reached the knees of an adult human. But this unassuming little dinosaur gave rise to the theropods, including Tyrannosaurus rex and the "terrible claw," Deinonychus, the new study suggests.
Dinosaur demise allowed mammals to 'go nuts' BBC - November 26, 2010
Land mammals went from small "vermin" to giant beasts in just 25 million years, according to a new study. Mammals rapidly filled the "large animal" void left by the dinosaurs' demise 65 million years ago. They then went from creatures weighing between 3g and 15kg to a hugely diverse group including 17-tonne beasts.
Dino Demise Led to Evolutionary Explosion of Huge Mammals Live Science - November 25, 2010
Mammals around the world exploded in size after the major extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, filling environmental niches left vacant by the loss of dinosaurs, according to a new study published Nov. 25 in the journal Science. The maximum size of mammals leveled off about 25 million years later, or 40 million years ago, because of external limits set by temperature and land area, reported an international team led by paleoecologist Felisa Smith of the University of New Mexico.
Dinosaur the size of a giraffe could fly across continents Telegraph.co.uk - November 15, 2010
Dr Mark Witton, a palaeontologist from the University of Portsmouth and Dr Michael Habib from Chatham University USA, have studied how the giant pterosaur, which was as big as a giraffe, could get off the ground. They found that the reptiles took off by using the powerful muscles of their legs and arms to push off from the ground, effectively pole-vaulting over their wings. Once airborne they could fly huge distances and even cross continents, the scientists claim. Dr Witton said: ''Most birds take off either by running to pick up speed and jumping into the air before flapping wildly, or if they're small enough, they may simply launch themselves into the air from a standstill.
Longest dinosaur thigh bone in Europe found in Spain PhysOrg - September 24, 2010
Palaeontologists in Spain have found the fossiled thigh bone of a dinosaur that is almost two metres in length, the longest such femur ever discovered in Europe, they said Friday. The Dinopolis Foundation, a dinosaur research institute, said the 1.92-metre (6.3-feet) bone was found earlier this year at a site at Riodeva near Teruel in eastern Spain along with a 1.25-metre (4.1-feet) tibia and 15 vertebrae.
Fossils of new species of horned dinos found in Utah BBC - September 23, 2010
Scientists have unearthed two new species of giant plant-eating horned dinosaurs in southern Utah, US. The creatures lived on the "lost continent" of Laramidia in the Late Cretaceous period, some 68 to 99 million years ago. Laramidia was formed when a shallow sea flooded part of what is now North America and divided the continent in two.
Humpback Dinosaur Surprises and Puzzles Experts Live Science - September 11, 2010
A hunchback dinosaur of sorts once roamed what is now central Spain. The meat-eating beast sported a humplike structure low on its back, a feature never previously described in dinosaurs, and one that has scientists scratching their heads. The dinosaur, which is being called Concavenator corcovatus, measured nearly 20 feet (6 meters) in length and belonged to a group of some of the largest predatory dinosaurs known to walk the earth - carcharodontosaurs. It lived some 125 million years ago.
Double meteorite strike 'caused dinosaur extinction' BBC - August 27, 2010
The dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago by at least two meteorite impacts, rather than a single strike, a new study suggests. Previously, scientists had identified a huge impact crater in the Gulf of Mexico as the event that spelled doom for the dinosaurs. Now evidence for a second impact in the Ukraine has been uncovered.
Dinosaur mating rituals more elaborate than peacocks', scientists claim Telegraph.co.uk - June 29, 2010
New research into pterosaurs and pelycosaurs - the fin-backed ancestors of modern mammals - have shown their elaborate headcrests and sails were developed for the purpose of sexual selection. Until now, many thought these appendages regulated body temperature or helped them steer while they were flying.
Dino-holocaust linked to monster storm MSNBC - June 23, 2010
Scientists have revealed what may be the world's largest dinosaur graveyard.
Warm-Blooded Marine Reptiles at the Time of the Dinosaurs Science Daily - June 16, 2010
Between 200 and 65 million years ago, fearsome marine reptiles reigned over the oceans. Were they warm-blooded like today's mammals and birds or cold-blooded like nowadays fish and reptiles? For the first time, a study has settled the debate: some large marine reptiles were warm-blooded (in other words, they were endothermic), giving them a considerable advantage to swim fast over long distances and to conquer cold regions.
Fossil find shows Velociraptor eating another dinosaur BBC - April 6, 2010
Palaeontologists have uncovered fossil fragments of Velociraptor teeth alongside scarred bones of the large horned herbivore Protoceratops. The teeth of the predator match marks on the herbivore's bones, suggesting Velociraptor scavenged its carcass. The discovery is further evidence that predatory dinosaurs both hunted and scavenged their plant-eating relatives.
First tyrannosaur fossil from Southern Hemisphere Found - Tiny T. Rex Ancestors Achieved World Domination National Geographic - March 26, 2010
The pint-size predator, found in what is now Victoria, Australia, is the first Tyrannosaurus rex ancestor unearthed in the Southern Hemisphere. Nicknamed the Southern Tyrant, the dinosaur lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 110 million years ago. Stretching just ten feet (three meters) and weighing only 175 pounds (80 kilograms), the animal, like T. rex, boasted a large head, short arms, and crushing jaws.
Utah: Fossil shows dinosaur caught in collapsing sand dune BBC - March 24, 2010
Researchers have discovered a nearly complete fossil of a dinosaur which appears to have been caught in a collapsing sand dune. The Seitaad ruessi fossil, described in the journal PLoS One, is a relative of the long-necked sauropods that were once Earth's biggest animals. S. ruessi, found in what is now Utah, could have walked on all four legs, or risen up to walk on just two.
Volcanic eruption opened the door for dino rule MSNBC - March 22, 2010
Some 200 million years ago, Earth was on the verge of either an age of dinosaurs or an age of crocodiles. It took the largest volcanic eruption in the solar system - and the loss of half of Earth's plant life - to tip the scales in the dinos' favor, say researchers.
Dinosaurs 'came to rule world after mass extinction' PhysOrg - March 22, 2010
A shade more than 200 million years ago, the Earth looked far different than it does today. Most land on the planet was consolidated into one continent called Pangea. There was no Atlantic Ocean, and the rulers of the animal world were crurotarsans - creatures closely related to modern crocodiles.
How Dinosaurs Came to Rule the Earth Live Science - March 22, 2010
More than 200 million years ago, as North Africa was ripping away from North America, opening up the Atlantic Ocean, hot lava poured out from Earth's surface. The lava, enough to more than cover the United States, created inhospitable conditions for most life ... except the dinosaurs. And new geologic discoveries suggest this climate catastrophe was the ticket for the dinosaur's rise to rule. At that time, about half of all species on Earth died out in what is called the end-Triassic extinction. Scientists have suggested massive volcanic eruptions could be to blame, spewing out lava and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that would have totally changed the climate.
Mongolia: New Dinosaur: "Exquisite" Raptor Found National Geographic - March 20, 2010
Like a zombie clawing its way out of the grave, a new dinosaur species was discovered when scientists spotted a hand bone protruding from a cliff in the Gobi desert of Inner Mongolia, paleontologists have announced. Called Linheraptor exquisitus, the new dinosaur is a raptor, a type of two-legged meat-eater, that lived during the late Cretaceous period in what is now northeastern China.
Dinosaur extinction link to crater confirmed BBC - March 5, 2010
An international panel of experts has strongly endorsed evidence that a space impact was behind the mass extinction event that killed off the dinosaurs. They reached the consensus after conducting the most wide-ranging analysis yet of the evidence. Writing in Science journal, they rule out alternative theories such as large-scale volcanism.
Dinosaur's oldest relative found BBC - March 4, 2010
Scientists have discovered a dinosaur-like creature 10 million years older than the earliest known dinosaurs. Asilisaurus kongwe is a newly discovered herbivore that lived during the middle Triassic period - about 245 million years ago. The scientists say that its age suggests that dinosaurs were also on the Earth earlier than previously thought.
Dinosaurs Ten Million Years Older Than Thought National Geographic - March 3, 2010
A new dinosaur relative found in Tanzania is the oldest known creature of its kind - a discovery that pushes back the origin of dinosaurs by at least ten million years, paleontologists say. Dubbed Asilisaurus kongwe, the Labrador retriever-size creature was a silesaur, the closest relatives to true dinosaurs. The newfound animal lived 243 million years ago, during the middle Triassic period.
Dinosaurs Had Wrists Like Birds Live Science - March 2, 2010
The flexible wrists of birds that let them fold their wings have now been seen in dinosaurs well before flight, scientists find. Dinosaurs such as Velociraptor might have partly folded their feathered arms to protect such plumage from harm's way, researchers explained. The wrists and the feathers in the lineage that led to birds then became more extreme, laying the groundwork for flight, they added.
Abydosaurus: New dinosaur discovered head first, for a change PhysOrg - February 24, 2010
The flexible wrists of birds that let them fold their wings have now been seen in dinosaurs well before flight, scientists find. Dinosaurs such as Velociraptor might have partly folded their feathered arms to protect such plumage from harm's way, researchers explained. The wrists and the feathers in the lineage that led to birds then became more extreme, laying the groundwork for flight, they added.
Abydosaurus: Huge New Dinosaur Found via "Mind-boggling" Skulls National Geographic - February 24, 2010
Four skulls of a giant new species of plant-eating dinosaur may give scientists a head start on understanding the biggest animals ever to have walked the Earth, a new study says. The 105-million-year-old skulls of Abydosaurus mcintoshi were discovered between the late 1990s and 2003 in a sandstone quarry in eastern Utah's Dinosaur National Monument.
Dinosaur discovery helps solve piece of evolutionary puzzle PhysOrg - January 28, 2010
A George Washington University expedition to the Gobi Desert of China has enabled researchers to solve the puzzle of how one group of dinosaurs came to look like birds independent of birds. The discovery extends the fossil record of the family Alvarezsauridae - a bizarre group of bird-like dinosaurs with a large claw on the hand and very short, powerful arms - back 63 million years, further distancing the group from birds on the evolutionary tree.
Dinosaur had ginger feathers BBC - January 27, 2010
The researchers say that the diminutive carnivore had a "Mohican" of feathers running along its head and back. It also had a striped tail.
Feathered Dinosaurs Leapt from Trees, Not the Ground Live Science - January 25, 2010
Whether birds first evolved flight as ground dwellers or took to the skies from trees has been a longstanding debate. A new study of an ancient four-legged creature called Microraptor gui, poised on the boundary between dinosaurs and birds, suggests that the arboreal, or tree-living, idea may be correct. Microraptor lived about 120 million years ago, and is thought to be an early ancestor of modern birds. It had bird-like feathers that appear to have been used for flight, but a dinosaur-like head with sharp teeth and scales.
New T. Rex Cousin Suggests Dinosaurs Arose in S. America National Geographic - December 10, 2009
The discovery of a dog-size T. rex ancestor may rewrite dinosaur evolutionary history, a new study says. Measuring about 6 feet (180 centimeters) long--tail included--the 215-million-year-old Tawa hallae was found by hikers who noticed some small bits of bone at New Mexico's fossil-rich Ghost Ranch. The dinosaur bears a mix of characteristics, such as air sacs, that link Tawa to older dinosaur species found in South America, researchers say.
Dinosaur prints found in New Zealand ABC - November 9, 2009
Browne says he found the 70-million-year-old footprints in six locations in the remote Whanganui Inlet in the northwest of Nelson at the top of the South Island. The footprints are spread over 10 kilometres and in one area there are up to 20 footprints, says Browne.
Oldest T. rex relative identified BBC - November 4, 2009
Scientists have identified the most ancient fossil relative of the dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. The new addition to T. rex's clan is known from a 30cm-long skull uncovered during excavations in Gloucestershire in the 1900s.
Study: T. rex teens fought, disfigured each other MSNBC - November 2, 2009
Tyrannosaurus rex's reputation as a fierce, battle-hungry carnivore can now also apply to teenagers of this Late Cretaceous dinosaur, according to a new study. The evidence comes from "Jane," who died when she was just a T. rex teen. Her fossils, found at Montana's Hell Creek Formation in 2001, reveal that another T. rex teenager severely bit her in the head, breaking her snout to the point of disfigurement.
Montana: New Dinosaur Built Like a Sherman Tank Live Science - October 30, 2009
Now called Tatankacephalus cooneyorum, the beast is a type of ankylosaur, or a group of plant-eating dinosaurs that resembled nature's armored tanks as they walked about on four limbs and their bodies were covered with bony armor that may have been covered with a colorful keratinous sheathing (same as the stuff in bird beaks and turtle shells).
The tiniest dinosaur in North America weighed less than a teacup Chihuahua National Geographic - October 21, 2009
The tiniest dinosaur in North America weighed less than a teacup Chihuahua, a new study says. The agile Fruitadens haagarorum was just 28 inches (70 centimeters) long and weighed less than two pounds (one kilogram). The diminutive dinosaur likely darted among the legs of larger plant-eaters such as Brachiosaurus and predators such as Allosaurus about 150 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period.
Researchers claim a third of dinosaurs might never have existed PhysOrg - October 13, 2009
A new ten-year study by US paleontologists suggests that up to a third of dinosaur fossils may have been incorrectly identified as new species, when they are actually juveniles of species in which there was a dramatic change as they developed.
New Mesozoic Mammal: Discovery Illuminates Mammalian Ear Evolution While Dinosaurs Ruled Science Daily - October 9, 2009
This new remarkably well preserved fossil, as reported in the October 9 issue of the journal Science, offers an important insight into how the mammalian middle ear evolved. The discoveries of such exquisite dinosaur-age mammals from China provide developmental biologists and paleontologists with evidence of how developmental mechanisms have impacted the morphological (body-structure) evolution of the earliest mammals and sheds light on how complex structures can arise in evolution because of changes in developmental pathways.
Rare Evidence Of Dinosaur Cannibalism: Meat-Eater Tooth Found In Gorgosaurus Jawbone Science Daily - October 7, 2009
University of Alberta researcher Phil Bell has found 70 million year old evidence of dinosaur cannibalism. The jawbone of what appears to be a Gorgosaurus was found in 1996 in southern Alberta. A technician at the Royal Tyrell Museum found something unusual embedded in the jaw. It was the tip of a tooth from another meat-eating dinosaur.
Dinosaur prints found in France, said to be among the biggest in the world BBC - October 7, 2009
French fossil hunters have discovered huge dinosaur footprints, said to be among the biggest in the world. The footprints were made about 150 million years ago by sauropods - long-necked herbivores - in chalky sediment in the Jura plateau of eastern France. The depressions are about 1.5m (4.9ft) wide, corresponding to animals that were more than 25m long and weighed about 30 tonnes.
Four-Winged Fossil Bridges Bird-Dinosaur Gap Wired - September 25, 2009
A newly described, profusely feathered dinosaur may give lift to scientists� understanding of bird and flight evolution, researchers report. The lithe creature, which stood about 28 centimeters tall at the hip, is the oldest known to have sported feathers and is estimated to be between 1 million and 11 million years older than Archaeopteryx, the first known bird.
Tiny "T. Rex" Found -- 150-Pound Species Came First National Geographic - September 17, 2009
Raptorex kriegsteini, described this week in the journal Science, likely lived about 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. That's almost twice as far back as the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex, which first arose about 85 million years ago, according to study leader Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago.
What Do Dinosaurs And The Maya Have In Common? Science Daily - September 14, 2009
One of the world's most famous asteroid craters, the Chicxulub crater, has been the subject of research for about twenty years. The asteroid impact that formed it probably put an end to the dinosaurs and helped mammals to flourish. Together with an Anglo-American team, an ETH Zurich researcher has studied the most recent deposits that filled the crater. The results provide accurate dating of the limestones and a valuable basis for archaeologists to research the Maya.
Australia discovers new dinosaur BBC - August 27, 2009
Australian paleontologists say they have discovered a new species of dinosaur on a sheep farm in the northern state of Queensland. The fossil remains of the large plant-eating sauropod, nicknamed Zac, are about 97 million years old.
Tyrannosaurus rex 'picked on baby dinosaurs and ate them whole' National Geographic - August 7, 2009
Although past research has suggested Tyrannosaurus rex was related to chickens, now findings hint this giant predator might have acted chicken too. Instead of picking on dinosaurs its own size, researchers now suggest T. rex was a baby killer that liked to swallow defenseless prey whole. Fossil evidence of attacks of tyrannosaurs or similar gargantuan "theropods" on triceratops and duck-billed dinosaurs has been uncovered before, conjuring images of titanic clashes.
Pterosaur's Wing, "Hairs" Unlike Any Living Animals' National Geographic - August 5, 2009
By literally shining new light on a Chinese pterosaur fossil, researchers have found that the membranes in the creature's wings contain a complex pattern of fibers not found in any living animal. The membrane structure may have given some pterosaur species better control when they took to the skies, a new study says.
Utah: New Dinosaur Had Potbelly, Claws Like Wolverine National Geographic - July 15, 2009
Don't let the Wolverine-like claws fool you. Unlike the X-men's most popular pugilist, this new dinosaur species was no predator, scientists say. Dubbed Nothronychus graffami, the 13-foot-tall (4-meter-tall) therizinosaur (reconstructed skeleton pictured) lived about 92.5 million years ago in what is present-day Utah.
Australian palaeontologists have discovered three new dinosaur species dug up in Queensland BBC - July 3, 2009
Australian palaeontologists say they have discovered three new dinosaur species after examining fossils dug up in Queensland. Writing in the journal PLoS One, they describe one of the creatures as a fearsome predator with three large slashing claws on each hand.
Dinosaur mummy yields its secrets BBC - June 30, 2009
A remarkably well-preserved fossil of a dinosaur has been analyzed by scientists writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They describe how the fossil's soft tissues were spared from decay by fine sediments that formed a mineral cast. Tests have shown that the fossil still holds cell-like structures - but their constituent proteins have decayed. The team says the cellular structure of the dinosaur's skin was similar to that of dinosaurs' modern-day descendants.
Huge Dinosaur Tooth Found in Spain Live Science - June 23, 2009
Local residents found the 3.8 inch-long (9.8 centimeters) tooth in deposits in Riodeva, Teruel.
Giant Dinosaurs Get Downsized Live Science - June 21, 2009
ome dinosaurs were the largest creatures ever to walk on land, including the classic long-necked, whip-tailed Diplodicus, but a new study suggests it and its many extinct brethren weighed as little as half as much as previously thought.
Nut-Cracking Dinosaur Like a Giant Parrot Live Science - June 17, 2009
A newly described dinosaur hopefully suffered no nut allergies. Fossil remains suggest the parrot-beaked beast that lived 110 million years ago was a sophisticated nutcracker, researchers said this week.
New Dinosaur Was Nut-Cracking "Parrot" National Geographic - June 18, 2009
The 110-million-year-old skull - as well as "a huge pile" of 50 stomach stones found with the fossil - suggests that the beast was chewing hard, fibrous nuts and seeds, the researchers say. Stomach stones are rocks ingested by some animals to grind food in their digestive systems.
New dinosaur gives bird wing clue BBC - June 17, 2009
A new dinosaur unearthed in western China has shed light on the evolution from dinosaur hands to the wing bones in today's birds. The fossil, from about 160 million years ago, has been named Limusaurus inextricabilis. The find contributes to a debate over how an ancestral hand with five digits evolved to one with three in birds.
Fossil Fingers Solve Bird Wing Mystery? National Geographic - June 17, 2009
The fossil hand of a long-necked, ostrich-like dinosaur recently found in China may help solve the mystery of how bird wings evolved from dinosaur limbs, according to a new study. The ancient digits belonged to a 159-million-year-old theropod dinosaur dubbed Limusaurus inextricabilis. Theropods are two-legged dinos thought to have given rise to modern birds.
Giant Dinosaurs Stuck Their Necks Out, Not Up? National Geographic - May 15, 2009
Long-necked dinosaurs didn't graze treetops, according to new research that suggests the prehistoric animals were better off holding their necks horizontal, not upright. Lifting long necks at steep angles would have put intense pressure on sauropod hearts, requiring dramatic expenditures of energy to keep blood pumping to the brain, a new study of dinosaur circulation says.
Giant Pterosaurs Couldn't Fly, Study Suggests National Geographic - April 29, 2009
Giant pterosaurs, colossal winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs, have long been considered the heaviest animals ever to take to the skies. But new research suggests that the notion of giant pterosaurs soaring over Earth simply doesn't fly.
Evidence of the 'Lost World' - did dinosaurs survive the end Cretaceous extinctions? PhysOrg - April 28, 2009
The Lost World, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's account of an isolated community of dinosaurs that survived the catastrophic extinction event 65 million years ago, has no less appeal now than it did when it was written a century ago. Various Hollywood versions have tried to recreate the lost world of dinosaurs, but today the fiction seems just a little closer to reality.
New Blow for Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Theory PhysOrg - April 27, 2009
The enduringly popular theory that the Chicxulub crater holds the clue to the demise of the dinosaurs, along with some 65 percent of all species 65 million years ago, is challenged in a paper to be published in the Journal of the Geological Society on April 27, 2009.
Dinosaurs Lived in the Arctic Live Science - April 26, 2009
You know the scenario: 65 million years ago, a big meteor crash sets off volcanoes galore, dust and smoke fill the air, dinosaurs go belly up.
Canadian dig yields tiny dinosaur BBC - March 17, 2009
The smallest meat-eating dinosaur yet to be found in North America has been identified from six tiny pelvic bones. Hesperonychus was the size of a small chicken, and used its rows of serrated teeth to feed on insects, experts say. The bird-like creature is closely related to Microraptor - a tiny feathered dinosaur discovered in China. The specimen helps to confirm that reptiles, and not mammals, filled the role of small predators during the age of the dinosaurs. The fossil skeleton, which lay misidentified for 25 years as a lizard, belongs to a group of dinosaurs called the theropods - bipedal reptiles that eventually gave rise to birds.
Young dinosaurs roamed together, died together PhysOrg - March 16, 2009
A herd of young birdlike dinosaurs met their death on the muddy margins of a lake some 90 million years ago, according to a team of Chinese and American paleontologists that excavated the site in the Gobi Desert in western Inner Mongolia.
Dinosaur Fossils Fit Perfectly Into The Evolutionary Tree Of Life, Study Finds Science Daily - February 1, 2009
Evolutionary biologists use two ways to study the evolution of prehistoric plants and animals: firstly they use radioactive dating techniques to put fossils in chronological order according to the age of the rocks in which they are found (stratigraphy); secondly they observe and classify the characteristics of fossilized remains according to their relatedness (morphology).
Dino Hunter Paradise in Argentina National Geographic - January 14, 2009
Within the last decade, the Chubut province in Argentina has become a paradise for paleontologists seeking fossilized clues about the flora and fauna from millions of years hence.
New Feathered Dinosaur Found; Adds to Bird-Dino Theory National Geographic - January 16, 2009
A fossil of a primitive feathered dinosaur uncovered in China is helping scientists create a better model of how dinosaurs evolved into modern birds. The winged dinosaur is still in the process of being dated, and might have lived toward the end of the Jurassic period, which lasted from 208 to 144 million years ago.
Dino feathers 'were for display' BBC - January 13, 2009
The earliest dinosaur feathers were probably used for visual display, according to a new study. The evidence comes from two 125-million-year-old dinosaur fossils unearthed in north-east China. Writing in PNAS journal, the team says its findings may shed light on the origin of feathers.
Pterosaurs Took Flight on All Fours National Geographic - January 7, 2009
Pterosaurs took flight using all fours, a discovery that flies in the face of previous research on the ancient reptiles, a new study says. Two of the giant creatures' "legs" were extremely strong wings, which when folded, created "knuckles" that allowed the animals to walk and jump (above left, the pterosaur known as Hatzegotpteryx in an artist's rendering). The way a bird lifts off using two legs doesn't make sense for pterosaurs, which would have had to heave their 500 pounds (227 kilograms) airborne using only their hind legs, the study says.
How Huge Flying Reptiles Got Airborne Live Science - January 7, 2009
Millions of years ago, giraffe-sized reptiles called pterosaurs launched into the air with a leap-frog maneuver, relying on all four limbs, suggests a new study that may solve a longstanding mystery.
Polygamy, Paternal Care In Birds Linked To Dinosaur Ancestors Science Daily - December 19, 2008
Scientists had long wondered about the origins of polygamy and paternal care patterns among modern-day Paleognathes -- an ancient avian lineage that branched off soon after birds evolved from dinosaurs and includes ostriches, emus and tinamous. No such reproductive behavior exists among the vast majority of other vertebrates.
Dinosaur Dads Played "Mr. Mom"? National Geographic - December 18, 2008
The paternal care common among birds may have its origins among dinosaurs closely related to Velociraptor, reports a new study. Researchers studying the evolution of reproduction in the swift and carnivorous creatures, which are believed to have evolved into birds, found that one species, Troodon, frequently laid large clutches of eggs.
Dinosaur Baby Boom Hit Cretaceous Korea Discovery - December 18, 2008
Cretaceous-era Korea was the site of a dinosaur baby boom that resulted in hundreds upon hundreds of dinos, ranging from giant plant eaters to bird-like, fleet-footed runners, two new studies suggest. Based on the arrangements of dinosaur nests found there, it appears that the animals lived in densely populated groups, laid many eggs at a time and favored specific sites for their nurseries.
Photos: Huge Dinosaur and Pterosaur Found in Sahara National Geographic - December 18, 2008
Africa's Sahara desert has yielded two potentially new prehistoric species to explorers who traveled 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) over mountains and through sandstorms to a site in southeastern Morocco. Their reward: new types of sauropod (top) and pterosaur both of which lived almost a hundred million years ago, in the Cretaceous period.
"Bizarre" New Dinosaur: Giant Raptor Found in Argentina National Geographic - December 17, 2008
Scientists have discovered what they say is a completely unexpected new giant dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago in Argentina. At 16.5 to 21 feet long (5 to 6.5 meters) long, depending on its tail size, Austroraptor cabazai is among the largest of the slender, carnivorous, two-legged dinosaurs called raptors, said Fernando Novas, the lead researcher behind the discovery.
Dinosaur Killer May Have Been Volcanism, Not Asteroid Live Science - December 15, 2008
Scientists have found even more evidence that volcanism, not a space rock, may be the culprit behind the dinosaurs' demise. The first well-supported theory for what wiped out all large dinosaurs involved a space rock that created the Chicxulub crater in Mexico�s Yucatan Peninsula. But climate change and volcanism have been suggested in recent decades, too. A set of new studies further shifts the blame away from the impact and toward volcanism, a position that geologist Gerta Keller of Princeton University has taken in recent years.
Bird-like dinosaur sat on eggs National Geographic - November 13, 2008
If it looks like a duck-billed dinosaur nest, it's probably from a duck-bill - unless it's a newly identified clutch of fossilized eggs from a private collection in Calgary, Canada. The eggs, originally found in Montana in the 1990s, actually belong to a carnivorous dinosaur - either a creature related to the fearsome velociraptor (seen above, top right) or a birdlike, upright-walking dinosaur called a caenganathid (top left), a new study says.
The world's 7 deadliest dinosaurs MSNBC - October 23, 2008
Yeah, it's cliche to say Tyrannosaurus rex was deadly. But the tyrant king was likely true to the billing. Its bone-crushing jaws could splinter prey like toothpicks, after all. And the beast was big, up to 40 feet long, 20 feet tall, and may have topped the scales at nearly 16,000 pounds.
New feathered dinosaur discovered BBC - October 23, 2008
The fossil of a "bizarre" feathered dinosaur from the era before birds evolved has been discovered in China. Epidexipteryx was very bird-like, with four long ribbon-like tail feathers - probably used in display. But the pigeon-sized creature shows no sign of the flight feathers seen in other bird-like dinosaurs
First Dinosaur Feathers for Show, Not Flight? National Geographic - October 22, 2008
One of the oldest known dinosaur relatives of birds had "bizarre" anatomy, including long, ribbon-like tail feathers that suggest plumage may have first evolved for show rather than for flight, scientists say. Farmers unearthed a fossil of the new dino species, dubbed Epidexipteryx hui, from the hills of Inner Mongolia in late 2007.
Study Of Polar Dinosaur Migration Questions Whether Dinosaurs Were Truly The First Great Migrators Science Daily - October 22, 2008
Contrary to popular belief, polar dinosaurs may not have traveled nearly as far as originally thought when making their bi-annual migration. The idea that these animals may have travelled distances nine times further than mule deer or four times those of wildebeest would have made them the greatest migrators in history. "There are strong opinions regarding dinosaur migration, but we decided to take a different approach, looking at variables such as energy requirements," said Bell. Their research led them to suggest that migrating dinosaurs could have travelled up to 3,000 kilometres in a round trip lasting perhaps up to six months half of the distance suggested previously.
Utah: Dinosaur Graveyard Yields Fossil Bounty Live Science - October 21, 2008
A "dinosaur graveyard" full of fossils has been discovered in a former river bed in Utah, presenting an opportunity for a decade's worth of Jurassic research by paleontologists, it was announced this week. Scientists and technicians with the Utah Thornbury Dinosaur Expedition unearthed an abundance of sauropod (an herbivorous long-necked dinosaur) finds, as well as the bones of several carnivorous dinosaurs, said paleontologist Luis Chiappe, director of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County�s Dinosaur Institute. Nearby, the team, led by the museum, also discovered a 5-foot humerus (arm) bone from a brachiosaur, a gigantic long-necked dinosaur.
Amazing collection of dinosaur footprints on the Arizona-Utah border in the US BBC - October 20, 2008
Scientists have identified an amazing collection of dinosaur footprints on the Arizona-Utah border in the US. There are so many prints - more than 1,000 - that geologists have dubbed the site "a dinosaur dance floor". Located within the Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, the marks were long thought simply to be potholes gouged out of the rock by years of erosion. A paper describing the 190-million-year-old footprints is published in the palaeontology journal Palaios.
New Dinosaur May Link S. American, Aussie Dinos National Geographic - June 11, 2008
A rare fossil found in Australia suggests dinosaurs were able to traverse the vast prehistoric continent of Gondwana much later than thought, scientists report. The hundred-million-year-old fossil belonged to a two-legged meat-eater, or theropod, that is closely related to Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, a giant, big-clawed carnivore from Argentina, says a team led by Nathan Smith of the University of Chicago's Field Museum.
First Dinosaur Tracks Found on Arabian Peninsula National Geographic - May 20, 2008
More than a hundred dinosaur footprints have been found on the Arabian Peninsula, the first time that tracks have been unearthed in the region, a new study says. The 150-million-year-old tracks were made by ornithopods and sauropods large two- and four-legged plant-eaters, respectively in modern-day Yemen.
When Did Dinosaurs Go Extinct? Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Dating Refined Science Daily - April 28, 2008
Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Berkeley Geochronology Center have pinpointed the date of the dinosaurs' extinction more precisely than ever thanks to refinements to a common technique for dating rocks and fossils. The argon-argon dating method has been widely used to determine the age of rocks, whether they're thousands or billions of years old. Nevertheless, the technique had systematic errors that produced dates with uncertainties of about 2.5 percent.
T. Rex Protein "Confirms" Bird-Dinosaur Link National Geographic - April 24, 2008
A new study of ancient proteins retrieved from a Tyranosaurus rex fossil confirms the long-hypothesized evolutionary connection between dinosaurs and modern birds, experts say. The finding is the first molecular evidence that birds, not lizards or other reptiles, are the closest living relatives of dinosaurs, the researchers note. A close relationship between the two groups was already widely suspected, based on similarities in skeletal features. The new research follows a breakthrough study last year in which scientists reported the recovery and partial molecular sequencing of T. rex and mastodon proteins.
Hundreds of Dino-Era Animals in Amber Revealed by X-Ray National Geographic - April 4, 2008
A hidden trove of fossilized treasures in cloudy ancient tree sap have been brought to light with a new form of "x ray vision," scientists announced recently. Fossilized tree sap, or amber, is usually transparent but can become murky due to contamination by dirt and other debris.
Secret 'dino bugs' revealed BBC - April 1, 2008
A hidden trove of fossilized treasures in cloudy ancient tree sap have been brought to light with a new form of "x ray vision," scientists announced recently. Fossilized tree sap, or amber, is usually transparent but can become murky due to contamination by dirt and other debris. The dirtiest type, called opaque amber, resembles rocks and is a challenge for paleontologists who want to see organisms trapped inside. That is changing with synchrotron imaging, which uses high-energy x-rays generated by accelerated electrons to examine hidden fossils.
New "Sea Monster" Species Identified National Geographic - March 27, 2008
The remarkably well-preserved fossil of a dinosaur-era sea creature found in a Canadian mine is turning out to be a gold mine for paleontologists. The Cretaceous-period reptile, dubbed Nichollsia borealis, is not only a new species - it represents a whole new genus, scientists announced on March 20. It's also one of the oldest and most complete plesiosaur fossils ever unearthed in North America. Plesiosaurs were carnivorous reptiles that roamed the seas between about 205 million to 65 million years ago. Mine workers found the intact creature about 200 feet (60 meters) deep in a surface mine in Alberta in 1994. The Syncrude company extracts oil from the mine's sandy soil. A "tomb" of sandstone preserved the 8.5-foot-long (2.6-meter-long) creature almost perfectly�unlike other plesiosaur fossils that are often found in porous shale.
North Dakota: Workers Uncovering Mummified Dinosaur National Geographic - March 19, 2008
Using tiny brushes and chisels, workers picking at a big greenish-black rock in the basement of North Dakota's state museum are meticulously uncovering something amazing: a nearly complete dinosaur, skin and all.
Dino-Era Feathers Found Encased in Amber National Geographic - March 11, 2008
Seven dino-era feathers found perfectly preserved in amber in western France highlight a crucial stage in feather evolution, scientists report. The hundred-million-year-old plumage has features of both feather-like fibers found with some two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods and of modern bird feathers, the researchers said. This means the fossils could fill a key gap in the puzzle of how dinosaurs gave rise to birds, according to a team led by Vincent Perrichot of the Museum fur Naturkunde-Berlin in Germany. The find provides a clear example "of the passage between primitive filamentous down and a modern feather," said team member Didier Neraudeau of the University of Rennes in France. The study team isn't sure yet whether the feathers belonged to a dino or a bird. But fossil teeth from two dino families thought to have been feathered were excavated from rocks just above the layer that contained the amber, Perrichot said.
New Dinos May Have Killed Like Sharks, Ate Like Hyenas National Geographic - February 13, 2008
Two 110-million-year-old fossils of meat-eating dinosaurs that once ruled the southern continents have been found in Africa, scientists announced. First discovered in 2000, the new species are theropodstwo-legged carnivores that lived in the same habitat and grew to about 25 feet (7.6 meters) long. Eocarcharia dinops, or "fierce-eyed dawn shark," was likely an ambush predator armed with massive, shark-like teeth. Kryptops palaios, or "old hidden face," is thought have been a hyena-like scavenger that feasted on carcasses.
Bizarre New Dinosaurs Found in Sahara National Geographic - February 13, 2008
Face-to-face in a new fossil discovery, two newfound dinosaur species were revealed today. Both roamed Africa's Sahara desert some 110 million years ago and were found in present-day Niger. dawn shark,'' (left) was armed with three-inch (7.6-centimeter), blade-like teeth, likely for disabling and dismembering prey. Some experts speculate that its menacing brow was used in head-butting contests with rival males. Kryptops palaois, or ''old hidden face,'' boasted a horny face that may have had a special role.
Giant Duck-Billed Dino Discovered in Mexico National Geographic - February 13, 2008
A giant new species of crested duck-billed dinosaur has been unearthed in Mexico, researchers say. The discovery of the 72-million-year-old fossil adds to the rich gallery of dinosaurs that scientists now know lived in western North America during the latter part of the dinosaur era. The new species was dubbed Velafrons coahuilensis in honor of the state of Coahuila in north-central Mexico where the fossil was found. Reaching lengths up to 35 feet (10.5 meters) long, the newfound dino was a plant-eater belonging to a group of duck-billed dinosaurs, or hadrosaurs, that roamed the region together with carnivores like tyrannosaurs and velociraptors.
China: New Mini-Pterodactyl Among Smallest Known National Geographic - February 11, 2008
A new species of miniature flying reptile that lived more than 120 million years ago has been unearthed in China. The mini-pterosaur, dubbed Nemicolopterus crypticus, had a wingspan of only 10 inches (25 centimeters) about the size of a modern sparrow.
"Amazing" Dino Fossil Found With Skin, Tissue in China National Geographic - January 16, 2008
The fossil of a dinosaur with a flesh wound has been discovered in northeastern China, offering the most complete view to date of dinosaur skin, a scientist says. The fossil is of a 130-million-year-old Psittacosaurus, or parrot lizard, a beaked reptile about the size of a pig that could walk on either two or four legs.
Big Dinosaurs Had "Teen Sex" National Geographic - January 14, 2008
Big dinosaurs, like humans, reached sexual maturity during the messy growth spurts of adolescence, according to a new study. The reproductive strategy of dinosaurs was unlike that of their reptilian ancestors or their bird descendants, the study concludes.
Dinosaur Had Crocodile-Like Skull National Geographic - January 14, 2008
This bizarre British dinosaur may look like a meat-eater, but its skull actually functioned more like that of a fish-eating crocodile, a new study has found. When eating, Baryonyx walkeri's skull stretched and bent in a similar fashion to the modern-day gavial, or gharial, an Indian crocodile with long, narrow jaws. This spinosaur - part of a family of dinosaurs called "spine lizards," which lived about 125 million years ago also had large, 12-inch-long (30-centimeter-long) front claws. The 30-foot-long (9-meter-long) animal may have used them for scooping fish from the water.
New Dinosaur Discovered in Antarctica Live Science - December 11, 2007
A hefty, long-necked dinosaur that lumbered across the Antarctic before meeting its demise 190 million years ago has been identified and named, more than a decade after intrepid paleontologists sawed and chiseled the remains of the primitive plant-eater from its icy grave. They found a partial foot, leg and ankle bones on Mt. Kirkpatrick near the Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica at an elevation of more than 13,000 feet (nearly 4,000 meters). It wasn't until recently, though, that researchers examined the fossils.
Massive Dinosaur "Graveyard" Discovered in Spain National Geographic - December 10, 2007
A spectacular dinosaur "graveyard" containing thousands of fossils has been discovered in eastern Spain, scientists say. Eight different dinosaur species, including several kinds of armor-clad plant-eaters that were among the world's largest types of dino, have been identified among the 8,000 fossils found to date, according to experts excavating the site. The 70-million-year-old fossils show a stunning array of dinosaur diversity for a period that is very poorly known in Western Europe, said paleontologist Jos� Luis Sanz of Autonomous University in Madrid.
North Dakota: Amazing find of dinosaur 'mummy' BBC - December 3, 2007
Fossil hunters have uncovered the remains of a dinosaur that has much of its soft tissue still intact. Skin, muscle, tendons and other tissue that rarely survive fossilization have all been preserved in the specimen unearthed in North Dakota, US. The 67 million-year-old dinosaur is one of the duck-billed hadrosaur group. The preservation allowed scientists to estimate that it was more muscular than thought, perhaps giving it the ability to outrun predators like T. rex. The researchers propose that the dinosaur's rump was 25% larger than had previously been thought. This probably meant more muscle mass and therefore greater acceleration, giving it a greater chance of evading meat-eating dinosaurs in hot pursuit.
Bizarre Dinosaur Grazed Like a Cow, Study Says National Geographic - November 15, 2007
A weird-looking dinosaur with a muzzle resembling a vacuum cleaner suggests long-necked plant-eaters such as the well-known Diplodocus didn't always have their heads in the trees. The findings are based on fossil analyses of a 110-million-year-old dinosaur found in the Sahara region of Africa.
Dino With "Vacuum Mouth" Revealed National Geographic - November 15, 2007
This bizarre-looking dinosaur "mowed" through ground vegetation using its vacuum cleaner-shaped mouth more than a hundred million years ago, a new study has found.
Fossil is new family of dinosaur BBC - November 15, 2007
A fossilised bone dug up near Hastings 113 years ago has been recognised as a completely new family of dinosaur. The animal belongs to a general type of dinosaur called a sauropod - which was characterised by a large body, a long neck and a small head. A PhD student from the University of Portsmouth stumbled upon the specimen while browsing through the shelves of London's Natural History Museum. The fossil represents the dorsal vertebra (back bone) of a new family, genus and species of dinosaur now named Xenoposeidon proneneukus. It lived about 140 million years ago, was about the size of an elephant and weighed 7.5 tonnes.
Polar Dinosaurs Left Their Tracks Live Science - October 19, 2007
Newly discovered footprints made by carnivorous dinosaurs in Australia reveal the ancient beasts survived in polar climes when the outback was still joined to Antarctica and close to the South Pole. The discovery of the three fossil tracks, each about 14 inches (36 centimeters) long and showing two to three partial toe-prints, was presented by Anthony Martin, senior lecturer in environmental studies at Emory University, today at a meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Austin, Texas. The researchers estimate the tracks were made 115 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period by theropod dinosaurs, a group of bipedal carnivores that includes Tyrannosaurus rex. And based on the tracks' size, Martin and his colleagues estimate the beasts stood 4.6 to 4.9 feet (1.4 to 1.5 meters) at the hip. While not half-pints, the dinosaurs would've been about 20 percent smaller than Allosaurus, a large theropod from the Jurassic Period.
'Giant dino' found in Patagonia (Argentina) BBC - October 16, 2007
Scientists think they have found a new species of giant plant-eating dinosaur, Futalognkosaurus dukei, that roamed the Earth some 80m years ago. It would have measured at least 32m (105ft) in length, making it one of the biggest dinosaurs ever found, Argentine and Brazilian paleontologists say. The skeleton showed signs that its owner had been eaten by predators. The excavation site in Argentina has yielded a series of specimens since the first fossils were found there in 2000.
Giant Dino Found in Fossil Argentina National Geographic - October 16, 2007
An artist's rendering depicts a newly discovered giant dinosaur (left and second from left) lumbering through its habitat some 80 million years ago. The skeleton of what is believed to be a new dinosaur species - a 105-foot (32-meter) plant-eater that is among the largest dinosaurs ever found has been uncovered. Scientists from Argentina and Brazil said the Patagonian dinosaur appears to represent a previously unknown species of Titanosaur because of the unique structure of its neck. This is one of the biggest in the world and one of the most complete of these giants that exist.
Big Waddling Dinosaur Discovered Live Science - October 4, 2007
A strange, long-necked waddling dinosaur with massive arms and probably enormous claws has been discovered. It walked only on its hind legs like the carnivorous dinosaurs from which it evolved, but Suzhousaurus megatherioides, meaning "giant sloth-like reptile from Suzhou," was an herbivore, says researcher Daqing Li of the Third Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration Academy of Gansu Province in northwestern China, where the fossil specimen was found.
"Missing Link" Dinosaur Discovered in Montana National Geographic - October 3, 2007
An unusual new species of dinosaur discovered in a Montana fossil provides a long-sought link between a primitive group of dinos in Asia and those that roamed North America, experts say. The newfound species is a very early form of ceratopsian, whose descendants are best known for their fearsome horns and flashy neck frills. An unusual new species of dinosaur discovered in a Montana fossil provides a long-sought link between a primitive group of dinos in Asia and those that roamed North America, experts say. The newfound species is a very early form of ceratopsian, whose descendants are best known for their fearsome horns and flashy neck frills.
Utah: Duck-billed dinosaur had big bite BBC - October 3, 2007
The Gryposaurus, discovered in southern Utah, had a distinct duck-like bill and a powerful, strengthened jaw. The two-legged creature, was more than 10m (30ft) long. Analysis suggests that the dinosaur, which lived in the Cretaceous forests of North America about 65-80 million years ago, was a successful herbivore.
Bug Warfare Discovered in Dinosaur Era Live Science - September 4, 2007
The discovery of a bug that roamed with the dinosaurs has shown that insects were equipped with chemical weapons much earlier than thought.
Dinosaurs Had Sex As Youths, Study Says Live Science - July 20, 2007
Birdlike dinosaurs did not wait until they were fully grown to start having sex, a new study says. Early sexual maturity is a trait associated with modern-day crocodiles more than birds a surprise because most scientists believe birds are akin to modern dinosaurs.
Dinosaur Fossils Part of Longtime Chinese Tonic National Geographic - July 16, 2007
When Chinese villagers were recently discovered grinding dinosaur fossils into traditional elixirs, the incident was reported worldwide as a time-bending oddity of modern-day China. Yet such fossils have probably been key ingredients in Chinese "dragon bone" medicines for the past 25 centuries.
Meep-Meep! 'Road Runner' Dino Discovered Live Science - June 23, 2007
Skeletal remains from a 220-million-year-old dinosaur reveal a prehistoric road runner of sorts, whose svelte figure and long legs allowed it to evade predators lickety-split. The creature stood about 12 inches tall at the hips and weighed just 4.4 pounds. Its head-to-tail length was about 3 feet, with about half of that taken by the tail. The new species is aptly named Eocursor parvus, meaning early little runner. The fox-sized dinosaur is thought to be one of the oldest members of a group of plant-eating dinos called Ornithischians. Later Ornithischians, including the �elephantine� Stegosaurus and Triceratops, evolved from this half-pint, two-legged dinosaur.
Dinosaur Extinction Spurred Rise of Modern Mammals, Study Says National Geographic - June 20, 2007
The asteroid that finished off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago opened up niches for the majority of today's living mammals, according to a new study. The finding is the latest volley in a long-simmering debate over when and where the direct ancestors of everything from whales to rats to humans first arose.
Massive Birdlike Dinosaur Unearthed in China National Geographic- June 13, 2007
The remains of a huge beaked dinosaur with the looks of an ostrich but the weight of a rhino have been discovered in China's Gobi desert, fossil hunters have announced. The previously unknown dinosaur weighed in around 1.5 tons (1.4 metric tons) and stood more than 16 feet (5 meters) tall - an extraordinary size given its birdlike appearance, say the Chinese researchers who found it.
Prehistoric Gliding Lizard Discovered in U.S. National Geographic - June 13, 2007
Two hundred and twenty million years ago long-necked lizards spread their ribs and glided on winglike membranes through North American forests, according to a new discovery. Two fossils of the animal, called Mecistotrachelos apeoros ("soaring, long-necked"), were excavated at a quarry on the Virginia-North Carolina state border.
Protein links T. rex to chickens BBC - April 12, 2007
Protein extracted from 68 million-year-old T. rex bones has shed new light on the evolutionary link between dinosaurs and birds. Researchers compared organic molecules preserved in the T. rex fossils with those of living animals, and found they were similar to chicken protein. The discovery of protein in dinosaur bones is a surprise - organic material was not thought to survive this long.
Fossil reveals a caring, sharing dinosaur Guardian - March 21, 2007
The monstrous image of the dinosaurs needs a more touchy-feely makeover after US researchers found convincing evidence that at least some of the king reptiles cared for their young and even dug burrows to hide from predators. The find in Montana includes fossilized bones of an adult and two young. "Here we have the burrow, den, an adult with traits for digging, and two juveniles, all in the same place," said Anthony Martin at Emory University, Atlanta. "It doesn't get much better than that."
Dinosaur den diggers discovered BBC - March 21, 2007
The fossil remains of small dinosaurs that burrowed into the ground have been found by scientists in Montana, US.
Triceratops' "Granddaddy" Discovered in Canada National Geographic - March 6, 2007
Its forehead sprouted horns as large as human arms, and its skull was frilled with spikes the size of sharks' teeth. Even to the scientists who discovered this new species of dinosaur, the fearsome-looking creature was a bizarre sight. But its weird appearance is what helped experts peg the dino as a missing link, a never-before-seen member from the family tree of Triceratops. Dubbed Albertaceratops nesmoi, the 78-million-year-old dinosaur was unearthed in 2001 by paleontologist Michel Ryan and a colleague in the badlands of southern Alberta, Canada.
Over 100 Dinosaur Eggs Found in India National Geographic - February 6, 2007
Three Indian explorers are giving amateurs a good name. The fossil enthusiasts recently set out on an 18-hour hunt near the central city of Indore and ended up with more than a hundred dinosaur eggs. They are the typical, spherical eggs that researchers interpret as having been laid by sauropod dinosaurs," paleontologist Hans-Dieter Sues told National Geographic News via email after viewing photos of the find. Sues is an associate director for research and collections at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., and a former member of the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration.
Two-headed reptile fossil found BBC - December 20, 2006
Scientists have found what is thought to be the first example of a two-headed reptile in the fossil record. The abnormal animal, belonging to a group of aquatic reptiles, was unearthed in northeastern China and dates to the time of the dinosaurs. The specimen reveals that it must have been very young when it died and became fossilised, says lead researcher Eric Buffetaut.
Europe's "Biggest Dino" Discovered in Spain National Geographic - December 21, 2006
A massive Jurassic-age dinosaur - the largest ever discovered in Europe has been unearthed by Spanish fossil hunters. The new species, Turiasaurus riodevensis, measured up to 120 feet (37 meters) in length and weighed as much as 48 tons - equivalent to the weight of seven adult male elephants - the researchers say. The 150-million-year-old dinosaur is thought to represent a new type of sauropod, the group of long-necked plant-eaters with huge tails that were the largest animals ever to have walked Earth.
Baby plesiosaur bones found in Antarctic China View - December 13, 2006
he bones of a baby plesiosaur have been recovered from an Antarctic island, scientists reported Monday. In life, 70 million years ago, the five-foot-long animal would have resembled Nessie, the long-necked creature reported to inhabit Scotland's Loch Ness.
Giant Dinosaur Found in Argentina National Geographic - July 28, 2006
Argentinean scientists have discovered gigantic neck, back, and tail bones from one of the biggest dinosaurs ever to roam the Earth. Puertasaurus reuili, seen here in an artist's conception, is estimated to have been 115 to 131 feet (35 to 40 meters) long and weighed between 88 and 110 tons (80 and 100 metric tons).
T. rex struggled with midlife crisis MSNBC - July 14, 2006
A major midlife crisis came early for dinosaurs in the tyrannosaur family, as new research suggests many of the giant beasts died just as they reached their sexual prime. Like modern long-living birds and mammals, Tyrannosaurus rex and other tyrannosaur species experienced high mortality rates as infants and young adults, with just a choice few surviving to maturity. Researchers recently investigated a quarry in the Canadian province of Alberta, where in 1910 several fossilized specimens were found of the species Albertosaurus sarcophagus, a member of the tyrannosaur family. The collection of 22 dinos, which range from 6 to 30 feet long (2 to 9 meters long), remains the best evidence that tyrannosaurs were gregarious animals living in packs
For Tyrannosaurs, Teen Years Were Murder National Geographic - July 14, 2006
If they survived the deadly toddler years, tyrannosaurs apparently had it pretty cushy, at least until they hit dinosaur puberty. But after these dinosaurs reached sexual maturity, life's harsher realities kicked in again. Beginning at about age 14, tyrannosaurs suffered death rates of nearly 23 percent a year, according to a new study.
Bigger dinosaurs had warmer blood BBC - July 11, 2006
The bigger a dinosaur was, the warmer its blood, a study of the big beasts' fossil remains suggests. Dinosaurs were long considered to be cold-blooded reptiles. More recently, some researchers have proposed that the extinct creatures actively regulated their body temperature like mammals. A study in the journal Plos Biology now suggests this is not the case, but that bigger dinosaurs may have lost heat so slowly that they stayed warm anyway.
Dinosaur-Era Birds Surprisingly Ducklike, Fossils Suggest National Geographic - June 15, 2006
110 million-year-old birds bridge gap between age of dinosaurs and today
A new species of mini-dinosaur has been unearthed in northern Germany BBC - June 7, 2006
A new species of mini-dinosaur has been unearthed in northern Germany. The creature was of the sauropod type - that group of long-necked, four-footed herbivores that were the largest of all the dinosaurs. But at just a few metres in length, this animal was considerably smaller than its huge cousins, scientists report in the journal Nature. The team thinks the Jurassic species evolved its small form in response to limited food resources on an island.
Norway: The World's Deepest Dinosaur Finding - 2,256 Metres Below The Seabed Science Daily - April 25, 2006
The somewhat rough uncovering of Norway's first dinosaur happened in the North Sea, at an entire 2256 metres below the seabed. It had been there for nearly 200 million years, ever since the time the North Sea wasn't a sea at all, but an enormous alluvial plane. It is merely a coincidence that the remains of the old dinosaur now see the light of day again, or more precisely, parts of the dinosaur. The fossil is in fact just a crushed knucklebone in a drilling core -- a long cylinder of rock drilled out from an exploration well at the Snorre offshore field.
T. Rex's Oldest Ancestor Discovered in China National Geographic - February 8, 2006
The earliest in a line of dinosaurs that gave rise to Tyrannosaurus rex has been discovered in China. Scientists say the 160-million-year-old animal, which had an elaborate head crest and possibly bore simple feathers, is the oldest known tyrannosaur - a group of swift, flesh-eating dinos that culminated in T. rex some 90 million years later.
Crocodile ancestor found in museum basement National Geographic - January 25, 2006
210 million-year-old fossil discovered by accident after decades in storage
A study of fossil dinosaur dung has for the first time confirmed that the ancient reptiles ate grass BBC - November 17, 2005
A study of fossil dinosaur dung has for the first time confirmed that the ancient reptiles ate grass. Grass was previously thought to have become common only after the dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago. But grasses were probably not a very important part of dinosaur diets - the fossilized feces show the big beasts ate many different types of plants.
Remains of 'Godzilla' croc found in Argentina BBC - November 11, 2005
The fossilized remains of a crocodile that ruled the oceans 140 million years ago have been discovered in Patagonia. Scientists have nicknamed the creature Godzilla, because of its dinosaur-like snout and jagged teeth. The US-Argentine team of researchers believes the animal was a ferocious predator, feeding on other marine reptiles and large sea creatures.
China: Ancient Flying Reptiles Discovered National Geographic - October 5, 2005
Fossils found in northeastern China have revealed two new species of flying reptiles that lived more than 120 million years ago, during the dinosaur era. The extinct species, known as pterosaurs, belong to groups previously found only in Europe. Scientists made the find in a region known for the diversity of its fossil specimens dating from the Cretaceous period, which lasted from 144 million to 65 million years ago.
Rare Fossil Embryos Reveal Dinosaur Growth National Geographic - July 29, 2005
The oldest terrestrial dinosaur embryos ever discovered reveal a strange-looking baby herbivore that was born on four legs, not two, as previously thought.
Experts tell Mr from Mrs Dinosaur BBC - June 2, 2005
Palaeontologists think they have found a way to tell whether dinosaur fossils are from males or females. Writing in Science, a US team describe a specialised type of bone layer in fossils from a T. rex which is similar to one found in female birds.nIn birds, the special tissue is called medullary bone and is laid down in the limbs of females when they lay eggs.
Utah: Killer dino 'turned vegetarian' BBC - May 4, 2005
The "mass graveyard" of a bird-like dinosaur has been uncovered in Utah, US, Nature magazine reports this week. Scientists believe the previously unknown species was in the process of converting to "vegetarianism" from a rather more bloodthirsty diet. Falcarius utahensis seems to represent an intermediate stage between a carnivorous and herbivorous form. The creature, which lived about 125 million years ago, provides a "missing link" in dinosaur evolution.
Eggs found inside dinosaur fossil BBC - April 15, 2005
A dinosaur that died just before it was about to lay two eggs has been found by an international team of scientists. The creature, which lived 65-98 million years ago, was discovered in China's Jiangxi Province. The fossilized remains comprise little more than a pelvis with the shelled eggs still viewable in the body cavity. Tamaki Sato and colleagues tell Science magazine the dinosaur's reproductive system shares similarities with both primitive reptiles and modern birds.
T. rex fossil has 'soft tissues' BBC - March 24, 2005
Dinosaur experts have extracted samples of what appear to be soft tissues from a Tyrannosaurus rex fossil bone. The US researchers tell Science magazine that the organic components resemble cells and fine blood vessels. In the hotly contested field of dino research, the work will be greeted with acclaim and disbelief in equal measure.What seems certain is that some fairly remarkable conditions must have existed at the Montana site where the T. rex died, 68 million years ago.
Fierce badger-like mammals ate dinos for lunch BBC - January 12, 2005
An astonishing new fossil unearthed in China has overturned the accepted view about the relationship between dinosaurs and early mammals. The specimen belongs to a primitive mammal about 130 million years old and its stomach contents show that it ate young dinosaurs called psittacosaurs.
Fossil Egg Finds Yield Clues to How Pterosaurs Lived National Geographic - December 2, 2004
The discoveries of two fossilized eggs from the ancient flying reptiles known as pterosaurs were announced Wednesday. The finds raise to three the number of known pterosaur eggs - the one other known egg was only announced last summer. Until very recently, scientists wondered if the reptiles that filled the skies in the age of the dinosaurs laid eggs or gave birth to live young like mammals do.
Britain's biggest dinosaur found - Isle of Wight BBC - November 22, 2004
Fossil hunters on the Isle of Wight have unearthed bones from the biggest dinosaur so far discovered in the UK. One fossil - a single neck bone from the 125-130-million-year-old sauropod dinosaur - measures an astonishing three-quarters of a metre in length. Based on this, a team of UK and US researchers believes the huge reptile was probably over 20m long and could have weighed as much as 40-50 tones.
'Sleeping dragon' had bird repose BBC - October 13, 2004
A 130-million-year-old fossil dinosaur caught apparently grabbing a kip with its head tucked under its forearm has been discovered by Chinese scientists. It is the earliest known example of an animal unearthed in a bird-like repose. Mei long, which means A 135-million-year-old fossil dinosaur caught apparently grabbing a kip with its head tucked under its forearm has been discovered by scientists in China. It is the earliest known example of an animal unearthed in a bird-like repose."soundly sleeping dragon", was pulled out of the famous fossil beds of Liaoning province.
Dinosaur-Era Bird - Archaeopteryx - Could Fly, Brain Study Says National Geographic - August 4, 2004
The earliest known bird was discovered in a Bavarian quarry in 1861. Ever since, scientists have disagreed as to whether Archaeopteryx was fully capable of flight. Exquisitely preserved fossils reveal that the winged, feathered animal had numerous modern birdlike features, but much of its primitive reptilian skeleton betrays a close kinship to meat-eating dinosaurs.
Dinosaur Tooth Found in Flying Reptile's Spine National Geographic - June 30, 2004
A hundred-million-year-old Brazilian fossil may offer rare evidence of an ancient encounter between a dinosaur predator and a flying reptile. Massive carnivorous dinosaurs known as spinosaurs had snouts and jaws similar to modern fish-eating crocodiles. The similarity led many experts to believe that they were specialized hunters of fish.
Two Dinosaurs From Africa Give Clues To Continents� Split Science Daily - June 9, 2004
The fossil skull of a wrinkle-faced, meat-eating dinosaur whose cousins lived as far away as South America and India has emerged from the African Sahara, discovered by a team led by University of Chicago paleontologist Paul Sereno. The find provides fresh information about how and when the ancient southern continents of Africa, South America and India separated.
"Wrinkle Face" Dinosaur Fossil Found in Africa National Geographic - June 2, 2004
The fossil skull of a new species of dinosaur - a wrinkle-faced carnivore called Rugops primus that lived 95 million years ago - has been found in a remote part of the Sahara in Africa. The discovery of the 30-foot-long (9-meter-long) dinosaur -whose cousins lived as far away as South America and India - sheds new light on how and when the ancient southern continent that included Africa, South America, and India separated.
