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Which football team plays home games at Sixfields Stadium?	Coventry City to play home matches at Northampton's Sixfields Stadium \| Football News \| Sky Sports Coventry City to play home matches at Northampton's Sixfields Stadium Coventry will play home matches at Northampton's Sixfields Stadium for three seasons, the Football League confirmed. Last Updated: 08/07/13 8:48pm Ricoh Arena: Coventry unable to resolve differences with stadium owners The cash-strapped League One club have been embroiled in a long-running rent dispute with Ricoh Arena owners Arena Coventry Ltd, and both parties have been unable to resolve their differences. Coventry were issued a winding-up order earlier this year and placed in administration after ACL took them to court claiming unpaid rent of £1.3m. The Otium Entertainment Group, the City administrators' "preferred biffer", were forced to submit a bid to the Football League and Northampton Town to relocate to Sixfields. The bid has now been approved, although it is subject to Otium paying a "performance bond" of £1m as an assurance that they will work to move the club back to Coventry as soon as possible. A Football League statement read: "The board of directors of The Football League has reluctantly approved an application by Otium Entertainment Group - the Administrator's preferred bidder for Coventry City FC Limited - for Coventry City to play its home matches at Northampton Town's Sixfields Stadium for an initial period of three seasons. "In the board's view, it was a matter of 'deep regret' that it had not proved possible for the club's proposed purchaser to reconcile its differences with the owners of the Ricoh Arena - Arena Coventry Limited (ACL)." Football League chairman Greg Clarke said: "The Football League believes that clubs should play in the towns and cities from which they take their name. "Nonetheless, from time to time, the board is asked to consider temporary relocations as a means for securing a club's ongoing participation in our competition. "With no prospect of an agreement being reached between Otium and ACL, the board was placed in an unenviable position - with the very real possibility of Coventry City being unable to fulfil its fixtures for next season. "This would inevitably call into question the club's continued membership of The Football League. "The board did not take this decision lightly and it remains a matter of deep regret that the two parties involved cannot come to an agreement. "I urge both Otium and ACL to continue to explore every possible opportunity to resolve this dispute, for the good of the City of Coventry, its football club and people living in the local community." ACL issued an official statement saying they were still keen to explore the possibility of keeping the club in the city and it read: "Like all Sky Blues fans, we want Coventry City Football Club playing in Coventry. "We have repeatedly said that we are happy to discuss terms to allow the Sky Blues to continue playing at the Ricoh Arena - and have even offered to allow them to play for free while the club remains in administration. This offer was made a month ago and we still have not had a response. "We are therefore deeply disappointed at the Football League's decision to allow the club to leave the city for three years. We understand that they are under considerable pressure to finalise the fixtures before the start of the season and that they are being placed in a very awkward position by both the administrator and the current preferred bidders, Otium Entertainment. "There is no need to force fans to travel 30 miles to watch a 'home game'. The Ricoh Arena is available to them. We want them here. The fans want them here. The only people who want the Sky Blues to leave Coventry are the ones with no connection to this city."	Northampton Town F.C.
What was the name of the Blackburn weaver who invented the'Spinning Jenny'?	Coventry City fans stay away from new 'home' Northampton ground - BBC News BBC News Coventry City fans stay away from new 'home' Northampton ground 11 August 2013 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption About 1,500 fans attended the game at Northampton (top) compared to about 5,000 at the charity match at the Ricoh Arena Some Coventry City fans have boycotted their team's first home game at Northampton Town's ground. The Sky Blues, who went into administration in March, are playing their home games 34 miles away after a dispute with Arena Coventry Limited (ACL) over rent at the Ricoh Arena. Earlier this month, the club was deducted 10 points by the Football League and still faces liquidation. Several fans gathered to protest ahead of the match against Bristol City. Why should I pay to go into a ground that isn't Coventry's? Why aren't they in my city? Stephen McFarlane, Coventry City fan BBC Midlands Today sports editor Nick Clitheroe, estimated there were 1,500 Coventry fans at the game. The match finished 5-4 to Coventry. But about 5,000 Sky Blues supporters went to a charity match which kicked off an hour before at the Ricoh Arena, featuring Coventry City Legends v Midlands All Stars. During that charity match some fans chanted: "We want [ club's former owners ] Sisu out." After the game, hundreds of fans flooded the pitch. At the start of July the club announced it would be playing its home games for the next three seasons at Northampton Town's Sixfields Stadium - a move which has generated much opposition from fans. Some gathered outside the stadium ahead of the game urging other Coventry supporters not to go to the match. Watching from hill Sky Blues fan Brian Treadwell, who lives in London, said that until this season he went to all home and away matches. Image caption Fans gathered outside the stadium ahead of the game urged other supporters not to attend He stopped at Sixfields on Sunday to get a programme on his way to the Ricoh Arena for the charity match, but said he would not go to watch his team play any games at Northampton. Stephen McFarlane, from Tile Hill, Coventry, said before the match he was going to watch it from the hill above the stadium. He said: "Why should I pay to go into a ground that isn't Coventry's? Why aren't they in my city?" Last week, the club's first League One match of the season had to be stopped for three minutes after protesting fans ran on to the pitch. About a dozen fans staged the protest when the team went 2-0 down in the first half of the game at Crawley Town. Coventry City FC Ltd faces liquidation after ACL rejected a Company Voluntary Arrangement earlier this month. But an application by the Otium Entertainment Group for a transfer of the club's share in The Football League has been accepted and they have been allowed to compete in League One.	i don't know
The Jay belongs to which bird family?	stellers jay Steller's Jay Steller's Jay Taxonomy/Description photo M. Noonan Stellerï¿½s jay belongs to the family, Corvidae, in the Avian Order Passeriformes. Passeriformes is the order of perching birds. Corvidae is the jay, magpie and crow family. The Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The generic name, cyanocitta, means "blue jay". Its specific name, stelleri, named for George W. Steller (1709-1746). Steller was a German zoologist who explored the coastal areas of the northern Pacific Ocean in 1740. This jay is characterized by its thick bill and feathery crest. Black feathers cover the head and crest, continuing about halfway down the back. The rest of the body is dark blue, with black ridges on the wing feathers. Juveniles have sooty gray coloration on their heads. Jays weigh 3-5 ounces, with a wingspan of about one foot. Steller's Jay Habitat/Diet The range of Stellerï¿½s jay begins far north in Alaska, stretching south along the Rocky Mountains to the southwestern United States and Central America. The Pacific coast marks the western limits of the range, while the eastern edge of the range extends no further than Colorado. Coniferous forests are preferred at elevations from 3,000-10,500ft. However, deciduous are inhabitable. Jays do not migrate to warmer regions during the winter, instead moving to lower elevations for seasonal cooling. Seeds are the primary dietary component of Stellerï¿½s jay. Nuts and acorns are also favored. Like other corvid species, Stellerï¿½s jay feeds on the eggs of other birds. Steller's Jay Behavior/Reproduction Stellerï¿½s jays are social birds. Flocks form often. Aggressive behaviors towards other jays are not uncommon. Mobbing is a defensive maneuver of Stellerï¿½s jays to ward off predators. A large group of birds flies aggressively towards the predatory bird, protecting their territory and young by warding off the dangerous bird. photo M. Noonan This species is monogamous. Both birds will build the nest and care for the young. Females will incubate 2-6 eggs for 16 days. The young fly at 3 weeks of age. The lifespan of the Stellerï¿½s jay is about 10 years. Steller's Jay Conservation Stellerï¿½s jay is not endangered. It is numerous throughout its range. However, if care is not taken to preserve its habitat from human interference, Stellerï¿½s jay may one day face extinction.	Crow (disambiguation)
Which author's works include the novels 'Antic Hay' and 'Crome Yellow'?	Crows, Ravens and Jays - Corvidae - The Animal Encyclopedia Crows, Ravens and Jays Animals & Wildlife Expert By Laura Klappenbach Crows, ravens and jays (Corvidae) are a group of perching birds that also includes jackdaws, rooks, magpies, nutcrackers, choughs and treepies. In total, there are more than 120 species that belong to the crow family. Crows, ravens and jays are medium to large birds. The group includes the largest members of the perching birds. Many crows, ravens and jays have large wingspans. They have a robust body, strong feet and sturdy bills. Their nares (nasal openings) are fringed by bristle-like feathers known as rictal bristles. In temperate areas, most members of the group are partly or entirely black, blue, iridescent blue or iridescent purple. Some species, such as the magpies and jays, are more varied in color. They might have plumage with a mixture of black, white, grey and blue markings. Members of this group of birds are thought to be highly intelligent, not just among birds but among all animals. Crows and rooks have demonstrated tool making abilities while European magpies have exhibited self-awareness in mirror tests. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Many members of the crow family establish and protect territories either during the breeding season or throughout the year. When threatened, some corvids can defend their offspring or territories aggressively and are known to attack large animals such as other birds, dogs or cats. Many species of corvids form social groups and hierarchies for foraging and breeding. Many species of corvids have flourished in human environments. But while such species have enjoyed healthy populations, a few corvids have experienced declines. Examples of threatened members of the crow family include the Florida scrub jay, the Mariana crow and the New Zealand raven. Crows and their relatives form strong pair bonds and in some species this association is life-long. In most species, nests are constructed in trees or on rock ledges. Nests are built using twigs, grass and other plant materials. Females lay between 3 and 10 eggs and young fledge after about 10 days. The largest member of the crow family is the common raven which grows to more than 26 inches in length and weighs 3 pounds. The smallest member of the crow family is the dwarf jay which grows to about 8 inches and weighs little more than an ounce. Crows, ravens and jays have a nearly-worldwide distribution. They are absent from only the southern tip of South America and the polar regions. The group is most diverse in tropical regions of Central America, South America, Asia and Europe. Most members of the crow family do not migrate although when food shortages occur, populations do relocate. Classification Animals > Chordates > Birds > Perching Birds > Crows, Ravens and Jays The crows, ravens and jays are divided into about a dozen subgroups, some of which include New World jays, grey jays, azure-winged magpies, Holarctic magpies, Stresemann's bushcrow, piapiac, true crows, nutcrackers, Old World jays, Oriental magpies, treepies and choughs. The crow family is thought to have originated in Australia and spread throughout the world. The closest relatives of the crows, ravens and jays are thought to be the birds of paradise and shrikes. There remains considerable ambiguity regarding the exact lineages and their relationships within the crow family. The earliest members of the crow family date back about 17 million years ago to the middle Miocene. Known fossils include Miocorvus, Miocitta, Miopica and Henocitta. Crows, ravens and jays feed a variety of foods including small mammals, birds, invertebrates as well as fruits, seeds and berries. Some members of the crow family feed on insects such as grasshoppers while others feed on carrion.	i don't know
Who wrote the poem 'The Village Blacksmith'?	The Village Blacksmith Poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Poem Hunter The Village Blacksmith Poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Poem Hunter The Village Blacksmith - Poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Autoplay next video Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands; The smith, a might man is he, With large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawney arms Are strong as iron bands. His hair is crisp, and black, and long, His face is like the tan; His brow is wet with honest sweat, He earns what'er he can, And looks the whole word in the face, For he owes not any man. Week in, week out, from morn till night, You can hear the bellows blow; You can hear him swing his might sledge, With measure beat and slow, Like a sexton ringing the village bell, When the evening sun is low. And children coming home from school Look in the open door; They love to see the flaming forge, And hear the bellows roar. And catch the flaming sparks that fly Like chaff from a threshing floor. He goes on Sunday to the church, And sits among his boys; He hears the parson pray and preach, He hears his daughter's voice, Singing in the choir, And it makes his heart rejoice. It sounds to him like his mother's voice, Singing in Paradise! He needs must think of her once more, How in the grave she lies; And with his hard, rough hands he wipes A tear out of his eyes. Toiing, -- rejoicing, -- sorrowing, Onward in life he goes; Each morning sees some task begin, Each evening sees it close; Something attempted, something done, Has earned his night's repose. Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, For the lesson thou has taught! Thus at the flaming forge of life Our fortunes must be wrought; Thus on its sounding anvil shaped Each burning deed and thought. Rajnish Manga (11/15/2015 9:58:00 PM) This is not only a great portrayal of a village blacksmith but has a message for us to imbibe to enrich our lives at all levels- personal as well as social. Great poem from a favourite poet: Thus at the flaming forge of life / Our fortunes must be wrought / Thus on its sounding anvil shaped / Each burning deed and thought. (Report) Reply Susan Williams (11/15/2015 2:18:00 PM) This is the ideal common man as much today as it was in Longfellow's day. Independent, hard working, religious, warm-hearted. A country can never have too many of these men. (Report) Reply Gangadharan Nair Pulingat (11/15/2015 8:48:00 AM) Very much interesting the poem which gives the minute points of smithy works and feeling of the gentleman who works as village smith. (Report) Reply Ratnakar Mandlik (11/15/2015 1:51:00 AM) A master piece of a poem depicting values linked with eternity. The melody of the meaningful and thought provoking poem is superb. Enjoyed the melody as well as spiritual touch to the poem given by the master spirit. Thanks for sharing. (Report) Reply Seema Jayaraman (11/15/2015 12:49:00 AM) Loved stumbling over this poem on PH today.. just a few weeks ago an uncle..octogenarian whom we met in Chennai rolled out this poem from memory, he said he had learnt it in school many many decades ago 'The smith, a might man is he, With large and sinewy hands; and he compared the sinewy word mentioned here with the one I had used in my poem A Father's Grief.. what an amazing memory and what a lovely poem to remember for decades.. thanks for sharing. (Report) Reply John Tatum (8/21/2013 11:19:00 PM) I memorized this poem in the 6th grade...such strong lines and such great meter and, well, very inspiring. (Report) Reply	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
In which US state is the 'Great Smoky Mountains National Park'?	The Village Blacksmith - WOW.com The Village Blacksmith For the John Ford film, see The Village Blacksmith (film) . First page of the original manuscript for "The Village Blacksmith" "The Village Blacksmith" is a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , first published in 1840. The poem describes a local blacksmith and his daily life. The blacksmith serves as a role model who balances his job with the role he plays with his family and community. Years after its publication, a tree mentioned in the poem was cut down and part of it was made into an armchair which was then presented to Longfellow by local schoolchildren. Contents 7 External links Synopsis The poem is about a local blacksmith . Noted as being strong, he works by the sweat of his brow and does not owe anyone anything. Children coming home from school stop to stare at him as he works, impressed by the roaring bellows and burning sparks. On Sundays, the blacksmith, a single father after the death of his wife, takes his children to church, where his daughter sings in the choir. He goes through his life following the daily tasks assigned to him and has earned his sleep at night. The narrator concludes by thanking the blacksmith for the lessons he can teach. Origins The title character of "The Village Blacksmith", third from the left, depicted in the Longfellow Memorial by Daniel Chester French and Henry Bacon , Cambridge, Massachusetts Longfellow said the poem was a tribute to his ancestor Stephen Longfellow, who had been a blacksmith, a schoolmaster, then a town clerk. [1] In 1745, this ancestor was the first Longfellow to make his way to Portland, Maine , the town where the poet would be born. [2] Longfellow wrote to his father on October 25, 1840: "There will be a kind of Ballad on a Blacksmith in the next Knickerbocker, which you may consider, if you please, as a song in praise of your ancestors at Newbury." [3] The actual village blacksmith in the poem, however, was a Cambridge resident named Dexter Pratt, a neighbor of Longfellow's. Pratt's house is still standing at 54 Brattle Street in Cambridge. [4] Several other blacksmiths have been posited as inspirations for the character in the poem, including "The Learned Blacksmith" Elihu Burritt , to whom Longfellow once offered a scholarship to attend Harvard College . [5] Publication and response Chair made from the chestnut tree in the poem, presented to Longfellow in 1879 "The Village Blacksmith" was first published in the November 1840 issue of The Knickerbocker . [6] It was soon after printed as part of Longfellow's poetry collection Ballads and Other Poems in 1841. [7] The collection, which also included " The Wreck of the Hesperus ", was instantly popular. [8] In 1879, years after the publication of "The Village Blacksmith", the local schoolchildren in Cambridge, Massachusetts presented Longfellow with an armchair made from "the spreading chestnut tree" in the poem which was recently cut down. [9] Under the cushion of the chair is a brass plate on which is inscribed, in part: "This chair made from the wood of the spreading chestnut-tree is presented as an expression of his grateful regard and veneration by the children of Cambridge". [10] From then on, Longfellow made it a rule to allow schoolchildren to be admitted into his study to see the chair. [11] He also composed a poem to commemorate his gift called " From my Arm-Chair ". The site on Brattle Street in Cambridge where the tree once stood is now designated with a stone marker. [12] Analysis "The Village Blacksmith" is written in six line stanzas alternating between iambic tetrameter and trimeter with a regularity of cadence and rhyme that mimics the stability invoked in the poem's narrative. [13] The title character of the poem is presented as an " everyman " and a role model: he balances his commitments to work, the community, and his family. [14] The character is presented as an iconic tradesman who is embedded in the history of the town and its defining institutions because he is a longtime resident with deeply rooted strength, as symbolized by the "spreading chestnut tree". [15] Longfellow uses the poem to glorify and celebrate a humble, plain person, much as John Greenleaf Whittier does in his poem "The Barefoot Boy". [16] Further, Simon Bronner notes that, like Nathaniel Hawthorne 's woodcarver character in "Drowne's Wooden Image", Longfellow is praising the craftsman in a time of industrialization. [17] Adaptations and influences The poem, along with several others by Longfellow, was translated into Spanish by Colombian poet Rafael Pombo . [18] In several interviews, baseball player and manager Billy Southworth noted that his father recited the poem to him as a child, that he himself memorized it, and that it inspired him as an adult. [19] Several quotes from the poem were used in Buster Keaton's 1922 silent comedy The Blacksmith (1922). In 1926, a comical song called "The Village Blacksmith Owns the Village Now" was published with words by Leslie Moore and music by Johnny Tucker. [20] The lyrics detailed how the blacksmith grew rich with the rise of the automobile by converting his shop into a service station . The song was recorded by popular U.S. comedians and bandleaders of the era including the Happiness Boys and Harry Reser . In 1938, songwriters Tommie Connor , Jimmy Kennedy , and Hamilton Kennedy created a comical song and dance routine inspired by the poem; Glenn Miller 's recording of the song was featured in the 1990 film Memphis Belle . [21] Daffy Duck recites a portion of the poem in the 1953 cartoon Duck Amuck . The first bandmaster of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps , R. T. Stevens, suggested the adoption of the song version of "The Village Blacksmith" as the Corps' march of the RAOC in 1922. He argued that the melody had a marching lilt, the theme was appropriate, and that many regimental marches were based on airs. Accordingly "The Village Blacksmith" became the RAOC Regimental March. The Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps adopted the same march. [22] References ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 226. ISBN 0-86576-008-X ^ Hawthorne, Hildegarde. The Poet of Craigie House: The Story of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936: 130. ^ Hilen, Andrew (editor). The Letters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967: vol. II, p. 259. ISBN 0674527259 ^ Wilson, Susan. Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 105. ISBN 0-618-05013-2 ^ Della Valle, Paul. Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2009: 140. ISBN 978-0-7627-4850-1 ^ Gale, Robert L. A Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 278. ISBN 0-313-32350-X ^ Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 78. ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 138. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2 . ^ Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 100. ^ Harberts, Ethel F. Footprints of Henry W. Longfellow: A Travel Guide to America's Favorite Poet. St. Cloud, Minnesota: North Star Press, 1993: 78. ISBN 0-9635735-0-0 ^ Sullivan, Wilson. New England Men of Letters. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972: 198. ISBN 0-02-788680-8 . ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 109. ^ Pennell, Melissa McFarland. Masterpieces of American Romantic Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006: 68. ISBN 0-313-33141-3 ^ Schwehn, Mark R. and Dorothy C. Bass. Leading Lives That Matter: What We Should Do and Who We Should Be. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000: 281. ISBN 0-8028-3256-3 . ^ Laurie, Bruce. Beyond Garrison: Antislavery and Social Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005: 175. ISBN 0-521-60517-2 ^ Curti, Merle. The Growth of the American Thought (sixth edition). Transaction Publishers, 2004: 296. ISBN 0-87855-879-9 ^ Bronner, Simon J. Explaining Traditions: Folk Behavior in Modern Culture. University of Kentucky Press, 2011: 138–139. ISBN 978-0-8131-3406-2 ^ Jaksić, Iván. The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820-1880. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012: 107. ISBN 9781137014917 ^ Skipper, John C. Billy Southworth: A Biography of the Hall of Fame Manager and Ballplayer. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2013: 90. ISBN 978-0-7864-6847-8	i don't know
What was Dusty Springfield's first No. 1 hit?	The Hit Songs of Dusty Springfield \| Spinditty The Hit Songs of Dusty Springfield The Hit Songs of Dusty Springfield Updated on December 15, 2016 Joined: 2 years agoFollowers: 130Articles: 80 62 Dusty Springfield \| Source The Best of Dusty Springfield In my humble opinion, Dusty Springfield's hit songs have rightly been cited as among the best by any British female singer of her generation. Starting out as a member of The Springfields, she progressed to a solo career in the 1960s and was among the forefront of the British Invasion, enjoying success in both the USA and the UK. Although not immediately recognisable in her earlier recordings, her preference for the soul music coming out of America became more apparent as her career blossomed. She has been credited with introducing the Motown Sound to the UK; when on TV in the Sixties she hosted a showcase of the music, singing along with Martha Reeves. You can hear that soulfulness in many of the songs featured here, all of which appeared on the British music charts of the time. During the 1960s, there was sometimes a discrepancy between the Dusty Springfield songs released as singles in the UK and the USA. Therefore, there may be tracks missing here that were popular in the States which were not so in Britain, and vice versa. However, there is no denying the popularity of Dusty Springfield, not only in the 1960s, but also during her comeback in the 1980s and 1990s. If, like me, you enjoy the output of one of the finest popular singers the UK has produced, then you are in for a treat! Advertisement 1963: "I Only Want to Be With You" Dusty's first hit in the UK was this Number 4 song written by Mike Hawker and Ivor Raymonde. Unequivocally catchy, Dusty delivers a full blooded vocal full of defiance that, at the time, had not been matched by many female singers in the rock era. With the beginnings of the British Invasion taking place in the US, it also became her first hit record in America too. Advertisement Hit Songs of 1964 Stay Awhile: This Number 13 UK hit is a song that includes much that is reminiscent of Phil Spector's Wall of Sound. It seems the three minute single had not fully arrived yet, as this clocks in at a little under two minutes. I Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself: One of Dusty Springfield's biggest hits of the 1960s, this is an emotionally laden ballad that defined her plaintive, soulful vocals. It reached Number 3 in the UK, but strangely failed to chart in the USA. Losing You: Dusty's third and final UK Top 20 hit of 1964. Catch a glimpse of Gene Pitney in the video from the 1960s pop show Ready, Steady, Go! Stay Awhile I Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself Losing You Hit Songs of 1965 Your Hurtin' Kinda Love: A minor Top Forty hit in the UK, this was nevertheless another Dusty vocal tour-de-force, as she infuses her soulful voice into a standard pop-style Sixties song. In the Middle of Nowhere: Another huge hit in the UK that missed the mark in the US, the song is an uptempo "growler" from Dusty that made the Top Ten in July. Some of Your Lovin': Written by the famed songwriting team of Gerry Goffin and Carole King, this song became Dusty Springfield's favourite performance and was another Top 10 hit in October. Your Hurtin' Kinda Love In the Middle of Nowhere Some of Your Lovin' Little By Little Hit Songs of 1966 Little By Little: 1966 was to be Dusty Springfield's most successful year singles wise. This first hit of the year really did not indicate the direction in which she was headed, but it nevertheless gave her a rock inspired Top 20 hit. You Don't Have to Say You Love Me: Surprisingly, this was Dusty's only ever UK Number One hit. Originally an Italian song entitled "Lo Che Non Vivo (Senza Te)," it was given an English lyric full of unrequited love in which she gives one of her finest vocal performances. Goin' Back: Not released as a single in the US, if pushed, this is quite possibly my favourite of Dusty Springfield's songs. Another track penned by Gerry Goffin and Carole King, Dusty's rendition will surely break your heart. It peaked at Number 10 in July. All I See is You: Dusty is still in distress as the lyrics prove with this emotional ballad that saw it rise up the British charts to a peak of Number 9 in October. You Don't Have to Say You Love Me Goin' Back All I See is You I'll Try Anything Hit Songs of 1967 I'll Try Anything: A return to an uptempo Dusty, this song was more reflective of her soul preferences, sounding somewhat like the Tamla Motown sound that she was happy to promote. However, it broke a streak of three UK Top 10 hits by only peaking at Number 13. Give Me Time: This tearjerker followed later in 1967, but by this time the record buying public's attention was being drawn to the Summer of Love and not impassioned ballads. Still a fine recording, though it did not perform well in the music charts, peaking at a lowly Number 24. It became the B-Side of her American hit The Look of Love. Give Me Time I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten Hit Songs of 1968 I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten: Dusty Springfield returned to the UK Top Five with this plaintive mid tempo number that produced yet another fine vocal performance. Son of a Preacher Man: This would be Dusty Springfield's last UK Top 10 hit for eighteen years, but it seems she saved the best for last. As the 1960s came to a close, she finally recorded several songs in a genre that was close to her heart, with musicians whom she admired. Son of a Preacher Man was lifted from one of the best albums of the decade: Dusty in Memphis. Son of a Preacher Man What Have I Done to Deserve This? In Collaboration With the Pet Shop Boys - Hits From the 1980s & 1990s In the late 1980s, pop-synth duo The Pet Shop Boys rediscovered Dusty Springfield and featured her on their latest single of the time, "What Have I Done to Deserve This?" This led to a revival in her career and saw her appear in both the UK and US music charts into the early 1990s. Several of these hit songs were either written and/or produced by The Pet Shop Boys and are included here. They are "Nothing Has Been Proved," "In Private," "Reputation," and "Arrested By You" which were all taken from her UK Top Twenty album: Reputation & Rarities. Nothing Has Been Proved	You Don't Have to Say You Love Me