New dino 'links major landmasses' BBC - June 2, 2004
A cache of dinosaurs discovered in Niger may challenge our understanding of continental formation, US scientists have claimed this week. One of the dinosaurs - Rugops - was a wrinkle-faced carnivore, which lived about 95 million years ago. Rugops had relations in South America, indicating Africa became a separate continent later than thought, some researchers believe.
Dino hunts find 7 rare raptor teeth BBC - April 26, 2004
Seven fossil dinosaur teeth unearthed on the Isle of Wight belong to raptors - the predatory dinosaurs made famous by the film Jurassic Park. The teeth represent only the second example of velociraptorines in the UK and suggest the animals from which they came were surprisingly large.
Argentina: Dinosaur Discovered in Patagonia - Named "Small Head" National Geographic - April 5, 2004
Argentine paleontologists have discovered a 13-foot (4-meter) plant-eating dinosaur with a long neck and small head that roamed the southern tip of South America about 70 million years ago. The team, led by Fernando Novas of the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences in Buenos Aires, named the dinosaur Talenkauen santacrucensis. Talenkauen means "small head" in the Aonikenk Indian language.
Spain: One of the World's 'largest dinosaur' found BBC - February 27, 2004
Archaeologists in Spain say they have discovered fossil bones belonging to one of the world's largest dinosaurs. The bones of a what would have been a 35m-long (about 115ft) creature weighting 50 metric tons were found near Riodeva in the eastern province of Teruel. It is thought to have lived in the Lower Cretaceous period between 110m and 130m years ago. The dinosaur has not yet been fully identified, but it is apparently a herbivorous sauropod similar to the Paralititan found in Egypt.
Dinosaur fossils found in Amazon BBC - January 15, 2004
The Federal University in Rio de Janeiro said its researchers found the remains of a new species of dinosaur, estimated to be 100 million years old. The dinosaur is part of a group of long-necked, long-tailed plant-eaters called sauropods.
Dinosaur family footprints found BBC - December 2, 2003
A rare piece of evidence pointing to a dinosaur mothering her young after they had left the nest has been discovered on the Isle of Skye. Dinosaur footprints found on a remote beach on the island reveal an adult ornithopod - a bipedal plant-eating dinosaur - walking along a muddy lake edge, with up to 10 smaller individuals.
Ancient pterosaurs 'could have outperformed modern birds' BBC - October 23, 2003
Pterosaurs were not cumbersome gliding dinosaurs, but nimble and athletic flyers, scientists now believe. The ancient reptiles, which flourished 251 to 65 million years ago, might even have outperformed modern birds. Researchers examined 3D images of their brains and found the regions relating to balance were particularly pronounced - suggesting pterosaurs would have been agile swoopers and divers.
Ancient, Lizard-Like Reptile Discovered National Geographic - October 8, 2003
A pair of Argentine paleontologists have discovered numerous 90-million-year-old fossils of a new type of sphenodontian - an ancient lizard-like reptile thought to have gone extinct about 120 million years ago except for a few relicts that live today in New Zealand, the tuatara. The fossils, including several well-preserved skulls, were found in the red sandstone cliffs of the La Buitrera fossil quarry in northwestern Patagonia, about 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) east of Buenos Aires.
New dino species found in India BBC - August 13, 2003
Scientists in India have discovered a new dinosaur species that roamed the Narmada valley 65 million years ago. The creature, whose fossilised bones were scattered along the Narmada River in the western state of Gujarat, has been named Rajasaurus narmadensis, or the regal reptile from Narmada.
New dinosaur identified in South Africa July 10, 2003 - National Geographic
Neglected for 20 years on the dusty shelves of a South African university, paleontologists have re-discovered the 215-million-year-old fossils bones of one of the earliest giant dinosaurs.
Flap over dino flight origins BBC - January 16, 2003
A new theory of how dinosaurs learned to fly has emerged. According to a US scientist, flight may have evolved in two-legged dinosaurs that flapped their feathered fore-limbs to climb slopes. They eventually developed true wings and became flying birds, says Kenneth Dial of the University of Montana.
Cuba: Dinosaur First Confirmed Remains Discovered December 20, 2002 - National Geographic
The roughly 150-million-year-old vertebra of a small, coastal-dwelling Saurischian dinosaur was unearthed in the Sierra de los Organos Mountains in western Cuba.
Dino family tree shows birds are related June 10, 2002 - BBC
Scientists have produced the most detailed family tree of dinosaurs yet, showing how the great beasts were related to each other and how they evolved. The researchers, from the University of Bristol, UK, took over 150 previously published evolutionary trees of dinosaurs and combined them into a new supertree of 277 dinosaur species. This new look at dinosaur evolution clearly shows that birds are descended from dinosaurs, a matter of much debate in recent years.
Dino heatwave recorded in leaves June 11, 2002 - BBC
Fresh evidence to show an impact from space lay behind the demise of the dinosaurs has been published by scientists. The only thing that can explain such a large and sudden jump in CO2 would be this idea of a space impact. The researchers say analysis of fossil leaves from 65 million years ago shows there was a sudden and dramatic rise in carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere.
The most primitive wishbone yet found in a dinosaur BBC - February 18, 2002
Sensational fossil discoveries were unveiled on Monday, including the most primitive wishbone yet found in a dinosaur. Also presented was an exquisite skull from a tiny crocodile that could help provide vital new evidence on when the landmasses of Africa and South America split to take up their current positions on the planet's surface.
How reptiles survived the big one BBC - September 25, 2001
Fossils of reptiles that survived the greatest extinction in the Earth's history suggest that the catastrophe had a far greater impact on ocean life than on land-dwellers. The theory that an asteroid or comet slammed into the planet, wiping out most living things, may have to be revised following the discovery. Scientists have found that two-thirds of a group of ancient land reptiles managed to escape the devastation, while about 90% of marine life died out.
More 'feathered' dinosaurs found BBC - June 18, 2001
Scientists in America claim to have discovered two new "bird-like" species of feathered dinosaur, unearthed in New Mexico. The two dinosaurs - the sloth-like Nothronychus and a small carnivore from the coelurosaur family that has not yet been named - lived 90 million years ago in swampy forests.
| Pterodactylus |
What was the maiden name of the mother of William Shakespeare ? | Pteranodons
PTERANODONS
FLYING REPTILES OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS
WESTERN INTERIOR SEA -
Copyright � 2000-2013 by Mike Everhart
Updated 12/05/2014
Pterosaurs (flying reptiles) were the first vertebrates to take wing and evolved during the Late Triassic. They were superbly adapted for flight, with hollow, air-filled bones, a relatively large, birdlike brain (Seeley, 1871; Edinger, 1927; Wellnhofer, 1991), and membranous wings that were supported by the elongated fourth finger of each hand. In the much larger pteranodons, their upper bodies were stiffened by rigidly binding the fused dorsal vertebrae, ribs, scapulacoracoid and sternum together into a solid structure (notarium) that supported the large muscles needed to power their wings. Some smaller pterosaurs were apparently covered with �fur-like� bristles and it is likely that they were "warm-blooded" to some extent. Besides the elongated �wing-finger,� they had three clawed fingers on each hand , and four clawed toes on each foot . The smallest known pterosaur ( Pterodactylus ) was about the size of an American robin, and one of the largest ( Quetzalcoatlus ) had a wingspread as large as a light airplane (11-12 m/ 36-39 ft.).
Almost all of the known remains of Pteranodon come from the Smoky Hill Chalk of west Kansas. A few are found in the overlying Pierre Shale in Kansas, South Dakota and Wyoming. These are all marine deposits, as much as hundreds of miles from the nearest shoreline at the time. So what were these flying reptiles doing so far from land? The current idea is that they were feeding, but why fly that long distance just to feed? To me it seems far more likely that what we are seeing in these remains are those pterosaurs that died during migrations across the seaway, going to and from the rookeries where their young were born / hatched and raised. Modern bird migrations, especially those over water, tend to lose weak, sick or old individuals. Such losses would also occur among pterosaurs.
LEFT: A flight of Pteranodon longiceps as shown in the opening scenes of the National Geographic IMAX movie, "Sea Monsters" (Released October, 2007). I was fortunate to be one of the senior science advisers on the movie, along with Ken Carpenter, Glenn Storrs, Larry Martin and others.
PTEROSAUR NEWS AND VIEWS:
New specimen: Pterodactyl mother found with egg in China - color photos - L�, J., Unwin, D.M., Deeming, D.C., Jin, X., Liu, Y. and Ji, Q. 2011. An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs.
Science
331(6015):321-324. (January 21, 2011)
Pterosaur Blog - Updates on pterosaur discoveries around the world.
Gwawinapterus - A new pterosaur from Canada - Arbour, V. M. and Currie, P.J.(2011. An istiodactylid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group,
Hornby Island
. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.
Unfortunately it turned out to be a fish: Vullo, R., Buffetaut, E. and Everhart, M.J. 2012. Reappraisal of Gwawinapterus beardi from the Late Cretaceous of Canada: A saurodontid fish, not a pterosaur. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(5):1198-1201.
Two new Pteranodon species named: Kellner, A.W.A. 2010. Comments on the Pteranodontidae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) with description of two new species. Anais da Academa Brasileira de Ci�ncias 82(4):1063-1084.
Cope (1866), not Marsh (1871), was actually the first paleontologist to mention the bones of pterosaurs in North American rocks, based on what appear to be fairly numerous small, hollow bones found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania (see figure at LEFT from Cope, 1870) . The note is short... just a oral presentation at the October 23, 1866 meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:
�Mr. Cope made a communication in regard to the Mesozoic Sandstone of Pennsylvania, expressing the probability of its horizon being that of the Trias of Europe, on account of some contained vertebrate remains which he had previously described, and also from some bones of a Pterodactyle now in his possession, for which he proposed the name of P. longispinis.�
Cope followed up by renaming the genus (Rhabopelix longispinis), figuring and including a short description of the bones in his 1870 monograph (pp. 169-175, fig. 46). The specimens were subsequently lost, and although von Huene (1921) figured two pterosaur(?) bones from the same site, Cope's Triassic pterosaur is now considered to be nomen dubium (See Witton, 2010 for a more detailed explanation).
Pteranodon ( meaning "wing without tooth") were a group of Late Cretaceous flying reptiles that were characteristically toothless and tail-less (they did have short tails). The males grew to large size (wingspreads of 7.5 m (25 ft) or more) during the deposition of the Smoky Hill Chalk (87-82 mya), and were even larger near the end of the Late Cretaceous.
The largest individuals discovered so far in Kansas had a wingspread of about 8 m (26 ft.) but by some estimates may have weighed no more than 11 kg (25 lb). However, in a recent article in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Henderson (2010) estimated the mass of a Pteranodon longiceps with a 5.34 m (17.5 ft) wingspread at 18.6 kg (41 lb). Clearly, there is still work to be done on their anatomy and physiology.
Compared to the size of their heads and wings, their bodies are almost absurdly small. One comparison provided by Hankin and Watson (1914) was that "with a body little larger than that of a cat, they had a span of wing asserted in some cases to have reached 21 feet or more!"
LEFT: The skeleton of Pteranodon longiceps (lateral view) - Adapted from original drawing by Eaton (1910). CLICK FOR LARGER VERSION
Systematic Paleontology
Type Species
Pteranodon longiceps Marsh 1876
During the summer and fall of 1870, O. C. Marsh and his Yale scientific expedition collected fossils from as far west as Wyoming and Utah. Late in November, they made a brief visit to western Kansas in the vicinity of Fort Wallace where he was assigned a military escort. The weather was cold but they were still able to collect very successfully for several days along the Smoky Hill River in what are now Wallace and Logan counties. In a short note published after returning to Yale in mid-December, Marsh (1871) noted only that "some interesting reptilian and fish remains" were collected during their two-week stay in Kansas.
In his first mention of a North American pterosaur, Marsh (1871) reported that the distal ends of two long bones (two metacarpals from the wings of two individuals (YPM 1160 and 1161) had been found, and noted that they were not unlike those from Europe figured by Richard Owen in 1851. Marsh (1871, p. 472) also noted that the bones were thin-walled and hollow. From these few fragments, he named a new species Pterodactylus Oweni, "in honor of Professor Richard Owen of London." Marsh estimated the size of the creature from the fragments and noted that the outstretched wings would have measured "not less than twenty feet!" ... a very accurate estimate considering that nothing like this had ever been seen before.
Surprisingly, and as a complete fabrication since no skull material was reported to be present, Marsh also indicated that "the teeth are smooth, and compressed." In his much more complete description of additional remains of this and two other species collected by the 1871 expedition, Marsh (1872, p. 244) again noted the presence of teeth in Pteranodon: "The teeth found with remains of this species, and supposed to belong to them, are very similar to the teeth of Pterodactyls from the Cretaceous of England. They are smooth, compressed, elliptical in transverse outline, pointed at the apex and somewhat curved." Of the teeth of a second species (Pterodactylus ingens), Marsh wrote (ibid., p. 247) that "the dental characters of this species are at present only known from a single crown of a tooth; found with one series of the specimens and from two larger and very perfect teeth found by themselves, which agree so closely with the former that they deserve notice in this connection. These specimens are less curved and less compressed than the teeth referred to Pt. occidentalis, but in other respects they are nearly identical." According to Chris Bennett (pers. comm. 2003), the teeth collected by Marsh in association with his initial Pteranodon wing bones were fish teeth, probably those of an Ichthyodectes, and are still curated in the Yale Peabody collection.
Marsh, however, apparently assumed that his American "Pterodactyle" would have teeth like its European cousins and was hedging his bet on their discovery when the first skull was found. In that regard, he was not the only one who would be playing "fast and loose" with this conclusion. His rival E. D. Cope (1872, p. 337) also indicated, slightly more conservatively, that Pteranodonskulls "were slender and the teeth indicated carnivorous habits." As shown in an illustration in a book called Buffalo Land (Webb, 1872) , however, it is clear that Cope believed that at least one of the species he had named (Ornithochirus umbrosus) had teeth.
In the summer of 1871, Marsh and the second Yale scientific expedition returned to Kansas. Marsh was able to return to the spot where he had found the first remains of a Pteranodon, and he located additional pieces of the same bone. By the time Marsh (1872) published more complete descriptions, however, the giant Pteranodonswere already taking a back seat to the recent discovery of toothed birds in western Kansas. Marsh noted that the name he gave to the first specimen (Pterodactylus Oweni) was preoccupied by a specimen described by Seeley and replaced it with the name Pterodactylus occidentalis. Besides this species, Marsh (1872, p. 246-247) collected several specimens of "the most gigantic of Pterosaurs," which he called P. ingens(YPM 1160 and 1172) and estimated had a wingspread "of nearly 22 feet!" Marsh also named another, smaller species (P. velox; YPM 1176) that was found in 1871 on the basis of what he believed were differences he saw in the wing bones.
Bennett (1994) examined the Marsh collection at the Yale Peabody Museum and indicated that because of the stratigraphic level in which the pterosaur remains collected by Marsh in 1871 and 1872 occurred, they were all probably Pteranodon longiceps. In that regard, Bennett (1994, p. 14) considered all the early names given by Marsh and Cope to be nomen dubia because the material does not exhibit any species-specific characters and was too fragmentary to be accurately identified beyond the genus Pteranodon.
Cope apparently found at least two sets of Pteranodonremains during his trip to Kansas in late 1871. In a short note, Cope (1872a, p. 337) named two species, Ornithochirus umbrosus (AMNH 1571) and O. harpyia (AMNH 1572), that were apparently distinguished from one another only on the basis of size. In doing so, he accepted Seeley's name for the genus and apparently ignored Marsh's Pterodactyluswithout further comment. In a narrative that preceded the listing of the two new species, Cope (ibid., p. 323) described them in their natural habitat: "The flying saurians are pretty well known from the descriptions of European authors. Our Mesozoic periods had been thought to have lacked these singular forms until Professor Marsh and the writer discovered remains of species in the Kansas chalk. Though these are not numerous, their size was formidable. One of them, Ornithochirus harpyia Cope, spread eighteen feet between the tips of its wings, while the O. umbrosus Cope, covered nearly twenty-five feet with his expanse. These strange creatures flapped their leathery wings over the waves, and often plunging, seized many an unsuspecting fish; or, soaring, at a safe distance, viewed the sports and combats of the more powerful saurians of the sea. At night-fall, we may imagine them trooping to the shore, and suspending themselves to the cliffs by the claw-bearing fingers of their wing-limbs ."
While this image of pteranodons hanging from rocks along the seashore has been shown in numerous recreations over the years, it is probably just a fantasy. As noted by Stein (1975), it would have been impossible for Pteranodon to land on all fours on level ground without collapsing the wings first and thus losing lift. Performing such a landing against the vertical wall of a cliff would seem to be a death-defying act. Furthermore, none of the cores of the wing claws (unguals) I have collected or examined show any damage on the tips as might be expected from a daily routine of hanging from one's fingertips.
The first Pteranodon specimens found in North America were discovered in the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas by O.C. Marsh in 1870 . The remains he collected consisted only of fragments of the long wing bones. However, they were readily comparable (though much larger) with pterodactyl remains from the Jurassic of Europe.
The only pterosaurs that are currently known to occur in the Smoky Hill Chalk are the highly developed pteranodons, including P. longiceps, P. sternbergi, Nyctosaurus gracilis and N. nanus. These flying reptiles do not have teeth or long tails like the earlier pterosaurs found in the Jurassic of Europe, and are generally much larger.
LEFT: The current version of the skeleton of Pteranodon longiceps in flight (wingspread about 20 feet) - upper Smoky Hill Chalk, Kansas. The wing membranes are narrower than in earlier reconstructions and are no longer considered to have been connected to the lower legs. (Adapted from Bennett, 2001). This is more consistent with the wings of modern long distance flyers like the albatross and frigate bird.
LEFT: One of the first drawings of a complete skeleton of a Pteranodon by S.W. Williston (1897, Plate II). Note that "Ornithostoma ingens" is a junior synonym of Pteranodon longiceps. Williston initially disagreed with Marsh on the genus name and thought that it should be the same as the pterosaur remains from England named earlier by Seeley. Williston also disagreed with Marsh in regard to the size of the crest.
Pterosaurs were apparently "warm blooded" in some respects, and may have had a thin covering of hair on their bodies. Their role in the Late Cretaceous Inland Sea was probably similar to modern sea birds such as the albatross and pelican, and they may have spent most of their lives soaring over the ocean looking for food. While they apparently fed primarily on fish and other small marine organisms, we are not sure how they fed. It is unlikely that they were "skimmers," that is, taking fish from the ocean surface while in flight.
LEFT: Another version of Eaton's 1910 drawing of Pteranodon longiceps. In this case, the figure is an illustration from: Hankin, E. H. and D. M. S. Watson. 1914. On the flight of Pterodactyls. The Aeronautical Journal, 18: 324-335.
Note the small size of the Pteranodon's body compared to the length of the head, and to the wings. Pteranodons were superbly adapted to flight, including their hollow, pneumatic bones and the way in which their dorsal vertebrae were fused together with the ribs to form a solid structure (notarium) that supported the flight muscles. While they were excellent long distance flyers, they probably spent more time soaring than flapping their wings.
RIGHT: Bones of a Pteranodon skeleton labeled. Adapted from a reconstruction by S.W. Williston. Note that the long wing finger corresponds to the "ring finger" in humans (Digit IV).
LEFT: A comparison of Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus skeletal elements. Note that the scales differ between bones and between genera, with Pteranodon being the larger of the two genera. Adapted from Wellnhofer (1978 - Note that most of the these images originally came from Williston's and Eaton's previous works).
These two drawings were adapted from Lucas, F. A. 1929. Animals of the Past. American Museum of Natural History, Handbook No. 4, New York.
LEFT: A comparison between the sizes and the skeletons of an adult Pteranodon longiceps and a California Condor - Gymnogyps californianus. The wing spread of the Pteranodon is about 24 feet, while that of the Condor is about 10 feet.
RIGHT: The different bone structures of wings in bats, pterodactyls, a primitive bird (Arch�opteryx) and a modern bird.
Pteranodon longiceps
Pteranodons were first discovered in the upper chalk near Fort Wallace in Logan County, Kansas by O.C. Marsh in 1870. The only remains collected initially were the fragments of long wing bones, but they were recognizable as being similar to those of the Jurassic pterodactyls found in Europe. Marsh initially named two species from the remains, Pterodactylus occidentalis and P. ingens, now considered by Bennett to be nomen dubium. Pteranodon. longiceps Marsh (1876) was named from a much more complete specimen (YPM 1177) collected by S.W. Williston that included the skull. Cope also named two species from specimens that he collected in 1871 (Ornithochirus umbrosus and O. harpyia / occidentalis). It was later noted by Bennett (1994) that all of these early specimens were collected from the upper chalk and were probably from the same species, P. longiceps.
At first, both Marsh (1871) and Cope (1872) contended that these giant flying reptiles also had teeth like their Jurassic cousins. In Marsh's case, it was because of some fish teeth that were found near the bones; Cope apparently just decided that they probably had teeth. It wasn't until 1876 with the discovery of the skull of the type specimen of Pteranodon longiceps (YPM 1177) by S.W. Williston in the upper chalk of western Gove County that it was discovered that these flying reptiles did NOT have teeth and, and subsequently the genus name, Pterodactylus, was changed to Pteranodon by Marsh (1876).
LEFT: Two reconstructions of Ornithochirus umbrosus Cope 1872 ( Adapted from a plate opposite page 356 in Webb's 1872 Buffalo Land ), most likely drawn from instructions provided by E.D. Cope. Note that neither pteranodon has a crest (unknown in 1872) and the lower figure (4) has teeth (assumed).
LEFT: Figure adapted from Plate 7 of Cope's (1875) Vertebrata of Pteranodon specimens he collected in 1871 from the chalk of western Kansas, and from which he named two species (Ornithochirus umbrosus Cope 1872 and O. harpyi Cope 1872. Bennett (1994) identified the bones as (1) distal left metacarpal IV and (2) proximal wing phalanx 1 of two different individuals, (3) proximal carpal and (4) manual phalanx from the type specimen of Ornithochirus umbrosus (AMNH 1571), and; (5) distal right metacarpal IV and (6) a composite of a proximal left wing phalanx 1 and a proximal left wing phalanx 1(?) of two individuals composing the type specimen of O. harpyi / occidentalis (AMNH 1571).
It appears that most of the Pteranodon remains collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk and the Pierre Shale are wing bones. While these are arguably the largest and most durable in the skeleton, Hargrave (2007) suggests that they were held tightly together in life, and offered little in the way of nourishment to scavengers, similar to what is observed in modern instances of partially consumed bird remains where the wings are left more or less intact.
LEFT: The skull of the type specimen of Pteranodon longiceps (YPM 1177) in left lateral view, collected by S.W. Williston on May 2, 1876 from the "Yellow Chalk" near the Smoky Hill River in western Kansas, and described by Marsh (1876). Photo adapted from Plate 1 of Eaton (1910). Note that the crest is broken off. The greatest preserved length of the skull is 73 cm (28 inches).
RIGHT: Plate VII from Marsh (1884) showing the skull of Pteranodon longiceps in three views.
Only the mature males of Pteranodon longiceps have the long, slender crest that extends almost as far behind the skull as the jaw extends to the front. Females did not have a large crest.
LEFT: The reconstructed skull of a mature male Pteranodon longiceps (left lateral view, about 4 feet). Drawing adapted from Figure 1, Plate IV in Eaton (1910) and is a composite of YPM 2594 and YPM 2493 (a large crest) . The large crest extends about 74 cm behind the orbit of the eye (29 inches).
RIGHT: Photos of YPM 2594 and 2493 from Eaton (1910).
LEFT: A plaster model of a Pteranodon longiceps (YPM in the Yale Peabody Museum. The exhibit is a composite based on a number of specimens collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk, including YPM 1177 (above). It was constructed under George Eaton's supervision for the 1904 World's Fair (Louisiana Purchase Exposition) in St. Louis, Missouri.
RIGHT: Artist's reconstruction showing the possible development of the crests of males and females of Pteranodon longiceps and P. sternbergi. Note that although Pteranodon females do have a crest, it is never as large as those of the older, mature males. The crest apparently developed as the pterosaur reached sexual maturity, most likely as a display. Credits: This image was adapted from a slightly different version by "Smokeybjb" and shown on Wikipedia. It is displayed here with the permission of the artist.
What was the function of this large crest? No one knows for certain. It has been suggested that the large crest served as a forward rudder, an airbrake, a counter-balance for the large beak, and even as a heat-exchanger (see Bennett 1992 for a detailed discussion). Given that the large crests occur ONLY on mature male Pteranodon skulls, it seems more likely that they were more likely a sexual display. Bennett (1992) also notes that the remains of smaller individuals (females) out number those of the larger males by about 2 to 1, suggesting that being larger (and male) was more risky. The large crest may actually of been a detriment to males in terms of their ability to take off, to fly, to land, or to feed.
LEFT: A partial skull of a Pteranodon longiceps (USNM 13868) in right lateral view collected by George F. Sternberg (GFS Sp. 137-31) near Monument Rocks in western Gove County and sold to the United States National Museum (Smithsonian). Bennett (2000) suggested that it had been collected between Marker Units 15 and 16 (Upper Santonian-Lower Campanian in age). (Drawing adapted from Bennett 2001, fig. 11; Photo in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History archives).
LEFT: The partial skull of a Pteranodon longiceps in left lateral view from the chalk of Graham County, KS. It was collected, prepared and mounted by G.F. Sternberg. (Photo in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History archives). Bennett (1994, p. 30) notes that the straight appearance of the upper jaw (premaxilla) was due to the fact that the midline of the premaxilla is preserved in dorsal view, unlike the rest of the skull.
Miller (1971, p. 15) designated this specimen as the holotype of Pteranodon (Sternbergia) walkeri. Bennett (1994) suggested that it did not differ significantly from P. longiceps. Most recently, Kellner (2010) has agreed with Bennett's (1994) re-identification.
LEFT: A dorsal view of the reconstructed lower jaw of a Pteranodon, published by Williston in 1895. The jaw is from KUVP 974 and was collected by H.T. Martin. (Note that this figure was published upside down in Williston's 1895 paper):
"In Fig. b is given a cross-section of the jaws at the place marked a, showing the shape of the cavity and the crushing the bone has received. At c is given a restoration of the section at a, showing the outline of jaws very nearly as they must have been during life."
RIGHT: Two views of the same jaw (KUVP 974) from Bennett (2001, fig. 24).
LEFT: Dorsal view of the posterior portion of the lower jaws of AMNH 5098, collected by Charles H. Sternberg in 1877 in Lane County, showing the mass of small fish vertebrae. Bennett (2001, pers. comm, 2004) indicated that the fish remains were probably stomach contents regurgitated when the Pteranodon died.
RIGHT: A drawing of the jaw of AMN5098 adapted from Bennett (2001, fig. 23). Click for a photo of the complete specimen (adapted from Wellnhofer, 1991)
WHAT DID PTERANODON EAT?: It seems likely that Pteranodon fed on fish. Although not unexpected, actual evidence has been somewhat lacking. Williston (1891, p. 1126) reported finding preserved gut contents in the remains of a Pteranodon: "�Several coprolites found within the above-described pelvis, ellipsoidal in shape, and about the size of an almond, showed bones so finely comminuted that their precise character could not be made out.� These masses most likely contained the bones of small fish, but even Williston was reluctant to identify them. In his article about "Flying Reptiles" in Natural History, Barnum Brown (1943, p. 106) described the specimen shown above (AMNH 5098) and noted that it contained the "backbones of two species of fishes..." Carpenter (1996) reported a Pteranodon specimen (UCM 45062) from the Pierre Shale in Wyoming that was associated with two small coprolites containing fish bones. Hargrave (2007) reported two specimens of Pteranodon (SDSM 45719 and 69040) from the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale of South Dakota that were collected in association with fish (Enchodus) vertebrae. Beyond these two examples, direct evidence of the diet of Pteranodon has not been forthcoming.
LEFT: AMNH FR6158 - A 1950s vintage picture of the reconstructed Pteranodon exhibit specimen at the American Museum of Natural History. The current exhibit does not include the wing membrane . The specimen was found by H.T. Martin in 1916. It measures about 16 feet from wingtip to wingtip.
RIGHT: Two male Pteranodon longiceps take to the air in this drawing adapted from a 1916 article by W.D. Matthew in the American Museum Journal.
LEFT: The partial skull and skeleton of a Pteranodon collected by Charles H. Sternberg in 1918 from "12 miles south of Russell Springs in Logan County, Kansas." The specimen was sold to Professor C. Wiman, Upsala University, Upsala, Sweden. The figure is adapted from a photograph of the slab mount (Plate II) in Wiman (1920). Wiman noted that, contrary to Eaton (1910), Pteranodon does have a fibula (see arrow). Note that Williston (1891) had questioned the presence of a fibula in Pteranodon, but later (1910) agreed that it did exist. REFERENCE: Wiman, C. 1920. Some reptiles from the Niobrara Group in Kansas. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, Uppsala, 18:9-18. See also: Mateer, N.J. 1975. A study of Pteranodon. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of Uppsala 6:23-33.
RIGHT: Pages 9 and 10 from Wiman (1920). It is interesting to note that Ward's Natural History Establishment of Rochester, New York , arranged the sale of the specimen to Wiman.
"TO BEAK OR NOT TO BEAK, THAT IS THE QUESTION"
(With apologies to William Shakespeare)
Almost all other species of pterosaurs have teeth.... but Pteranodon,Nyctosaurus, Quetzalcoatlus , and a few other genera were toothless (edentulous). Did they have a horny beak like bird, such as is shown in most reconstructions?.... Good question... There is no fossil evidence for a beak, but a keratin sheath is unlikely to have been preserved except under the most favorable conditions. Here's what has been said to date on the subject:
In Marsh�s (1876, p. 1) report on the skull of Pteranodon longiceps, he says, �There are no teeth, or sockets for teeth, in any part of the upper jaws, and the premaxillary shows some indications of having been encased in a horny covering.�
However, Williston (1893, p. 2) notes that �There are no indications whatever of a horny sheath enclosing the jaw, and it is improbable that the covering of these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed Pterodactylid�. In texture, the maxillaries are fine-grained, and wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones of birds. The bones are composed of two thin and firm plates, separated by cavities which are bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue. In compression from which all Pterodactyl bones have suffered more or less, the greater resistance of those walls has cased irregularities upon the outer and inner surfaces. At the borders of the bones, where the thickness has been greater, the roughening is not observed.�
Eaton (1910, p. 3) states that �The margins of the jaws are smooth and thin, though not especially sharp, and no remains of horn sheaths have been observed.�
Bennett (2001, p. 10) notes that �The marginal ridges of the upper and lower jaws appear to have aligned with one another to provide a firm grip on prey items. The marginal ridges were probably covered by a horny sheath, but there is no direct evidence of this. There are no sulci for blood vessels such as are seen in the jaws of birds, turtles and some pterosaurs (e.g., Dsungaripterus, Young 1964, fig. 2). He also adds (2001, p. 32) that in one specimen (UNC 7), "the tip of the dentary is preserved and tapers to a point less than 1 mm in diameter."
All seem to agree that the bony tips of the upper and lower jaws extended to a sharp point... but no one seems to know what, if anything, that may have covered the bone besides a layer of epithelial tissue and possibly a thin layer of keratin. This seems like a rather fragile arrangement for a large animal, especially in view of the fact that few, if any injuries (pathologies) have been observed in tips of Pteranodonjaws. It certainly casts a doubt on Pteranodon "skim feeding" as they flew over the surface of the ocean. So, how were they feeding?
At this point, the jury is still out... and the question (above) remains open.
Although I had collected scraps of Pteranodon bones on several occasions in the late 1980s, none of these specimens were readily identifiable. In 1990, however, things started to change.
LEFT: In May, 1990, I came across some bone fragments eroding from the chalk in Lane County. After clearing away some of the over burden, I found a complete lower jaw of a Pteranodon sternbergi setting upright in the chalk. It had been covered with plant roots and is extremely fragile, but I managed to recover it intact. This was my specimen EPC1990-40. It has been donated to the Sternberg Museum and is now FHSM VP-17702.
RIGHT: The following month I went back to the site and continued the dig, finding the sternum and the bones of a more or less complete wing. Click here for a closer view of the metacarpal IV and phalanx I. The specimen also included the sternum, vertebrae, and some leg bones. Based on the work done by Bennett (1992), I determined that this individual would have had a wing span of 4.7 m and was probably a sub-adult male.
LEFT: The tip of the lower jaw of FHSM VP-17702 in dorsal and ventral view (Scale = mm). It only took me 19 years to get around to cleaning it! The bone was covered with a mixture of chalk, roots and preservative. Surprisingly, this little piece of bone is pretty tough and was reasonably easy to prepare under a dissecting scope. So far as I am aware, there are no other pictures of the tip of a Pteranodon lower jaw anywhere near this scale.
RIGHT: The extreme tip of the lower jaw in lateral view. Although it appears to go to a sharp point in dorsal and ventral view, it actually flattens out to a straight, "screwdriver"-like edge in lateral view.
LEFT: A very nice Pteranodon skull and part of the post-cranial skeleton (USNM 12167) collected by G.F. Sternberg from southeast of Elkader in western Gove County in early 1931 (GFS 9-31). His description reads: "A nearly complete skull with lower jaws in place. Right side up, the end of both beaks about three inches were destroyed by plant roots and cracks; the crest is very fragile but almost all present. Length of the skull from back of the crest to tips of beaks two feet and five inches. From back of the crest to where the distal end is broken off is two feet and two inches. There are seven large vertebrae which leave the skull and lay somewhat scattered, then there seems to be several smaller vertebrae. There are wing and limb bones. Parts of the pelvic arch and a number of broken and damaged small bones likely the feet."
The scale (10cm) is approximate but is based on data published by Bennett (2001) for this specimen. The length of the humerus ('L' shaped bone at center) is 168 mm. According to Bennett (1992), this would be near the average size of a female Pteranodon humerus. The specimen is currently on exhibit in the Smithsonian (USNM) in Washington, D.C. Another photo here
LEFT: The skull and lower jaws of a female Pteranodon sternbergi (CMNFV 41358) on display in the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada. It was collected by Mike Triebold in 1991 from Lane County, Kansas. It is the most complete known Pteranodon skeleton and serves as the basis for various museum displays, like this one in the Denver Museum of Nature and Science . Wingspan is 11 feet (3.35 meters). Photo by Steve Cumbaa.
RIGHT: A life-reconstruction based on the same skeleton (CMNFV 41358) as displayed in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center , Woodland Park, Colorado.
LEFT: The posterior portion of a Pteranodon skull (KUVP 2216 (old 976)) in right oblique view collected in Logan County by Charles H. Sternberg. This well preserved specimen is only partially crushed and shows the palate as well as the occipital condyle in this view. Note that the right quadrate and the quadratojugal are missing, but that the left quadratojugal and condyloid process are complete.
RIGHT: The skull of KUVP 2216 in left oblique view showing the location of the orbit for the left eye and the base of the broken crest. A reconstruction of this skull was published by Williston:
Williston, S. W. 1896. On the skull of Ornithostoma. Kansas University Quarterly 4(4):195-197, pl. I.
LEFT: KUVP 49502 - Distal end of the quadratojugal, and posterior end of the lower jaw of a Pteranodon, including the semi-circular glenoid process..
RIGHT: Close-up of the hinge joint of the lower jaw at the back of the skull in Pteranodon (KUVP 924) showing the quadratojugal of the skull and the articular of the lower jaw.
Post-cranial Skeleton
LEFT: Partial skull, cervical vertebrae and sternum of a female Pteranodon longiceps (FHSM VP-2183) in right lateral view. Note the small bones of the scleral ring above the skull . This fairly complete specimen was collected by G.F. Sternberg near Elkader in Logan County, and described by H.W. Miller in 1971. The specimen was somewhat unique in that it was the first P. longiceps to be described from both cranial and post-cranial material (Marsh's holotype - YPM 1177 was a partial skull and other fragments).
RIGHT: Axial skeleton of Pteranodon in left lateral view (Adapted from Bennett, 2001, fig. 32). Note that while the neck is fairly flexible, the most of the rest of the vertebrae are fused together into the notarium and the synsacrum to provide a solid base for anchoring the wings and wing muscles. For clarity, the scapulo-coracoids are not shown in this figure. As reported recently by Claessens, et al. (2009), pterosaurs used a "skeletal breathing pump" in their highly efficient respiratory system.
LEFT: The left scleral ring of a large Pteranodon specimen in the Yale Peabody collection as figured described by Eaton (1904, Pl. XX). The skull is facing to the left.
RIGHT: Pteranodon vertebrae in left lateral view as figured and described by Eaton (1904, Pl. XX).
LEFT: A crushed Pteranodon mid-cervical vertebra (FHSM VP-2232) in dorsal view, anterior (head) to the right.
RIGHT: Drawing of a Pteranodon mid-cervical vertebra in dorsal view with labels (adapted from Bennett, 2001).
LEFT: Dorsal(?) vertebrae in posterior view from the FHSM VP-2183 specimen. Pteranodon had 9 cervical, 12 dorsal, 6 sacral and at least 11 caudal vertebrae (Bennett 2001). Like other bones of Pteranodon, the vertebrae are usually found crushed.
RIGHT: Two dorsal vertebrae from KUVP 926,
LEFT: Base of the neck (cervical vertebrae 7, 8, and 9) and the first 3 vertebrae of the notarium of KUVP 27828. The structures jutting out at an angle from either side are the 1st notarial (and largest) ribs. Note that this specimen also includes a lower jaw as figured by Bennett (2001, Fig. 25).
RIGHT: The first 4 vertebrae of the notarium of an immature Pteranodon in ventral view (FHSM VP-2065). This specimen was collected by G.F. Sternberg from Logan County in 1947.
LEFT: The left scapulocoracoid of FHSM VP-2070 as viewed from behind. This bone represents the fusion of the scapula and coracoid. The scapula portion is attached to the vertebral column and the coracoid portion is attached to the sternum to form a strong structural support for the wings. Specimen collected by M.C. Bonner in 1958 south of Russell Springs in Logan County. The right scapulocoracoid of FHSM VP-2142 as viewed from the front. (Specimen collected by G.B. Pierce in 1950 from near Gove in Gove County).
RIGHT: An anterior view of the pectoral girdle of Pteranodon, adapted from Lucas (1902). So far as I am aware, pterosaurs are the only vertebrate group where the scapula is actually attached to the vertebral column.
LEFT: My interpretation of the approximate orientation of the bones in the headless skeleton of FHSM VP-2062, based on the comments of G. F. Sternberg (Sternberg and Walker, 1958) and the existing remains. The tips of both wings (wing phalanx 4) were discovered eroding from the chalk of northeast Trego County. Both the wings and legs were still mostly articulated, while the axial skeleton was scattered and incomplete. As shown below, the claws of the wing fingers were almost touching. (See labeled Pteranodon above for identification of bones)
LEFT: The left (lower - ventral view) and right (upper - dorsal view) humeri of FHSM VP-2183. The length of these bones is 18.2 cm.
RIGHT: Two views (ventral and dorsal) of the left humerus recovered with the FHSM VP-2183 specimen. Length = 18.2 cm.
LEFT: The radius, ulna and pteroid bones of FHSM VP-2183. The pteroid bone was once considered to be the 'thumb' (e.g. Digit I) in pterosaurs. The two other pieces of bone in the upper left of the photo are the proximal and distal syncarpals (wrist bones) that would connect to metacarpal IV. Specimen collected by G.F. Sternberg in 1958 near WaKeeney in Trego County. Another specimen (FHSM VP-2072) is shown here in the plaster jacket used to recover it in the field.
LEFT: The articulated mid-wing of FHSM VP-2119, showing the radius and ulna, metacarpal IV and the 1st wing phalanx. Note that the proximal and distal syncarpals are missing from this specimen. According to data from Bennett (2001, Table 11), metacarpal IV is the most commonly preserved bone of Pteranodon.
RIGHT: A closer view of FHSM VP-2119, showing the radius and ulna. Specimen collected by Marion and Orville Bonner in Logan County.
LEFT: The very large 1st wing phalanx (top) and 2nd wing phalanx of FHSM VP-2064. The first wing phalanx is the longest bone in the pteranodon's wing. Collected by G.F. Sternberg in 1953 near Moreland, Kansas (Graham County). The length of the 1st phalanx is 60.6 cm and the length of the 2nd phalanx is 48.5 cm.
Note that according to Bennett (2001), another FHSM specimen (VP-184) is actually larger (65.3 cm and 54.9 cm, respectively; collected by G.F. Sternberg in 1949)... but the record holder at this point is probably the YPM 2833 specimen... WP1 = 69.2 cm; WP2 = 54.5 cm (est.). Figures provided by Bennett (1994) suggest that the length of WP1 is about 11% of the total wingspan of a Pteranodon. Using that figure, the wingspan of YPM 2833 would be about 7.6 m or just short of 25 feet! A very large male....
LEFT: A close-up view of the proximal end of the 1st wing phalanx (above) of FHSM VP-2064.
RIGHT: The radius (upper) and ulna of the wing of FHSM VP-2059. Specimen collected by G.F. Sternberg in 1958 from Gove County. Radius length = 20.5 cm; Ulna length - 21.1 cm.
LEFT: A portion of the middle of Pteranodon wing (FHSM VP-696), showing the joint between wing phalanx 1 (upper) and metacarpal IV (lower), and most of the bones of the pterosaur's "hand."
RIGHT: A close-up of the bones of digits I, II and III as preserved in FHSM VP-696. Specimen collected in 1956 by G.F. Sternberg from southwestern Trego County.
LEFT: Wing fingers (metacarpals) and claw cores (unguals) from a nearly complete but headless specimen of Pteranodon sp. (FHSM VP-2062) in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History. The specimen was found by George F. Sternberg in September, 1956, northwest of WaKeeney, in Trego County. Without the skull, we cannot determine for certain whether this specimen represents P. sternbergi or P. longiceps since the post-cranial material is non-diagnostic between these two species (Bennett, 1992). However, it is most likely P. longiceps since it occurred in the upper chalk.
Click HERE to see a Pteranodon sternbergi dig in western Kansas
A large pterosaur, with an adult male wing spread of more than 20 feet which is characterized by a large, upward pointing crest . As currently recognized, P. sternbergi is found fairly commonly in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk. The skull of the type specimen was collected by G. F. Sternberg in 1952 along the Solomon River near Bogue in Graham County, KS. Pteranodon sternbergiremains first occur in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk near Hattin's marker unit 5. P. longiceps is a closely related species that occurs higher (Middle Santonian) in the chalk.
Note here that Kellner (2010) considers Pteranodon sternbergito be distinct enough from P. longiceps that it should be in its own genus, and has revived Geosternbergia (see Miller 1978). In that case, the specimen should be referred to Geosternbergia sternbergi. I am doubtful that his suggestion will be accepted. So far as I am aware there are no other Pteranodon specimens known that preserve this unusual crest. This suggests to me that the crest may, in fact, be malformed and the result of a pathology (tumor or injury) during the life of the individual.
LEFT: The partially reconstructed type specimen (FHSM VP-339) of Pteranodon sternbergi in the Sternberg Museum of Natural History. (Nominal male based on the size of the skull and the development of the crest). Specimen as reconstructed is about 1.5 m in length. The crest as measured from the back of the lower jaw is about 0.8 m in height.
RIGHT: A life sized model of P. sternbergi, also in the Sternberg Museum.
LEFT: Fragments of the skull of the type specimen of Pteranodon sternbergi (FHSM VP-339; above). According to G.F. Sternberg, when discovered, the skull had already been damaged by weathering and plant roots. The reconstruction is in part based on the impression of the skull that Sternberg observed when the specimen was collected. The back of the skull, including the occipital condyle, the back of one of the mandibles (glenoid fossa) and the distal end (condyloid process) of the quadrate and quadratojugal were eroded out and collected separately from the larger specimen.
LEFT: The Pteranodon sternbergi (UALVP 24238) specimen on exhibit at the University of Alberta was collected in 1974 from northern Ness County, Kansas by Dr. Richard Fox and Allen Lindoe of the University of Alberta, Canada. It is one of the most complete specimens known. Measurements of the wing bones by Bennett (2001) suggest that this individual was probably a juvenile male with a wing spread of about 4.7 m (15 ft).
Note the Kellner (2010) has designated this specimen as the holotype of a new genus and species - �Dawndraco kanzai� gen. et sp. nov.
LEFT: A detail of the photo above showing the skull of UALVP 24238 which is missing the crest and the anterior portion of the beak.
LEFT: A drawing of a partial skull of Pteranodon sternbergi (UALVP 24238; adapted from Bennett, 1994, fig. 2) in right lateral view. Although the skull does not preserve a crest, Bennett described certain features that set it apart from P. longiceps.
A similarly shaped (appearing to be non-tapering) upper beak (KUVP 967) is in the collection of the University of Kansas and can be viewed HERE . I suspect that the non--tapering appearance is an artifact of being crushed during preservation.
LEFT: AMNH FR7515 is a nearly complete skull (missing back of the skull and upper portion of the orbit) collected by Schaeffer and Sorenson from the Smoky Hill Chalk (MU8-9, middle Santonian) on the Andrew Bird Ranch in Gove County, May, 1952. Specimen as exhibited is about 76.4 cm (30 in) long. This is a large, male Pteranodon skull. The was the same AMNH expedition that included the discovery of the "Fish-within-a-fish" specimen by Sorenson .
The specimen is currently on exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Photo provided to G.F. Sternberg by Bob Schaeffer in January, 1953.
LEFT: A recent (2008) photo by Vincent Smith of AMNH FR75165, including the reconstruction of a male crest. Copyright �2008 by Vincent Smith. Used with permission.
LEFT: The nearly complete skull of an adult Pteranodon sternbergi female ( KUVP 2212; Williston, 1892, Pl. I ; see also Bennett, 1992, fig. 3 ), from Trego County, Kansas. The specimen was collected by E.C. Case in 1892, and prepared by H.T. Martin. The skull is 78 cm long. The missing portion of the lower jaw is colored dark gray. At the time of its discovery, it was the best skull known.
RIGHT: A portion of the composite Pteranodon specimen on exhibit in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.
LEFT: The nearly complete skull and lower jaws of a sub-adult male Pteranodon sternbergi (CMC VP 7203) found by my wife, Pam , in 1996 and later donated to the Cincinnati Museum Center. Note that the end of the beak was missing when collected, and that the bones around the crest are from one of the wings that was wrapped around the skull as prior to burial. The radius and ulna are in front of the skull. The other two bones are probably metacarpal IV and the 1st wing phalanx. Two small finger bones are lying across the frontal. Note that the crest is still relatively small on this young male. Based on the size of the wing bones, I estimated that this individual would have had wing spread of about 5.6 m ( 18 ft). I believe that this is probably one of the 10 best Pteranodon skulls ever collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk.
RIGHT: Close up of CMC VP 7203 in left lateral view. showing the large naral fenestra and orbit of the left eye. One or more cervical vertebrae are still articulated with the occipital condyle. Both lower jaws are present and still articulated with the skull. No post-cranial material below the shoulders was collected.
LEFT: My reconstruction of what the skull would have looked like in life. Note that the crest apparently does not become fully enlarged until the male is fully mature.
RIGHT: A drawing of the posterior portion of the skull of Pteranodon showing the bones and the openings (fenestra) in the skull. Adapted from Bennett (2001, Fig. 7).
Nyctosaurus gracilis and N. nanus Marsh
Nyctosaurus (Night Lizard) was a smaller pterosaur that presently occurs only (see note below) in the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas. According the Bennett (1994), there are two valid species; Nyctosaurus nanus in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk and N. gracilis in the upper chalk. N. gracilis was described by O. C. Marsh in 1876 and N. nanus (YPM 1182) was described by Marsh in 1881. Marsh did not figure the specimens but they were shown as photographs by Schoch (1984). Other than size, the skeleton of Nyctosaurusdiffered from P. longiceps most noticeably in the shape of the humerus (upper wing bone), and in the lack of a crest on the skull (Note: see crested Nyctosaurusspecimen below).
Here is the original description of Nyctosaurus gracilis by Marsh (1876) : "A second genus of American Pterodactyls is represented in the Yale Museum by several well preserved specimens. This genus is nearly related to Pteranodon, but may be readily distinguished from it by the scapular arch, in which the coracoid is not coossified with the scapula. The latter bone, moreover, has no articulation at its distal end, which is comparatively thin and expanded. The type of this genus is Pteranodon gracilis Marsh, which may now be called Nyctosaurus gracilis. It was a Pterodactyl of medium size, measuring about eight to ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings. Its locality is in the upper Cretaceous of Western Kansas. The type specimens of all the above species are preserved in the Museum of Yale Col1ege."
At the 2000 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology annual meeting in Mexico City, Chris Bennett mentioned a very large Nyctosaurus specimen: "A third new specimen from higher in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member, although incomplete, is the largest known specimen of Nyctosaurus,with an estimated wingspan of 4.5 m. Thus known specimens of
Niobrara
Nyctosaurus have wingspans ranging from 1.6 to 4.5 m.
" Unfortunately, Bennett (pers. comm. 2010) noted that the specimen was in a private collected and has not been published.
Bennett, S. C. 2000. New information on the skeletons of Nyctosaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(Supplement to Number 3): 29A. (Abstract)
Note that a new species of nyctosaur (Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis n.gen., n.sp.)was reported from the Austin Chalk of northern Mexico by Stinnesbeck et al. (2005)
LEFT: The holotype specimen of N. gracilis (YPM 1178) was collected by H. A. Brous on April 21, 1876. It includes the right and left scapulae and coracoids, two cervical vertebrae, five dorsal vertebrae, another ?dorsal vertebra, ?eighth cervical vertebra (see Williston, 1903, p. 133), left ulna and radius, right and left carpals, right and left metacarpal IVs, and right and left first phalanges (Schoch, 1984).
RIGHT: The holotype of N. nanus (YPM 1182) was collected by S.W. Williston on September 22-23, 1876. It includes the left scapula, left coracoid, left humerus, a trunk vertebra with ankylosed rib and other bone fragments (Schoch, 1984). Marsh (1881) originally described the diminutive N. nanus specimen as Pteranodon nanus, but had mistaken the left humerus (E,F) for a femur.
LEFT: Upper wing bones of a Nyctosaurus gracilis specimen (FHSM VP-405) at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History. Note the characteristic "hatchet" shape of the humerus. Note also that the scapula and coracoid are not fused in Nyctosaurus in immature specimens like they are in Pteranodon. VP-405 was collected by Marion and Orville Bonner in 1956 southeast of Russell Springs in Logan County. It is about the same size as P 25026 (below) in the Field Museum at Chicago.
RIGHT: The left humerus of Nyctosaurus gracilis (FHSM VP-405). Note the distinctive "hatchet" shape.
LEFT: Limb bones from the left side of the FHSM VP-405 specimen. Note that the scapula and coracoid are NOT fused in Nyctosaurus like they are in Pteranodon. In this specimen, the left femur is preserved on top of the left coracoid.
RIGHT: The upper (proximal) portion of the sternum of VP-405. Note that the sternum has been folded along the mid-line in this specimen and is not lying flat as shown in the drawing.
LEFT: The right shoulder of FHSM VP-405 as shown on exhibit.
Right: The left humerus of FHSM VP-405. Note the distinctive "hatchet" shape of the humerus in Nyctosaurus.
LEFT: The type specimen of Nyctosaurus bonneri (FHSM VP-2148) at the Sternberg Museum , collected from southeastern Logan County in 1962 by G.F. Sternberg. Bennett (1994) considered N. bonneri to be a junior synonym of N. gracilis.
Nyctosaurus had 9 cervicals, 12 dorsals, 6 sacrals and at least 3 caudal vertebrae (Bennett 2001).
RIGHT: A slightly different view of FHSM VP-2148 showing the distal wing phalanges I, II and III of another Nyctosaurus specimen (FHSM VP-405). Nyctosaurus had one less digit (3) in its wing than did Pteranodon (4).
LEFT: The back portion of the skull of . Note that the large oval opening labeled "naof" is NOT the orbit of the eye... it is the "Confluent naris and anteorbital fenestra."
RIGHT: The front portion of the skeleton of FHSM VP-2148,with labels.
LEFT: The posterior portion of FHSM VP-2148, showing the pelvis, legs, and dorsal vertebrae. The specimen is shown lying on its back, with the legs drawn up and the wings folded over the body.
RIGHT: A close up of the center portion of the specimen showing the sternum, right humerus and right ulna.
LEFT and RIGHT: The first nearly complete specimen of Nyctosaurus gracilis at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, IL. P 25026 was described by Williston (1902). Collected by H. T. Martin in Gove County, Kansas about 1901. (Photographed in 2003)
LEFT: The skull and lower jaw of Nyctosaurus gracilis (P 25026). This was one of the first pteranodon skulls ever to be photographed for publication (Williston, 1902).
RIGHT: The post-cranial skeleton of P 25026. Click here for a photograph of the lower body of this specimen by Williston (1903, Plate 40)
LEFT: Skull of P 25026 in ventral and dorsal views, adapted from Williston (1902, plate II).
RIGHT: Palate of Nyctosaurus gracilis, P25026, adapted from Williston (1902, Plate I): Under surface of the posterior part of skull, lying in matrix slightly enlarged. Near the anterior end are seen the two hyoid bones, and in the occipital region, the small triangular pro-atlas.
LEFT: The original drawing of the skeleton of Nyctosaurus gracilis (P 25026) from Williston (1902), based on Pteranodon.
RIGHT: A drawing of the skeleton of Nyctosaurus gracilis from Williston's "Osteology of Reptiles" (1925, p. 299, fig. 190).
Until recently, Nyctosaurus was not known to have crests like the larger species of Pteranodon (see below). Also note that Nyctosaurus on only has three wing phalanges, not four as shown by Williston (Brown, 1986).
LEFT: Dorsal and ventral views of the skull of Nyctosaurus gracilis Marsh. Adapted from Williston (1925, Pl. 72).
RIGHT: Dorsal view of a nearly complete specimen of a Nyctosaurus gracilis (UNSM 93000) from the Smoky Hill Chalk of Logan County in western Kansas and currently on exhibit in the University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln Nebraska. Collected near Elkader, Kansas and prepared by Greg Brown (Brown, 1978, 1986), this specimen is significant because it shows that Nyctosaurus had three wing phalanges, not four as shown by Williston (above). The wingspread on this specimen would have been about 2.4 m (8 ft). Note that what appears to be a wing claw on the left wing is actually a bone fragment from phalanx I .
LEFT: A chalk slab containing the upper and lower jaws of a Nyctosaurus (KUVP 66130) collected from the middle Smoky Hill Chalk of western Gove County in 1979.
RIGHT: Photos of both jaws of KUVP 66130 laid side by side for comparison. Cited in Bennett, 2001, p. 33, as a comparison to the Pteranodon dentary.)
LEFT: A mostly articulated Nyctosaurus specimen (AMNH FR 1716) collected by H.T. Martin in 1920 from Logan County, Kansas and sold to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg, PA. It was then traded to the AMNH in 1941.
RIGHT: A cast of the same Nyctosaurus specimen reconstructed about 1941 for exhibit in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH FR 1716). Note that the wings and lower legs are all reconstructed. In this case the wings are wrong because they include the 4 phalange and wing claws. The same specimen is shown in a 1943 article entitled "Flying Reptiles" by Barnum Brown.
The recent discovery in the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas of two specimens of Nyctosaurus with very large crests is discussed in a paper by Chris Bennett: Bennett, S. C. 2003. New crested specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Nyctosaurus. Paleontologist Zeitschrift, 77:61-75. (See photographs of the actual specimens here: Chris Bennett web page ). Note that these specimens are small (2 m wingspread) and were collected in the lower chalk of Trego County. Based only on their stratigraphic occurrence, it is likely they represent mature males of the earlier smaller species, Nyctosaurus nanus (Marsh, 1881)
LEFT: A cast of the reconstructed skull of one of the Nyctosaurus specimens found and prepared by Kenneth Jenkins from the Smoky Hill Chalk (cast also by Kenneth Jenkins). Note that this version of the KJ1 specimen was reconstructed to move the lower jaw upward in articulation, and to remove non-cranial bones. The extremely large crest on these small flying reptiles raises questions about what it was used for and how they were able to fly.
RIGHT: "Skimming Nyctosaurs" painting � 2003 by John Conway. Used with permission of John Conway. (Click on picture to enlarge). While this idea is interesting, only the most mature males would be able to participate in "wind surfing" for prey.
LEFT: As of 2009, the crested Nyctosaurus (KJ1) described by Bennett (2003) was on exhibit in the Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History, in Bryan, Texas. Scale = 10 cm.
RIGHT: The second reported Nyctosaurus (KJ2) with a crest is also on exhibit at the BVMNH. Note that the crest has been reconstructed in this exhibit.. In the original specimen, the crest was broken off near the top of the skull, but was present nearby.
While this huge crest must have presented some problems for these individuals, the fact that their remains were found so far from the nearest shore at the time (200 miles or more) means that they were still very capable fliers.
LEFT: The most recently collected partial specimen of Nyctosaurus... probably Nyctosaurus nanus since it was collected in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk of western Gove County, Kansas. Specimen is in a private collection; photos used with permission.
LEFT: A closer view of the head of the same specimen, showing an unusual dorsal view of the top of the skull (frontals) and the prefrontals. Note that this specimen shows no evidence of a crest of any sort. ( Frontal in dorsal view here ). The lower jaw is complete except for a small portion of the distal end. All of the cervical vertebrae are present ( four are shown here )
Pteranodons from the Pierre Shale - The last pteranodons
While most Pteranodon specimens have been collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Late Coniacian - Early Campanian) in Kansas, there are a significant number specimens (60+) known from the Pierre Shale Group in South Dakota, Wyoming and Kansas (Early to Middle Campanian), including one specimen supposedly collected by Barnum Brown (1904) as stomach contents of a plesiosaur (See Hargrave, 2007, for discussion of Pierre Shale specimens in the Geology Museum at the South Dakota School of Mines). From the specimens that have been found to date, it appears that pteranodons flourished in North America from from about 90 mya to about 80 mya. They may have been around a lot longer but their remains are fragile and not easily preserved in most environmental settings. The Smoky Hill Chalk, deposited far from shore, apparently had the best conditions for the preservation of large numbers of these flying reptiles.
LEFT: KUVP 27821 - A partial Pteranodon sp. skull in right lateral view from the Sharon Springs Fm. (formerly the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale), Edgemont area, southwestern South Dakota (figured by Bennett, 1992, Fig. 4E; Carpenter. 2006, Fig. 14 B). A photo of a Pteranodon bone (KUVP 33564) from the Pierre Shale of western Kansas is shown here
Note that Kellner (2010) described this specimen as the holotype of a new species - "Geosternbergia maiseyi� sp. nov.
LEFT: Four views of an internal cast of the proximal end of a large Pteranodon longiceps ulna (FHSM VP-17320) discovered by Pete Bussen in the Sharon Springs Shale, Wallace County, Kansas. Most of the outer layer of bone has been eroded away, but the internal bone struts are plainly visible. The bone was apparently filled with a limey sediment before it could be crushed by the weight of overlying sediments. The approximate shape of the actual bone is preserved.
RIGHT: the proximal end of the same bone.
The following chart provides some information regarding where the specimens were collected and in what museum they are curated:
Pierre Shale Pteranodon specimens- (Updated from Carpenter dissertation (1996)
Number Locality Material Comments
AMNH 5803 Loc. 4 plesiosaur Pteranodon bones as stomach contents in concretion in a plesiosaur (AMNH FR 5803) See Brown, 1904
AMNH 5819 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Humerus � B. Brown
AMNH 5820 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Skull and partial skeleton � B. Brown
AMNH 5840 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Wing phalanx � B. Brown
AMNH 5841 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Distal left metacarpal IV � B. Brown
CMNH Loc. 4 Pteranodon Scapula /Coracoid
FMNH 464 Loc. 1 Pteranodon Ulna/radius
FMNH 468 Loc. 1 Pteranodon 1st and 2nd phalanges
FMNH 470 Loc. 1 Pteranodon metacarpal
FMNH 676 Loc. 1 Pteranodon Unidentified bone
FMNH 8722b Loc. 1 Pteranodon Cervical vertebra
KUVP 27821 Loc. 3 Pteranodon Partial skull (see above)
KUVP 33564 Loc. 5 Pteranodon Metacarpal
KUVP 36116 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Metacarpal?
LACM 1610 Loc. 2 Pteranodon Phalanx I
FHSM VP-17320 Loc. 5 Pteranodon Ulna
SDSM Loc. 3 Pteranodon Wing bone fragments
SDSM Loc. 3 Pteranodon Cervical vertebrae
SDSM Loc. 4 Pteranodon Cervical vertebrae
SDSM Loc. 3 Pteranodon Wing bone fragments
SDSM 497 Loc. 3 Pteranodon Wing bones
SDSM 52123b Loc. 1 Pteranodon Vertebra
SDSM 52124 Loc. 1 Pteranodon? Unidentified bones
SDSM 54358 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Parts of both hind legs
SDSM 56128 Loc. 3 Pteranodon Partial wing
SDSM 5817 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Atlas-axis, unidentified wing bone fragments
SDSM 5818 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Fragments of wing bones
SDSM 7777 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Wing bones
UCM 45062 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Skeleton
UCMP 123250 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Ulna
UCMP 45204 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Wing bones
USNM 18266 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Metacarpal
USNM D48-34 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Phalanx
YPM-PU 16619 Loc. 4 Pteranodon Partial left wing
LOCALITY: Loc. 1 = Fairburn area, South Dakota; Loc. 2 = Buffalo Gap area, South Dakota; Loc. 3 = Edgemont area, South Dakota; Loc. 4 = Red Bird area, Wyoming, and; Loc. 5 = Wallace area, Kansas.
Earliest (oldest) pterosaur specimens from Kansas
LEFT: The distal (lower) end of the right femur of a pterodactyloid pterosaur (FHSM VP-13998) from the basal Lincoln Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone (early Upper Cenomanian in age) - Russell County, Kansas. This specimen is the earliest known pterosaur remains from the state, and came from a flying reptile with a wingspread of about 3.5 m (10 feet) according to Chris Bennett (see Liggett, et al., 2005): "Although the specimen is indistinguishable from Pteranodon from the Niobrara Chalk (Coniacian-early Campanian), it does not exhibit any characters that would enable assignment to a known pterodactyloid taxon."
LEFT: A second pterosaur bone fragment (FHSM VP-17996) was collected by Bruce Schumacher in May, 2010, also from the basal Lincoln Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone (early Upper Cenomanian in age) - Russell County, Kansas. This appears to be a wing bone, possibly the ulna or radius, from a fairly large pterosaur. Note that the bone does not appear to be deformed and apparently had been broken open and filled with sediment before fossilization. Fragments of inoceramid shell are visible inside the hollow bone.
RIGHT: An oblique view of the end of the bone fragment, showing how thin the outer layer of bone layer compared to the overall size of the bone. The diameter of this fragment is just over 2.5 cm (~1 in.). The small pits on the surface of the infilling matrix mark the location of the internal struts of the original bone.
Wikipedia - Pteranodon page
Further reading:
Anonymous. 1872. On two new Ornithosaurians from Kansas. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 3(17):374-375. (Probably written by O. C. Marsh)
Arbour, V. M. and Currie, P.J.(2011. An istiodactylid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Hornby Island,
British Columbia
, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. (See Vullo, et al. 2012 - below)
Arbour, V.M. and Currie, P.J. 2011. Corrigendum: an istiodactylid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48:778.
Bennett, S. C. 1987. New evidence on the tail of the pterosaur Pteranodon(Archosauria: Pterosauria). pp. 18-23 In Currie, P. J. and E. H. Koster (eds.), Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. Occasional Papers of the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, #3.
Bennett, S.C. 1990. Inferring stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. pp. 43-72, In Bennett, S. C. (ed.), Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook, The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and the Kansas Geological Survey.
Bennett, S.C. 1992. Sexual dimorphism of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs, with comments on cranial crests. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12 p. 422-434.
Bennett, S.C.1993. The ontogeny of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs. Paleobiology 19(1):92-106.
Bennett, S.C. 1994. Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas. 169:1-70.
Bennett ,
1997. The arboreal leaping theory of the origin of pterosaur flight. Historical Biology, 12:265-290.
1997.Terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs: a reconstruction based on Pteraichnus trackways. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:104-113.
Bennett, S.C. 2000. Inferring Stratigraphic Position of Fossil Vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 244, part 1. Photos are here
Bennett, S.C. 2000. Pterosaur flight: the role of actinofibrils in wing function. Historical Biology, 14:255-284.
Bennett, S.C. 2000. New information on the skeletons of Nyctosaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(Supplement to Number 3): 29A. (Abstract)
Bennett, S.C. 2001. The osteology and functional morphology of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon. Part I. General description of osteology. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 260:1-112.
Bennett, S.C. 2001.The osteology and functional morphology of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon. Part II. Functional morphology. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 260:113-153.
Bennett, S.C. 2003. A survey of pathologies of large pterodactyloid pterosaurs. Palaeontology 46(1):185-198.
Bennett
,
S.C.
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In office from March 4th 1897 until September 14th 1901, who was the first US President of the 20th century ? | U.S. President William McKinley Assassinated, 1901
U.S. President William McKinley Assassinated
U.S. President William McKinley Assassinated
President William McKinley. Picture courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
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By Jennifer Rosenberg
On September 6, 1901, anarchist Leon Czolgosz walked up to U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in New York and shot McKinley at point-blank range. After the shooting, it first appeared that President McKinley was getting better; however, he soon took a turn for the worse and died on September 14 from gangrene.
Greeting People at the Pan-American Exposition
On September 6, 1901, U.S. President William McKinley spent the morning visiting Niagara Falls with his wife before returning to the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York in the afternoon to spend a few minutes greeting the public.
By about 3:30 p.m., President McKinley stood inside the Temple of Music building at the Exposition, ready to begin shaking the hands of the public as they streamed into the building. Many had been waiting for hours outside in the heat for their chance to meet the President. Unbeknownst to the President and the many guards who stood nearby, among those waiting outside was 28-year-old anarchist Leon Czolgosz who was planning to kill President McKinley.
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At 4 p.m. the doors to the building were opened and the mass of people waiting outside were forced into a single line as they entered the Temple of Music building. The line of people thus came up to the President in an organized fashion, with just enough time to whisper a "Nice to meet you, Mr. President," shake President McKinley's hand, and then be forced to continue along the line and out the door again.
President McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, was a popular president who had just started his second term in office and the people seemed clearly glad to get a chance to meet him. However, at 4:07 p.m. Leon Czolgosz had made it into the building and it was his turn to greet the President.
Two Shots
In Czolgosz's right hand, he held a .32 caliber Iver-Johnson revolver, which he had covered by wrapping a handkerchief around the gun and his hand. Although Czolgosz's swaddled hand was noticed before he reached the President, many thought it looked like it covered an injury and not that it was hiding a gun. Also, since the day had been hot, many of the visitors to see the President had been carrying handkerchiefs in their hands so that they could wipe the sweat off their faces.
When Czolgosz reached the President, President McKinley reached out to shake his left hand (thinking Czolgosz's right hand was injured) while Czolgosz brought up his right hand to President McKinley's chest and then fired two shots.
One of the bullets didn't enter the president - some say it bounced off of a button or off the president's sternum and then got tucked into his clothing. The other bullet, however, entered the president's abdomen, tearing through his stomach, pancreas, and kidney. Shocked at being shot, President McKinley began to sag as blood stained his white shirt. He then told those around him, "Be careful how you tell my wife."
Those in line behind Czolgosz and guards in the room all jumped on Czolgosz and started to punch him. Seeing that the mob on Czolgosz might easily and quickly kill him, President McKinley whispered either, "Don't let them hurt him" or "Go easy on him, boys."
Surgery
President McKinley was then whisked away in an electric ambulance to the hospital at the Exposition. Unfortunately, the hospital was not properly equipped for such a surgery and the very experienced doctor usually on premises was away doing a surgery in another town. Although several doctors were found, the most experienced doctor that could be found was Dr. Matthew Mann, a gynecologist. The surgery began at 5:20 p.m.
During the operation, the doctors searched for the remains of the bullet that had entered the President's abdomen, but were unable to locate it. Worried that continued searching would tax the President's body too much, the doctors decided to discontinue looking for it and to sew up what they could. The surgery was completed a little before 7 p.m.
Gangrene and Death
For several days, President McKinley seemed to be getting better. After the shock of the shooting, the nation was excited to hear some good news. However, what the doctors did not realize was that without drainage, an infection had built up inside the President. By September 13 it was obvious the President was dying. At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, 1901, President William McKinley died of gangrene. That afternoon, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States.
An Execution
After being pummeled right after the shooting, Leon Czolgosz had been arrested and taken to police headquarters before nearly being lynched by the angry crowds that surrounded the Temple of Music. Czolgosz readily admitted that he was the one who had shot the President. In his written confession, Czolgosz stated, "I killed President McKinley because I done my duty. I didn't believe one man should have so much service and another man should have none."
Czolgosz was brought to trial on September 23, 1901. He was quickly found guilty and sentenced to death. On October 29, 1901, Leon Czolgosz was electrocuted.
| William McKinley |
What nationality was Jules Rimet, the presenter of football's first world cup in 1930 ? | Images like 'William McKinley (1843-1901)' (Showing 1 - 100 of 147)
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William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896. Shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, 6 Sept 1901 and died 14 Sept. From The Sphere, London, 14 September 1901. McKinley on the front porch of his house...
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William McKinley Statue, Toledo, Ohio, McKinley, William, 1843-1901, Sculpture, United States, Ohio, Toledo, 1905
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Photograph of President William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th President of the United States, delivery his final address. Dated 1901
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Photograph of President William McKinley (1843-1901) taking the Presidential Oath of Office outside the White House. Photographed by Frances Benjamin Johnston (1864-1952 Dated 1897
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Anything for a scandal' President William McKinley (1843-1901) standing at the edge of a mudhole labelled 'Slander' and 'Abuse', holding a mud-splattered American flag in his left hand. Three figures are throwing mud, they are...
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William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896. Shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, 6 Sept 1901 and died 14 Sept. From The Sphere, London, 14 September 1901
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William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896 making a speech during his election campaign.
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William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896. Shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, 6 Sept 1901 and died 14 Sept.
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Photograph of Ida Saxton McKinley (1847-1907) wife of President William McKinley and the First Lady of the United States. Dated 1900
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The yellow pest - putting its nose into everything' President William McKinley (1843-1901) sitting at a desk, holding a large paper that shows 'President McKinley's War Policy'. A newspaper reporter, most likely Joseph...
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President William McKinley (1843-1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War,...
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William McKinley (29th January 1842 - 14th September 1901) was the 25th President of the United States who was assassinated in September 1901.
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He did it all' President William McKinley (1843-1901) holding a hat labelled 'Inexhaustible Prosperity Hat' and a magic wand, behind him are 'Joshua' and 'Moses' who has beams of light emanating from his forehead;...
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They can't be hitched to the same carriage' President William McKinley (1843-1901) at the reins of a carriage labelled 'Administration' carrying Uncle Sam and Columbia; three men labelled 'Hanna, Lodge, [and] Dingley' are...
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The old story' Puck holding a lithographic pen, talking to President William McKinley (1843-1901) as a 'shiftless tenant' sitting in a rocking chair while the roof labelled 'Bad Currency System' on his house deteriorates,...
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What was the Christian name of the father of William Shakespeare ? | William Shakespeare Biography - eNotes.com
William Shakespeare Biography
Trivia
William Shakespeare Biography
William Shakespeare left school at age fifteen, and his contemporary Ben Jonson said Shakespeare had “little Latin and less Greek”—so it wasn't his training. It wasn't where he was born, either: Stratford is still a pretty small town even today. It wasn't a long career: Shakespeare wrote all of his great works in about a twenty-five-year span and died relatively young at fifty-two. It wasn't even his story ideas: the Bard adapted almost all his plots from known sources. No, what's impressive about Shakespeare is that his genius seems to have come from nowhere except himself. He penned comedies, tragedies, and lyric poems; and his mastery of language, character psychology, and emotion combined to make him one of the greatest writers in the English language.
Facts and Trivia
Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway when he was eighteen. She was eight years older and gave birth six months after the wedding—suggesting why they may have married due to a pregnancy.
Shakespeare’s will leaves his “second best bed” to his wife. Who got the best bed—and why?
In 1890, Eugene Schieffelin released eighty starlings into New York’s Central Park because they were mentioned in Shakespeare’s Henry IV Part I. There are now hundreds of millions of starlings in America.
Actors try to avoid saying “Macbeth” in a theater. Tradition (superstition?) says that it brings bad luck, so actors call it the “Scottish play” instead.
Some say that Shakespeare didn’t write any of the works staged under his name. This theory became popular in the nineteenth century, and some say you can find clues to the real author (Francis Bacon?) all through the works... if you read closely enough.
link Link
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England, descended from tenant farmers and landed gentry. His traditional birth date, April 23, 1564, is conjectural. Baptism was on April 26, so April 23 is a good guess—and a tidy one, since that date is also St. George’s Day as well as the date of Shakespeare’s own death.
One of Shakespeare’s grandfathers, Richard Shakespeare of Snitterfield, rented land from the other, Robert Arden of Wilmcote. Shakespeare’s father, John, moved to nearby Stratford-upon-Avon, became a prosperous shop owner (dealing in leather goods) and municipal officeholder, and married his former landlord’s youngest daughter, Mary Arden. Thus Shakespeare—the third of eight children but the first to survive infancy—was born into a solidly middle-class family in a provincial market town.
During Shakespeare’s infancy, his father was one of the town’s leading citizens. In 1557, John Shakespeare had become a member of the town council and subsequently held such offices as constable, affeeror (a kind of assessor), and chamberlain (treasurer). In 1568, he became bailiff (mayor) and justice of the peace. As the son of a municipal officer, the young Shakespeare was entitled to a free education in the town’s grammar school, which he probably entered around the age of seven. The school’s main subject was Latin studies—grammar and readings drilled into the schoolboys year after year. The Avon River, the surrounding farmlands, and the nearby Forest of Arden offered plenty of opportunities for childhood adventures.
When Shakespeare was a teenager, his family fell on hard times. His father stopped attending town council meetings in 1577, and the family’s fortunes began to decline. Matters were not improved in 1582 when Shakespeare, at the age of eighteen, hastily married Anne Hathaway, the twenty-six-year-old daughter of a farmer from the nearby village of Shottery. She presented him with a daughter, named Susanna, approximately five months later. In 1585, the couple also became the parents of twins, Hamnet and Judith. As was then customary, the young couple probably lived in his parents’ home, which must have seemed increasingly crowded.
The next mention of Shakespeare is in 1592, when he was an actor and playwright in London. His actions during the seven-year interim have been a matter of much curious speculation, including unproved stories of deer poaching, soldiering, and teaching. It may have taken him those seven years simply to break into and advance in the London theater. His early connections with the theater are unknown, although he was an actor before he became a playwright. He might have joined one of the touring companies that occasionally performed in Stratford-upon-Avon, or he might have gone directly to London to make his fortune, in either the theater or some other trade. Shakespeare was a venturesome and able young man who had good reasons to travel—his confining family circumstances, tinged with just enough disgrace to qualify him to join the disreputable players. The theater was his escape to freedom; he therefore had strong motivation to succeed.
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I. Introduction
Any discussion of Shakespeare's life is bound to be loaded with superlatives. In the course of a quarter century, Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are among the world's finest written works; taken collectively, they establish Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age.
In light of Shakespeare's stature and the passage of nearly four centuries since his death, it is not surprising that hundreds of Shakespeare biographies have been written in all of the world's major languages. Scanning this panorama, most accounts of the Bard's life (and certainly the majority of modern studies) are contextual in the sense that they place the figure of Shakespeare against the rich tapestry of his "Age" or "Times" or "Society." This characteristic approach to Shakespeare biography is actually a matter of necessity, for without such fleshing out into historical, social, and literary settings, the skeletal character of what we know about Shakespeare from primary sources would make for slim and, ironically, boring books. As part of this embellishment process, serious scholars continue to mine for hard facts about the nature of Shakespeare's world. The interpretation of their meaning necessarily varies, often according to the particular school or ideology of the author.
Whatever the differences of opinion, valid or at least plausible views about Shakespeare, his character and his personal experience continue to be advanced. Yet even among modern Shakespeare biographies, in addition to outlandish interpretations of the available facts, there persists (and grows) a body of traditions about such matters as Shakespeare's marriage, his move to London, the circumstances of his death and the like. The result of all this is that there is now a huge tapestry of descriptive, critical, and analytical work about Shakespeare in existence, much of it reasonable, some of it outlandish, and some of it hogwash.
II. Three important points about Shakespeare
In examining Shakespeare's life, three broad points should be kept in mind from the start. First, despite the frustration of Shakespeare biographers with the absence of a primary source of information written during (or even shortly after) his death on 23 April 1616 (his fifty-second birthday), Shakespeare's life is not obscure. In fact, we know more about Shakespeare's life, its main events and contours, than we know about most famous Elizabethans outside of the royal court itself.
Shakespeare's life is unusually well-documented: there are well over 100 references to Shakespeare and his immediate family in local parish, municipal, and commercial archives and we also have at least fifty observations about Shakespeare's plays (and through them, his life) from his contemporaries. The structure of Shakespeare's life is remarkably sound; it is the flesh of his personal experience, his motives, and the like that have no firm basis and it is, of course, this descriptive content in which we are most interested.
Second, the appeal of seeing an autobiographical basis in Shakespeare's plays and poetry must be tempered by what the bulk of the evidence has to say about him. Although there are fanciful stories about Shakespeare, many centering upon his romantic affairs, connections between them and the events or characters of his plays are flimsy, and they generally disregard our overall impression of the Bard. In his personal life, Shakespeare was, in fact, an exceedingly practical individual, undoubtedly a jack of many useful trades, and a shrewd businessman in theatrical, commercial and real estate circles.
Third, the notion that plays ascribed to Shakespeare were actually written by others (Sir Francis Bacon, the poet Phillip Sidney among the candidates) has become even weaker over time. The current strong consensus is that while Shakespeare may have collaborated with another Elizabethan playwright in at least one instance (probably with John Fletcher on The Two Noble Kinsman), and that one or two of his plays were completed by someone else (possibly Fletcher on an original or revised version of Henry VIII), the works ascribed to Shakespeare are his.
III. Birth and Early Life
Parish records establish that William Shakespeare was baptized on 26 April, 1564. Simply counting backwards the three customary days between birth and baptism in Anglican custom, most reckon that the Bard of Avon was born on 23 April, 1564. This is, indeed, Shakespeare's official birthday in England, and, it is also the traditional birth date of St. George, the patron saint of England. The exact date and the precise cause of Shakespeare's death are unknown: one local tradition asserts that the Bard died on 23 April, 1616, of a chill caught after a night of drinking with fellow playwrights Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton. Shakespeare was, in fact, buried three days later, exactly 52 years after his baptism.
Shakespeare was born and raised in the picturesque Tudor market town of Stratford-on-Avon, a local government and commercial center within a larger rural setting, and it is likely that the surrounding woodlands of his boyhood were reflected in the play As You Like It, with its Forest of Arden. Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden was a daughter of the local gentry, holding extensive properties around Stratford-on-Avon in his name. In marrying Shakespeare's father, the glover and tenant farmer John Shakespeare, Mary Arden took a step down the social ladder of the Elizabethan Age, for her husband was of the yeoman class, a notch or two below the gentry. Yet long before his son's fame as a playwright fell to his good fortune, John Shakespeare's talents enabled him to rise modestly on his own accord as he became a burgess member of the town council. Despite evidence of a family financial setback when William was fifteen, Shakespeare's family was comfortable, if not privileged. Shakespeare's eventual fame and success spilled over to his parents in the form of both money and title, and on the eve of his death in 1601, Queen Elizabeth granted the Bard's father a "gentleman's" family coat-of-arms.
We have good cause to believe that Shakespeare attended Stratford Grammar School where he would have received a tuition-free education as the son of a burgess father. There young William was exposed to a standard Elizabethan curriculum strong on Greek and Latin literature (including the playwrights Plautus and Seneca, and the amorous poet Ovid), rhetoric (including that of the ancient Roman orator Cicero), and Christian ethics (including a working knowledge of the Holy Bible). These influences are pervasive in Shakespeare's works, and it is also apparent that Shakespeare cultivated a knowledge of English history through chronicles written shortly before and during his adolescence. Shakespeare left school in 1579 at the age of fifteen, possibly as the result of a family financial problem. Shakespeare did not pursue formal education any further: he never attended a university and was not considered to be a truly learned man.
There is a period in Shakespeare's life of some seven years (1585 to 1592) from which we have absolutely no primary source materials about him. We do know that in November of 1582, at the age of eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway (a woman eight years his senior), and that she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, six months later. Two years after that, the Shakespeares had twins: Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet, Shakespeare's only son, would die at the age of eleven. Speculation has it that Shakespeare was not happy in his marriage, and that this may have played a role in his decision to move to London's theater scene. In fact, during the late 1580s and early 1590s, Shakespeare traveled back and forth between London and Stratford-on-Avon, but by this time, the momentum of Shakespeare's life was toward his career and away from family, hearth, and home. Although we lack hard facts, we may surmise that before he took up a career as a playwright, Shakespeare engaged in a variety of occupations, probably working with his father in commercial trades (leathers and grains), probably working as a law clerk, and possibly serving as a soldier or sailor for an England threatened by Spain. Shakespeare displays a command of the argot and the practices of many such crafts, as in his portrayal of the law profession in trial scenes of The Merchant of Venice.
IV. The Playwright
Between the early 1590s (The Comedy of Errors) and the second decade of the seventeenth century (The Tempest written in 1611), Shakespeare composed the most extraordinary body of works in the history of world drama. His works are often divided into periods, moving roughly from comedies to histories to tragedies and then to his final romances capped by a farewell to the stage in The Tempest. The question of how and whether the Bard's career should be divided into periods aside, we do know that Shakespeare received a major boost in 1592 (the earliest review of his work that we have), when playwright-critic Robert Greene condemned the future Bard as an impudent "upstart" beneath the notice of established literary men or University Wits. Greene's critical diatribe was soon retracted by his editor as a number of leading Elizabethan literary figures expressed their admiration for his early plays. Retreating from London in the plague years of 1592 through 1594, Shakespeare briefly left playwriting aside to compose long poems like Venus and Adonis and at least some of his sonnets. But during this period, Shakespeare garnered the support of his first major sponsor, the Earl of Southampton. Soon, as a leading figure in the Chamberlain's Men company he would garner even greater patronage from the courts of Queen Elizabeth and her successor, King James.
Just as the rise of Shakespeare's success, popularity, and fame began to accelerate, he experienced a personal tragedy when his son Hamnet died in 1596. Shakespeare undoubtedly returned to Stratford for Hamnet's funeral and this event may have prompted him to spend more time with his wife and daughters. In 1597, Shakespeare purchased a splendid Tudor Mansion in his hometown known as the New Place. During the period between 1597 and 1611, Shakespeare apparently spent most of his time in London during the theatrical season, but was active in Stratford as well, particularly as an investor in grain dealings. Shakespeare also purchased real estate in the countryside and in London as well, the latter including Blackfriar's Gatehouse which he bought in 1613. In 1612, four years before his death, Shakespeare went into semi-retirement at the relatively young age of forty-eight. He died on or about 23 April of 1616 of unknown causes.
William Shakespeare's family lineage came to an end two generations after his death. His two daughters followed different paths in their father's eyes. His older daughter, Susanna, married a prominent local doctor, John Hall, in 1607 and there are indications that a close friendship developed between Hall and his renowned father-in-law. Susanna gave Shakespeare his only grandchild, Elizabeth Hall in 1608. Although she inherited the family estate and was married twice (her first husband dying) Elizabeth had no children of her own. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith married Thomas Quiney, a tavern owner and reputed rake given to pre-marital and extramarital affairs and the fathering of illegitimate children. They had three legitimate sons, all of whom died young.
V. Shakespeare's World
Most of Shakespeare's career unfolded during the monarchy of Elizabeth I, the Great Virgin Queen from whom the historical period of the Bard's life takes its name as the Elizabethan Age. Elizabeth came to the throne under turbulent circumstances in 1558 (before Shakespeare was born) and ruled until 1603. Under her reign, not only did England prosper as a rising commercial power at the expense of Catholic Spain, Shakespeare's homeland undertook an enormous expansion into the New World and laid the foundations of what would become the British Empire. This ascendance came in the wake of the Renaissance and the Reformation, the former regaining Greek and Roman classics and stimulating an outburst of creative endeavor throughout Europe, the latter transforming England into a Protestant/Anglican state, and generating continuing religious strife, especially during the civil wars of Elizabeth's Catholic sister, Queen Margaret or "Bloody Mary."
The Elizabethan Age, then, was an Age of Discovery, of the pursuit of scientific knowledge, and the exploration of human nature itself. The basic assumptions underpinning feudalism/Scholasticism were openly challenged with the support of Elizabeth and, equally so, by her successor on the throne, James I. There was in all this an optimism about humanity and its future and an even greater optimism about the destiny of England in the world at large. Nevertheless, the Elizabethans also recognized that the course of history is problematic, that Fortune can undo even the greatest and most promising, as Shakespeare reveals in such plays as Antony & Cleopatra. More specifically, Shakespeare and his audiences were keenly aware of the prior century's prolonged bloodshed during the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York. Many Elizabethans, particularly the prosperous, feared the prospect of civil insurrection and the destruction of the commonwealth, whether as a result of an uprising from below or of usurpation at the top. Thus, whether or not we consider Shakespeare to have been a political conservative, his histories, tragedies and even his romances and comedies are slanted toward the restoration or maintenance of civil harmony and the status quo of legitimate rule.
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Shakespeare’s Language
Shakespeare’s language can create a strong pang of intimidation, even fear, in a large number of modern-day readers. Fortunately, however, this need not be the case. All that is needed to master the art of reading Shakespeare is to practice the techniques of unraveling uncommonly-structured sentences and to become familiar with the poetic use of uncommon words. We must realize that during the 400-year span between Shakespeare’s time and our own, both the way we live and speak has changed. Although most of his vocabulary is in use today, some of it is obsolete, and what may be most confusing is that some of his words are used today, but with slightly different or totally different...
(The entire section is 4624 words.)
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1564: William Shakespeare is born in Stratford-upon-Avon. His notice of baptism is entered in the parish register at Holy Trinity Church on April 26th. While the actual date of his birth is not known, it is traditionally celebrated on April 23rd.
1571: Shakespeare probably enters grammar school, seven years being the usual age for admission.
1575: Queen Elizabeth visits Kenilworth Castle, near Stratford. Popular legend holds that the eleven-year-old William Shakespeare witnessed the pageantry attendant on the royal progress and later recreated it in his dramatic works.
1582: Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway of Shottery. The eighteen-year-old Shakespeare and twenty-six-year-old Hathaway are married on November 27th at Temple Grafton, a village about five miles from Stratford.
1583: Susanna, the first child of William and Anne Shakespeare, is born. Susanna's birth occurs five months after Shakespeare and Hathaway wed. Susanna dies in 1649.
1585(?): Shakespeare leaves Stratford sometime between 1585 and 1592, and joins a company of actors as a performer and playwright.
1585: Twins Hamnet and Judith Shakespeare born. Hamnet dies in 1596. Judith dies in 1662.
1589-90: Shakespeare probably writes Henry VI, Part One. The dates given for the composition of Shakespeare's plays, though based in scholarship, are somewhat conjectural.
1590-91: Shakespeare probably writes Henry VI, Part Two and Henry VI, Part Three.
1592: Shakespeare was known in London as an actor and playwright by this time as evidenced by his being mentioned in Robert Greene's pamphlet A Groats-worth of Wit. In this pamphlet (published this year), Greene chides Shakespeare as an "upstart crow" on the theater scene. Greene charges that Shakespeare is an unschooled player and writer who "borrows" material from his well-educated betters for his own productions.
London theaters are closed due to plague.
1592-93: Shakespeare probably writes Venus and Adonis, Richard III, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
1592-94: Shakespeare probably writes The Comedy of Errors.
1593: Shakespeare probably begins composing his sonnets. He will eventually write 154 sonnets.
Shakespeare's narrative poem Venus and Adonis is published.
1593-94: Shakespeare probably writes The Rape of Lucrece, Titus Andronicus, and The Taming of the Shrew.
1594: Shakespeare performs with the theater troupe the Lord Chamberlain's Men. The group includes leading actor Richard Burbage and noted comic performer Will Kempe.
1594-95: Shakespeare probably writes Love's Labour's Lost.
1594-96: Shakespeare probably writes King John.
1595: Shakespeare probably writes Richard II. The play is first performed the same year.
Shakespeare probably writes A Midsummer Night's Dream. The play is probably composed for performance at a wedding.
Shakespeare probably writes Romeo and Juliet.
1596: Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, Lord Chamberlain, and patron of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, dies.
Shakespeare's company comes under the patronage of George Carey, second Lord Hunsdon.
Shakespeare probably writes The Merry Wives of Windsor. The play was performed before the Queen during the Christmas revels.
1596-97: Shakespeare probably writes The Merchant of Venice, and Henry IV, Part One.
1597: Shakespeare purchases New Place and the grounds surrounding the spacious Stratford home.
1598: Shakespeare appears in a performance of Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour, and is listed as a principal actor in the London performance.
Shakespeare probably writes Henry IV, Part Two.
1598-99: Shakespeare probably writes Much Ado About Nothing.
1599: Shakespeare probably writes Julius Caesar, Henry V, and As You Like It.
The Lord Chamberlain's Men lease land for the Globe Theatre. Nicholas Brend leases the land to leading shareholders in the Lord Chamberlain's Men, including Shakespeare. Later this year, the Globe Theatre opens.
Earliest known performance of Julius Caesar. Thomas Platter, a German traveler, mentions the production at the Globe Theatre on September 21st in his diary.
John Weever publishes the poem "Ad Guglielmum Shakespeare," in which he praises Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, Romeo and Juliet, and other works.
1600-01: Shakespeare probably writes Hamlet.
1601: Shakespeare probably writes the narrative poem The Phoenix and Turtle.
1601-02: Shakespeare probably writes Twelfth Night; or, What You Will and Troilus and Cressida.
Shakespeare probably writes All's Well That Ends Well.
1603: A Midsummer Night's Dream is performed before the Queen at Hampton Court.
Queen Elizabeth dies. The new king, James I (James VI of Scotland), arrives in London a month later, and proves to be a generous patron of the theater and of acting troupes.
King James grants a patent, or license, to Shakespeare's acting troupe, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. The patent is required for the troupe to perform. They take the name the King's Men to honor the new king.
The King's Men enact a play, probably As You Like It, before King James at Wilton.
Shakespeare appears in a performance of Ben Jonson's Sejanus. This is the last recorded occasion of Shakespeare appearing in a theatrical production.
An epidemic of the Black Death kills at least 33,000 in London. This is the worst outbreak of disease in London until the plague recurs in 1608.
1604: Shakespeare probably writes Measure for Measure. The play is staged at court before King James.
Shakespeare probably writes Othello. The play is first performed at Whitehall on November 1st.
1605: Shakespeare probably writes King Lear.
The Merchant of Venice is performed at court. The play is performed twice and is commended by the king.
Shakespeare probably writes Macbeth. This play's Scottish background was almost certainly intended to celebrate the new king's ancestry.
1606: Shakespeare probably writes Antony and Cleopatra.
1607: Hamlet and Richard III are performed. The plays are acted aboard the British ship Dragon at Sierra Leone.
1607-1608: Shakespeare probably writes Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, and Pericles.
1608: The King's Men lease the Blackfriars Theatre. The Blackfriars was the first permanent enclosed theater in London. Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Cuthbert Burbage, Thomas Evans, John Hemminges, Henry Condell, and William Sly lease the theatre for a period of twenty-one years. Stage directions indicate that Shakespeare wrote The Tempest with specific features of the new playhouse in mind.
London theaters are closed due to plague. This is one of the longest periods of theater closure due to plague: the playhouses are shut from spring 1608 throughout 1609.
1609: Shakespeare's sonnets are published. This publication of Shakespeare's sonnets is unauthorized.
1609-10: Shakespeare probably writes Cymbeline.
1610: The King's Men perform Othello at Oxford College during the summer touring season. An Oxford don records his impressions of the play in Latin, finding the spectacle of Desdemona's death, in particular, deeply moving.
1610-11: Shakespeare probably writes The Winter's Tale.
1611: Shakespeare probably writes The Tempest.
1612-13: Frederick V, the elector platine and future king of Bohemia, arrives in England to marry Elizabeth, King James's daughter. The King's Men perform several plays, including Othello and Julius Caesar.
Shakespeare probably writes Henry VIII, most likely collaborating with John Fletcher, another highly reputed dramatist, on this history play.
Shakespeare probably writes Cardenio, the only play of Shakespeare's that has been completely lost.
1613: Shakespeare probably writes The Two Noble Kinsmen. An entry in the Stationer's Register for 1634 indicates that this play was jointly written by Shakespeare and John Fletcher.
The Globe Theatre burns down.
1614: The Globe Theatre reopens on the opposite bank of the Thames.
1616: Shakespeare dies on April 23rd. His burial is recorded in the register of Stratford's Holy Trinity Church on April 25th.
1619: Hamlet and several other of Shakespeare's plays are performed at court as part of the Christmas festivities.
1623: Anne Hathaway Shakespeare dies.
Shakespeare's fellow actors, John Hemminges and Henry Condell, compile and publish thirty-six of the dramatist's works. This collection is known as the First Folio.
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Like many commoners who lived and died during the Renaissance, William Shakespeare left only a meager record on which scholars have been able to make inferences about his life both in his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon and in London. Nevertheless, painstaking research of available church and civic records has allowed biographers to construct a reasonable portrait of the man commonly considered the greatest English writer and one of the world’s most significant literary artists. The documentary record, collected and analyzed painstakingly in scholarly monographs such as Samuel Schoenbaum’s William Shakespeare: A Documentary Life (1975), suggests Shakespeare led a comfortable middle-class life, marketing his plays and managing a successful acting company, the profits from which made him wealthy and allowed him to spend considerable time in Stratford-upon-Avon during the final years of his life.
Baptismal records in Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, indicate that Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564; working backward, scholars have fixed by common agreement the date of his birth as April 23 of that year. He was the eldest son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, respectable city business people who achieved some status in the little community along the Avon River in western England. John Shakespeare rose to become an alderman and served for a time as bailiff, the highest office in the city. His son was undoubtedly educated in the grammar schools there. If the plays are any indication, William received a sound grounding in Christian ethics, rhetoric, and classical literature. He obviously understood Latin and possibly even some Greek, though Ben Jonson complained that Shakespeare’s classical education was seriously wanting. Because he did not attend a university, he did not benefit from the kind of entrée into polite society that contemporaries such as Jonson and later John Milton would have experienced. By the time Shakespeare began writing plays, he was conversant with ancient and modern historians and with philosophers such as Michel de Montaigne. His clear use of writers, such as Giovanni Boccaccio and Geoffrey Chaucer, supports the claim that he was also quite familiar with literary works of the Continent and his native England.
In 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years older than he. The couple eventually had three children: a daughter, Susanna, and twins, a boy the Shakespeares called Hamnet and a girl, Judith. No doubt at some time during the decade of the 1580’s the aspiring playwright left his family in their Stratford-upon-Avon surroundings to make his fortune in London. There is no evidence that during his time away from his hometown Shakespeare was ever estranged from his wife and children. On the contrary, available evidence suggests he took great pains to maintain his domestic ties during the decades that he spent working in London.
By 1592, Shakespeare had become sufficiently well known in literary circles to be the object of a now-famous attack by the English poet and playwright Robert Greene, who complained that the young upstart was being presumptuous in trying to compete with more distinguished members of the literary establishment. Contemporary records refer to Shakespeare’s Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III (pr. c. 1590-1592, pb. 1594-1595) as early as 1589, and from that date until 1613 his comedies, histories, and tragedies were performed in open-air theaters and later in the private venues frequented by nobility and well-to-do citizens. During the 1590’s, Shakespeare also tried his hand at nondramatic poetry, publishing Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594). He also began writing sonnets, a fashionable practice in the 1590’s, eventually completing a sequence of 154 poems which were published in 1609.
Sometime around 1595 Shakespeare became a shareholder in the Lord Chamberlain’s Company, an acting troupe. In addition to his work as a playwright, he also performed on stage, appearing in his own works and in those by others, including dramas by rival playwright Jonson. Shortly after the ascension of James I to the English throne in 1603, he joined the King’s Men, a troupe that enjoyed the special patronage of the sovereign. During these years of intense business activity in London, he maintained close ties to Stratford-upon-Avon, purchasing property and occasionally finding himself the plaintiff or defendant in various lawsuits there. Meanwhile, every year saw the introduction of one or more new Shakespeare plays into the London “season.” In 1608, he had become sufficiently well off to enter into a contract with half a dozen other theatrical entrepreneurs to purchase the second Blackfriar’s Theater in London. By 1610, it appears he had tired of London life. Evidence indicates that in that year he returned to Stratford-upon-Avon, where he enjoyed a life of active retirement. He continued to work on various dramatic productions, collaborating with younger playwrights on a number of scripts. He died at his home in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1616, and was buried there two days later.
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William Shakespeare was born in the provincial town of Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and died there in 1616. He spent most of his adult life in the London theaters and quickly attained a reputation as a dramatist, actor, and poet. Shakespeare’s company prospered under the reign of James I, and by the time of his retirement from playwrighting about 1612, Shakespeare had acquired a respectable fortune. His career as a poet, distinct from his more public career as a dramatist, was probably confined to perhaps a decade, between 1591 and 1601, although the sonnets were later collected and published (perhaps without his permission) in 1609. Because of the absurd controversies that grew, mainly in the nineteenth century, about whether Shakespeare actually existed, it is worthwhile pointing out that there are many official records (christening record, marriage license, legal documents, correspondence, and so on) which may be consulted by the skeptical.
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William Shakespeare, greatest of English poets and dramatists, was born at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and died there in 1616. Biographical information about him is scant, and much must be inferred from brief references to him by his contemporaries and from various church and civil records and documents regarding performance of his plays. His parents were John and Mary Arden; his father was a respectable middle-class businessman. Young William Shakespeare probably attended grammar school in Stratford (a small city in western England), where he apparently received a fundamental education in Christian ethics, rhetoric, and classical literature. Although he did not attend a university, his plays indicate his familiarity with ancient and modern history, many English and European writers, and philosophers such as Michel de Montaigne. Little else is known of his activities prior to 1590, save that in 1582 he married Anne Hathaway, eight years older than he, and had three children with her: a daughter named Susanna and twins named Hamnet and Judith. At some point during the 1580’s he moved to London.
Most of Shakespeare’s working life was spent in London, and allusions in the writings of others, friendly and otherwise, show that by 1592 he was a dramatist of recognized achievement. Francis Meres, in Palladis Tamia (1598), virtually establishes that his supremacy in comedy, tragedy, and narrative poetry was generally acknowledged, and this view is endorsed by later testimony, notably that of Ben Jonson. From 1594 on, Shakespeare was associated exclusively with the Lord Chamberlain’s Company, which became the King’s Company in 1603 on James I’s accession. This was the most stable and prosperous of the Elizabethan dramatic companies. It built the Globe Theatre in 1599 and acquired the Blackfriars private theater in 1608.
So far as can be ascertained, Shakespeare’s career as a dramatist covers the period from about 1590 to about 1612, after which he apparently moved back to Stratford. His early years show him working in all categories. Chronicle histories are a conspicuous feature of the years from 1590 to 1599, and these reflect England’s self-awareness at a time when the threat from Spain was still acutely felt. The same period saw the maturing of his comic genius, through such minor masterpieces as Love’s Labour’s Lost and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, to the four great middle comedies, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night.
After 1600 Shakespeare’s drama takes a darker and deeper direction with the so-called “problem plays”: Troilus and Cressida, All’s Well That Ends Well, and Measure for Measure. As a group, they have led to the greatest critical disagreement. His great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, are also from this period. In these titanic masterpieces the human response to the workings of a relentless and malign destiny is explored and exploited to the fullest, and the terrible logic of the action is communicated in language of ever-increasing urgency and intensity. Antony and Cleopatra, which is valued for its superlative poetry and the transcendent aspirations of its heroine, looks forward to the regenerative pattern of the late romances. Timon of Athens is excessive in its pessimism and was left unfinished, but Coriolanus is a triumphant, original accomplishment. Though outwardly uninviting in both matter and manner, its emotional impact proves terrific, and its psychology is penetrating.
The plays of Shakespeare’s final period are dramatic romances which present improbable persons and incidents and draw freely upon the musical and spectacular elements popular in the Court masques of the period. Here the themes of atonement and reconciliation, earlier treated in All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure, are coordinated in a general pattern of regeneration symbolized by the heroines. Pericles, Prince of Tyre and Cymbeline are uncertain in their handling of complicated plot material, but The Winter’s Tale is magnificent and intense, and The Tempest confers perfection on these endeavors.
Henry VIII, last of the canonical plays, is thought to have been written in collaboration with John Fletcher. The Two Noble Kinsmen purports to be the product of the same partnership, but the alleged Shakespearean scenes have been denounced by many competent critics. Attempts to claim other dramatic works of the period for Shakespeare have, in the main, proved abortive, though it has now been established beyond reasonable doubt that The Book of Sir Thomas More (British Museum MS. Harley 7368) contains three pages of his work in autograph.
John Dryden justly claimed that Shakespeare “was the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul.” He is the supreme interpreter of human relationships, the supreme percipient of human frailties and potentialities. It is often alleged that he is no philosopher, that his mind is neither mystical nor prophetic, that the beatific vision of Dante Alighieri is beyond his scope. Even so, his thought, governed by the Christian neo-Platonism of his day, is earnest and profound. The comedies move ultimately to an acute awareness of the mutability of human affairs, and this sense of time’s implacability is crystallized in the Sonnets and communicated with poignancy in Twelfth Night.
In the historical plays the curse which falls upon the commonwealth through the deposition and murder of an anointed king is pursued through successive manifestations of violence and anarchy, of which Falstaff is made finally the most potent symbol, until expiation is complete in Henry Tudor. Here the manipulation of history is determined by a clearly ordered conception of political morality no less than by an artistic conscience. The same outlook is more flexibly presented in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and Ulysses’ great exposition of degree in Troilus and Cressida summarizes the acquired political wisdom of a decade.
Cognate with the doctrine of degree, and informing the histories and tragedies at all stages, is the concept of absolute justice. Portia, in The Merchant of Venice, pleads that mercy is above justice, and this is exemplified, in strenuous and practical terms, in Measure for Measure. The conflict between justice and mercy is a conspicuous feature of the great tragedies, notably King Lear, and is ultimately resolved, in its tragic context, in Coriolanus, when the hero spares Rome and gains his greatest victory—that over himself.
Cymbeline and The Winter’s Tale plunge (albeit artificially) into chaos comparable to the chaos of the tragedies, but the resolution now is in terms of reconciliation and regeneration instead of sacrifice and waste. The Platonic vision of the Many and the One, which informs these plays and carries them nearly into mysticism, though dramatically new, is something which Shakespeare had earlier achieved in certain of the Sonnets and in the concentrated intricacy of The Phoenix and the Turtle, published in Robert Chester’s Love’s Martyr in 1601.
Criticism has often erred in emphasizing particular aspects of Shakespeare’s art. In his work, action, thought, character, and language are not separable elements, and the reader’s response must be to a complex unity in which dramatic conceptions are simultaneously natural and poetic and language is unique and infinitely creative. The greatest Shakespeare critics—Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and A. C. Bradley—can always be read with profit and delight. The enormous mass of twentieth century criticism contains much that is of value, but if one has ears to hear and a heart to understand, one shall always find that Shakespeare is his own best interpreter.
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William Shakespeare’s status as an artist is succinctly captured in the opening line of Matthew Arnold’s sonnet dedicated to the dramatist: “Others abide our question; thou alone art still.” Although eighteenth century writers, critics, and playgoers found his work too artificial, too complicated, and too much given to extravagant wit and wordplay, since the nineteenth century he has been accorded primacy of place among English writers of all genres. Even in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, when new critical approaches to literature caused serious revision in the reputation of many other writers, Shakespeare remained universally revered as a writer of the first order, able to bring to life fictional creations in situations that teach the reader some of the eternal truths about human nature. To use another of Arnold’s phrases, Shakespeare continues to serve as a touchstone against which artistic excellence is measured.
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William Shakespeare (1564–1616) is generally considered to be the greatest playwright and poet that has ever lived. His appeal is universal and his works have been translated, read, and analyzed throughout the world. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, many poems, and 37 plays which have been grouped into comedies, histories, and tragedies.
Shakespeare’s plays combine natural human conflict with dramatic flair producing entertainment that appeals to the audiences of today as well as the audiences for which they were written. Shakespeare understood human nature, and he created characters that portrayed human tragedy and human comedy. Some of his characters were fantastic and unworldly, yet they brought to the stage the...
(The entire section is 547 words.)
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The Life and Work of William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (1564–1616) is perhaps the most widely read English poet and dramatist in the world. His plays and poems have been translated into every major language, and his popularity, nearly 400 years after his death, is greater now than it was in his own lifetime. Yet very little is known about his personal and professional life.
He was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a rural town in War¬wick¬shire, England. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he was baptized in Holy Trinity Church on April 26, 1564, and was probably born on April 23. His father, John Shakespeare, was a leather tanner, glover, alderman, and bailiff in the town. His mother,...
(The entire section is 647 words.)
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Which stage show with music by Willie Russell ends with an emotional song entitled 'Tell Me It's Not True' ? | William Shakespeare - British History - HISTORY.com
William Shakespeare
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Introduction
Considered the greatest English-speaking writer in history and known as England’s national poet, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) has had more theatrical works performed than any other playwright. To this day, countless theater festivals around the world honor his work, students memorize his eloquent poems and scholars reinterpret the million words of text he composed. They also hunt for clues about the life of the man who inspires such “bardolatry” (as George Bernard Shaw derisively called it), much of which remains shrouded in mystery. Born into a family of modest means in Elizabethan England, the “Bard of Avon” wrote at least 37 plays and a collection of sonnets, established the legendary Globe theater and helped transform the English language.
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Shakespeare’s Childhood and Family Life
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a bustling market town 100 miles northwest of London, and baptized there on April 26, 1564. His birthday is traditionally celebrated on April 23, which was the date of his death in 1616 and is the feast day of St. George, the patron saint of England. Shakespeare’s father, John, dabbled in farming, wood trading, tanning, leatherwork, money lending and other occupations; he also held a series of municipal positions before falling into debt in the late 1580s. The ambitious son of a tenant farmer, John boosted his social status by marrying Mary Arden, the daughter of an aristocratic landowner. Like John, she may have been a practicing Catholic at a time when those who rejected the newly established Church of England faced persecution.
Did You Know?
Sources from William Shakespeare's lifetime spell his last name in more than 80 different ways, ranging from “Shappere” to “Shaxberd.” In the handful of signatures that have survived, he himself never spelled his name “William Shakespeare,” using variations such as “Willm Shakspere” and “William Shakspeare” instead.
William was the third of eight Shakespeare children, of whom three died in childhood. Though no records of his education survive, it is likely that he attended the well-regarded local grammar school, where he would have studied Latin grammar and classics. It is unknown whether he completed his studies or abandoned them as an adolescent to apprentice with his father.
At 18 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway (1556-1616), a woman eight years his senior, in a ceremony thought to have been hastily arranged due to her pregnancy. A daughter, Susanna, was born less than seven months later in May 1583. Twins Hamnet and Judith followed in February 1585. Susanna and Judith would live to old age, while Hamnet, Shakespeare’s only son, died at 11. As for William and Anne, it is believed that the couple lived apart for most of the year while the bard pursued his writing and theater career in London. It was not until the end of his life that Shakespeare moved back in with Anne in their Stratford home.
Shakespeare’s Lost Years and Early Career
To the dismay of his biographers, Shakespeare disappears from the historical record between 1585, when his twins’ baptism was recorded, and 1592, when the playwright Robert Greene denounced him in a pamphlet as an “upstart crow” (evidence that he had already made a name for himself on the London stage). What did the newly married father and future literary icon do during those seven “lost” years? Historians have speculated that he worked as a schoolteacher, studied law, traveled across continental Europe or joined an acting troupe that was passing through Stratford. According to one 17th-century account, he fled his hometown after poaching deer from a local politician’s estate.
Whatever the answer, by 1592 Shakespeare had begun working as an actor, penned several plays and spent enough time in London to write about its geography, culture and diverse personalities with great authority. Even his earliest works evince knowledge of European affairs and foreign countries, familiarity with the royal court and general erudition that might seem unattainable to a young man raised in the provinces by parents who were probably illiterate. For this reason, some theorists have suggested that one or several authors wishing to conceal their true identity used the person of William Shakespeare as a front. (Most scholars and literary historians dismiss this hypothesis, although many suspect Shakespeare sometimes collaborated with other playwrights.)
Shakespeare’s Plays and Poems
Shakespeare’s first plays, believed to have been written before or around 1592, encompass all three of the main dramatic genres in the bard’s oeuvre: tragedy (“Titus Andronicus”); comedy (“The Two Gentlemen of Verona,” “The Comedy of Errors” and “The Taming of the Shrew”); and history (the “Henry VI” trilogy and “Richard III”). Shakespeare was likely affiliated with several different theater companies when these early works debuted on the London stage. In 1594 he began writing and acting for a troupe known as the Lord Chamberlain’s Men (renamed the King’s Men when James I appointed himself its patron), ultimately becoming its house playwright and partnering with other members to establish the legendary Globe theater in 1599.
Between the mid-1590s and his retirement around 1612, Shakespeare penned the most famous of his 37-plus plays, including “Romeo and Juliet,” “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” “Hamlet,” “King Lear,” “Macbeth” and “The Tempest.” As a dramatist, he is known for his frequent use of iambic pentameter, meditative soliloquies (such as Hamlet’s ubiquitous “To be, or not to be” speech) and ingenious wordplay. His works weave together and reinvent theatrical conventions dating back to ancient Greece, featuring assorted casts of characters with complex psyches and profoundly human interpersonal conflicts. Some of his plays—notably “All’s Well That Ends Well,” “Measure for Measure” and “Troilus and Cressida”—are characterized by moral ambiguity and jarring shifts in tone, defying, much like life itself, classification as purely tragic or comic.
Also remembered for his non-dramatic contributions, Shakespeare published his first narrative poem—the erotic “Venus and Adonis,” intriguingly dedicated to his close friend Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton—while London theaters were closed due to a plague outbreak in 1593. The many reprints of this piece and a second poem, “The Rape of Lucrece,” hint that during his lifetime the bard was chiefly renowned for his poetry. Shakespeare’s famed collection of sonnets, which address themes ranging from love and sensuality to truth and beauty, was printed in 1609, possibly without its writer’s consent. (It has been suggested that he intended them for his intimate circle only, not the general public.) Perhaps because of their explicit sexual references or dark emotional character, the sonnets did not enjoy the same success as Shakespeare’s earlier lyrical works.
Shakespeare’s Death and Legacy
Shakespeare died at age 52 of unknown causes on April 23, 1616, leaving the bulk of his estate to his daughter Susanna. (Anne Hathaway, who outlived her husband by seven years, famously received his “second-best bed.”) The slabstone over Shakespeare’s tomb, located inside a Stratford church, bears an epitaph—written, some say, by the bard himself—warding off grave robbers with a curse: “Blessed be the man that spares these stones, / And cursed be he that moves my bones.” His remains have yet to be disturbed, despite requests by archaeologists keen to reveal what killed him.
In 1623, two of Shakespeare’s former colleagues published a collection of his plays, commonly known as the First Folio. In its preface, the dramatist Ben Jonson wrote of his late contemporary, “He was not of an age, but for all time.” Indeed, Shakespeare’s plays continue to grace stages and resonate with audiences around the world, and have yielded a vast array of film, television and theatrical adaptations. Furthermore, Shakespeare is believed to have influenced the English language more than any other writer in history, coining—or, at the very least, popularizing—terms and phrases that still regularly crop up in everyday conversation. Examples include the words “fashionable” (“Troilus and Cressida”), “sanctimonious” (“Measure for Measure”), “eyeball” (“A Midsummer Night’s Dream”) and “lackluster” (“As You Like It”); and the expressions “foregone conclusion” (“Othello”), “in a pickle” (“The Tempest”), “wild goose chase” (“Romeo and Juliet”) and “one fell swoop” (“Macbeth”).
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What nationality is current FIFA President Sepp Blatter ? | Joseph S. Blatter - Past FIFA Presidents - FIFA.com
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Born 1936
On 8 June 1998 Joseph S. Blatter was elected as successor to Dr João Havelange, becoming the eighth FIFA President. His victory at the 51st FIFA Ordinary Congress in Paris elevated the Swiss, who had already served FIFA in various positions for 23 years, to the highest position in international football. During his tenure, FIFA heavily strengthened its football development activities across the globe and its ability to impact society beyond the field of play by instigating a variety of educational, health and social programmes. Under his stewardship, the organisation widely expanded its portfolio of tournaments by adding the FIFA Club World Cup, the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, the FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup and the FIFA U-20 Women’s World Cup. On 2 June 2015 Blatter announced that he would be laying down his mandate at an extraordinary elective Congress, which took place on 26 February 2016 in Zurich.
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In office from March 4th 1797 until March 4th 1801, who was the first US President of the 19th century ? | Fifa re-elects Sepp Blatter as president - BBC News
Fifa re-elects Sepp Blatter as president
29 May 2015
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Media captionSepp Blatter reacts to his re-election as president of Fifa
Sepp Blatter has been re-elected president of Fifa, football's world governing body, in a vote overshadowed by arrests and corruption allegations.
Mr Blatter's rival, Prince Ali bin al-Hussein of Jordan, had forced a second round of voting but withdrew.
In his victory speech, Mr Blatter said: "I am the president now, the president of everybody."
Seven top officials were arrested in Switzerland on Wednesday as part of a US prosecution that indicted 14 people.
Mr Blatter, 79, has faced calls to resign, including from UK Prime Minister David Cameron, who said in Berlin on Thursday that the Fifa president should quit "the sooner the better" .
'Crushed hopes'
But Mr Blatter hailed his victory, thanking all those who voted from him and praising the bravery of his rival, Prince Ali, for withdrawing.
Media captionPrince Ali thanked his "brave" supporters as he announced his decision to withdraw from the contest
In a rambling victory speech citing God and Allah, he said: "I am not perfect, nobody is perfect, but we will do a good job together I am sure.
"I take the responsibility to bring back Fifa where it should be... Let's go Fifa! Let's go Fifa!"
He also hinted that this term in office, his fifth, could be his last, saying: "At the end of my term I will give up Fifa in a strong position."
In conceding, Prince Ali said: "It's been a wonderful journey... And I want to thank in particular those of you who were brave enough to support me."
Michel Platini, the president of the European football body, Uefa, which had backed Prince Ali, said: "I am proud that Uefa has defended and supported a movement for change at Fifa, change which in my opinion is crucial if this organisation is to regain its credibility."
Global citizens' movement Avaaz, which started the #BlatterOut campaign, quickly condemned the re-election.
Analysis: Matthew Kenyon, BBC Sport
If you read most of the world's media, Sepp Blatter's ability to hang on to power at Fifa is nothing short of miraculous.
After years of negative headlines, the frenzy has reached fever pitch in the wake of the US allegations of corruption - even though Mr Blatter himself has not been implicated. And running through all this is a theme - bemusement that much of the football world keeps voting for him.
Nowhere is Sepp Blatter's support stronger than across Asia and Africa. So why do most of the representatives from those two continents appear to be voting for him again?
Here's about as succinct an answer as you're going to get - from the president of the Nigerian Football Federation: "Blatter feels Africa. What Blatter pushes is equity, fairness and equality among the nations."
We're talking about two things - the first is concrete investment, often literally so. The second is respect.
How Fifa spends its money
Avaaz campaign director Alex Wilks said: "More dirty dealings in Fifa's halls have crushed the hopes of billions of football fans."
But there were congratulations from Russia. The head of the Russian Football Union, Nikolay Tolstykh told the R-Sport channel Mr Blatter was an "experienced leader" who "understands well the organisation's current problems and sees ways to resolve them".
The vote took place at Fifa's congress in Zurich. In the first round Mr Blatter won 133 to Prince Ali's 73, just short of the 140 votes needed for an outright win.
Swiss inquiry
Those indicted in the US inquiry are accused of bribery, racketeering and money-laundering involving tens of millions of dollars since 1991.
The aim of the bribes was to influence the outcome of bids to stage football tournaments such as the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and the 2016 Copa America in the US, prosecutors say.
The seven arrested in Zurich - Jeffrey Webb, Eugenio Figueredo (both Fifa vice-presidents), Eduardo Li, Rafael Esquivel, Jose Maria Marin, Costas Takkas and Julio Rocha - remain in Swiss detention pending US extradition proceedings.
Image copyright AFP / getty images
Image caption The current and former Fifa executives indicted include Rafael Esquivel, Nicolas Leoz, Jeffrey Webb, Jack Warner, Eduardo Li, Eugenio Figueredo and Jose Maria Marin
They can appeal against their detention by 8 June, but Swiss justice officials told the Associated Press bail was unlikely.
The first of the 14 to be arraigned in a US court, sports executive Aaron Davidson, pleaded not guilty through his lawyer on Friday.
Swiss prosecutors have launched a separate investigation into the bidding process for the World Cup tournaments in 2018 in Russia and 2022 in Qatar.
Many of Fifa's major sponsors, including Coca-Cola, Visa, Adidas, McDonald's, Hyundai Motor and Budweiser, have expressed concern over the investigations.
After Mr Blatter was re-elected, Coca-Cola said in a statement that Fifa "must now seize the opportunity to begin winning back the trust it has lost".
Greg Dyke, the chairman of the English Football Association, told the BBC : "Sepp Blatter has run this organisation for 16 years, and for all of those 16 years, there have been levels of corruption. Sepp Blatter is not the man who is going to be able to change that."
What do you think about Sepp Blatter's re-election? Are you in any of the regions affected by the Fifa scandal? You can share your views by emailing [email protected] .
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Which stage show with music by Claude Michael Schonberg ends with an emotional song entitled 'Do You Hear The People Sing' ? | Les Misérables: The Musical | Les Misérables Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Les Misérables: The Musical
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors) .
Les Misérables, or popularly referred to as Les Mis, Les Miz, is a musical based on the novel of the same name by French poet and playwright, Victor Hugo .
The music was composed by Claude-Michel Schönberg, and the lyrics were written by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel, with an English-language libretto by Herbert Kretzmer . Set in early 19th-century France, the plot follows the stories of many characters as they struggle for redemption and revolution. An ensemble that includes prostitutes, student revolutionaries, factory workers, and others joins the lead characters.