"""There never was a good war nor a bad peace""is a quote attributed to which American statesman?"	Dusty Springfield - IMDb IMDb Soundtrack \| Actress Dusty Springfield has been acknowledged around the world as the best female soul singer that Britain ever produced. With her oddly erotic, throaty voice, she racked up a string of hits from the 1960s onwards. Born in London to Irish parents, Dusty grew up in and around London. Her early work included an all-girl trio, "The Lana Sisters" and, then, ... See full bio » Born: a list of 79 people created 13 Aug 2011 a list of 44 people created 29 Dec 2013 a list of 45 people created 16 Apr 2015 a list of 127 people created 4 months ago a list of 758 people created 4 weeks ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Dusty Springfield's work have you seen? User Polls 2016 The Grand Tour (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Morroccan Roll (2016) ... (performer: "The Windmills Of Your Mind" - uncredited) 2016 Crazyhead (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - A Very Trippy Horse (2016) ... (performer: "Spooky") 2012-2016 Timeshift (TV Series documentary) (performer - 2 episodes) - Bridging the Gap: How the Severn Bridge Was Built (2016) ... (performer: "I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself" - uncredited) - The British Army of the Rhine (2012) ... (performer: "I Only Want to Be With You", "Auf dich nur wart' ich immerzu" (German version of "I Only Want to Be With You"), "Warten und Hoffen" (German version of 'Wishin' and Jopin' ') - uncredited) 2016 Mafia III (Video Game) (performer: "Son Of A Preacher Man" - uncredited) 2016 Mr. Robot (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - eps2.1_k3rnel-pan1c.ksd (2016) ... (performer: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" - uncredited) 2016 Vinyl (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - Rock and Roll Queen (2016) ... (performer: "The Windmills Of Your Mind") - Pilot (2016) ... 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"Whose law states""Bad money drives out good""?"	AA History -- Gresham's Law & Alcoholics Anonymous Click The Images To Go To Page Indicated In The Flag GRESHAM'S LAW & ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS HOW DO YOU WANT YOUR CUP OF TEA? STRONG? - MEDIUM? - WEAK? Gresham's Law - "Bad currency drives out good" - has been operative in the life of Alcoholics Anonymous. Weak AA is tending to drive out strong AA. This article originally appeared a little over two years after I came to A.A. in the July 1976 issue of "24 Magazine," with the author unknown. Permission was given to reprint. This material should be "required reading" for anyone interested in why AA is not as effective now as it was in prior years, and especially for those people experiencing a "flat recovery," suicidal thoughts, relapse, or repeated relapse. GRESHAM'S LAW & ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS There are three ways to work the program of Alcoholics Anonymous. (1) The strong, original way, proved powerfully and reliably effective over forty years. (2) A medium way - not so strong, not so safe, not so sure, not so good, but still effective. And (3) a weak way, which turns out to be really no way at all but literally a heresy, a false teaching, a twisting corruption of what the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous clearly stated the program to be. As a year member of Alcoholics Anonymous, I am still awed by the combination of simplicity, practicality, and profundity built into the Twelve Steps; the AA recovery plan. This audacious blueprint for life change was drawn up in 1939 by a former dead-end drunk serving as spokesman for an unknown, unproven society of 100 reformed problem drinkers, many of whom were still in the relatively early stages of recovery from alcohol addiction. Yet for all their boldness of scope, the Steps are so plainly worded, and so well-explained in chapters five and following of "Alcoholics Anonymous," the AA "Big Book," that they can be done by anyone. And, therein lies their greatest genius. There is no prior requirement of purity of life or advancement of learning. Just a willingness to admit personal defeat and a sincere desire to change. The Twelve Steps sharply contradict the secular psychological axiom that where the level of performance is low you must set a low level of aspiration in order to gain a positive result in life. By this view, the proper approach for the early AA's would have been to put together a program aimed certainly no higher than alcohol abstinence and a return to life as it had been in the pre-alcoholic days, life as ordinary men and women of the world. But these newly-sobered-up drunks set out to become totally committed men and women of God. The authors of the Big Book knew that this radical recovery plan was apt to jar many of the newcomers they were trying to reach with their message and they made two moves to sugarcoat their pill. First, they put the following disclaimer immediately after listing the Twelve Steps in chapter five: "Many of us exclaimed, I can't go through with it. Do not be discouraged. No one among us has been able to maintain anything like perfect adherence to these principles. We are not saints. The point is that we are willing to grow along spiritual lines. The principles we have set down are guides to progress. We claim spiritual progress rather than spiritual perfection." That short paragraph was a stroke of inspiration, especially the phrase, "We are not saints." It has eased thousands of new, half-convinced AA members (myself included) past the fact that we were headed, under the guidance of the Steps, in the completely unfamiliar direction of spiritual perfection. Most of us began practicing the Steps without realizing their full implications. Experience quickly taught us that they worked. They got us sober and enabled us to stay sober. From our intensely pragmatic standpoint, that was what mattered. We were content to enjoy our sobriety and leave all debates as to why the Steps worked to non-alcoholic theorizers - whose lives did not hang in the balance if they got themselves confused and came to some wrong conclusions. AA's founders did something else to keep the spiritual rigor and power of the Twelve Steps from scaring off new prospects. They put the Steps forth as suggestions rather than as directives. The sentence, which introduces the Steps in chapter five of the Big Book, says, "Here are the steps we took, which are suggested as a program of recovery." This idea had enormous appeal throughout the AA movement from the time the Big Book was first published. We drunks hate to be told to do anything. The freedom to take the Steps at their own pace and in their own way quickly grew to be deeply cherished among AA members. Before we explore the results of this permissive approach to the Steps, there is one oddity worth noting. AA existed for four full years before the Steps were put in their final written form. During that time there was a program and it was sobering up alcoholics. It consisted of two parts: a Six-step word-of-mouth program, and the Four Absolutes - absolute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness, and absolute love - taken over from the Oxford Group, the evangelical Christian movement out of which AA was born. The six steps of the word-of-mouth program from the early pioneering years of Alcoholics Anonymous as given in "Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age" are: 1 - We admitted that we were powerless over alcohol. 2 - We made a moral inventory of our defects or sins. 3 - We confessed or shared our shortcomings with another person in confidence. 4 - We made restitution to all those we had harmed by our drinking. 5 - We tried to help other alcoholics with no thought of reward in money or prestige. 6 - We prayed to whatever God we thought there was for power to practice these precepts. In those early days of AA there was no talk of suggestions. The basic points of the program were regarded by all the older members as directives, as indispensable essentials, and were passed on to newcomers as such. When Bill first formulated the Twelve Steps, he conceived of them, too, as instructions, not as suggestions. When the idea of presenting the Steps as suggestions came up, Bill for a long time flatly opposed it. Finally - and reluctantly - he agreed. In "Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age" he related how this concession enabled countless AA's to approach the fellowship who would otherwise have been turned off AA - and back to active alcoholism. Still, Bill was a man whose watchword was prudence and who went out of his way to steer clear of destructive controversy. One cannot help wondering if his feelings on the decision to present the Twelve Steps in the form of suggestions were not a bit more ambiguous than he was willing to let on in public once the compromise had been reached. There is no denying that the paragraphs of chapter five of the Big Book which introduce the Twelve Steps are full of language that would be utterly appropriate as a preamble to a set of action directions, but is not nearly as fitting as an introduction to a group of suggestions. Here is the beginning of chapter five, with the key words and phrases underlined: "Rarely have we seen a person fail who has thoroughly followed our path. Those who do not recover are people who cannot or will not completely give themselves to this simple program, usually men and women who are constitutionally incapable of being honest with themselves. There are such unfortunates. They are not at fault; they seem to have been born that way. They are naturally incapable of grasping and developing a manner of living which demands rigorous honesty. Their chances are less than average. There are those, too, who suffer from grave emotional and mental disorders, but many of them do recover if they have the capacity to be honest. Our stories disclose in a general way what we used to be like, what happened, and what we are like now. If you have decided you want what we have and are willing to go to any length to get it - then you are ready to take certain steps. "At some of these we balked. We thought we could find an easier, softer way. But we could not. With all the earnestness at our command, we beg of you to be fearless and thorough from the very start. Some of us have tried to hold on to our old ideas and the result was nil until we let go absolutely. "Remember that we deal with alcohol - cunning, baffling, powerful! Without help it is too much for us. But there is One who has all power - that One is God. May you find Him now! "Half measures availed us nothing. We stood at the turning point. We asked His protection and care with complete abandon. Here are the steps we took..." Granting that Bill ended up fully reconciled to the compromise, his initial misgivings may turn out in the long run to have been prophetic. At the time, however, there were no indications whatsoever that the permissive, suggestions only approach was anything but a boon to the movement. In 1938 and 1939 when the Big Book was being written, there were 100 members in the fellowship. By 1945 active AA membership was up to 13,000.The primary reason for this explosive increase was that the program - the Steps - were a winning formula; they worked, and there was a big need for them out there in the population. America was boozy and was spawning a great many alcoholics. Highly favorable press coverage of the AA story was also a major factor in the spectacular growth pattern. A series of enthusiastic articles on AA appeared in the fall of 1939 in the Cleveland "Plain Dealer." These pieces produced a flood of new AA members in the Cleveland area. This sudden expansion was the first tangible evidence that AA had the potential to grow into a movement of major proportions. The sequence of events during this period is significant. The Big Book was published in April of 1939, and in it the suggestions-only approach to the Steps was disseminated for the first time. A few months later the "Plain Dealer" articles ran, and Cleveland AA's found themselves relating to new prospects on an unprecedented scale. It suddenly became attractive, in a way it had not been before when the fellowship was smaller and more intimate, to ease up a bit on the idea that all the principles should be practiced all the time by all the members. More and more emphasis began to be placed on the fact that the Steps were to be considered as suggestions only. At this time, and through this set of circumstances, the "cafeteria style" take-what-you-like-and-leave-the-rest approach to the Twelve Steps came into practice. And it seemed to work. It turned out that many newcomers could get sober and stay sober without anything like the full and intensive practice of the whole program that had been considered a life-or-death necessity in the early years. In fact, alcoholics in significant numbers began to demonstrate that they could stay off booze on no more than an admission of powerlessness, some work with other alcoholics, and regular attendance at AA meetings. This is not to say that all AA's began to take this super-permissive approach to the Twelve Steps. A great many continued to opt for the original, full program approach. But now for the first time the workability of other, less rigorous approaches was established, and a tendency had emerged which was to become more pronounced as time went on. At first this seemed like an unmixed blessing. After all, those who chose actively to practice all of the Twelve Steps were as free as ever to do so. Those who preferred working with some, or just a couple, of the Steps were staying sober too. And AA was attracting more and more new members and more and more favorable recognition. In 1941, Jack Alexander's article on Alcoholics Anonymous was published in the "Saturday Evening Post." AA membership at the time stood at 2,000. In the next nine months it jumped 400%. By now it was possible to distinguish three variant practices of the AA program which we have labeled the strong-cup-of-coffee, medium-cup-of-coffee, and weak-cup-of-coffee approaches. Strong AA was the original, undiluted, dosage of the spiritual principles. Strong AA's took all twelve of the Steps - and kept on taking them. They did not stop with the admission of powerlessness over alcohol, but went on right away to turn their wills and lives over to God's care. They began to practice rigorous honesty in all their affairs. In short order they proceeded to take a moral inventory, admit all their wrongs to at least one other person, take positive and forceful action in making such restitution as was possible for those wrongs, continued taking inventory, admitting their faults, and making restitution on a regular basis, pray and meditate every day, go to two or more AA meetings weekly, and actively work the Twelfth Step, carrying the AA message to others in trouble. The medium AA's started off with a bang, pretty much like the strong AA's, except they hedged or procrastinated a bit on parts of the program that they feared or did not like - maybe the God Steps, maybe the inventory Steps, depending on their particular nervousness or dislikes. But after they had stayed sober for a while, the medium AA's eased up and settled into a practice of the program that went something like this: an AA meeting a week; occasional Twelfth Step work (leaving more and more of that to the "newer fellows" as time went on); some work with the Steps (but not like before); less and less inventory (as they became more and more "respectable"); some prayer and meditation still, but not on a daily basis any more (not enough time, due to the encroachment of business engagements, social activities, and other baggage that went along with the return to normal life in the workaday world). The weak AA's were a varied lot. The thing common to all of them was that they left big chunks of the program totally and permanently out of their reckoning right from the outset - sometimes the God Steps, sometimes the inventory Steps, often both. Weak AA's tended to talk in terms like, "All you need to do to stay sober is go to meetings and stay away from the first drink." Most of the weak AA's who were successful in staying sober were pretty faithful meeting-goers. Since they were doing so little with the principles, their sobriety and their survival depended more exclusively than did those of the strong and medium AA's on constant exposure to the people of AA. The fact is that only the strong-cup-of-coffee-ers were practicing the program as it had been laid out in the Big Book. Granting that the medium and weak AA's had every right as AA members to practice the principles any way they wanted (including hardly any at all), since the Steps were "suggestions only" - still, the way the first members had done it, and the way the Big Book had recorded it was the strong-cup-of-coffee way. The medium approach had - and still has - a real, constructive place in the AA recovery scheme, in that it can be used as a temporary platform for reluctant beginners. The medium-cup-of-coffee option enables many who initially are not up to the strong approach to gain a foothold in the fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous. But medium AA can, and often does, become a trap. It is no place for an AA member to try to settle out permanently. People who stick too long in medium AA pass the point where they might be encouraged to step up to strong AA and end up sliding back into weak AA. Weak AA has none of the redeeming features of medium AA. It is clearly at odds with the program as outlined in the Big Book. It bases itself on a flat and nonnegotiable refusal to work with vital recovery principles. Weak AA's cop out and stay copped out on most of the Twelve Steps. They water down the program to the point where there really is no program in the sense that the first members of AA understood the program. A more inclusive, more accurate, and more descriptive term than "weak AA" for this practice is "copped-out and watered-down AA", or COWD AA for short. With the passage of time, a definite evolution has taken place in AA in the respective popularity and acceptability of the strong and COWD approaches. In the first years of their existence, the COWD AA's tended to feel obligated to defend and sing the praises of their "heterodox" approaches and even to chide the strong AA's a bit for being rigid and holier-than-thou. The strong AA's, for their part, tended to be more relaxed and tolerant, less strident, less defensive. After all, their method was obviously safer since it involved taking more of the medicine. And it was obviously the original and genuine article as the Big Book eloquently attested But this juxtaposition of attitudes came to have a peculiar effect in a movement which prided itself on its good-natured inclination to let all kinds of maverick opinions and practices have their say and their way. The loudest voices came to be the voices of heterodoxy, and these came in time to have the greatest impact on newcomers. Copped-out and watered-down AA came to be the "in" thing, the wave of the future; strong AA came to be regarded - not universally, but widely - as a bit stodgy and a bit passï¿½. The COWD AA's had in a sense proven Bill and the first hundred AA's wrong. In the introduction to the Twelve Steps, the statement: "...we thought we could find an easier, softer way, but we could not..." was an unequivocal assertion that it was necessary to practice all the Steps. But the COWD AA's did not practice all the Steps, and they were staying sober. They had found an easier, softer way. Human nature being what it is, it was inevitable that the less demanding, medium-to-weak approach would grow in popularity while the older, more rigorous approach would decline. Who wants to do things the hard way when they do not have to? Who wants to drive a car with standard shift when the model with automatic is a hundred dollars cheaper? AA has been in existence now more than years. There is still widespread lip service in the movement to the importance of working all the Steps and practicing rigorous honesty in all one's affairs. But as a matter of fact, precious few AA's continue to attempt seriously and consistently to DO these things on a daily basis - not after their first months of sobriety in the fellowship. Reversion to a lower, more "normal" level of aspiration is the order of the day. Those who do continue to practice strong AA have to be careful how they talk about what they are doing in AA meetings. In many places, too much or too serious talk about God is considered bad form. The same is true about talk on the subjects of confession, restitution, and rigorous honesty - especially where they affect such difficult and sensitive life areas as job applications, tax returns, business dealings, and sex relations. But if weak AA works - if it produces recovery - what fault is there to find with it? Maybe this is a case where heterodoxy turns out to be superior to orthodoxy. Why should anyone go to the extra bother of practicing strong AA? The opening paragraphs of chapter 6 afford one very good reason. Weak AA brings about a far less profound life alteration than strong AA does. In many cases that relatively superficial change is not enough to crack the alcoholic pattern. In many other cases, it results in an apparent recovery, which does not last, but sooner or later eventuates in a relapse into drinking. What the original AA's were shooting for - and what they aimed their program at - was not mere sobriety. That would have been the "common-sense" approach, the way of worldly wisdom, the reasonable-level-of-aspiration gambit. But the founders of AA were men moved by inspiration. They were coming at the problem with the uncommon sense of men under guidance. The common-sense approach had already been tried and it had failed. If you set a drunk's level of aspiration at mere abstinence - "'Why don't you be a good fellow, use your will power; and give the stuff up" - it did not work. The poor candidate for reform was back drinking again in short order. The discovery that launched AA in the first place was that if an alcoholic were somehow to be rocketed into a state way beyond abstinence, if he were to achieve a real spiritual conversion, an utterly new relationship with God, then permanent abstinence would automatically occur as a blessed and life-saving by-product. That was how it happened with Bill. That was how it happened with Dr. Bob. That was how it happened with most of the first hundred members. That was how the authors of the Big Book thought it would have to happen with everyone. Originally, the Twelfth Step read: "Having had a spiritual experience as the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs". Two key phrases were "spiritual experience" and "as the result of these Steps". The assumption was: no spiritual experience - no recovery. It was also assumed that there were not a number of different results from working the Steps; there was one result -"the" result - and that was spiritual experience. To the first members, spiritual experience meant that God had touched your life - directly, tangibly - and turned it around. Sometime between 1939, when the "Plain Dealer" article was published, and 1941, when the Alexander piece ran in the "Post", a major shift in philosophy occurred. No one in AA was much aware that it was taking place at the time, and to this day the process that went on remains almost totally unacknowledged throughout the fellowship. What changed was the importance of the roles assigned respectively to the recovery principles and the recovery fellowship in AA. Up until 1939, AA was a small, unknown organization whose success record, though excellent, applied only over a tiny group of cases, and had not yet stood the test of time. Recovering alcoholics in the young movement relied upon each other and worked closely with one another. But the principles were the primary life transformers. The movement as such was not large enough or well enough established that it could be leaned on in lieu of faithful work with the Steps. After AA became big, after it gained national recognition as a success, a new relationship became possible with it, one which had not previously been an option, and which the founders had not really foreseen. It became possible for an alcoholic to come to meetings and get sober without undergoing a real spiritual conversion, simply by the process of mimesis, or imitation - by the practice of something no more spiritual than the principle of when-in-Rome-do-as-the-Romans-do. Here is how AA-by-mimesis worked. The newcomer was joining himself to a big, successful organization, like the Elks or the Kiwanis. One of the customs of this particular club was that you did not drink; so if the newcomer liked the people he had met in AA and wanted to stay associated with them, he gave up drinking. He made AA meetings and AA people the focus of his social life and his leisure-time activities and stayed sober, more off the power of the pack than anything else. The true nature of this quite other, and quite non-spiritual, recovery option was never clearly faced and admitted within the fellowship. Instead, an attempt was made to broaden the meaning of the term "spiritual" to include both kinds of recovered alcoholics: the sober-by-conversion alcoholics - those who as the result of working the Steps had had a spiritual experience and become transformed human beings, seriously involved with regenerative life and ideas - and the sober-by-imitation alcoholics - those who had remained essentially the same type of people they had been before coming into AA, except that they had joined a new organization, made a new set of friends, and given up drinking in conformity to their new social setup. There is only one term in the Twelve Steps that has been changed since the Big Book was first published in 1939.That term is "spiritual experience" in the Twelfth Step. A member of my home AA group, who first came into the fellowship in 1941, tells it this way: "When I first came in, they were still talking about 'spiritual experience'. A year or two later they started calling it 'spiritual awakening'." It was at this time that the official version of the Twelfth Step was changed to read: "Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps ..."The term spiritual experience, which had been perfectly acceptable in the early years when the fellowship was small and explicitly conversion-oriented, came to be viewed as too narrow and prejudicial against the less-profound life changes resulting from mimesis-oriented AA, which were coming to be the majority recovery pattern in Alcoholics Anonymous. An explanatory note was added to the Big Book, as follows: "The terms "spiritual experience" and "spiritual awakening" are used many times in this book, which upon careful reading, shows that the personality change sufficient to bring about recovery from alcoholism has manifested itself among us in many different forms. "Yet it is true that our first printing gave many readers the impression that these personality changes, or religious experiences, must be in the nature of sudden and spectacular upheavals. Happily for everyone, this conclusion is erroneous. "In the first few chapters a number of sudden revolutionary changes are described. Though it was not our intention to create such an impression many alcoholics have nevertheless concluded that in order to recover they must acquire an immediate and overwhelming "God-consciousness" followed at once by a vast change in feeling and outlook. "Among our rapidly growing membership of thousands of alcoholics such transformations, though frequent, are by no means the rule. Most of our experiences are what the psychologist William James calls the "educational variety" because they develop slowly over a period of time. Quite often friends of the newcomer are aware of the difference long before he is himself. He finally realizes that he has undergone a profound alteration in his reaction to life; that such a change could hardly have been brought about by himself alone. What often takes place in a few months could seldom have been accomplished by years of self-discipline. With few exceptions our members find that they have tapped an unsuspected inner resource, which they presently identify with their own conception of a Power greater than themselves. "Most of us think this awareness of a Power greater than ourselves is the essence of spiritual experience. Our more religious members call it "God consciousness." "Most emphatically we wish to say that any alcoholic capable of honestly facing his problems in the light of our experience can recover, provided he does not close his mind to all spiritual concepts. He can only be defeated by an attitude of intolerance or belligerent denial. "We find that no one need have difficulty with the spirituality of the program. Willingness, honesty and open mindedness are the essentials of recovery. But these are indispensable." When you compare this statement to that which introduced the Twelve Steps in chapter five, the difference in tone is astonishing. Chapter five rings with a series of booming affirmations that the goal of the program is a life given to God and the way is an uncompromisingly spiritual one. In the later-added appendix there is virtually a full retreat from the earlier vigor and un-self-conscious joy in God-commitment. The stated purpose of this appendix is to reassure people that the spiritual change accompanying an AA recovery need not be in the form of a sudden upheaval. The point needed making and was well made. But a further point was also made - not directly, but by implication - in the defensive, back-pedaling, almost apologetic treatment of the whole subject of religious experience. That point was the following: the authors and publishers of the Big Book, unofficial spokesmen for the movement, were responding to a change in the AA recovery pattern by lowering the spiritual level of aspiration of the society, a move they would not have dared to make in the early days but could, and even felt they must, make now that the society had become large and gained a reputation for respectability and reasonableness. The facts of the situation in AA which prompted the rewording of the Twelfth Step and the adding of the explanatory appendix to the Big Book could have been summarized in this way: "It is now possible to recover in one of two ways in AA. Option one is the original, spiritual experience way which follows from working all of the Steps. Option two is the way of partial practice of the Steps, and primary dependence on the social, fellowship-related aspects of life in AA. This second approach generally does not produce a spiritual experience as strong, full-program AA practice does. It also violates our tradition that we should always place principles before personalities. But in its favor, it requires less commitment and less work; it involves less in the way of life rearrangement; and it has proven itself sufficient in many cases to produce lasting abstinence from drinking." But no such statement was ever made, and the switch in terms from spiritual experience to spiritual awakening had the net effect of clouding in everyone's mind the real nature of the change, which had come about. It was not a matter of conscious deception on anyone's part. It was just a failure to see a dividing into two camps when it had occurred. This would have been an easy mistake in any case for those living through that period in AA's history, a quite understandable failure to see a trend developing, comparable to a mother's inability to notice growth changes in her own child. But in a movement committed almost before all else to the avoidance of controversy, blindness to this split was all but inevitable. The drawback to the original, rigorous, strong-cup-of-coffee approach to the AA program was that it required new members to plunge into a drastic program of spiritual transformation, a course which has never in history had appeal with large masses of people. Had the original approach remained the only approach, it is doubtful that AA would have reached anything like its present size of 850,000 members. (1976) But the weak-cup-of-coffee practice had even more serious flaws built into it. The relatively superficial life change, which it produces, is sufficient to get some alcoholics sober. It is not adequate - it is not effective - it simply doesn't work - for a very large number of others. This is particularly evident with the "hard" cases - the alcoholics who have been badly beat up physically and mentally before they arrive at their first AA meeting; the people whose alcoholism is complicated with drug abuse, perversion, criminal or psychotic tendencies, or a streak of psychopathology; and the "slippers," those who have developed a pattern of hanging around AA, staying sober for periods, but relapsing repeatedly into drinking. (Generally, the slippers are alcoholics with psychopathic tendencies who keep coming back to AA but are unwilling or unable to work with root principles, notably rigorous honesty.) Weak AA does not touch most of these people. They cannot stay sober that way. Yet if these hard cases find their way into an environment where strong AA, and nothing but strong AA, is being practiced, many of them are able to achieve lasting sobriety. The East Ridge Community in upstate New York has worked with hundreds of these tough drunks over the past twelve years. Strong AA is the standard fare at East Ridge, and they have a recovery rate of over seventy percent with these so-called AA failures. No success turns to success for the lion's share of them when weak AA is replaced with strong AA. There is another, more insidious, danger built into weak AA. In many cases the "recovery" produced by watered-down approaches to the Twelve Steps fails to hold up over the long haul. What looked in the beginning like an easier, softer way to maintain happy sobriety yields progressively less and less contentment, finally ending in a complete reversal of momentum and a relapse into serious personal misery. The end result may be a return to active alcoholism; or, short of that total disaster, it may be a sinking out into a life of discontented abstinence, marred by some combination of tension, resentment, depression, compulsive sick sex, and an overall sense of meaninglessness. Either way, it is a final failure to reap the benefits of the AA program; it is, in the last analysis, a failure to recover. Two disturbing tendencies are noticeable in contemporary AA. One is toward a lower recovery rate overall. For the first twenty years, the standard AA recovery estimate was seventy-five percent. An experience was that fifty percent of the alcoholics who came to AA got sober right away and stayed sober. Another twenty-five percent had trouble for a while but eventually got sober for good, and the remaining twenty-five percent never made a recovery. Then there was a period of some years when AA headquarters stopped making the seventy-five percent recovery claim in their official literature. In 1968,AA's General Service Organization published a survey indicating an overall recovery rate of about sixty-seven percent. The net of all this seems to be that as AA has gotten bigger and older, its effectiveness has dropped from about three in four to about two in three. (Note: two in three was in 1976 - our data shows numbers much LESS in 1997 - 1 in 15) The second unhealthy trend movement-wise is not backed by figures, but it is clear enough to any careful observer of the AA scene. As the fellowship grows older in time, its class of old-timers, alcoholics sober ten years and longer, grows. And the question of the staying power of an AA recovery looms even larger. It is an unhappy fact that growing numbers of these old-timers find the joy going out of their sobriety, that many of them search around frantically for ways to recapture the old zest for booze-free living, often ending up in such blind alleys as lunatic religions, dangerous pop psychological fads, or chemical alternatives like acid, pot, tranquilizers, and mood elevators. And far too many end up either back drinking or, what is almost as sad, sunk in despondency, hostility, bizarre acting-out patterns of one sort or another, or just plain, devastating boredom. All of this is unnecessary. The gradually shrinking recovery rate and the old-timer blues do not require a complex or an innovative solution. The answer lies in a return to original, strong AA.The men who wrote the Big Book were, as it turns out, right after all. There is no easier, softer way. The extra work and commitment required by the full program approach pay enormous dividends. They make sobriety fun because they do not make sobriety an end in itself. Mere non-drinking is a very negative kind of life goal. Even the power of a world-scale society of non-drinkers can be in and of itself only a temporary and limited deterrent for most alcoholics. The majority of those who become addicted are people with a mystical streak, an appetite for inexhaustible bliss. We sought in bottles what can only be found in spiritual experience. AA worked in the first place because its Twelve Steps were a workable set of guidelines to spiritual experience. Growth of the movement made possible for a time a kind of parasitism in which partial practitioners and non-practitioners of the spiritual principles were able to feed off the strength of those who had undergone real spiritual experiences. But at this point in time, (1976) the parasites have already drained the host organism of a considerable portion of its life force. It is late in the day to be sounding a call for a return to the original way, the way of faithful practice of the full program. Still, a great deal of life is left in the fellowship, and a major revival is possible if enough of us see our dangerous situation, personally and as a fellowship, in time. What we need to do is clear enough. It is spelled out in the first seven chapters of the Big Book. What it all boils down to - especially for us old-timers - is a willingness to continue practicing all the principles in all our affairs today, rather than resting on our laurels, taking our stand on what we did way back when, in our first weeks and months of sobriety. But we must not fail to face squarely the need for change, the need for re-dedication. Complacency, smugness in our record of success, is our greatest enemy. If we, as a recovered-alcoholic society, are unwilling to reverse our present course, the outlook is clear enough. We stand to recapitulate in less than a century what the Christian church has spent the last two thousand years demonstrating: that even the best of human institutions tend to deteriorate in time; and that size in spiritual organizations is all too often achieved at the expense of compromise of basic principles and the progressive abandonment of original goals and practices. I owe my life to AA. I hope we have the vision, and the humility, to change. I know we can if we will. This much is certain: the Twelve Steps are as inspired, as effective, as un-compromised, and as practicable now as they were when they were first put in writing years ago in 1938. Index of AA History Pages on Barefoot's Domain As in so many things, especially with we alcoholics, our History is our Greatest Asset!.. We each arrived at the doors of AA with an intensive and lengthy "History of Things That Do Not Work" .. Today, In AA and In Recovery, Our History has added an intensive and lengthy "History of Things That DO Work!!" and We will not regret the past nor wish to shut the door on it!!	Gresham's law