The musical opened at the Barbican Centre in London, England on 8 October 1985. It is the second longest-running musical in the world after The Fantasticks, the longest-running show in the West End, and the fifth longest-running show in Broadway history. In January 2010, it played its ten-thousandth performance in London, at Queen's Theatre in London's West End. On 3 October 2010, the show celebrated its 25th anniversary with three productions running in the same city: the original show at the Queen's Theatre in London's West End; the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary touring production at the original home of the show, the Barbican Centre; and the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary concert at London's O2 Arena.
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The Broadway production opened on March 12, 1987, and ran until May 18, 2003, closing after 6,680 performances. It is the fifth longest-running Broadway show in history. A fully re-orchestrated Broadway revival opened on November 9, 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre.
The show was nominated for twelve Tony Awards, winning eight, including Best Musical and Best Original Score. Les Misérables placed first in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the "Nation's Number One Essential Musicals" in June 2005, receiving more than 40% of the votes cast.
Les Misérables was one of a slew of the British musicals running on Broadway in the 1980s alongside Evita, Cats, The Phantom of the Opera, and Miss Saigon.
Emblem
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The musical's emblem is a picture of the waif Cosette sweeping the Thénardier's Inn, usually shown cropped to a head-and-shoulders portrait with the French national flag superimposed. The picture is based on the illustration by Émile Bayard that appeared in the original edition of the novel in 1862.
Characters
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Jean Valjean , a paroled convict, prisoner 24601, and the protagonist. Failing to find work with his yellow parole note and redeemed by the Bishop of Digne's mercy, he tears his passport up and conceals his identity (under the alias "Monsieur Madeleine") in order to live his life again as an honest man. However, Javert constantly pursues him.
Fantine , a single mother who is forced into prostitution in order to pay for her child's well-being.
Javert , a police inspector, originally a prison-guard, who becomes obsessed with hunting down Valjean to whom he refers as "Prisoner 24601."
Éponine , the young daughter of the sinister Thénardiers who was pampered and spoiled as a child but grows up to be ragged in Paris. She secretly loves Marius.
Cosette , Fantine's daughter, who is abused and mistreated by the Thénardiers but whom Valjean later adopts - she soon grows into a beautiful young woman.
Marius Pontmercy , a French student and revolutionary who falls in love with Cosette.
Monsieur and Madame Thénardier , a crooked couple who own an inn and exploit their customers. They later become a feared band of thieves in the streets of Paris.
Enjolras , leader of the student revolutionaries who seek to free the oppressed lower class of France.
Gavroche , a hotheaded young boy who is adored by the people and aligns himself with their revolution—he is a true symbol of the youth and boldness of the rebellion.
Songs
The following are songs featured in the English version of the musical. The lyrics were written by Herbert Kretzmer.
Act I
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French songwriter Alain Boublil had the idea to adapt Victor Hugo's novel into a musical while at a performance of the musical Oliver! in London:
"As soon as the Artful Dodger came onstage, Gavroche came to mind. It was like a blow to the solar plexus. I started seeing all the characters of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables— Valjean, Javert, Gavroche, Cosette, Marius, and Éponine — in my mind's eye, laughing, crying, and singing onstage."
He pitched the idea to French composer Claude-Michel Schönberg, and developed a rough synopsis of what they believed would work in a musical. They worked up an analysis of each character's mental and emotional state, as well as that of an audience watching the show. Schönberg then began to write the music. Two years later, a two-hour demo tape with Schönberg accompanying himself on the piano and singing every role was finally completed. An album of this collaboration was recorded at CTS Studios in Wembley and was released in 1980, selling 260,000 copies.
The concept album includes Maurice Barrier as Jean Valjean, Jacques Mercier as Javert, Rose Laurens as Fantine, Yvan Dautin as Thénardier, Marie-France Roussel as Mme. Thénardier, Richard Dewitte as Marius, Fabienne Guyon as Cosette, Marie-France Dufour as Éponine, Michel Sardou as Enjolras, Fabrice Bernard as Gavroche, Maryse Cédolin as Young Cosette, Claude-Michel Schönberg as Courfeyrac, Salvatore Adamo as Combeferre, Michel Delpech as Feuilly, Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand, and Mireille as the hair buyer.
That year, in September 1980, a stage version directed by veteran French film director Robert Hossein was produced at the Palais des Sports in Paris. The show was a success, with 100 performances seen by over 500,000 people.
Most of the cast from the concept album performed in the production. The cast included Maurice Barrier as Valjean, Jean Vallée as Javert, Rose Laurens as Fantine, Maryse Cédolin and Sylvie Camacho and Priscilla Patron as Young Cosette, Marie-France Roussel as Mme. Thénardier, Yvan Dautin as M. Thénardier, Florence Davis and Fabrice Ploquin and Cyrille Dupont as Gavroche, Marianne Mille as Éponine, Gilles Buhlmann as Marius, Christian Ratellin as Enjolras, Fabienne Guyon as Cosette, René-Louis Baron as Combeferre, Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand, and Anne Forrez as Mme. Gillenormand.
London production
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The English language version, with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton, was substantially expanded and reworked from a literal translation by Siobhan Bracke of the original Paris version, in particular adding a prologue to tell Jean Valjean's back story. Kretzmer's work is not a direct "translation" of the French, a term that Kretzmer refuses to use. A third of the English lyrics were a rough translation, another third were adapted from the French lyrics and the final third consisted of new material.
The first production in English, produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird, opened on 8 October 1985 (five years after the original production) at the Barbican Arts Centre, London. It was billed in the RSC Barbican Theatre programme as "The Royal Shakespeare Company presentation of the RSC/Cameron Mackintosh production", and played to preview performances beginning on September 28, 1985.
The set was designed by John Napier, costumes by Andreane Neofitou and lighting by David Hersey. Musical supervision and orchestrations were by John Cameron, who had been involved with the show since Claude-Michel and Alain hired him to orchestrate the original French concept album. Musical staging was by Kate Flatt with musical direction by Martin Koch.
The production starred Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Rebecca Caine as Cosette, Patti LuPone as Fantine, Roger Allam as the persistent Inspector Javert, Michael Ball as Marius, Zoe Hart as young Cosette, Susan Jane Tanner as Madame Thénardier, David Burt as Enjolras, Ian Tucker and Oliver Spencer as Gavroche, and Alun Armstrong as the villainous, but funny rogue Thénardier.
On December 4, 1985, the show transferred to the Palace Theatre, London and moved again on April 3, 2004, to a much more intimate Queen's Theatre, with some revisions of staging, where it is still playing. It celebrated its ten-thousandth performance on 5 January 2010. The drummer from the original cast album, Peter Boita, is still with the show – the only musician still associated with the show that was there from the beginning.[10]
The co-production has generated valuable income for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Broadway production
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After a highly successful out-of-town tryout at the Kennedy Center's Opera House in Washington D.C., the show had its Broadway début on March 12, 1987 at the Broadway Theatre. Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle reprised their roles from the London production. With record advance ticket sales, the New York production recouped its entire $4.5 million investment before the first performance.
The show underwent further tightening of plot, and an improved sewer lighting effect was incorporated into the staging. In addition, two songs were deleted – the complete version of Gavroche's song "Little People" and the adult Cosette's "I Saw Him Once." A short section at the beginning of "In My Life" replaced "I Saw Him Once". The lyrics in Javert's "Stars" have been changed. It now ends with the line, "This I swear by the stars!", while the London production and cast recording ended with the repeated line, "Keeping watch in the night."
The original Broadway cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, David Bryant as Marius, Judy Kuhn as Cosette, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Frances Ruffelle as Éponine, Braden Danner as Gavroche, Donna Vivino as Young Cosette, Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier, Leo Burmester as Thénardier, Randy Graff as Fantine and Terrence Mann as Javert.
Other members of the original Broadway cast included: Kevin Marcum, Paul Harman, Anthony Crivello, John Dewar, Joseph Kolinski, Alex Santoriello, Jesse Corti, Susan Goodman, John Norman, Norman Large, Marcus Lovett, Steve Shocket, Cindy Benson, Marcie Shaw, Jane Bodle, Joanna Glushak, Ann Crumb, Kelli James, Gretchen Kingsley-Weihe, Chrissie McDonald. Michael Hinton was the original drummer and credited on the cast album.
The musical ran at the Broadway Theatre through October 10, 1990, when it moved to the Imperial Theatre. It was scheduled to close on March 15, 2003, but the closing was postponed by a surge in public interest. After 6,680 performances in sixteen years, when it closed on May 18, 2003, it was the second-longest-running Broadway musical after Cats. More recently, its position has fallen to the third-longest-running Broadway musical after The Phantom of the Opera ascended initially to the second and, in 2006, to the number one spot.
This Broadway production of Les Misérables and its advertising in New York City is a reoccurring themes in Bret Easton Ellis' 1991 novel American Psycho.
2006 Broadway revival
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Only three years after the original run closed, Les Misérables began a limited return to Broadway on November 9, 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre. On December 19, 2006, it was announced that Les Misérables would extend its run until September 1, 2007. It was subsequently announced that the show would have an open-ended run rather than a set closing date.
Using the set, costumes, performers, and other resources from the recently closed third U.S. national touring production, the production was only slightly altered. Minor changes included a new costume for Cosette, the use of colourful projections blended into its existing lighting design, and a proscenium that extended out into the first two boxes on either side of the stage.
Some cuts previously made to the show during its original Broadway run were restored, new lyrics were penned for Gavroche's death scene (known in the revival as "Ten Little Bullets"), and much of the show was re-orchestrated by Christopher Janke, introducing a snare and timpani heavy sound played by a 14 member band, a reduction of about 10 musicians from the original score's requirement of 23–25.
The original 2006 Broadway revival cast included Alexander Gemignani as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Daphne Rubin-Vega as Fantine, Celia Keenan-Bolger as Éponine, Aaron Lazar as Enjolras, Adam Jacobs as Marius Pontmercy, Ali Ewoldt as Cosette, Gary Beach as Thénardier, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Austyn Myers as Gavroche, Steve LeFayt as The Bishop of Digne and Drew Sarich as Grantaire.
Fantine was played by Lea Salonga beginning on March 2, 2007. Ann Harada replaced Jenny Galloway as Mme. Thénardier on April 24, 2007. Ben Davis joined playing Javert, and Max von Essen playing Enjolras. Ben Crawford and Mandy Bruno joined the cast that day too, playing Brujon and Éponine respectively. On July 23, 2007, Drew Sarich took over the role of Jean Valjean, following Alexander Gemignani's departure. On September 5, 2007, it was announced that John Owen-Jones (who played Valjean in London) was to join the Broadway cast. In return, Drew Sarich (the Valjean on Broadway) was joining the London cast in Owen-Jones' place. Judy Kuhn, who originated the role of Cosette returned to the show after 20 years as Fantine, succeeding Lea Salonga, who previously played the role of Éponine.
On September 27, 2007, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo attended the Broadhurst Theatre to watch Lea Salonga in her role as Fantine in Les Misérables. Salonga's cast included Adam Jacobs as Marius and Ali Ewoldt as Cosette. Later that year, the show went temporarily dark because of the Broadway stagehands' strike.
The revival closed on January 6, 2008. Combined with the original production's 6,680 performances, Les Misérables has played 7,176 performances on Broadway.
Other concert performances
Edit
The musical has also been performed in concert at Cardiff Castle and several venues in southern England, produced by Earl Carpenter Concerts. A concert version starring Jeff Leyton was also performed at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast. In 1989, a one-night concert performance was performed at the Toronto Skydome, and the largest concert production attracted an audience of approximately 125,000 as part of the Australia day celebrations in Sydney's Domain Park. The Scandinavian concert tour, produced by Cameron Mackintosh in association with Noble Art, starred Danish musical icon Stig Rossen in the leading role and commemorated author Victor Hugo's 200th birthday. Venues on the tour included the Stockholm Globen, Oslo Spektrum, the Helsinki Hartwell Areena, and the Gothenburg Scandinavium, with audiences totalling over 150,000 for the complete tour.
In February 2008, Les Misérables was performed at the BIC in Bournemouth, England with a cast of West End stars accompanied by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. In August 2008, a concert version,directed by Richard Jay-Alexander, was performed at the Hollywood Bowl. The cast included veteran Les Misérables star J. Mark McVey as Valjean, The Office star Melora Hardin as Fantine, Broadway star and Bowl veteran Brian Stokes Mitchell as Javert, Spring Awakening star Lea Michele as Éponine, Tony winning Jersey Boys star John Lloyd Young as Marius, West End star Tom Lowe as Enjolras, Michael McCormick as Thénardier, Ruth Williamson as Madame Thénardier, Michele Maika as Cosette, Maddie Levy as Young Cosette, and Sage Ryan as Gavroche.
In September 2008, it was performed at the St John Loveridge Hall in Guernsey with a cast of West End performers—the first time that it had been professionally performed on the Island where Victor Hugo wrote the novel. Former London Valjean Phil Cavill reprised his role alongside Les Misérables veteran Michael McCarthy as Javert. In March 2009, the Guernsey production was remounted at Fort Regent in Jersey; and in July 2009, the musical was performed in concert at Osborne House on the Isle Of Wight.
National U.S. Broadway tours
Edit
The show had three national touring productions in the U.S., all of which shared the Broadway producer and manager, cast, creative teams, sets, costumes, and lighting. While the touring production and the New York production were running simultaneously, the staff, cast members, crew, and musicians of the two productions interchanged often, which contributed to keeping both companies of the show in form. When the New York production closed in 2003, the Third National Tour continued for another three years, and enjoyed the influx of many members from the original and subsequent New York companies.
The First National Tour opened at Boston's Shubert Theatre on December 12, 1987, and continued to play until late 1991.
The Second National Tour opened at Los Angeles' Shubert Theatre on June 1, 1988. The production played for 14 months then closed.
The 2nd, Second National Company (Fantine #2) was assembled for San Francisco. The company rehearsed for 3 weeks at Theatre Artaud in San Francisco and Opened as a sit down Company at San Francisco's Curran Theatre. Delays caused from the damages the city suffered from the Loma Prieta Earthquake, the orginal opening date was delayed till Nov. 1st. It played till Spring 1991. The Cast included members from the Broadway, 1st, 2nd & 3rd National and Austrailian Companies.
Jean Valjean: Rich Hebert, Javert: Richard Kinsey, Fantine: Kelly Ground, Tenardier: Gary Beach, Madame Tenardier: Gina Ferrall, Marius: Matthew Porretta, Cosette: Jacquelyn Piro, Eponine: Michele Maika, Enjolras: Craig Oldfather, Gavroche: Rider Strong, Ian Werkheiser, Young Cossette-Eponine: Larisa Oleynik, Sabrina Harris
The Third National Tour of Les Misérables (called "The Marius Company") was one of the longest running American touring musicals. Opening on 28 November 1988 at the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center in Florida and closing on July 23, 2006, at the Fox Theatre in Saint Louis, Missouri, the tour ran for seventeen years and seven thousand sixty-one performances. The tour played in one hundred forty-five cities in forty-three states. The same touring company also frequently performed in Canada, and made a diversion in 2002 to visit Shanghai, China for three weeks.
The final company of the Third National Broadway Tour included Randal Keith as Valjean (Keith also played Valjean in the final company of the original Broadway engagement), Robert Hunt as Javert, Joan Almedilla as Fantine, Daniel Bogart as Marius, Norman Large (from Original Broadway Cast) as Monsieur Thénardier, Jennifer Butt (from Original Broadway Cast) as Madame Thénardier, Melissa Lyons as Éponine, Ali Ewoldt as Cosette, Victor Wallace as Enjolras, Meg Guzulescu and Rachel Schier alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine, Austyn Myers and Anthony Skillman alternating as Gavroche
25th anniversary international tour
Edit
A new tour to commemorate the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the London Production began performances on December 12, 2009, at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff, which was scheduled to run to January 16, 2010. The production has a new set, new direction and alterations to the original orchestrations. The tour is scheduled to tour the UK with confirmed stops at the Palace Theatre, Manchester; Theatre Royal, Norwich; Birmingham Hippodrome; Edinburgh Playhouse & Bristol Hippodrome. The tour will also play a limited engagement at the Chatelet Theatre, Paris from May 26 – July 4, 2010; The Lowry Centre, Salford from 10–21 August 2010; the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton from 24 August-11 September and then onto a strictly limited engagement at the Barbican Centre, London from 14 September – 2 October 2010. The tour stars John Owen-Jones as Valjean; Earl Carpenter as Javert; Gareth Gates as Marius, Jon Robyns as Enjolras, Ashley Artus as Thénardier, Rosalind James as Éponine, Madalena Alberto as Fantine, Lynne Wilmot as Madame Thénardier and Katie Hall as Cosette.
International productions
Edit
The show has been produced in fourty-two countries and translated into twenty-two languages (English, French, German (two from Austria and Germany), Spanish (three from Spain, Argentinia and Mexico), Japanese, Korean, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Norwegian (two in Bokmål and Nynorsk), Polish, Swedish, Dutch (two from the Netherlands and Belgium), Danish, Finnish, Brazilian Portuguese, Estonian, Czech, Mauritian Creole, Basque, Catalan). Including singles and promos, there have been over fifty-five official recordings from worldwide productions. [1]
Unless otherwise indicated by "NR" (denoting a non-replica production) productions listed here featured the full London/Broadway staging (revolving stage, automated barricades, etc.)
1980
Palais des Sports, Paris. Opened September 17. Closed December 14. (NR)
1985
Barbican Theatre, London. Opened October 8. Production transferred to the Palace Theatre on December 4. In April 2004, production moved to the Queen's Theatre, where it is currently running.
1986
Kennedy Center Opera House, Washington D.C. American premiere/out-of-town tryout. Opened December 27. Closed February 14, 1987.
1987
Broadway Theatre, New York. Opened March 12. Production moved to the Imperial Theatre in October 1990. Closed May 18, 2003.
Imperial Theatre: Tokyo, Japan. Opened June 17. Closed November 30. Production has toured Japan ever since with stops in Nagoya; Osaka; Sendai; Sapporo; and Tokyo. In repertory since '87.
Cameri Theatre: Tel Aviv, Israel. Opened August 9. Closed March 31, 1989. (NR)
Rock Theatre: Szeged, Hungary. Opened August 14. Closed August 21. (NR)
Vigszinhaz Theatre: Budapest, Hungary. Opened September 14. Closed September 21. In repertory. (NR)
Theatre Royal, Sydney, Australia. Opened November 27. Closed July 15, 1989. Production then toured Australia and New Zealand with stops in Perth; Melbourne; Adelaide; Brisbane; and Auckland.
Shubert Theatre: Boston, MA. Opened December 15. Closed June 26, 1988. First U.S. national tour launched with stops in Washington D.C.; Philadelphia; Chicago; Detroit; Baltimore; and Los Angeles. Tour closed in Chicago on September 29, 1991.
National Theatre of Iceland: Reykjavik, Iceland. Opened December 26. Closed June 5, 1988. (NR)
1988
Det Norske Teatret: Oslo, Norway. Opened March 17. Closed December 31.
Shubert Theatre: Los Angeles, CA. Opened 1 June. Closed July 23, 1989.
Raimund Theatre: Vienna, Austria. Opened September 15. Closed March 31, 1990.
Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center: Tampa, FL. Opened November 28. Closed December 11. Third U.S. national tour launched with stops in 145 cities, in 43 states, including engagements in Canada, Singapore, and China. Tour closed in St. Louis, MO on July 23, 2006.
1989
Royal Alexandra Theatre: Toronto, Canada. Opened March 15. Closed May 26, 1992. Production then toured Canada with stops in Calgary; Vancouver; Montreal (bilingual cast); Winnipeg; Ottawa; Edmonton; Hamilton; Honolulu, HI; and Regina.
Teatr Muzyczny: Gdynia, Poland. Opened June 30. In repertory to date. (NR)
Curran Theatre: San Francisco, CA. Second National (Sit Down) Tour. Opened Nov. 1, Closed Januray 27, 1991
1990
Cirkus Theatre: Stockholm, Sweden. Opened October 12. Closed December 14, 1991.
1991
Carre Theatre: Amsterdam, Netherlands. Opened February 28. Closed October 20. Production then transferred to the Cirkustheater in Scheveningen and closed March 8, 1992.
Odense Teater: Odense, Denmark. Opened April 20. Closed June 22. (NR)
Mogador Theatre: Paris, France. Opened October 23. Closed May 24, 1992.
1992
Palace Theatre: Manchester, England. Opened April 14. Closed May 1, 1993. Production went on to play Dublin; and Edinburgh.
Vinorhady Theatre: Prague, Czech Republic. Opened June 25. Closed September 13. (NR)
Teatro Nuevo Apolo: Madrid, Spain. Opened September 16. Closed May 29, 1994.
Ostre Gasvaerk Teater: Copenhagen, Denmark. Opened December 27. Closed December 31, 1993. (NR)
1993
Point Theatre: Dublin, Ireland. Opened June 30. Closed in September.
Edinburgh Playhouse: Edinburgh, Scotland. Opened September 23. Closed February 19, 1994.
Meralco Theatre: Manila, Philippines. Opened October 7. Closed October 31. (NR)
1994
Kallang Theatre: U.S. third national tour makes a special trip to Singapore. Opened February 3. Closed April 17.
1996
Music Hall/Theater am Marientor: Duisburg, Germany. Opened January 26. Closed November 28, 1999.
Kallang Theatre: Asian/African tour launched in Singapore. Opened February 28. Closed March 31. Production continued on to Hong Kong, Seoul, and Cape Town, South Africa.
Karlstads Teater: Karlstad, Sweden. Opened October 15. Closed April 27, 1997. (NR)
Aalborg Teater: Aalborg, Denmark. Opened 14 November. Closed 4 January 1997. (NR)
1997
Imperial Theatre, Broadway. Opened March 12. Special 10th anniversary performance and first look at slightly revamped production.
Theatre Royal, Sydney, Australia. Opened November 29. Closed June 13, 1998. Launch of the 10th anniversary Australian tour, with stops in Melbourne; Auckland, New Zealand; Perth; and Brisbane.
1998
Music Hall: Antwerp, Belgium. Opened May 24. Closed April 25, 1999. This production was performed in both French and Flemish.
Aarhus Theatre: Aarhus, Denmark. Opened September 4. Closed December 31. (NR)
City Hall: Hamilton, Bermuda. Opened October 5. Closed October 17. (NR)
1999
City Theatre: Helsinki, Finland. Opened February 25. Closed May 29. In repertory. (NR)
Kongrescenter: Herning, Denmark. Opened April 15. Closed May 30. (NR)
Municipal Theatre: Mahebourg, Mauritius. Opened June 12. Closed June 28. (NR)
Performing Arts Center: Tel Aviv, Israel. Opened July 20. Closed September 4. (NR)
Madach Theatre: Budapest, Hungary. Opened November 20. In repertory to date. (NR)
2000
Teatro Opera: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Opened March 22. Closed October 15.
Opera House: Gothenburg, Sweden. Opened April 22. Closed September 23. (NR)
2001
Opera Bonn: Bonn, Germany. Opened April 8. Closed July 7. (NR)
Teatro Abril: São Paulo, Brazil. Opened April 25.
Roadside Theatre: Heidelberg, Patton Barracks, Germany. Opened May 11. Closed June 10. (NR)
Opernhaus: Chemnitz, Germany. Opened October 21. In repertory to date. (NR)
City Hall Theatre: Tallinn, Estonia. Opened November 1. Closed November 25. (NR)
2002
Centro Cultural Telmex: Mexico City, Mexico. Opened November 14. Closed August 30, 2004.
Staatstheater: Saarbrücken, Germany. Opened December 7. In repertory to date. (NR)
2003
Anhalitisches Theatre: Dessau, Germany. Opened March 21. Closed June 27. (NR)
Moster Amfi: Bolmo, Norway. Opened August 8. Closed August 16. (NR)
Goja Music Hall: Prague, Czech Republic. Opened September 16. In repertory to date. (NR)
Theater des Westens: Berlin, Germany. Opened September 26. Closed December 31, 2004.
2006
Trøndelag Teater: Trondheim, Norway. Opened February 25. Closed October 14, 2005.
2007
Madlenianum Opera and Theatre: Belgrade, Serbia. Opened October 18. In repertory to date. (NR)
Akershus Teater: Lillestrøm, Norway. Opened January 29 for a limited run. (NR)
2008
Theatre Du Capitole: Quebec, Canada. (NR)
Luxor Theatre: Rotterdam, Netherlands. Opened April 20. Closed January 4, 2009.
2009
Carré Theatre: Amsterdam, Netherlands. Opened January 17. Closed February 22.
Oslo Nye Teater: Oslo, Norway. Opened February 4. Closed June 20. (NR)
Det Ny Teater: Copenhagen, Denmark. Opened September 17. Closed December 31. (NR)
Wales Millennium Centre: Cardiff, UK. Opened December 12. Closed January 16, 2010. (NR). The tour will commemorate the 25th Anniversary of the show with stops in Manchester, Norwich, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Paris, and London.
2010
Palace Theatre, Manchester: UK. Opened January 19. Closed February 13. (NR)\
Theatre Royal, Norwich: UK. Opened February 16 . Closed March 20. (NR)
Birmingham Hippodrome: Birmingham, UK. Opened March 23. Closed April 17. (NR)
Edinburgh Playhouse: Edinburgh, UK. Opened April 20. Closed May 15. (NR)
Théâtre du Châtelet: Paris, France. Opened May 26. Will close July 4. (NR)
Bristol Hippodrome: Bristol, UK. Will open July 13. Will close August 7. (NR)
The Lowry: Salford: UK. Will open August 10. Will close August 21. (NR)
The Mayflower Theatre, Southampton: UK. Will open August 24. Will close September 11. (NR)
Barbican Centre: London, UK. Will open September 14. Will close October 2. (NR)
Teatr Muzyczny Roma: Warsaw, Poland. Will open September 20.
Teatro Lope de Vega: Madrid, Spain. Will open November 18.
2012
Poeun Art Hall,Yongin, Korea. Opened November 3. (NR)
2013
Blue Square’s Samsung Electronics Hall, Seoul, Korea. Opened April 26. Closed September 1.(NR)
North American regional productions
Edit
With the approval of the Cameron Mackintosh organization, Music Theatre International selected the USAREUR Roadside Theater in Heidelberg, Germany for the American Community Theater World Premiere of Les Misérables. The premiere took place May 11, 2001, with the production closing June 10, 2001. This production was also one of the first uses of the Sinfonia system by MTI in collaboration with Realtime Music Solutions, later used in the London production.
Beginning in 2007, a limited number of regional productions (five in the US, two in Canada) of Les Misérables licensed by Cameron Mackintosh have been staged.
The California Musical Theatre (CMT) (Sacramento, California) in its Music Circus summer series (production ran from July 10 thru July 22, 2007) staged the show as theater in the round. Glenn Casale, choreographed by Bob Richard, with music directed by Andrew Bryan, directed the production that featured Ivan Rutherford who gave over one thousand eight hundred performances as Jean Valjean on Broadway as well as performing in the 10th Anniversary Company.
Other regional productions of Les Misérables include the Pioneer Theatre Company (PTC) of Salt Lake City which was honoured to be the first company to present a regional production. This production ran from April 27, 2007, to July 7, 2007, making it the longest running production in PTC's history. It was directed by PTC Artistic Director Charles Morey and brought both William Solo as Jean Valjean and Merwin Foard as Inspector Javert to the PTC re-enacting roles both men played previously on Broadway.
The first independent regional theatre production of "Les Misérables" in Canada was directed by Linda Moore at the Neptune Theatre in Halifax Nova Scotia, starring Frank Mackay as Jean Valjean in 1994. The Thousand Islands Playhouse in Gananoque Canada staged a production, which opened July 4, 2008, featured Lee B.Siegel as Valjean, Shane Carty as Javert, Kevin Power as Thénardier, Marcia Tratt as Madame Thénardier, Ramona Gilmour-Darling as Éponine, Ashley Taylor as Cosette, Shannon Barnett as Fantine, Dale R. Miller as Marius, Gabriel Burrafato as Enjolras, and Derrick Paul Miller as the Bishop of Digne. Derrick Paul Miller played the role of Valjean on July 22, July 23 (matinee), July 24, and July 26 (matinee). It is directed by Greg Wanless, and musical director Sandy Thorburn.
An outdoor production played at The Muny, the nation's oldest and largest outdoor theatre, which seats 12,000 people. The theatre is located in Saint Louis, MO. Directed by Fred Hanson, Les Misérables was the final production of the Muny's 89th season, playing August 6–15, 2007. Ivan Rutherford, who was a Valjean in the original Broadway production, reprised his role in the production. Kevin Kern and Diana Kaarina, who played Marius and Éponine in the closing cast of the original Broadway production, reprised their roles.
Another outdoor production has been staged at Tuacahn Center for the Arts in Ivins, UT and runs June through mid-October, 2008.
In September 2008, a mini tour produced by Atlanta's Theater of the Stars played Eisenhower Hall at the United States Military Academy, in West Point, NY; the Filene Center at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna, VA; Kansas City Starlight Theater; and The Fox Theater in Atlanta. The show featured a new set of original pictures painted by Victor Hugo himself. Robert Evan played Valjean, returning to the role he played in the mid-nineties on Broadway. Also featured were Nikki Rene Daniels as Fantine and Robert Hunt as Javert, both reprising their roles from the Broadway revival. Fred Hanson directed the production. The creative team included Matt Kinley as Scenic Designer, Ken Billington as Lighting Designer, Peter Fitzgerald and Erich Bechtel as Sound Designers, Zachary Borovay as Projection Designer, and Dan Riddle as Musical Director and Conductor.
In 2008, the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia staged a small venue "black box" version of the play. Signature was honoured to receive Mackintosh's special permission for the production: "One of the great pleasures of being involved with the creation of Les Misérables is seeing this marvelous musical being done in a completely different and original way. Having seen many shows brilliantly reimagined at Signature I have no doubt that Eric and his team will come up with a revolutionary new take on Les Miz unlike anything anyone has seen before. Viva la différence!" This triumph, coupled with years of imaginative productions, earned Signature the 2009 Regional Theater Tony Award. The production officially opened on December 14, 2008 (after previews from December 2), and runs through February 22, 2009 (extended from January 25, 2009).
Northern Stage, a regional theatre company in White River Junction, VT, also staged a December 2008 production on a small stage; in their case, it was a three-quarter-thrust stage in a 245-seat house. This production featured Timothy Shew as Jean Valjean, Mary Gutzi as Madame Thénardier and Kevin David Thomas as Marius, all of whom appeared in the Broadway production (where Shew starred as Valjean, Gutzi as Fantine and Thomas as Marius). The production also featured Broadway veterans Dan Sharkey (The Music Man) and David DeWitt (Phantom of the Opera). The production was directed by Northern Stage Artistic Director Brooke Ciardelli.
In July 2009, the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (CLO) staged Les Misérables as part of their summer show collection.
Les Misérables school edition
Edit
The School Edition cuts a considerable amount of material from the original show. It is divided into thirty scenes and, although no "critical" scenes or songs have been removed, it runs twenty-five–thirty minutes shorter than the "official" version. A few subtle changes of vocal pitch have been made: "What Have I Done?", Valjean's Soliloquy, "Stars" by Javert, "A Little Fall of Rain" by Éponine and Marius, "Turning" by the women of the Revolution, and "Castle on a Cloud" lose a verse each. The song "Fantine's Death/Confrontation" is edited, removing the signature counterpoint duel between Valjean and Javert. "Dog Eats Dog" by Thénardier is truncated, as is as "Beggars at the Feast", with the song before it, "Wedding Chorale" is considerably shortened.
After The King's Theatre, The King's School and Tara Anglican School for Girls, in Sydney, Australia, gained rights for the full production in late 2000 from Cameron Mackintosh to perform the show, Music Theatre International developed a school version, available only to productions with an entirely amateur cast aged under 19. Hundreds of schools worldwide have purchased the rights and staged performances, and it was the best selling play for high schools in the year 2006.
The Helen Hayes Theatre Company in Nyack, New York marked the American premiere of the student edition in October 2001. From this version, Cameron Mackintosh and Music Theatre International produced the Les Misérables: School Edition Cast Recording in 2002. The album has recognition to hundreds of theatres housing the production worldwide.
Concerts
Edit
On October 8, 1995, the show celebrated its tenth anniversary with a concert at the Royal Albert Hall. This Tenth Anniversary Concert is nearly 'complete', missing only a handful of scenes, including "The Death of Gavroche" and the confrontation between Marius and Thénardier at the wedding feast. Sir Cameron Mackintosh hand-selected the cast, which has come to be called the Les Misérables Dream Cast, assembling cast members from around the world. The concert concluded with Valjeans from various international productions singing, "Do You Hear the People Sing?" in their native languages. The cast: Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, Philip Quast as Javert, Michael Ball as Marius Pontmercy, Lea Salonga as Éponine, Judy Kahn as Cosette, Ruthie Henshall as Fantine, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Alun Armstron as Thénardier and Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier.
25th Anniversary Concert
Edit
The 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables was held at The O2 in North Greenwich on Sunday, 3 October 2010 at 1:30 pm and 7:00 pm.
It featured Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Lea Salonga as Fantine, Nick Jonas as Marius, Katie Hall as Cosette, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras, Samantha Barks as Éponine, Matt Lucas as Thénardier, Mia Jenkins as Young Cosette, Robert Madge as Gavroche and Earl Carpenter as the Bishop of Digne. (Originally, Camilla Kerslake had been selected to perform as Cosette, however she was unable to attend. Katie Hall was selected in her place. Hall had previously acted the role at the Queen's Theatre from 2009 and in the 25th Anniversary Tour production at the Barbican.) Casts of the current London, international tour and original 1985 London productions took part, comprising an ensemble of three hundred performers and musicians. The concert was staged by Ken Caswell who had been an original cast member in 1985.
The 25th Anniversary Concert was recorded live at The O2 (London) on 3 October 2010 and is available on DVD in the UK while the Blu-ray was released worldwide. It was shown in select US theaters via NCM Fathom Events. The release for the DVD in the United States was 22 February 2011. A CD single of the 'Valjean Quartet' singing "Bring Him Home" was also recorded and released with proceeds going to the charity "Tickets For Troops."
Films
Edit
Although numerous films of the Les Misérables story have been made, no film adaptation of the stage musical was produced for many years. A film adaptation has been in development several times since the late 1980s. Alan Parker was reported to be connected to an adaptation at an early stage. In 1992 Mackintosh announced planning for a film to be directed by Bruce Beresford and co-produced by Tri-Star Pictures, but the project was later abandoned.
The 2010 DVD/Blu-ray release of Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert included an announcement of revised plans for a film adaptation which was later confirmed by Mackintosh. Tom Hooper signed on in March 2011 to direct the Mackintosh-produced film from a screenplay by William Nicholson. In June 2011 Working Title and Mackintosh announced that the film would begin principal photography in early 2012 for a December release date. The film, starring Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean, Russell Crowe as Javert, and Anne Hathaway as Fantine, opened on Christmas Day of 2012, and went on to win three Golden Globe Awards including Best Picture - Musical or Comedy, Best Actor (Jackman) and Best Supporting Actress (Hathaway). It was also nominated for eight Academy Awards.
Cast Recordings
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Hal Leonard Instrumental Play-along: Les Misérables for Alto Sax - Book & CD. £8.95. Also available for other instruments.
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The trio The Andrews Sisters consisted of Patty, Maxine and which other ? | The Andrews Sisters
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The Andrews Sisters
I love these gals. I think they were just incredibly talented and such consumate entertainers.%0D %0D Is it really true that one of them was a lesbian? If anyone knows any real information, I'd love to hear it.
by Anonymous
But which one was in the middle?
by Anonymous
Which one was the Toni twin?
by Anonymous
It's said that, on sight, servicemen often mistook them for a drag act.
by Anonymous
reply 5
07/16/2010
Are you talking about Erin Andrews from 'Dancing With The Stars'? I never knew she had sisters, much less that they were entertainers. What happened to them?
by Anonymous
reply 6
07/16/2010
Don't be a moron. I'm sure the OP is referring to Julie Andrew who became the most well known of her sister act. The lesbian rumor about Julie is the result of a prank gone wrong involving Carol Burnette and Lady Bird Johnson.
by Anonymous
OP I know who you mean. They're great.
by Anonymous
reply 8
07/16/2010
Never heard any rumors, but if one of them was a lesbian, it would have been the "funny" one because that's the way it was done in those days.%0D %0D I think Maxene was single. Patty was married to Marty Melcher, before he started going after Doris Day. What a rat fink.
by Anonymous
reply 9
07/16/2010
A few years ago one of the tabloids ran a story saying that one of the conflicts between Patty and Maxene was that Maxene was a lesbian. Apparently she was married briefly in the fifties and adopted a couple kids, but at the time of her death she was estranged from her children and left most of her estate to her female manager, whom she had adopted as a daugther at some point.
by Anonymous
reply 10
07/16/2010
[italic]No one?[/italic]%0D %0D Most of us are under 85, OP.%0D %0D I'm shocked someone your age can operate a computer, let alone tap out coherent thoughts on a keyboard. Good for you!
by Anonymous
Um, 13? Hon, I think that battle was fought and lost long, long ago.
by Anonymous
reply 15
07/16/2010
The Andrews Sisters were pretty darn great, but the Boswell Sisters rule now and forever.%0D %0D At the link, "It's the Girl."
by Anonymous
reply 16
07/16/2010
I'm not the OP, r11, but I'm a 29-year-old who bought an "Andrews Sisters" CD when he was 14.
by Anonymous
reply 17
07/16/2010
r10 has it right. Maxene was the lesbian. There was a 17-year-old feud with Patty that she was trying to resolve.
Which gay bar in Minneapolis was once owned by the parents of the Andrews sisters and operated as a deli or something? Is it the Gay 90s?
by Anonymous
r20, what is a Three X Sisters?
by Anonymous
reply 21
07/17/2010
They were a jazz trio contemporary of the Boswell's who had the gimmick of wearing eye masks. They were fabulous, but would've had greater success if media were more visual at the time.
by Anonymous
reply 22
07/17/2010
I'll always remember seeing them in the Broadway show Over Here! though LaVerne had already died. Part of the premise of the show was about them looking for the girl with the perfect voice who could complete their 3 part harmony. Was the Patty/Maxene feud before or after they did the show?%0D %0D Also in the cast of Over Here! were the VERY young John Travolta, Treat Williams, Marilu Henner and Ann Reinking.
by Anonymous
reply 23
07/17/2010
I found a dead dog and I put it in a wheelbarrow then I pushed the wheelbarrow home and then I took the dog out and put the dog in my panties then I cooked it is that bad lala la la dee la la
by Anonymous
reply 33
07/17/2010
R29, that poor dear in the middle has no idea what the lyrics are. (Or maybe what she's doing there at all.)%0D %0D Dean Martin made it look like anybody could do what he did. Genius.
by Anonymous
reply 34
07/17/2010
Bump to a really old thread for a Youtube video of their performance on the Tony Awards for "Over Here." The first number is "Charlies Place", which, alas, made a star of Ann Reinking. You'll also see Treat Williams, John Travolta and Marilu Henner. The sisters are in the second number and it's weird to see that Maxene certainly appears to hate Patty. They're both trying so hard to upstage the other that it's hilarious.
by Anonymous
reply 36
05/27/2012
I'm not an elder gay and I have about 100 songs of theirs on my Ipod. They've sold more records than the Beatles. I like the Boswell Sisters too. The best Boswell Sister's song is Minnie the Moocher's Wedding day.
by Anonymous
reply 37
05/27/2012
After reading some of these posts, I fear for history, cultural, or otherwise. If someone hasn't heard of someone, or somthing - they're bored. Move on. Growing up, if I didn't know something, I'd ask my parents, and they would always tell me to go online, and look it/them up. So I did. Thats how you learn. I thnk now, people have no intellectual curiousity, if it doesn't involve something of their own time, or era. That just shows their ignorance. No wonder American's are considered so stupid.
Nat King Cole died 20 years before I was born - but I love his voice, and read up on his life. So many of you don't seem to care unless it's about GaGa, or Kesha. A lot of amazing artists, and music, came before any of us were born, and you don't seem to care. Check out The Mills Bros., Billie Holliday, Glenn Miller . You may find the sound we hear now, evolved from all that came before.
by Anonymous
[quote]I'm a 29-year-old who bought an "Andrews Sisters" CD when he was 14.
Finally, a proper place to exclaim "That's so gay!!!!"
by Anonymous
reply 43
05/28/2012
r40 what was the point of your post? Why don't you just start a thread on Jo Stafford? GAWD!... r42, could you share more please?
by Anonymous
reply 44
05/28/2012
Maxine was the lezzy, and let me tell you , she could suck your box till your nose bled.
by Anonymous
reply 45
05/28/2012
On a related topic could someone start a " Jenny Lind, The Swedish Nightengale" thread ? I've got some juicy gossip.
by Anonymous
reply 55
02/01/2013
The Boswells stood in front of a microphone. The Andrews Sisters danced while they sang, and goofed around during the numbers. They were a lot more fun than the Bozzies.
by Anonymous
reply 56
02/01/2013
I always felt that about Maxene since she was married once in the 1940s and after divorcing, never remarried. Coincidentally this week, I spoke with a man in San Francisco who upon my mentioning in casual conversation that "the last of the Andrews Sisters (Patty) died last week," he said, "I actually met one of them years ago in Seattle." He then said that she was with two women, one of whom seemed more than a friend. He said the chemistry seemed to suggest they were together. I was curious so Googled "Maxene Andrews lesbian" and a few articles came up. It's not important, just interesting as I wonder how she dealt with this at a time this "didn't exist," at least in people's consciousness. What really is important is that she was perhaps the nicest of the girls and that she perhaps got the shaft from Patty due to her husband, who was quite possessive and created a divide between Patty, the other sisters, her family and her friends. What Bob Hope said about Maxene Andrews will always stick in my mind about her - "She was more than part of The Andrews Sisters, much more than a singer. She was a warm and wonderful lady who shared her talent and wisdom with others."
by Anonymous
| Laverne |
Which Peugeot model won the award for European Car Of The Year in 1988 ? | 1000+ images about Andrew Sisters on Pinterest | Apple blossoms, Boys and Christmas island
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This 1947 publicity photo shows the pop vocal trio, The Andrews Sisters, from left, Maxine Andrews, Patty Andrews, and LaVerne Andrews. Patty Andrews, the last survivor of the three singing Andrews sisters, has died in Los Angeles at age 94. Andrews died Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013, at her home in suburban Northridge of natural causes, said family spokesman Alan Eichler. (AP Photo, File)
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"Which Welsh writer's last words are said to have been "" I've had eighteen straight whiskies. I think that's the record. "" ?" | Cult Fiction - Top 10 List - Top Ten List - Top 10 Drunk American Writers - Drunk Writers - Raymond Chandler Quote - Frederick Exley - Harry Crews - Jack Kerouac - Jack London - F. Scott Fitzgerald - Edgar Allan Poe - William Faulkner - Dorothy Parker - Charles Bukowski
Top 10 Drunk American Writers
#10 - RAYMOND CHANDLER [1888-1959]
“Alcohol is like love. The first kiss is magic, the second is intimate, the third is routine. After that you take the girl's clothes off.”
#09 - FREDERICK EXLEY [1929-92]
"After a month's sobriety my faculties became unbearably acute and I found myself unhealthily clairvoyant, having insights into places I'd as soon not journey to. Unlike some men, I had never drunk for boldness or charm or wit; I had used alcohol for precisely what it was, a depressant to check the mental exhilaration produced by extended sobriety."
#08 - HARRY CREWS [1935-2012]
"Alcohol whipped me. Alcohol and I had many, many marvelous times together. We laughed, we talked, we danced at the party together; then one day I woke up and the band had gone home and I was lying in the broken glass with a shirt full of puke and I said, 'Hey, man, the ball game's up'."
#07 - JACK KEROUAC [1922-69]
"As I grew older I became a drunk. Why? Because I like ecstasy of the mind."
#06 - JACK LONDON [1876-1916]
"I was carrying a beautiful alcoholic conflagration around with me. The thing fed on its own heat and flamed the fiercer. There was no time, in all my waking time, that I didn't want a drink. I began to anticipate the completion of my daily thousand words by taking a drink when only five hundred words were written. It was not long until I prefaced the beginning of the thousand words with a drink."
#05 - F. SCOTT FITZGERALD [1896-1940]
"First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you."
#04 - EDGAR ALLAN POE [1809-49]
"I have absolutely no pleasure in the stimulants in which I sometimes so madly indulge. It has not been in the pursuit of pleasure that I have periled life and reputation and reason. It has been the desperate attempt to escape from torturing memories, from a sense of insupportable loneliness and a dread of some strange impending doom."
#03 - Tie: WILLIAM FAULKNER [1897-1962] & DOROTHY PARKER [1897-1967]
"“There is no such thing as bad whiskey. Some whiskeys just happen to be better than others. But a man shouldn't fool with booze until he's fifty; then he's a damn fool if he doesn't.” —Faulkner
"I'd rather have a bottle in front of me, than a frontal lobotomy." -Parker
#02 - Tie: ERNEST HEMINGWAY [1899-1961] & HUNTER S. THOMPSON [1937-2005]
"An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with his fools." - Hemingway
"I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence, or insanity to anyone, but they've always worked for me." - Thompson
#01 - CHARLES BUKOWSKI [1920-94] — READERS' CHOICE!
"Drinking is an emotional thing. It joggles you out of the standardism of everyday life, out of everything being the same. It yanks you out of your body and your mind and throws you against the wall. I have the feeling that drinking is a form of suicide where you're allowed to return to life and begin all over the next day. It's like killing yourself, and then you're reborn. I guess I've lived about ten or fifteen thousand lives now."
I'm sorry. Buk should be #1 or #2. git drunk!!!
Dean Z - 2008-01-07 23:46:06
Are you fucking kidding me? Where the hell is Hunter Thompson ???
Tapiwa - 2008-01-08 02:29:10
I drink to make other people seem more interesting. -- George Jean Nathan
Degriz - 2008-01-08 05:06:11
So wheres Thompson? "A man makes a beast of himself to free himself from the pain of being a man"
Zac - 2008-01-08 05:20:20
Hemmingway is at number 1. You drunk.
AJ - 2008-01-08 06:49:51
i am sorry but this list is definately incomplete without hunter s thompson in the no. 1 place
Gonzo for ever. - 2008-01-08 07:07:51
Come on, you have left out one of the most alcohol ridden writers of our generation. The Great Shark Hunt, Hells Angels, so many columns for Rolling Stone. Poetry, prose, madness, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. We are talking Hunter S Thompson.
Sparky - 2008-01-08 08:03:48
C'mon. Eugene O'Neill
god's own drunk - 2008-01-08 08:16:35
This is a decent start but I would also add Raymond Carver, Sinclair Lewis, Truman Capote, Stephen Crane, Herman Melville and John Steinbeck. Hunter S. Thompson was a good drunk but so much more - the guy dabbled a little bit into everything! He's definitely in his own category!
beat beat beat - 2008-01-08 08:16:42
well considering edgar allan poe was the only one who died of alcohol poisoning in a gutter, he should be number one. kerouac and faulkner close behind.
Anonymous - 2008-01-08 08:23:21
WHERE THE HELL IS HUNTER THOMPSON???? WHO WROTE THIS LIST??????????? Honestly, hunter thompson goes under the first 3, for sure!!
Read Closer - 2008-01-08 08:24:31
"A man makes a beast of himself to free himself from the pain of being a man" That was Dr Samuel Johnson, not Hunter S.Thompson.
Gonzo - 2008-01-08 09:07:36
HST. ASAP.
DougM - 2008-01-08 09:12:08
Second the motion for Hunter Thompson. Don't forget Stephen King. He had it BAD (along with cocaine.) He doesn't remember writing Cujo. The Tommyknockers was about his drug habit, and The Shining was about his alcoholism.
Justsomeguy - 2008-01-08 09:42:19
Hunter S. Thompson is number 1 you idiots. Try reading.
Jim? - 2008-01-08 09:56:46
Where is Jim Morrison ? He deserves the place on this list.
Bob - 2008-01-08 10:31:15
You got find room for John Cheever.
stampeedo - 2008-01-08 10:48:18
Jim Morrison shouldn't be anywhere on this list.
Anonymous - 2008-01-08 12:41:58
"Where is Jim Morrison? He deserves the place on this list." He's not on there because he can't write for shit.
The Dark Corridor - 2008-01-08 14:32:09
Actually, Beat, Poe died in a hospital in Baltimore. Kerouac however died on his couch of a stomach hemorrhage while having his first drink of the day and watching The Galloping Gourmet, one of this favorite TV programs.
Anonymous - 2008-01-08 15:29:22
what about Tennessee Williams?? Choked on a whiskey cap I do believe....?
Mike - 2008-01-08 15:35:02
Stop bitching about Hunter S. Thompson not being on the list, you people are obnoxious, just like Thompson, he wasn't a drunk he was a drug addict.
drunk drunk catholic - 2008-01-08 16:08:50
"A man makes a beast of himself to free himself from the pain of being a man" was Dr Jonhson.... Hunter S used it in Fear & Loathing in LV
Uhmmm - 2008-01-08 16:55:58
Where the heck is Dylan Thomas? Didn't the man die of alcohol poisoning in a Greenwich Village street?!
Johnny Scorpio - 2008-01-08 17:21:53
Jim Morrison should NOT be anywhere near this list, this is about writers, not wanky pretentious 'poetry' that could be tossed off by angsty adolescents. Your idolatory blinds you to his merit.
david - 2008-01-08 18:23:25
Tennessee Williams choked on a cap to a medicine bottle. And he was sober, blame child-proof packaging. He drank a lot, but was more of a pill-popper before his near-decade-long stint in a sanatorium.
ilovebonnie.net - 2008-01-08 19:18:09
Hunter S. wasn't so much of a drunk as he was a drug user. Not saying that's a bad thing, just trying to provide accurate information
salmon h peele - 2008-01-08 19:58:05
football in the groin! football in the groin! it works on so many levels!
boracho of limerick - 2008-01-08 20:49:07
You drunk! HST is tied at No. 1 with Hemingway. i don't see any reason why some here are whining on the choices. go make ur own list.
zevgoldman - 2008-01-08 21:43:34
Drinking didn't make one of these guys a better writer any more than drinking makes one a better driver. If anything the booze kept them from achieving their finest work. Imagine what that would have been like. Booze kills the creative creature before it kills the human creature.
jay - 2008-01-08 22:55:07
"Sometimes too much to drink is barely enough." — Mark Twain
Ali - 2008-01-08 23:42:08
To all of you who were outraged by the exclusion of Hunter Thompson, the first writer I thought of was the Good Doctor. I clicked the link specifically to make sure he was on the list. To whomever wrote this list...You're lucky that we Gonzo savages don't make an example of you! :-/
Ben - 2008-01-09 01:33:31
Actually, I believe Jim Morrison should be on this list. He may seem arrogant in all of poems but he is a great lyricist. His poems are crap, but they work as songs. His egotism if perfect for a Top Drunk. In his later life, I don't think he ever experienced a sober moment.
Crystal - 2008-01-09 01:45:21
earnest hemingway's typist - 2008-01-10 22:06:12
Crystal, thank you. Brautigan is my homey. He should be on every list.
Baboso - 2008-01-11 12:24:56
Why isn't Ron Paul on the list?! Cheated AGAIN! Goddamn Diebold conspirators.
Alley - 2008-01-11 13:05:16
I do believe Tennessee Williams should have made it - in addition to being epicly tormented, the man died swallowing a bottle he mistook for a pill, come on. What does a man have to do to be remembered
Tara - 2008-01-11 13:25:45
To all of you who didn't have the wherewithal to realize that Thompson is actually tied for first, I can almost guarantee that you haven't read any of his works. Even if you have, clearly you don't have the capacity to understand any of them. Without "Where the Buffalo Roam" and "Fear and Loathing ..." I'm sure you would have never even heard of him. Don't base your heroes on the fact that they glorify drugs. Pick up a book, losers.
Willy - 2008-01-11 18:50:25
Forget Thompson. What about Malcolm Lowry. Read "Under The Volcano".
Anonymous - 2008-01-12 10:55:00
um, so yeah . . . look closely, really closely . . . tap your left foot three times, flick your right ear lobe and read the full title of #2 to make HST MAGICALLY APPEAR!
Jacob Russell - 2008-01-14 15:12:17
Hey, gotta have at least ONE woman: Dorthy Parker!
Anonymous - 2008-01-14 16:42:48
I hate to be an awful pedant but a tied number 2 makes the next placing 4th.
Jack Tyler - 2008-01-14 17:53:40
Jesus! Hunter S. Thompson is on the list, for Chrissake. He tied for second with Ernest Fucking Hemingway. What are you, drunk?
lovejahlive - 2008-01-14 18:07:54
Jim Morrison: Why do I drink? so that I can write poetry. Sometimes when it's all spun out everything recedes into a deep sleep there is an awakening. All that remains is true. Forgive me Father for I know what I do. I want to hear the last poem of the last poet.
Susan - 2008-01-14 19:25:08
Definitely Hunter S. Thompson should be here.
Sam T - 2008-01-15 09:13:09
Many posters needed to look up the definition of American. A clue: Irish and Welsh and not subsets.
Freddy Lorca and the Crickets - 2008-01-16 13:01:17
I second Raymond Carver.
Where's hunter thompson? I'm kidding, I'm kidding.
j.s.vink - 2008-01-19 09:41:49
ever heard of john cheever ? the sorows of gin pulitzer prize in 79
Harry. from Australia. - 2008-01-19 14:33:52
Face the truth, Hunter Thompson was a dirty little creep, a no-talent drug addicted con merchant who actually shot himself with young relatives in the next room. What a bloody hero!
Mike - 2008-01-19 23:57:06
"Face the truth, Hunter Thompson was a dirty little creep, a no-talent drug addicted con merchant who actually shot himself with young relatives in the next room. What a bloody hero!" Wow. Read a book. HST created a new kind of journalism.
jasmine - 2008-01-20 01:57:23
this is really nice article n great collection of writers' pictures thanx for sharing it jasmine
hodgey1972 - 2008-01-20 13:06:32
both the fante's loved a drink father and son amention for them too please
Ed - 2008-01-22 08:15:43
Dylan Thomas?? The an died after a reputed 18 glasses of whisky...
Chris - 2008-01-22 13:09:20
Great list!! As accompaniment, how 'bout the Top Ten Drinking and Driving Songs of All Time?
Its Me GLW - 2008-01-22 19:35:40
I was drinking my 3rd jim beam and diet coke when I read these quotes. Insight, yes.
Animus - 2008-01-23 09:39:36
I thought it was a pretty good list. Did the HST fans only look at the pics? Malcom Lowry would be a good addition except that he was Canadian. When you look at how young many of these writers were at death and consider that many had done their best work well before dying, it gives the impression that alcohol did little if anything positive for the writing. Crews is still alive and functioning because he quit drinking in '87
J- - 2008-01-23 13:05:42
The best English professor I ever had once said, 'American literature floats on whiskey.' I agree with him. What do all of our greatest writers have in common? They were all drunks. So to Zev, who said that the drinking inhibited them, I completely disagree. Go write something, then get drunk and start writing. That's when shit gets real. I mean, the editing process afterward should be done sober, but the I'm telling you, alcohol induces words.
MeOMy - 2008-01-25 00:25:55
Don't fret babies. If ya look a little closer, you all will see that Hunter S. Thompson is in the numer 2 spot.
Anonymous - 2008-01-25 11:45:34
Thompson is in the list you fuckin morons.
Fritz - 2008-01-26 16:31:32
I disagree with those who think these writers were great despite and not because of their drinking. Writing was the only option to save themselves from being complete and utter failures in life.
Olivia - 2008-01-28 09:39:55
"What, no women? There must be one or two who would feel right at home next to any one of these guys. Best line I heard which was turned into a bumber sticker: Get drunk and be somebody!" Um, hello? Dorothy Parker?
slinkybender - 2008-01-29 14:37:33
Hunter Thompson couldn't write for shit.
martinis2nite - 2008-01-30 09:34:35
Finally, someone realized Dotothy Parker belongs on the list, "O ne more drink and I'll be under the host"
kri - 2008-01-30 09:37:32
hell yeah Bukowski! Well deserving of No. 1 indeed.
RevDrDark - 2008-01-31 15:47:01
Dorothy Parker and Anne Sexton would have made nice additions. Poppa and Bukowski should have shared no. 1. HST didn't drink as much as them; he was more into the substances, although he loved Wild Turkey and Heineken. The list is too America-centric, and all white men. Expand your focus!
compabutch - 2008-02-01 02:56:50
Do quitters count? I think James Lee Burke did brilliant work in the early years, too bad he had to sober up and ruin a promising career. Yeah, and where the hell is Hunter Thompson on this list??? Not drunk enough for yah? Arrrrgh!
Vince Johnson - 2008-02-01 05:41:16
Drinking is how I get through the night. Time moves too slow when I'm sober. Time magically passes quickly when I'm drinking, and I can sleep, and wake up to a new existence and a new day and a new crossword puzzle. And a new pot of coffee.
scruffyboo - 2008-02-01 07:17:02
ok i agree with bukowski, but what about dan fante?
rummy - 2008-02-02 14:47:05
a 'toast' to all those who could not get an eyeshot of Hunter S. Thompson's name in the list.. way to go guys!!!!!
Jane - 2008-02-03 07:58:13
Of course there must be more than ten .... more like hundreds ... When is a person actually categorized as a, "Drunk ?"
mikeey "O" - 2008-02-05 11:48:45
the drink was my friend when my friends past out. passing out with a bottle is like a security blanket that just keeps your lips warm.
drink the line - 2008-02-06 13:25:20
dumb ass, Hunter tied for 2nd with Hemingway
Bukowski4President! - 2008-02-06 14:56:19
Bukowski, not only the biggest drunk on the list but the best writer too.
David Lawton - 2008-02-06 15:15:54
Chandler but not Hammett?
Xray Calibur - 2008-02-06 16:16:42
You will not find a lot of carefully crafted witticisms about the drinking life in the Norman Mailer internet archives. That is because he lived it everyday for nearly seven decades. NORMAN MAILER!
henryhunter - 2008-02-09 06:06:31
I didn't even have to get to the bottom to know Buk would be No1. Nobody comes close.
Anonymous - 2008-02-10 02:36:35
The number one man is a spot on the lung of writers. He writes like he knows what the fuck he's talking about when really he's shitting out everything to please those eager to read anything that seems out of the ordinary.
Anonymous - 2008-02-12 17:40:38
Hunter IS there, and so are half the writers you people were too eager to bitch about that you didn't even notice they were in front of your face. Nice job. Also, if this is a list of who was the best drunk and also an excellent writer, then this is in great order.
jim - 2008-02-13 16:44:54
Before any more dumbasses have a chance to say it, LOOK AT #2, TIED WITH HEMINGWAY! HUNTER EFFING THOMPSON! Either everyone else who posted is drunk off their own asses, or this is just a forum for idiots. #2. Hunter Thompson. Yes, he was a drunk. Yes, he was a writer. Yes, he made the list. IDIOTS!
George - 2008-02-29 23:19:34
You forgot Eugene O'Neill. But so does everybody else.
Karen - 2008-03-08 00:53:46
You cannot add Dylan Thomas because he's not American . . . . he's Irish. Now you should make a list of the Top 10 Drunk English/Irish Writers. If you do, please make sure you include Jean Rhys!
Pilgrim - 2008-03-12 20:59:38
Scareist part of this is reading the comments, even scarier if you think they read through the list before commenting. Agree that T Williams and D Thomas are missing. Carson McCullers could make an appearence. Maybe make each number a tie and get twenty into the top ten....
Tyler - 2008-03-18 04:40:32
You're all fucking idiots who say jim morrison shouldn't be on this list. Two things, Jim was a writer, who wrote poems, he wrote lyrics. He had a passion for what he did. What he wrote meant a lot to him. So anybody who doesn't appreciate his writing can fuck off, he probably didn't care about any of you either. Secondly, a quote from himself in his writings "Why do I drink? So I can write poetry." Whats the name of this group? Oh yeah its "Top 10 drunk american writers". You fucking fools. Any 'award' with the title "drunk" in it isn't even that good anyways. So don't say "jim morrison should be anywhere near this list". He was famous,a lot of people loved his work. He was american. And a lot of people appreciated what he did more then some people on this list. Your all assholes. goodbye
Alf - 2008-03-19 01:34:42
No, you pissant, "YOU"RE all assholes" I enjoyed the list, but the comments are gold.
Anonymous - 2008-03-20 15:07:30
Dylan Thomas was Welsh, moron.
Amasea - 2008-03-20 18:38:48
To the commenters below, and all those who follow, it appears that this list is changed in response to comments and requests. So stop (ironically, but repetitively) complaining that commenters must be drunk if they didn't notice their favorite was already on the list or is in an inappropriate spot on the list.
John - 2008-03-29 01:48:03
These comments are awesome. HAHA I love Jim morrison, he should be on list. I am drunk. which fitsts the list PEACE
Comichael - 2008-04-08 07:55:37
I am definitely in the Top 10 Drunk Canadian Writers http://visionsofcalgary.blogspot.com
Karen L. - 2008-05-15 10:06:23
If you really want the truth, trying reading the Big Book "Alcoholics Anonymous." by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith among others
pannonica - 2008-06-22 09:30:17
Tyler one day you will get past your dad's old records and realize that drunk washed up twats like Morrison don't give a fuck about people who like are dislike them. Go listen to the sprinklers outside or spin one of those Doors records. Who cares I'm a cunt? tout va bien lemon squeezers
Temperance - 2008-06-26 20:15:03
For those of you who can't read, you have no business commenting on who a top writer is. Hunter Thompson is at number 2 in a tie with Hemingway. Perhaps picture books are more your style.
James - 2008-06-27 10:26:53
This sucks, you left off Hunter. What are you smoking, idiots, you are not worth anything, and Hunter is downing a fifth and pissing of you. fools!!
w/n/h - 2008-07-14 14:30:15
William Styron, anybody? Truman Capote? Tennessee Williams? Be serious people, if a writer doesn't drink I'm not sure I'm all that interested in reading them. But kudos to Exley. I miss him most.
mike - 2008-08-13 17:19:27
Funny that so many comment writers here don't see the quote from Hunter Thompson. Was his quote added later -- like, after the comments? Or do they, like me, like to surf the net after they've been drinking for several hours.
Andii - 2008-09-23 00:42:18
Was it Oscar Wilde? "I like drinking. I find drinking alcohol produces all the effects fo drunkeness." or something a lot like that.
Doctor Modesto - 2008-10-31 23:27:12
The thing that most people may be unaware of when in comes the question of Jim Morrison's inclusion is that he didn't write any of the Door's hits. Many people would be surprised to note how many of their favorite Door's songs were written by Robbie Krieger. In fact, Krieger wrote their only #1 song, Light My Fire. Hardly anyone would have heard of the Doors or Jim Morrison if their reputation was based on Morrison's poetry and song writing ability.
kmaas - 2008-11-10 07:29:24
Hunter S Thompson is there among Hemingway
syd - 2008-11-16 09:17:20
jack kerouac should be, without doubt, closer to number 1.
dan - 2008-12-04 11:13:46
John Berryman?
in a pool of my own vomit - 2008-12-06 05:11:35
hey jack asses... hunter s thompson is # 2 with hemingway... i guess they got #1 right though
MBR 200 - 2008-12-11 10:00:58
Raymond Carver...... this list reads like a freshman year bookstore purchase
Ashley - 2009-01-29 15:27:15
shit im not on there....jk.............i drnk but im not an author....☺☺
Udo Bukowski - 2009-02-12 10:01:05
Where the hell are Charles Bukowski's main influences - John "Fellowship of the Grape" Fante and Henry Miller?
Harlan Quinn - 2009-02-18 02:29:50
I am baffled by all the people bitching about HST. He's clearly on the list. He's tied with someone else but on there nonetheless. Read the captions in addition to looking at the pictures! You'll find it very helpful in not looking like an idiot! Also...this is a list of drunk AMERICAN writers. No Dylan Thomas therefore, sorry. He was a great poet and a great drunk but, alas, not American. Having said all that: Hart Crane , John Berryman . Two that are also deserving of being on the list I'd say.
Robert digital - 2009-02-27 23:22:29
Wheres Norman Mailer at he's a drunk...
jane - 2009-03-16 15:14:21
okay, so Dylan Thomas was a poet, but he happens to be my favorite drunk death. it was at the White Horse Tavern in the village of new york city. his last words were, "I've had eighteen straight whiskies, I think that's the record . . ."
Ditolar - 2009-03-20 00:28:02
You fucking yanks! As dumb as calling yourself like the owner of 2 continents "America", (by the the way your fucking has no name), you worship drunk fucking bastard u ignorant fucks. Luv U
wilkes east - 2009-03-26 10:38:52
Hunter s. Thompson is # 2 with ERNEST HEMINGWAY, losers
Puddin' - 2009-04-05 11:25:12
As is Dorothy Parker. Like Hunter S. Thompson, her picture is not present, although her words are. It seems clear that many of the "readers" look at the pictures first, and sometimes last.
Lioness - 2009-04-05 11:34:30
To be perfectly fair, the people who put the "Top Ten" list together rounded up to an even dozen, so perhaps illiteracy, or at least innumeracy, is inherent in the premise.
Angie - 2009-06-04 15:08:04
Ha Buk should be 1-10!
Ix - 2009-06-19 23:06:42
I just wanted to throw another couple of names out there for your consideration. Thorne Smith is probably best known for the Topper series, but I think his best work is probably The Stray Lamb. He is said to have never written a word whilst sober. Li Bai or Li Po is considered to be one of the greatest Chinese poets in history. He was also said to have been an incredible drinker, and it is told that he died by drowning in a river while trying to embrace the reflection of the moon.
Carol - 2009-06-28 18:51:25
Add Chinese poet Li Po - not American, but a drunken poet.
Aaron - 2009-07-06 20:10:57
Fhck you guys! Where's Hunter S. Thompson!!!!!!!?
Houston-I-Have-A-Problem - 2009-07-24 20:57:25
Hunter S. Thompson (the good doctor) definately should have his own category at number 1 or at least top 5 on this list. And Jim Morrison was an amazing writer as well, unfortunately without not much printed work ignorant folk will always discredit him... "I am interested in anything about revolt, disorder, chaos-especially activity that seems to have no meaning. It seems to me to be the road toward freedom... Rather than starting inside, I start outside and reach the mental through the physical." ~ Jim Morrison "I think of myself as an intelligent, sensitive human being with the soul of a clown which always forces me to blow it at the most important moments." ~ Jim Morrison
Justin - 2009-08-23 17:18:23
Jack London is #1. Because he was the first (except Poe. Where the hell is he? And Faulkner? And Steinbeck?) (...I'm writing my MA Thesis on American Alcoholic writers....)
[Editor's Note: Poe is listed at No. 4, Faulkner at No. 3 and Jack London, No. 6. We did not have room to include Steinbeck.]
tony - 2009-08-24 01:25:37
Jim Morrison should be number 1 on this list!
Lord Stradmor - 2009-09-30 10:33:17
Whither P J O'Rourke? "If you are young and you drink a great deal it will spoil your health, slow your mind, make you fat - in other words, turn you into an adult." "The proper behavior all through the holiday season is to be drunk. This drunkenness culminates on New Year's Eve, when you get so drunk you kiss the person you're married to." "Anyway, no drug, not even alcohol, causes the fundamental ills of society. If we're looking for the source of our troubles, we shouldn't test people for drugs, we should test them for stupidity, ignorance, greed and love of power."
juan estota - 2009-10-01 16:34:26
Dylan Thomas? Anne Sexton? Robert Lowell? James Baldwin?
JoshKarl - 2009-10-07 08:33:54
I'd have to push for Raymond Carver. Hospitalized something like five times in one year for his alcoholism. And is there a "top ten of the world" rather than "american" because Malcolm Lowry probably deserves top spot
Eggtooth - 2009-10-17 15:13:21
definitely Malcom Lowrey...(tho he's English)...he made a career of drunkenness....and "Under the Volcano" has some of the best "lost time" sequences in all of writing. Morrison wasn't a great poet...and "Gonzo" was a serious drunk...the pills were just garnish.
Carl Jacobsen - 2009-11-02 16:08:20
Sometimes I Do not understand you Americans? Jack London, one of your best world renown writers, You do not even seerm to know him -
Carl Jacobsen Norway - 2009-11-02 16:43:21
Nobody has mentioned Joseph Conrad - what is this?
noontide - 2009-11-14 03:18:00
Great list and comments. I am not sure where I would put Morrison on this list, but to all the people doubting him...suck it and learn to appreciate art. To Dr. Modesto who claims he did not write any of the hits...you are a fool. He wrote most of the songs. look no further to the first song on their first album "Break on Through" to the last song on the last "Riders on the Storm" I could name countless more. Now for two beautiful quotes from the man who seems to split people's opinions on his qualities as a poet: "Do you know we are being led to slaughters by placid admirals and that fat slow generals are getting obscene on young blood?" "Do you know how pale & wanton thrillful comes death on a stranger hour unannounced, unplanned for like a scaring over-friendly guest you've brought to bed Death makes angels of us all & gives us wings where we had shoulders smooth as raven's claws No more money, no more fancy dress This other kingdom seems by far the best until its other jaw reveals incest & loose obedience to a vegetable law I will not go Prefer a feast of friends To the Giant family" Both of these are from his poem "An American Prayer" which can be found in the book American Night. It is different than the album An American Prayer. All right, that's enough. It's just frustrating when people doubt his talents. All right one more "Now is blessed the rest remembered"
Jamezboat - 2009-11-24 07:04:55
Hunter is here for goodness sake. Truman Capote is a notable loss.
C Dub - 2010-03-28 22:08:23
To those who think Hunter S. Thompson wasn't a drunk and only did drugs...you need to read your authors biographies again. He probably drank more than most of these other authors combined AND did drugs. And he didn't drink sissy drinks like some, mostly 101 proof Wild Turkey.
Derek - 2010-04-22 21:26:57
For those who say Morrison shouldn't be on the list. Fine. He didn't write literature and didn't aspire to write literature. He was interested in poetry and music. With that being said i bet he would out-drink any of these people, since we are talking about drinking, and had more of an influence on culture outside of people who do read (no one reads anymore haha. its a shame). If you dismiss Morrison as nothing but a talentless "rock star" YOU are the fool. I gauruntee all you motherfuckers would trade heart and soul to have half of the writing ability he has. Enough said. If you don't believe me buy a copy of American Night. That is some deep shit.
Shitfaced - 2010-05-25 01:15:36
For all you retarded fucks who keep asking "where is HUNTER S. THOMPSON." He is fucking tied for fucking second. Read the whole fucking name title not just the first word, doesn't it seem a little suspicious that some name titles are longer than the others. The people know a days are not to lazy to read a page but to lazy to realize there is an extra name in the title. It's a sad sight
dlsmith - 2010-06-12 17:27:42
Cornell Woolrich deserves an honorable mention.
gotsta go with carver as well - 2010-06-25 23:56:42
and who ever complained about no women, Dorothy Parker was a woman, I am fairly certain
Sean Adams - 2010-06-29 09:28:03
it must run in the blood because most writers I know love a good drink :) helps the creative vibes flow ...
Aimee Maher - 2010-07-21 20:01:16
Kudos to those who were paying attention, but the rest of you? This easily makes my top 10 list of "The Most Idiotic Comment Threads Ever Recorded." Half of you you can barely type. You're like monkeys banging two rocks together. For those who had the audacity to pretend they know anything about what goes into crafting a novel, or to suggest any of the writers in this list were not talented--you are complete and utter morons who should light your keyboards on fire and duct tape your hands. *Cheers*
deez nutts - 2010-08-16 18:26:46
Buck is for sure #1 i was stoked to see him at the right spot when i look at this page
William Nycum - 2010-09-21 14:50:16
Alcohol rehab centers? Is this page merely a ploy to get people to check into a rehab? HA!
monster - 2010-10-06 00:47:24
writers that are drunk?
Rhian - 2010-10-20 08:22:49
Please can we just get this straight - Dylan may have been visiting America at the time of his death but he was not an American. He was Welsh, born in Swansea and, when not staying in digs in London for work, lived in a fair few properties across South and West Wales. The Boathouse at a Laughnarne being one of his most notable residences and is today a museum to his life and work. I find it pretty astonishing that someone could consider themselves a fan and be affronted that he hasn't been included in this list, and yet not know something as significant as his nationality. Have you never heard recordings of him reading his work? It's not an American accent is it?! We're very proud of him in Wales (despite some of his less honorable activities) so please stop claiming him as an American (or as Irish for that matter!) Diolch, Rhian.
Anonymous - 2010-10-23 01:04:36
Well, I see the logic in not including Thompson, he was certainly a drunk, but I'm not so sure I would call him a "writer."
RTChiru - 2010-11-01 21:19:10
Jim Morrison deserves a spot...if songwriting is taken into account.." The time to hesitate is through" Take him.
Cfrench - 2010-11-16 09:57:37
Are you all drunk? Hunter is tied with Ernie!
Sam - 2010-11-25 23:16:50
Pissed about the guy who's attributing the Samuel Johnson quote to Hunter S. Thompson.
jake - 2010-11-28 01:18:53
wow this is great but im not sure why
jake - 2010-11-28 23:57:11
this is awesome and im not sure why
EM - 2010-12-01 22:45:24
Hunter S. Thompson really is overrated, his life is interesting but his writing isn't that great. I've read him, as most of the people haven't that are posting. His style was cool and unique (no one can deny that) but his writing isn't as iconic as people make him out to be. Kerouac is the same way. He is adequate but surfed on the wave of the times.
yaddaboom - 2010-12-15 17:13:08
Raymond Carver?
CJ Plourde - 2010-12-17 00:15:41
I think you forgot Robert Lowell and Anne Sexton! Lowell, was THE lush of his century.In fact, many who loved him emulated his style by becoming drunks themselves!
Joseph - 2010-12-21 22:12:54
There is some kind of irony in all the idiots saying Where's Hunter Thompson, when he is on the list. I agree with the choice for Bukowski @ No. 1 spot- he didn't just drink and write, and he drank and wrote about drinking. The rest were trying to be "literary," and Thompson? I love him, but he was full of shit.
Mike - 2011-01-04 13:47:44
Hunter S Thompson is Tied for Second Place people Relax!!! Take a second Look!!
Jesus Potato - 2011-01-10 21:44:15
Obviously internet comments are a place to share lunacy, wrongfully gotten ideals, and dip-shit ignorance. However, I believe Hunter S. Thompson spilled more drink than all the others on this list combined.
Nancy - 2011-01-12 18:11:56
So sad! To live in a lucid nightmare that ends in impairment and death...for what?
craismith - 2011-01-22 09:42:45
enough of you people were drunk enough when you read this list and commented that you didnt notice the numerological arrangement. BUKOWSKI is NO.1 as he should be and all the rest that follow are just wanna be's trying to fill his shoes! as his grave marker says "DON'T TRY"! just my opinion. KISSES!!
hotpocket - 2011-01-23 05:42:05
Nancy dear, sounds like you need a drink. I'm buying. *hiccup*
J.D. Roa - 2011-01-24 01:27:06
LOL poe would be that one guy at the party in the corner, near the stereo.
Liam - 2011-02-11 10:10:13
He may not be American, but Joyce was drinking buddies with Hemingway and Fitzgerald, and he nearly fucking invented Thompson's and Kerouac's style.
Anonymous - 2011-02-18 22:41:23
Claiming that one being, thought or essence is greater or lesser than another is the true epitome of ignorance. Words are used to express the inner consciousness which we struggle to communicate in other forms of communication. No, do not "read a book"...understand.
besotten - 2011-02-19 07:35:48
"Everyone is a moon, and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody, if he can help it." "Habit is habit, and not to be flung out the window by any man, but coaxed downstairs, one step at a time.” ~ Mark Twain
bunker - 2011-02-22 16:13:47
Where is Hunter S. Thompson, he's at least top 3 material!!!
sam - 2011-03-02 18:39:48
to all those dumb asses out there, thompson is no 2 on the list, tided with hemmingway, where he should be. just because you've heard only of thompson, doesnt mean he has to be top of the list. i thought it was a fairly good list. i would like to see a hellrazors list, harris, burton, reed, otoole, nickelson, hooper, etc...
Rob Delmonico - 2011-04-13 10:07:09
As a side note to F. Scott Fitzgerald's comment, Hemingway's response to Fitzgerald's sobriety is great too. He says something like you should toss you balls in the sea if you have any balls left.
John - 2011-06-07 15:14:57
Aside from the obvious (Hunter S. Thompson), what about Fredric Brown? Actually, most writers, as we all have some serious issues.
Enervantes - 2011-08-09 14:42:22
Drunk writers are sturdier than drunkards in the other arts. http://www.unpublishedguy.com/WritingandPublishingFiction/651/amy-and-dying-young-writers-and-poets
Iain Robb - 2011-11-02 05:42:40
Where's Hart Crane? Considering he committed suicide while drunk, by jumping off a boat, or at least suffering violent alcohol withdrawal at the time, he should be in the top 5, especially considering he was leagues above Bukowski as a poet.
al - 2011-11-10 01:22:41
bukowski definitely numero uno. when asked, "what's your favorite glass of wine?" he replied, "the first one."
Brian - 2011-12-01 03:22:45
Great list but where is Truman Capote?
I can read. - 2011-12-03 17:17:42
You are all drunk. Hunter Thompson is #2
readcloser - 2011-12-14 11:57:36
FYI Hunter Thomas is there tied with Ernest Hemingway. You would have noticed if you guys weren't all drunk!
james - 2011-12-16 02:15:56
I've like to see Jim Morrison here, lots of these writers would like it too
joeburt - 2012-01-08 19:46:03
Degriz- he who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man- Samuel Johnson
Bmore bartender - 2012-01-10 11:01:18
Dylan Thomas should be on that list. Definitely toward the top. His last words were "I've had 18 straight whiskies......I think that's the record."
Allen Hamm - 2012-01-11 10:25:44
I use drink beer and wine and meet lovely lady take her moon night swim but when she git nude in water she pass out in warm water. I like have sexy lady fool around me in swimming pool when there drunk. mmm fun
Sophiana - 2012-02-28 12:14:15
oh my god they are sooooooooooooooo drunk em Victoria author
Bannie - 2012-03-31 21:27:09
I laughed and laughed at the sots who whined and wailed about no Hunter S. Thompson. My ex-husband should be on this list: He's become his own worst nightmare.
Noelle - 2012-04-12 06:57:10
You forgot Stephen King. He said he doesn't really remember writing his early books. He only became sober after he was in an accident where he was walking and was hit by a car.
wclay - 2012-10-29 19:44:00
Bravo Willy (2008-01-11 18:50:25) for your suggestion of Malcolm Lowry "Under the Volcano". At least someone's a reader here. I believe Lowry lost an entire novel, likely as a result of drinking, his cabin on Dollarton Hwy. North Vancouver burned with the manuscript.
IM NOT GIVEN MY REAL NNAME - 2012-11-12 22:05:15
LISTNEN FIRSUT I THINK THAT UALL ARE ALL ASS HOLE WHERDS IS RAYMOND CARVER ON HERE HW WAS A BIGGER ALCOHASIL FUKC ALCOHOLIC THAN ANYTOF THESE GUYS WHOOO PARTYYTYTYT GET FDRUKN!!!!!!!
Jesse Kaellis - 2012-11-29 00:35:14
Rebuttal Yes, Hunter was a disappointment. He painted himself into a corner. He created a monster and he didn't have the fortitude to step back, or let go. He was surrounded by enablers, who put on a shameful display at his funeral service. I'm thinking particularly of Johnny Depp here. But guess what? In regard to his killing himself with his son and his daughter-in-law in the house, and with his wife on the phone; there is nobody more self centered and selfish than a drug addict. Mailer was seduced by celebrity and Hemingway as well. All successful writers are vulnerable. They become parodies of themselves. Hunter wrote the same book for the last twenty years of his life. He became a clown and those Hollywood vampires fed off him. When I lived in Vegas me and my drug addict/alcoholic cronies idolized Thompson. He had the money to get away with that shit for a lot longer than I did. Somewhere I grew up and got out and his destroyed talent doesn't mitigate what he became. And all those lame, phony siphons that egged him on are left to spout off effusively about what a great man and writer he was while they lived vicariously through his self destruction. And call it art instead of degradation.
Sleepless in San Francisco - 2012-12-15 12:11:57
You have missed 2 of the Greatest Drunk American Writers: Rico Austin in "My Bad Tequila" with the quote "You'll see the true reflection of me when the Tequila bottle is empty," I shouted out to the wind as I tossed the sad, angry bottle shaped mirror to the sea." Hunter S. Thompson should be added to this list as well.
Anonymous - 2013-01-25 00:13:45
You damn drunks, H.S.Thompson is tied for #2.
Ottis B. Whackenbush - 2013-01-25 00:14:38
I don't know when this list might have been updated but .... hey you mindless and narrow sighted shells of humanity, Hunter is right up there on the list at number 2 tied with Hemingway. We sit here glorifying there drunken lives when most of them were enabled by the publishers that paid them to write in the first place. Think how much more beautiful work we might have gotten from them if they had only been helped to control the demon which gave them their inspiration.
gozion - 2013-01-25 01:52:18
carson mcCullers really oughta be on that list somewhere, tied with someone...
Lizard King - 2013-03-27 01:41:04
I love these Intellectual prudes who bash Jim Morrison's writing with ease. I don't know what writing means to you, but in terms of observation and honesty, Morrison deserves any readers respect- and perhaps a second glance.
CLAY - 2013-06-21 01:05:04
I drink to make my GF beautiful!
G - 2013-07-12 20:48:56
If you all actually read this, you'd see that hunter was tied for number 2.
Ciccio - 2013-08-15 11:18:47
John Steinbeck. John Cheever. Raymond Carver.
MGailey_Author - 2013-10-01 05:02:02
I wonder just how much of great writing has been penned under the influence. Does that speak to the writer or to the reader? For all that matter, I wonder how much reading has been done in a similar state? Personally, I do not drink when I read. It is irresponsible.
Dry - 2013-10-01 09:23:27
Is this was a Contemporary American list, Augusten Burroughs (retired drinker...wrote about it in Dry), and Bret Easton Ellis (though wouldn't consider him an alcoholic) would definitely be on it. I love some of the quotations that succinctly describe the states one may get into dancing with the drink.
Salinas411 - 2013-12-28 17:24:05
And John Steinbeck is where??? The list cannot be complete without him!
Dr. David - 2014-01-03 22:03:56
William Styron. (Dlan Thomas was Welsh.)
Dr. David - 2014-01-04 23:25:22
BTW, did I miss anyone else's proposals of Eugene O'Neill or John O'Hara?
Kel - 2014-01-31 04:35:31
Wow! He is my first choice first...CHARLES BUKOWSKI [1920-94] really got it.
Jim - 2014-05-25 17:03:56
John Cheever, John Cheever, John Cheever!
[Editor's Note: I remember John Cheever for just two things: His short story "The Swimmer," which was turned into an amazing film starring Burt Lancaster and that Seinfeld episode where they find the letters at the cabin detailing Cheever's love affair with Susan's dad. Oh yeah, Kramer accidentally burns down the cabin when he goes swimming in the lake and leaves behind a lit Cuban cigar.]
BDR - 2014-05-30 22:48:23
I agree with thompson
Beatit - 2014-11-06 17:59:16
it is so unfair women cannot talk about alcohol, as men can. i bet there would be a whole world there to discover
Johnny's Got a Gun - 2015-01-02 18:42:35
Rico Austin is missing from the list, "My Bad Tequila" is of his life. He claims himself to have written most of the book while drinking Tequila & Corona cervezas in the early hours of Saturday & Sunday after happy hours on Friday & Saturday evenings. Everyone else would go to bed & Austin would write until 8am or 9am in the morning. Best quotes in the book, '"You'll see the true reflection of me when the Tequila bottle is empty," I shouted as I tossed the sad, angry bottle-shaped mirror into the sea.' & "The roar of my Harley calmed as the Calm of Cortez's Sea roared." In the autobiography, "In the Shadow of ELVIS, Perils of a Ghostwriter" Rico Austin shares of his drinking with many famous people included John Smith Presley, Wild Bill Wichrowski, Mark Bradshaw, Tom Chambers and many others. And by the way, for those complaining: Hunter S. Thompson is on the list; but, Rico Austin is not!
yourmother - 2015-02-21 06:09:31
What about Burroughs? He was such a terrible drunk that his friends advised him to go back to doing junk instead of drinking alcohol and I guess that says a lot....
Kym hough - 2015-03-01 20:37:24
What about Cheever, Berryman and carver????
Anonymous - 2015-05-07 12:50:15
Contrary to a widely spread lie, it is a documented fact Dylan Thomas did not die drunk. He died of medical malparactice, having been prescribed a large enough dose of morphine sulfate to endanger anyone but guaranteed to kill someone with his medical history or which his current symptom of resperatory distress. He died with a healthy liver which he would not have had were he a chronc drunk. Only during the last year and a half of his life did Thomas take up drining whisky heavily and only during his trips to america where he read his poetry professionally and performed in his play Under the Milk Weed. Prior this time he drank beer not whiskey and he only drank at widely spaced intrerveal. He often lied to people and said he had drunk far more than he had actually consumed. He did get drunk on beer sometimes but not very often. The day he went into his fatal coma, he had two drinks then returned to his hotel and consulted a doctor. Later he called the doctor back for a second visit, and took the prescribed medicine that put him into his fatal coma. He did not die on the street but in a hospital. The person who arranged his tours and hired the doctor for him wrote a very successful book that lied and said Thomas as a drunk, a romantic figure destined to ruin. If people believed this lie, it also let the author off the hook for possible liablity in Thomas's death. These facts are documented by serious biographers and Thomas's death [email protected]
[Editor's Note: Thanks for the info. We prefer the legend.]
Jim Ross Allen - 2015-07-27 00:02:16
How can you not include the snobbish drunk, John O'Hara?
SoberBores - 2015-10-19 09:46:23
Wow, judging from the comments, people don't read these lists very carefully, do they. Of course most of those commenting were probably drunk at the time.... Personally, I'm more partial to the great British drunk writers: Waugh, Greene, Green, etc. (C. Hitchens in non-fiction could be added).
Dan Dennehy - 2016-03-08 02:01:24
| Dylan Thomas |
The principle that 'work expands to fill the time available' is known as whose law ? | DylanThomas.com - The poet and author Dylan Thomas is Swansea's most famous son
Dylan Thomas
Swansea
The 'Love the Words' exhibition tells the story of Dylan 's life, work and legacy, from his birth on 27 October 1914 in Swansea to his death on 9 November 1953 in New York. The Dylan Thomas Centre also hosts a range of events throughout the year.
Swansea Young Writers Squad
A Child’s Christmas in Wales
Set in a Swansea Dylan Thomas knew and loved, ‘A Child’s Christmas in Wales’ is a romanticised anecdotal retelling of a Christmas past, told through the lens of a young child.
Events
Exhibitions, talks, readings, plays, children’s workshops, or guided tours; there’s plenty on offer at the Dylan Thomas Centre and other venues throughout Swansea.
Lunch at Mussolini’s – Ethel Ross and Dylan Thomas
Exhibition showcasing a series of photographs Ethel Ross took of Swansea following Dylan Thomas’ death in 1953, captioned with appropriate quotes from his work.
Blog
| i don't know |
In the card game 'Happy Families', how many cards make up a complete family ? | Happy Families - The World of Playing Cards
Happy Families
Keywords: quartet families games childhood
Introduction
The format of the pack of playing cards - with its suit symbols, numeral cards, court hierarchy - lends itself to many secondary purposes, especially early learning. Alongside standard playing cards we have every possible kind of card game . Victorian children's playing cards were intended to have educational value. A good example is Quartet games and Happy Families which have educational benefits for children, encouraging congenial play and developing counting, sorting and matching skills, as well as early literacy and familiarity with different occupations.
Above: “Jeu de Sept Familles” produced by Mauclair Dacier in the late 19th century. More...
The Anglo Saxon “Happy Families” was possibly inspired by the “ Doctor Busby ” game invented by Anne Abbot in around 1840 to entertain her children and later sold to W & S B Ives of Salem Massachusetts. It proved to be very popular in the USA and UK. “ Doctor Busby “ has sets of 5 cards depicting four members of a household and a symbol of their trade. Jaques may have been influenced by this game when they published their “Happy Families” in about 1851.
The French game of “Jeu de Sept Familles” is first known from 1876 designed by André Gill, a cartoonist. The game was intended more for adults at first rather than children. The families consisted of Father, Mother, Son, Daughter Valet and Cook. They were also definitely not tradesmen as most of the Happy Families packs were. M Gill went for Doctor, Lawyer, General, Minister etc although there were a few unsavoury characters thrown in too, like a Smuggler. In time the families became more like the ones we are familiar with and had comic names with a connection to their trades.
Jaques’ Happy Families, 1851
Above: four cards from an 1880s edition of Happy Families published by John Jaques & Son, 102 Hatton Garden, London, which included 11 families of four members each. Jaques' Happy Families was originally published in 1851 and shown at the Great Exhibition of that year. It was an instant success, rapidly superseding similar games in which players collected sets of four cards. More...
Happy Families is probably one of the most popular games ever invented. The production of Jaques' Original Happy Families in the mid-nineteenth century, with cartoons designed by John Tenniel (later Sir John, chief cartoonist of Punch), led to the appearance of numerous other 'family'-type games. It is interesting to see the great variety of different names given to the copy-cat games and the families. Jaques' Original Happy Families designs were copied, sometimes with only slight modifications, by later manufacturers as recently as the 1970s, testifying to their enduring popularity.
Various alternatives of Happy Families were mirrored in several countries. A similar game appeared in Germany called Quartett and a French game Jeu de Sept Familles featured seven families with six members each. At that time Jaques may have been able to assert a copyright on the title, as some of the alternate names for Happy Families were: Cheery Families ; Funny Families ; Merry Families ; Jovial Families ; Jolly Families and Familiar Families.
“John Bull” published by W. Cremer, c.1865
It is curious that "John Bull" is not called Happy Families although the sets are described as "families" on the instruction card. more →
Above: “John Bull”, the Capital English Game published by W. Cremer, c.1865. more →
De La Rue’s Cheery Families, c.1890
Above: cards from Cheery Families manufactured by De La Rue, London, c.1890. More...
The Chad Valley Games Happy Families, c.1914
Above: cards from The Round Card Game of Happy Families, published by Chad Valley Games, England. 1914 more →
Spear’s Games Happy Families, c.1925
Above: cards from Happy Families - the amusing party game, published by Spear's Games, Enfield, England. c.1925. The set has eight families, making a total of 36 cards. The design of the cards has reverted to the slightly grotesque style originated by Jaques, with large heads and the addition of bright red lips. The rules are printed on the back of the box, and in this version players must contribute counters to a pool, which the winner and runner-up collect and share between them, thereby introducing a business element into the game. J. W. Spear & Son also produced 'ABC Happy Families', 'Merry Families' and 'Funny Families' in several editions as well as a variety of other interesting games.
Teddy Bear Happy Families
Above: cards from Teddy Bear Happy Families designed by Peter Wood and Simon Wintle. More...
Happy Families is one of the most popular card games ever devised, and it comes in many different guises. In all cases they offer the same benefits for early learners for developing matching and pairing skills, communication and social etiquette. Other variations on the same theme include quartet games based around Animals, Flowers or Bird sets, and also the well-known Top Trumps series of quartet games featuring cars, aeroplanes, ships and so on.
| Four (New Zealand) |
In the original version of the board game Trivial Pusuit, how many subject categories are there ? | Jaques’ Games - The World of Playing Cards
Jaques’ Games
Country of Origin: UK Keywords: jaques games british counties proverbs families
John Jaques & Son (established in 1795) has been a family business for the last six generations. The company has published a large range of popular parlour games, board games and beautifully illustrated card games, many of which have become classics. Jaques is possibly best-remembered for being the company that invented Happy Families , the game containing a series of Grotesque Characters.
Above: 1870s edition of Snap published by John Jaques & Son, London. See more →
Happy Families, 1851
Above: 1880s edition of Happy Families published by John Jaques which included 11 families of four members each. See more →
Show list of Jaques’ games
Most of Jaques’ parlour games were of considerable educational and instructional value, involving skills such as numeracy, general knowledge or spelling and promoting conviviality. From amongst the dozens of games published over the years, the following are typical examples:
Anno Mundi, Backgammon, Birds of a Feather, Bowls, Brides of all Nations, Candid Confessions , Characters from Charles Dickens, Chess , Comic Races, Croquet , Deck Quoits, Devil Among the Tailors, Dominoes, Draughts, Dr Busby, Enfield Skittles, Entente Cordiale , Epsom Races, Faces, Fireside Fun, Floral Loto, Floral Snap, French for Fun, Frogs and Toads, Geographical Loto, Gossima, Great Guns, Halma, Happy Families , Her Majesty's Privy Purse, Hide & Seek with the Kings & Queens of England, Historical Loto, Hook-it, Hunting the Hare, Illustrated Proverbs , Irish Scenery, Kick Off, Lawn Tennis , Lotto, Ludo, Manifesto, May Day, Minoru, Old Soldier, On Guard, On Spec, Parole, Patchesi, Picture Pumblechook, Ping Pong, Poker Roulette, Pontoons, Pumplechook, Quits , Quinks, Reversi, Robin Hood, Russian Draughts, Safety First, Salute! , Shearing the Sheep, Shove Ha'penny, Skits, Snakes and Ladders, Snap , Sol, Solitaire, St Andrews, Stock Exchange, Table Billiards , Table Croquet, Table Tennis, The Book of Books, The Bride, The Counties of England , The Golden Goose, The Great Galumphus , The Kingdoms of Europe , The London Post , The Moorish Fort, The National Gallery , The Realm, The Reason Why, The Spider and The Fly, The Streets of London , The Sovereigns of England, The Wedding, The White Cat, The Whitworth Gun, The XVI Century, The XVIIth Century, The XVIIIth Century, The XIXth Century, Tiddley-Winks, Tints, Tip, Tap and Take It, Trente-Six, Ujiji, Weights and Measures, Who Knows, Who’s Sir Roger?, Worlds Parliament, Zoological Snap, etc.
The Streets of London, c.1880
Above: cards from The Streets of London, c.1880. The complete street cry is printed along the top of each card in the set. See more →
Quits, c.1880
Above: cards from Jaques' Quits, c.1885. See more →
Illustrated Proverbs, c.1885
Above: cards from Jaques' Illustrated Proverbs, c.1885. The complete proverb is printed along the top of each card in the set. See more →
London Post
Above: cards from Jaques' London Post game, depicting important buildings from London in the Victorian era, c.1895. See more →
Counties of England
The most popular of Jaques’ geographical card games, Counties of England, was published in four series which saw several editions over the years. The cards in each set contained key facts about the town, its history, local industry and inhabitants, etc. The first series comprised the northern counties, the second series Midland Counties, the third series Eastern Counties and the fourth series Southern Counties.
Right & below: two different boxes and four cards from the 1st series of Jaques' Counties of England card game, depicting Northern counties served by the London and North Eastern Railway. The left-hand box has the original retail price of 1/6d marked in pencil. The sides of the orange box describe the game as "Of Highly Instructive and Educational Value". An advertising leaflet reads: "...containing exquisite illustrations in colours of the chief towns in each county, their products, notable buildings, etc. 1s. 6d." See more →
Candid Confessions, c.1905
“Candid Confessions” published by Jaques & Son, Ltd, c.1905 see more →
Salute!
Salute! The Four Services promotion game by John Jaques & Son Ltd, London, c.1930s see more →
See also: Golden Egg Game Jaques' Happy Families Jaques' Illustrated Proverbs The London Post Kingdoms of Europe Quits The Great Galumphus Jaques advertising pack Jaques of London website →
Note: For further reading see: The English Playing Card Society Newsletters, Vols 12/13, Nos 48-51, May 1995-Feb 96. If any viewers have old Jaques Card Games and would like to contribute images for The World of Playing Cards, these will be gratefully added to the site with full acknowledgements.
Last Updated September 11, 2016 at 10:32am
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Which commonly used acid has the formula HNO3 ? | What is Nitric Acid? - Structure, Uses & Formula - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
What is Nitric Acid? - Structure, Uses & Formula
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Lesson Transcript
Instructor: Nissa Garcia
Nissa has a masters degree in chemistry and has taught high school science and college level chemistry.
In addition to its uses in chemical laboratories, nitric acid is utilized in fertilizer, rocket fuel, and metallurgy. In this lesson, we will discuss nitric acid and its different uses, as well as learn about its formula and structure.
Nitric Acid: Formula & Structure
Nitric acid is a substance that we encounter more often than we think. You have encountered nitric acid if you have ever bought a bag of fertilizer or been caught in the rain. The manufacturing of fertilizer is actually the most common use of nitric acid. Perhaps more interestingly, rainwater is naturally acidic, meaning there is a small concentration of nitric acid present in it.
Nitric acid is a highly corrosive acidic substance. Its physical state is a colorless liquid but sometimes, it may have a yellowish tint. Nitric acid dissolves metals such as iron, copper and silver. It is a strong oxidizing agent, a substance that readily accepts electrons from another substance.
Its chemical formula is HNO3, so it has one hydrogen (H) atom, one nitrogen (N) atom and three oxygen (O) atoms.
All three oxygen (O) atoms are bonded to the nitrogen (N) atom. The nitrogen atom carries a charge of +1, and one oxygen atom carries a charge of -1. A positive charge on an atom indicates that it is less electronegative, and a negative charge on an atom indicates that it is more electronegative. Nitrogen is therefore less electronegative than the oxygen atoms because nitrogen carries a positive charge.
The structure of nitric acid is planar, meaning the chemical structure is flat. There are two major resonance forms of nitric acid. Resonance form occurs when there are multiple ways of drawing the Lewis structure of a compound. A Lewis structure is a diagram that shows how atoms are bonded together and illustrates the presence of non-bonded pairs of electrons in a compound. The double-headed arrow drawn between the two resonance structures is there to show that there is more than one way to draw the structure.
Uses of Nitric Acid: Fertilizer
Nitric acid is a very important substance that is used as a raw material to produce other substances. This makes it important in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The most common use for nitric acid is to make fertilizer. One of the raw materials required to make an effective fertilizer is nitric acid, where it reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate.
Uses of Nitric Acid: Aerospace Engineering
Have you ever wondered what goes into rocket propellants? Rockets use different type of propellants. In liquid-fueled rockets, a liquid oxidizer is combined with fuel. Nitric acid, being a strong oxidizing agent, has been used as the oxidizer in liquid-fueled rockets.
The forms of nitrogen used as rocket propellant are usually: white fuming nitric acid (WFNA), a storable oxidizer that consists of highly concentrated nitric acid - around greater than 95%, and red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), also a storable oxidizer with a nitric acid concentration of around 84%.
Other Uses of Nitric Acid
Nitric acid is also used as precursor to make organic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as nylon.
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| Nitric acid |
What type of creature is a muntjac ? | NITRIC ACID (HNO3)
Stable under ordinary conditions
GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS
Nitric Acid is a colourless, highly corrosive, poisonous liquid (freezing point : -42° C, boiling point: 83° C) that will react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic, corrosive, and flammable vapors. It is toxic and can cause severe burns. It is an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, drugs, plastics, and explosives. Nitric acid is prepared commercially by the two-stage oxidation of ammonia (Ostwald process) to nitrogen dioxide. Ammonia gas is successively oxidized to nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide by air or oxygen in the presence of a platinum gauze catalyst, which is then absorbed in water to form nitric acid. The resulting acid-in-water solution (about 50-78% by weight acid) can be dehydrated by distillation with sulfuric acid. It is miscible with water in all proportions. The nitric acid of commerce is typically a solution of 52% to 68% nitric acid in water. More concentrated solutions are available. It forms an azeotrope that has the composition 68% nitric acid and 32% water and that boils at 120.5°C. Solutions containing over 86% nitric acid are commonly called fuming nitric acid; they often have a reddish-brown color from dissolved nitrogen oxides. In aqueous solution it is both a strong acid and a powerful oxidizing agent. Among the many important reactions of nitric acid are: neutralization with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate, used widely in fertilizers and explosives; nitration of glycerol and toluene, forming the explosives nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, respectively; preparation of nitrocellulose; and oxidation of metals to the corresponding oxides or nitrates.
Many compounds are oxidized by nitric acid. Nonmetallic elements such as carbon, iodine, phosphorus and sulfur are oxidized by concentrated nitric acid to their oxides or oxyacids with the formation of NO2 . Hydrochloric acid, aqueous HCl, is readily oxidized by concentrated nitric acid to chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The action of nitric acid on a metal usually results in reduction of the acid (i.e., a decrease in the oxidation state of the nitrogen). The products of the reaction are determined by the concentration of nitric acid, the metal involved (i.e., its reactivity), and the temperature. In most cases, a mixture of nitrogen oxides, nitrates, and other reduction products is formed. Relatively unreactive metals such as copper, silver, and lead reduce concentrated nitric acid primarily to NO2. The reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper produces NO, while more reactive metals, such as zinc and iron, react with dilute nitric acid to yield N2O. When extremely dilute nitric acid is used, either nitrogen gas or the ammonium ion (NH4+) may be formed. Nitrates, which are salts or esters of nitric acid contains NO3- (nitrate ion), are formed by replacing the hydrogen with a metal (e.g., sodium or potassium) or a radical (e.g., ammonium or ethyl). Some important inorganic nitrates are potassium nitrate (used in explosives, fireworks, matches, and fertilizers, and as a preservative in foods. It is sometimes used in medicine as a diuretic.), sodium nitrate (used in making potassium nitrate, fertilizers, and explosives.), silver nitrate (used in the preparation of silver salts for photography, in chemical analysis, in silver plating, in inks and hair dyes, and to silver mirrors.), and ammonium nitrate (Major uses are in fertilizers and explosives). Calcium nitrate is used in fertilizers; barium and strontium nitrates are used to color fireworks and signal flares; bismuth nitrate is used in making pharmaceuticals. Most nitrates are soluble in water, and a major use of nitric acid is to produce soluble metal nitrates. All nitrates decompose when heated and may do so explosively. The presence of nitrates in the soil is of great importance, since it is from these compounds that plants obtain the nitrogen necessary for their growth. Organic nitrates are esters formed by reaction of nitric acid with the hydroxyl (-OH) group in an alcohol. Nitrocellulose (or cellulose nitrate) is a highly flammable compound formed when cellulose materials are treated with concentrated nitric acid. The extent of the reaction between the cotton and acid can be varied to give a range of compounds, from the highly explosive gun-cotton to the flammable collodion cotton or pyroxilin. These are now used worldwide as propellants in cartridges and other ammunition. Collodion cotton and other less reactive forms of nitrocellulose are used chiefly in lacquers. They also form the basis of one of the earliest plastics, celluloid, made by the action on nitrocellulose of a solution of camphor in ethanol. Guncotton, fully nitrated cellulose, is used for explosives. Nitroglycerin is the nitric acid triester of glycerol and is more correctly called glycerol trinitrate. It is mixed with an absorbent material to form dynamite and is also used as a component of smokeless powder. Guncotton, fully nitrated cellulose is used for explosives.
SALES SPECIFICATION
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Which European city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1753 ? | November 1, 1755: The Earthquake of Lisbon: Wrath of God or Natural Disaster? - Scientific American Blog Network
November 1, 1755: The Earthquake of Lisbon: Wrath of God or Natural Disaster?
By David Bressan on November 1, 2011
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"Are you then sure, the power which would create
The universe and fix the laws of fate,
Could not have found for man a proper place,
But earthquakes must destroy the human race?"
"Lisbon Earthquake Poem" (1755) by Voltaire
November 1, 1755 was to be a sunny autumn day in the city of Lisbon , one of the most important and richest seaports of Europe at the time. The locals were profoundly religious and the city was preparing to celebrate the day of All Saints, with the obligatory criminal proceedings of heretics in the afternoon.
At 9:30 in the morning the inhabitants were alarmed by weak tremors. Christian Staqueler, consul of the German city of Hamburg, remembers in a later report: "First we heard a rumble, like the noise of a carriage, it became louder and louder, until it was as loud as the loudest noise of a gun, immediately after that we felt the first tremble."
At 9:40 all the bells of the city began to ring simultaneously and only seconds later the first buildings collapsed. Three major shakes followed in the next 10 minutes, most people were killed by the collapse of the churches, full of believers attending the second mass of the day,
People fled in the direction of the seaport where the large squares of the royal palace promised shelter from the debris of the collapsing buildings. It was there that they witnessed a strange phenomenon: The sea had vanished and the riverbed of the Tejo was dry. At 10:10 a 12 meter high tsunami-wave reached the city and destroyed the entire harbour, thousands of people standing along the shores were swept away and killed.
After the earthquake and the tsunami a terrible fire broke out; raging for five days it destroyed what earth and water had left over.
In the end three quarters of the city lay in ruins, estimated 30.000 - 60.000 people killed, the earthquake further damaged cities on the coast of Morocco, the tsunami caused havoc in Ireland and the African coast and waves of 4 meters reached the Caribbean islands.
Fig.1. Lisbon, Portugal, during the great earthquake of November 1, 1755. This copper engraving, made in the same year, shows the city in ruins and in flames. Tsunamis rush upon the shore, destroying buildings and killing people, even the ships anchored in the harbour sunk (image in public domain).
After the earthquake for the first time in history a sort of crisis management was organized, king Joseph I commissioned the peer and permanent secretary Sebastian Jose Carvalho e Melo (1699-1782, rewarded later by the king and declared Marques de Pombal) to supervise the rescue of the injured, the disposal of the corpses and the reconstruction of the city.
The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the society and culture in Europe. The earthquake had struck on an important religious feast and had destroyed almost every important church in a devoted Roman Catholic city. Theologians and the religious authorities - like the Jesuit Malagrida in Lisbon - exploited the situation and the superstitiousness of the people, declaring that the earthquake was a punishment by god for the sins of the world - but why then should god destroy the churches and spare the brothels? (The churches were mostly located in the city center and build on soft sediments deposited by the Tejo. Such sediments are prone to soil liquefaction during an earthquake, destabilizing the fundaments of large buildings).
Philosophers, naturalists and even some theologians had argued already since ancient times against this simple view of the world and proposed naturalistic explanations of volcanoes, earthquakes and other natural disasters: the most common hypotheses comprised air circulation in the crust of the earth, tremors as the results of electric discharge or the spontaneous explosion of gases in the underground.
But until the earthquake of Lisbon such ideas were hold mostly by a small number of scholars and discussed in restricted circles. With the possibility to produce cheap and fast pamphlets and journals the news of the destruction of such an important city as Lisbon became widely known and discussed in Europe.
The earthquake, the many figures produced over the years and the subsequent discussions had shaken profoundly the belief in a merciful god and the power of the church - for the first time an earthquake was regarded widely as a natural phenomena.
Bibliography:
KÖLBL-EBERT, M. (2005): Lissabon 1755 - Anatomie einer Erderschütterung. Archaeopteryx - Jahreszeitschrift der Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt 23: 83-98
KOZAK, J. & CERMAK, V. (2010): The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters. Springer-Verlag: 203
UDIAS, A. (2009): Earthquakes as God's punishment in 17th- and 18th-century Spain. In KÖLBL-EBERT, M. (ed.) Geology and Religion: A History of Harmony and Hostility. The Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 310: 41-48
WALKER, B. (1982): Earthquake - Planet Earth. Time Life Books: 154
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
David Bressan
My name is David Bressan and I'm a freelance geologist working mainly in the Austroalpine crystalline rocks and the South Alpine Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cover-sediments in the Eastern Alps. I graduated with a project on Rock Glaciers dynamics and hydrology, this phase left a special interest for quaternary deposits and modern glacial environments. During my research on glaciers, studying old maps, photography and reports on the former extent of these features, I became interested in history, especially the development of geomorphologic and geological concepts by naturalists and geologists. Living in one of the key area for the history of geology, I combine field trips with the historic research done in these regions, accompanied by historic maps and depictions. I discuss broadly also general geological concepts, especially in glaciology, seismology, volcanology, palaeontology and the relationship of society and geology.
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In the Spanish language, what sort of meat is jamon ? | The most destructive Tsunamis | Lisbon, Portugal 1755
1755 The Great Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami, Portugal
Image: Lisbon earthquake and tsunami, 1st November 1755.
Video: 1755 The Great Lisbon Earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the “Great Lisbon Earthquake” and “the Disaster at Lisbon”, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on Saturday, 1 November 1755, the Catholic holiday of All Saints' Day, at around 9:40 am. Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude in the range 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale, with an epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) WSW of Cape St. Vincent.
Image: 1755 Lisbon Great Earthquake epicentre chart.
There were three distinct quake shocks over a ten minute period. The first shock was followed by an even more powerful second shock which sent buildings toppling down. According to reports, the tremors and the ground motions from this shock lasted for three-and-one-half minutes. Gigantic fissures of up to 15 feet wide tore through the centre of Lisbon.
A third shock was less powerful. Effects from the earthquake were far reaching. Severe shaking was felt in North Africa where the quake caused heavy loss of life in towns of Algeria and Morocco - more than 400 miles south of Lisbon. The town of Algiers was completely destroyed. Tangiers suffered great loss of lives and extensive damage.
The earthquake was particularly destructive in Morocco, where approximately 10,000 people lost their lives. Archival records document that the coastal towns of Rabat, Larache, Asilah, and Agadir (named Santa Cruz while under Portuguese rule) suffered much damage. Even the cities of Fez, Meknes and Marrakesh in the interior were similarly damaged. Mosques, synagogues, churches, and many other buildings collapsed in Meknes, where there was heavy loss of life.
In Europe the Lisbon earthquake caused considerable damage in Spain - particularly in Madrid and Seville. Shaking was felt in France, Switzerland, and Northern Italy, too.
However, the worst damage occurred in the south-west of Portugal. Lisbon and its inhabitants were particularly badly hit by the earthquake. In 1755, Lisbon was a great city legendary for its wealth, prosperity and sophistication, it was one of the most beautiful cities in Europe with an estimated population of 275,000.
When the earthquake arrived, most of Lisbon's population were praying in six magnificent cathedrals, including the great Basilica de Sao Vincente de Fora. Within minutes, this great thriving city-port of Lisbon, capital of Portugal and of the vast Portuguese empire and seat of learning in Europe, was reduced to rubble.
The destruction caused by the earthquake was beyond description. Lisbon's great cathedrals, Basilica de Santa Maria, Sao Vincente de Fora, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina, the Misericordia - all full of worshipers - collapsed, killing thousands. Lisbon's whole quay and the marble-built Cais De Pedra along the Tagus disappeared into the river, burying with it hundreds of people who had sought refuge.
Image: The Great Lisbon Earthquake of November 1, 1755, in Lisbon, Portugal.
Soon after the earthquake, several fires broke out, mostly started by cooking fires and candles. Some of them were rapidly extinguished, especially in the densely populated areas. But many inhabitants fled from their homes and left fires burning. Narrow streets full of fallen debris prevented access to the fire sites.
Within minutes the fire spread and turned Lisbon into a raging inferno. Unable to run, hundreds of patients in the Hospital Real burned to death. The public squares filled with people and their rescued belongings, but as the fire approached, these squares were abandoned, and the fire reached catastrophic proportions. Two thirds of the city were destroyed by the flames that raged for five days.
Immediately after the earthquake, many townspeople fled to the waterfront, believing the area safe from fires and from falling debris from aftershocks. Some of them looked for safety on the sea by boarding ships moored on the Tagus River.
But about 40 minutes after the quake, an enormous tsunami wave engulfed the harbour and downtown, rushing up the Tagus river, "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away". The area between Junqueria and Alcantara in the western part of the city was the most heavily damaged by the wave, but further destruction occurred upstream.
Image: A depiction of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami as seen from across the Tagus River.
Before the great wall of water hit the harbour, waters retreated, revealing lost cargoes and forgotten shipwrecks. Those people were unaware of the drawback danger and remained around the shoreline to observe the exposed seabed. They did not even know that a tsunami is a succession of waves, rather than just a single one.
Then the first tsunami wave was followed by two more waves which hit the shore, each dragging people and debris out to sea and leaving exposed large stretches of the river bottom. Boats overcrowded with refugees capsized and sank. The maximum height of the waves was estimated at 6 meters.
Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. The three tsunami waves struck various towns along the west coast of Portugal, in some places up to 30 m high. In the town Cascais, some 30 km west of Lisbon, the waves wrecked several boats. In coastal areas such as Peniche, situated about 80 km north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the tsunami. In Setubal, 30 km south of Lisbon, the water reached the first floor of buildings. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve, destruction was rampant.
The tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, in the lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by sandy banks. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. For the coastal regions, the destructive effects of the tsunami were more disastrous than those of the earthquake.
In south-western Spain, the tsunami caused damage to Cadiz and Huelva, and the waves penetrated the Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville. On the coastline of the Madeira Islands the waves still had a height of 15 meters. In Gibraltar, the sea rose suddenly by about two meters. The tsunami waves caused great damage and casualties to the western coast of Morocco, from Tangier, where the waves reached the walled fortifications of the town, to Agadir, where the waters passed over the walls, killing many. In Ceuta the tsunami was strong, but in the Mediterranean Sea, it decreased rapidly.
The tsunami took just over four hours to travel over 1000 miles to Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall. The tsunami crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reaching the Lesser Antilles in the afternoon. Reports from Antigua, Martinique, and Barbados note that the sea first rose by 1.5 m, followed by large waves.
Image: Calculated travel times for the tsunami waves of 1st November 1755.
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake was one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing more than a third of the entire population of the Portuguese capital. Tens of thousands of Portuguese who survived the earthquake were killed by the tsunami triggered by the earthquake. The tsunami was accountable for most of the about 70,000 deaths in Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
Image: This triple depiction shows Lisbon before the earthquake (top picture) and it immediately afterwards (central picture). The bottom picture portrays the effects of the quake on the suburbs of Meknes. Although it is not dated, we can assume it was composed shortly after the earthquake.
Europeans of the eighteenth century struggled to understand the disaster within religious and rational belief systems. Since the earthquake took place on All Saints’ Day and destroyed most of the city’s major churches, reactionary priests blamed the destruction on Lisbon’s supposed sins. Inquisitors literally roamed the streets looking for heretics to hang.
Image: An engraving showing how the Lisbon quake damaged St. Paul’s Church (from a Collection of the most Remarkable Ruins of Lisbon, Destroyed 1st Nov. 1755, Paris).
Image: The Cathedral, Basilica de Santa Maria, after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
Image: The ruins of the Carmo Convent, which was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake.
Philosophers of the Enlightenment, notably Voltaire, wrote about the event. Voltaire used the earthquake in “Candide” and in his “Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne” ("Poem on the Lisbon disaster"). In “Candide” (1759), Voltaire reported how, “After the earthquake, which had destroyed three-fourths of the city of Lisbon, the sages of that country could think of no means more effectual to preserve the kingdom from utter ruin than to entertain the people with an auto-da-fé (Portuguese for “act of faith”, a rite of the Catholic Inquisition in which the sentence was carried out, usually by burning at the stake), it having been decided by the University of Coimbra, that the burning of a few people alive by a slow fire, and with great ceremony, is an infallible preventive of earthquakes.”
The philosophical concept of “the sublime”, as described by philosopher Immanuel Kant in the Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami.
Video: Zymunt Bauman: The Lisbon disaster and the Enlightenment
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Opera House, opened just six months before (named the Phoenix Opera), burned to the ground. Lisbon's magnificent museums, and its magnificent libraries - housing priceless documents and papers dealing with the great history of Portugal's great past - burned to the ground.
Archives and other precious documents were completely destroyed. Works of art, tapestries, books, manuscripts, including the invaluable records of the India Company were destroyed. Also burned was the king's palace, the Royal Ribera Palace, which stood just beside the Tagus River. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. Over two hundred fine, priceless paintings, including paintings by Titan, Rubens, and Correggio, were burned in the palace of the Marques de Lourcal.
Image: The Opera House after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
Video: The LIsbon Earthquake as a Prelude to Social, Scientific and Political Changes
The eyewitness account of the Lisbon earthquake and its aftermath by Rev. Charles Davy, a survivor of this great Lisbon disaster, makes horrifying reading. Only the 1906 San Francisco earthquake is comparable in its economic and psychic impact.
Image: The Ruins of Lisbon. Survivors lived in tents on the outskirts of the city after the earthquake, as shown in this fanciful 1755 German engraving. In this picture, signs of crime, disorder, and disease are evident, and the authorities are dealing justice to criminals as priests attend.
The Lisbon earthquake destroyed a major cultural centre of Europe, dealing a severe blow to the nation of Portugal. Its widespread physical effects aroused a wave of scientific interest and research into earthquakes. The Lisbon earthquake, the first to be studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, can be said to be the slap that led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.
The 1755 event is very important also in that it shows beyond doubt that an earthquake which occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean can create a tsunami which can cross the Atlantic and move into the shores of eastern North American. This tsunami also went through the islands in the Caribbean, with 21 foot waves being reported. An ocean crossing wave, or wave that travels a long distance from its source, is called a teletsunamic event.
Image: Lisbon during the 1755 earthquake, the Tagus River in the foreground. 1755 copper engraving showing Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbour. Passengers in the left foreground show signs of panic.
DID YOU KNOW THAT…….
One of the early warnings of an approaching tsunami comes from nearby animals. Many animals sense danger and flee to higher ground before the water arrives. The Lisbon quake is the first documented case of such a phenomenon in Europe.
Some scientists speculate that animals may have the ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from an earthquake minutes or hours before a tsunami strikes shore. More likely, though, is that the certain large animals (e.g., elephants) heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants’ reactions were to go in the direction opposite of the noise, and thus go inland. Humans, on the other hand, head down to the shore to investigate.
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With whom did Karl Marx write The Communist Manifesto ? | Marx publishes Manifesto - Feb 21, 1848 - HISTORY.com
Marx publishes Manifesto
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On February 21, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, is published in London by a group of German-born revolutionary socialists known as the Communist League. The political pamphlet–arguably the most influential in history–proclaimed that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” and that the inevitable victory of the proletariat, or working class, would put an end to class society forever. Originally published in German as Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (“Manifesto of the Communist Party”), the work had little immediate impact. Its ideas, however, reverberated with increasing force into the 20th century, and by 1950 nearly half the world’s population lived under Marxist governments.
Karl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia, in 1818–the son of a Jewish lawyer who converted to Lutheranism. He studied law and philosophy at the universities of Berlin and Jena and initially was a follower of G.W.F. Hegel, the 19th-century German philosopher who sought a dialectical and all-embracing system of philosophy. In 1842, Marx became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper in Cologne. The newspaper grew considerably under his guidance, but in 1843 the Prussian authorities shut it down for being too outspoken. That year, Marx moved to Paris to co-edit a new political review.