Which football team plays home games at the Memorial Ground?	AA History -- Gresham's Law & Alcoholics Anonymous Click The Images To Go To Page Indicated In The Flag GRESHAM'S LAW & ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS HOW DO YOU WANT YOUR CUP OF TEA? STRONG? - MEDIUM? - WEAK? Gresham's Law - "Bad currency drives out good" - has been operative in the life of Alcoholics Anonymous. Weak AA is tending to drive out strong AA. This article originally appeared a little over two years after I came to A.A. in the July 1976 issue of "24 Magazine," with the author unknown. Permission was given to reprint. This material should be "required reading" for anyone interested in why AA is not as effective now as it was in prior years, and especially for those people experiencing a "flat recovery," suicidal thoughts, relapse, or repeated relapse. GRESHAM'S LAW & ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS There are three ways to work the program of Alcoholics Anonymous. (1) The strong, original way, proved powerfully and reliably effective over forty years. (2) A medium way - not so strong, not so safe, not so sure, not so good, but still effective. And (3) a weak way, which turns out to be really no way at all but literally a heresy, a false teaching, a twisting corruption of what the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous clearly stated the program to be. As a year member of Alcoholics Anonymous, I am still awed by the combination of simplicity, practicality, and profundity built into the Twelve Steps; the AA recovery plan. This audacious blueprint for life change was drawn up in 1939 by a former dead-end drunk serving as spokesman for an unknown, unproven society of 100 reformed problem drinkers, many of whom were still in the relatively early stages of recovery from alcohol addiction. Yet for all their boldness of scope, the Steps are so plainly worded, and so well-explained in chapters five and following of "Alcoholics Anonymous," the AA "Big Book," that they can be done by anyone. And, therein lies their greatest genius. There is no prior requirement of purity of life or advancement of learning. Just a willingness to admit personal defeat and a sincere desire to change. The Twelve Steps sharply contradict the secular psychological axiom that where the level of performance is low you must set a low level of aspiration in order to gain a positive result in life. By this view, the proper approach for the early AA's would have been to put together a program aimed certainly no higher than alcohol abstinence and a return to life as it had been in the pre-alcoholic days, life as ordinary men and women of the world. But these newly-sobered-up drunks set out to become totally committed men and women of God. The authors of the Big Book knew that this radical recovery plan was apt to jar many of the newcomers they were trying to reach with their message and they made two moves to sugarcoat their pill. First, they put the following disclaimer immediately after listing the Twelve Steps in chapter five: "Many of us exclaimed, I can't go through with it. Do not be discouraged. No one among us has been able to maintain anything like perfect adherence to these principles. We are not saints. The point is that we are willing to grow along spiritual lines. The principles we have set down are guides to progress. We claim spiritual progress rather than spiritual perfection." That short paragraph was a stroke of inspiration, especially the phrase, "We are not saints." It has eased thousands of new, half-convinced AA members (myself included) past the fact that we were headed, under the guidance of the Steps, in the completely unfamiliar direction of spiritual perfection. Most of us began practicing the Steps without realizing their full implications. Experience quickly taught us that they worked. They got us sober and enabled us to stay sober. From our intensely pragmatic standpoint, that was what mattered. We were content to enjoy our sobriety and leave all debates as to why the Steps worked to non-alcoholic theorizers - whose lives did not hang in the balance if they got themselves confused and came to some wrong conclusions. AA's founders did something else to keep the spiritual rigor and power of the Twelve Steps from scaring off new prospects. They put the Steps forth as suggestions rather than as directives. The sentence, which introduces the Steps in chapter five of the Big Book, says, "Here are the steps we took, which are suggested as a program of recovery." This idea had enormous appeal throughout the AA movement from the time the Big Book was first published. We drunks hate to be told to do anything. The freedom to take the Steps at their own pace and in their own way quickly grew to be deeply cherished among AA members. Before we explore the results of this permissive approach to the Steps, there is one oddity worth noting. AA existed for four full years before the Steps were put in their final written form. During that time there was a program and it was sobering up alcoholics. It consisted of two parts: a Six-step word-of-mouth program, and the Four Absolutes - absolute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness, and absolute love - taken over from the Oxford Group, the evangelical Christian movement out of which AA was born. The six steps of the word-of-mouth program from the early pioneering years of Alcoholics Anonymous as given in "Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age" are: 1 - We admitted that we were powerless over alcohol. 2 - We made a moral inventory of our defects or sins. 3 - We confessed or shared our shortcomings with another person in confidence. 4 - We made restitution to all those we had harmed by our drinking. 5 - We tried to help other alcoholics with no thought of reward in money or prestige. 6 - We prayed to whatever God we thought there was for power to practice these precepts. In those early days of AA there was no talk of suggestions. The basic points of the program were regarded by all the older members as directives, as indispensable essentials, and were passed on to newcomers as such. When Bill first formulated the Twelve Steps, he conceived of them, too, as instructions, not as suggestions. When the idea of presenting the Steps as suggestions came up, Bill for a long time flatly opposed it. Finally - and reluctantly - he agreed. In "Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age" he related how this concession enabled countless AA's to approach the fellowship who would otherwise have been turned off AA - and back to active alcoholism. Still, Bill was a man whose watchword was prudence and who went out of his way to steer clear of destructive controversy. One cannot help wondering if his feelings on the decision to present the Twelve Steps in the form of suggestions were not a bit more ambiguous than he was willing to let on in public once the compromise had been reached. There is no denying that the paragraphs of chapter five of the Big Book which introduce the Twelve Steps are full of language that would be utterly appropriate as a preamble to a set of action directions, but is not nearly as fitting as an introduction to a group of suggestions. Here is the beginning of chapter five, with the key words and phrases underlined: "Rarely have we seen a person fail who has thoroughly followed our path. Those who do not recover are people who cannot or will not completely give themselves to this simple program, usually men and women who are constitutionally incapable of being honest with themselves. There are such unfortunates. They are not at fault; they seem to have been born that way. They are naturally incapable of grasping and developing a manner of living which demands rigorous honesty. Their chances are less than average. There are those, too, who suffer from grave emotional and mental disorders, but many of them do recover if they have the capacity to be honest. Our stories disclose in a general way what we used to be like, what happened, and what we are like now. If you have decided you want what we have and are willing to go to any length to get it - then you are ready to take certain steps. "At some of these we balked. We thought we could find an easier, softer way. But we could not. With all the earnestness at our command, we beg of you to be fearless and thorough from the very start. Some of us have tried to hold on to our old ideas and the result was nil until we let go absolutely. "Remember that we deal with alcohol - cunning, baffling, powerful! Without help it is too much for us. But there is One who has all power - that One is God. May you find Him now! "Half measures availed us nothing. We stood at the turning point. We asked His protection and care with complete abandon. Here are the steps we took..." Granting that Bill ended up fully reconciled to the compromise, his initial misgivings may turn out in the long run to have been prophetic. At the time, however, there were no indications whatsoever that the permissive, suggestions only approach was anything but a boon to the movement. In 1938 and 1939 when the Big Book was being written, there were 100 members in the fellowship. By 1945 active AA membership was up to 13,000.The primary reason for this explosive increase was that the program - the Steps - were a winning formula; they worked, and there was a big need for them out there in the population. America was boozy and was spawning a great many alcoholics. Highly favorable press coverage of the AA story was also a major factor in the spectacular growth pattern. A series of enthusiastic articles on AA appeared in the fall of 1939 in the Cleveland "Plain Dealer." These pieces produced a flood of new AA members in the Cleveland area. This sudden expansion was the first tangible evidence that AA had the potential to grow into a movement of major proportions. The sequence of events during this period is significant. The Big Book was published in April of 1939, and in it the suggestions-only approach to the Steps was disseminated for the first time. A few months later the "Plain Dealer" articles ran, and Cleveland AA's found themselves relating to new prospects on an unprecedented scale. It suddenly became attractive, in a way it had not been before when the fellowship was smaller and more intimate, to ease up a bit on the idea that all the principles should be practiced all the time by all the members. More and more emphasis began to be placed on the fact that the Steps were to be considered as suggestions only. At this time, and through this set of circumstances, the "cafeteria style" take-what-you-like-and-leave-the-rest approach to the Twelve Steps came into practice. And it seemed to work. It turned out that many newcomers could get sober and stay sober without anything like the full and intensive practice of the whole program that had been considered a life-or-death necessity in the early years. In fact, alcoholics in significant numbers began to demonstrate that they could stay off booze on no more than an admission of powerlessness, some work with other alcoholics, and regular attendance at AA meetings. This is not to say that all AA's began to take this super-permissive approach to the Twelve Steps. A great many continued to opt for the original, full program approach. But now for the first time the workability of other, less rigorous approaches was established, and a tendency had emerged which was to become more pronounced as time went on. At first this seemed like an unmixed blessing. After all, those who chose actively to practice all of the Twelve Steps were as free as ever to do so. Those who preferred working with some, or just a couple, of the Steps were staying sober too. And AA was attracting more and more new members and more and more favorable recognition. In 1941, Jack Alexander's article on Alcoholics Anonymous was published in the "Saturday Evening Post." AA membership at the time stood at 2,000. In the next nine months it jumped 400%. By now it was possible to distinguish three variant practices of the AA program which we have labeled the strong-cup-of-coffee, medium-cup-of-coffee, and weak-cup-of-coffee approaches. Strong AA was the original, undiluted, dosage of the spiritual principles. Strong AA's took all twelve of the Steps - and kept on taking them. They did not stop with the admission of powerlessness over alcohol, but went on right away to turn their wills and lives over to God's care. They began to practice rigorous honesty in all their affairs. In short order they proceeded to take a moral inventory, admit all their wrongs to at least one other person, take positive and forceful action in making such restitution as was possible for those wrongs, continued taking inventory, admitting their faults, and making restitution on a regular basis, pray and meditate every day, go to two or more AA meetings weekly, and actively work the Twelfth Step, carrying the AA message to others in trouble. The medium AA's started off with a bang, pretty much like the strong AA's, except they hedged or procrastinated a bit on parts of the program that they feared or did not like - maybe the God Steps, maybe the inventory Steps, depending on their particular nervousness or dislikes. But after they had stayed sober for a while, the medium AA's eased up and settled into a practice of the program that went something like this: an AA meeting a week; occasional Twelfth Step work (leaving more and more of that to the "newer fellows" as time went on); some work with the Steps (but not like before); less and less inventory (as they became more and more "respectable"); some prayer and meditation still, but not on a daily basis any more (not enough time, due to the encroachment of business engagements, social activities, and other baggage that went along with the return to normal life in the workaday world). The weak AA's were a varied lot. The thing common to all of them was that they left big chunks of the program totally and permanently out of their reckoning right from the outset - sometimes the God Steps, sometimes the inventory Steps, often both. Weak AA's tended to talk in terms like, "All you need to do to stay sober is go to meetings and stay away from the first drink." Most of the weak AA's who were successful in staying sober were pretty faithful meeting-goers. Since they were doing so little with the principles, their sobriety and their survival depended more exclusively than did those of the strong and medium AA's on constant exposure to the people of AA. The fact is that only the strong-cup-of-coffee-ers were practicing the program as it had been laid out in the Big Book. Granting that the medium and weak AA's had every right as AA members to practice the principles any way they wanted (including hardly any at all), since the Steps were "suggestions only" - still, the way the first members had done it, and the way the Big Book had recorded it was the strong-cup-of-coffee way. The medium approach had - and still has - a real, constructive place in the AA recovery scheme, in that it can be used as a temporary platform for reluctant beginners. The medium-cup-of-coffee option enables many who initially are not up to the strong approach to gain a foothold in the fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous. But medium AA can, and often does, become a trap. It is no place for an AA member to try to settle out permanently. People who stick too long in medium AA pass the point where they might be encouraged to step up to strong AA and end up sliding back into weak AA. Weak AA has none of the redeeming features of medium AA. It is clearly at odds with the program as outlined in the Big Book. It bases itself on a flat and nonnegotiable refusal to work with vital recovery principles. Weak AA's cop out and stay copped out on most of the Twelve Steps. They water down the program to the point where there really is no program in the sense that the first members of AA understood the program. A more inclusive, more accurate, and more descriptive term than "weak AA" for this practice is "copped-out and watered-down AA", or COWD AA for short. With the passage of time, a definite evolution has taken place in AA in the respective popularity and acceptability of the strong and COWD approaches. In the first years of their existence, the COWD AA's tended to feel obligated to defend and sing the praises of their "heterodox" approaches and even to chide the strong AA's a bit for being rigid and holier-than-thou. The strong AA's, for their part, tended to be more relaxed and tolerant, less strident, less defensive. After all, their method was obviously safer since it involved taking more of the medicine. And it was obviously the original and genuine article as the Big Book eloquently attested But this juxtaposition of attitudes came to have a peculiar effect in a movement which prided itself on its good-natured inclination to let all kinds of maverick opinions and practices have their say and their way. The loudest voices came to be the voices of heterodoxy, and these came in time to have the greatest impact on newcomers. Copped-out and watered-down AA came to be the "in" thing, the wave of the future; strong AA came to be regarded - not universally, but widely - as a bit stodgy and a bit passï¿½. The COWD AA's had in a sense proven Bill and the first hundred AA's wrong. In the introduction to the Twelve Steps, the statement: "...we thought we could find an easier, softer way, but we could not..." was an unequivocal assertion that it was necessary to practice all the Steps. But the COWD AA's did not practice all the Steps, and they were staying sober. They had found an easier, softer way. Human nature being what it is, it was inevitable that the less demanding, medium-to-weak approach would grow in popularity while the older, more rigorous approach would decline. Who wants to do things the hard way when they do not have to? Who wants to drive a car with standard shift when the model with automatic is a hundred dollars cheaper? AA has been in existence now more than years. There is still widespread lip service in the movement to the importance of working all the Steps and practicing rigorous honesty in all one's affairs. But as a matter of fact, precious few AA's continue to attempt seriously and consistently to DO these things on a daily basis - not after their first months of sobriety in the fellowship. Reversion to a lower, more "normal" level of aspiration is the order of the day. Those who do continue to practice strong AA have to be careful how they talk about what they are doing in AA meetings. In many places, too much or too serious talk about God is considered bad form. The same is true about talk on the subjects of confession, restitution, and rigorous honesty - especially where they affect such difficult and sensitive life areas as job applications, tax returns, business dealings, and sex relations. But if weak AA works - if it produces recovery - what fault is there to find with it? Maybe this is a case where heterodoxy turns out to be superior to orthodoxy. Why should anyone go to the extra bother of practicing strong AA? The opening paragraphs of chapter 6 afford one very good reason. Weak AA brings about a far less profound life alteration than strong AA does. In many cases that relatively superficial change is not enough to crack the alcoholic pattern. In many other cases, it results in an apparent recovery, which does not last, but sooner or later eventuates in a relapse into drinking. What the original AA's were shooting for - and what they aimed their program at - was not mere sobriety. That would have been the "common-sense" approach, the way of worldly wisdom, the reasonable-level-of-aspiration gambit. But the founders of AA were men moved by inspiration. They were coming at the problem with the uncommon sense of men under guidance. The common-sense approach had already been tried and it had failed. If you set a drunk's level of aspiration at mere abstinence - "'Why don't you be a good fellow, use your will power; and give the stuff up" - it did not work. The poor candidate for reform was back drinking again in short order. The discovery that launched AA in the first place was that if an alcoholic were somehow to be rocketed into a state way beyond abstinence, if he were to achieve a real spiritual conversion, an utterly new relationship with God, then permanent abstinence would automatically occur as a blessed and life-saving by-product. That was how it happened with Bill. That was how it happened with Dr. Bob. That was how it happened with most of the first hundred members. That was how the authors of the Big Book thought it would have to happen with everyone. Originally, the Twelfth Step read: "Having had a spiritual experience as the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs". Two key phrases were "spiritual experience" and "as the result of these Steps". The assumption was: no spiritual experience - no recovery. It was also assumed that there were not a number of different results from working the Steps; there was one result -"the" result - and that was spiritual experience. To the first members, spiritual experience meant that God had touched your life - directly, tangibly - and turned it around. Sometime between 1939, when the "Plain Dealer" article was published, and 1941, when the Alexander piece ran in the "Post", a major shift in philosophy occurred. No one in AA was much aware that it was taking place at the time, and to this day the process that went on remains almost totally unacknowledged throughout the fellowship. What changed was the importance of the roles assigned respectively to the recovery principles and the recovery fellowship in AA. Up until 1939, AA was a small, unknown organization whose success record, though excellent, applied only over a tiny group of cases, and had not yet stood the test of time. Recovering alcoholics in the young movement relied upon each other and worked closely with one another. But the principles were the primary life transformers. The movement as such was not large enough or well enough established that it could be leaned on in lieu of faithful work with the Steps. After AA became big, after it gained national recognition as a success, a new relationship became possible with it, one which had not previously been an option, and which the founders had not really foreseen. It became possible for an alcoholic to come to meetings and get sober without undergoing a real spiritual conversion, simply by the process of mimesis, or imitation - by the practice of something no more spiritual than the principle of when-in-Rome-do-as-the-Romans-do. Here is how AA-by-mimesis worked. The newcomer was joining himself to a big, successful organization, like the Elks or the Kiwanis. One of the customs of this particular club was that you did not drink; so if the newcomer liked the people he had met in AA and wanted to stay associated with them, he gave up drinking. He made AA meetings and AA people the focus of his social life and his leisure-time activities and stayed sober, more off the power of the pack than anything else. The true nature of this quite other, and quite non-spiritual, recovery option was never clearly faced and admitted within the fellowship. Instead, an attempt was made to broaden the meaning of the term "spiritual" to include both kinds of recovered alcoholics: the sober-by-conversion alcoholics - those who as the result of working the Steps had had a spiritual experience and become transformed human beings, seriously involved with regenerative life and ideas - and the sober-by-imitation alcoholics - those who had remained essentially the same type of people they had been before coming into AA, except that they had joined a new organization, made a new set of friends, and given up drinking in conformity to their new social setup. There is only one term in the Twelve Steps that has been changed since the Big Book was first published in 1939.That term is "spiritual experience" in the Twelfth Step. A member of my home AA group, who first came into the fellowship in 1941, tells it this way: "When I first came in, they were still talking about 'spiritual experience'. A year or two later they started calling it 'spiritual awakening'." It was at this time that the official version of the Twelfth Step was changed to read: "Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps ..."The term spiritual experience, which had been perfectly acceptable in the early years when the fellowship was small and explicitly conversion-oriented, came to be viewed as too narrow and prejudicial against the less-profound life changes resulting from mimesis-oriented AA, which were coming to be the majority recovery pattern in Alcoholics Anonymous. An explanatory note was added to the Big Book, as follows: "The terms "spiritual experience" and "spiritual awakening" are used many times in this book, which upon careful reading, shows that the personality change sufficient to bring about recovery from alcoholism has manifested itself among us in many different forms. "Yet it is true that our first printing gave many readers the impression that these personality changes, or religious experiences, must be in the nature of sudden and spectacular upheavals. Happily for everyone, this conclusion is erroneous. "In the first few chapters a number of sudden revolutionary changes are described. Though it was not our intention to create such an impression many alcoholics have nevertheless concluded that in order to recover they must acquire an immediate and overwhelming "God-consciousness" followed at once by a vast change in feeling and outlook. "Among our rapidly growing membership of thousands of alcoholics such transformations, though frequent, are by no means the rule. Most of our experiences are what the psychologist William James calls the "educational variety" because they develop slowly over a period of time. Quite often friends of the newcomer are aware of the difference long before he is himself. He finally realizes that he has undergone a profound alteration in his reaction to life; that such a change could hardly have been brought about by himself alone. What often takes place in a few months could seldom have been accomplished by years of self-discipline. With few exceptions our members find that they have tapped an unsuspected inner resource, which they presently identify with their own conception of a Power greater than themselves. "Most of us think this awareness of a Power greater than ourselves is the essence of spiritual experience. Our more religious members call it "God consciousness." "Most emphatically we wish to say that any alcoholic capable of honestly facing his problems in the light of our experience can recover, provided he does not close his mind to all spiritual concepts. He can only be defeated by an attitude of intolerance or belligerent denial. "We find that no one need have difficulty with the spirituality of the program. Willingness, honesty and open mindedness are the essentials of recovery. But these are indispensable." When you compare this statement to that which introduced the Twelve Steps in chapter five, the difference in tone is astonishing. Chapter five rings with a series of booming affirmations that the goal of the program is a life given to God and the way is an uncompromisingly spiritual one. In the later-added appendix there is virtually a full retreat from the earlier vigor and un-self-conscious joy in God-commitment. The stated purpose of this appendix is to reassure people that the spiritual change accompanying an AA recovery need not be in the form of a sudden upheaval. The point needed making and was well made. But a further point was also made - not directly, but by implication - in the defensive, back-pedaling, almost apologetic treatment of the whole subject of religious experience. That point was the following: the authors and publishers of the Big Book, unofficial spokesmen for the movement, were responding to a change in the AA recovery pattern by lowering the spiritual level of aspiration of the society, a move they would not have dared to make in the early days but could, and even felt they must, make now that the society had become large and gained a reputation for respectability and reasonableness. The facts of the situation in AA which prompted the rewording of the Twelfth Step and the adding of the explanatory appendix to the Big Book could have been summarized in this way: "It is now possible to recover in one of two ways in AA. Option one is the original, spiritual experience way which follows from working all of the Steps. Option two is the way of partial practice of the Steps, and primary dependence on the social, fellowship-related aspects of life in AA. This second approach generally does not produce a spiritual experience as strong, full-program AA practice does. It also violates our tradition that we should always place principles before personalities. But in its favor, it requires less commitment and less work; it involves less in the way of life rearrangement; and it has proven itself sufficient in many cases to produce lasting abstinence from drinking." But no such statement was ever made, and the switch in terms from spiritual experience to spiritual awakening had the net effect of clouding in everyone's mind the real nature of the change, which had come about. It was not a matter of conscious deception on anyone's part. It was just a failure to see a dividing into two camps when it had occurred. This would have been an easy mistake in any case for those living through that period in AA's history, a quite understandable failure to see a trend developing, comparable to a mother's inability to notice growth changes in her own child. But in a movement committed almost before all else to the avoidance of controversy, blindness to this split was all but inevitable. The drawback to the original, rigorous, strong-cup-of-coffee approach to the AA program was that it required new members to plunge into a drastic program of spiritual transformation, a course which has never in history had appeal with large masses of people. Had the original approach remained the only approach, it is doubtful that AA would have reached anything like its present size of 850,000 members. (1976) But the weak-cup-of-coffee practice had even more serious flaws built into it. The relatively superficial life change, which it produces, is sufficient to get some alcoholics sober. It is not adequate - it is not effective - it simply doesn't work - for a very large number of others. This is particularly evident with the "hard" cases - the alcoholics who have been badly beat up physically and mentally before they arrive at their first AA meeting; the people whose alcoholism is complicated with drug abuse, perversion, criminal or psychotic tendencies, or a streak of psychopathology; and the "slippers," those who have developed a pattern of hanging around AA, staying sober for periods, but relapsing repeatedly into drinking. (Generally, the slippers are alcoholics with psychopathic tendencies who keep coming back to AA but are unwilling or unable to work with root principles, notably rigorous honesty.) Weak AA does not touch most of these people. They cannot stay sober that way. Yet if these hard cases find their way into an environment where strong AA, and nothing but strong AA, is being practiced, many of them are able to achieve lasting sobriety. The East Ridge Community in upstate New York has worked with hundreds of these tough drunks over the past twelve years. Strong AA is the standard fare at East Ridge, and they have a recovery rate of over seventy percent with these so-called AA failures. No success turns to success for the lion's share of them when weak AA is replaced with strong AA. There is another, more insidious, danger built into weak AA. In many cases the "recovery" produced by watered-down approaches to the Twelve Steps fails to hold up over the long haul. What looked in the beginning like an easier, softer way to maintain happy sobriety yields progressively less and less contentment, finally ending in a complete reversal of momentum and a relapse into serious personal misery. The end result may be a return to active alcoholism; or, short of that total disaster, it may be a sinking out into a life of discontented abstinence, marred by some combination of tension, resentment, depression, compulsive sick sex, and an overall sense of meaninglessness. Either way, it is a final failure to reap the benefits of the AA program; it is, in the last analysis, a failure to recover. Two disturbing tendencies are noticeable in contemporary AA. One is toward a lower recovery rate overall. For the first twenty years, the standard AA recovery estimate was seventy-five percent. An experience was that fifty percent of the alcoholics who came to AA got sober right away and stayed sober. Another twenty-five percent had trouble for a while but eventually got sober for good, and the remaining twenty-five percent never made a recovery. Then there was a period of some years when AA headquarters stopped making the seventy-five percent recovery claim in their official literature. In 1968,AA's General Service Organization published a survey indicating an overall recovery rate of about sixty-seven percent. The net of all this seems to be that as AA has gotten bigger and older, its effectiveness has dropped from about three in four to about two in three. (Note: two in three was in 1976 - our data shows numbers much LESS in 1997 - 1 in 15) The second unhealthy trend movement-wise is not backed by figures, but it is clear enough to any careful observer of the AA scene. As the fellowship grows older in time, its class of old-timers, alcoholics sober ten years and longer, grows. And the question of the staying power of an AA recovery looms even larger. It is an unhappy fact that growing numbers of these old-timers find the joy going out of their sobriety, that many of them search around frantically for ways to recapture the old zest for booze-free living, often ending up in such blind alleys as lunatic religions, dangerous pop psychological fads, or chemical alternatives like acid, pot, tranquilizers, and mood elevators. And far too many end up either back drinking or, what is almost as sad, sunk in despondency, hostility, bizarre acting-out patterns of one sort or another, or just plain, devastating boredom. All of this is unnecessary. The gradually shrinking recovery rate and the old-timer blues do not require a complex or an innovative solution. The answer lies in a return to original, strong AA.The men who wrote the Big Book were, as it turns out, right after all. There is no easier, softer way. The extra work and commitment required by the full program approach pay enormous dividends. They make sobriety fun because they do not make sobriety an end in itself. Mere non-drinking is a very negative kind of life goal. Even the power of a world-scale society of non-drinkers can be in and of itself only a temporary and limited deterrent for most alcoholics. The majority of those who become addicted are people with a mystical streak, an appetite for inexhaustible bliss. We sought in bottles what can only be found in spiritual experience. AA worked in the first place because its Twelve Steps were a workable set of guidelines to spiritual experience. Growth of the movement made possible for a time a kind of parasitism in which partial practitioners and non-practitioners of the spiritual principles were able to feed off the strength of those who had undergone real spiritual experiences. But at this point in time, (1976) the parasites have already drained the host organism of a considerable portion of its life force. It is late in the day to be sounding a call for a return to the original way, the way of faithful practice of the full program. Still, a great deal of life is left in the fellowship, and a major revival is possible if enough of us see our dangerous situation, personally and as a fellowship, in time. What we need to do is clear enough. It is spelled out in the first seven chapters of the Big Book. What it all boils down to - especially for us old-timers - is a willingness to continue practicing all the principles in all our affairs today, rather than resting on our laurels, taking our stand on what we did way back when, in our first weeks and months of sobriety. But we must not fail to face squarely the need for change, the need for re-dedication. Complacency, smugness in our record of success, is our greatest enemy. If we, as a recovered-alcoholic society, are unwilling to reverse our present course, the outlook is clear enough. We stand to recapitulate in less than a century what the Christian church has spent the last two thousand years demonstrating: that even the best of human institutions tend to deteriorate in time; and that size in spiritual organizations is all too often achieved at the expense of compromise of basic principles and the progressive abandonment of original goals and practices. I owe my life to AA. I hope we have the vision, and the humility, to change. I know we can if we will. This much is certain: the Twelve Steps are as inspired, as effective, as un-compromised, and as practicable now as they were when they were first put in writing years ago in 1938. Index of AA History Pages on Barefoot's Domain As in so many things, especially with we alcoholics, our History is our Greatest Asset!.. We each arrived at the doors of AA with an intensive and lengthy "History of Things That Do Not Work" .. Today, In AA and In Recovery, Our History has added an intensive and lengthy "History of Things That DO Work!!" and We will not regret the past nor wish to shut the door on it!!	i don't know
Pitchblende is an ore of which metal?	What Is Pitchblende? What Is Pitchblende? Updated August 11, 2015. Question: What Is Pitchblende? When learning about the element uranium, the term pitchblende commonly pops up. What is pitchblende and what does it have to do with uranium? Answer: Pitchblende, also known by the name uraninite, is a mineral comprised mainly of oxides of the element uranium , UO2 and UO3. It is our primary source of uranium. The mineral is black in color, like 'pitch'. The term 'blende' came from the German miners who believed it contained many different metals all blended together. Pitchblende contains many other radioactive elements that can be traced back to the decay of uranium, such as radium , lead , helium and several actinide elements. Pitchblende was the source of discovery for several elements. In 1789, Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovered and identified uranium as a new element from pitchblende. In 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the element radium while working with pitchblende. In 1895, William Ramsay was the first to isolate helium from pitchblende.	Uranium
In the 1960's TV series 'Bonanza', which actor played the part of 'Hoss Cartwright'?	Radioactive Ore : United Nuclear , Scientific Equipment & Supplies Radioactive Ore Overview The two naturally occurring radioactive ores are Uranium ore and Thorium ore. Other radioactive elements (for example Radium) are found as small impurities in Uranium and Thorium ores. Generally speaking, Uranium ores are more radioactive than Thorium ores. An interesting fact is that 98% of the radiation emitted from Uranium ore is actually coming from the tiny (<0.01%) Radium impurity in the ore - which is why Uranium ore is more radioactive than Uranium metal. Ore availability varies throughout the year. How Ore is Measured The radiation measurements stated on all of our radioactive items is guaranteed to be accurate. All samples are measured with a modern, calibrated Geiger Counter as well as a calibrated Stabilized Assay Meter. We measure the total Beta and Gamma radiation emissions from each sample in CPM (Counts Per Minute) using a standard 'Hot Dog' probe (such as a Ludlum 44-6). Geiger Counter measurements taken with Pancake, End Window or Scintillator probes will produce highly exaggerated readings which are deceptive to the customer. The radiation level stated is the combined Beta and Gamma emission. Ore Radiation Level & Grading Chart	i don't know
Beside which Scottish firth is the golf course Muirfield situated?	Muirfield Golf Course\| Golf Vacation Packages Free Parking Days of Play Visitors are welcomed on Tuesdays and Thursdays (excluding public holidays) although the maximum number of guests is 12. Buggies There are just three buggies available to book and are rented on a first come first serve basis and cost £35 per round. Caddies There are a limited number of caddies which need to be booked in advance. They cost £40 excluding gratuity and must be paid directly. Attire in Golf Clubhouses Attire in the clubhouse is relatively strict, with lounge jacket and tie required in the smoking and dining rooms. Golf shoes and outer golfing wear are prohibited in any of the Club’s public rooms. Short white socks can be worn with tailored shorts. Practice Facilities Smoking is prohibited in all areas inside the club’s premises about 18 holes, par 71, 7,245 yards. Links. One of the best golf courses in the world, host venue to The Open Championship on more than 15 occasions as well as having hosted numerous other championships, both amateur and professional, Muirfield golf club is an absolute must-play on a golf vacation to Scotland. Recognised as being the oldest golf course in the world, the history of the course stretches as far back as the late 18th century and it was here where the ‘Gentlemen Golfers of Leigh’ drew up the first official rules of golf. It was these 13 rules which formed the basis of the modern rules golf abides by today. The course moved site on a couple of occasions and it was only in 1891 when the club finally settled in its current location, on the stretch of East Lothian coastline where so many other renowned links courses are dotted. Nestled between two other top-class links golf clubs, Archerfield and Gullane, Muirfield has superb panoramic views across the Firth of Forth estuary. The course was designed by the renowned Old Tom Morris but most recently in 2010 and 2011, was upgraded by golf course architect Martin Hawtree to ensure Muirfield remained competitive for the world’s best golfers. Narrow long fairways, deep pot-bunkers, small greens, thick rough and strong winds make Muirfield a tough links to tackle, and only the best golfers should take on these celebrated fairways. The iconic clubhouse, which sits assertively behind the 18th green, oozes tradition and class. Each public room has fabulous views out across the course visitors will rejoice in the blend of old-school charm and historical memorabilia. There are few better places in the world of golf to relax and enjoy an alcoholic drink. A golf vacation to Scotland is something every golfer should experience, but to play a round of golf at Muirfield, ‘The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers’, is a once in a life time opportunity. We couldn’t recommend it enough. Facilities useful information Days of Play Visitors are welcomed on Tuesdays and Thursdays (excluding public holidays) although the maximum number of guests is 12. Buggies There are just three buggies available to book and are rented on a first come first serve basis and cost £35 per round. Caddies There are a limited number of caddies which need to be booked in advance. They cost £40 excluding gratuity and must be paid directly. Attire in Golf Clubhouses Attire in the clubhouse is relatively strict, with lounge jacket and tie required in the smoking and dining rooms. Golf shoes and outer golfing wear are prohibited in any of the Club’s public rooms. Short white socks can be worn with tailored shorts. Practice Facilities	Forth (programming language)
The 'Hoover Dam' is onwhich American river?	Muirfield Golf Club, muirfield golf, muirfield golf course, muirfield golf links, Honourable Company of Muirfield Golfers, Harry Colt, muirfield, Duncur Road, Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom, open championship. MUIRFIELD LINKS Duncur Road, Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland The original course was designed by Old Tom Morris and 16 holes built by hand and horse were opened on 3rd May of 1891 with two more added in December. Muirfield was the first course designed in two loops of nine holes, the first nine going round the perimeters of the property in a clockwise direction, the second nine contained inside the first, running anticlockwise; and since never more than three successive holes run in the same direction, any wind that blows afflicts the golfer from all points during a round. Muirfield is home to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers who held their first meeting on Leith Links in 1744. Leith was a small fishing village on the Firth of Forth, and became the main seaport for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Leith Links were situated five miles from the centre of Edinburgh, and the ideal retreat for the professional gentlemen seeking fresh air and a game of golf. The Links at that time were also shared by the local citizens and military. The original Links have long since been replaced by the docks. The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is recognized as the world's oldest golf club, although the Royal Burgess Golfing Society was formed in 1735 and also played over Leith Links, but has no documentation to substantiate this date due to the nature of the secrecy of the freemasons who founded the society. In 1744 the first 13 rules of golf were drafted by a committee, including John Rattray, the first captain of the Gentlemen Golfers of Edinburgh, subsequently to be known as the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. Architect: Harry Colt.	i don't know
Who played the title role in the film 'Goldfinger'?	Goldfinger: the Bond Movie That Was Banned in Israel - Neatorama Neatorama • 1 Neatorama presents a guest post from actor, comedian, and voiceover artist Eddie Deezen . Visit Eddie at his website . Note: if you haven't seen the film Goldfinger, this post contains spoilers. Ask almost any James Bond fan to name his or her favorite Bond film, and chances are they'll reply with Goldfinger. Steven Spielberg has called it his favorite Bond film. Goldfinger is also quite probably the most widely seen of any Bond movie. According to one source, 75% of worldwide moviegoers have seen Goldfinger at least once. Goldfinger seems to be the quintessential Bond film. It was the start of the modern James Bond film formula as we know it, complete with the genesis of the unusual gadgets Bond was to use in pretty much every succeeding film following Goldfinger. It was the first Bond film to have the classic Q-branch gadget testing workshop scene that became a Bond staple. It also features the classic Bond car: the Aston-Martin DB-5. Sales of the Aston-Martin DB-5 increased 50% after the release of Goldfinger. (Image credit: Deutsch Wikipedia user Chilterngreen ) Sean Connery, in his third outing as 007, seems really in his prime here. During Goldfinger, Connery was actually married to actress Diane Cilento, but since he is playing a freewheeling ladies man, he wore a flesh-colored bandage over his wedding ring (clearly visible in production stills). As in every James Bond film, there is a knockout Bond girl. In this case it Honor Blackman, actually the oldest Bond girl in history -a decrepit 37 years of age at the time of filming. Honor took on the unforgettable role of Pussy Galore. One can only wonder how hard it must have been to get that one by the 1964 censors! The introduction scene between Bond and Miss Galore was originally written as: GALORE: I'm Pussy Galore. BOND: I know, but what's your name? This racy dialogue proved too much to be accepted and was changed to: GALORE: I'm Pussy Galore. BOND: I must be dreaming. Pussy Galore was actually the name of Bond creator Ian Fleming's pet octopus! By the way, take a quick look at Galore's all-girl flying circus in the film- some were actually men wearing wigs. The title role of Auric Goldfingerwas played with unforgettable panache by Gert Frobe. Frobe was a former member of the Nazi party before and during World War II. As a result of this, Goldfinger was originally banned from Israel. The truth was, Frobe had risked his life by hiding Jewish families from the Gestapo during his Nazi days. After a Jewish family came forth to publicly thank Frobe, the Israeli ban was officially lifted. Interestingly, Frobe did not speak much English. He tried to recite his role phonetically, but it was unacceptable. As a result, the entire speaking role of Goldfinger was dubbed in by an actor named Michael Collins. Goldfinger's loyal henchman, Oddjob, is played by professional wrestler Harold Sakata. In a fight scene with Sean Connery in the film, Sakata chopped him with a too-real karate chop and Connery walked off the set, claiming real injury. It is rumored that Connery used this work-related injury to get a raise in pay for his next Bond movie Thunderball. In Sakata's death scene, he is electrocuted by an electric wall. In filming the scene, Sakata refused to let go of the wall when the director told him to, and he sustained severe burns. The film's classic theme song was rendered by Shirley Bassey and was the first Bond theme to crack the top ten on the pop music charts (it peaked at #8). This proved to be the first time a movie's title song was played over the the film's opening credits. Another first: the unforgettable scene where Bond is tied to a table and a laser beam is slowly moving to cut him in half as Goldfinger looks on impassively was the first scene in movie history to feature a laser beam. Shirley Eaton gained film immortality as Goldfinger's loyal accomplice who falls for Bond. In her famous scene, Eaton gets painted gold by Goldfinger because of her betrayal. For years, untrue rumors persisted that Eaton died from the gold paint. Like Frobe, Eaton's dialogue was dubbed in, hers by Nikki van der Zyl. At the time of it's original release (1964), Goldfinger became the fastest money-making film in history and was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as such. The film made three million dollars in its first two weeks -a unprecedented blockbuster figure for the time. It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Effects. On September 17, 1972, Goldfinger had its official television premiere and garnered the highest ratings of any movie in TV history. Goldfinger, a television rerun perennial and movie festival staple, holds up amazingly well and remains a cinema classic.	Gert Fröbe
Which state of the USA has only one common border with a neighbouring US state?	Goldfinger: the Bond Movie That Was Banned in Israel - Neatorama Neatorama • 1 Neatorama presents a guest post from actor, comedian, and voiceover artist Eddie Deezen . Visit Eddie at his website . Note: if you haven't seen the film Goldfinger, this post contains spoilers. Ask almost any James Bond fan to name his or her favorite Bond film, and chances are they'll reply with Goldfinger. Steven Spielberg has called it his favorite Bond film. Goldfinger is also quite probably the most widely seen of any Bond movie. According to one source, 75% of worldwide moviegoers have seen Goldfinger at least once. Goldfinger seems to be the quintessential Bond film. It was the start of the modern James Bond film formula as we know it, complete with the genesis of the unusual gadgets Bond was to use in pretty much every succeeding film following Goldfinger. It was the first Bond film to have the classic Q-branch gadget testing workshop scene that became a Bond staple. It also features the classic Bond car: the Aston-Martin DB-5. Sales of the Aston-Martin DB-5 increased 50% after the release of Goldfinger. (Image credit: Deutsch Wikipedia user Chilterngreen ) Sean Connery, in his third outing as 007, seems really in his prime here. During Goldfinger, Connery was actually married to actress Diane Cilento, but since he is playing a freewheeling ladies man, he wore a flesh-colored bandage over his wedding ring (clearly visible in production stills). As in every James Bond film, there is a knockout Bond girl. In this case it Honor Blackman, actually the oldest Bond girl in history -a decrepit 37 years of age at the time of filming. Honor took on the unforgettable role of Pussy Galore. One can only wonder how hard it must have been to get that one by the 1964 censors! The introduction scene between Bond and Miss Galore was originally written as: GALORE: I'm Pussy Galore. BOND: I know, but what's your name? This racy dialogue proved too much to be accepted and was changed to: GALORE: I'm Pussy Galore. BOND: I must be dreaming. Pussy Galore was actually the name of Bond creator Ian Fleming's pet octopus! By the way, take a quick look at Galore's all-girl flying circus in the film- some were actually men wearing wigs. The title role of Auric Goldfingerwas played with unforgettable panache by Gert Frobe. Frobe was a former member of the Nazi party before and during World War II. As a result of this, Goldfinger was originally banned from Israel. The truth was, Frobe had risked his life by hiding Jewish families from the Gestapo during his Nazi days. After a Jewish family came forth to publicly thank Frobe, the Israeli ban was officially lifted. Interestingly, Frobe did not speak much English. He tried to recite his role phonetically, but it was unacceptable. As a result, the entire speaking role of Goldfinger was dubbed in by an actor named Michael Collins. Goldfinger's loyal henchman, Oddjob, is played by professional wrestler Harold Sakata. In a fight scene with Sean Connery in the film, Sakata chopped him with a too-real karate chop and Connery walked off the set, claiming real injury. It is rumored that Connery used this work-related injury to get a raise in pay for his next Bond movie Thunderball. In Sakata's death scene, he is electrocuted by an electric wall. In filming the scene, Sakata refused to let go of the wall when the director told him to, and he sustained severe burns. The film's classic theme song was rendered by Shirley Bassey and was the first Bond theme to crack the top ten on the pop music charts (it peaked at #8). This proved to be the first time a movie's title song was played over the the film's opening credits. Another first: the unforgettable scene where Bond is tied to a table and a laser beam is slowly moving to cut him in half as Goldfinger looks on impassively was the first scene in movie history to feature a laser beam. Shirley Eaton gained film immortality as Goldfinger's loyal accomplice who falls for Bond. In her famous scene, Eaton gets painted gold by Goldfinger because of her betrayal. For years, untrue rumors persisted that Eaton died from the gold paint. Like Frobe, Eaton's dialogue was dubbed in, hers by Nikki van der Zyl. At the time of it's original release (1964), Goldfinger became the fastest money-making film in history and was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as such. The film made three million dollars in its first two weeks -a unprecedented blockbuster figure for the time. It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Effects. On September 17, 1972, Goldfinger had its official television premiere and garnered the highest ratings of any movie in TV history. Goldfinger, a television rerun perennial and movie festival staple, holds up amazingly well and remains a cinema classic.	i don't know
Who would usually use a sword called an 'Estoque'?	Bullfighting Swords Historical European Swordsmanship Bullfighting Swords If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. 36 Bullfighting Swords I realise that this is not really historical but I couldnt think where it would fit. Does anyone know what type of sword the Spanish bullfighters use. Also do they receive any fencing training or is it simply learning point control in order to stab between the shoulders Cheers Posts 921 There are plenty of sites about the web that have pictures of, and even sell Bullfighting swords (often simply called estoc or espada). The tool in question is a thrust-oriented blade. I've seen a few blade configurations (cuniform, more or fewer fullers, ect) although I'd guess the sport's governing body has some regulations for swords. The hilt is a very spare set of long quillions and a knuckle bow. The bow and front quillion appear to be wrapped in something (leather?) possibly to protect against impact on the fingers. I have seen bullfighters grip this thing all manner of ways, some hold it in a hammer grip, others extend a finger allong the cross, still others grip it like a punch-dagger Attached Images Posts 1,431 Wild guess re. the wrapping around the bow and quillions is that it's for what Bruce Lee called "retinal retention", i.e., the bright colour is easy for an audience to see in the heat of the action. Bruce used to wrap the business ends of nunchaku and staves with tape in a contrasting colour, to make the movement of the weapons more visible on film - perhaps the bullfighters are using the same principle for their live performances in large arenas. I don't know a great deal about the way toreadors and matadors are trained, but every aspect of their art is the product of discipline and tradition. I have seen people practicing the killing thrust on facsimile bulls, typically carretilla ("wheelbarrows") bearing a mock-up of the bull's head and shoulders. The barrows are pushed around the training ground so that the matador can practice his evasions and so-on. Tony 29 Originally posted by Jï¿½rg B. Barring the fact that bullfighting is quite a sick 'sport', what the bloody hell does this topic have to do with Historical European Swordsmanship ??? Barring the fact that you should respect other peoples' tastes, Bullfighting is an extremely old tradition not only in spanish culture, but in ancient greek/cretan culture as well -- I could start ranting on the philosophical/ethnic backgrounds of tauromachy, but it is, apart from a sport, a sophisticated ritual of man over beast. And swordfighting is a part of this ritual, with its precise, sophisticated killing thrust. Last edited by Michael E. Moss; 02-15-2006 at 01:40 PM. Hoch der kaiser! Posts 921 Without digressing into the merits of different cultural practices, part of the original question was where does sword culture (in particular Iberian sword culture) and matadore's display of the sword fit into the spectacle of bullfighting and what is its significance. I'm not wild about the treatment of bulls in the ring or the treatment of very young apprentice matadores but I'm not going to dismiss the whole thing as simple barbarism and shove it into a corner. I'd rather examine the practice for cultural insight and leave my modern sensibilities at the door......its called being objective. Now from what I can gather, the employment of the sword in this instance involve leaning over the bull's horns and delivering the coup de grace. At a stretch I think the aesthetics of the traditional Spanish school can be seen if not the techniques par se. Remembering that fencing teaches defence against a similarly armed human being. There isn't a sword guard in the world that will parry a charging bull so standard fencing theory would be of little use. Voiding and a sense of timing however could be usefully communicated by a good fencing regime and may have played a part back in the first two decades of the 18th century when the bullfight started to be done on foot. These days I imagine a familiarity with swordplay cannot be assumed and so training is focused on how to dispatch agitated cattle and voiding, voiding, voiding, very similar to a volte or demi-volte (sorry, don't know the Spanish terminology). How may I confuse you further? 29 Originally posted by Ian Brackley Without digressing into the merits of different cultural practices, part of the original question was where does sword culture (in particular Iberian sword culture) and matadore's display of the sword fit into the spectacle of bullfighting and what is its significance. I'm not wild about the treatment of bulls in the ring or the treatment of very young apprentice matadores but I'm not going to dismiss the whole thing as simple barbarism and shove it into a corner. I'd rather examine the practice for cultural insight and leave my modern sensibilities at the door......its called being objective. Now from what I can gather, the employment of the sword in this instance involve leaning over the bull's horns and delivering the coup de grace. At a stretch I think the aesthetics of the traditional Spanish school can be seen if not the techniques par se. Remembering that fencing teaches defence against a similarly armed human being. There isn't a sword guard in the world that will parry a charging bull so standard fencing theory would be of little use. Voiding and a sense of timing however could be usefully communicated by a good fencing regime and may have played a part back in the first two decades of the 18th century when the bullfight started to be done on foot. These days I imagine a familiarity with swordplay cannot be assumed and so training is focused on how to dispatch agitated cattle and voiding, voiding, voiding, very similar to a volte or demi-volte (sorry, don't know the Spanish terminology). Indeed, voiding and volting seems to be an integral part of spanish swordplay, at least according to the French masters. Liancour, Girard and Angelo all mention some sort of demi-volte with which they, at the time the adversary lunges, they dodge the thrust and thrust to the eyes or deliver an estramazï¿½n at the face. Although I do hace Pacheco's treatise as well as a couple others, I must admit I've been lazy in reading them (pedantic, geometric, incomprehensible jargon Not that I'm disparaging their effectiveness mind you) Nevertheless, from what I've observed, many thrusts are accompanied by lateral footwork as shown on the diagrams that may very well correspond to this french (mis-?)perception of their volte. Hoch der kaiser! Posts 4,512 Jï¿½rg, I once read that bullfighting can be either very bad OR very good, with next to nothing in between. I didn't believe it at the time. Until I had the opportunity to watch a bullfight in Spain (Toledo of all places). There were a number of fights in one evening. Most were rather boring. One had a very brave and dangerous bull, which was subsequently completely mauled by the picador (the guy on the horse who, as the only person in the arena, is relatively safe). This action displeased the crowd greatly. This ended up to be a quite gruesome butchery. But one fight was beautiful. It was a perfect confrontation between man and animal, who at the same time appeared to have a strong connection. It's undescribable, and unlike anything I've ever seen. That one fight is the only reason why I would ever consider to see a bullfight again, and I don't think anybody has a right to judge before they have seen something similar. But regardless, it's a very old cultural tradition, and I feel it's not up to us as outsiders to pass judgement. For instance, one could similarly denounce the Mensur as a barbaric practice... Hwï¿½ï¿½ere ï¿½ï¿½r fuse feorran cwoman to ï¿½am ï¿½ï¿½elinge. - Dream of the Rood "Ah, Blackadder. Started talking to yourself, I see." "Yes...it's the only way I can be assured of intelligent conversation." - Lord Melchett and Lord Edmund Blackadder Posts 921 A site with some more information, suggesting the depth and layers of symbolism involved in the ideal spectacle, http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/bullfighting/history.htm An interesting feature is draping the cloak on the sword in the final "act"....... Of note is the comparitivly late date of bullfighting on foot. Late 17th-early 18th century Spanish sword texts would be the most obvious place to look for any similarities or feedback from the ring. I'd like to hear from anyone versed in Spanish swordsmanship what their take is on the matadore's use of the sword. What, if any connections might there be? Last edited by Ian Brackley; 02-15-2006 at 10:13 PM. How may I confuse you further? Entrar a matar Originally posted by Ian Brackley I'd like to hear from anyone versed in Spanish swordsmanship what their take is on the matadore's use of the sword. What, if any connections might there be? As many Spaniards I have mixed feelings about this. I was six first time I watched a performance and I think I was more impressed by all the fuzz around that by what was happening on the arena. I have been present mostly at non-killing games, not really interested or interested in other aspects of the fiesta" and far from being an expert. If I see a bit on the TV, I am always on the bull side... In any case "toros bravos", splendid animals as they are, have these days a lower chance of extinction in Spain than donkeys. And it is one of those things that keep us from Huxley's world. To the point. If we consider the killing as a swordmanship style, then it is one with a single "treta", and it is quite a bit like a modern sport fleche. It has a preparation phase with the elbow cocked and the sword at face height (of course the bull does not realize an attack is incoming), left foot forward and the "torero" loses his balance forward, right foot moves, sword strikes in angle... It is not coming from destreza verdadera and I am ignorant of the evolution of bullfighting in XVIII century. That sort of thrust would have broken a normal length rapier, and the cup would have been a problem for loosening the grip, so it is possible it only became popular after small swords appeared. Horses and spears being used previously. Nowadays I remember vaguely the pommel is fitted inside the hand and two fingers go over the cross on the blade flat ricasso. Sword penetrates with the knuclebow to the right. I do not know if the swords used in XVIII would have kept some sort of shell. The difficulty lies in hitting the animal heart and not just punching a lung. Of course the bulls movements are previsible, specially since the bullfighter shall have spent the previous stages studying the actions of that particular animal, a bit like poker. Could be a tap on the ground when it is going right, an ear movement just before moving ahead. The bull reacts when the "torero" goes inside the bull striking distance. By then the animal is not in the best condition and movements are more and more automatic, like going with head down, what offers an entry point to the sword outside of the rib-cage... The torero has to push the sword inside the bulls body as far he can before the raising horns catch him, release the sword and move aside. There is also a japanese-like almost ceremonial removal and cleaning of the sword. Javier Last edited by Javier Ramos; 02-16-2006 at 03:30 AM. La vida amable, el enemigo hombre fuerte, ordinario el peligro, natural la defensa, la Ciencia para conseguirla infalible, su estudio forï¿½oso, y el exercicio necessario conviene al que huviere de ser Diestro, no ignore la teorica, para que en la practica, el cuerpo, el braï¿½o, y los instrumentos obren lo conveniente a su perfeccion. --Don Luis Pacheco de Narvaez. Sword & Cloak Greetings, All! I must say have mixed feelings about the Spanish tradition of bullfighting. On the one hand, it pains me to watch a noble animal tormented and killed. On the other hand, I'm fascinated by the ritual and tradition, not to mention the skill of the diestro. Also, as someone said above, it's a very real, primal thing, which is unusual in our sanitized world. As far as training, I read an article once that followed the training of a female bullfighter. She went to a slaughterhouse, and practiced her thrust on a number of cows who were otherwise going to be made into hamburger patties. In the 1980s, I also watched an excellent video on a famous Spanish bullfighter. His training was pretty involved, but mainly on the footwork end of things. But there's one final reason that bullfighting interests me: It's the sole survival - however distantly removed - of the tradition of fencing with sword & cloak, which can be dated from ancient Greek times up until the present. Regards, Posts 116 I want also ask in advance for mercy: my really poor English is almost an insult to this Language. I know it and I'm sorry about this. As my friends Javier Ramos and Rorro Gonzalez have said before, I don't think that could be a true relationship between the current use of the "estoque" in bullfighting and the real historical fencing. Even in the popular stamp of the bullfighter ("torero") standing with his sword ready to start the killing movement, it's almost impossible to find a real relation with any known fencing position or guard in the spanish fencing styles (and Javier is a well known "Destreza Verdadera" practicioner and Rorro is one of the best "Esgrima Comun" fencers in Spain, so we can be quite sure about that). We could think in some similarities with the use of the folded knife ("navaja") in fighting with an special type of cloak (the "mantas"), but I'm not sure if it is a mere coincidence. The similarities could be only casual (it looks a little bit like a strike coming from top with the knife and a cloak-style defense in the low-middle of the guard). The use of the sword in bullfighting as the way to kill the bull started probably as a substitute of the former spears ("rejones") used at first from horses (bullfighting from horses was the most ancient directed antecesor of the actual way. If I'm not wrong we have registers from XVI century). It's plausible that the swords started to be in use during the first manifestation of the almost non-regulated "corridas" in XVII century, where many people tried to fight with the bull at the same time. May be in this moments the use of the cloak (as it was a common garment) and the sword (may be the popular rapier) as tools to fight with the bull started. May be in this origin (if it was true) there was a connection between the fencing and the bullfighting, but I think that it was all. Talking about the previously described movement of killing the bull, it is the "volapie" (a bad translation could be "flying feet") that started to be in use by the late XVIII century. It is the most used system today because it can be done even if the bull is too tired to charge against the bullfighter (as it is very common with the actual over-sized bulls, quite different of the ones of those days). But this is not the only "style": the bullfighter can wait until the bull starts to move (just the first step, in order to prevent the closing of the anatomical "window" where the sword penetrate to kill the bull) or even he can start his movement at the same time that the bull begins its charge (similar concept with the italian fencing style "mezzo tempo"). Both of them were the most usual way to kill the bull in past times. The more ancient bullfighters swords showed in Spanish paintings (XVIII century) were straight blades, of similar lenght as the current ones, but may be wider, as they probably had to be stronger to prevent from breaking in the bull's charge. May be some of them were a little shorter for the same reason. I think that all of them had only a very simple flat guard. I'm not sure if the present design could come from the smallsword seen in Spain, but they can also had their own origins as specialized weapons and, lately, turn to a smallsword tipology. I think that the present design is, as Rorro said, a functional adaptation: a big pommel to push in the thrust and a guard to prevent the fingers to slide to the blade (obviously flat, any other kind would be an obstacle in the thrust). As a corolary I want to say that I don't apologize for this spectacle. It has a long tradition here in Spain (and even in my family) but, and this is only a personal comment, it could be nicer to my eyes without a bull diying at the end, probably the reason because I don't like bullfighting. Sorry again for this demostration of bad english. Cheers. 