Paris was at the time a center for socialist thought, and Marx adopted the more extreme form of socialism known as communism, which called for a revolution by the working class that would tear down the capitalist world. In Paris, Marx befriended Friedrich Engels, a fellow Prussian who shared his views and was to become a lifelong collaborator. In 1845, Marx was expelled from France and settled in Brussels, where he renounced his Prussian nationality and was joined by Engels.
During the next two years, Marx and Engels developed their philosophy of communism and became the intellectual leaders of the working-class movement. In 1847, the League of the Just, a secret society made up of revolutionary German workers living in London, asked Marx to join their organization. Marx obliged and with Engels renamed the group the Communist League and planned to unite it with other German worker committees across Europe. The pair were commissioned to draw up a manifesto summarizing the doctrines of the League.
Back in Brussels, Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto in January 1848, using as a model a tract Engels wrote for the League in 1847. In early February, Marx sent the work to London, and the League immediately adopted it as their manifesto. Many of the ideas in The Communist Manifesto were not new, but Marx had achieved a powerful synthesis of disparate ideas through his materialistic conception of history. The Manifesto opens with the dramatic words, “A spectre is haunting Europe–the spectre of communism,” and ends by declaring: “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workers of the world, unite!”
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx predicted imminent revolution in Europe. The pamphlet had hardly cooled after coming off the presses in London when revolution broke out in France on February 22 over the banning of political meetings held by socialists and other opposition groups. Isolated riots led to popular revolt, and on February 24 King Louis-Philippe was forced to abdicate. The revolution spread like brushfire across continental Europe. Marx was in Paris on the invitation of the provincial government when the Belgian government, fearful that the revolutionary tide would soon engulf Belgium, banished him. Later that year, he went to the Rhineland, where he agitated for armed revolt.
The bourgeoisie of Europe soon crushed the Revolution of 1848, and Marx would have to wait longer for his revolution. He went to London to live and continued to write with Engels as they further organized the international communist movement. In 1864, Marx helped found the International Workingmen’s Association–known as the First International–and in 1867 published the first volume of his monumental Das Kapital–the foundation work of communist theory. By his death in 1884, communism had become a movement to be reckoned with in Europe. Twenty-three years later, in 1917, Vladimir Lenin, a Marxist, led the world’s first successful communist revolution in Russia.
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In which calendar year did the following events all take place: Alfred Hitchcock died, Ronald Reagan was elected as President of the USA, and the Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow ? | Karl Marx - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Karl Marx’s Early Life and Education
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Prussia; he was the oldest surviving boy in a family of nine children. Both of his parents were Jewish, and descended from a long line of rabbis, but his father, a lawyer, converted to Lutheranism in 1816 due to contemporary laws barring Jews from higher society. Young Karl was baptized in the same church at the age of 6, but later became an atheist.
Did You Know?
The 1917 Russian Revolution, which overthrew three centuries of tsarist rule, had its roots in Marxist beliefs. The revolution’s leader, Vladimir Lenin, built his new proletarian government based on his interpretation of Marxist thought, turning Karl Marx into an internationally famous figure more than 30 years after his death.
After a year at the University of Bonn (during which Marx was imprisoned for drunkenness and fought a duel with another student), his worried parents enrolled their son at the University of Berlin, where he studied law and philosophy. There he was introduced to the philosophy of the late Berlin professor G.W.F. Hegel and joined a group known as the Young Hegelians, who were challenging existing institutions and ideas on all fronts, including religion, philosophy, ethics and politics.
Karl Marx Becomes a Revolutionary
After receiving his degree, Marx began writing for the liberal democratic newspaper Rheinische Zeitung, and he became the paper’s editor in 1842. The Prussian government banned the paper as too radical the following year. With his new wife, Jenny von Westphalen, Marx moved to Paris in 1843. There Marx met fellow German émigré Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator and friend. In 1845, Engels and Marx published a criticism of Bauer’s Young Hegelian philosophy entitled “The Holy Father.”
By that time, the Prussian government intervened to get Marx expelled from France, and he and Engels had moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Marx renounced his Prussian citizenship. In 1847, the newly founded Communist League in London, England, drafted Marx and Engels to write “The Communist Manifesto,” published the following year. In it, the two philosophers depicted all of history as a series of class struggles (historical materialism), and predicted that the upcoming proletarian revolution would sweep aside the capitalist system for good, making the workingmen the new ruling class of the world.
Karl Marx’s Life in London and “Das Kapital”
With revolutionary uprisings engulfing Europe in 1848, Marx left Belgium just before being expelled by that country’s government. He briefly returned to Paris and Germany before settling in London, where he would live for the rest of his life, despite being denied British citizenship. He worked as a journalist there, including 10 years as a correspondent for the New York Daily Tribune, but never quite managed to earn a living wage, and was supported financially by Engels. In time, Marx became increasingly isolated from fellow London Communists, and focused more on developing his economic theories. In 1864, however, he helped found the International Workingmen’s Association (known as the First International) and wrote its inaugural address. Three years later, Marx published the first volume of “Capital” (Das Kapital) his masterwork of economic theory. In it he expressed a desire to reveal “the economic law of motion of modern society” and laid out his theory of capitalism as a dynamic system that contained the seeds of its own self-destruction and subsequent triumph of communism. Marx would spend the rest of his life working on manuscripts for additional volumes, but they remained unfinished at the time of his death, of pleurisy, on March 14, 1883.
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Which musical, for long entrenched at the Palace theatre in London, is currently running at the Queens theatre ? | Palace Theatre London - Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
London’s Palace Theatre hosts the hotly anticipated, five-star Harry Potter and the Cursed Child !
Located at the intersection between Charing Cross Road and Shaftesbury Avenue, the Palace Theatre is a large red-brick structure that stands out amongst most other buildings. With a capacity of 1,400 seats spread across four levels, including the Stalls, Dress Circle, Grand Circle and Balcony, the Palace Theatre is one of the larger venues on the West End. Built in 1891 it is the second oldest theatre on the street, opening for business just three years after the Lyric Theatre .
The Palace Theatre building was designed by Thomas Edward Collcutt and commissioned by Richard D’Oyly Carte, who wanted the theatre to become the home of English grand opera. Following Carte’s wish, the theatre opened in January 1891 as the Royal English Opera House, with the first production being Arthur Sullivan’s Ivanhoe. Running for over half a year, the production was a great success, but when it came to an end there was no production to follow. The building soon closed down and was sold by Carte at a loss. However the venue reopened as the Palace Theatre of Varities, becoming a huge success. In 1911, the name of the theatre was eventually altered to the Palace Theatre and became home to a variety of popular musicals.
Past Shows
Previous successful musical theatre productions at the Palace Theatre have included Otto Hardbach’s No, No, Nanette, which features the acclaimed musical numbers “Two Many Rings Around Rosie” and “Peach on the Beach”. Making its debut at the Palace Theatre in 1925, No, No, Nanette ran for an extensive 665 performances.
During the twentieth century, two very successful musicals ran at the Palace Theatre, attracting large audiences. Jesus Christ Superstar opened in 1972, running for an impressive eight years until 1980. The ever popular Les Miserables opened at the Palace Theatre in 1985 and ran for an impressive nineteen years before transferring to Queen’s Theatre in 2004, where it remains today as the world’s longest-running musical.
From March 2009, the large, glittery shoe of Priscilla Queen of the Desert greeted those who entered the Palace Theatre, with the musical playing its final performance on New Year’s Eve 2011. Priscilla was followed by Singin’ In The Rain which impressed audiences for a year from 2012 until June 8th 2013. Derren Brown’s popular show Infamous ran at the Palace Theatre between June 24th and August 17th 2013. In 2013, Roddy Doyle’s musical The Commitments opened on 21st September 2013, closing on 1st November 2015.
Following the closure of The Commitments in November, Derren Brown returned to the Palace Theatre with his new smash-hit show, Miracle. Following Brown, comedian Eddie Izzard presented a four week show for the first time in the West End. Force Majeure Reloaded began on January 18th 2015, quickly selling out and extending for a further two weeks. For the beginning of 2016, the Palace Theatre has gone dark for the first time, awaiting the arrival of the already sold-out play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . Opening in July 2016, this is the latest in the Harry Potter series and being already sold-out, it is uncertain when or if this show will end!
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| Les Misérables |
Which chemical element has the symbol C and atomic number 6 ? | Les Miserables Tickets - Queen's Theatre | BoxOffice.co.uk
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Age Restriction: Recommended for children aged 7 or over; children under 5 will not be admitted. Parental guidance advised.
In 1862 audiences were first treated to a brand new novel by Victor Hugo that would come to be engraved in popular culture for much of the next century. It was a tale of political and social upheaval during 19th century France; a time in which Napoleonic rule had a firm grip on Europe and the country was still reeling from its first revolution of the 1790s. With a new revolution peering over the horizon we follow two characters through an epic and life-defining adventure as one tracks another for two decades of his life.
The tale is Les Misérables, which has since become one of the most successful musical productions the world has ever seen. It comes from mega-producer Cameron Mackintosh, who helped adapt it from the original French musical alongside Trevor Nunn and John Caird, opening at the Barbican Theatre in London in 1985 before transferring to the Palace Theatre later in the year. It remained there for some time until it transferred to its current home of the Queen’s Theatre in 2004, allowing it to become the longest running musical in the world, clocking up more than 10,000 performances and surpassing shows such as Cats , which had previously held the record. Whilst it has a long way to go to catch up with a certain Agatha Christie play (which has been running in the West End since the 1950s), it is certainly a staple of London’s theatre scene.
The story of Les Misérables focuses on that of Jean Valjean, an ex-con who has recently been released from prison. However, rather than enjoy his newfound freedom and mix back into society for a comfortable life, he is instead rendered an outcast with only the Bishop of Digne welcoming him with open arms.
But Valjean finds it hard to stay out of trouble and is caught stealing silver, leading to the possibility of further imprisonment for breaking his parole. The Bishop lies for him and Valjean goes on his way, but a Police Inspector named Javert is not convinced; he knows that Valjean is guilty of the crime and is determined to see justice served. What unfolds is a cat and mouse game over a period of two decades as Valjean takes on new identity and attempts to start a new life, with Javert not far behind, all whilst the threat of revolution looms over the city of Paris.
Along the way the show features songs such as I Dream a Dream, On My Own, One Day More and Do You Hear the People Sing?
Les Miserables continues at the Queen’s Theatre and is likely to stay there for many years to come, with bookings extending into the new decade.
Did you know?
• The show currently stars Simon Gleeson as Jean Valjean, Jeremy Secomb as Javert, Hollie O’Donaghue as Eponine and Charlotte Kennedy as Cosette (correct as of December 2016).
• As well as the London version, Simon Gleeson has appeared in Les Misérables in an Australian tour. He also appeared in the Phantom Of The Opera sequel Love Never Dies when it appeared Down Under.
• Though the first time audiences saw this version of the show was in 1985, Victor Hugo’s novel was previously adapted to the stage in French and played briefly in Paris in 1980.
• Though Victor Hugo’s novel has been adapted to the screen on numerous occasion, the 2012 film starring Hugh Jackman is the first time the musical version has been given the big screen treatment.
• Prior to its 25th Anniversary Concert at the O2 in 2010, the show celebrated its 10th Birthday at the Royal Albert Hall in 1995. It featured Ruthie Henshall, Jenny Galloway and Michael Ball amongst its cast members.
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Who played chief villain Spats Columbo in the classic comedy movie 'Some Like It Hot' ? | View All Critic Reviews (50)
Audience Reviews for Some Like It Hot
This raucous comedic farce from Billy Wilder is often considered to be one of the best and funniest comedies ever made...and you know what? The reputation isn't wrong. Joe and Jerry are two Chicago jazz musicians who, after witnessing a gangland murder, are forced to go on the run. Obtaining some costumes, they board a train for Florida with an all girl jazz band as its newest and more homely members "Josephine" and 'Daphne". Besides the obvious problems with having to keep up their ruse in general, things really get complicated (and hilarious) when Josephine falls for fellow band member Sugar Kane, and an aging playboy falls for Daphne. Also, the mob happens to find their way to Florida as well... Everyone talks about how funny this film is, and yeah, I expected to laugh, but I also figured this film would be kinda overrated as well. Much to my surprise and delight, this film had me in stitches through almost all of the runtime, and I didn't think it was overrated at all. This really is a sharp, witty, and breezy comedy masterpiece. It set the standard for all future cross dressing related comedies, and has yet to be topped. Tony Curtis is great as Joe/Josephine and Jack Lemmon is tremendously awesome as Jerry/Daphne. George Raft is fun as the mob boss who wants them dead, and Marilyn Monroe is a delightful knockout as Sugar Kane. As the man who falls for Daphne, Joe E. Brown is an absolute scream. The film does go for some obvious targets with some of the jokes, but they are deftly handled, and feel quite relevant and fresh. Yeah, there is the obvious need for suspension of disbelief, but that only adds to the fun. With a strong start that just keeps building and building, this truly is one of the all-time greats that you really must see if you haven't already done so.
Chris Weber
Super Reviewer
Some Like It Hot is highlighted by a wit that is surprisingly prescient of modern times. The script mines gender humor with a sophisticated modernity that still seems remarkably fresh even today. The satire is composed of well worn targets, but they're handled in such a lighthearted way, it entertains through the commentary. Granted this farce is more apt to cause mild giggles than outright guffaws. I wouldn't call it the funniest comedy ever made, but the plot developments are so captivating, it's easy to see why this film ranks amongst the finest of the period. fastfilmreviews.wordpress.com
Mark Hobin
Super Reviewer
Love Marilyn Monroe - the sexy, the innocent, the Silver Screen star, the controversial pop icon. Her performances of "Runnin' Wild," "I Wanna Be Loved By You," and "I'm Through With Love" are cheeky, seductive, and wistful, respectively. She overacts badly a bit during the yacht seduction sequence, and the gangster chase drags (heh) on a bit only to end with a much too easy resolution, but still, they just don't make 'em like this anymore.
Alice Shen
Super Reviewer
Blazing into the senses like a hurricane of film-making joy, Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot is the magic that appears when the right cast meets the right script meets the right director at the right time. As if the universe suddenly decided to take Murphy's Law out of the equation, replacing him with his cousin Chaos Theory as a substitute for the job. Only, instead of raining on the parade, said relative happened to be in a phenomenally good mood, aligning all what could be aligned in favor of Wilder's brainchild. Oh yes, this film is quite the little miracle. Brisk and bananas from the get-go, this is a highly energized comedy rush that hits the ground running. Comparable to releasing a couple of gerbils from their cage, who have been drinking excessive amounts of Red Bull all morning and are now dying to make the most of their freedom. Except, they're not gerbils, but two dame-crazy musicians named Joe and Jerry. Kinetically played by Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon (the latter of which drew my memory towards Jim Carrey in his prime), their outlandish adventure begins with quite the nasty bit of business, as they become the witnesses of a gangland massacre by notorious mob boss Spats Columbo. A carnage which is actually founded in a real-life incident involving Al Capone and two rivaling criminal gangs in 1929 Chicago. Feeling the heat and not keen on moving to a permanent address six feet under, they grab the only wise option available (read: escape plan) and join up with an all-female band on their way to a gig in Florida. There's just one little catch: the band is expecting two gals and thus they have no choice but to cross-dress as the fictitious broads Josephine and Daphne. An incognito undertaking which sees further complications when they both are smitten by the spellbinding charms of the voluptuously sexy (and self-admittedly not-too-bright) Sugar Kane Kowalczyk, an ukulele player and hot little number played by Marilyn Monroe. And really, who can blame them for braving the risks of becoming diabetic. A classic bombshell if there ever were one. Well arrived in the Sunshine State, troubles heap up to even greater extents, as the hotel where the band is staying is later used as a rendezvous point by Spats and other crime lords. To make matters worse (if not to say more hilarious), Jerry has become subject to the flirty advances of Osgood Fielding III, a love-struck old millionaire, who despite Jerry's best efforts is completely oblivious to his rejections. Even at the very end when Jerry exposes himself as a man, the delightfully hopeless Osgood simply responds by saying "nobody's perfect". You also gotta give credit to a screenplay that produces laughs aplenty, without ever resorting to profanity or the type of vulgar humor that has become the norm on the modern comedy scene (albeit that has its charms too within the right context). Younger generations may find it hard to believe that there even was such a time, but surely we would never have had gems like Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire if this film hadn't set the pace. A side-splitting, kooky and wildly entertaining classic, whose long-enduring status as a masterwork of comedy, I can now cheerfully get behind. So spin that bass and let the good times roll, for this movie is a diamond and as we all very well know, diamonds are worth their weight in gold. http://www.facebook.com/pages/Mikes-Movie-Reviews/281824101875153?ref=hl
Mike S
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In Greek mythology, the Titan Mnemosyne was the personification of what ? | Rogue Cop (1954) | Film Noir of the Week
Rogue Cop (1954)
The genesis of George Raft ’s brief ‘50s “comeback” in Rogue Cop (1954) is interesting. Raft’s career had been going steadily downhill since severing studio ties with Warner Brothers in 1942. Deciding to chart his own film destiny Raft unwisely chose to associate with lesser-echelon studios such as United Artists and RKO and began appearing in a succession of mediocre crime dramas that featured him (at his insistence) primarily on the right side of the law, thus gradually erasing George Raft’s gangster screen persona , but also his most marketable image.
Not that some of these movies weren’t without merit – and a few, in fact, were quite good. But where most of these pictures suffered was in not providing Raft with strong supporting players (from which he always benefited) and directors who knew best how to work with Raft’s acting limitations. So – for every Johnny Angel (1945), Nocturne (1946) and Red Light (1949) there turkeys like Mr. Ace (1945), Whistle Stop (1946) Christmas Eve (1947) and Outpost in Morocco (1949). By the early 1950s Raft descended even farther down the career ladder by participating in the European-made Lippert pictures I’ll Get You and The Man from Cairo (both 1953). The story goes that he rejected two films that would have returned him to underworld roles: Hoodlum Empire (1952) and The Miami Story (1954), because he was afraid of insulting his mob associates, such as Frank Costello.
Throughout his career, Raft received a lot of publicity for his underworld friendships. Not just the public but many motion picture executives believed that George Raft was as much a gangster off-camera as on. This actually made him more appealing to theater patrons when he appeared in such movies as Scarface (1932), Each Dawn I Die and Invisible Stripes (both 1939), simply because audiences thought they were watching the real article. Raft always fared best with the ticket-buying public when there was at least a shade of the underworld attached to his characters. With few exceptions (Souls at Sea, 1937; They Drive by Night , 1940; and Manpower , 1941), his “straight” roles were generally less successful.
By 1954, Raft’s mob affiliations, bad personal press, career mismanagement and changes in the structure of the entertainment industry had severely crippled his
career. He received a much-needed boost on the evening of March 24 when he was the Guest of Honor at a “Roast” held by the Friar’s Club. Many of the town’s “heavy hitters” - including studio executives Jack L. Warner , Dore Schary and Darryl F. Zanuck - were in attendance to pay the legendary actor homage. However when Raft got up to address the dais he suddenly became emotional and spoke about how poorly his career was going. It wasn’t a plea for sympathy; Raft was just expressing what he felt.
The next day Raft was called into the MGM office of Dore Schary, where the two men discussed Raft’s feelings at the Friar’s Roast. The conversation resulted in Schary offering Raft the major supporting role of crime czar Dan Beaumonte in the studio’s upcoming production of Rogue Cop. Raft had avoided playing out-and-out gangsters for 15 years, but he gratefully, if indeed humbly, accepted the third-billed part. The role, however, provided Raft with his most ruthless villain since Scarface, and certainly was a part that Raft would have rejected as a “dirty heavy” during his “starring” days at Paramount and Warners.
Rogue Cop was based on the novel by William P. McGivern (1918-1982), who also penned the crime books “The Big Heat”, “Shield for Murder”, “Hell on Frisco Bay” and “Odds Against Tomorrow”, all of which were turned into successful films.
Although MGM had produced some hard-hitting gangster movies in the early 1930s (The Big House, 1930; The Secret Six and, most especially The Beast of the City, both 1931), crime pictures were not the studio’s specialty (unlike Warner Brothers), but the films in that genre that MGM did produce were raw, violent and uncompromising. The later-day Rogue Cop would not prove an exception.
The film was directed by Roy Rowland , who began his career as a director of numerous MGM shorts during the 1930s and who would go on to helm such diverse projects as the sentimental Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), the boxing drama Killer McCoy (1947), the Red Skelton comedy Excuse My Dust (1951), the 3D-lensed Western The Moonlighter and the dark musical fantasy The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (both 1953). Rowland had also taken a turn at noir with the suspenseful Scene of the Crime (1949) and Witness to Murder (1954).
Long-time MGM contract star Robert Taylor was set for the lead, the corrupt cop Christopher Kelvaney. Romantic lead Taylor may have seemed an unlikely choice for such an unsympathetic role, but he had proven his dramatic mettle by delivering solid performances in such films as Bataan (1943) - and had even flirted with the underworld as the title character in Johnny Eager (1942). Later Taylor would essay another morally (and physically)-crippled character: mob lawyer Tommy Farrell in MGM’s glossy Party Girl (1958).
The two female leads were played by Janet Leigh (Karen Stephanson) and Anne Francis (Nancy Corlane). Francis was particularly effective as Raft’s girlfriend who, in her most memorable scene, takes drunken delight in belittling him – little realizing the extent of the gangster’s sadism. Director Rowland rounded out the rest of the cast with such reliable co-players as Robert Ellenstein, Robert F. Simon, Peter Brocco, Olive Carey and veteran serial star Roy Barcroft. Steve Forrest (younger brother of noir stalwart Dana Andrews) was cast as Chris Kelvaney’s “honest” cop brother, Eddie, while virtual screen newcomer Vince Edwards played the small but effective role of hitman Joey Langley.
A special treat for fans of classic television are the appearances of both Alan Hale, Jr. and Russell Johnson (the Skipper and Professor of Gilligan’s Island); along with Richard Deacon (The Dick Van Dyke Show) and Ray Teal (Bonanza). Of course, Anne Francis, Steve Forrest and Vince Edwards later went on to their own small-screen series: Honey West, S.W.A.T. and Ben Casey.
The plot:
Detective Sergeant Chris Kelvaney is on the payroll of Syndicate chief Dan Beaumonte and his associate Ackerman (Simon). When Kelvaney assists his patrolman brother Eddie in capturing murderer George "Wrinkles" Fallon (Brocco), Beaumonte tells Kelvaney that Eddie must not identify Fallon in court, and instructs the detective to offer his brother $15,000 for his cooperation. Kelaney, however, is unsuccessful in his attempt to convince Eddie to have a lapse of memory about Fallon, and even Kelvaney’s visit with Eddie’s ex-party girl sweetheart Karen proves fruitless. Despite his promise to allow Eddie a little more time to change his mind, Beaumonte orders Eddie’s murder. Kelvaney is suspended from the force after learning that he is under investigation by the grand jury. But badge or not, Kelvaney is determined to bring his brother’s killer to justice. Learning that Beaumonte is hunting for ex-moll Nancy, Kelvaney secures her in Karen’s apartment, where she reveals why Fallon’s release was so important to Beaumonte. Fallon had taken an incriminating photograph of Beaumonte and Ackerman many years ago, and both men fear that the successful prosecution of Fallon on the murder charge may release this evidence. Kelvaney returns to the police station and makes a deal with the district attorney to turn state's evidence on Beaumonte. He then goes to Karen's apartment where he discovers that Karen has been taken to police headquarters and Nancy has been drowned in the bathtub. Kelvaney’s informant Selma (Carey) tells him that Eddie's killer is Joey Langley, a hit man from brought in from the West Coast. The detective instructs her to get word to Beaumonte that he is on his way to apprehend Langley. Accompanied by fellow detective Sidney Y. Myers, Christopher goes to Langley's hideout and, following a fistfight, subdues and arrests him. On the street outside, Beaumonte and Ackerman attempt to ambush the cops and their captor. Both Kelvaney and Myers are wounded in the exchange of gunfire, but Beaumonte and Ackerman are killed. Kelvaney is prepared to make amends for his past mistakes.
Rogue Cop is one of the best film noirs of the 1950s, standing alongside such
classics as The Big Heat (1953) and The Big Combo (1955). The film is dark and the atmosphere tense and gritty. The tone of the movie is set from its opening moments, as the credits are stamped against the backdrop of police activity in the city, sans musical accompaniment. The storyline effectively highlights the standard plot of a flawed “hero” changing sides and going up against a particularly ruthless antagonist – the character motivated less by the need for redemption than revenge. Sadistic villains were almost a staple in noir cinema: from Tommy Udo to Vince Stone to “Mr. Brown”. Until participating in the noirish shootout that ends the film, Raft’s Dan Beaumonte is never explicit in his evil actions; however, the scene in which he dispatches Nancy to his “friends” in punishment for her taunting him is chilling in what it suggests.
Rogue Cop was nominated for an Oscar for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White ( John F. Seitz ) and received high marks from the critics. The New York Herald-Tribune rated the picture “a simple, streamlined movie about crookedness.” This was a unique compliment indeed during the message-laden reign of MGM studio boss Dore Schary.
George Raft received his own critical accolades. Steven Scheuer in his book Movies and TV on Videocassette wrote: “Raft is a standout as a syndicate czar who is more than a bit sadistic.” Even Bosley Crowther of the New York Times, who for years had been one of Raft’s most merciless critics, admitted that Raft had performed admirably in the film.
Sadly, despite this praise in a successful film imbued with comeback potential, Raft’s career high all too quickly evaporated. After appearing as a detective investigating the murder of Peggy Ann Garner among a glittering array of suspects in the same year’s Black Widow (another job presented as a result of the Friar’s Club Roast – this time by Daryl Zanuck for Twentieth Century-Fox), and reprising his gangster against Edward G. Robinson’s Royal Canadian Police Inspector in A Bullet for Joey (1955), Raft was virtually unemployed in films until he played gangster Spats Columbo in the Billy Wilder comedy Some Like it Hot (1959). The movie, a huge hit, would provide Raft with last major film role in an important vehicle.
One final note: Rogue Cop is a film deserving of a DVD release. It is one of two top-drawer noirs (the other being Cry of the City , 1948) never to have been commercially released in a home video format. While not infrequently shown on television (particularly on TCM), it is a film that would be treasured in any noir devotee’s video collection.
By Stone Wallace
Posted 9th August 2008 by Steve Eifert
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Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 ? | Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated - Jun 28, 1914 - HISTORY.com
Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated
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In an event that is widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on this day in 1914.
The great Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck, the man most responsible for the unification of Germany in 1871, was quoted as saying at the end of his life that “One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.” It went as he predicted.
The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, former Ottoman territories in the turbulent Balkan region that were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 to the indignation of Serbian nationalists, who believed they should become part of the newly independent and ambitious Serbian nation. The date scheduled for his visit, June 28, coincided with the anniversary of the First Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which medieval Serbia was defeated by the Turks. Despite the fact that Serbia did not truly lose its independence until the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448, June 28 was a day of great significance to Serbian nationalists, and one on which they could be expected to take exception to a demonstration of Austrian imperial strength in Bosnia.
June 28 was also Franz Ferdinand’s wedding anniversary. His beloved wife, Sophie, a former lady-in-waiting, was denied royal status in Austria due to her birth as a poor Czech aristocrat, as were the couple’s children. In Bosnia, however, due to its limbo status as an annexed territory, Sophie could appear beside him at official proceedings. On June 28, 1914, then, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security, when Serbian nationalist Nedjelko Cabrinovic threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders. Later that day, on the way to visit the injured officer, the archduke’s procession took a wrong turn at the junction of Appel quay and Franzjosefstrasse, where one of Cabrinovic’s cohorts, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, happened to be loitering.
Seeing his opportunity, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point-blank range. Princip then turned the gun on himself, but was prevented from shooting it by a bystander who threw himself upon the young assassin. A mob of angry onlookers attacked Princip, who fought back and was subsequently wrestled away by the police. Meanwhile, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie lay fatally wounded in their limousine as it rushed to seek help; they both died within the hour.
The assassination of Franz-Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Slav nationalism once and for all. As Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention–which would likely involve Russia’s ally, France, and possibly Britain as well. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.
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Who won this year's cycling Tour of Britain ? | Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, 1914
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Two bullets fired on a Sarajevo street on a sunny June morning in 1914 set in motion a series of events that shaped the world we live in today. World War One, World War Two, the Cold War and its conclusion all trace their origins to the gunshots that interrupted that summer day.
Berliners cheer a regiment of
Lancers headed for the Front.
August 1914
The victims, Archduke Franz Ferdinand - heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife Sophie, were in the Bosnian city in conjunction with Austrian troop exercises nearby. The couple was returning from an official visit to City Hall. The assassin, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip burned with the fire of Slavic nationalism. He envisioned the death of the Archduke as the key that would unlock the shackles binding his people to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
A third party, Serbia, figured prominently in the plot. Independent Serbia provided the guns, ammunition and training that made the assassination possible.
The Balkan Region of Europe entered the twentieth century much as she left it: a caldron of seething political intrigue needing only the slightest increase of heat to boil over into open conflict. The shots that day in Sarajevo pushed the caldron to the boiling point and beyond.
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A Royal Murder
Seven conspirators joined the crowd lining the Archduke's route to City Hall. Each took a different position, ready to attack the royal car if the opportunity presented itself. The six-car procession approached one conspirator, Gabrinovic (or Cabrinovic), who threw his bomb only to see it bounce off the Archduke's car and explode near the following car.
Unhurt, the Archduke and his wife sped to the reception at City Hall. The ceremonies finished, the Royal procession amazingly retraced its steps bringing the Archduke into the range of the leader of the conspiracy, Gavrilo Princip. More amazingly, the royal car stopped right in front of Princip providing him the opportunity to fire two shots. Both bullets hit home.
Borijove Jevtic, one of the conspirators gave this eyewitness account:
"When Francis Ferdinand and his retinue drove from the station they were allowed to pass the first two conspirators. The motor cars were driving too fast to make an attempt feasible and in the crowd were many Serbians; throwing a grenade would have killed many innocent people.
When the car passed Gabrinovic, the compositor, he threw his grenade. It hit the side of the car, but Francis Ferdinand with presence of mind threw himself back and was uninjured. Several officers riding in his attendance were injured.
The cars sped to the Town Hall and the rest of the conspirators did not interfere with them. After the reception in the Town Hall General Potiorek, the Austrian Commander, pleaded with Francis Ferdinand to leave the city, as it was seething with rebellion. The Archduke was persuaded to drive the shortest way out of the city and to go quickly.
Members of the crowd try to
attack Princip after his capture
The road to the maneuvers was shaped like the letter V, making a sharp turn at the bridge over the River Nilgacka [Miljacka]. Francis Ferdinand's car could go fast enough until it reached this spot but here it was forced to slow down for the turn. Here Princip had taken his stand.
As the car came abreast he stepped forward from the curb, drew his automatic pistol from his coat and fired two shots. The first struck the wife of the Archduke, the Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. She was an expectant mother. She died instantly.
The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart.
He uttered only one word, 'Sofia' -- a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly.
The officers seized Princip. They beat him over the head with the flat of their swords. They knocked him down, they kicked him, scraped the skin from his neck with the edges of their swords, tortured him, all but killed him."
Another Perspective
Count Franz von Harrach rode on the running board of the royal car serving as a bodyguard for the Archduke. His account begins immediately after Princip fires his two shots:
The Archduke and his wife leave
City Hall. Count Harrach rides the
running board
"As the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right check. As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess cried out to him, 'In Heaven's name, what has happened to you?' At that she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car, with her face between his knees.
I had no idea that she too was hit and thought she had simply fainted with fright. Then I heard His Imperial Highness say, 'Sopherl, Sopherl, don't die. Stay alive for the children!'
At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain. He answered me quite distinctly, 'It's nothing!' His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, 'It's nothing!' Then, after a short pause, there was a violent choking sound caused by the bleeding. It was stopped as we reached the Konak."
References:
Brook-Shepard, Gordon, Archduke of Sarajevo (1984); Dedijer, Vladimir, The Road To Sarajevo (1966); Morton, Frederick, Thunder At Twilight (1989).
How To Cite This Article:
"Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, 1914," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (1998).
Gavrilo Princip (age 19) was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor. He escaped the death penalty because he was under the age of 21.
Three other conspirators were tried including Cabrinovic, the bomb-thrower. He and another under-aged conspirator received a sentence of 20 years hard labor. The 3rd conspirator, Danilo Ilic, was executed on Feb. 3, 1915.
Princip died in prison of tuberculosis on April 28, 1918. His two fellow conspirators preceded him in death, also dying of tuberculosis.
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Which musical, the winner of 9 Tony awards, is currently running at the Prince of Wales theatre in London ? | The Book of Mormon Tickets | Prince of Wales Theatre | LondonTheatre.co.uk
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The Book of Mormon Tickets
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020 7492 0810 (Mon-Fri 8-8, Sat-Sun 9-7)
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Winner of 4 Olivier Awards including Best New Musical and Best Actor In A Musical, The Book of Mormon is one of the West End's most popular musicals. Since opening in New York at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in 2011, the musical prompted rave reviews and unanimous critical praise, and was hailed as "the best musical of the century" by the New York Times.
After being nominated for 14 Tony Awards, the musical took home 9 awards, including the top prizes of Best New Musical, Best Original Score, Best Book of a Musical and Best Direction of a musical. Since opening in the West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 2013, the show has gone on to delight audiences from around the world with its witty and challenging satirical humour.
The Book of Mormon features book, music and lyrics by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone who are best known for creating the long-running animated comedy TV series South Park. Robert Lopez is the youngest winner of an EGOT (Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony awards), and is one of only 12 people to hold the prestigious honour. Rising to fame with his co-collaborations on Avenue Q and the animated Disney musical Frozen, The Book of Mormon displays his skill at combining music and comedy into a high energy product.
The musical is choreographed by Casey Nicholaw, who also co-directs the production alongside Trey Parker. Nicholaw is currently represented in the West End with his production of Aladdin , and is known for his high energy production numbers and unique skill at staging musical comedy.
The London production of The Book of Mormon promises audiences a hilarious musical comedy with fantastic performances from an international cast. Don't miss your chance to see one of the most popular musicals of the last decade at the Prince of Wales Theatre .
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Which European capital owes much of its layout to Baron Haussmann ? | Princeof (princeofwales) | Pearltrees
Princeofwales
Catch The Book of Mormon classic at Prince of Wales London.
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Prince of Wales theatre London
The Book of Mormon London show at Prince of Wales Theatre London. The blockbuster London musical The Book of Mormon has become hugely popular amongst the masses and critics as well.
The show has come directly from a sell out season on Broadway and broken several box office records. The show is the winner of 9 prestigious Tony awards such as Best Musical, Best Book, Best Score and Best Director. The show, The Book of Mormon is penned by Trey Parker and Matt Stone accompanied with Robert Lopez, the creative team of long running comedy show, South Park, whereas the latter was the co-creator of cheeky hit-musical Avenue Q. This brand new musical is often considered original, witty and shocking as well. In the year 2010, the show made its opening at the Eugene O’Neill Theatre on Broadway. Complete information of Prince of Wales Theatre London & its History. In the year, the magnificent Prince of Wales was constructed whose original name was Prince’s Theatre.
In the honour of future Edward VII, the name of the theatre was changes after two years. During the first few decades, production by W. S. Gilbert, Ibsen and Sheridan, and in 1892 the first English musical comedy, George Edwardes’ In Town was hosted at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Book of Mormon - prince of wales theatre - the Book of mormon. Prince of wales Theatre - Book of Mormon at Prince of wales theatre london. Prince Of Wales Theatre London - Complete information of Theatre & its shows Book of Mormon.
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Which social media attraction was founded in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone and Evan Williams ? | The team behind Twitter: Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone and Evan Williams - Telegraph
The team behind Twitter: Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone and Evan Williams
Twitter, which launched in August 2006, was co-founded by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams and Biz Stone.
By Claudine Beaumont
3:50PM GMT 25 Nov 2008
Twitter started out as a "side project", but has rapidly evolved to become a vibrant communication platform used by millions worldwide to update friends, family and colleagues about news and views, or to canvas opinion.
Jack Dorsey
Dorsey came up with the idea of Twitter because he wanted to find a better way to stay connected to friends. The software engineer, who is in his early 30s, grew up in St Louis, Missouri, and studied at New York University, where he had a part time job designing dispatching software for taxi companies.
He abandoned his studies to move to California, the cradle of technology start-ups, and approached a small company, Odeo, where Biz Stone worked, with the idea of a communication service that helped friends keep in touch through status updates. Together, the pair made a working protoype of Twitter, and as chief executive of the new microblogging company, Dorsey was responsible for seeking investment and funding from venture capitalists.
Dorsey became chairman of the board in October 2008, and turned his attentions to improving Twitter's scalability and reducing downtime, with some success. Dorsey has hinted that next year could be the year when Twitter unveils a robust business model, and ways of generating revenue.
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Evan Williams
Williams hails from Nebraska. The 36-year-old entrepeneur has founded several successful technology start-ups, including Pyra Labs, which designed the Blogger blogging platform that boasts millions of users and was acquired by Google in 2003 for an undisclosed sum. He left Google in 2004 to co-found Odeo, an RSS syndication service and podcast-creation site, with Noah Glass.
By 2006, Williams had joined forces with colleagues Biz Stone and Jack Dorsey and several other Odeo veterans to form Obvious Corp, the enterprise from which Twitter was eventually born. Williams has been named one of the 25 most influential people on the web by Time magazine. He is currently Twitter's CEO, and lives in San Francisco with his wife and cat.
Evan Williams' most recent Twitter update reads: "Though I didn't get that excited when reviewing it at TC50, we're now using @dropbox at Twitter, and it's pretty great".
| Twitter |
What type of fish is a Megamouth ? | Who Invented Twitter?
By Mary Bellis
Updated August 06, 2016.
If you were born in the age before the internet , your definition of twitter might just be "a series of short, high-pitched calls or sounds mostly associated with birds." However, that is not what twitter means in today's world of digital communication. Twitter (the digital definition) is "a free social messaging tool that lets people stay connected through brief text message updates up to 140 characters in length called tweets."
Why Was Twitter Invented
Twitter came about out as a result of both a perceived need and timing. Smart phones were relatively new when Twitter was first conceived of by inventor Jack Dorsey, who wanted to use his cellphone to send text messages to a service and have the message distributed to all his friends. At the time, most of Dorsey's friend's didn't have text-enabled cellphones and spent a lot of time on their home computers. Twitter was born of a need to enable text messaging to have a cross platform capacity, work on phone, computers, and other devices.
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Background - Before Twitter, There Was Twttr
After working solo on the concept for a few years, Jack Dorsey brought his idea to the company that was then employing him as a web designer called Odeo. Odeo had been started as a podcasting company by Noah Glass and others, however, Apple Computers had launched a podcasting platform called iTunes that was to dominate the market, making podcasting a poor choice as a venture for Odeo.
Jack Dorsey brought his new ideas to Noah Glass and convinced Glass of its do-ability. In February 2006, Glass and Dorsey (along with developer Florian Weber) presented the project to the company. The project, initially called Twttr (named by Noah Glass), was "a system where you could send a text to one number and it would be broadcasted out to all your desired contacts".
The Twttr project got the green light by Odeo and by March 2006, a working prototype was available; by July 2006, the Twttr service was released to the public.
The First Tweet
The first tweet occurred on March 21, 2006, at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time when Jack Dorsey tweeted "just setting up my twttr".
On July 15th, 2006 TechCrunch reviewed the new Twttr service and described it as follows:
Odeo released a new service today called Twttr, which is a sort of “group send” SMS application. Each person controls their own network of friends. When any of them send a text message to "40404", all of his or her friends see the message via sms... People are using it to send messages like “Cleaning my apartment” and “Hungry”. You can also add friends via text message, nudge friends, etc. It really a social network around text messaging... Users can also post and view messages on the Twttr website, turn off text messages from certain people, turn off messages altogether, etc."
Twitter Splits From Odeo
Evan Williams and Biz Stone were active investors in Odeo. Evan Williams had created Blogger (now called Blogspot) which he sold to Google in 2003. Williams briefly worked for Google, before leaving with fellow Google employee Biz Stone to invest in and work for Odeo.
By September 2006, Evan Williams was the CEO of Odeo, when he wrote a letter to Odeo's investors offering to buy back shares of the company, in a strategic business move Williams expressed pessimism about the company's future and downplayed the potential of Twitter.
Evan Williams, Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and a few others gained a controlling interest in Odeo and Twitter. Enough power to allow Evan Williams to temporally rename the company "The Obvious Corporation", and fire Odeo's founder and team leader of the developing twitter program, Noah Glass.
There is controversy surrounding Evan Williams' actions, questions about the honesty of his letter to the investors and if he did or did not realize the potential of Twitter, however, the way the history of Twitter went down, went in the favor of Evan Williams, and the investors were freely willing to sell their investments back to Williams.
Twitter (the company) was founded by three main people: Evan Williams, Jack Dorsey, and Biz Stone. Twitter separated from Odeo in April 2007.
Twitter Gains Popularity
Twitter's big break came during the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) music conferenc, when Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. The company heavily promoted the program by advertising it on two giant plasma screens in the conference hallways, with streaming Twitter messages. The conference goers avidly began tweeting messages.
And today, over 150 million tweets happen everyday with huge spikes in usage occurring during special events.
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Where in London did the Rolling Stones play in 2013 for the first time since 1969 ? | Band | The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones
First gig: 12 July 1962 Venue: Marquee Club, London Lineup: Mick Jagger Keith Richards Brian Jones Ian Stewart Dick Taylor Tony Chapman
Band
When the nascent Rolling Stones began playing gigs around London in 1962, the notion that a rock & roll band would last five years, let alone fifty, was an absurdity. After all, what could possibly be more ephemeral than rock & roll, the latest teenage fad? Besides, other factors made it unlikely that such a momentous occasion would ever come to pass. “I didn’t expect to last until fifty myself, let alone with the Stones,” Keith Richards says with a laugh. “It’s incredible, really. In that sense we’re still living on borrowed time.”
“You have to put yourself back into that time,” Mick Jagger says about those early days when he and Keith and guitarist Brian Jones roomed together and were hustling gigs wherever they could find one. “Popular music wasn’t talked about on any kind of intellectual level. There was no such term as ‘popular culture.’ None of those things existed.”
“But suddenly popular music became bigger than it had ever been before. It became an important, perhaps the most important, art form of the period, after not at all being regarded as an art form before.”
Mick Jagger
Times and attitudes quickly changed, in short, and now five decades later, the Rolling Stones are celebrating an anniversary that artists in any field would be overjoyed to attain. Indeed, the Stones will be marking the fiftieth anniversary of their first gig at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962 with a celebratory appearance at that storied venue, five decades later to the day. At that first show, the group was billed as the Rollin’ Stones and, of what would become the band’s original lineup, only Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Jones and keyboardist Ian Stewart performed. Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts would formally join in January of 1963, and Stewart officially left the band in May, though he continued on as the Stones’ road manager and occasionally played with them both on stage and in the studio until his death in 1985.
To commemorate the Stones’ 50th anniversary, noted filmmaker Brett Morgen directed a no-holds-barred documentary about the band, Crossfire Hurricane, and the Stones released GRRR!, a greatest hits collection that includes two brand new songs and a stunning album cover designed by Walton Ford. The Stones then went back on the road for the 50 & Counting Tour, visiting London, New York and other cities across North America and Canada in celebration of five decades, culminating with a legendary performance at the UK’s Glastonbury Festival plus two major outdoor shows in London’s Hyde Park, chronicled in the concert film Sweet Summer Sun – Hyde Park Live. The Stones then launched another sell out tour, 14 ON FIRE, that brought them to Asia, Australia and New Zealand. In 2015 the band stunned audiences in the USA for the umpteenth time with their Zip Code tour and a re-mastered Sticky Fingers album.
In early 2016, the Stones launched their América Latina Olé tour, which consisted of thirteen electrifying dates in Central and South America. As a dramatic capstone to that trip, the Stones performed in Cuba for the first time, electrifying an audience of 1.2 million fans in Havana. In another historic live performance, the Stones will participate this October in Desert Trip, a three-day superstar festival in Indio, California that will also feature Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, the Who, Neil Young and Roger Waters. In addition, Exhibitionism, a groundbreaking, career-spanning exhibition devoted to the Stones’ legendary history, opened earlier this year at the Saatchi Gallery in London to rave reviews. It will travel to New York this November for a run at Industria.
To mark the Stones’ 50th anniversary a few years back, a book was produced, The Rolling Stones: 50, chronicling the group’s legendary journey through rare and previously unseen photographs, including images from every aspect of the Stones’ history – reportage photos, shots from recording sessions, concert highlights and outtakes from studio shoots. It was a highly appropriate focus of the anniversary since such visual images constituted an essential element of how the Stones defined themselves in those pre-Internet, pre-MTV days when photos of a band on an album cover or in newspapers and magazines determined how they would be viewed for years to come.
“It was a very new development that famous photographers would take pictures of rock bands, and it was really fantastic,” Mick Jagger recalls. “Those images were very much used and very widely seen, and they were essential to conveying who the Rolling Stones were to the public. Suddenly we were in all these magazines and one thing led to another. We became part of the whole Sixties phenomenon, breaking through the boundaries of pop music into fashion, films, television and everything else.”
“There was an amazing energy going on with people our age then,” Keith Richards adds. “It’s transformed the way the Seventies would have been or the Eighties or the Nineties or now.”
Of course, the Rolling Stones themselves are among the most important reasons for the dramatic breakthroughs and transformations that have taken place over the last five decades. Indeed, it’s essentially impossible to overestimate the importance of the Rolling Stones in rock & roll history. The group distilled so much of the music that had come before it and has exerted a decisive influence on so much that has come after. Only a handful of musicians in any genre achieve that stature, and the Stones stand proudly among them. They exist in a pantheon of the most rarefied kind.
Needless to say, having lived life in the whirlwind of the Stones’ history, the band itself doesn’t see it in exactly those terms. “It’s been surprisingly organic,” Keith Richards says.
“I mean, there was no sort of master plan. We were flying by the seat of our pants. That is what amazes me, that the whole thing was improvised. We’ve been an amazingly resilient bunch of lads, that’s all I say. We’ve been part of everything that’s happened, and we’re an important part, I suppose. If you say I’m great, thank you very much, but I know what I am. I could be better, man, you know?”
Keith Richards
“I can understand a bit about the kind of influence the Rolling Stones have had, because we were in the same position,” Mick Jagger says. “We modeled ourselves on lots of people who came before us, and I learned to sing from various blues artists and from Chuck Berry and others. When we’d play with someone like Little Richard, I would be incredibly impressed, and I’d go on stage and try to be as good as I could be because I knew that Little Richard was watching me.”
The effort clearly paid off. Every album the Stones released through the early Seventies – from The Rolling Stones in 1964 to Exile on Main Street in 1972 — is essential not simply to an understanding of the music of that era, but to an understanding of the era itself. In their intense interest in blues and R&B, the Stones connected a young audience in the U.S. to music that was unknown to the vast majority of white Americans. Though the Stones were not overtly political in their early years, their obsession with African American music – from Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters and Howlin’ Wolf to Chuck Berry, Marvin Gaye and Don Covay – struck a chord that resonated with the goals of the civil rights movement. If the Stones had never made an album after 1965 they would still be legendary.
Soon, of course, the Stones became synonymous with the rebellious attitude of that era. Songs like ‘(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction’, ‘Street Fighting Man’, ‘Sympathy for the Devil’ and ‘Gimme Shelter’ captured the violence, frustration and chaos of that time. For the Stones, the Sixties were not a time of peace and love; in many ways, the band found psychedelia and wide-eyed utopianism confusing and silly. The Stones always were – and continue to be – tough-minded pragmatists. Against the endless promises of Sixties idealism the Stones understood that ‘You Can’t Always Get What You Want’. You simply want to Let It Be? It’s more likely, given the harsh world we live in, that you might have to Let It Bleed.
For those reasons, as the Sixties drained into the Seventies, the Stones went on a creative run that rivals any in popular music. Beggars Banquet (1968), Let It Bleed (1969), Sticky Fingers (1971) and Exile On Main St (1972) routinely turn up on lists of the greatest albums of all time, and deservedly so. All done with American producer Jimmy Miller – “an incredible rhythm man,” in Richards’ terse description – those records shake like the culture itself was shaking. As the Stones were working on Let It Bleed, Brian Jones died, and the band replaced him with Mick Taylor, a profoundly gifted guitarist whose lyricism and melodic flair counterbalanced Richards’ insistent, irreducible rhythmic drive, adding an element to the band’s sound that hadn’t been there before, and opening fertile new musical directions.
After that, the Stones were an indomitable force on the music scene, and they have continued to be to this day. The albums Goats Head Soup (1973), It’s Only Rock ‘N’ Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976), found the Stones creating such hits as “Angie” and “It’s Only Rock ‘N’ Roll” and exploring their way through a period of transition, with guitarist Ron Wood coming on board in 1975 to replace Mick Taylor, contributing another key element to the band’s evolving sound. Then in 1978 the album, Some Girls, rose to the challenge of punk (“When the Whip Comes Down”) – whose energy and attitude the Stones had defined a decade earlier – but also swung with the sinuous grooves of disco (“Miss You”). The album is one of the very best of that decade. Tattoo You (1981) added the classics “Start Me Up” and “Waiting on a Friend” to the Stones’ repertoire, and took its prominent place among the Stones’ most compelling – and most popular – later albums. Possibly the most underrated album of the Stones’ career, Dirty Work (1986) finds the band at its rawest and most rhythmically charged, a reflection of the tumult within the band when it was recorded. True Stones fans have long worn their appreciation of Dirty Work as a hip badge of honor.
With the release of Steel Wheels in 1989, the Stones went back on the road again for the first time in seven years and inaugurated the latest phase of the band’s illustrious career. They’ve made strong, credible new studio albums during this period – Voodoo Lounge (1994), Bridges to Babylon (1997), A Bigger Bang (2006) – along with the excellent live album Stripped (1995) and the fun, immensely satisfying hits collection, Forty Licks (2002).
More significantly, though, the Stones have set a standard for live performance during this time. That is an achievement completely in accord with the band’s history, something that has defined the group from the very start. Mick Jagger remembers that “As soon as we got in front of audiences, they went crazy. It started in clubs, and then it just continued to grow.”
“Something was happening in the late winter of 1962 and afterwards,” Keith Richards says, “because suddenly hundreds and then thousands of people were queuing up to see us. And it doesn’t take a nail driven through your head to realize that something’s going on and that you’re part of it. It was an amazing experience and it happened so fast, starting in London and then moving out from there. It was like hanging onto a tornado.”
When the Stones began to be introduced on their 1969 tour as “The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World,’ they were staking that claim on the basis of their live performances. It was almost fashionable for bands to withdraw from the road at that time – Bob Dylan and the Beatles had both done so. But the Stones set out to prove that writing brilliant songs and making powerful records did not mean that you were too lofty to get up in front of your fans and rock them until their bones rattled. The Stones’ live shows – epitomized, of course, by Jagger’s galvanizing erotic choreography – had earned the band its reputation, and that flame was being rekindled.
It was lit again twenty years later, and it’s burning still. Since 1989 the Stones have repeatedly toured to ecstatic response. Bassist Darryl Jones, who had formerly played with Miles Davis, began performing with the Stones in 1994, replacing Bill Wyman, and the Stones turned what could have been a setback into a rejuvenating rush of new energy. The Stones’ live success during this period is not a matter of dollars or box-office breakthroughs, though the band has enjoyed plenty of both. It’s about demonstrating a vital, ongoing commitment to the idea that performing is what keeps a band truly alive.
And that’s the critical misunderstanding of the question, “Is this the last time?” that has been coming up every time the Stones have toured for more than forty years now. It’s true that over the decades the Stones have been in the news for many reasons that have little to do with music – arrests, provocative statements, divorces, feuds, affairs, stints in rehab, all the usual detritus of a raucous lifetime in the public eye. And there’s no doubt that Mick Jagger is as recognizable a celebrity as the world has ever seen and attracts all the attention, positive and negative, that such a status inevitably entails.
But, for all that, the Stones are best understood as musicians, and their own acceptance of that fact is what has enabled them to carry on so well for so long. For all the tabloid headlines, Mick Jagger is ultimately an extraordinary lead singer and one of the most riveting performers – in any art form – ever to set foot on a stage. Keith Richards is the propulsive engine that drives the Stones and makes their music instantly recognizable. Their complementary styles, incomparable collaborative genius as songwriters and even their all-too-public battles have made them the very definition of the rock & roll singer/guitarist partnership, battling brothers who have often been imitated and never surpassed.
Ron Wood, meanwhile, is a guitarist who has formed a rhythmic union with Richards, but who also colors and textures the band’s songs with deft, melodic touches. And Charlie Watts, needless to say, is one of rock’s greatest, most supple drummers. He is both the rock that anchors the band, and the subtle force that swings it. At once elegant in their simplicity and soaring in their impact, none of his gestures are wasted, all are necessary. He and Darryl Jones enliven the often-monolithic notion of the rock & roll rhythm section with an irresistible, unpretentious, jazz-derived sophistication.
“It’s incredible to think about working with the same band for fifty years,” Mick Jagger says. “Of course, members have come and gone over the years, but it is still the Rolling Stones. Inevitably it makes you think about the mortality of it. But here we are making plans and attempting to get things organized for the future!”
“It’s still too early for me to talk about the Stones’ legacy,” Keith Richards says. “We haven’t finished yet. There’s one thing that we haven’t yet achieved, and that’s to really find out how long you can do this. It’s still such a joy to play with this band that you can’t really let go of it. So we’ve got to find out, you know?”
Musicians live and create in the moment, and that’s why fans still yearn to go see and hear the Stones. Certainly there’s a catalogue of songs that very few artists could rival. Surely there’s the desire on the part of fans, both young and old, to encounter a band that has played a pristine role in shaping our very idea of what rock & roll is. But seeing the Rolling Stones live is to see a working band playing as hard as they can, and there’s no last time for that. It’s not only rock n roll, it’s essential rock n roll. And the story continues…
Lineup
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In which film did Jack Lemmon play the role of Professor Fate ? | The Rolling Stones | Rolling Stone
artists > T > The Rolling Stones > Bio
The Rolling Stones Bio
The Rolling Stones began calling themselves the "World's Greatest Rock & Roll Band" in the Sixties, and few argued with them — even then. More than 40 years later, the band's music continues to sound vital. With literally scores of genre-setting hits under the group's belt — and fronted by two of rock's biggest archetypes — the Rolling Stones have done more to define the look, attitude and sound of rock & roll than any other band in the genre's history.
In the 1964 British Invasion the Stones were promoted as bad boys, a gimmick that stuck as an indelible image (partly because it was true). Their music started as a gruffer, faster version of Chicago blues, but eventually the Stones pioneered British rock's tone of ironic detachment and wrote about offhand brutality, sex as power, and other taboos. Jagger was the most self-consciously assured appropriator of black performers' up-front sexuality; Keith Richards' Chuck Berry–derived riffing defined rock rhythm guitar (not to mention rock guitar rhythm); and the stalwart rhythm section of Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts held everything together, making sure teenagers could dance to whatever Mick and Keith dreamt up. After the Seventies, the Stones lost their dangerous aura, but it didn't hurt their popularity: They've become icons of an elegantly debauched, world-weary decadence, elder statesmen who filled arenas well into the 2000s.
Jagger and Richards first met at Dartford Maypole County Primary School. When they ran into each other 10 years later in 1960, they were both avid fans of blues and American R&B, and they found they had a mutual friend in guitarist Dick Taylor, a fellow student of Richards' at Sidcup Art School. Jagger was attending the London School of Economics and playing in Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys with Taylor. Richards joined the band as second guitarist; soon afterward, he was expelled from Dartford Technical College for truancy.
Meanwhile, Brian Jones had begun skipping school in Cheltenham to practice bebop alto sax and clarinet. By the time he was 16, he had fathered two illegitimate children and run off briefly to Scandinavia, where he began playing guitar. Back in Cheltenham he joined the Ramrods, then drifted to London with his girlfriend and one of his children. He began playing with Alexis Korner's Blues, Inc., then decided to start his own band; a want ad attracted pianist Ian Stewart (b. 1938; d. December 12, 1985).
As Elmo Lewis, Jones began working at the Ealing Blues Club, where he ran into a later, loosely knit version of Blues, Inc., which at the time included drummer Charlie Watts. Jagger and Richards began jamming with Blues, Inc., and while Jagger, Richards, and Jones began to practice on their own, Jagger became the featured singer with Blues, Inc.
Jones, Jagger, and Richards shared a tiny, cheap London apartment, and with drummer Tony Chapman they cut a demo tape, which was rejected by EMI. Taylor left to attend the Royal College of Art; he eventually formed the Pretty Things. Ian Stewart's job with a chemical company kept the rest of the group from starving. By the time Taylor left, they began to call themselves the Rolling Stones, after a Muddy Waters song.
On July 12, 1962, the Rolling Stones — Jagger, Richards, Jones, a returned Dick Taylor on bass, and Mick Avory, later of the Kinks, on drums — played their first show at the Marquee. Avory and Taylor were replaced by Tony Chapman and Bill Wyman, from the Cliftons. Chapman didn't work out, and the band spent months recruiting a cautious Charlie Watts, who worked for an advertising agency and had left Blues, Inc. when its schedule got too busy. In January 1963 Watts completed the band.
Local entrepreneur Giorgio Gomelsky booked the Stones at his Crawdaddy Club for an eight-month, highly successful residency. He was also their unofficial manager until Andrew Loog Oldham, with financing from Eric Easton, signed them as clients. By then the Beatles were a British sensation, and Oldham decided to promote the Stones as their nasty opposites. He eased out the mild-mannered Stewart, who subsequently became a Stones roadie and frequent session and tour pianist.
In June 1963 the Stones released their first single, Chuck Berry's "Come On." After the band played on the British TV rock show Thank Your Lucky Stars, its producer reportedly told Oldham to get rid of "that vile-looking singer with the tire-tread lips." The single reached Number 21 on the British chart. The Stones also appeared at the first annual National Jazz and Blues Festival in London's borough of Richmond and in September were part of a package tour with the Everly Brothers, Bo Diddley, and Little Richard. In December 1963 the Stones' second single, "I Wanna Be Your Man" (written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney), made the British Top 15. In January 1964 the Stones did their first headlining British tour, with the Ronettes, and released a version of Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away," which made Number Three.
"Not Fade Away" also made the U.S. singles chart (Number 48). By this time the band had become a sensation in Britain, with the press gleefully reporting that band members had been seen urinating in public. In April 1964 their first album was released in the U.K., and two months later they made their first American tour. Their cover of the Bobby Womack/Valentinos song "It's All Over Now" was a British Number One, their first. Their June American tour was a smashing success; in Chicago, where they'd stopped off to record the Five by Five EP at the Chess Records studio, riots broke out when the band tried to give a press conference. The Stones' version of the blues standard "Little Red Rooster," which had become another U.K. Number One, was banned in the U.S. because of its "objectionable" lyrics.
Jagger and Richards had now begun composing their own tunes (at first using the "Nanker Phelge" pseudonym for group compositions). Their "Tell Me (You're Coming Back to Me)" was the group's first U.S. Top 40 hit, in August. The followup, a nonoriginal, "Time Is on My Side," made Number Six in November. From that point on, all but a handful of Stones hits were Jagger-Richards compositions.