1,187 Originally posted by J. M. Roca I want also ask in advance for mercy: my really poor English is almost an insult to this Language. I know it and I'm sorry about this. As my friends Javier Ramos and Rorro Gonzalez have said before, I don't think that could be a true relationship between the current use of the "estoque" in bullfighting and the real historical fencing. Even in the popular stamp of the bullfighter ("torero") standing with his sword ready to start the killing movement, it's almost impossible to find a real relation with any known fencing position or guard in the spanish fencing styles (and Javier is a well known "Destreza Verdadera" practicioner and Rorro is one of the best "Esgrima Comun" fencers in Spain, so we can be quite sure about that). We could think in some similarities with the use of the folded knife ("navaja") in fighting with an special type of cloak (the "mantas"), but I'm not sure if it is a mere coincidence. The similarities could be only casual (it looks a little bit like a strike coming from top with the knife and a cloak-style defense in the low-middle of the guard). The use of the sword in bullfighting as the way to kill the bull started probably as a substitute of the former spears ("rejones") used at first from horses (bullfighting from horses was the most ancient directed antecesor of the actual way. If I'm not wrong we have registers from XVI century). It's plausible that the swords started to be in use during the first manifestation of the almost non-regulated "corridas" in XVII century, where many people tried to fight with the bull at the same time. May be in this moments the use of the cloak (as it was a common garment) and the sword (may be the popular rapier) as tools to fight with the bull started. May be in this origin (if it was true) there was a connection between the fencing and the bullfighting, but I think that it was all. Talking about the previously described movement of killing the bull, it is the "volapie" (a bad translation could be "flying feet") that started to be in use by the late XVIII century. It is the most used system today because it can be done even if the bull is too tired to charge against the bullfighter (as it is very common with the actual over-sized bulls, quite different of the ones of those days). But this is not the only "style": the bullfighter can wait until the bull starts to move (just the first step, in order to prevent the closing of the anatomical "window" where the sword penetrate to kill the bull) or even he can start his movement at the same time that the bull begins its charge (similar concept with the italian fencing style "mezzo tempo"). Both of them were the most usual way to kill the bull in past times. The more ancient bullfighters swords showed in Spanish paintings (XVIII century) were straight blades, of similar lenght as the current ones, but may be wider, as they probably had to be stronger to prevent from breaking in the bull's charge. May be some of them were a little shorter for the same reason. I think that all of them had only a very simple flat guard. I'm not sure if the present design could come from the smallsword seen in Spain, but they can also had their own origins as specialized weapons and, lately, turn to a smallsword tipology. I think that the present design is, as Rorro said, a functional adaptation: a big pommel to push in the thrust and a guard to prevent the fingers to slide to the blade (obviously flat, any other kind would be an obstacle in the thrust). As a corolary I want to say that I don't apologize for this spectacle. It has a long tradition here in Spain (and even in my family) but, and this is only a personal comment, it could be nicer to my eyes without a bull diying at the end, probably the reason because I don't like bullfighting. Sorry again for this demostration of bad english. Cheers.	MATADOR
What nationality was the composer Anton Bruckner?	Bullfighting Swords Historical European Swordsmanship Bullfighting Swords If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. 36 Bullfighting Swords I realise that this is not really historical but I couldnt think where it would fit. Does anyone know what type of sword the Spanish bullfighters use. Also do they receive any fencing training or is it simply learning point control in order to stab between the shoulders Cheers Posts 921 There are plenty of sites about the web that have pictures of, and even sell Bullfighting swords (often simply called estoc or espada). The tool in question is a thrust-oriented blade. I've seen a few blade configurations (cuniform, more or fewer fullers, ect) although I'd guess the sport's governing body has some regulations for swords. The hilt is a very spare set of long quillions and a knuckle bow. The bow and front quillion appear to be wrapped in something (leather?) possibly to protect against impact on the fingers. I have seen bullfighters grip this thing all manner of ways, some hold it in a hammer grip, others extend a finger allong the cross, still others grip it like a punch-dagger Attached Images Posts 1,431 Wild guess re. the wrapping around the bow and quillions is that it's for what Bruce Lee called "retinal retention", i.e., the bright colour is easy for an audience to see in the heat of the action. Bruce used to wrap the business ends of nunchaku and staves with tape in a contrasting colour, to make the movement of the weapons more visible on film - perhaps the bullfighters are using the same principle for their live performances in large arenas. I don't know a great deal about the way toreadors and matadors are trained, but every aspect of their art is the product of discipline and tradition. I have seen people practicing the killing thrust on facsimile bulls, typically carretilla ("wheelbarrows") bearing a mock-up of the bull's head and shoulders. The barrows are pushed around the training ground so that the matador can practice his evasions and so-on. Tony 29 Originally posted by Jï¿½rg B. Barring the fact that bullfighting is quite a sick 'sport', what the bloody hell does this topic have to do with Historical European Swordsmanship ??? Barring the fact that you should respect other peoples' tastes, Bullfighting is an extremely old tradition not only in spanish culture, but in ancient greek/cretan culture as well -- I could start ranting on the philosophical/ethnic backgrounds of tauromachy, but it is, apart from a sport, a sophisticated ritual of man over beast. And swordfighting is a part of this ritual, with its precise, sophisticated killing thrust. Last edited by Michael E. Moss; 02-15-2006 at 01:40 PM. Hoch der kaiser! Posts 921 Without digressing into the merits of different cultural practices, part of the original question was where does sword culture (in particular Iberian sword culture) and matadore's display of the sword fit into the spectacle of bullfighting and what is its significance. I'm not wild about the treatment of bulls in the ring or the treatment of very young apprentice matadores but I'm not going to dismiss the whole thing as simple barbarism and shove it into a corner. I'd rather examine the practice for cultural insight and leave my modern sensibilities at the door......its called being objective. Now from what I can gather, the employment of the sword in this instance involve leaning over the bull's horns and delivering the coup de grace. At a stretch I think the aesthetics of the traditional Spanish school can be seen if not the techniques par se. Remembering that fencing teaches defence against a similarly armed human being. There isn't a sword guard in the world that will parry a charging bull so standard fencing theory would be of little use. Voiding and a sense of timing however could be usefully communicated by a good fencing regime and may have played a part back in the first two decades of the 18th century when the bullfight started to be done on foot. These days I imagine a familiarity with swordplay cannot be assumed and so training is focused on how to dispatch agitated cattle and voiding, voiding, voiding, very similar to a volte or demi-volte (sorry, don't know the Spanish terminology). How may I confuse you further? 29 Originally posted by Ian Brackley Without digressing into the merits of different cultural practices, part of the original question was where does sword culture (in particular Iberian sword culture) and matadore's display of the sword fit into the spectacle of bullfighting and what is its significance. I'm not wild about the treatment of bulls in the ring or the treatment of very young apprentice matadores but I'm not going to dismiss the whole thing as simple barbarism and shove it into a corner. I'd rather examine the practice for cultural insight and leave my modern sensibilities at the door......its called being objective. Now from what I can gather, the employment of the sword in this instance involve leaning over the bull's horns and delivering the coup de grace. At a stretch I think the aesthetics of the traditional Spanish school can be seen if not the techniques par se. Remembering that fencing teaches defence against a similarly armed human being. There isn't a sword guard in the world that will parry a charging bull so standard fencing theory would be of little use. Voiding and a sense of timing however could be usefully communicated by a good fencing regime and may have played a part back in the first two decades of the 18th century when the bullfight started to be done on foot. These days I imagine a familiarity with swordplay cannot be assumed and so training is focused on how to dispatch agitated cattle and voiding, voiding, voiding, very similar to a volte or demi-volte (sorry, don't know the Spanish terminology). Indeed, voiding and volting seems to be an integral part of spanish swordplay, at least according to the French masters. Liancour, Girard and Angelo all mention some sort of demi-volte with which they, at the time the adversary lunges, they dodge the thrust and thrust to the eyes or deliver an estramazï¿½n at the face. Although I do hace Pacheco's treatise as well as a couple others, I must admit I've been lazy in reading them (pedantic, geometric, incomprehensible jargon Not that I'm disparaging their effectiveness mind you) Nevertheless, from what I've observed, many thrusts are accompanied by lateral footwork as shown on the diagrams that may very well correspond to this french (mis-?)perception of their volte. Hoch der kaiser! Posts 4,512 Jï¿½rg, I once read that bullfighting can be either very bad OR very good, with next to nothing in between. I didn't believe it at the time. Until I had the opportunity to watch a bullfight in Spain (Toledo of all places). There were a number of fights in one evening. Most were rather boring. One had a very brave and dangerous bull, which was subsequently completely mauled by the picador (the guy on the horse who, as the only person in the arena, is relatively safe). This action displeased the crowd greatly. This ended up to be a quite gruesome butchery. But one fight was beautiful. It was a perfect confrontation between man and animal, who at the same time appeared to have a strong connection. It's undescribable, and unlike anything I've ever seen. That one fight is the only reason why I would ever consider to see a bullfight again, and I don't think anybody has a right to judge before they have seen something similar. But regardless, it's a very old cultural tradition, and I feel it's not up to us as outsiders to pass judgement. For instance, one could similarly denounce the Mensur as a barbaric practice... Hwï¿½ï¿½ere ï¿½ï¿½r fuse feorran cwoman to ï¿½am ï¿½ï¿½elinge. - Dream of the Rood "Ah, Blackadder. Started talking to yourself, I see." "Yes...it's the only way I can be assured of intelligent conversation." - Lord Melchett and Lord Edmund Blackadder Posts 921 A site with some more information, suggesting the depth and layers of symbolism involved in the ideal spectacle, http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/bullfighting/history.htm An interesting feature is draping the cloak on the sword in the final "act"....... Of note is the comparitivly late date of bullfighting on foot. Late 17th-early 18th century Spanish sword texts would be the most obvious place to look for any similarities or feedback from the ring. I'd like to hear from anyone versed in Spanish swordsmanship what their take is on the matadore's use of the sword. What, if any connections might there be? Last edited by Ian Brackley; 02-15-2006 at 10:13 PM. How may I confuse you further? Entrar a matar Originally posted by Ian Brackley I'd like to hear from anyone versed in Spanish swordsmanship what their take is on the matadore's use of the sword. What, if any connections might there be? As many Spaniards I have mixed feelings about this. I was six first time I watched a performance and I think I was more impressed by all the fuzz around that by what was happening on the arena. I have been present mostly at non-killing games, not really interested or interested in other aspects of the fiesta" and far from being an expert. If I see a bit on the TV, I am always on the bull side... In any case "toros bravos", splendid animals as they are, have these days a lower chance of extinction in Spain than donkeys. And it is one of those things that keep us from Huxley's world. To the point. If we consider the killing as a swordmanship style, then it is one with a single "treta", and it is quite a bit like a modern sport fleche. It has a preparation phase with the elbow cocked and the sword at face height (of course the bull does not realize an attack is incoming), left foot forward and the "torero" loses his balance forward, right foot moves, sword strikes in angle... It is not coming from destreza verdadera and I am ignorant of the evolution of bullfighting in XVIII century. That sort of thrust would have broken a normal length rapier, and the cup would have been a problem for loosening the grip, so it is possible it only became popular after small swords appeared. Horses and spears being used previously. Nowadays I remember vaguely the pommel is fitted inside the hand and two fingers go over the cross on the blade flat ricasso. Sword penetrates with the knuclebow to the right. I do not know if the swords used in XVIII would have kept some sort of shell. The difficulty lies in hitting the animal heart and not just punching a lung. Of course the bulls movements are previsible, specially since the bullfighter shall have spent the previous stages studying the actions of that particular animal, a bit like poker. Could be a tap on the ground when it is going right, an ear movement just before moving ahead. The bull reacts when the "torero" goes inside the bull striking distance. By then the animal is not in the best condition and movements are more and more automatic, like going with head down, what offers an entry point to the sword outside of the rib-cage... The torero has to push the sword inside the bulls body as far he can before the raising horns catch him, release the sword and move aside. There is also a japanese-like almost ceremonial removal and cleaning of the sword. Javier Last edited by Javier Ramos; 02-16-2006 at 03:30 AM. La vida amable, el enemigo hombre fuerte, ordinario el peligro, natural la defensa, la Ciencia para conseguirla infalible, su estudio forï¿½oso, y el exercicio necessario conviene al que huviere de ser Diestro, no ignore la teorica, para que en la practica, el cuerpo, el braï¿½o, y los instrumentos obren lo conveniente a su perfeccion. --Don Luis Pacheco de Narvaez. Sword & Cloak Greetings, All! I must say have mixed feelings about the Spanish tradition of bullfighting. On the one hand, it pains me to watch a noble animal tormented and killed. On the other hand, I'm fascinated by the ritual and tradition, not to mention the skill of the diestro. Also, as someone said above, it's a very real, primal thing, which is unusual in our sanitized world. As far as training, I read an article once that followed the training of a female bullfighter. She went to a slaughterhouse, and practiced her thrust on a number of cows who were otherwise going to be made into hamburger patties. In the 1980s, I also watched an excellent video on a famous Spanish bullfighter. His training was pretty involved, but mainly on the footwork end of things. But there's one final reason that bullfighting interests me: It's the sole survival - however distantly removed - of the tradition of fencing with sword & cloak, which can be dated from ancient Greek times up until the present. Regards, Posts 116 I want also ask in advance for mercy: my really poor English is almost an insult to this Language. I know it and I'm sorry about this. As my friends Javier Ramos and Rorro Gonzalez have said before, I don't think that could be a true relationship between the current use of the "estoque" in bullfighting and the real historical fencing. Even in the popular stamp of the bullfighter ("torero") standing with his sword ready to start the killing movement, it's almost impossible to find a real relation with any known fencing position or guard in the spanish fencing styles (and Javier is a well known "Destreza Verdadera" practicioner and Rorro is one of the best "Esgrima Comun" fencers in Spain, so we can be quite sure about that). We could think in some similarities with the use of the folded knife ("navaja") in fighting with an special type of cloak (the "mantas"), but I'm not sure if it is a mere coincidence. The similarities could be only casual (it looks a little bit like a strike coming from top with the knife and a cloak-style defense in the low-middle of the guard). The use of the sword in bullfighting as the way to kill the bull started probably as a substitute of the former spears ("rejones") used at first from horses (bullfighting from horses was the most ancient directed antecesor of the actual way. If I'm not wrong we have registers from XVI century). It's plausible that the swords started to be in use during the first manifestation of the almost non-regulated "corridas" in XVII century, where many people tried to fight with the bull at the same time. May be in this moments the use of the cloak (as it was a common garment) and the sword (may be the popular rapier) as tools to fight with the bull started. May be in this origin (if it was true) there was a connection between the fencing and the bullfighting, but I think that it was all. Talking about the previously described movement of killing the bull, it is the "volapie" (a bad translation could be "flying feet") that started to be in use by the late XVIII century. It is the most used system today because it can be done even if the bull is too tired to charge against the bullfighter (as it is very common with the actual over-sized bulls, quite different of the ones of those days). But this is not the only "style": the bullfighter can wait until the bull starts to move (just the first step, in order to prevent the closing of the anatomical "window" where the sword penetrate to kill the bull) or even he can start his movement at the same time that the bull begins its charge (similar concept with the italian fencing style "mezzo tempo"). Both of them were the most usual way to kill the bull in past times. The more ancient bullfighters swords showed in Spanish paintings (XVIII century) were straight blades, of similar lenght as the current ones, but may be wider, as they probably had to be stronger to prevent from breaking in the bull's charge. May be some of them were a little shorter for the same reason. I think that all of them had only a very simple flat guard. I'm not sure if the present design could come from the smallsword seen in Spain, but they can also had their own origins as specialized weapons and, lately, turn to a smallsword tipology. I think that the present design is, as Rorro said, a functional adaptation: a big pommel to push in the thrust and a guard to prevent the fingers to slide to the blade (obviously flat, any other kind would be an obstacle in the thrust). As a corolary I want to say that I don't apologize for this spectacle. It has a long tradition here in Spain (and even in my family) but, and this is only a personal comment, it could be nicer to my eyes without a bull diying at the end, probably the reason because I don't like bullfighting. Sorry again for this demostration of bad english. Cheers. 1,187 Originally posted by J. M. Roca I want also ask in advance for mercy: my really poor English is almost an insult to this Language. I know it and I'm sorry about this. As my friends Javier Ramos and Rorro Gonzalez have said before, I don't think that could be a true relationship between the current use of the "estoque" in bullfighting and the real historical fencing. Even in the popular stamp of the bullfighter ("torero") standing with his sword ready to start the killing movement, it's almost impossible to find a real relation with any known fencing position or guard in the spanish fencing styles (and Javier is a well known "Destreza Verdadera" practicioner and Rorro is one of the best "Esgrima Comun" fencers in Spain, so we can be quite sure about that). We could think in some similarities with the use of the folded knife ("navaja") in fighting with an special type of cloak (the "mantas"), but I'm not sure if it is a mere coincidence. The similarities could be only casual (it looks a little bit like a strike coming from top with the knife and a cloak-style defense in the low-middle of the guard). The use of the sword in bullfighting as the way to kill the bull started probably as a substitute of the former spears ("rejones") used at first from horses (bullfighting from horses was the most ancient directed antecesor of the actual way. If I'm not wrong we have registers from XVI century). It's plausible that the swords started to be in use during the first manifestation of the almost non-regulated "corridas" in XVII century, where many people tried to fight with the bull at the same time. May be in this moments the use of the cloak (as it was a common garment) and the sword (may be the popular rapier) as tools to fight with the bull started. May be in this origin (if it was true) there was a connection between the fencing and the bullfighting, but I think that it was all. Talking about the previously described movement of killing the bull, it is the "volapie" (a bad translation could be "flying feet") that started to be in use by the late XVIII century. It is the most used system today because it can be done even if the bull is too tired to charge against the bullfighter (as it is very common with the actual over-sized bulls, quite different of the ones of those days). But this is not the only "style": the bullfighter can wait until the bull starts to move (just the first step, in order to prevent the closing of the anatomical "window" where the sword penetrate to kill the bull) or even he can start his movement at the same time that the bull begins its charge (similar concept with the italian fencing style "mezzo tempo"). Both of them were the most usual way to kill the bull in past times. The more ancient bullfighters swords showed in Spanish paintings (XVIII century) were straight blades, of similar lenght as the current ones, but may be wider, as they probably had to be stronger to prevent from breaking in the bull's charge. May be some of them were a little shorter for the same reason. I think that all of them had only a very simple flat guard. I'm not sure if the present design could come from the smallsword seen in Spain, but they can also had their own origins as specialized weapons and, lately, turn to a smallsword tipology. I think that the present design is, as Rorro said, a functional adaptation: a big pommel to push in the thrust and a guard to prevent the fingers to slide to the blade (obviously flat, any other kind would be an obstacle in the thrust). As a corolary I want to say that I don't apologize for this spectacle. It has a long tradition here in Spain (and even in my family) but, and this is only a personal comment, it could be nicer to my eyes without a bull diying at the end, probably the reason because I don't like bullfighting. Sorry again for this demostration of bad english. Cheers.	i don't know
California has borders with three other states, oregon and Nevada are two, which is the third?	What States Border California? \| eHow What States Border California? Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Eureka! Yes, that's a town in northern California, but it's also the state motto. Gold fever had something to do with that. California is the third largest state in the country, with the almost 900-mile length of its west coast framed by the Pacific Ocean. Three smaller states border this beautiful state, with its redwoods, pristine beaches and snow-capped mountains. Oregon The western half of Oregon lies along the northern edge of California. The two states meet in a geographically stunning manner along the Pacific coast, and blend into pine country and rolling hills the farther east you travel. Unlike the East Coast of the United States, which is composed of 14 states, the West Coast has three: California, Oregon and Washington. Nevada Flanking almost the entire state along California's eastern border is Nevada. The Sierra Nevada Mountains run along a 250-mile-long portion of this border, with the two states sharing certain areas. The two states also share portions of such diverse sites as Lake Tahoe, Death Valley and the Mojave Desert, the latter being an enormously hot and dry zone with unique features across its 25,000 square miles. Countless visitors annually travel between these major destinations, and also from Los Angeles in Southern California to Las Vegas in Nevada. Arizona Western Arizona lies against the southeastern side of California. The Colorado River divides the two states. Blythe, California, and Yuma, Arizona, are two major crossing points along the border. These desert regions can experience high winds and dust storms, which create problems for travelers. Always stay alert to local conditions. The Colorado River has many areas for recreation seekers. Mexico Though not a state, Mexico borders the southernmost part of California. Tourists and travelers between the United States and Mexico must present passports or other forms of identification when moving between countries, and will sometimes have to wait long periods of time at actual border crossings. The long waits typically occur during peak travel seasons or when something has gone awry that local law enforcement deems is serious enough to stop traffic. Patience and a good book come in handy during such waits, or get out and stretch and try to identify the differences in landscapes.	Arizona Beverage Company
"To whom did Winston Churchill refer as ""a modest little manwith much to be modest about""?"	California Geography from NETSTATE North to South 560 miles: greatest distance East to West. 1,040 miles: greatest distance North to South. Geographic Center Explanation The geographic center of California is located 38 miles east of Madera. Longitude: 120° 4.9'W Latitude: 36° 57.9'N Borders California is bordered by Oregon to the north. In the south, California shares an international border with Mexico. To the east, Nevada and Arizona share the California border. California meets the Pacific Ocean on the west. Total Area California covers 163,707 square miles, making it the third largest of the 50 states . Land Area 155,973 square miles are land areas. Water Area 7,734 square miles of California are covered by water. Highest Point The highest point in California is Mt. Whitney at 14,494 feet. Mt. Whitney is the highest mountain in the contiguous 48 states. Mt. McKinley, the highest mountain in Alaska , rises 20,320 feet above sea level and is the highest point in the United States. Lowest Point The lowest point in California is in Death Valley . Death Valley lies 282 feet below sea level and is the lowest point in the United States. Mean Elevation The Mean Elevation of the state of California is 2,900 feet above sea level. Major Rivers Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, Colorado River Major Lakes Lake Tahoe , Salton Sea , Owens Lake , Searles Lake The Land California is the third largest state, behind Alaska and Texas, and runs almost 800 miles from north to south. It is not surprising that it offers a contrasting landscape and a diverse topography . California's general coastline is 840 miles long. Along much of the coast, the Coast Ranges rise from the shore in steep cliffs and terraces. Southern California has many wide, sandy beaches. California's topography can be characterized by defining eight main regions within the state; Klamath Mountains: In the northwest corner of the state are the Klamath Mountains . They are comprised of many small forest covered ranges and are higher than the coastal mountains to the south. Many mountains range from about 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. The small ranges are separated by deep canyons. Coastal Ranges: The Coastal Ranges in the north reach inland 20 to 30 miles extend from the Klamath Mountains in the north south to Santa Barbara. The Coastal Ranges include many smaller chains of mountain ranges including the Diablo and Santa Cruz Mountains. Some of the valleys separating these ranges are the Napa Valley, north of San Francisco and the Santa Clara and Salinas Valleys to the south. The Coastal Range is home to California's legendary Redwoods and, less fortunately the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault enters California from the Pacific Ocean near Port Arena and extends southeast into the state. Earthquakes are caused by movement of the earth's crust along this fault. Yosemite, Tunnel View Courtesy of Robert Holmes The Sierra Nevada: The Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east runs about 430 miles from north to south and forming a giant wall rising to over 14,000 feet. The range varies from around 40 to 70 miles wide. Many peaks in the range reach over 14,000 feet above sea level, with Mt. Whitney, at 14,494 feet, the highest peak in the United States south of Alaska. Mountain streams and glacial action have cut deep valleys into the western part of the Sierras. Yosemite Valley is one of the most spectacular of these valleys. Visit the Sierra Nevadas at the United States Geological Survey. Central Valley: The Central Valley lies between the Coastal Range and the Sierra Nevada range and is home to the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. Sometimes called the Great Valley, the Central Valley is about 450 miles long from points in the northwest to the southeast. A level, broad fertile plain, the Central Valley is the most important farming area west of the Rocky Mountains and comprises about three-fifths of California's productive farmland. Mount Shasta Courtesy of Robert Holmes Cascade Mountains: The Cascade Mountains extend north from the Sierra Nevada mountain range. They were formed by volcanoes unlike the other mountain ranges in California and support one still-active volcano; Lassen Peak. Lassen is 10,457 feet high and located in the southern Cascades. The Cascade Mountains are also home to Mt. Shasta, once and active volcano. Mt. Shasta rises 14,162 feet above sea level. Basin and Range Region: The Basin and Range Province contain the southeastern deserts of California. The Basin and Range Region is part of a large region that extends into Nevada, Oregon, and other states. In the north, much of the area is a lava plateau. This was formed thousands of years ago when the region was flooded with molten lava flowing out of cracks in the earth's surface. In the south, a good deal of the area is wasteland and includes the Mojave Desert and the Colorado Desert . Death Valley lies near the California-Nevada border and features some of the most inhospitable territory in the world. Some areas of the Basin and Range Region have been made quite productive, however, due to large irrigation projects that have made farming feasible. Two of these areas are the Imperial and the Coachella Valleys near the California border with Mexico. The Los Angeles Ranges: The Los Angeles Ranges, between Santa Barbara and San Diego counties, are a group of small mountain ranges that extend east to west. Because of this general east-west direction, the Los Angeles Ranges are sometimes called the Transverse Ranges. Most mountain ranges in California run generally from north to south. Included in the Los Angeles Ranges are the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains. Sometimes the San Jacinto and Santa Ana Mountains are included as part of the Los Angeles Ranges. The San Diego Ranges: The San Diego Ranges cover most of San Diego county in the southwestern corner of California. These mountains, sometimes called the Peninsular Ranges, include the Agua Tibia, Laguna, and Vallecito mountains and extend southward into the Mexican peninsula known as Baja California. The general coastline of California is 840 miles long. Much of the coast is characterized by the Coast Ranges rising from the shore in steep cliffs and terraces. In southern California many wide, sandy beaches can be found. Snow Blows From the Slopes of Mt. Whitney Purchase print From the peak of Mt. Whitney to Death Valley, California's topographic diversity is exemplified. Mt. Whitney, the highest point in the 48 contiguous United States, and Death Valley, the lowest point in the United States, lie only 85 miles from each other. Read more about the major land areas of California, including the Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains, and the Mojave Desert. This interesting overview is provided by the California Department of Conservation. For more about the Coastal Geography of California, visit these pages from the California Coastal Resource Guide by the California Coastal Commission.	i don't know