In January 1965 their "The Last Time" became another U.K. Number One and cracked the U.S. Top 10 in the spring. The band's next single, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction," reigned at Number One for four weeks that summer and remains perhaps the most famous song in its remarkable canon. Jagger and Richards continued to write hits with increasingly sophisticated lyrics: "Get Off My Cloud" (Number One, 1965), "As Tears Go By" (Number Six, 1965), "19th Nervous Breakdown" (Number Two, 1966), "Mother's Little Helper" (Number Eight, 1966), "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" (Number Nine, 1966).
Aftermath, the first Stones LP of all original material, came out in 1966, though its impact was minimized by the simultaneous release of the Beatles' Revolver and Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde. The Middle Eastern–tinged "Paint It, Black" (1966) and the ballad "Ruby Tuesday" (1967), were both U.S. Number One hits.
In January 1967 the Stones caused another sensation when they performed "Let's Spend the Night Together" ("Ruby Tuesday"'s B side) on The Ed Sullivan Show. Jagger mumbled the title lines after threats of censorship (some claimed that the line was censored; others that Jagger actually sang "Let's spend some time together"; Jagger later said, "When it came to that line, I sang mumble"). In February Jagger and Richards were arrested on drug-possession charges in Britain; in May, Brian Jones, too, was arrested. The heavy jail sentences they received were eventually suspended on appeal. The Stones temporarily withdrew from public appearances; Jagger and his girlfriend, singer Marianne Faithfull, went to India with the Beatles to meet the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The Stones' next single release didn't appear until the fall: the Number 14 "Dandelion." Its B side, "We Love You" (Number 50), on which John Lennon and Paul McCartney sang backup vocals, was intended as a thank-you to fans.
In December came Their Satanic Majesties Request, the Stones' psychedelic answer record to the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper — and an ambitious mess. By the time the album's lone single, "She's a Rainbow" had become a Number 25 hit, Allen Klein had become the group's manager.
May 1968 saw the release of "Jumpin' Jack Flash," a Number Three hit, and a return to basic rock & roll. After five months of delay provoked by controversial album-sleeve photos, the eclectic Beggars Banquet was released and was hailed by critics as the band's finest achievement. On June 9, 1969, Brian Jones, the Stones' most musically adventurous member, who had lent sitar, dulcimer, and, on "Under My Thumb," marimba to the band's sound, and who had been in Morocco recording nomadic Joujouka musicians, left the band with this explanation: "I no longer see eye-to-eye with the others over the discs we are cutting." Within a week he was replaced by ex–John Mayall guitarist Mick Taylor. Jones announced that he would form his own band, but on July 3, 1969, he was found dead in his swimming pool; the coroner's report cited "death by misadventure." Jones, beset by drug problems — and the realization that the band now belonged squarely to Jagger and Richards — had barely participated in the Beggars Banquet sessions.
At an outdoor concert in London's Hyde Park a few days after Jones' death, Jagger read an excerpt from the poet Shelley and released thousands of butterflies over the park. On July 11, the day after Jones was buried, the Stones released "Honky Tonk Women," another Number One, and another Stones classic. By this time, every Stones album went gold in short order, and Let It Bleed (a sardonic reply to the Beatles' soon-to-be-released Let It Be) was no exception. "Gimme Shelter" received constant airplay. Jones appeared on most of the album's tracks, though Taylor also made his first on-disc appearances.
After going to Australia to star in the film Ned Kelly, Jagger rejoined the band for the start of its hugely successful 1969 American tour, the band's first U.S. trip in three years. But the Stones' Satanic image came to haunt them at a free thank-you-America concert at California's Altamont Speedway. In the darkness just in front of the stage, a young black man, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed to death by members of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang, whom the Stones — on advice of the Grateful Dead — had hired to provide security for the event. The incident was captured on film by the Maysles brothers in their feature-length documentary Gimme Shelter. Public outcry that "Sympathy for the Devil" (which they had performed earlier in the show; they were playing "Under My Thumb" when the murder occurred) had in some way incited the violence led the Stones to drop the tune from their stage shows for the next six years.
After another spell of inactivity, the Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! live album was released in the fall of 1970 and went platinum. That same year the Stones formed their own Rolling Stones Records, an Atlantic subsidiary. The band's first album for its own label, Sticky Fingers (Number One, 1971) — which introduced their Andy Warhol — designed lips-and-lolling-tongue logo — yielded hits in "Brown Sugar" (Number One, 1971) and "Wild Horses" (Number 28, 1971). Jagger, who had starred in Nicolas Roeg's 1970 Performance (the soundtrack of which contained "Memo From Turner"), married Nicaraguan fashion model Bianca Perez Morena de Macias, and the pair became international jet-set favorites. Though many interpreted Jagger's acceptance into high society as yet another sign that rock was dead, or that at least the Stones had lost their spark, Exile on Main Street (Number One, 1972), a double album, was another critically acclaimed hit, yielding "Tumbling Dice" (Number Seven) and "Happy" (Number 22). By this time the Stones were touring the U.S. once every three years; their 1972 extravaganza, like those in 1975, 1978, and 1981, was a sold-out affair.
Goats Head Soup (Number One, 1973) was termed the band's worst effort since Satanic Majesties by critics, yet it contained hits in "Angie" (Number One, 1973) and "(Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo) Heartbreaker" (Number 15, 1974). It's Only Rock n' Roll (Number One, 1974) yielded Top 20 hits in the title tune and a cover of the Temptations' "Ain't Too Proud to Beg." Mick Taylor left the band after that album; and after trying out scores of sessionmen (many of whom showed up on the next LP, 1976's Black and Blue), the Stones settled on Ron Wood, then still nominally committed to Rod Stewart and the Faces (who disbanded soon after Wood joined the Stones officially in 1976). In 1979 Richards and Wood, with Meters drummer Ziggy Modeliste and fusion bassist Stanley Clarke, toured as the New Barbarians.
Black and Blue was the Stones' fifth consecutive LP of new material to top the album chart, though it contained only one hit single, the Number 10 "Fool to Cry." Wyman, who had released a 1974 solo album, Monkey Grip (the first Stone to do so), recorded another, Stone Alone. Jagger guested on "I Can Feel the Fire" on Wood's solo first LP, I've Got My Own Album to Do. Wood has since recorded several more albums, and while none were commercial hits (Gimme Some Neck peaked at Number 45 in 1979), his work was generally well received.
The ethnic-stereotype lyrics of the title song from Some Girls (Number One, 1978) provoked public protest (the last outcry had been in 1976 over Black and Blue's battered-woman advertising campaign). Aside from the disco crossover "Miss You" (Number One), the music was bare-bones rock & roll — in response, some speculated, to the punk movement's claims that the band was too old and too affluent to rock anymore.
Richards and his longtime common-law wife, Anita Pallenburg, were arrested in March 1977 in Canada for heroin possession — jeopardizing the band's future — but he subsequently kicked his habit and in 1978 was given a suspended sentence.
In 1981 Tattoo You was Number One for nine weeks (1980's Emotional Rescue also went to Number One) and produced the hits "Start Me Up" (Number Two, 1981) and "Waiting on a Friend" (Number 13, 1981), the latter featuring jazz great Sonny Rollins on tenor saxophone. The 1981 tour spawned an album, Still Life, and a movie, Let's Spend the Night Together (directed by Hal Ashby), which grossed $50 million.
Through the 1980s the group became more an institution than an influential force. Nevertheless, both Undercover (Number Four, 1983) and Dirty Work (Number Four, 1986) were certifiable hits despite not topping the chart, as every new studio album had done in the decade before. Each album produced only one Top 20 hit, "Undercover of the Night" (Number Nine, 1983) and "Harlem Shuffle" (Number Five, 1986), the latter a remake of a minor 1964 hit by Bob and Earl.
Jagger and Richards grew estranged from each other, and the band would not record for three years. Jagger released his first solo album, the platinum She's the Boss, in 1984. His second, 1987's Primitive Cool, didn't even break the Top 40. Richards, who'd long declared he would never undertake a solo album (and who resented Jagger's making music outside the band), countered in 1988 with the gold Talk Is Cheap, backed up by the X-Pensive Winos: guitarist Waddy Wachtel and the rhythm section of Steve Jordan and Charley Drayton.
The two Stones sniped at each other in the press and in song: Richards' album track "You Don't Move Me" was directed at his longtime partner. Nevertheless, shortly before the Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in January 1989 the two traveled to Barbados to begin writing songs for a new Stones album. Steel Wheels (Number Three, 1989) showed the group spinning its wheels musically, and were it not for the band's first American tour in eight years, it is doubtful the LP would have sold anywhere near its 2 million copies. But the 50-date tour, which reportedly grossed $140 million, was an artistic triumph. As the group's fifth live album, Flashpoint (Number 16, 1991), demonstrated, never had the Stones sounded so cohesive onstage.
Bill Wyman announced his long-rumored decision to leave the group after 30 years, in late 1992. "I was quite happy to stop after that," the 56-year-old bassist told a British TV show. The announcement helped deflect attention from Wyman's love life: In 1989 he married model Mandy Smith, who was just 13 when the two began dating. The couple divorced in 1990, the same year that Mick Jagger finally married his longtime lover, Jerry Hall. (Jagger and Hall would later split up.)
The early 1990s were a time for solo albums from Richards — Live at the Hollywood Palladium and Main Offender (Number 99, 1992)and Jagger's Wandering Spirit (Number 11, 1993). Neither sold spectacularly; apparently fans are most interested in Jagger and Richards when they work together. Wood released Slide on This, his first solo album in over a decade, and Watts pursued his real love, jazz, with the Charlie Watts Orchestra.
In 1994 Jagger, Richards, Watts, and Wood, along with bassist Darryl Jones (whose credits include working with Miles Davis and Sting) released the critically well-received Voodoo Lounge (Number Two, 1994) and embarked on a major tour that proved one of the highest-grossing of the year, earning a reported $295 million. Voodoo Lounge brought the Stones their first competitive Grammy, 1994's Best Rock Album award. Voodoo Lounge was also the group's first release under its new multimillion-dollar, three-album deal with Virgin Records, which included granting Virgin the rights to some choice albums from the Stones' back catalogue, including Exile on Main Street, Sticky Fingers, and Some Girls.
After having languished in storage for nearly three decades, the Rolling Stones' Rock & Roll Circus concert film and soundtrack was released in 1996, which featured the Stones in the era of Beggars Banquet, and other rock luminaries — the Who, Jethro Tull, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Eric Clapton, Taj Mahal, and more — as well as various acrobats, fire-eaters, and other circus artists who performed routines between songs.
Meanwhile, back to their standard time lapse of three years between tours, the Stones released Bridges to Babylon (Number Three, 1997, their 19th platinum LP) and launched yet another lavish, sold-out worldwide tour, where they played two-hour concerts consisting of only a few songs off the new album and lots of hits. Corporate sponsorship was particularly intense: long-distance carrier Sprint, for example, paying $4 million to print its company logo on tickets and stage banners. In 1998 the Stones released the obligatory tour album, No Security.
In 1997 Richards coproduced and played on Wingless Angels, an album of Rastafarian spirituals; guested, with Elvis Presley guitarist Scotty Moore, on All the King's Men, a tribute to Presley; and with the rest of the Stones, played on B.B. King's Deuces Wild. Assembling the roots-rock band the Rhythm Kings, with Peter Frampton and Georgie Fame sitting in, Bill Wyman put out three albums in the late '90s. Watts continued his jazz excursions with 1996's orchestral offering, Long Ago and Far Away, and then forayed into world beat with a 2000 collaboration with veteran session drummer Jim Keltner. Mick Taylor's recording career revived, as the ex-Stone put out Stonesy releases with Carla Olson.
In 2000 "Satisfaction" topped a VH1 Poll of 100 Greatest Rock Songs. Jagger gained more attention in the social columns. In 1999 29-year-old Brazilian model Luciana Gimenez Morad claimed that she was pregnant with his child; Jagger disagreed. Jerry Hall filed for divorce. Jagger, despite the couple's four children, maintained that their Hindu nuptials did not constitute a legal marriage. When Morad's child was born, DNA tests concluded that Jagger was indeed the boy's father. In 2001 he released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway (Number 39). At the post-9-11 "Concert for New York City," held at Madison Square Garden on Oct. 21, 2001, Jagger, Richards and a backing band performed "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You."
In 2002, the Stones released Forty Licks, a greatest hits package including four new songs, and embarked on yet another tour, including two—one in Toronto and another in Hong Kong—to benefit victims of the SARS epidemic. In November 2003, the band inked a deal allowing the Best Buy chain to be the exclusive seller of their 4-DVD tour document Four Flicks. Some music retailers in the U.S. and Canada, including Best Buy competitor Circuit City and the 100-store HMV Canada, responded by pulling Stones merchandise from their shelves. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Stones number four in its "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," just below the Beatles, Bob Dylan and Elvis Presley.
On Jagger's 62nd birthday, July 26, 2005, the Stones announced they were releasing a new album, A Bigger Bang (Number 3), followed by a tour. The album included a rare political song from Jagger, "Sweet Neo Con," which was stingingly critical of the Bush Administration's post Iraq War tactics and included the line, "You say you are a patriot/I think that you're a crock of shit."
The Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005 and by year's end had already set the year's record at $162 million in gross receipts. The tour took the band from North and South America to Europe, Asia and even the 2006 Super Bowl. The tour ended two years later in London. Overall, the Bigger Bang tour earned a staggering $558 million, the highest-grossing tour of all time. The tour was not without its setbacks. During the New Zealand stretch, in May 2006, Richards was hospitalized for brain surgery after reportedly falling from a coconut tree in Fiji. In June, Wood went into rehab for alcohol problems.
The Stones released another 4-CD box set, The Biggest Bang, in June 2007; it also was sold exclusively through Best Buy. The Very Best Of Mick Jagger, a collection of the singer's solo works, came out in October 2007. While Jagger had his share of starring film roles over the course of his career, it was Richard who made his big-screen debut in one of the biggest films of 2008, and one of the highest-grossing films of all-time, after portraying the pirate father of Johnny Depp's Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.
The next year, filmmaker Martin Scorsese's April 2008 documentary Shine a Light intimately captured the Stones' 2006 Bigger Bang live performance at New York City's Beacon Theater from sixteen different camera angles and included guest performances by Christina Aguilera, Jack White, and Buddy Guy. An acclaimed soundtrack accompanied the release of the documentary. Rolling Stone celebrated Shine a Light with a cover that featured Jagger, Richards and Jack White. Also in 2008, the Rolling Stones revealed plans to leave their longtime label EMI for Universal Records, taking with them their entire Sticky Fingers-and-beyond catalog.
To commemorate the 40th anniversary of the performance captured on Get Your Ya-Ya's Out!, the Stones reissued their live album with five additional songs from the shows, plus a bonus disc with the performances of opening acts B.B. King and Ike & Tina Turner and a DVD of concert and backstage footage. Since the 2007 leg of the A Bigger Bang Tour, however, the Stones have remained largely quiet.
<Portions of this biography appeared in The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Daniel Kreps contributed to this story.
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Which commission published its report on the assassination of President Kennedy on September 17, 1964 ? | Table of Contents | National Archives
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Table of Contents
The Warren Commission report is also available as a single PDF file (77.5MB) from the GPO website . It is keyword searchable.
Index
Bibliographic note: Web version based on Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1964. 1 volume, 888 pages. The formatting of this Web version may differ from the original.
This page was last reviewed on August 15, 2016.
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What is the clinical word for the navel or belly button ? | Warren Commission Report Released to the Public | World History Project
Sep 27 1964
Warren Commission Report Released to the Public
The Warren Commission’s conclusion that Oswald was a "lone gunman" failed to satisfy some who witnessed the attack and others whose research found conflicting details in the commission’s report.
Critics of the Warren Commission’s report believed that additional ballistics experts’ conclusions and a home movie shot at the scene disputed the theory that three bullets fired from Oswald’s gun could have caused Kennedy’s fatal wounds as well as the injuries to Texas Governor John Connally, who was riding with the president in an open car as it traveled through Dallas’ Dealey Plaza that fateful day. So persistent was the controversy that another congressional investigation was conducted in 1979; that committee reached the same conclusion as the Warren Commission.
Source: “Warren Commission report delivered to President Johnson,” The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/warren-commission-report-delivered-to-president-johnson (accessed Sep 24, 2010). Added by: Colin Harris
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies.
The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published transcripts of Johnson's presidential phone conversations, some major officials were opposed to forming such a commission, and several commission members took part only with extreme reluctance. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would ultimately create more controversy than consensus, and those fears proved valid. The Commissions were printed off at The Double Day book publisher located in Smithsburg, Maryland.
Source: Wikipedia Added by: Colin Harris
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, usually called the Warren Commission after its chairman Chief Justice Earl Warren, conducted hearings in 1964 on the assassination of President Kennedy. It issued its now-famous finding that Lee Harvey Oswald, alone and unaided, killed President Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963. It further found that Jack Ruby's murder of Oswald, while Oswald was in police custody, was also not part of any conspiracy.
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Arreciffe is the capital of which of the Canary Islands ? | ARRECIFE | Tourist Information about Arrecife in Lanzarote
Arrecife holidays
Travel guide & holidays to Arrecife in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain...
Arrecife is the capital city and the commercial and administrative town of the island of Lanzarote , located on the south east coast of the island. Arrecife has been the capital of the island since 1847.
Holidaymakers may find variety of nice entertainment and things to do in Arrecife . Arrecife is a wonderful city with its beautiful walking paths with palm trees, the beach and two small castle. The beach front of Arrecife hosts beautiful promenade areas and gardens.
Arrecife is the main port and commercial centre of Lanzarote. Holidaymakers may find variety of nice shopping centres and bazaars. The Calle Loon y Castillo is the most popular of the pedestrian shopping street in Arrecife.
As for places to visit and see in Arrecife; popoular sights in Arrecife include; the promenade, Charco de San Ginés, the castle, Castillo de San Gabriel, the bridge, Puente de las Bolas, and Casa de los Arroyo and Centro Cientifico Cultural. The archaeology museum located on Castillo de San Gabriel and the cultural centre of El Almacen located in the Jose Betancourt street is also worth a visit as for cultural activities in Arrecife.
As for beaches in Arrecife ; the fine sandy blue flagged urban beach of Playa del Reducto is the best beach in Arrecife.
Arrecife Guide
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Which British-born aviatrix is credited with being the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic from east to west ? | Tourism in Arrecife in Lanzarote, Spain | spain.info in english
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The development of Arrecife as a city is closely linked to its port and commercial strength, which allowed it to attract political and economic power until, in 1847, it became the capital of the island to the detriment of Teguise. The city grew around San Ginés, a historic fishing centre established on the shore. Amid its streets steeped in the local seafaring atmosphere is the church of San Ginés. Standing on the site of the first hermitage to be constructed in the capital, it was rebuilt in the 17th century, while its slender belltower dates from the 19th century. Arrecife has outstanding examples of defensive architecture. On a small island in front of the historic quarter stands the castle of San Gabriel, which was built in the 16th century as a defence against continuous pirate attacks. Declared to be a National Monument along with the Bolas bridge, it currently houses an astronomic observatory. Not far away is the castle of San José, built in the middle of Naos bay by King Carlos III. Its facilities play host to the International Museum of Contemporaty Art (MIAC), which contains a valuable collection of work from the 20th century by artists of the stature of Picasso, Miró, Chillida or Tàpies. It is worth a look through the streets of Arrecife to find its significant buildings, such as the “Agustín de la Hoz” Municipal Arts Centre a nobleman's mansion from the mid-19th century and Casa de Los Arroyo, an old house converted into a Science and Arts Centre. The coast A long promenade runs along the coast of Arrecife. The island's volcanic origins provide a considerable diversity of nature, especially among its reefs, as well as a great many colonies of seabirds which nest in the area. One of the most emblematic images of the city is provided by Reducto Beach, sheltered by the Punta del Camello headland and the small island of Fermina. Visitors who prefer water sports can make use of any of the city's excellent nautical facilities, where there is a variety of options available, such as windsurfing or sailing. Golf lovers, meanwhile, have access to an 18-hole course immersed in an exotic volcanic setting situated on the outskirts of the city. Here players of all levels can enjoy the sport while taking in the exceptional views of the Atlantic. Gastronomy and surroundings Arrecife is a genuine showcase of the gastronomy of Lanzarote. Outstanding are the fish specialities, particularly “vieja”, which is either stewed or opened and roasted on the grill. Not forgetting "sancocho" stew, the fresh seafood and the most well-known dish from the Canaries, "papas arrugadas" (boiled potatoes), which are usually served along with "mojos" (traditional sauces). Cheese, fresh or cured, forms part of the local tradition. The best accompaniment for these delights will always be one of the wines with the Designation of Origin Lanzarote guarantee, among which the aromatic Malvasías are outstanding. The strategic position of the capital means it is quick and easy to reach from any point on Lanzarote. At the northern end of the island is Haría, a small urban centre set among the hills of a fertile valley. In its coastal area we can find Cueva de los Verdes, as well as Jameos del Agua and the Mirador del Río viewpoint, these latter ones the work of Lanzarote-born architect César Manrique. Very close by is Teguise. The former capital of the island of Lanzarote possesses a significant heritage of buildings in its historic quarter, which gathers together beautiful examples of popular and noble architecture. The mark of Manrique is present in Teguise through the Cactus Garden and the foundation which bears his name, which was also the artist's former residence. To the south are towns such as San Bartolomé, with the outstanding Casa del Mayor Guerra and Casa Ajei; Tinajo, in whose sanctuary of Mancha Blanca the island's patron, the Virgen de los Dolores, is venerated; or Yaiza, a town located in a volcanic surroundings which form landscapes of matchless beauty, such as El Golfo or Los Hervideros. All this is complemented by Lanzarote's coastline, sprinkled with beautiful beaches and major tourist centres, such as Costa Teguise, Playa Blanca or Puerto del Carmen. But the greatest centre of tourist attention is, without a doubt, the Timanfaya National Park, a true showcse of the island's volcanic ecosystem. The visit includes a bus trip which covers the Route of the Volcanoes and whose starting point is the visitors' centre. The park is in turn surrounded by the Volcanoes Nature Reserve, where fields of ash and lava run down to the sea.
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Coir is the name given to the fibre from which fruit ? | Coconut Coir - My Farming Secrets
My Farming Secrets
Associate Professor University of Florida
In 1949, E. P. Hume wrote an article in the journal Economic Botany extolling the horticultural virtues of a by-product of the coconut husk fiber processing industry. Coir is the name given to the fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp (middle layer) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera).
The long fibers of coir are extracted from the coconut husk and utilized in the manufacture of brushes, automobile seat and mattress stuffing, drainage pipe filters, twine and other products.
Traditionally, the short fibers (2mm or less) and dust ("pith") left behind have accumulated as a waste product for which no industrial use had been discovered.
Hume write of the excellent growth obtained with various plants when this coir dust or, as he called it, "cocopeat," was used as the growing medium (this word has now been registered as a trademark by one manufacturer of the material).
Hume was a prophet before his time more
Uri Roudman from Pelemix August 29, 2013
"Coco coir ideal substrate to propagate citrus trees in greenhouse"
Citrus tree propagation in a cocopeat hydroponic growing system emerged from the idea to get a plant that does not suffer stress in the transplant from the nursery to the field. "Today this practice is being implemented by more citrus nurseries in The USA," said Uri Roudman from Pelemix. "The catalyst for the use of coir is the citrus greening disease that is threatening the US citrus production."
Spreading of the disease in Florida and California has called for rapid action by the agricultural and plant protection agencies and today all commercial nurseries in the USA are required to grow indoors in controlled greenhouse environments providing isolation from contamination for new trees.
This new growing system has challenged the nursery growers to rapidly adapt to the new situation and growing conditions, the first challenge is how to grow a good quality tree in this new environment.
Coir seemed to be a substrate that could help them to propagate a tree with following properties.
Excellent root health
No stress when transferred to the field and no post – planting stress.
Less plantation losses due to lower pressure coming from transport, handling, planting and plant acclimatization.
High uniformity in the nursery and in the field.
A robust root ball (filled absorbent hairs that enshrine the coir) that can be planted at any time of year.
Ideal for replanting and dubbing, done at any time of the year.
Minimum stress during transport because the root ball - which still contains water and nutrients – makes reserves available to the plant and allows the plant to be fed for a considerable period of time.
Exportable product. Coir that makes up the root ball plant passes phytosanitary requirements of customs.
The plant can stay longer "above ground" due to the autonomy that provides the root ball, so incidence involving plantation problems (rains that preclude, lack of labor, mechanical failures, ... ) are lower with this type of plant.
It avoids the typical “J” rooting that takes place when it’s in a pot. Once planted in the field, the root grows quickly in all directions. more
Coco Coir Directions Grow on YouTube Video
Festival treat
...A highlight of the fair is a stall of the Coir Board that has showcased flower pots, plant climbers and hanging pots, all made of coir. “These pots retain moisture for a long time compared to the common flower pots,” says a salesperson at the stall. more
Coir in Raised Beds YouTube Video
Peat Moss Alternative on YouTube Video
Note: Coco Coir is no longer available at the Home Depot
Coir Advertisement on YouTube Video
BY URBAN GARDEN MAGAZINE ⋅ FEBRUARY 10, 2011
Grow. Bloom. Harvest. Dump all that media. Buy a load more. And start all over again. It’s a cycle that many of us, as indoor gardeners, are all too familiar with. Whether you choose to grow in soil, coco coir, rockwool, clay balls or soilless mix, chances are, when the crop’s been chopped, invariably it’s back to your local grow store to reload with fresh media.
However, it turns out that lots of indoor growers (especially those growing short-cycle plants) choose a different route. In short, they reuse their growing media! And before you think this is just the preserve of penny-pinching hippies, it turns out that it’s not all about saving a few dollars – it could increase your yields too!
Aha, there we go … increased yields … that’s all we needed to say wasn’t it?
What is Coco Coir? more
how Peat is formed on YouTube Video
More about peat on YouTube Video
Coir Channel on YouTube Video
Why not pea?t on YouTube Video
Source: Linda McMahan
CORVALLIS, Ore. – Generations of gardeners have recognized the benefits of adding peat moss to garden and potting soil. Although it has little nutrient value, it's a good soil amendment. It lightens the soil, allows air to enter, holds moisture without being soggy and generally improves soil structure.
But most gardeners probably don't realize that peat takes hundreds of years to form, explained Linda McMahan, horticulturist with the Oregon State University Extension Service.
Wetland ecologists say that peat is being harvested at non-sustainable rates.
While the peat industry argues that peatlands can be managed at sustainable levels, it recognizes that alternatives to peat must be developed in order to meet environmental concerns of consumers and contend with increased regulation of peatland exploitation.
As useful as peat is for horticulture, there are good alternatives, said McMahan.
One substitute is coir, or coconut dust.
When coconuts are harvested and husked, the long fibers are removed and used for such things as upholstery stuffing, rope, doormats, and brushes.
The short fibers are left over and have found use in horticulture as coconut "peat." more
As a plant growing medium
Coco coir is much better than peat moss. With rising concerns regarding destruction of ecology, BioActive Cocopeat is a better alternative to using peat moss.
| Coconut |
The term 'Time Immemorial' was set as the period before the reign of which English king ? | Coco Coir Bricks: Worm Bedding, Compost and Soil Amendment
Exclusive | Earth-Friendly Coco Coir for Composting, Planting and More!
Carbon-rich coir balances nitrogen-rich kitchen scraps in the compost pile
Hydrate these coir bricks for an effective and economical container mix
May be added to garden beds to loosen clay soil
Pack of 12 bricks
Derived from coconut husks, carbon-rich Eco-co® Coir is handy for layering with nitrogen-rich kitchen scraps and lawn clippings in the compost pile, and it makes a good bedding material for worm composters. Our exclusive Eco-co® Coir is also an earth-friendly planting mix for use in pots, planters and window boxes, or as a peat-free alternative when you make your own planting mixes. Unlike other coirs, our Eco-co Coir undergoes a special process to remove salts and to balance the pH for optimal plant growth. Eco-co Coir has excellent water-holding capacity yet drains well — so important for healthy root growth. Our blend is a mix of fine and coarse grinds to provide the perfect environment for plant roots. Simply add water and each convenient compressed brick expands to 10 quarts of fluffy mix.
Product Details
Each brick is 8-1/4" L x 5-1/2" W x 2" thick
Each brick expands to 10 dry quarts for a total of 4-2/3 cubic feet
Just add water to expand each brick
Gardener's Supply Exclusive
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In Roman mythology, who was the guardian of gates and doors ? | Janus ***
Who was Janus?
Janus was the Roman god of doors, choices, beginnings and endings. He had two faces on his head. One facing forwards and one facing backwards. The Romans prayed to him for advice, especially in respect of new enterprises. He also represented time, because he could see into the past with one face and into the future with the other. The festival of Agonalia was celebrated in honor of the god Janus four times during the year, 17 March, 21 May, 11 December, and 9 January. On these days, the symbolic head of the Roman state religion (rex sacrorum) would enter the Forum, and sacrifice a ram to the god. The role of Janus was as the porter of heaven. He opened the year in Januarius (January), the first month being named after him. He was the guardian god of gates and doors, on which account he was commonly represented with two heads, looking at those who wished to gain entrance and those who wanted to exit. Janus possessed no temples in Rome, but all the gates of cities were dedicated to him. Close to the Forum stood the so-called 'temple' of Janus, which was merely an arched passage that could be closed by massive gates. The gates were always open in time of war, as it was believed that the god had then taken his departure with the Roman army, over whose welfare he personally presided. The Romans were engaged in so many wars that the gates of this sanctuary were only closed three times during 700 years, indicating peace. The gates were shut only once between the reign of Numa Pompilius (who reigned 715�673 BC) and twice in of the Emperor Augustus who reigned until 14 AD.
Facts about Janus
The following facts and profile provides a fast overview of Janus:
Janus Profile & Fact File
Roman Name: Janus
Role & Function: The function of Janus is described as being the god of doors, choices, beginnings and endings. He was the God of Choices and the God of Doorways and Gates
Status: Minor Roman god
Symbols: Keys, a rod and scepter
Gender: Male
Greek Counterpart: There was no Greek counterpart of Janus
Name of Consorts: Camese, Jana and Juturna
Name of Father: Some say the god Apollo
Name of Mother: Unknown
Names of Children: The river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber was named). and Fontus the God of Springs
Facts about Janus in Roman Mythology and History
Discover interesting information and facts about the Roman god of doors, beginnings and endings. The facts about Janus provides a list detailing fascinating additional info to increase your knowledge about Janus in Roman Mythology and history.
History and Mythical Facts about Janus
Fact 1 about Janus: The most famous 'temple' to Janus in Rome, on the Argiletum, is called the Ianus Geminus 'Twin Janus'.
Fact 2 about Janus: He was usually depicted with two faces and in his special function as door-keeper of heaven he was portrayed standing erect, bearing a key in one hand, and a rod or sceptre in the other
Fact 3 about Janus: Offerings to him include a ram (on the Agonalia), incense, wine, barley and cakes
Fact 4 about Janus: Any rite or religious act first required the invocation of Janus, with a corresponding invocation to Vesta at the end of the rite (Janus primus and Vesta extrema).
Fact 5 about Janus: During the Titan war, he joined the Titans against the Olympians
Fact 6 about Janus: Deference was also paid to him at the most important beginnings in the life of an individual such as birth and marriage.
Fact 7 about Janus: The god Saturn bestowed his ability to see into the future and past.
Fact 8 about Janus: His name comes from the Latin word ianua, meaning �door.�
Fact 9 about Janus: The Roman god appeared on some of the earliest coins of the Roman Republic, appearing about 240 B.C. during the Pyrrhic War.
Fact 10 about Janus: Every meal was begun with a request for his blessing, and public ceremonies began with a libation drunk to the god of beginnings
Janus - Roman gods & Roman Religion
Janus, the Roman god of doors, beginnings and endings, was one of the vast number of gods and goddesses worshipped by the Ancient Romans. The legends and myths about Janus have been passed down through the ages and play an important role the history of Rome and the Ancient World. Janus features in the religious beliefs of the ancient Romans which are based on the idea that these supernatural deities resembled mortals but possessed great magical and mystic powers.
The Roman gods and goddesses were immortal but not invulnerable.
The Roman religion significantly differed from the Greeks in that it was officially endorsed by the state and exerted influence over the government of Rome
Politicians took the offices of influential priests, called pontiffs, to gain control of the popular worship
Roman gods and goddesses like Janus were worshipped at every public event, including the gladiatorial games
Blood sacrifices were made to the gods
The Roman religion was practical - every Roman god and goddess, like Janus, had something to do and some useful office to perform.
Roman gods and goddesses, such as Janus, possessed supernatural powers and presided over specific dominions and were strongly associated with areas of power. Janus is known as the Roman god of doors, choices, beginnings and endings.
Janus
Interesting information and Facts about the Roman god Janus
The Roman god of doors, beginnings and endings
Stories and Legends in Roman Mythology associated with Janus
Facts and information about the Gods and Deities of the Ancient World for schools and kids
The Roman god of doors, beginnings and endings
| Janus |
For which ancient ruler was the Mausoleum at Harlicarnassus built ? | Janus | Riordan Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
–Janus, to Annabeth in the Labyrinth
Janus is the minor Roman god of choices, doorways, beginnings, and endings. During the Second Olympian War , he joined the Titans , like many other of his fellow minor gods.
Contents
[ show ]
History
Janus has appeared in mythology since the start of Roman civilization. When Romulus, the founder of Rome, kidnapped the Sabine women, Janus caused a volcanic hot spring to erupt. This resulted in the forces of Tatius, a Sabine king of Cures, being buried alive in the deathly hot water and ash mixture of the rushing hot volcanic spring that ended lives and burned and/or disfigured many soldiers of Tatius. Later on, however, the Sabines and Romans agreed to create a civilization together. In honor of this, the doors of a roofless structure called "The Janus" (not to be confused with a temple) were kept open during war after a symbolic contingent of soldiers had marched through it. The doors were closed in ceremony when peace was concluded.
Other myths suggest how once Janus helped Saturn , who was expelled from the heaven by Jupiter . He, with very much hospitality, took care of him for quite some time. In gratitude, Saturn gave him the power to see past as well as future. Some others tell how he changed a nymph Carna into Cardea, Roman Goddess of Hinges.
One tradition states that he came from Thessaly and that he was welcomed by Camese in Latium, where they shared a kingdom. They married and had several children, among which the river god Tiberinus (after whom the river Tiber was named). Janus, as the first king of Latium, brought the people a time of peace and welfare; The Golden Age. He introduced money, cultivation of fields, and law. After his death he was defied and became the protecter of Rome.
He also had a temple on the Forum Olitorium, and in the first century another temple was built on the Forum of Nerva.
Janus was well-respected and highly-regarded as a god by the Romans, and so his dual-faced image could be found on many things ranging from city gates and Roman coins. Given his roles as the Guardian of Gates, his role as the God of Beginnings and the esteem of having the first month of the year in his honor, it is apparent that Janus played a significant role in Roman myth and religion.
–The Right Face to Percy Jackson about Annabeth's choice, in The Battle of the Labyrinth
Janus appears to Annabeth Chase and causes her great indecision about the choices she has to make. He tried to get her to choose one of the doors in the Labyrinth, but Hera interrupted and postponed her choice. Later, she tells Percy Jackson that the decision had to do with whether or not to trust Luke Castellan . He was also there, thousands of years ago, when the inventor and son of Athena , Daedalus , decided to kill his nephew, Perdix , rather than save him. At the end of the book, Mr. D stated that he had gone over to the Titans' side. He is never heard of again in the books.
Percy Jackson and the Staff of Hermes
After the Second Olympian War , Janus got a job for Network TV, being placed in charge of programming. However, being the god of beginnings and endings, he would constantly order new shows to be aired, then cancel them after only a few episodes. Hermes went to deliver a package to him, but was running late and left his caduceus in his vehicle. After asking Janus to sign for his package, he realized he no longer had his caduceus and went back for it, only to find it had been stolen. Hermes went to Percy to ask him to find it so he could finish his deliveries on time. After Percy returned Hermes' Symbol of Power , Hermes left to finish his deliveries, including the items meant for Janus.
Janus is revealed to be the father of Michael Varus .
Personality
Because of his dual form, Janus has dual personalities as well. His left head is generally a pessimist, and the right head is an optimist. Because of this, they often disagree a lot. One head also tends to lie, while the other tells the truth most of the time. Each head however often have the same goal of causing misfortune or indecision with those they meet. He almost forces Annabeth to make a deadly decision, but Hera steps in at the last moment and saves her from this dilemma.
Appearance
Janus has two faces on one head-one face looks eastward, the other one westward. To Percy , Annabeth , Grover , and Tyson , he looks like a doorman. It is impossible to look at both faces at once, reflecting on him being the god of choices.
Abilites
He has the standard powers of a god .
Janus is able to influence and progress the decisions that people make, as shown with Daedalus where he presents the options of letting Perdix die or saving him.
Trivia
In mythology, Janus is usually depicted as a Roman god of choices , not Greek, thus making him the first Roman god to appear in the both Percy Jackson and the Olympians and Heroes of Olympus.
Janus has a two-faced head that often bickers; one side is a pessimist and the other is an optimist.
A moon of Saturn is named after Janus.
The month January is named after him, as Janus is the god of beginnings and as January acts as a door to the New Year.
In Roman times his name would be spelt Ianvs, because the Romans did not have the letters J or U.
He is one of only two Roman gods to appear in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, the other being Pomona , the Roman goddess of plenty. However, Pomona only appears as an Automaton and not in her actual godly form like Janus.
He is one of few Roman Gods that have no Greek equivalent.
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Who is the mother of the actor and director Samuel West ? | Samuel West - Biography - IMDb
Samuel West
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Trivia (19) | Personal Quotes (3)
Overview (4)
6' (1.83 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Samuel West was born on June 19, 1966 in Hammersmith, London, England as Samuel Alexander Joseph West. He is known for his work on Van Helsing (2004), Notting Hill (1999) and Howards End (1992).
Trivia (19)
Hobbies include cooking, gardening, poker, and traveling. Collects stamps and board games.
Brother of Joseph West , younger half-brother of Juliet West.
Attended Oxford 1985-1988. BA honors English literature.
His mother, Prunella Scales , starred in the vastly popular British comedy series Fawlty Towers (1975) with John Cleese . Sam once said that in his teens he used to frequent the set and that Mr. Cleese would ask him if he had any good ideas for insults to put into the show.
He is a highly respected Shakespearean actor who has played both Richard II and Hamlet for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
He was awarded the John and Wendy Trewin Award for Best Shakespearian Performance at the 2001 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama) for his performance in Hamlet at the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Barbican Theatre.
Succeeded Michael Grandage as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres in 2005.
Resigned as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres in December 2006; will leave role in April 2007.
Has twice portrayed Prince Albert Victor Eddy (son of Edward VII) on television: first, as a child, in Edward the King (1975) and later as the Duke of Clarence in The Ripper (1997).
He played Eddy, HRH Prince Albert Victor of Wales, in both Edward the King (1975) and The Ripper (1997). His mother Prunella Scales later played Queen Victoria, Eddy's grandmother, in Looking for Victoria (2003).
He is a frequent co-star of his father, Timothy West . In many of the production in which they appear together, they play father and son.
He is a huge fan of Doctor Who (1963).
His mother, Prunella Scales , played Queen Elizabeth II in Screen One: A Question of Attribution (1991) about the life of Anthony Blunt. He played Blunt in Cambridge Spies (2003). He would later play Queen Elizabeth II's father King George VI in Hyde Park on Hudson (2012).
Performing in Harold Pinter 's play, "Betrayal", at the Donmar Warehouse, London as the character of "Robert". [June 2007]
Performing in a T.S. Eliot play, "Family Reunion", at the Donmar Warehouse in London as the character of "Harry". [November 2008]
Won the prestigious London Critic's Circle best Shakespearean performance award for playing 'Hamlet'.
| Prunella Scales |
Which Australian attraction is known as 'The Coathanger' ? | Samuel West interview: The actor and director on austerity, unionisation, and not mentioning his famous parents | The Independent
Profiles
Samuel West interview: The actor and director on austerity, unionisation, and not mentioning his famous parents
West is the son of Tim West and Prunella Scales, has starred in plays including 'Hamlet', 'Arcadia', 'Enron' and 'Betrayal', and was artistic director of Sheffield Theatres from 2005 to 2007
Saturday 25 April 2015 23:00 BST
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The Independent Online
West says: 'Culture is an essential part of what it is to be human. It teaches us empathy. It gives us a love of ideas' Getty Images
The arts aren't an add-on We have a real problem with the double squeeze of Arts Council cuts and local authority cuts. Ultimately the problems in today's society – truancy, crime, ill health, fundamentalism – are things that a well-funded arts sector can be part of a solution to. How is it possible to become a fundamentalist? By not seeing things from another's point of view. Well, that's what art lets you do.
Culture is an essential part of what it is to be human It teaches us empathy. It gives us a love of ideas. If that's "art for art's sake", I nail my colours to that mast. When a government is committed to shrinking the state, you have to use other arguments. If you want UK plc to be popular, you have to realise that a moribund high street can be rescued by an arts centre or gallery.
Don't tell me austerity is inevitable I chair the National Campaign for the Arts, campaigning for an increase in arts funding. Everyone says, "Don't be ridiculous, there's no money left." Well, there is money left, actually. Sweden has increased its proportion of public spending on the arts every year since 2008. Call these things "difficult choices", but the important word in that phrase is "choices".
There shouldn't be a bottom line There are things that are worth it despite not being profitable. Most people would include healthcare and education; I would include affordable access to the arts.
Inequality is growing It's partly because the unions aren't as strong, and that's because the media is overwhelmingly conservative and anti-union. When I'm directing, I try to make sure my cast is fully unionised: the only workplace where the boss insists that the workers join the union… There has been an amazing swing of power back to the employers. It has to change. It would be nice if it didn't change violently, but perhaps it will have to. I can't imagine the status quo carrying on for much longer; they are just taking the piss, frankly.
Inequality is bad for the rich as well It doesn't lead to happiness. It leads to insecurity, to isolation – a bizarre, monorail existence where you hover over the world. You look down on it, but you can never actually take part.
I tried not to mention my parents in the first 15 years of my career I didn't want to work with people who only took me on because of who my parents are.
There's a new joy in acting now that I'm also a director I love the bits that aren't my responsibility. When you're directing, almost everything stops with you. I remember when I was doing Enron, saying to [the director] Rupert Goold, "Gosh, this is a really difficult scene change…" And then, "Bye! I'm going home now!" That was such a pleasure. My job is simply to get into the shoes of a character, and that's quite enough.
I would certainly like to run a theatre again before I die Being artistic director of Sheffield Theatres was the hardest thing I'd ever done. Most of the pleasure came in retrospect, as with most difficult things. I'd never tried to be a good manager before – and I'm not sure I was, really.
Actor and director Samuel West, 48, the son of Tim West and Prunella Scales, has starred in plays including 'Hamlet', 'Arcadia', 'Enron' and 'Betrayal', and was artistic director of Sheffield Theatres from 2005 to 2007. His films include 'Howards End'. He lives in north London with the playwright Laura Wade and their daughter. West directs 'After Electra' at the Tricycle, London NW6, to 2 May, and appears in series three of 'Mr Selfridge', out on DVD now
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Which Australian attraction is also known as Uluru ? | What is Ayers Rock?
What is Ayers Rock?
What is Ayers Rock?
Ayers Rock is one of Australia’s most famous tourist icons. But what is Ayers Rock?
Ayers Rock comprises of a single piece of rock, almost 10kms in circumference and jutting out of the Northern Territory Outback. There is no other known geological feature in the world exactly like it, so it’s certainly considered a natural wonder and attracts the crowds to prove it.
For decades, tourists have been making the long journey to this remote site trying to find out just exactly what is Ayers Rock all about. Thousands of visitors travel some 460kms southwest of Alice Springs to see this remarkable lump of orange/brown sandstone that uniquely rises 350m from the flat plains of spinifex grass. Only the nearby Kata Tjuta, also known as The Olgas, offer anything similar in the region. Unlike Ayers Rock, they comprise of several sandstone mounds, which further add to the attraction of the area.
Ayers Rock is also known as Uluru, the name given to it by the local Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal tribe long before surveyor William Gosse named it in honour of South Australia Chief Secretary Henry Ayers in 1873. Today, the Aborigines own and administer the land on which the rock stands and, since they attach spiritual significance to it, they prefer visitors not to climb it.
A trip to Ayers Rock usually involves a five-hour drive from Alice Springs, in addition to a flight or an even longer drive, and therefore most people stay overnight. This is usually done in campsites or local resorts. One of the highlights of a visit is experiencing the changing colours of the rock at sunset and sunrise. At midday, temperatures can top 35°C during the summer months, so it’s best to plan to be indoors at the local Yulara resort town at this time.
Ayers Rock is a World Heritage site, and one of several worthwhile attractions near Alice Springs, including Kings Canyon and a number of intriguing landscapes. An air strip makes it possible to fly directly to the site.
Map of Australia's Red Centre
Uluru / Ayers Rock
Uluru Experiences
Experiences at Uluru + Kata Tjuta
Most visitors would have seen photos featuring Uluru, but nothing prepares you for the experience of being exposed to this expansive living cultural landscape. Experience many wonderful features of this region, including Uluru or Ayers Rock, and Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas.
| Uluru |
The Statue of Zeus, sculpted by Phidias , was located at which place in Greece ? | Ayers Rock (Uluru) | Quickbeds
Each infant must travel with at least one adult
The total number of travellers can't be more then 9
Each room must have at least one adult.
Check-out date must be after check-in date.
Please confirm that all travellers are residents of Australia.
Please select the age of each child.
Ayers Rock (Uluru)
Cheap Hotels and Accommodation
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone formation standing 348m above the ground and is one of the great Australian attractions. This million year old natural wonder attracts visitors from all over the world. One of the most amazing features of Uluru is that the colours of the rock change depending on the sunlight at different times of the day. This is something you can only experience to fully understand.
Uluru has an amazing walking track around the base allowing you to experience the whole rock formation. The whole area is rich with indigenous culture and you’ll see many rock and cave paintings. The Cultural Centre at Yulara has a good selection of shops where you can pick up local Indigenous art and souvenirs and learn more about the creation stories.
This world-heritage listed wonder sits in the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park and lies 335 km south west of Alice Springs, 450 km by road. Kata Tjuta is the traditional name for Mount Olga or The Olgas, which are located 25km west of Uluru. The nearby town Yulara has been built to provide accommodation and supplies for locals and tourists visiting Uluru. Quickbeds has a great selection of hotels and accommodation in Yulara near Uluru. One option is to fly into Ayers Rock Airport (also known as Connellan Airport) or fly into Alice Springs and drive through outback Northern Territory to Yulara and experience the outback.
Amazing experiences you can have in the region include helicopter flights over Uluru and Kings Canyon, camel rides at sunset or the amazing Sails in the Desert dinner under the stars. This will be an unforgettable holiday experience.
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Which island group in the Indian Ocean, a popular tourist destination, has the city of Victoria as its capital ? | Seychelles Islands – Tourist Destinations
Top 10 Grand Boulevard in the World
October 3, 2014
The republic of Seychelles is an island state comprised of an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean about 1500km. off the coast of East Africa, northeast of Madagascar . The 115 islands are divided into the following six groups: the inner Seychelles, Aldabra Islands, Amirante islands, Alphonse group, Farquhar group, and southern coral group.
To reach the country you can fly to the only airport in the republic: the only international airport. Once on the islands transport is mainly by the boats and the light aircrafts. The main languages spoken here are Seychellois Creole, English and French. The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small and the temperature varies little throughout the year.
Vallee de Mai national park is one of the most amazing national parks in world and a renowned world heritage site. The animals here are so diverse and amazingly beautiful. There is no entrance fee to the park for the locals; however foreigners pay a little fee of about 20 Euros as per September 2010.
Come and wonder at astonishing creation. Aldabra Atoll is the world’s largest coral atoll that stretches about 22 miles east to west and encloses a huge tidal lagoon. On a trip with one of local guides you will be delighted with some of the tales associated with the coral atoll. Aldabra is also the original home of the giant land tortoise and tiger sharks and manta rays can also often be seen here.
With such a wealth history, the Seychelles is doted with several museums which are helping preserve the delicate past of this little Indian Ocean republic. A visit to one of the museum is always recommended whenever on a visit to the Seychelles. More information can be found in the tourism agencies within Victoria City.
The alluring blue Indian Ocean makes Seychelles the perfect place for the water enthusiasts. Have fun on the board of a yacht, power boat, catamaran or sailboat. Windsurfing is also popular water sport especially during the months of May up to October Scuba diving and fishing are popular water sports and can be done deep into the ocean.
Nothing is as spectacular as the marine life around the Seychelles islands especially the more remote corals islands. With more than 1000 species of the fish having been recorded the marine life here can no behave a parallel with anywhere else in color and splendor.
Horseback riding, golf, tennis, squash, badminton biking and hiking are some of the recreational sports available on the Seychelles Islands. On the islands the distances are relatively short. This makes walking, biking and horseback riding some of the best means for sight seeing. Bicycle and horse hire services are also easily available. Home to more than 300,000 birds, the Seychelles is a bird watchers paradise. No wonder bird watching is a very popular activity.
Here the most popular Nightclub is called the “Lovenut” in the centre of Victoria, 100 meters walk from central Taxi station. There are several other night clubs with an array of music all for different situation. The music also varied with some clubs playing popular western music. Concerts highlighted with international artistes are also a popular feature of the night entertainment.
2011-06-17
| Seychelles |
Which herb is principally associated with Bearnaise sauce ? | Victoria City Map, Capital of Seychelles
Vauxhall Clock Tower, Victoria National Museum of History, Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Market, Victoria Natural History Museum
About City :
Victoria, named after Queen Victoria of England, is the capital of Seychelles. It has a population of over 25,000 and is the trade center as well as the principal port of the archipelago. It majorly deals in exports of vanilla, tortoise shells, soaps, coconuts, etc. English, Creole and French are the most prevalent languages here.
The French first settled in this area in the year 1778 until it was handed over to the British in 1811 under the Treaty of Paris. The British established various estates of cotton, several food crops and sugar cane. In 1903, Victoria was established as the capital of Seychelles when the country became a Crown Colony. Seychelles gained its independence in 1976. Victoria incurred a lot of damage during the 2004 earthquake including the collapse of one of its biggest bridges.
Geography :
Victoria is situated at the north eastern coast of the island of Mahé on the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of about 155 sq km. The city is divided into three districts, namely, English River, Saint Louis and Mont Fleuri where English River is the innermost part of the city.
How to Reach (Transport) :
Victoria is served by the Seychelles International Airport which is located at a distance of 11 km from the city. It operates flights to and from cities like Bangkok, Frankfurt, Dubai, Rome, Paris, Nairobi and Milan. Buses and taxis to the city are readily available outside the airport.
Inside the city, bicycles are the most popular means of transport and can be rented at various shops around the city. One can avail of taxis or buses, the latter being cheaper but definitely slower and more crowded than the former. Taxis are usually metered although they can be hired for an entire day for which a previously negotiated price would be safer.
When to Visit :
Victoria features a tropical climate with high humidity and has a uniform temperature between 22 degree Celsius and 31 degree Celsius throughout the year. The city is sunny and dry from May to September which makes it the ideal tourist season. However, one can even visit in the rainy season during the months between October and April which is perfect for marine sports and windsurfing.
Fairs and Festivals :
Victoria celebrates the wealth of culture and heritage unique to Seychelles. Some of the popular festivals celebrated in this city are as listed :
Carnaval International de Victoria, held in April, is one of the most vibrant festivals in the country. It is celebrated over a period of two days and a colorful parade.
Thaipusam Kavadi, celebrated in January and February, is a predominantly Hindu festival when the people of this community gather in the city to offer pots of milk to Lord Murugan, their warrior deity.
Festival Kreol, celebrated in October, is a musical festival and one of the biggest cultural events of the country. It is held over a week and is characterized by vibrant colors and flavors of the Creole community.
The other festivals of the city are Zikanzil International Festival of Music, Christmas, All Saints’ Day and Independence Day.
Points of Interest (Places to Visit) : Victoria has several beaches nearby and also many colonial buildings. Its architecture truly reflects it cultural diversity, natural beauty and traditions. Some of the must see places to see in this small city are listed below:
Botanical Gardens, located at a short distance from the city center, have several song birds, streams and beautiful gardens. Some of the rare fruit and spice trees are found here besides the palms and orchids it is famous for.
Natural History Museum, located at the Independence Avenue, is one of the most popular tourist spots. It houses several exhibits related to the extinct flora and fauna of the country.
Beau Vallon Beach, located about 3 km away from the city is a white sand beach full of coconut palms as well as a brilliant waterfront. It is a popular snorkeling and scuba diving spot making it an ideal tourist destination.
St Paul’s Cathedral, built on the site of the very first Seychelles church, is an example of colonial architecture.
Other spots to see in this city are the SPUP Museum, Arulmiqu Navasakti Vinayagar Temple and the Courthouse.
Accommodation :
Victoria has both budget and luxury accommodation as per as the requirement. Sunrise Small Hotel, Calypha Guesthouse, Chez Lorna and Le Triskell are some of the popular bed and breakfasts which offer clean and comfortable accommodation for a very reasonable price. Hotel Bel Air and Le Jardin des Palmes are the popular mid-range hotels in the area. Le Jardin des Palmes is a resort surrounded by beautiful beaches and offers facilities like pools, open bathrooms, restaurants and has clean and comfortable rooms. The Wharf Hotel and Marina is a four star hotel close to the Grand Anse Beach as well as Barbarons Beach and offers spa and other recreational activities. For a longer stay, there are many comfortable and fully furnished apartments in Eden Islands, about ten minutes from the city.
Last Updated : February 22, 2014
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Which sport, known as jeu de paume in France , is still played at Hampton Court Palace ? | real tennis | sport | Britannica.com
Real tennis
Alternative Titles: court tennis, jeu de paume, royal tennis
Similar Topics
platform tennis
Real tennis, also called Court Tennis, or Royal Tennis, racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume (“game of the palm”). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, but the game has become almost completely obscured by its own descendant, lawn tennis. Although real tennis contributed its name and scoring system to lawn tennis, real tennis is now played at fewer than 30 courts in the world. The court at Hampton Court palace, where Henry VIII played, is still used occasionally.
Real tennis is played on an indoor court with four irregularly sized walls, using pear-shaped, lopsided rackets to hit cloth balls that are much harder than those used in lawn tennis. Roofs to the court slope over a net that is 1.5 m (5 feet) high at its sides and 0.9 m (3 feet) in the middle. The construction of a court is complex and difficult, and the declining number of players discourages the building of new courts. The world real tennis championship is decided by challenge match, in which a player challenges the champion to defend his title. Pierre Etchebaster held the world title from 1938 to 1954, when he retired at the age of 61.
Learn More in these related articles:
| Real tennis |
The American microbiologist Albert Bruce Sabin is noted for his invention of a vaccine, usually known by his name, for which once-common condition? | TENNIS
TENNIS
Tennis is a game played indoors or outdoors by two players (singles) or four players (doubles) on a level court, which may be of grass, tarmac or manmade surfaces. The object of the game is to hit a rubber inflated ball into your opponents court, over a net of a fixed height, such that your opponent fails to return the ball.
The game of tennis is the same everywhere in principle. The name given to the game differs in different countries. In Great Britain it is called Tennis or, to distinguish it from Lawn Tennis, Real Tennis or Royal Tennis. In the USA it is called Court Tennis: in France Jeu de Paume (hand ball): and in Australia Royal Tennis. The various names throw light on the development of the game. Tennis was played in 5th century Tuscany when villagers used to strike balls up and down the streets with bare hands.
How it all began
Some people believe that that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans played different versions of tennis. Drawings and descriptions of any tennis-like games have not been discovered, but a few Arabic words dating from ancient Egyptian times are cited as evidence. The theory goes that the name tennis derives from the Egyptian town of Tinnis alongside the Nile and the word racquet evolved from the Arabic word for palm of the hand, rahat.
Aside from these two words, evidence for any form of tennis preceding the year 1000 is lacking, and most historians credit the first origins of the game to 11th or 12th century French monks, who began playing a crude handball against their monastery walls or over a rope strung across a courtyard. The game took on the name jeu de paume, which means "game of the hand." Many who dispute more ancient origins argue that tennis derived from the French tenez, which meant something to the effect of "take this," said as one player would serve to the other.
As the game became more popular, courtyard playing areas began to be modified into indoor courts, where the ball was still played off the walls. After bare hands were found too uncomfortable, players began using a glove, then either a glove with webbing between the fingers or a solid paddle, followed by webbing attached to a handle--essentially a racquet. Rubber balls were still centuries away, so the ball was a wad of hair, wool, or cork wrapped in string and cloth or leather, then in later years, hand-stitched in felt to look something like a modern baseball.
The nobility learned the game from the monks, and some accounts report as many as 1800 courts in France by the 13th century. The game became such a popular diversion, both the Pope and Louis IV tried unsuccessfully to ban it. It soon spread to England, where both Henry VII and Henry VIII were avid players who promoted the building of more courts.
By the year 1500, a wooden frame racquet strung with sheep gut was in common use, as was a cork-cored ball weighing around three ounces. The early tennis courts were quite different from the modern "lawn tennis" court most of us are used to. The early game matured into what is now called "real tennis," and England's Hampton Court, built in 1625, is still used today. Only a handful of such courts remain. It's a narrow, indoor court where the ball is played off walls that include a number of openings and oddly angled surfaces toward which the players aim for various strategic purposes. The net is five feet high on the ends, but three feet in the middle, creating a pronounced droop.
The game's popularity dwindled almost to zero during the 1700s, but in 1850, Charles Goodyear invented a vulcanization process for rubber, and during the 1850s, players began to experiment with using the bouncier rubber balls outdoors on grass. An outdoor game was, of course, completely different from an indoor game played off walls, so several new sets of rules were formulated.
LAWN TENNIS ORIGINS
Unlike most other sports, lawn tennis has precise origins. An Englishman, Major Walter C. Wingfield, invented lawn tennis (1873) and first played it at a garden party in Wales. Called �Sphairistik� [Gr.,=ball playing] by its inventor, the early game was played on an hourglass-shaped court, widest at the baselines and narrowest at the net. In creating the new sport, Wingfield borrowed heavily from the older games of court tennis and squash racquets and probably even from the Indian game of badminton.
In 1874, Major Wingfield patented in London the equipment and rules for a game fairly similar to modern tennis. In the same year, the first courts appeared in the United States. By the following year, equipment sets had been sold for use in Russia, India, Canada, and China.
Croquet was highly popular at this time, and the smooth croquet courts proved readily adaptable for tennis. Wingfield's original court had the shape of an hourglass, narrowest at the net, and it was shorter than the modern court. His rules were subjected to considerable criticism, and he revised them in 1875, but he soon left the further development of the game to others.
In 1877, the All England Club held the first Wimbledon tournament, and its tournament committee came up with a rectangular court and a set of rules that are essentially the game we know today. The net was still five feet high at the sides, a carryover from the game's indoor ancestor, and the service boxes were 26 feet deep, but by 1882, the specifications had evolved to their current form.
COURT TENNIS
Court tennis is also known as royal tennis. It originated in France during the Middle Ages and became a favorite of British royalty, including Henry VIII. The progression from court tennis, which used an unresilient sheepskin ball filled with sawdust, sand, or wool, to lawn tennis depended upon invention of a ball that would bounce.