With which book did Peter Carey win the 1988 Booker award?	Prizes \| Peter Carey, writer, Booker Award winning novelist 1979 Miles Franklin Award (Australia) War Crimes 1980 New South Wales Premier’s Literary Award War Crimes 1981 Miles Franklin Award (Australia) Bliss 1982 National Book Council Award (Australia) Bliss 1982 New South Wales Premier’s Literary Award Bliss 1985 Australian Film Institute (Best Adapted Screenplay)Bliss 1985 Australian Film Institute (Best Film) Bliss 1985 Book Council Award (Australia) Illywhacker 1985 Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist) Illywhacker 1985 The Age Book of the Year Award Illywhacker 1986 Ditmar Award for Best Australian Science Fiction Novel Illywhacker 1986 Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction Illywhacker 1986 Victorian Premier’s Literary Award (Australia)Illywhacker 1986 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel (shortlist)Illywhacker 1988 Book Council Award (Australia) Oscar and Lucinda 1988 Booker Prize for Fiction Oscar and Lucinda 1989 Miles Franklin Award (Australia) Oscar and Lucinda 1994 The Age Book of the Year Award The Unusual Life of Tristran Smith 1997 James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for fiction) (shortlist) Jack Maggs 1997 The Age Book of the Year Award Jack Maggs 1998 Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book) Jack Maggs 1998 Miles Franklin Award (Australia) Jack Maggs 2001 Booker Prize for Fiction True History of the Kelly Gang 2001 Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book) True History of the Kelly Gang 2001 Miles Franklin Award (Australia) (shortlist) True History of the Kelly Gang 2001 Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction True History of the Kelly Gang 2007 Commonwealth Writers Prize (South East Asia and South Pacific Region, Best Book) (shortlist) Theft: A Love Story	Oscar and Lucinda
Who composed the musical shows 'Kiss Me Kate' and 'Can Can'?	Peter Carey - Literature Literature Biography Peter Carey was born in Bacchus Marsh in Victoria, Australia, in 1943. He studied Science at Monash University, and wrote advertising copy to support himself during the early part of his literary career. Australian identity and historical context play a part in several of his literary works. He began by writing surreal short stories, and published two collections, War Crimes (1979), and The Fat Man in History (1980). These stories, along with three previously uncollected works, are all included in his Collected Stories (1995). He then wrote 3 novels: Bliss (1981), about an advertising executive who has an out-of-body experience; Illywhacker (1985), a huge vision of Australian history told through the memoirs of a 100-year old confidence man or "illywhacker"; and Oscar and Lucinda (1988), a complex symbolic tale of the arrival of Christianity in Australia. Although not a science fiction writer as such, there are some elements of this in his writing, particularly in Illywhacker, which led to this novel receiving the Ditmar Award for Best Australian Science Fiction Novel and being shortlisted for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel, both in 1986. Illywhacker was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1985, and three years later, Oscar and Lucinda won the same prize. While writing his next novel, The Tax Inspector (1991), Peter Carey moved to New York, and has since written further novels: The Unusual Life of Tristran Smith (1994); Jack Maggs (1997), billed as a re-imagining of Charles Dickens' Great Expectations; True History of the Kelly Gang (2001), told in fictional letters from the Australian outlaw and folk hero Ned Kelly to his estranged daughter; and My Life as a Fake (2003), a story centred around a literary hoax which gripped Australia in the 1940s. Jack Maggs and True History of the Kelly Gang both won the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book) and with True History of the Kelly Gang, Peter Carey won the Booker Prize for Fiction for the second time, in 2001. Peter Carey wrote the script for the Wim Wenders film, Until the End of the World (1992), and co-wrote with Ray Lawrence, the screenplay for the film adaptation of Bliss (1985). Oscar and Lucinda was also adapted for film in 1997, with a screenplay witten by Laura Jones. He has also written a children's book, The Big Bazoohley (1995) and a non-fiction book, 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (2001). Wrong about Japan (2005), is a memoir/travelogue of the author's journey through Japan with his son Charley and their attempts to understand the Japanese culture and heritage. Peter Carey still lives in New York, where he teaches Creative Writing at New York University. He has been awarded three honorary degrees and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the Australian Academy of Humanities and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His later novels are Theft: A Love Story (2006); and His Illegal Self (2008). His novel, Parrot and Olivier in America, was published in 2010 and shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers Prize (South East Asia and South Pacific region, Best Book) and the Man Booker Prize for Fiction. His latest novel is The Chemistry of Tears (2012), which tells the story of a clock expert who is restoring an automaton while grieving for her lost lover. Peter Carey was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished services to literature, in 2012. Awards Critical perspective During the epic course of Oscar and Lucinda (1988), Peter Carey’s postmodernist ‘Victorian’ novel, a clergyman transports a glass church across the desert as a ‘crazed image’ of his love for Lucinda, who in turn looks out at the ‘silver skin’ of Sydney Harbour: ‘A cormorant broke the surface, like an improbable idea tearing the membrane between dreams and life’. The fabulous fiction of Australia’s best-known author internationally contains an abundance of such ‘improbable’ ideas and exotic scenarios, an endless inventiveness of storytelling within books that typically play games with narrative, chronology – and Australian history. They freely mix historical and fictional characters, the everyday with nightmares, and bring us Australian voices such as Herbert Badgery, the supposed 139-year-old narrator of Illywhacker (1985), and bushranger Ned Kelly whose ‘found journals’ constitute True History of the Kelly Gang (2001). Tall tales, lies and hoaxes are integral to Carey’s work, most exuberantly in Illywhacker but also in his novel, My Life as a Fake (2003), which draws upon a real-life Australian literary hoax of the 1940s, as an invented character comes to life with consequences for his creator both comical and murderous. Carey was part of a generation of Austraslian writers who moved away from realism towards international models; by his own account he was first influenced by William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. His work’s hybrid mixing of fable, satire and fantasy can now be seen as akin to post-colonial novelists such as Salman Rushdie, Timothy Mo and Michael Ondaatje. What gives it distinction, though, is the distorting mirror it holds up to Australia, telling surreal stories about its development and place in the contemporary world, as in the political fable at the heart of The Unusual Life of Tristran Smith (1994), which takes place in ‘Efica’ and ‘Voorstand’ (Australia and America, and their love-hate cultural relationship). Tristan, the book’s deformed but theatrical narrator, is one of a number of ‘odd bods’ in Carey’s fiction, disguising his grotesque appearance by wearing a mask and a Disneyland-like costume to become ‘the enigmatic figure of Bruder Mouse’. Carey began by writing quirky short stories, such as ‘Conversations with Unicorns’ and ‘Report on the Shadow Industry’, while others have the offbeat sexual scenarios that recur in his work. In ‘Peeling’, for example, a woman is made to strip off, revealing several identities and changes of sex underneath, ending up as ‘a small doll, hairless, eyeless, and white from head to toe’. ‘He Found Her in Late Summer’ is also memorable, as a man finds that the beautiful woman he has rescued is a vampire. Carey’s first novel, Bliss (1981), is an unnerving black comedy full of farcical episodes, the story of an advertising executive who, after nearly dying, realizes that ‘there were many different worlds, layer upon layer … and that if he might taste bliss he would not be immune to terror’. Harry Joy becomes convinced he is in Hell, surrounded by ‘all the cast of tormentors’. He finally abandons suburban morality himself by taking up with Honey Barbara, a hotel hooker, and he ends up on a Commune, talking to the trees. Bliss set a pattern in its satirical views of capitalism, sex and politics. Its fluid treatment of time is also characteristic: we wait until the final sentences to learn that the story is being told to us by Harry and Honey Barbara’s children. ‘Illywhacker’ is Australian slang for a trickster or conman. It is an apt title for Carey’s most purely enjoyable book, a cornucopia of incidents and characters unfolding over 500 pages, ‘a salesman’s view’ of Australian history related by Herbert Badgery, who advises at the outset: ‘I am a terrible liar … relax and enjoy the show’. Herbert tells about his life as a pioneer aviator, would-be businessman and drifter, being seduced by his future wife, 15-year-old Phoebe, while repairing her family’s roof. The action moves back and forth in time: Herbert as a child is taught to disappear and how to fight dragons by a Chinese magician, and during the Depression years goes on the road with his family, performing their ‘snake trick’ in hotel bars. During the war, he sets up a pet shop with American backing, supplying a talking cockatoo to General McArthur: a symbolic gesture within a book with a strongly satirical view of Australia. It ends with Herbert being kept as an exhibit, and, in a pointed contemporary note, the ‘best pet shop in the world’ is taken over by a Japanese corporation. Like Oscar and Lucinda, Jack Maggs (1997) is a postmodernist pastiche of the Victorian novel, re-writing Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, specifically the relationship between Pip and the convict Magwitch. It is also a wonderful yarn about trickery and disguise. Jack Maggs, formerly a convict in New South Wales, has returned at great risk to 1837 London to see adoptive ‘son’ Henry Phipps and becomes entangled with rising young author Titus Oates. Mesmerised by Oates, Maggs tells his own story of criminality and lost love, and through his writer’s habit of collecting ‘characters’ Oates is himself (literally) captured by Maggs, and has to undergo his own love tragedy. True History of the Kelly Gang (2001) brings us another Australian telling his life-story. Or rather, many stories, set down in the idiomatic voice contained in ‘thirteen parcels of stained and dog-eared papers, every one of them in Ned Kelly’s distinctive hand’. He tells of his mother’s struggles to keep the family together, his criminal apprenticeship with bushranger Harry Power, and the truth about the murders at Stringybark Creek. Along the way we meet some idiosyncratic characters; a transvestite cowboy (‘Steve entered the hut like the Dame in the pantomime’), the love of his life Mary, a cast of corrupt policemen and authorities – and hear Kelly’s pleas to posterity for ‘the injustice we poor Irish suffered in this present age’. My Life as a Fake (2003) has comic moments, and atrocities; once again the action moves around in time and the narrator may not be trustworthy. Sarah, previously editor of The Modern Review, tells us about events in 1972 when she was in Malaysia with veteran author John Slater, and their meeting with down-at-heel Christopher Chubb, once a young poet who invented the ‘Bob McCorkle’ hoax of the mid-1940s. Chubb’s own horror story takes over: he says that his adopted daughter was snatched by a madman claiming to be Bob McCorkle himself. Sarah plans to obtain Chubb’s own stolen manuscript (entitled My Life as a Fake), and her own secrets start to emerge. As a typically tricky tale in which readers and characters are never certain who is telling the truth, just who is hoaxing whom, the novel is quintessential Peter Carey. Dr Jules Smith, 2004	i don't know
What is the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet, the equivalent of our letter 'L'?	Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Greek+alphabet Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Greek alphabet - the alphabet used by ancient Greeks alphabet - a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language alpha - the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet beta - the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet gamma - the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet delta - the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet epsilon - the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet zeta - the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet eta - the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet theta - the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet iota - the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet kappa - the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet lambda - the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet mu - the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet nu - the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet xi - the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet omicron - the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet pi - the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet rho - the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet sigma - the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet tau - the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon - the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet phi - the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet khi , chi - the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet psi - the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet omega - the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet Translations	Lambda
Which Spanish city houses 'La Mezquita', and was the capital of Muslim Spain from 756 until its capture in 1236?	Lesson 1 : Koine Greek alpha (AHL-fuh) upper case: Α lower case: α. Pronounced "ah" as in "father," not "ay" as in "fate" or "a" as in "fat." In some books, lower case alpha looks very much like our 'a'. The letter is made in the lower half of the line. The lower case letter may have accents above it. The upper case letter may have accents to its left side. Β β beta (BAY-tuh) upper case: Β lower case: β. Pronounced "b" as in "bible." Notice in the lower case beta that the long stroke on the left side extends below the line and the top loop is in the upper half of the line. Γ γ gamma (GAM-muh) upper case: Γ lower case: γ. Pronounced "g" as in "gag." When two gammas appear side by side, the first one sounds like "n" thus making an "ng" sound as in the word "sing." Likewise a gamma before a kappa makes a "nk" sound as in "ink." Notice that the tail of the lower case gamma extends below the line. Do not make a "y" shape with two strokes; just start in the upper left, go down, then back up to the right in one fluid stroke. Δ δ delta (DELL-tuh) upper case: Δ lower case: δ. Pronounced "d" as in "dog." Notice that in the lower case delta the stroke on the right side is not straight as it is in our letter "d." Instead it is curved. epsilon (EPP-suh-lawn) upper case: Ε lower case: ε or є. Pronounced "eh" as in "bed," not "ee" as in "seem." Like lower case alpha, epsilon is only half height. Ζ ζ zeta (ZAY-tuh) upper case: Ζ lower case: ζ. Pronounced "dz" as in "adze" or "ds" in "adds." Notice that there is only one loop at the top and a curl below the line. Η η eta (AY-tuh) upper case: Η lower case: η. Pronounced "ay" as the "e" in "obey." Notice that the right hand stroke drops below the line. Θ θ ϑ theta (THAY-tuh) upper case: Θ lower case: θ or ϑ. Pronounced "th" as in "think." Notice that the lower case letter occupies the full height between the lines. Sometimes the lower case letter is made like the second example. Ι ι iota (ee-OH-tuh) upper case: Ι lower case: ι. It may be pronounced short as in the word "it" or long as the "ee" sound in the word "intrigue." It is never pronounced "eye." Notice that there is no dot above this letter as we make in English. When this letter is at the beginning of word it is often transliterated as "j" Κ κ kappa (KAP-puh) upper case: Κ lower case: κ. Pronounced "k" as in "kit." In some books this letter appears to be a smaller form of the letter "N" (ϰ) and may look unusual to you. Λ λ lambda (LAMB-duh) upper case: Λ lower case: λ . Pronounced "l" as in "light." You can make the long stroke before the short one or vice versa. Μ μ mu (MOO) upper case: Μ lower case: μ . Pronounced "m" as in "mother." Notice that this letter looks like the letter "u" except it has a long stroke on the left side which begins below the line. Ν ν nu (NOO) upper case: Ν lower case: ν . Pronounced "n" as in "not." Notice that the lower case letter is made like a "v" in that it has a pointed bottom. It also has a short vertical line on the left side. Be sure that the letter has both the vertical line and the pointed bottom or else it could be confused with the letter upsilon. Ξ ξ xi (KSEE) upper case: Ξ lower case: ξ . Pronounced "ks" or "x" as in "socks" or "fox." Notice that the upper case letter is made of three horizontal bars which are not connected to each other. The lower case letter looks similar to zeta except there is one more loop in the middle of the character. Ο ο omicron (AH-muh-crawn) upper case: Ο lower case: ο. Pronounced "ah" as a short "o" as in "odd." Π π pi (PEE) Upper case: Π lower case: π . If you are referring to the mathematical constant (3.141592654 etc.) then you can pronounce the name of this letter PIE, otherwise call it PEE. Pronounced "p" as in "put." Ρ ρ rho (ROE) Upper case: Ρ lower case: ρ. Actually the name of this letter is pronounced with initial aspiration: huh-roe. Pronounced "r" as in "rat." Some teachers suggest forming this letter by starting at the bottom of the stroke and ending with the loop. Because this letter looks like a latin "p" but is really an "r," there is a good psychological reason for making the letter with the loop first and ending with the down stroke. In this way, you won't think "p" but you will think "rho." Σ σ ς sigma (SIG-muh) upper case: Σ lower case: σ or ς. Use ς when sigma appears at the end of a word; otherwise, use σ at the beginning or somewhere in the middle of a word: σοφός -- μισθός. Pronounced "s" as in "sit" Τ τ tau (TOW rhymes with NOW) upper case: Τ lower case: τ. Pronounced "t" as in "test." Υ υ upsilon (OOP-suh-lawn) upper case: Υ lower case: υ. Pronounced like the German ü as in tü, or as the French "u" as in tu. English speaking people have difficulty pronouncing this letter. Make your mouth in the form of a long "a" (such as in the word "tray"). While your mouth is contorted in this fashion, say "oo" instead. If you can pronounce this letter differently from a normal "oo" sound, you will find that the distinction between words is much easier. If, however, you are unable to hear the difference, it probably won't make too much difference to you in the pronunciation of Greek words. Notice that the lower case letter has a rounded bottom to distinguish it from a lower case nu. Φ φ phi (FEE) upper case: Φ lower case: φ. Pronounced like the "f-sound" in "philosophy" or "telephone." Χ χ chi (KEE) upper case: Χ lower case: χ. Pronounced like the "ch" in "character." Actually the sound is a harsh "k" sound as in the Scottish "Loch," or the German "ach." Notice that both lines of the lower case letter extend below the writing line. Ψ ψ psi (Puh-see) upper case: Ψ lower case: ψ. Pronounced "ps" as in "tops." It is not silent as in the English pronunciation of "psychology." Notice that the "u" part of the lower case letter sits on the line and the vertical stroke extends below the line. Ω ω	i don't know
Which author's works include 'Pied Piper' and 'No Highway'?	Nevil Shute Nevil Shute ( 1899 - 1961 ) Nevil Shute Norway was born on 17 January 1899 in Ealing, London. After attending the Dragon School and Shrewsbury School, he studied Engineering Science at Balliol College, Oxford. He worked as an aeronautical engineer and published his first novel, Marazan, in 1926. In 1931 he married Frances Mary Heaton and they went on to have two daughters. During the Second World War he joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve where he worked on developing secret weapons. After the war he continued to write and settled in Australia where he lived until his death on 12 January 1960. His most celebrated novels include Pied Piper (1942), No Highway (1948), A Town Like Alice (1950) and On the Beach (1957).	Nevil Shute
What name is given to aline on a map showing places of equal depth of water?	The Pied Piper by Nevil Shute - AbeBooks The Pied Piper by Nevil Shute You Searched For: Results (1 - 30) of 310 1 ISBN 10: 043512031X ISBN 13: 9780435120313 Used Published by Pan Books Ltd (1967) Used ISBN 10: 0330103997 ISBN 13: 9780330103992 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Pan Books, 1969. Paperback. Book Condition: Good. All orders are dispatched the following working day from our UK warehouse. Established in 2004, we have over 500,000 books in stock. No quibble refund if not completely satisfied. Bookseller Inventory # mon0000789745 ISBN 10: 043469908X ISBN 13: 9780434699087 Used ISBN 10: 0749304111 ISBN 13: 9780749304119 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0330103997 ISBN 13: 9780330103992 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 1842322788 ISBN 13: 9781842322789 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 1842322788 ISBN 13: 9781842322789 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0330103997 ISBN 13: 9780330103992 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 043469908X ISBN 13: 9780434699087 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0706405749 ISBN 13: 9780706405743 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0706405749 ISBN 13: 9780706405743 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0706405749 ISBN 13: 9780706405743 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 0330103997 ISBN 13: 9780330103992 Used PAPERBACK ISBN 10: 0749304111 ISBN 13: 9780749304119 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Mandarin, 1990. Paperback. Book Condition: Acceptable. Acceptable items may shows sign of prior usage, pages stained or discoloured from the outside. Covers/corners and spine may be worn/bent, may contain stickers/stamps or previous owners name (May contain gift note). For detailed description please contact seller. Bookseller Inventory # mon0001176129 ISBN 10: 1842322788 ISBN 13: 9781842322789 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 0330103997 ISBN 13: 9780330103992 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Pan Books Ltd, 1974. Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Usual signs of a well read book but good overall condition. May not look good on your bookcase after reading and probably not suitable as a present unless hard to find elsewhere ALL ITEMS POSTED NEXT WORKING DAY. Bookseller Inventory # mon0000812912 Published by Pan Books Ltd (1965) Used Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Heinemann, 1956. Hardcover. Book Condition: Fair. No Jacket. 8vo - over 7¾ - 9¾" tall. Book in fair-good condition. Blue boards slightly bumped and faded at edges. Some yellowing of pages, signature of previous owner on FEP. No jacket. Please allow 3-5 days for delivery. No quibble refund if not entirely satisfied. Bookseller Inventory # 20475	i don't know
In which US state is the 'Shenandoah National Park'>	Shenandoah National Park - Virginia Is For Lovers Virginia is for Lovers Outdoors and Sports Shenandoah National Park Address Visit Site Find Your Park at Shenandoah National Park - a beautiful, historic national treasure which includes the 105-mile long Skyline Drive, a National Scenic Byway. The Park covers the crest of Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains for over seventy-five miles. The Appalachian Trail roughly parallels the Skyline Drive and 101 miles of this trail run through the Park. There are over 500 miles of hiking trails, numerous waterfalls and mountain summits. Park Ranger programs are offered seasonally and a current list is provided online and available in the "Shenandoah Explorer" newspaper that you receive when you enter the park. Camping is available in the Park in addition to rooms at Skyland, Big Meadows Lodge and Lewis Mountain Cabins. There are full-service restaurants at Skyland and Big Meadows plus there are "waysides" with lighter food. Guided horseback rides depart daily (weather permitting) from the Skyland stables. Enter at:	The Virginia
Which 17th century French philosopher and religious thinker, has given his name to the SI unit of pressure?	Shenandoah National Park - Virginia Is For Lovers Virginia is for Lovers Guided Hikes Shenandoah National Park When mentioning Shenandoah National Park, visitors often get that faraway look in their eye, fondly recalling adventures at this scenic mountain jewel rising high atop Virginia’s Appalachians. What makes Shenandoah so special? First, consider panoramic views from overlooks scattered on lofty Skyline Drive , which runs 105 miles down the length of the 300-square-mile sanctuary. Additionally, beyond Skyline Drive lies another Shenandoah, where bears roam the hollows and brook trout ply the tumbling streams. Trail side flowers color the woods. Quartz, granite, and greenstone outcrops jut above the diverse forest, allowing far-flung views of the Blue Ridge and surrounding Shenandoah Valley . It is this beauty near and far that create the unforgettable Shenandoah experience. Shenandoah -- Virginia’s first national park -- was dedicated July 3, 1936. Cobbled together along the Blue Ridge from Front Royal to Waynesboro , the long narrow preserve divides the proud Shenandoah Valley from the rolling Piedmont to the east. The park contains a wide array of flora and fauna as it rises from a mere 550 feet at its lowest elevation to over 4,049 feet at its highest atop Hawksbill. –WHAT TO KNOW BEFORE YOU GO – Shenandoah National Park has an entrance fee, payable at one of the four major entrance stations. The fee is good for 7 consecutive days, even if you leave the park. The weather tends to be up to 10 degrees cooler than the surrounding lowlands, a good thing in summer. Although supplies are limited in the park, fuel is available 24/7 at Big Meadows Wayside. Skyline Drive closes during bad weather. If you have weather concerns, call (540) 999-3500, 1, 1 to see if Skyline Drive is open. The Park has three districts, each with its own characteristics - North, Central and South. Explore each district. Try new places and discover new wonders of Virginia’s biggest and oldest national park. Stop by any Virginia Welcome Center to pick up a park guide with a convenient pull out map of Shenandoah National Park. The end of summer would be sad if it weren’t for the arrival of autumn in Virginia. It is that time of year when the . . . July 27th, 2016 Imagine someone on a game show being asked the question, “Name two scenic roadways in America.” The two most popular answers ... July 27th, 2016 The state of Virginia is populated with 22 parks managed by the National Park Service, those places run by the ... June 7th, 2016 Shenandoah National Park is the scenic mountain haven of the Mid-Atlantic, the glittering jewel in the crown of the ... April 7th, 2016 Timer Hollow Overlook in Shenandoah National Park Every National Park across America has 16 fee free days in 2016 ... October 9th, 2015 It doesn’t matter if you’re looking for a beautiful stretch of road for a Sunday drive or if the journey is the ... February 17th, 2012 With the unseasonably warm temperatures Virginia has had over the past bit, the trees will be budding in Shenandoah National ... October 24th, 2011	i don't know
Which film, which just failed to win an 'Oscar' in 1957, featured an all-male cast and apart from one scene was shot on a single set?	Academy Awards Best Actor The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) ); two were consecutive nominations (from 1930/31-1931/32) Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins (Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1993-1994) Sean Penn (5) - with two wins (Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008)); nominations were from 1995-2008 The Most Best Actor Nominations: Actors with the highest number of Best Actor acting nominations (in parentheses) include: Spencer Tracy (9) - with two wins Laurence Olivier (9) - with one win (Hamlet (1948)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1939-1940) Jack Nicholson (8) - with two wins Paul Newman (8) - with one win (The Color of Money (1986)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1981-1982) Peter O'Toole (8) - with no wins; two were consecutive nominations (from 1968-1969); nominations from 1962-2006 Marlon Brando (7) - with two wins Dustin Hoffman (7) - with two wins Jack Lemmon (7) - with one win (Save the Tiger (1973)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1959-1960, and from 1979-1980) Paul Muni (6) - with one win (The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1935-1937) Richard Burton (6) - with no wins; three were consecutive nominations (from 1964-1966) Gary Cooper (5) - with two wins Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins Fredric March (5) - with two wins Sean Penn (5) - with two wins Daniel Day-Lewis (5) - with three wins James Stewart (5) - with one win ( Anthony Hopkins (3) - with one win ( The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ); nominations from 1991-1995 Russell Crowe (3) - with one win (Gladiator (2000)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1999-2001) Jeff Bridges (3) - with one win (Crazy Heart (2009)); nominations from 1984-2010 George Clooney (3) - with no wins; nominations from 2007-2011 Consecutive Best Actor-Winning Performers: There are only two actresses (Luise Rainer and Katharine Hepburn) who have received two consecutive Best Actress awards, as there are only two actors who have received two consecutive Best Actor statuette wins: Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)) Tom Hanks (Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994)) [Note: Jason Robards won two consecutive Best Supporting Actor Oscars in 1976 and 1977.] Winners of Both a Lead and Supporting Actor Oscar: In 1997, Jack Nicholson tied Walter Brennan for the most wins (3) for a male performer (Brennan has three Best Supporting Actor trophies, Nicholson has two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor). The only stars to win both a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor (BSA) Oscar are the following: Jack Nicholson (BA for Gene Hackman (BA for The French Connection (1971) , BSA for Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey (BA for American Beauty (1999), BSA for The Usual Suspects (1995)) Denzel Washington (BA for Training Day (2001), BSA for Glory (1989)) The Only Best Actor Tie: In the Best Actor category, an unusual tie (the only occurrence among male acting performances) occurred in 1931/32 between Wallace Beery and Fredric March, for their respective performances in The Champ (1931/32) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32). The Most Best Actor Oscar Nominations - Without Winning: Peter O'Toole is the only star with eight Best Actor Oscar nominations without a single win. His record extends 44 years, from 1962 to 2006. Richard Burton was nominated seven times (and never won), although his first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for My Cousin Rachel (1952) -- his last six nominations were as Best Actor. Oscar-Winning Actor Roles and Trends: Biographies of remarkable, real-life individuals (military figures or soldiers, law-and-order enforcers, historical figures) and portrayals of the mentally ill are heavily represented among male Oscar winners, particularly in the acting awards. It helps an actor's chances of winning an Oscar if the character dies a tragic death during the movie, or is slightly eccentric (or genius). Physical and Mental Disabilities or Diseases An overwhelming number of actors have won (or been nominated for) the top acting (and supporting) awards for portraying characters with physical or mental disabilities (personality disorders, amnesia) or diseases (with handicaps, such as blindness or muteness, tics, etc.): Fredric March won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual, split personality role as a respected doctor and as a fiendish mad-man in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32) Ronald Colman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as shell-shocked amnesiac Charles Rainier in Random Harvest (1942) Harold Russell (real-life amputee) won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as courageous and resourceful returning sailor Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) [Note: Russell is the only performer to win two Oscars for the same performance. In 1946, he won Best Supporting Actor and was voted an Honorary Oscar that same year for his performance.] Arthur Kennedy was nominated as Best Actor for his role as veteran Larry Nevins made blind in WWII combat in Bright Victory (1951) Cliff Robertson won the Best Actor Oscar for his title role as Charly Gordon - a mentally-retarded, thirty year-old bakery worker temporarily made a genius through surgery in Charly (1968) Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for his role as deaf-mute Singer in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968) Sir John Mills won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as mute, gentle, mis-shaped village idiot Michael in Ryan's Daughter (1970) - he became the sole male actor to win an Oscar for a non-speaking role Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as life-affirming, ill-fated, free-spirited, anarchic misfit patient Randle Patrick McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Jon Voight won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as handicapped Luke Martin - a bitter but sensitive paraplegic veteran paralyzed during the Vietnam War in Coming Home (1978) Timothy Hutton won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as guilt-ridden, depressed teenaged Conrad Jarrett in Ordinary People (1980) John Malkovich was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for his role as blind boarder Mr. Will in Places in the Heart (1984) Dustin Hoffman won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt in Rain Man (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as Irish-born artist and author Christy Brown - a self-reliant, spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy victim who could only write and draw with his foot in My Left Foot (1989) Anthony Hopkins won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as cannibalistic, menacing, psychopathic serial psychiatrist/killer Dr. Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Al Pacino won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as foul-mouthed, suicidal, blind (as a result of a boozing-related accident), retired Lt. Col. Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992) Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as AIDS-infected corporate attorney and victim Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) - Hanks' 1994 acceptance speech for his Best Actor Oscar win for Philadelphia (1993) directly inspired the homosexuality-themed film In & Out (1997), about an outed English literature teacher (Kevin Kline) in an Indiana town when one of his former students (Matt Dillon) thanked him at the Academy Awards and mentioned he was gay Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar again for his title role as Forrest Gump, a good-hearted, naive, eccentric, dim-witted protagonist (an idiot-savant) in Forrest Gump (1994) Geoffrey Rush won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as talented but agonizingly-troubled, mentally-disabled Australian concert pianist David Helfgott who suffered a crippling nervous breakdown in Shine (1996) Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as rich, bigoted, obsessive-compulsive romance novelist Melvin Udall living in New York in As Good As It Gets (1997) Geoffrey Rush was also nominated as Best Actor for his role as sexually-crazed French novelist Marquis de Sade in Quills (2000) Jamie Foxx won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as legendary blues singer and blind pianist Ray Charles in Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as brutal, infamous, genocidal Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland (2006) Colin Firth won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as stuttering monarch George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Eddie Redmayne won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as ALS-diagnosed physicist Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014) Alcoholics And a number of other actors have won Oscar awards (or been nominated) for portraying alcoholic characters: Lionel Barrymore won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as dissolute and drunken lawyer Stephen Ashe (co-star Norma Shearer's father) in A Free Soul (1930/31) Van Heflin won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Shakespeare-quoting, alcoholic confidant Jeff Hartnett who befriended gangster co-star Robert Taylor in Johnny Eager (1942) Ray Milland won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as whiskey-soaked, boozing, writer's blocked Don Birnam in The Lost Weekend (1945) Fredric March won Best Actor for his role as anguished, middle-aged, alcoholic banking executive - and returning war veteran and ex-sergeant Al Stephenson in A Star Is Born (1954) Jack Lemmon was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic advertising man Joe Clay in Days of Wine and Roses (1962) Lee Marvin won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual role as cold-eyed, ruthlessly evil desperado Tim Strawn (with an artificial silver nose) and Strawn's aging, once-famous, drunken and whiskey-soaked twin gunman Kid Shelleen in Cat Ballou (1965) Dudley Moore was nominated as Best Actor for his role as drunk, spoiled, amiable and millionaire-rich playboy - title character Arthur Bach in Arthur (1981) Paul Newman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic, ambulance-chasing, Boston trial lawyer Frank P. Galvin in The Verdict (1982) Robert Duvall won Best Actor for his role as ex-drinking, ex-country/western music star Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies (1983) Note: in 1983, all five Best Actor nominees played drunks of one sort or another (two were nominated for the film The Dresser (1983), Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay) Albert Finney was nominated as Best Actor for his role as self-destructive alcoholic Geoffrey Firmin drinking himself to death in the shadow of a Mexican volcano in Under the Volcano (1984) Nicolas Cage won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as failed, Hollywood scriptwriter and fatally-destructive, genial, but suicidal alcoholic Ben Sanderson in Leaving Las Vegas (1995) Robert Duvall was nominated as Best Actor for his role as Texas Pentecostal preacher Eulis ("Sonny") Dewey who became 'The Apostle' of God in Louisiana to escape his past in The Apostle (1997) James Coburn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Nick Nolte's tyrannical, abusive and alcoholic father Glen "Pop" Whitehouse in Affliction (1998) Jeff Bridges won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as broken-down, aging, boozy country-music singer Bad Blake in Crazy Heart (2009) Denzel Washington was nominated as Best Actor for his role as tragic, heroic, and addicted boozy airline pilot Whip Whitaker in Flight (2012) Homosexual Roles Some straight actors have been nominated (and often won) for homosexual roles: Peter Finch received his first Best Actor nomination (without winning) for his role as middle-aged, homosexual Jewish Dr. Daniel Hirsh involved in a three-sided love story in Sunday, Bloody Sunday (1971) William Hurt won Best Actor for his role as imprisoned, flamboyant gay South American Luis Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) Tom Hanks won Best Actor for his role as dying AIDS patient Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) Sean Penn won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide when he was assassinated, in Milk (2008) Mediocre or Compensatory Oscar Wins: Oscar victories for Best Actor haven't always been for the stars' best work either, but have often been an effort to right past injustices, or retroactively for an entire body of work: 56 year-old Ronald Colman's late win as Best Actor for A Double Life (1947) - a tribute to his entire silent and sound film career 62 year-old John Wayne's belated win as Best Actor for True Grit (1969), when he should have been honored years earlier for The Grapes of Wrath (1940) or The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) Also, elderly nominees seem to fare better, such as 54 year-old Art Carney winning the Best Actor Oscar for Harry and Tonto (1974), 60 year-old Peter Finch's posthumous Best Actor award for Network (1976) , 80 year-old George Burns winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Sunshine Boys (1975), Melvyn Douglas winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Being There (1979), Don Ameche winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Cocoon (1985), and 72 year-old Alan Arkin winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). Many other elderly actors have been nominated for supporting roles, including Eric von Stroheim for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) , John Mills for Ryan's Daughter (1970), Lee Strasberg for The Godfather, Part II (1974) , Burgess Meredith for Rocky (1976) , Robert Preston for Victor/Victoria (1982), Denholm Elliott for A Room With a View (1986), and Armin Mueller-Stahl for Shine (1996). Post-Humous Acting Nominations and Award(s): There are only been seven post-humous performance nominees in Academy history. Only two posthumous nominees have won the Oscar: the first by Peter Finch and and the second by Heath Ledger - see below: Jeanne Eagels - unofficially nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for The Letter (1928/29) posthumously (Academy records indicated that she was "under consideration" for an award) James Dean - the only actor who was twice nominated (in two consecutive years) for a Best Actor Oscar after his death and lost, for East of Eden (1955) , and Giant (1956) Spencer Tracy - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) posthumously Peter Finch - nominated and winning the Best Actor Oscar for Network (1976) posthumously - Finch was the first performer to have won the Oscar after his death Ralph Richardson - nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) posthumously Italian actor Massimo Troisi - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) posthumously Heath Ledger - nominated and winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Dark Knight (2008) posthumously - the second performer to win posthumously The Most Best Actor Nominations for a Single Film: The film with the most Best Actor nominations (3) was Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) , for Clark Gable, Franchot Tone, and Charles Laughton. It was the first film to have three acting nominations, and the first film to have three co-performers competing against each other in the same category - as Best Actor. African-American (or Black) Notables: There have only been twenty African-American (or black) nominations for Best Actor, divided amongst thirteen different performers. Four actors (Poitier, Freeman, Washington and Smith) have been nominated twice (or more) for the top award. Some regard Denzel Washington as the first African-American performer to win Best Actor -- because previous Oscar-winner Sidney Poitier was of Bahamas descent: # Chiwetel Ejiofor 12 Years a Slave (2013) In total, there have only been 23 different African-American (or black) performers nominated for the top award (either Best Actor or Best Actress). Only fourteen awards have been won by African-Americans (or blacks) in both lead and supporting categories (four Best Actor, one Best Actress, four Best Supporting Actor, and five Best Supporting Actress). Only five black performers have won the Oscar in the lead category (four Best Actor, one Best Actress). Only four African-American actors have won the Best Actor Oscar: Sidney Poitier for Lilies of the Field (1963) Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland (2006) Five of the 20 acting nominations in 2004 and 2006 were African-American nominees. This bested the record of three nominated blacks that occurred in three different years (2001, 1985, and 1972): 2006 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day, and Will Smith for Ali 1985: Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Avery and Oprah Winfrey for The Color Purple 1972: Diana Ross for Lady Sings the Blues, and Cicely Tyson and Paul Winfield for Sounder Jamie Foxx also set a record for being the first black to debut as a nominee in two categories in the same year, lead and supporting, for Ray (2004) and Collateral (2004). Denzel Washington is the only black actor nominated six times for Best Actor or Best Supporting Actor. With his nomination for Flight (2012), he became the most nominated African-American actor in Academy history. He is the only black actor to have won two competitive Oscars (as Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and as Best Actor for Training Day (2001)). Two African-American actors have been nominated for Best Actor in the same year, numerous times: Year Don Cheadle for Hotel Rwanda (2004), Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) 2001 Will Smith for Ali (2001), Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Morgan Freeman's Best Supporting Actor win for Million Dollar Baby (2004), paired with Jamie Foxx's Best Actor win for Ray (2004), was the first time that African-American actors won in their respective categories in the same year. In three instances, African-Americans have won two of the four acting prizes: 2006: Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland, Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls 2004: Morgan Freeman for Million Dollar Baby, Jamie Foxx for Ray 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day Latino, Asian and Other Ethnic-Minority (Non-English) Performers: There have been only a few Best Actor Oscar wins by ethnic/other minority (or non-English) performers: French actor Jean Dujardin won Best Actor for The Artist (2011) - he was the first French actor to win the Best Actor Oscar Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar for Life is Beautiful (1998) - he was the first male actor to win an Oscar for a foreign-language film (his Best Actor Oscar win was only the second time a nominee won an acting Oscar for a foreign language film role - the earlier winner was Sophia Loren) Ben Kingsley, with half-Indian (birth name Krishna Bhanji) and half-English descent, won the Best Actor Oscar for Gandhi (1982) - he became the first South Asian performer to achieve such a feat Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer won the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Notable ethnic/minority performance nominations for Best Actor include: Australian actor Hugh Jackman was nominated as Best Actor for Les Miserables (2012) Mexican-born actor Demián Bichir was nominated as Best Actor for A Better Life (2011) Ben Kingsley was nominated as Best Actor for House of Sand and Fog (2003) Spanish/Latino actor Javier Bardem was nominated as Best Actor for Before Night Falls (2000) and for Biutiful (2010) - he was the first Best Actor nominee for a fully Spanish-language role Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was nominated as Best Actor for Shine (1996) (win) and Quills (2000) - Geoffrey Rush became the first Australian actor to win Best Actor (for the role of the mad pianist in Shine (1996)) since Peter Finch won posthumously for Network (1976) Italian actor Massimo Troisi was nominated as Best Actor for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) French actor Gerard Depardieu was nominated as Best Actor for Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Swedish actor Max Von Sydow was nominated as Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988) Mexican-American Edward James Olmos was nominated as Best Actor for Stand and Deliver (1988) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Dark Eyes (1987) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for A Special Day (1977) Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini was nominated as Best Actor for Seven Beauties (1976) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Divorce - Italian Style (1962) Mexican-born Anthony Quinn was nominated twice as Best Actor for Wild Is the Wind (1957) and Zorba the Greek (1964) Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer was nominated as Best Actor for Moulin Rouge (1952) Note: In 1985, all ten of the Best Actor/Actress nominees were American-born - the first time in Oscar history. Also, in 1964 and in 2007, all four winners of the performance/acting Oscars were non-Americans. Multiple Nominations for the Same Character -- The Most Oscar-Friendly Role: The character of Henry VIII has the most acting nominations (three) and is the most Oscar-friendly role: Charles Laughton as Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) - the only winner of the three - a Best Actor Oscar Robert Shaw as Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966) - nominated as Best Supporting Actor Richard Burton as Henry VIII in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) - nominated as Best Actor Other historical or fictional characters with two acting nominations include: Norman Maine, Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips"), Abraham Lincoln, Father Chuck O'Malley, King Henry V, Professor Henry Higgins, Cyrano de Bergerac, Joe Pendleton, President Richard Nixon, Vito Corleone. (See below). Only two nominees in Oscar history have been nominated for playing the role of a real-life Oscar nominee: Cate Blanchett as Best Supporting Actress (win) for playing the role of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), and Robert Downey, Jr. nominated as Best Actor for the title role of Oscar nominee Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin (1992). Multiple Nominations for the Same Character: Five actors have been nominated twice for playing the same character in two different films (wins are marked with an ): Bing Crosby as Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley in Going My Way (1944) and The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) Paul Newman as 'Fast' Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) and The Color of Money (1986)* Peter O'Toole as King Henry II in Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa in Rocky (1976) and Creed (2015) (Crosby won Best Actor for his first role, and Newman won Best Actor for his second role.) Only one actress has ever received two nominations for playing the same character in two different films: Cate Blanchett became the fifth performer to draw mentions for the same role (Queen Elizabeth I) in two different films: Best Actress for Elizabeth (1998) and Best Actress for Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Performers who were nominated as Best Actor for the same character in different films in different years include: Fredric March and James Mason as Norman Maine in A Star is Born (1937) and A Star is Born (1954) Robert Donat and Peter O'Toole as Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips") in Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) and Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh as King Henry V in Henry V (1944) and Henry V (1989) - both were directed by their stars Charles Laughton and Richard Burton as King Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Leslie Howard and Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion (1938) and My Fair Lady (1964) Jose Ferrer and Gerard Depardieu as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) and Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Robert Montgomery and Warren Beatty as Joe Pendleton in Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) and Heaven Can Wait (1978) Anthony Hopkins and Frank Langella as President Richard Nixon in Nixon (1995) and Frost/Nixon (2008) John Wayne and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969) and True Grit (2010) Raymond Massey and Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln in Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and Lincoln (2012) Robert De Niro won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Vito Corleone in The Godfather, Part II (1974) , the role for which Marlon Brando had previously won Best Actor in The Godfather (1972). Multiple Nominations: After 1929/30, an actor could not receive more than one nomination per category. In 1944, the rules permitted Barry Fitzgerald to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor (which he won) for the same performance - Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way (1944). Subsequently, new rules have prevented this from re-occurring, although an actor may still be nominated in both categories for two different roles. (See the Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress pages for further information on double nominees.) Barry Fitzgerald is the only actor to be nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same character (or performance) in the same year. Since then, two other male performers have been double-nominated in a single year (wins are marked with ) - Pacino was the first actor to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in two different roles; the second actor in Oscar history to do so was Jamie Foxx in 2004: Barry Fitzgerald (Best Actor for Going My Way (1944)* and Best Supporting Actor for Going My Way (1944)) Al Pacino (Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992)* and Best Supporting Actor for Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)) Jamie Foxx (Best Actor for Ray (2004)* and Best Supporting Actor for Collateral (2004)) One Nomination for Multiple Roles: Peter Sellers is the only actor to be nominated (as Best Actor) for playing three entirely-different roles in the same film, Three films have had the entire speaking casts nominated for awards: Sleuth (1972), with Best Actor nominations for Michael Caine and Laurence Olivier Give 'Em Hell, Harry! (1975), with a Best Actor nomination for James Whitmore Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) , with various nominations for all four cast members, Elizabeth Taylor (Best Actress win), Richard Burton (Best Actor loss), George Segal (Best Supporting Actor loss), and Sandy Dennis (Best Supporting Actress win) Actors Who Won An Oscar for a Dual Role: Fredric March, Best Actor winner for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32): Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Laurence Olivier, Best Actor winner for Hamlet (1948, UK): Hamlet and the Voice of the Ghost (uncredited) Lee Marvin, Best Actor winner for Cat Ballou (1965): Tim Strawn and Kid Shelleen The Best Actor Award for Two Films in the Same Year: Emil Jannings was the only performer to win the Best Actor award for his performances in two films in the same year: The Last Command (1927/28) and The Way of All Flesh (1927/28) - he was the very first actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor; the Switzerland-born actor was the first non-American to win the award, which was presented to him a month before the ceremony. Winning Co-Stars: Best Actor and Best Actress in the Same Film: Seven films have won in both the leading actor and leading actress categories: Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in Gene Hackman, Best Actor ( The French Connection (1971) ), Best Supporting Actor ( Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey, Best Supporting Actor (The Usual Suspects (1995)), Best Actor (American Beauty (1999)) Denzel Washington, Best Supporting Actor (Glory (1989)), Best Actor (Training Day (2001)) Films With the Most Oscars for Acting: (see also here ) The Only Films in Which Three Stars Won Performance Oscars A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - 12 nominations total, 4 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Vivien Leigh (Best Actress), Karl Malden (Best Supporting Actor), Kim Hunter (Best Supporting Actress) Network (1976) - 10 nominations total, 5 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Peter Finch (Best Actor), Faye Dunaway (Best Actress), Beatrice Straight (Best Supporting Actress) Film Debut Nominees/Winners for Best Actor Oscars: Not a single actor has ever won the Best Actor Oscar for a feature film debut. A few of those below had very small debuting roles before a substantial film appearance. Others have received nominations for Best Actor for their debut role (a sampling): Paul Muni in The Valiant (1928/29) (nomination) Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song (1929-30) (nomination) Orson Welles in The Graduate (1967) (nomination) Ben Kingsley in Gandhi (1982) (win) (he had a bit role in his feature film debut, Fear is the Key (1972)) Geoffrey Rush in Shine (1997) (win) (he had a bit role in a few earlier films, including Hoodwink (1981)) Reprising an Acclaimed Stage Role: Six Best Actor winners won the Oscar for an acclaimed stage role that they reprised on the screen. Those with an asterisk () won both a Best Actor Oscar and a Tony Award for musical roles they had created on stage: George Arliss for Disraeli (1929/30) Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine (1943) Jose Ferrer for Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Paul Scofield in A Man For All Seasons (1966) Oscar-Winning Roles First on TV: The only two Best Actor winners who first played their Oscar-winning roles on TV were: Maximilian Schell for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) [Note: Schell is the lowest-billed performer to win a Best Actor Academy Award. He received fifth billing - behind Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, and Marlene Dietrich.] Cliff Robertson for Charly (1968) Best Actors Refusing Their Oscar Trophy: George C. Scott refused his Best Actor Oscar for Patton (1970) Marlon Brando refused his Best Actor Oscar for Note: Much earlier in 1935, Dudley Nichols (the Best Writing Oscar winner for The Informer (1935)) also boycotted the Oscars, thereby refusing his Academy Award Actors/Actresses With the Most Consecutive Acting Nominations (in both Leading and Supporting categories) (wins marked with ): Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Chicago (2002), Cold Mountain (2003)* Longest Time Period Between First and Last Nomination/Win: 48 years - Katharine Hepburn was first nominated and won Best Actress for Morning Glory (1932/33) and then 48 years later was nominated and won Best Actress for On Golden Pond (1981) - her fourth (and last) Oscar win! 46 years - Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for The Russians are Coming, The Russians are Coming! (1966) and then two years later as Best Actor for The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968). Then, there was a long gap - 38 years later, after which he won Best Supporting Actor for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). He topped that with another six year wait for another Best Supporting Actor nomination for Argo (2012). 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and wasn't nominated again until 41 years later - when he won his sole Oscar (Best Actor) for On Golden Pond (1981) 40 years - Mickey Rooney was first nominated as Best Actor for Babes in Arms (1939), then as Best Actor for The Human Comedy (1943), then as Best Supporting Actor for The Bold and the Brave (1956), and then as Best Supporting Actor for The Black Stallion (1979), 40 years later, but he didn't ever win! 39 years - Sylvester Stallone was first nominated as Best Actor for Rocky (1976) , then again as Best Supporting Actor for Creed (2015) 39 years - Jack Palance was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Sudden Fear (1952) and then as Best Supporting Actor for Shane (1953) - it was a time span of 39 years from his first nomination to his eventual victory as Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991)! 38 years - Helen Hayes had to wait 38 years between her only Oscar nominations (both wins), Best Actress for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32), and Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970) 37 years - Albert Finney was first nominated as Best Actor for Tom Jones (1963) and then received three more nominations for Best Actor: for Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Dresser (1983), and Under the Volcano (1984) -- 37 years after his first nomination, he received his fifth and final Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Erin Brockovich (2000) - he never won! Longest Gap Between First Nomination and First Winning Film: 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and didn't win an acting award (Best Actor) until 41 years later for On Golden Pond (1981), and these were his only two career acting nominations (Note: Fonda did receive a producing Best Picture nomination for 12 Angry Men (1957) ) 32 years - Geraldine Page was first nominated in 1953 as Best Supporting Actress for Hondo (1953), and won Best Actress for A Trip to Bountiful (1985), 32 years later; she was the only actress with seven unsuccessful nominations (in both categories) before finally winning Best Actress with nomination # 8 28 years - Paul Newman was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actor for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) , and won Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), 28 years later; he was the only actor with six unsuccessful Best Actor nominations before finally winning Best Actor with nomination # 7 - and he later added another nomination as Best Actor for Nobody's Fool (1994), and his first Best Supporting Actor nomination also came later for Road to Perdition (2002) 25 years - Shirley MacLaine was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actress for Some Came Running (1958), and won Best Actress for Terms of Endearment (1983) , 25 years later 20 years - Al Pacino was first nominated in 1972 as Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather (1972) , and won Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992), 20 years later 20 years - John Wayne was first nominated in 1949 as Best Actor for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), and won Best Actor for True Grit (1969), 20 years later 18 years - Ronald Colman was first nominated in 1929/30 as Best Actor for Bulldog Drummond (1929/30), and won Best Actor for A Double Life (1947), 18 years later 17 years - Gregory Peck was first nominated in 1945 as Best Actor for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), and won Best Actor for 12 years - Leonardo DiCaprio was first nominated in 1993 as Best Supporting Actor for What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), and won Best Actor for The Revenant (2015), 12 years later Shortest Best Actor Performance: Anthony Hopkins had the shortest screen time for his Best Actor Oscar win - as Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in Silence of the Lambs (1991) - supposedly 16 minutes of screen time Only Non-Human Best Actor-Nominated Performance: Jeff Bridges as the alien 'Starman' in Starman (1984) Directors Directing Themselves to a Best Actor Oscar or Nomination: There are only two actors/performers that have directed themselves to an Oscar-winning Best Actor Oscar: British actor Laurence Olivier as the title character in Hamlet (1948, UK) - Olivier became the first individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar (as producer) - this time for the same film Italian actor Roberto Benigni as Guido in Life is Beautiful (1998, It.) Many actors have directed themselves to Best Actor Oscar nominations, most prominently: Charles Chaplin for The Great Dictator (1940) Woody Allen for Annie Hall (1977) Warren Beatty for Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981) Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989) Billy Bob Thornton for Sling Blade (1996) Roberto Benigni for Life is Beautiful (1998) Ed Harris for Pollock (2000) Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby (2004) Michael Douglas became the second individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar, this time for different films: Best Picture ( One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) ) and Best Actor (Wall Street (1987)). Winning Performances Portraying Royalty: Yul Brynner, Best Actor as King Mongkut of Siam in The King and I (1956) Ingrid Bergman, Best Actress as Anastasia (possibly daughter of murdered Russian czar Nicholas II) in Anastasia (1956) Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter (1968) Helen Mirren, Best Actress as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006) Colin Firth, Best Actor as King George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Married (or Attached) Oscar-Winners: Only three times have married couples (husband-wife) won acting Oscars: Laurence Olivier, Best Actor for Hamlet (1948), and Vivien Leigh, Best Actress for Gone With the Wind (1939) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) [Note: They were not yet married when Leigh won her first Oscar in 1939.] Paul Newman, Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), and Joanne Woodward, Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve (1957). [Note: They were married in 1958, prior to Woodward receiving 1957's Best Actress Award.] Newman also directed Woodward to her second Best Actress nomination for his Best Picture-nominated film Rachel, Rachel (1968). Catherine Zeta-Jones, Best Supporting Actress for Chicago (2002), and husband Michael Douglas, Best Actor for Wall Street (1987) [Note: The couple were not married until the year 2000.] There are others (girlfriend/boyfriend, or unmarried companions) who are close to (or have achieved) the same milestone: Spencer Tracy, Best Actor and Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) Diane Keaton, Best Actress winner for Best Director-winning Woody Allen's Annie Hall (1977) - although they were romantically linked, they never married Amy Madigan, Best Supporting Actress for Twice in a Lifetime (1985), and Ed Harris, nominated four times (1995, 1998, 2000, 2002) [Note: Harris directed himself to a Best Actor nomination for Pollock (2000).] Susan Sarandon, Best Actress for Dead Man Walking (1995) (directed by her Best Director-nominated husband (unofficial live-in) Tim Robbins); Robbins won Best Supporting Actor for Mystic River (2003); earlier, Sarandon was married to Chris Sarandon, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Dog Day Afternoon (1975) Others: Jack Nicholson-Anjelica Huston, Al Pacino-Diane Keaton, and William Hurt-Marlee Matlin Married (or Attached) Oscar-Nominees: Five married couples have earned acting nominations in the same year (three times, a husband-and-wife team have been nominated for the same picture): Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for The Guardsman (1932) - both lost Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress nominations for Witness for the Prosecution (1957) - both lost Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor (win), Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) Frank Sinatra, Best Supporting Actor nomination (and win) for From Here to Eternity (1953) , and Ava Gardner, Best Actress nomination for Mogambo (1953) Rex Harrison, Best Actor nomination for Cleopatra (1963), and Rachel Roberts, Best Actress nomination for This Sporting Life (1963) The only divorced couple to co-star in a film with each receiving an Oscar nomination: William Powell and Carole Lombard, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for My Man Godfrey (1936) Brother-Sister Oscar Winners/Nominees: The only brother and sister to win acting Oscars are: Lionel Barrymore, Best Actor for A Free Soul (1930/31) Ethel Barrymore, Best Supporting Actress for None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The only sisters to win acting Oscars are: Joan Fontaine, Best Actress for Suspicion (1941) Olivia de Havilland, Best Actress for To Each His Own (1946), and The Heiress (1949) The only brothers nominated for acting Oscars are: River Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Running on Empty (1988) Joaquin Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Gladiator (2000), Best Actor for Walk the Line (2005), and Best Actor for The Master (2012) Youngest and Oldest Best Actors: Nominees and Winners Note: The calculated time is from date of birth to the date of either (1) the nominations announcement, or (2) the date of the awards ceremony. Youngest Best Actor Nominee	Twelve Angry Men