Lawn tennis caught on quickly in Great Britain, and soon the All England Croquet Club at Wimbledon held the first world tennis championship (1877). Restricted to male players, that event became the famous Wimbledon Tournament for the British National Championship, still the most prestigious event in tennis. In 1884 Wimbledon inaugurated a women's championship. Soon the game became popular in many parts of the British Empire, especially in Australia.
Tennis spread to the United States by way of Bermuda. While vacationing there, Mary Ewing Outerbridge of New York was introduced (1874) to the game by a friend of Wingfield. She returned to the United States with a net, balls, and rackets, and with the help of her brother, set up a tennis court in Staten Island, N.Y. The first National Championship, for men only, was held (1881) at Newport, R.I. A women's championship was begun six years later, and in 1915 the National Championship moved to Forest Hills, N.Y. Since 1978 the National Tennis Center in Flushing, N.Y., has hosted the event (known as the U.S. Open). The Tennis Hall of Fame is in Newport, R.I.
In Great Britain, as in France, royal patronage ensured the continued popularity of the game. French Kings in the 16th century and Stuart Kings in the 17th century were enthusiastic players. George IV (1763-1830), Prince Albert (1819-1861) - there is a locker in the changing room at Hampton Court Palace which still bears his name - Edward VII (1842-1910) and George V (1866-1936) have all supported the game.
Lawn Tennis, which derived from Real Tennis in about 1874, is played on a marked-out surface without side or end walls. Court Tennis, to use the American name for Tennis, indicates that Tennis is played in a specially court with walls on four sides.
Pete Sampras
No two tennis courts are exactly alike. That at Hampton Court is marginally wider than others. Other differences occur in the width or angle of the penthouse roof above the corridor and in the width of the tambour.
The number of courts has risen in the last thirty years. There are now 27 in Britain, 10 in the USA, 3 in France and 6 in Australia. There are not more than a few thousand players in the world; but they make up in keeness for any lack of numbers. There are amateur, professional open and world competitions.
Rules and Equipment
Lawn tennis was originally played on grass courts, but most major events are now played on courts of hard, composite materials; exceptions include Wimbledon, played on grass, and the French Open, played on clay. In singles play the court measures 78 ft by 27 ft (23.8 m by 8.2 m). The court is divided in half by a net 3 ft (91 cm) high in the middle and 3.5 ft (1.1 m) high at the end posts. On either side of the net lie the forecourts, each of which contains two adjacent service courts measuring 21 ft by 13.5 ft (6.4 m by 4.1 m) each. A backcourt 18 ft (5.5 m) long adjoins each forecourt. A base line that runs parallel to the net terminates the playing court. In doubles play, 4 1/2-foot-wide (1.4-m) alleys flanking either side of the court perpendicular to the net are also in play.
Play is directed toward hitting the inflated rubber, felt-covered, unstitched ball (slightly smaller than a baseball) with a racket�oval headed, originally 27 in. (68.58 cm) long but now usually longer, the hitting surface strung with resilient fiber�into the opponent's court so that it may not be returned. One player serves an entire game and is given two service tries each time the ball is put in play. The ball is served diagonally from behind the base line so that it bounces beyond the net, in the opposite service court. A let ball (one that caroms off the top of the net into the proper service court) does not count as a fault (bad serve). Service alternates after points, between the right- and left-hand courts. After the first game and all odd-numbered games, the players change ends of the court.
Once the serve puts the ball in play, players may hit it into any part of the opponent's court until a point is scored. Rallies won by either player score points. Scoring progresses from love (zero) to 15 (first point), to 30, then 40. The point scored after 40 wins the game, but when the game goes to deuce (tied at 40�40) a player must go two points ahead to win it. The first player to win six games takes the set, provided the opposing player has won no more than four games.
Traditionally, after the players were tied at five games all, the first to go two games ahead won the set. In 1970, however, the United States Lawn Tennis Association (founded 1881 and now simply the United States Tennis Association), the sport's national governing body, initiated an abbreviated method, called the tie-breaker, for deciding deadlocked sets. In a tie-breaker, the first player to win seven points wins the set, provided the opponent trails by at least two points. Only in the deciding set of major championship matches outside the United States is the original two-game margin of victory retained.
The best two out of three sets wins most professional matches; the best three out of five sets wins a late-round match in men's play in major championships. An umpire calls play, and in important matches a net judge, foot-fault judges, and linesmen often assist.
The Professionalization of Tournament Tennis
In 1900 the international team competition known as the Davis Cup tournament began. Along with the Wightman Cup (begun 1923), an annual tournament between British and American women's teams, the Davis Cup helped to focus international attention on tennis. In 1963, a women's Davis Cup equivalent, the Federation Cup, usurped the prestige of the Wightman Cup. In the first decades of the 1900s tennis was primarily a sport of the country club set. The widespread construction of courts on school and community playgrounds in the 1930s (many built by the federal government's New Deal agencies) helped to make tennis more accessible to the public.
When the professional game showed itself to be profitable in the late 1920s, a number of amateur players joined the tour. One of the first to do so was William Tilden, perhaps the greatest player in the history of tennis. Before Tilden turned pro (1931), he won a total of seven United States singles championships and three Wimbledon championships.
The continued defection of amateur players into the professional ranks was one of the factors that led amateur tennis's world governing body, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF, founded 1913), to open its tournaments to both professionals and amateurs in 1968. For many years the major ILTF-sponsored tournaments, including Wimbledon and the U.S. National Championship, had been restricted to amateurs. With the advent of open tennis, however, the great professionals were allowed to compete for the major titles. Eventually, the Davis Cup also allowed professionals.
The four major annual tournaments in international tennis are Wimbledon, the Australian Open, the French Open, and the U.S. Open. Winning all four in the same year is called a grand slam. Only Don Budge (1938), Rod Laver (1962, 1969), Maureen Connolly (1953), Margaret Court (1970), and Steffi Graf (1988) have won grand slams. In 1971, the establishment of a women-only professional tour gave female pros financial parity with their male counterparts. In the same year Billie Jean King became the first woman athlete in any sport to earn more than $100,000 in one year. In the 1970s a team league, World Team Tennis, operated for several years, but was unsuccessful. The professional tour remains the most visible focus for the sport, its major tournaments surpassing in prestige even competition in the Olympics, which added tennis in 1988.
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Who is the mother of actress Rachel Stirling ? | Rachael Stirling: I wish I'd asked my mother about starring in a lesbian drama - Telegraph
Celebrity news
Rachael Stirling: I wish I'd asked my mother about starring in a lesbian drama
Rachael Stirling, daughter of Dame Diana Rigg, said she was offered little "after-care" following the risqué role in Tipping The Velvet which turned her into tabloid fodder.
Rachael Stirling and Keeley Hawes in Tipping The Velvet, which caused a tabloid storm Photo: BBC
By Anita Singh, Showbusiness Editor
7:00AM BST 27 Aug 2012
When Rachael Stirling was offered a role in lesbian drama series Tipping The Velvet, she didn’t think to consult her mother first.
Had she known the drama’s risqué scenes would cause a tabloid storm and leave her struggling to be taken seriously as an actress, she would have done things differently. Stirling’s mother is Dame Diana Rigg, who knows a thing or two about life as a reluctant sex symbol after playing Emma Peel in The Avengers.
“The tabloids had a field day with Tipping The Velvet, which was great for the viewing figures but not necessarily for the actors involved,” Stirling said.
“It was a brilliant project and I don’t regret it, but there wasn’t a lot of aftercare and the long-term effects weren’t considered. Nobody sat down and said that you might find it hard to be taken seriously as an actor afterwards.
“I should have asked my ma’s advice, but I was such a proud little bunny in those days.”
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Stripping for the cameras 'was so freeing'
25 Aug 2012
Stirling co-starred with Keeley Hawes in Tipping The Velvet, a story of lesbian love in Victorian England based on the novel by Sarah Waters.
It was broadcast by the BBC in 2002 and adapted by Andrew Davies, the screenwriter, who famously dubbed it “Pride and Prejudice with dirty bits”.
Stirling was a little-known actress when she got the part. She told a Sunday newspaper: “I was raised to please people in authority and I’d also come from a sheltered boarding school, so I was very naive and young for my years.
“So when the producer of Tipping The Velvet said, ‘We chose you because we knew you’d swing naked from the nearest chandelier’, I should have realised he wasn’t offering me the role because I was deeply important and talented.
“Now I’ve done the graft and I’ve worked with great directors and actors, I feel a lot more prepared to handle the limelight and make the right choices in my career because God knows that I’ve made some dodgy ones.”
Nearly 40 years earlier, Stirling’s mother was faced with something similar when she played Emma Peel, the high-kicking spy in a leather catsuit.
Dame Diana told one interviewer: “There is always one thing that turns you into an icon, an iconic image, in my case a catsuit. But the icon 40 years later doesn't really want to know because it's not relevant to me.
“I was grateful because it catapulted me into stage stardom. It was good. I'm not ashamed of it. But I only did it for two years. When it came out, I was suddenly famous. It was startling. From being anonymous, I was mobbed.”
Stirling, 35, concentrated on theatre after Tipping The Velvet and has garnered two Olivier Award nominations. Her next screen role is a 1950s-set ITV drama, The Bletchley Circle, in which she plays a former codebreaker who reunites with former colleagues to solve a series of murders.
She and Dame Diana, 74, recently worked together for the first time. They will appear in a forthcoming episode of Doctor Who, called The Crimson Horror.
Last year, Stirling left acting temporarily and took a job as a barmaid.
She worked in a pub after splitting from her fiance, Oliver Chris, a fellow actor. “I went and pulled pints in a pub for five months. I cleared vomit off the stairs and got leered at by all sorts of unsuitable men. But the camaraderie was fantastic and time out from everything was exactly what I needed,” she said.
Of the broken engagement, she said: “I loved him and I wanted to make him happy but, actually, if every time somebody asks you about your wedding plans you burst into tears, then you are probably not doing OK. And every bone in my body and every instinct was telling me that this marriage wasn’t right.”
| Diana Rigg |
Who was the last U.S. astronaut to go alone into space ? | Rachael Stirling
Rachael Atlanta Stirling (born 30 May 1977) is an English stage, film and television actress best known for her performance as Nancy Astley in the BBC drama Tipping the Velvet. She is the daughter of actress Dame Diana Rigg and Archie Stirling.
Rachael Stirling was born to Dame Diana Rigg and Archie Stirling on 30 May 1977. As the daughter of Archie Stirling, she has a long line of ancestry from the Scottish parish of Lecropt, near her namesake city of Stirling. She attended Wycombe Abbey School and Edinburgh University, where she gained a BA in the History of Art.
Stirling can also speak Russian and is highly skilled at horse-riding and jumping
Stirling made her first major appearance on stage in 1996 as Desdemona in the National Youth Theatre revival of Othello at the Arts Theatre opposite Chiwetel Ejiofor in the title role. A year later, again at the Arts Theatre with the NYT, she played Olive in the female version of The Odd Couple; while in 1998, portraying Kate in Dancing at Lughnasa for NYT at the Arts, she gave what The Stage reviewer described as "a performance of exceptional promise and authority."
Her first screen appearance was in the 1998 British comedy film Still Crazy (starring Stephen Rea, Billy Connolly, Timothy Spall and Jimmy Nail).
Other film projects have included Maybe Baby, Complicity (with her Tipping the Velvet co-star Keeley Hawes), Another Life (with Vanity Fair actress Natasha Little), The Triumph of Love (starring Mira Sorvino), and Redemption Road.
Her first TV break was in 2000 when she played the young Rebeccah in the American made-for-television movie In the Beginning, which charted God's creation of the universe and mankind, opposite Jacqueline Bisset and Art Malik.
She continues to be active in the theatre, covering a diversity of roles in plays such as Dusty Hughes' Helpless (Donmar Warehouse, 2000); A Woman of No Importance (Theatre Royal Haymarket, 2003); Anna in the Tropics (Hampstead Theatre, 2004); Tamburlaine (Bristol Old Vic and Barbican, 2005); and she followed in her mother's footsteps, bringing an alluring erotic charge to her performance as Miranda Lionheart in the National Theatre stage version of Theatre of Blood (2005).
In 2006, for the Peter Hall Company at the Bath Theatre Royal, she played Helena in Peter Gill's revival of Look Back in Anger; while in 2007 at Wilton's Music Hall in London, she starred as Yelena in David Mamet's version of Uncle Vanya [1], and as a fiercely intelligent Katherine in The Taming of the Shrew
Rachael Stirling
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Name the only English monarch to belong to the House of Blois. | English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England.
English Monarchs
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Welcome to English Monarchs
This site is designed to bring to life, as vividly as possible, the history of the Kings and Queens of England from Egbert, first King of the English, who reigned 802-839 A.D., through over a thousand years of the rich and varied tapestry of England's history to the throne's present occupant, Elizabeth II. It contains a short biography of each English monarch along with many illustrations, maps (where applicable) and genealogical tables, in an easy to follow format arranged by dynasties. We also take a look at the Tower of London, the Crown Jewels and the royal residences.
This history covers all England's early Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings, including Alfred, the only English monarch ever to be called the Great.
Our section on the Normans includes the tumultuous events of 1066, which changed the course of English history. The reign of the stark and ruthless William I, the Conqueror and the Civil War which engulfed England as two of his grandchildren, Stephen and Matilda, became locked in a bitter struggle for the crown.
The Plantagenets, who followed the Normans, were a remarkable family, they produced such characters as the energetic Henry II, arguably one of the ablest of English Monarchs and his son, the legendary Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade into the Holy land.
The Plantagenets finally destroyed themselves in a bloody dynastic struggle which we know of as the Wars of the Roses. This section also looks at the evidence and historical controversy as to whether England's last Plantagenet monarch, Richard III, actually murdered his nephews, the so-called Princes in the Tower, to gain possession of the crown.
Our history of the Tudors includes that best known of English Monarchs, the tyrannical and bloodstained Henry VIII, who is famous for marrying six wives and executing two of them. His great daughter, Elizabeth I, highly astute and wily she survived an appalling childhood and adolescence to emerge as the ablest of the Tudors and led England to victory over the Spanish, the greatest power of the age.
Our history of the Stuarts, that highly romantic but luckless dynasty, who were to rule over the joint kingdoms of England and Scotland includes, amongst much more, the English Civil War, the execution of Charles I by Oliver Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II, the Merry Monarch, famous for his many mistresses and his long liaison with Nell Gwynne. It also contains a section on the Stuart Pretenders, one of whom was the courageous but impulsive Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Our biographies of the German Hanoverian dynasty includes an examination of the madness of George III and puts forward modern claims that he suffered from a metabolic condition, porphyria. This section of our history also covers the long reign of that endearing if stubborn British Monarch, Queen Victoria, which saw Britain rise as a world power.
Last but not least our history culminates in the story of Britain's modern day dynasty, the House of Windsor (formerly Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). We take a close look at the large family of Queen Victoria and the eight of her grandchildren who sat on the thrones of Europe. This section also includes a page on the popular Diana, Princess of Wales and the the enquiry into her tragic death.
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Who wrote the orchestral work Carnival of the Animals in 1886 ? | The French Royal Family: A Genealogy
Isabelle (1292-1357) ~1308 Edward II, king of England
Second House of Anjou
Charles (1226-85), comte d'Anjou et du Maine 1246: France on a bordure gules castles or
(1247), France a label gules
(1259), king of Naples and Jerusalem
(1265)
~ Béatrice de Provence (1234-67)
Louis (1248-48)
Charles II (1254-1309), prince of Salerno: Anjou overall a bend (N), 1285 king of Naples and Jerusalem: perpale Anjou and Jerusalem
~1270 Maria (d.1323) dau.of King Stephen V of Hungary
Charles I (1271-1295), king of Hungary: quarterly Anjou/France and Hungary (barry of eight gules and argent) (N)
~1281 Klementia of Habsburg (d.1301)
Charles II (1288-1342), king of Hungary: per pale France and Hungary (N)
~1306 Maria (d. 1315) dau.of Duke Casimir II of Silesia-Beuthen
~1318 Beatrix de Luxembourg (1305-1319) dau.of Emperor Heinrich VII
~1320 Elisabeth (1305-1380) dau.of King Ladislas I of Poland
.... (1319-1319)
Jeanne (1556-56)
Third House of Anjou
Louis of France (1339-83), duc d'Anjou: France ancient a bordure gules, adopted 1380 by Queen Giovanna I of Naples, King of Naples, Sicily & Jerusalem 1382: per pale Jerusalem and per pale Naples (France a label gules) and Anjou (France a bordure gules) (N)
~1430 Marie, comtesse de Blois et de Guise (1343-1404)
Louis II (1377-1417), duc d'Anjou, King of Naples
~1400 Yolanda of Aragon (1384-1443)
Louis III (1403-34), duc d'Anjou, King of Naples (adopted by Queen Giovanna II of Naples 1423)
~1432 Marguerite de Savoie (1416-79)
René (1409-80), adopted by Giovanna II 1434, king of Naples and Jerusalem 1435: quarterly Anjou (France a bordure gules) and Naples (tierced per pale Hungary, France a label gules and Jerusalem) (N), etc; duc de Lorraine 1431-53: quarterly Anjou and Bar overall Lorraine
~1420 Isabelle, duchesse de Lorraine (1400-53)
Jean II (1425-70), duc de Lorraine 1453, titular King of Naples, also claimant to Aragon by his grandmother: quarterly of six in two rows Hungary, Naples, Jerusalem, Anjou, Bar, Lorraine, overall Aragon. (N)
~1444 Marie de Bourbon (�1448) dau.of Duc Charles I de Bourbon
René (1446-?)
Louise (1812-50), Mademoiselle de Chartres ~ Léopold I, king of the Belgians
Marie (1813-39), Mademoiselle de Valois ~ Alexander, duke of Wurtemberg
Françoise (1816-18), Mademoiselle de Montpensier
Clémentine (1817-1907), Mademoiselle de Beaujolais ~ August, prince of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha
House of Orléans-Bragança
This branch of the Orléans family became heir to the claims on the throne of Brazil. They are not French citizens and have no claims to the throne of France (see the relevant documents ).
Gaston (1842-1922), comte d'Eu ~ Isabella de Bragança (1846-1921)
Pedro de Alcantara d'Orléans-Bragança (1875-1940), prince of Grão Para, renounced his rights 1908
~ Élisabeth Dobrzensky of Dobrzenicz (1875-1951)
Pedro Gastão (b. 1913)
Luis Fernando (1888-1945) ~ Marie Say
Louis (1867-74)
Isabella (1848-94), infanta of Spain ~ Philippe d'Orléans, comte de Paris
Amelia (1851-70)
Maria de la Mercedes (1860-78) ~ Alfonso XII, king of Spain
House of Bourbon-Condé and Bourbon-Conti
The title of the head of the house of Condé was "prince de Condé", from the seigneurie of Condé. After the accession of Henri IV, the prince de Condé was "Premier Prince du Sang", and remained so until the death of Henri III Jules in 1709. The usual manner of referring to him was "Monsieur le Prince" under Louis XIV. After 1709, the duc d'Orléans took the title of Premier Prince du Sang, and the prince de Condé, to whom the title of duc de Bourbon had been given in 1661 by Louis XIV, took it as main title, and was called "Monsieur le Duc". The last two of the line were known as princes de Condé again.
The eldest son of the prince de Condé took the title of duc d'Enghien. The eldest son of the prince de Conti took the title of comte de La Marche. The son of the last Condé, the duc d'Enghien, was kidnapped at night in German territory by a French platoon, summarily judged in Paris and executed the same night at Vincennes, all on orders of Napoléon Bonaparte.
Henri (1552-88), prince de Condé, duc d'Enghien 1567 France a baton [couped] gules
~ Marie de Clèves (�1574)
Éléonore (1587-1619) ~ Philippe-Guillaume of Nassau, prince of Orange
Bastard and Illegitimate Lines
Summary information is provided here. The heraldry of illegitimacy is quite interesting, as marks of illegitimacy have been quite varied and imaginative over time (see Woodward's excellent chapter in his Treatise on Heraldry).
Kings and princes are known to have had illegitimate offspring since the 11th century, and they even started legitimating their natural children in the 15th c. The first known example is Marguerite, daughter of Charles VI, legitimated 1428; the issuing line of Belleville became extinct in 1587.
Charles VII had three children by Agnès Sorel, the first famous royal mistress: Charlotte (�1477) (killed by her husband Jacques de Brézé when he found her in adultery), Marguerite (�1473) married to Olivier de Coétivy, and Jeanne married to Antoine de Bueil, comte de Sancerre.
Louis XI had natural children, of which Jeanne (�1519), dame de Mirebeau, was legitimated in 1465 and married to Louis, bâtard de Bourbon; Marie, married to Aymar de Poitiers and from whom Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri II, is descended. Henri II had Diane de France (1538-1619), legitimated in 1548, duchesse de Châtellerault 1563-82, duchesse d'Étampes 1576, duchesse d'Angoulême 1582, s.p. He also had Henri de Saint-Rémy, bâtard de Valois (1557-1621), baron de Fontette: Argent on a fess azure three fleurs-de-lys or (PA), whose posterity included Jeanne de La Motte-Valois involved in the Necklace Affair in the late 18th c.
Charles IX had by Marie Touchet:
Charles de Valois (1573-1650), duc d'Angoulême in 1619: France a baton couped in bend sinister or
~ Charlotte de Montmorency (�1636), comtesse de Fleix
Louis (�1653), duc d'Angoulême
Gabrielle-Angélique de Bourbon (1603-27), Mademoiselle de Verneuil, leg. 1622, ~ Bernard de La Valette, duc d'Épernon
By Jacqueline de Bueil (c.1580-1652), comtesse de Moret 1604
Antoine de Bourbon (1607-32), leg. 1608, comte de Moret
By Charlotte des Essarts (c.1580-1651), comtesse de Romorantin
Jeanne-Baptiste de Bourbon (1608-70),leg. 1608, abbesse de Fontevrault
Marie-Henriette de Bourbon (1608-29), abbesse de Chelles
Louis XIV had 13 known illegitimate children. Most of those were by either Louise-Françoise de Le Baume Le Blanc, Mademoiselle de La Vallière, or Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemar, marquise de Montespan, and those who survived infancy were legitimated.
By Mademoiselle de La Vallière:
Marie-Anne de Bourbon (1666-1739), Mademoiselle de Blois, leg. 1667 ~ Louis-Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti, s.p.
Louis de Bourbon (1667-83), comte de Vermandois, leg. 1669 s.p.
By Madame de Montespan:
Louis-Auguste (1670-1736), leg. 1673, duc du Maine et duc d'Aumale: France a baton couped in bend sinister gules
~ Anne-Louise de Bourbon-Condé (1676-1753)
N. (1748-55), duc de Châteauvillain
N. (1750-52), comte de Guingamp
N. (1751-53), Mademoiselle de Penthièvre
Louise-Adélaïde (1753-1821) ~ Louis-Philippe II d'Orléans
Louise-Françoise (1673-1743), Mademoiselle de Nantes, leg. 1673
~ Louis III de Bourbon, prince de Condé
Louise-Marie-Anne (1674-81), Mademoiselle de Tours, leg. 1676
Françoise-Marie (1677-1749), Mademoiselle de Blois, leg. 1681 ~ Philippe II d'Orléans
Louis XV had many mistresses, and at least 15 illegitimate children are known. Only one was legitimated: Louis-Aimé de Bourbon (1762-87), called l'abbé de Bourbon, son of Anne Couffier de Romans (1737-1808). His arms, granted in 1783, were: France differenced by an orle and a riband in bend sinister gules. (Michel Antoine, Le Dur Métier de Roi, 1986, p.299).
Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois, duc de Berry and younger son of the future Charles X, had a long relationship in London with Amy Brown, during the Bourbons' exile. Two daughters came of it; when the duc was assassinated in February 1820 in Paris, he asked on his deathbed to see his former mistress and his children and entrusted them to the royal family, which treated them well. The elder, Charlotte-Marie-Augustine (1808-86), was made comtesse d'Issoudun and married to the prince de Faucigny-Lucinge. The younger, Louise-Marie-Charlotte (1809-91), was made comtesse de Vierzon and married to the Athanase-Charles, baron de Charette (the present (1996) French foreign minister Hervé de Charette is her great-great-grandson). In the legitimization letters, Louis XVIII granted to the two young women the following arms: the comtesse d'Issoudun, Azure a pairle couped between three fleurs-de-lys or, on a chief ingrailed of the second three fleurs-de-lys of the first, the comtesse de Vierzon: Azure a tower inclined argent, on a chief ingrailed or three fleurs-de-lys azure. The ingrailed chief recalls the traditional ingrailed border of Berry (although the duke's arms were different), and the charges both recall the arms of the cities. Note that Issoudun and Vierzon are both cities in the province of Berry.
Gaston d'Orléans had an illegitimate son, Louis bâtard d'Orléans (1628-92), comte de Charny. Philippe II d'Orléans had by Mademoiselle Florence, dancer at the Opera: Charles de Saint-Albin, abbé d'Orléans (1698-1764), legitimized 1708, archbishop of Cambrai. By the comtesse d'Argentan: Jean-Philippe d'Orléans (1702-48), le chevalier d'Orléans, grand-prieur de France, leg. 1706: Orléans an orle and a baton couped in bend sinister argent. Louis-Philippe Id'Orléans had by Mme de Villemomble: Louis-Etienne, comte de Saint-Phar (1759-1825) and Louis-Philippe, comte de Saint-Albin (1761-1829), both legitimized 1815.
There are numerous bastard sons in the Bourbon family. Every duc de Bourbon from Louis I to Jean II included has illegitimate sons. Some names of note are: Hector and Perceval, sons of Louis II (Perceval bore on a bend a semy-de-lys, over all three bends sinister PA). Jean I had Jean, abbot of Cluny (�1485, bore France a bend sinister), and Alexandre among others.
One interesting line is that of the comtes de Roussillon, Charles I, duc de Bourbon had by Jeanne de Bournan Louis bâtard de Bourbon (�1486), legitimated 1463, comte de Roussillon: France a bend sinister raguly gules, his crest was a fish roasting over flames! (PA). he married Jeanne, bâtarde de France, natural daughter of Louis XI: France a bend sinister argent, and had only Charles (�1507 s.p.). But Louis also had a natural son Renaud bâtard de Bourbon (�1483), archbishop of Narbonne: Argent on a bend azure a semy-de-lys or and a fillet in bend gules. He in turn had two natural children, Charles bâtard de Bourbon (�1504), bishop of Clermont and Suzanne, both bearing: Argent on a bend sinister azure a semy-de-lys or and a fillet in bend sinister gules, all within a bordure ingrailed of the last (Suzanne obtained permission to bear the same arms from the duc de Bourbon). Another natural child of Louis was Jeanne, legitimated 1492, whose arms granted in 1490 were: Quarterly argent on a bend sinister azure a bendlet sinister gules between six fleurs-de-lys or, and chequy or and sable.
Jean II, duc de Bourbon had Mathieu bâtard de Bourbon (�1505), seigneur de Botheon, known as "le grand bâtard de Bourbon", who bore Bourbon a bendlet sinister. From him also came the line of Bourbon-Malause bore Argent on a bend azure a semy-de-lys or and a riband in bend gules. The line of Bourbon-Busset bears France a baton couped in bend gules, on a chief argent a cross potent between four crosslets or. Originally the Bourbon-Busset arms were Argent on a pale azure a semy-de-lys or and a bend gules, on a chief Jerusalem.
Jean II de Bourbon, comte de Vendôme, had Louis (�1510), bishop of Avranches: Bourbon-Vendôme a bend sinister raguly.
Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons (�1641) had a son Louis-Henri de Bourbon-Soissons, comte de Dunois: France a baton couped in bend sinister and a bordure gules (D'Hozier) whose only daughter by his wife Angélique-Cunégonde de Montmorency-Luxembourg was Louise-Léontine-Jacqueline, married to Charles-Philippe d'Albert, duc de Luynes.
Henri III Jules de Bourbon, prince de Condé, had a daughter Julie de Bourbon (1668-1710), Mademoiselle de Châteaubriant, legitimated, bearing France a baton couped in bend sinister gules; married to Armand de Lesparre de Madaillan (D'Hozier).
The line of Dunois-Longueville comes from Jean (1403-68), comte de Dunois, companion in arms of Jeanne d'Arc, who bore Orléans a bend sinister argent
. His son had already changed the arms to Orléans a bend couped argent
. It ended with Charles-Paris d'Orléans, duc de Longueville et d'Estouteville (1649-72). An illegitimate line from Longueville is Rothelin, which bore in the 18th c. quarterly or a bend gules (Baden) and or on a pale gules three chevrons of the field (Neuchâtel), overall France a bend sinister couped and a label argent (Orléans-Longueville), although the author of the line, François bâtard de Longueville (�1600) bore Orléans a bend sinister couped argent. Charles d'Angoulême, father of François I, had Jeanne, legitimated in 1501, married to Jean de Longuevic and mother of Jacqueline married to the duc de Montpensier; Madeleine, and Souveraine legitimated in 1521.
References
The bulk of the genealogical material comes from Père Anselme, with complements from La Chesnaye-Desbois and the Quid, 1996 edition (see the French bibliography for more details).
The coats of arms come from Père Anselme (PA), D'Hozier's Armorial de la Généralité de Paris (DH), Otto Neubecker's Heraldry (N), Pierre Pradel: Catalogue des Jetons des Princes et Princesses de la Maison de France Paris 1936 (CJ); Inventaire des Sceaux (IS); Corpus des Sceaux (CS). For arms of bastards I used Père Anselme and B. Vrignault: Les Légitimés de France de la maison de Bourbon de 1594 à 1820, Paris, 1965. An 18th century source is Dubuisson's 1757 Armorial. Also, Olivier, Hermal and de Roton, Armorial du Bibliophile (OHR) is a good source on actual practice, since it records arms as they appear on book-bindings. A snapshot of the French court in the early years of the 15th century is provided by Bozzolo: La Cour Amoureuse, Léopard d'Or, 1992 (CA).
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What spirit is the base of a Black Russian cocktail ? | Black Russian Drink Recipe - Kahlúa
Black Russian
The big bro
Meet the Black Russian – the older brother of the White Russian. A mixture of the deep, rich, color of Kahlúa and the unmistakable spirit of Absolut Vodka .
Legend has it that the Black Russian was created in 1949, honoring a memorable hostess whose parties were legendary amongst the brightest stars. Create your own legendary moments with this easy to make cocktail. Simple to mix, impossible to forget.
The Kahlúa recipe How to make
1 part kahlúa
2 parts absolut vodka
Fill a rocks glass with ice. Add the booze, mix and enjoy your very own Black Russian.
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Food recipes
Chefs and cookbook authors out there enjoy cooking with Kahlúa and have developed recipes in unisome with us. Directions for these delectables are just a click away (it was hard for us to choose a favorite).
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The bottle will stay mint for 4 years. After this, the coffee flavor won’t hit the high notes as in it’s prime – but it will stay safe and sound to enjoy for longer.
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The films of which director include Moulin Rouge and Strictly Ballroom ? | Black Russian Recipe - Absolut Drinks
What ingredients do you have on hand?
Absolut Vodka (22)
Absolut 100 Absolut Apeach Absolut Äpple Absolut Berri Açaí Absolut Cherrys Absolut Cilantro Absolut Citron Absolut Gräpe Absolut Hibiskus Absolut Honey Absolut Karnival Edition Absolut Kurant Absolut Mandrin Absolut Mango Absolut Pears Absolut Peppar Absolut Raspberri Absolut Ruby Red Absolut Texas Absolut Vanilia Absolut Vodka Absolut Wild Tea
Other base spirits (67)
Aged Brandy Aged Rum From Martinique Aged Rum of Cuban Type Aged Rum of Haitian Type Aged Rum of Jamaican Type Apple Flavored Vodka Apricot Brandy Aquavit Armagnac Barack Palinka Bison Grass Flavored Vodka Blackberry Brandy Bourbon Brandy Cachaca Canadian Whisky Cherry Flavored Vodka Citrus Rum Cognac Cranberry Flavored Vodka Cseresznye Palinka Dark Rum (aged) Dark Rum of Jamaican Type Dry Vermouth Eau de Vie Estate Rum Genever Gin Gin (old Tom) Grape Schnapps Honey Flavored Vodka Infused Vodka Irish Whiskey Level Vodka Light Rum Madeira Malibu Rum Mango Rum Marsmallows Mescal Navy Rum Orange Flavored Brandy Orange Flavored Vodka Orange Rum Overproof Rum Peach Brandy Petals (edible) Pineapple Rum Pisco Plum Brandy Plymouth Fruit Cup Port, White Prune Eau de Vie Raspberry Rum Reposado Tequila Rum Banana Flavored Rum Cherry Flavored Rum of Haitian Type Rye Whiskey Sake Sambuca Sauterne Scotch Whisky Slivovitz Spiced Rum Tequila Blanco Vanilla Rum
Other spirits (149)
Absinthe Ale Almond Liqueur Amaretto Amaro Amontillado Sherry Anisette Aperol Applejack Apple Liqueur Aquavit Armagnac Banana Liqueur Barack Palinka Beer Benedictine Dom Bitter Bitters Blackberry Liqueur Black Currant Liqueur Black Raspberry Liqueur Blueberry Liqueur Blue Curacao Bourbon, Peach Flavored Brown Cacao Liqueur Butterscotch Schnapps Byrrh® Cachaca Calvados Campari Caperitif Chambord Champagne Cherry Liqueur Chocolate And Orange Liqueur Chocolate Bitters Chocolate Liqueur Cider Cider Hot Cinnamon Schnapps Liqueur Citrus Rum Citrus-vanilla Liqueur, Licor 43 Coconut Liqueur Cointreau Cordial Medoc Cranberry Liqueur Cream Liqueur Cream Rum Crème de Cassis Crème de Menthe, White Créme de Mure Crème de Peche Cseresznye Palinka Dark Cacao Liqueur Dry Vermouth Dubonnet Eau de Vie Egg Liqueur Elderflower Cordial Elderflower Liqueur Estate Rum Falernum Fernet Branca Frangelico Galliano Genever Ginger Liqueur Goldschlager Liqueur Grape Schnapps Green Apple Liqueur Green Chartreuse Green Curacao Green Mint Liqueur Hazelnut Liqueur Herbal Liqueur Honey Liqueur Italian Vermouth Kahlúa Kiwi Liqueur Kümmel Licor 43 Lillet Blanc Lime And Lemongrass Cordial Limoncello Lychee Liqueur Madeira Malibu Rum Mandarines Liqueur Mango Rum Maraschino Liqueur Melon Liqueur Mescal Noilly Prat Noisette Liqueur Orange Bitters Orange Curacao Orange Liqueur Orange Rum Parfait Amour Passionfruit Liqueur Pastis Peach Bitters Peach Liqueur Peach Schnapps Peppermint Schnapps Peychaud's bitters Pimms Cup No 1 Pineapple Liqueur Pineapple Rum Pisang Ambon Pisco Plymouth Fruit Cup Port, Red Port, White Prosecco Prune Eau de Vie Pumpkin Smash Raspberry Liqueur Raspberry Rum Red Food Coloring Red Vermouth Red Wine Rose Wine Rum Banana Flavored Rum Cherry Flavored Sake Sambuca Sauterne Sherry Slivovitz Sparkling Wine Stout Beer St. Raphael Strawberry Liqueur Strega Swedish Punsch Tangerine Liqueur Tawny Port Triple Sec Vanilla Liqueur Vanilla Rum Vermouth, Sweet Violet Liqueur Whisky/Honey Liqueur White Cacao Liqueur White Chocolate Liqueur White Wine Williams Pear Liqueur Yellow Chartreuse
Ingredients (85)
Acerola Almond Avocado Balsamico Vinegar Basil Beef Consomme Boiling Water Brown sauce Brown Sugar Butter Cacao Bean Carrot Cashew nut Celery Celery Salt Cherry Tomato Chilean Hot Pepper Chocolate Chocolate Cookie Chocolate Sauce Cilantro Cinnamon Cinnamon Cane Cloves Cocktail Onion Coconut Cream Coffee Bean Cream of Coconut Crushed Ice Cucumber Double Espresso Earl Grey Tea Syrup Egg (yolk and white) Egg White Egg Yolk Espresso Flowers (edible) Gherkin Ginger Ginger (grated) Green Olive Ground Black Pepper Half And Half Honey Honey Syrup Horseradish Hot Sauce Ice Cream, Coffee Flavored Ice Cream, Orange Flavored Ice Cubes Jalapeno Lemon Curd Lemongrass Lemon Verbena Marsmallows Marzipan Milk Milk, Frozen In Cubes Mint Leaf mustard Nutmeg Orange Sorbet Paprika Petals (edible) Pink Peppers Pistachio Nut Rosemary Runny Honey Saffron Salt Sparkly grape Star Anise Sugar Cube (brown) Sugar Cube (white) Sugar, Superfine Swizzle Stick Tomato Vanilla Vanilla Ice Cream Wasabi Paste Water White Chocolate Stick Woodruff Syrup Worcestershire Sauce Yoghurt
Mixers (124)
Agave Nectar Apple Ice Tea Apple Juice Apple Juice, Fresh Pressed Apple Juice (hot) Apricot Juice Apricot Syrup Banana Puree Barley Water Bitter Lemon Blackberry Puree Blackberry Syrup Blood Orange Juice Blueberry Syrup Caramel Syrup Carrot Juice Chai Green Tea Syrup Cherry Juice Cherry Puree Cherry Syrup Cinnamon Spiced Rhubarb Puree Cinnamon Syrup Clamato Coconut Syrup Coconut water Coffee Coffee Cold Coffee, Mexican Coffee, Mocca Type Cola Cranberry Juice Cranberry Juice (hot) Cranberry/Raspberry Juice Cranberry Syrup Cream Cucumber Juice Elderflower Juice Espresso Coffee (cold) Gherkin Water Ginger Ale Ginger Beer Ginger Syrup Grapefruit Juice Grapefruit Soda Grape Juice Green Apple Syrup Green Banana Syrup Green Oolong Tea (hot) Green Tea Grenadine Guava Juice Guava Nectar Ice Tea Instant Coffee Granule Jalapeno Simple Syrup Kiwi Puree Lemonade Lemon Iced Tea Lemon Juice Lemon-lime Soda Light Cranberry Juice Light Orange Juice Lime Cordial Lime Juice Lychee Juice Mango Juice Mango Nectar Mango Puree Maple Syrup Maracuyá Juice Mint Iced Tea Olive Juice Orange Flavored Tea (hot) Orange Flower Water Orange Juice Orange Soda Orgeat Almond Syrup Papaya Juice Passionfruit Juice Passionfruit Puré Passionfruit Syrup Peach and Caraway Syrup Peach Iced Tea Peach Nectar Peach Puree Peach Syrup Pear Juice Pear Puree Peppermint Syrup Pineapple Juice Pink Grapefruit Juice Pink Lemonade Concentrate (frozen) Plum Juice Pomegranate Juice Pomegranate Syrup Raspberry Juice Raspberry Puree Raspberry Soda Raspberry Syrup Regular Margarita Mix Rosewater Ruby Grapefruit Juice Saffron Sugar Syrup Simple Syrup Sloe Juice Soda Water Sour Mix Spicy Syrup Strawberry and Black Peppercorn Syrup Strawberry Juice Strawberry Puree Strawberry Syrup Syrup de Gomme Tamarind Juice Tea Tea (hot) Tomato Juice Tonic Water Vanilla Syrup Watermelon Juice White Chocolate Syrup White Cranberry Juice White Grape Juice White Peach Puree
Fruits & Berries (45)
Apple Apricot Banana Blackberry Black Currant Blood Orange / Red Grapefruit Blueberry Brazilian Cherry Carambola Cherry Cranberry Dates (fresh) Figs (fresh) Grape Grapefruit Green Lemon Honeydew Melon Jabuticaba Jackfruit Kiwi Kumquat Lemon Lime Lychee Mandarin Mango Maraschino Berry Melon Melons Mulberry Orange Papaya Passionfruit Peach Pear Pickled Cherry Pineapple Plum Pomegranate Seed Raisin Raspberry Raspberry/Blackberry Red Currant Strawberry Tangerine
Selected ingredients:
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Which French phrase commonly used in English means literally 'bottom of the bag' ? | French Words and Expressions in English
French Words and Expressions in English
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Chic sounds more chic than "stylish."
cinéma vérité "cinema truth"
comme il faut "as it must"
The proper way, as it should be
cordon bleu "blue ribbon"
coup de foudre "bolt of lightning"
Love at first sight
coup de grâce "mercy blow"
Deathblow, final blow, decisive stroke
coup de main "stroke of hand"
Somehow the English meaning (surprise attack) got completely separated from the French (assistance, helping hand).
coup de maître "master stroke"
A stroke of genius
coup de théâtre "stroke of the theater"
Sudden, unexpected turn of events in a play
coup d'etat "state blow"
Overthrow of the government. Note that the last word is capitalized and accented in French: coup d'État.
coup d'œil "stroke of the eye"
A glance
Baked custard with carmelized crust
crème caramel "caramel cream"
Synonym of flan - custard lined with caramel
crème de cacao "cream of cacao"
Chocolate-flavored liqueur
crème de la crème "cream of the cream"
Synonymous with the English expression "cream of the crop" - refers to the best of the best.
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crème de menthe "cream of mint"
Mint-flavored liqueur
crème fraîche "fresh cream"
This is a funny term. Despite its meaning, crème fraîche is in fact slightly fermented, thickened cream.
crêpe de Chine "Chinese crepe"
Type of silk
cri de cœur "cry of heart"
The correct way to say "heartfelt cry" in French is cri du cœur (literally, "cry of the heart")
crime passionnel "passionate crime"
Crime of passion
critique "critical, judgment"
Critique is an adjective and noun in French, but a noun and verb in English; it refers to a critical review of something or the act of performing such a review.
cuisine "kitchen, food style"
In English, cuisine refers only to a particular type of food/cooking, such as French cuisine, Southern cuisine, etc.
cul-de-sac "bottom (butt) of the bag"
Dead-end street
debutante "beginner"
In French, débutante is the feminine form of débutant - beginner (noun) or beginning (adj). In both languages, it also refers to a young girl making her formal début into society. Interestingly, this usage is not original in French; it was adopted back from English.
décolletage, décolleté "low neckline, lowered neckline"
The first is a noun, the second an adjective, but both refer to low necklines on women's clothing.
dégustation "tasting"
The French word simply refers to the act of tasting, while in English "degustation" is used for a tasting event or party, as in wine or cheese tasting.
déjà vu "already seen"
This is a grammatical structure in French, as in Je l'ai déjà vu=> I've already seen it, whereas in English, déjà vu refers to the phenomenon of feeling like you've already seen or done something when you're sure that you haven't.
demimonde "half world"
In French, it's hyphenated: demi-monde. In English, there are two meanings:
1. A marginal or disrespectful group
2. Prostitutes and/or kept women
demitasse "half cup"
In French, it's hyphenated: demi-tasse. Refers to a small cup of espresso or other strong coffee.
démodé "out of fashion"
Same meaning in both languages: outmoded, out of fashion
de rigueur "of rigueur"
de trop "of too much"
Excessive, superfluous
Dieu et mon droit "God and my right"
Motto of the British monarch
divorcé, divorcée "divorced man, divorced woman"
In English, the feminine, divorcée, is far more common, and is often written without the accent: divorcee
double entendre "double hearing"
A word play or pun. For example, you're looking at a field of sheep and you say "How are you (ewe)?"
droit du seigneur "right of the lord of the manor"
The feudal lord's right to deflower his vassal's bride
du jour "of the day"
"Soup du jour" is nothing more than an elegant-sounding version of "soup of the day."
eau de Cologne "water from Cologne"
This is often cut down to simply "cologne" in English. Cologne is the French and English name for the German city Köln.
eau de toilette "toilet water"
Toilet here does not refer to a commode - see toilette, below. Eau de toilette is a very weak perfume.
embarras de richesse, richesses "embarrassement of wealth/richness"
Such an overwhelming amount of good fortune that it's embarrassing or confusing
emigré "expatriate, migrant"
In English, this tends to indicate exile for political reasons
en banc "on the bench"
Legal: indicates that the entire membership of a court is in session.
en bloc "in a block"
In a group, all together
en brochette "on (a) skewer"
Also known by the Turkish name: shish kebab
encore "again"
A simple adverb in French, "encore" in English refers to an additional performance, usually requested with audience applause.
enfant terrible "terrible child"
Refers to a troublesome or embarrassing person within a group (of artists, thinkers, etc).
en garde "on guard"
Warning that one should be on his/her guard, ready for an attack (originally in fencing).
en masse "in mass"
In a group, all together
en passant "in passing"
in passing, by the way; (chess) the capturing of a pawn after a specific move
en prise "in grasp"
| Cul-de-sac |
Who chairs the Radio 4 comedy panel game The News Quiz ? | Cul-de-sac - definition of cul-de-sac by The Free Dictionary
Cul-de-sac - definition of cul-de-sac by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cul-de-sac
n. pl. cul-de-sacs or culs-de-sac (kŭlz′-, ko͝olz′-)
1.
a. A dead-end street, especially one ending in a circular turnaround.
b. A circular turnaround at the end of a dead-end street.
c. An impasse: "This was the cul-de-sac the year kept driving me toward: men and women would always be at odds" (Philip Weiss).
2. Anatomy A saclike cavity or tube open only at one end.
[French : cul, bottom (from Old French, from Latin cūlus; see culet) + de, of (from Old French, from Latin dē; see de-) + sac, sack (from Old French, from Latin saccus; see sack1).]
cul-de-sac
n, pl culs-de-sac or cul-de-sacs
1. (Human Geography) a road with one end blocked off; dead end
2. an inescapable position
3. (Anatomy) any tube-shaped bodily cavity or pouch closed at one end, such as the caecum
[C18: from French, literally: bottom of the bag]
cul-de-sac
| i don't know |
Which former England football manager recently took charge of Derby County? | LewisWright's Blog :: Championship Predictions 2016/17 (Part 4/4)
Championship Predictions 2016/17 (Part 4/4)
Lewis Wright , LewisWright's Blog on
August 05
0
So here we are, after three quiet months without competitive domestic football, England's second tier is back and promises to be as competitive as ever.
Fulham host Newcastle in the first match of the season tonight and ahead of the hotly anticipated fixture, I have attempted to predict where each of the 24 teams will be placed come the final round of fixtures on May 7.
Parts one to three have focused on the teams placed 24th - 7th, and that leaves this final blog to preview the sides that I have positioned in the top six.
Which team will have their hands on the English Championship trophy on May 7?
6th – Ipswich Town
Ipswich fans have been crying out for owner Marcus Evans to spend some money on new players, with manager Mick McCarthy – now the division’s longest serving boss – incredibly only paying a fee for five players ahead of this summer’s transfer market.
The Yorkshireman has been given money to spend of late however, even if it scarcely compares to that of many of the other clubs who would be considered their promotion rivals ahead of the 2016/2017 campaign.
With academy product Matt Clarke going the other way, Town have captured arguably the most promising young defender from the lower leagues in Adam Webster, while Paul Digby, Grant Ward, and Conor Grant have all joined the 21 year-old at Portman Road ahead of the new season.
Another relatively quiet window in terms of players joining the club, the Ipswich faithful will be reassured by the lack of activity in the other direction.
The likes of Luke Varney, Kevin Foley, and Jay Tabb have all been shown the exit door by McCarthy, but, crucially for the Tractor Boys, strikers David McGoldrick, Freddie Sears and Daryl Murphy all remain at the club, while talented midfielder Teddy Bishop is back fully fit after missing almost the entirety of last season.
5th – Derby County
Derby have been promising their fans promotion for what seems an eternity, falling just short in each of the previous three campaigns (3rd, 8th, 5th).
The club have also been through five managers in that short period of time, including former England boss Steve McLaren.
Nigel Pearson is the latest man to be tasked with finally guiding this underperforming side back into the Premier League after what has already been an eight year absence.
Somewhat surprisingly given their transfer activities of recent years, Pearson has not brought in any new players this summer. But new faces were not what the club needed, with a squad that oozes class at this level, the former Leicester manager has more than enough quality to be aiming for the play-offs at the very minimum.
The Rams could miss the experience of Jake Buxton and Stephen Warnock, who are both on their way to Wigan after a number of successful seasons at Pride Park. Where some might interpret the lack of activity as a sign of Pearson’s struggle to bring in new faces, I would argue that it should be viewed as a positive that the squad are content with their new boss and the ideas that he has brought to the club during pre-season.
The charismatic Nigel Pearson has returned to football management to take charge at Derby County.
4th – Brighton & Hove Albion
Aside from a manager who will feature later on and has continued his tenure at Newcastle United, Brighton boss Chris Hughton is, in my opinion, the top coach outside of the Premier League.
The former Republic of Ireland international has already guided former club Newcastle to a Championship title during a season in which he was also named manager of the year, and his new four-year deal at the Falmer Stadium is yet another sign of how content the board are with their current boss.
Moving away from the coaching staff and towards the players, many at Brighton will be disappointed with the departure of Iñigo Calderón, who has been an excellent servant for the club, but, perhaps more importantly, those joining The Seagulls will certainly excite.
Highly rated midfielder Oliver Norwood has been brought in from Reading and will join fellow addition Steve Sidwell in challenging Beram Kayal and Dale Stephens for a place in the middle of the midfield.
Meanwhile, former fan-favourite Glenn Murray has returned on a season-long loan deal from Bournemouth and will take some of the pressure off Tomer Hemed to score the goals that are required to lift the side towards the Premier League.
3rd – Norwich City
Following promotion to the Premier League in 2014/15 through the play-offs, Norwich were relegated straight back to the Championship last season, where they will begin as one of the division’s favoured sides to replicate that feat from just 15 months ago.
Alex Neil remains in charge of The Canaries following a disappointing first full season at Carrow Road, and he will know just what it takes to gain promotion to England’s top division after successfully replacing former boss Neil Adams before turning the club’s fortunes around last time they were at this level.
Just days ago, Norwich fans might have been curious as to why so little had been spent by a club that had just exited the most expensive league in the world, but the addition of winger Alex Pritchard from Tottenham for a fee believed to be in the region of £8 million should galvanise those supporters who would have been saddened by the departure of Nathan Redmond early on in the window.
Sergi Canós has also joined the club for a sizeable fee of £2.55 million from Liverpool, adding further creativity out wide, but it is Norwich’s lack of options up top that could cost them an automatic promotion place in May, with only West Brom and bottom-club Aston Villa netting on fewer occasions in the Premier league last time out.
That said, fans would still have been delighted to see £8 million flop Ricky van Wolfswinkel leave the club this summer, even that sale has stained the balance sheet.
Nathan Redmond's departure could hurt Norwich's hopes of earning promotion back to the Premier League.
2nd – Sheffield Wednesday
Carlos Carvalhal‘s nearly men from last season, Sheffield Wednesday missed out on promotion to the Premier League with a narrow 1-0 defeat to Hull at Wembley Stadium in the play-off final back in May.
After managing just 13th in the 2014/15 season, Carvalhal guided Wednesday into sixth position last time out, as a wonderful first season at the helm came to a dramatic close for the Portuguese and his players.
A further progression this time out would see the Yorkshire club return to the top flight for the first time since the turn of the century, and such an achievement looks by no means out of reach for a side that has kept hold of its key men, while adding further firepower in the shape of midfielder Almen Abdi.
Will Buckley and Steven Fletcher have also joined the club and will add further quality to an attack which already boasts the likes of Gary Hooper, Atdhe Nuhiu, and the exceptional Fernando Forestieri, undoubtedly one of the best players at this level.
1st – Newcastle United
Hardly a bold statement to place Newcastle at the top of the pile. The Magpies not only boast the most accomplished manager that the division has to offer in former Real Madrid, Liverpool, and Chelsea boss Rafael Benítez, but their supporters will also be excited about what appears to be the strongest squad in England’s second tier as well.
The Spanish coach may have lost a number of key players in the likes of midfielders Georginio Wijnaldum and Andros Townsend, along with the experienced Fabricio Coloccini and Steven Taylor at the back, but money has been spent to replace those key names, and the replacements are sure to excite the St James’ Park faithful.
Winger Matt Ritchie and striker Dwight Gale have both dropped down a division to join the club, while one of the Championship’s star performers from last season has been acquired in the form of Scottish central defender Grant Hanley.
Add to that Ciaran Clark, Mohamed Diamé, and the highly-rated Belgian goalkeeper Matz Sels, and Newcastle could well have the title wrapped up by Christmas if this exceptional squad are able to gel from day one.
Dwight Gayle will be backed by many to be the Championship's top goal scorer, as Newcastle United are expected to take the division by storm this season.
| Steve McLaren |
The original 'Star Trek' TV series was set in which century ? | LewisWright's Blog :: Championship Predictions 2016/17 (Part 4/4)
Championship Predictions 2016/17 (Part 4/4)
Lewis Wright , LewisWright's Blog on
August 05
0
So here we are, after three quiet months without competitive domestic football, England's second tier is back and promises to be as competitive as ever.
Fulham host Newcastle in the first match of the season tonight and ahead of the hotly anticipated fixture, I have attempted to predict where each of the 24 teams will be placed come the final round of fixtures on May 7.
Parts one to three have focused on the teams placed 24th - 7th, and that leaves this final blog to preview the sides that I have positioned in the top six.
Which team will have their hands on the English Championship trophy on May 7?
6th – Ipswich Town
Ipswich fans have been crying out for owner Marcus Evans to spend some money on new players, with manager Mick McCarthy – now the division’s longest serving boss – incredibly only paying a fee for five players ahead of this summer’s transfer market.
The Yorkshireman has been given money to spend of late however, even if it scarcely compares to that of many of the other clubs who would be considered their promotion rivals ahead of the 2016/2017 campaign.
With academy product Matt Clarke going the other way, Town have captured arguably the most promising young defender from the lower leagues in Adam Webster, while Paul Digby, Grant Ward, and Conor Grant have all joined the 21 year-old at Portman Road ahead of the new season.
Another relatively quiet window in terms of players joining the club, the Ipswich faithful will be reassured by the lack of activity in the other direction.
The likes of Luke Varney, Kevin Foley, and Jay Tabb have all been shown the exit door by McCarthy, but, crucially for the Tractor Boys, strikers David McGoldrick, Freddie Sears and Daryl Murphy all remain at the club, while talented midfielder Teddy Bishop is back fully fit after missing almost the entirety of last season.
5th – Derby County
Derby have been promising their fans promotion for what seems an eternity, falling just short in each of the previous three campaigns (3rd, 8th, 5th).
The club have also been through five managers in that short period of time, including former England boss Steve McLaren.
Nigel Pearson is the latest man to be tasked with finally guiding this underperforming side back into the Premier League after what has already been an eight year absence.
Somewhat surprisingly given their transfer activities of recent years, Pearson has not brought in any new players this summer. But new faces were not what the club needed, with a squad that oozes class at this level, the former Leicester manager has more than enough quality to be aiming for the play-offs at the very minimum.
The Rams could miss the experience of Jake Buxton and Stephen Warnock, who are both on their way to Wigan after a number of successful seasons at Pride Park. Where some might interpret the lack of activity as a sign of Pearson’s struggle to bring in new faces, I would argue that it should be viewed as a positive that the squad are content with their new boss and the ideas that he has brought to the club during pre-season.
The charismatic Nigel Pearson has returned to football management to take charge at Derby County.
4th – Brighton & Hove Albion
Aside from a manager who will feature later on and has continued his tenure at Newcastle United, Brighton boss Chris Hughton is, in my opinion, the top coach outside of the Premier League.
The former Republic of Ireland international has already guided former club Newcastle to a Championship title during a season in which he was also named manager of the year, and his new four-year deal at the Falmer Stadium is yet another sign of how content the board are with their current boss.
Moving away from the coaching staff and towards the players, many at Brighton will be disappointed with the departure of Iñigo Calderón, who has been an excellent servant for the club, but, perhaps more importantly, those joining The Seagulls will certainly excite.
Highly rated midfielder Oliver Norwood has been brought in from Reading and will join fellow addition Steve Sidwell in challenging Beram Kayal and Dale Stephens for a place in the middle of the midfield.
Meanwhile, former fan-favourite Glenn Murray has returned on a season-long loan deal from Bournemouth and will take some of the pressure off Tomer Hemed to score the goals that are required to lift the side towards the Premier League.
3rd – Norwich City
Following promotion to the Premier League in 2014/15 through the play-offs, Norwich were relegated straight back to the Championship last season, where they will begin as one of the division’s favoured sides to replicate that feat from just 15 months ago.
Alex Neil remains in charge of The Canaries following a disappointing first full season at Carrow Road, and he will know just what it takes to gain promotion to England’s top division after successfully replacing former boss Neil Adams before turning the club’s fortunes around last time they were at this level.
Just days ago, Norwich fans might have been curious as to why so little had been spent by a club that had just exited the most expensive league in the world, but the addition of winger Alex Pritchard from Tottenham for a fee believed to be in the region of £8 million should galvanise those supporters who would have been saddened by the departure of Nathan Redmond early on in the window.
Sergi Canós has also joined the club for a sizeable fee of £2.55 million from Liverpool, adding further creativity out wide, but it is Norwich’s lack of options up top that could cost them an automatic promotion place in May, with only West Brom and bottom-club Aston Villa netting on fewer occasions in the Premier league last time out.
That said, fans would still have been delighted to see £8 million flop Ricky van Wolfswinkel leave the club this summer, even that sale has stained the balance sheet.
Nathan Redmond's departure could hurt Norwich's hopes of earning promotion back to the Premier League.
2nd – Sheffield Wednesday
Carlos Carvalhal‘s nearly men from last season, Sheffield Wednesday missed out on promotion to the Premier League with a narrow 1-0 defeat to Hull at Wembley Stadium in the play-off final back in May.
After managing just 13th in the 2014/15 season, Carvalhal guided Wednesday into sixth position last time out, as a wonderful first season at the helm came to a dramatic close for the Portuguese and his players.
A further progression this time out would see the Yorkshire club return to the top flight for the first time since the turn of the century, and such an achievement looks by no means out of reach for a side that has kept hold of its key men, while adding further firepower in the shape of midfielder Almen Abdi.
Will Buckley and Steven Fletcher have also joined the club and will add further quality to an attack which already boasts the likes of Gary Hooper, Atdhe Nuhiu, and the exceptional Fernando Forestieri, undoubtedly one of the best players at this level.
1st – Newcastle United
Hardly a bold statement to place Newcastle at the top of the pile. The Magpies not only boast the most accomplished manager that the division has to offer in former Real Madrid, Liverpool, and Chelsea boss Rafael Benítez, but their supporters will also be excited about what appears to be the strongest squad in England’s second tier as well.
The Spanish coach may have lost a number of key players in the likes of midfielders Georginio Wijnaldum and Andros Townsend, along with the experienced Fabricio Coloccini and Steven Taylor at the back, but money has been spent to replace those key names, and the replacements are sure to excite the St James’ Park faithful.
Winger Matt Ritchie and striker Dwight Gale have both dropped down a division to join the club, while one of the Championship’s star performers from last season has been acquired in the form of Scottish central defender Grant Hanley.
Add to that Ciaran Clark, Mohamed Diamé, and the highly-rated Belgian goalkeeper Matz Sels, and Newcastle could well have the title wrapped up by Christmas if this exceptional squad are able to gel from day one.
Dwight Gayle will be backed by many to be the Championship's top goal scorer, as Newcastle United are expected to take the division by storm this season.
| i don't know |
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