What was the 'Rolling Stones' first No. 1 hit?	Academy Awards Best Actor The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) ); two were consecutive nominations (from 1930/31-1931/32) Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins (Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1993-1994) Sean Penn (5) - with two wins (Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008)); nominations were from 1995-2008 The Most Best Actor Nominations: Actors with the highest number of Best Actor acting nominations (in parentheses) include: Spencer Tracy (9) - with two wins Laurence Olivier (9) - with one win (Hamlet (1948)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1939-1940) Jack Nicholson (8) - with two wins Paul Newman (8) - with one win (The Color of Money (1986)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1981-1982) Peter O'Toole (8) - with no wins; two were consecutive nominations (from 1968-1969); nominations from 1962-2006 Marlon Brando (7) - with two wins Dustin Hoffman (7) - with two wins Jack Lemmon (7) - with one win (Save the Tiger (1973)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1959-1960, and from 1979-1980) Paul Muni (6) - with one win (The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1935-1937) Richard Burton (6) - with no wins; three were consecutive nominations (from 1964-1966) Gary Cooper (5) - with two wins Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins Fredric March (5) - with two wins Sean Penn (5) - with two wins Daniel Day-Lewis (5) - with three wins James Stewart (5) - with one win ( Anthony Hopkins (3) - with one win ( The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ); nominations from 1991-1995 Russell Crowe (3) - with one win (Gladiator (2000)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1999-2001) Jeff Bridges (3) - with one win (Crazy Heart (2009)); nominations from 1984-2010 George Clooney (3) - with no wins; nominations from 2007-2011 Consecutive Best Actor-Winning Performers: There are only two actresses (Luise Rainer and Katharine Hepburn) who have received two consecutive Best Actress awards, as there are only two actors who have received two consecutive Best Actor statuette wins: Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)) Tom Hanks (Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994)) [Note: Jason Robards won two consecutive Best Supporting Actor Oscars in 1976 and 1977.] Winners of Both a Lead and Supporting Actor Oscar: In 1997, Jack Nicholson tied Walter Brennan for the most wins (3) for a male performer (Brennan has three Best Supporting Actor trophies, Nicholson has two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor). The only stars to win both a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor (BSA) Oscar are the following: Jack Nicholson (BA for Gene Hackman (BA for The French Connection (1971) , BSA for Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey (BA for American Beauty (1999), BSA for The Usual Suspects (1995)) Denzel Washington (BA for Training Day (2001), BSA for Glory (1989)) The Only Best Actor Tie: In the Best Actor category, an unusual tie (the only occurrence among male acting performances) occurred in 1931/32 between Wallace Beery and Fredric March, for their respective performances in The Champ (1931/32) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32). The Most Best Actor Oscar Nominations - Without Winning: Peter O'Toole is the only star with eight Best Actor Oscar nominations without a single win. His record extends 44 years, from 1962 to 2006. Richard Burton was nominated seven times (and never won), although his first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for My Cousin Rachel (1952) -- his last six nominations were as Best Actor. Oscar-Winning Actor Roles and Trends: Biographies of remarkable, real-life individuals (military figures or soldiers, law-and-order enforcers, historical figures) and portrayals of the mentally ill are heavily represented among male Oscar winners, particularly in the acting awards. It helps an actor's chances of winning an Oscar if the character dies a tragic death during the movie, or is slightly eccentric (or genius). Physical and Mental Disabilities or Diseases An overwhelming number of actors have won (or been nominated for) the top acting (and supporting) awards for portraying characters with physical or mental disabilities (personality disorders, amnesia) or diseases (with handicaps, such as blindness or muteness, tics, etc.): Fredric March won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual, split personality role as a respected doctor and as a fiendish mad-man in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32) Ronald Colman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as shell-shocked amnesiac Charles Rainier in Random Harvest (1942) Harold Russell (real-life amputee) won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as courageous and resourceful returning sailor Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) [Note: Russell is the only performer to win two Oscars for the same performance. In 1946, he won Best Supporting Actor and was voted an Honorary Oscar that same year for his performance.] Arthur Kennedy was nominated as Best Actor for his role as veteran Larry Nevins made blind in WWII combat in Bright Victory (1951) Cliff Robertson won the Best Actor Oscar for his title role as Charly Gordon - a mentally-retarded, thirty year-old bakery worker temporarily made a genius through surgery in Charly (1968) Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for his role as deaf-mute Singer in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968) Sir John Mills won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as mute, gentle, mis-shaped village idiot Michael in Ryan's Daughter (1970) - he became the sole male actor to win an Oscar for a non-speaking role Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as life-affirming, ill-fated, free-spirited, anarchic misfit patient Randle Patrick McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Jon Voight won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as handicapped Luke Martin - a bitter but sensitive paraplegic veteran paralyzed during the Vietnam War in Coming Home (1978) Timothy Hutton won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as guilt-ridden, depressed teenaged Conrad Jarrett in Ordinary People (1980) John Malkovich was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for his role as blind boarder Mr. Will in Places in the Heart (1984) Dustin Hoffman won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt in Rain Man (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as Irish-born artist and author Christy Brown - a self-reliant, spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy victim who could only write and draw with his foot in My Left Foot (1989) Anthony Hopkins won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as cannibalistic, menacing, psychopathic serial psychiatrist/killer Dr. Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Al Pacino won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as foul-mouthed, suicidal, blind (as a result of a boozing-related accident), retired Lt. Col. Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992) Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as AIDS-infected corporate attorney and victim Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) - Hanks' 1994 acceptance speech for his Best Actor Oscar win for Philadelphia (1993) directly inspired the homosexuality-themed film In & Out (1997), about an outed English literature teacher (Kevin Kline) in an Indiana town when one of his former students (Matt Dillon) thanked him at the Academy Awards and mentioned he was gay Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar again for his title role as Forrest Gump, a good-hearted, naive, eccentric, dim-witted protagonist (an idiot-savant) in Forrest Gump (1994) Geoffrey Rush won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as talented but agonizingly-troubled, mentally-disabled Australian concert pianist David Helfgott who suffered a crippling nervous breakdown in Shine (1996) Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as rich, bigoted, obsessive-compulsive romance novelist Melvin Udall living in New York in As Good As It Gets (1997) Geoffrey Rush was also nominated as Best Actor for his role as sexually-crazed French novelist Marquis de Sade in Quills (2000) Jamie Foxx won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as legendary blues singer and blind pianist Ray Charles in Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as brutal, infamous, genocidal Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland (2006) Colin Firth won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as stuttering monarch George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Eddie Redmayne won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as ALS-diagnosed physicist Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014) Alcoholics And a number of other actors have won Oscar awards (or been nominated) for portraying alcoholic characters: Lionel Barrymore won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as dissolute and drunken lawyer Stephen Ashe (co-star Norma Shearer's father) in A Free Soul (1930/31) Van Heflin won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Shakespeare-quoting, alcoholic confidant Jeff Hartnett who befriended gangster co-star Robert Taylor in Johnny Eager (1942) Ray Milland won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as whiskey-soaked, boozing, writer's blocked Don Birnam in The Lost Weekend (1945) Fredric March won Best Actor for his role as anguished, middle-aged, alcoholic banking executive - and returning war veteran and ex-sergeant Al Stephenson in A Star Is Born (1954) Jack Lemmon was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic advertising man Joe Clay in Days of Wine and Roses (1962) Lee Marvin won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual role as cold-eyed, ruthlessly evil desperado Tim Strawn (with an artificial silver nose) and Strawn's aging, once-famous, drunken and whiskey-soaked twin gunman Kid Shelleen in Cat Ballou (1965) Dudley Moore was nominated as Best Actor for his role as drunk, spoiled, amiable and millionaire-rich playboy - title character Arthur Bach in Arthur (1981) Paul Newman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic, ambulance-chasing, Boston trial lawyer Frank P. Galvin in The Verdict (1982) Robert Duvall won Best Actor for his role as ex-drinking, ex-country/western music star Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies (1983) Note: in 1983, all five Best Actor nominees played drunks of one sort or another (two were nominated for the film The Dresser (1983), Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay) Albert Finney was nominated as Best Actor for his role as self-destructive alcoholic Geoffrey Firmin drinking himself to death in the shadow of a Mexican volcano in Under the Volcano (1984) Nicolas Cage won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as failed, Hollywood scriptwriter and fatally-destructive, genial, but suicidal alcoholic Ben Sanderson in Leaving Las Vegas (1995) Robert Duvall was nominated as Best Actor for his role as Texas Pentecostal preacher Eulis ("Sonny") Dewey who became 'The Apostle' of God in Louisiana to escape his past in The Apostle (1997) James Coburn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Nick Nolte's tyrannical, abusive and alcoholic father Glen "Pop" Whitehouse in Affliction (1998) Jeff Bridges won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as broken-down, aging, boozy country-music singer Bad Blake in Crazy Heart (2009) Denzel Washington was nominated as Best Actor for his role as tragic, heroic, and addicted boozy airline pilot Whip Whitaker in Flight (2012) Homosexual Roles Some straight actors have been nominated (and often won) for homosexual roles: Peter Finch received his first Best Actor nomination (without winning) for his role as middle-aged, homosexual Jewish Dr. Daniel Hirsh involved in a three-sided love story in Sunday, Bloody Sunday (1971) William Hurt won Best Actor for his role as imprisoned, flamboyant gay South American Luis Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) Tom Hanks won Best Actor for his role as dying AIDS patient Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) Sean Penn won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide when he was assassinated, in Milk (2008) Mediocre or Compensatory Oscar Wins: Oscar victories for Best Actor haven't always been for the stars' best work either, but have often been an effort to right past injustices, or retroactively for an entire body of work: 56 year-old Ronald Colman's late win as Best Actor for A Double Life (1947) - a tribute to his entire silent and sound film career 62 year-old John Wayne's belated win as Best Actor for True Grit (1969), when he should have been honored years earlier for The Grapes of Wrath (1940) or The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) Also, elderly nominees seem to fare better, such as 54 year-old Art Carney winning the Best Actor Oscar for Harry and Tonto (1974), 60 year-old Peter Finch's posthumous Best Actor award for Network (1976) , 80 year-old George Burns winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Sunshine Boys (1975), Melvyn Douglas winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Being There (1979), Don Ameche winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Cocoon (1985), and 72 year-old Alan Arkin winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). Many other elderly actors have been nominated for supporting roles, including Eric von Stroheim for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) , John Mills for Ryan's Daughter (1970), Lee Strasberg for The Godfather, Part II (1974) , Burgess Meredith for Rocky (1976) , Robert Preston for Victor/Victoria (1982), Denholm Elliott for A Room With a View (1986), and Armin Mueller-Stahl for Shine (1996). Post-Humous Acting Nominations and Award(s): There are only been seven post-humous performance nominees in Academy history. Only two posthumous nominees have won the Oscar: the first by Peter Finch and and the second by Heath Ledger - see below: Jeanne Eagels - unofficially nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for The Letter (1928/29) posthumously (Academy records indicated that she was "under consideration" for an award) James Dean - the only actor who was twice nominated (in two consecutive years) for a Best Actor Oscar after his death and lost, for East of Eden (1955) , and Giant (1956) Spencer Tracy - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) posthumously Peter Finch - nominated and winning the Best Actor Oscar for Network (1976) posthumously - Finch was the first performer to have won the Oscar after his death Ralph Richardson - nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) posthumously Italian actor Massimo Troisi - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) posthumously Heath Ledger - nominated and winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Dark Knight (2008) posthumously - the second performer to win posthumously The Most Best Actor Nominations for a Single Film: The film with the most Best Actor nominations (3) was Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) , for Clark Gable, Franchot Tone, and Charles Laughton. It was the first film to have three acting nominations, and the first film to have three co-performers competing against each other in the same category - as Best Actor. African-American (or Black) Notables: There have only been twenty African-American (or black) nominations for Best Actor, divided amongst thirteen different performers. Four actors (Poitier, Freeman, Washington and Smith) have been nominated twice (or more) for the top award. Some regard Denzel Washington as the first African-American performer to win Best Actor -- because previous Oscar-winner Sidney Poitier was of Bahamas descent: # Chiwetel Ejiofor 12 Years a Slave (2013) In total, there have only been 23 different African-American (or black) performers nominated for the top award (either Best Actor or Best Actress). Only fourteen awards have been won by African-Americans (or blacks) in both lead and supporting categories (four Best Actor, one Best Actress, four Best Supporting Actor, and five Best Supporting Actress). Only five black performers have won the Oscar in the lead category (four Best Actor, one Best Actress). Only four African-American actors have won the Best Actor Oscar: Sidney Poitier for Lilies of the Field (1963) Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland (2006) Five of the 20 acting nominations in 2004 and 2006 were African-American nominees. This bested the record of three nominated blacks that occurred in three different years (2001, 1985, and 1972): 2006 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day, and Will Smith for Ali 1985: Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Avery and Oprah Winfrey for The Color Purple 1972: Diana Ross for Lady Sings the Blues, and Cicely Tyson and Paul Winfield for Sounder Jamie Foxx also set a record for being the first black to debut as a nominee in two categories in the same year, lead and supporting, for Ray (2004) and Collateral (2004). Denzel Washington is the only black actor nominated six times for Best Actor or Best Supporting Actor. With his nomination for Flight (2012), he became the most nominated African-American actor in Academy history. He is the only black actor to have won two competitive Oscars (as Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and as Best Actor for Training Day (2001)). Two African-American actors have been nominated for Best Actor in the same year, numerous times: Year Don Cheadle for Hotel Rwanda (2004), Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) 2001 Will Smith for Ali (2001), Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Morgan Freeman's Best Supporting Actor win for Million Dollar Baby (2004), paired with Jamie Foxx's Best Actor win for Ray (2004), was the first time that African-American actors won in their respective categories in the same year. In three instances, African-Americans have won two of the four acting prizes: 2006: Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland, Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls 2004: Morgan Freeman for Million Dollar Baby, Jamie Foxx for Ray 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day Latino, Asian and Other Ethnic-Minority (Non-English) Performers: There have been only a few Best Actor Oscar wins by ethnic/other minority (or non-English) performers: French actor Jean Dujardin won Best Actor for The Artist (2011) - he was the first French actor to win the Best Actor Oscar Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar for Life is Beautiful (1998) - he was the first male actor to win an Oscar for a foreign-language film (his Best Actor Oscar win was only the second time a nominee won an acting Oscar for a foreign language film role - the earlier winner was Sophia Loren) Ben Kingsley, with half-Indian (birth name Krishna Bhanji) and half-English descent, won the Best Actor Oscar for Gandhi (1982) - he became the first South Asian performer to achieve such a feat Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer won the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Notable ethnic/minority performance nominations for Best Actor include: Australian actor Hugh Jackman was nominated as Best Actor for Les Miserables (2012) Mexican-born actor Demián Bichir was nominated as Best Actor for A Better Life (2011) Ben Kingsley was nominated as Best Actor for House of Sand and Fog (2003) Spanish/Latino actor Javier Bardem was nominated as Best Actor for Before Night Falls (2000) and for Biutiful (2010) - he was the first Best Actor nominee for a fully Spanish-language role Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was nominated as Best Actor for Shine (1996) (win) and Quills (2000) - Geoffrey Rush became the first Australian actor to win Best Actor (for the role of the mad pianist in Shine (1996)) since Peter Finch won posthumously for Network (1976) Italian actor Massimo Troisi was nominated as Best Actor for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) French actor Gerard Depardieu was nominated as Best Actor for Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Swedish actor Max Von Sydow was nominated as Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988) Mexican-American Edward James Olmos was nominated as Best Actor for Stand and Deliver (1988) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Dark Eyes (1987) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for A Special Day (1977) Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini was nominated as Best Actor for Seven Beauties (1976) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Divorce - Italian Style (1962) Mexican-born Anthony Quinn was nominated twice as Best Actor for Wild Is the Wind (1957) and Zorba the Greek (1964) Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer was nominated as Best Actor for Moulin Rouge (1952) Note: In 1985, all ten of the Best Actor/Actress nominees were American-born - the first time in Oscar history. Also, in 1964 and in 2007, all four winners of the performance/acting Oscars were non-Americans. Multiple Nominations for the Same Character -- The Most Oscar-Friendly Role: The character of Henry VIII has the most acting nominations (three) and is the most Oscar-friendly role: Charles Laughton as Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) - the only winner of the three - a Best Actor Oscar Robert Shaw as Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966) - nominated as Best Supporting Actor Richard Burton as Henry VIII in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) - nominated as Best Actor Other historical or fictional characters with two acting nominations include: Norman Maine, Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips"), Abraham Lincoln, Father Chuck O'Malley, King Henry V, Professor Henry Higgins, Cyrano de Bergerac, Joe Pendleton, President Richard Nixon, Vito Corleone. (See below). Only two nominees in Oscar history have been nominated for playing the role of a real-life Oscar nominee: Cate Blanchett as Best Supporting Actress (win) for playing the role of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), and Robert Downey, Jr. nominated as Best Actor for the title role of Oscar nominee Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin (1992). Multiple Nominations for the Same Character: Five actors have been nominated twice for playing the same character in two different films (wins are marked with an ): Bing Crosby as Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley in Going My Way (1944) and The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) Paul Newman as 'Fast' Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) and The Color of Money (1986)* Peter O'Toole as King Henry II in Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa in Rocky (1976) and Creed (2015) (Crosby won Best Actor for his first role, and Newman won Best Actor for his second role.) Only one actress has ever received two nominations for playing the same character in two different films: Cate Blanchett became the fifth performer to draw mentions for the same role (Queen Elizabeth I) in two different films: Best Actress for Elizabeth (1998) and Best Actress for Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Performers who were nominated as Best Actor for the same character in different films in different years include: Fredric March and James Mason as Norman Maine in A Star is Born (1937) and A Star is Born (1954) Robert Donat and Peter O'Toole as Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips") in Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) and Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh as King Henry V in Henry V (1944) and Henry V (1989) - both were directed by their stars Charles Laughton and Richard Burton as King Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Leslie Howard and Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion (1938) and My Fair Lady (1964) Jose Ferrer and Gerard Depardieu as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) and Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Robert Montgomery and Warren Beatty as Joe Pendleton in Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) and Heaven Can Wait (1978) Anthony Hopkins and Frank Langella as President Richard Nixon in Nixon (1995) and Frost/Nixon (2008) John Wayne and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969) and True Grit (2010) Raymond Massey and Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln in Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and Lincoln (2012) Robert De Niro won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Vito Corleone in The Godfather, Part II (1974) , the role for which Marlon Brando had previously won Best Actor in The Godfather (1972). Multiple Nominations: After 1929/30, an actor could not receive more than one nomination per category. In 1944, the rules permitted Barry Fitzgerald to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor (which he won) for the same performance - Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way (1944). Subsequently, new rules have prevented this from re-occurring, although an actor may still be nominated in both categories for two different roles. (See the Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress pages for further information on double nominees.) Barry Fitzgerald is the only actor to be nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same character (or performance) in the same year. Since then, two other male performers have been double-nominated in a single year (wins are marked with ) - Pacino was the first actor to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in two different roles; the second actor in Oscar history to do so was Jamie Foxx in 2004: Barry Fitzgerald (Best Actor for Going My Way (1944)* and Best Supporting Actor for Going My Way (1944)) Al Pacino (Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992)* and Best Supporting Actor for Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)) Jamie Foxx (Best Actor for Ray (2004)* and Best Supporting Actor for Collateral (2004)) One Nomination for Multiple Roles: Peter Sellers is the only actor to be nominated (as Best Actor) for playing three entirely-different roles in the same film, Three films have had the entire speaking casts nominated for awards: Sleuth (1972), with Best Actor nominations for Michael Caine and Laurence Olivier Give 'Em Hell, Harry! (1975), with a Best Actor nomination for James Whitmore Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) , with various nominations for all four cast members, Elizabeth Taylor (Best Actress win), Richard Burton (Best Actor loss), George Segal (Best Supporting Actor loss), and Sandy Dennis (Best Supporting Actress win) Actors Who Won An Oscar for a Dual Role: Fredric March, Best Actor winner for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32): Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Laurence Olivier, Best Actor winner for Hamlet (1948, UK): Hamlet and the Voice of the Ghost (uncredited) Lee Marvin, Best Actor winner for Cat Ballou (1965): Tim Strawn and Kid Shelleen The Best Actor Award for Two Films in the Same Year: Emil Jannings was the only performer to win the Best Actor award for his performances in two films in the same year: The Last Command (1927/28) and The Way of All Flesh (1927/28) - he was the very first actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor; the Switzerland-born actor was the first non-American to win the award, which was presented to him a month before the ceremony. Winning Co-Stars: Best Actor and Best Actress in the Same Film: Seven films have won in both the leading actor and leading actress categories: Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in Gene Hackman, Best Actor ( The French Connection (1971) ), Best Supporting Actor ( Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey, Best Supporting Actor (The Usual Suspects (1995)), Best Actor (American Beauty (1999)) Denzel Washington, Best Supporting Actor (Glory (1989)), Best Actor (Training Day (2001)) Films With the Most Oscars for Acting: (see also here ) The Only Films in Which Three Stars Won Performance Oscars A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - 12 nominations total, 4 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Vivien Leigh (Best Actress), Karl Malden (Best Supporting Actor), Kim Hunter (Best Supporting Actress) Network (1976) - 10 nominations total, 5 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Peter Finch (Best Actor), Faye Dunaway (Best Actress), Beatrice Straight (Best Supporting Actress) Film Debut Nominees/Winners for Best Actor Oscars: Not a single actor has ever won the Best Actor Oscar for a feature film debut. A few of those below had very small debuting roles before a substantial film appearance. Others have received nominations for Best Actor for their debut role (a sampling): Paul Muni in The Valiant (1928/29) (nomination) Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song (1929-30) (nomination) Orson Welles in The Graduate (1967) (nomination) Ben Kingsley in Gandhi (1982) (win) (he had a bit role in his feature film debut, Fear is the Key (1972)) Geoffrey Rush in Shine (1997) (win) (he had a bit role in a few earlier films, including Hoodwink (1981)) Reprising an Acclaimed Stage Role: Six Best Actor winners won the Oscar for an acclaimed stage role that they reprised on the screen. Those with an asterisk () won both a Best Actor Oscar and a Tony Award for musical roles they had created on stage: George Arliss for Disraeli (1929/30) Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine (1943) Jose Ferrer for Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Paul Scofield in A Man For All Seasons (1966) Oscar-Winning Roles First on TV: The only two Best Actor winners who first played their Oscar-winning roles on TV were: Maximilian Schell for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) [Note: Schell is the lowest-billed performer to win a Best Actor Academy Award. He received fifth billing - behind Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, and Marlene Dietrich.] Cliff Robertson for Charly (1968) Best Actors Refusing Their Oscar Trophy: George C. Scott refused his Best Actor Oscar for Patton (1970) Marlon Brando refused his Best Actor Oscar for Note: Much earlier in 1935, Dudley Nichols (the Best Writing Oscar winner for The Informer (1935)) also boycotted the Oscars, thereby refusing his Academy Award Actors/Actresses With the Most Consecutive Acting Nominations (in both Leading and Supporting categories) (wins marked with ): Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Chicago (2002), Cold Mountain (2003)* Longest Time Period Between First and Last Nomination/Win: 48 years - Katharine Hepburn was first nominated and won Best Actress for Morning Glory (1932/33) and then 48 years later was nominated and won Best Actress for On Golden Pond (1981) - her fourth (and last) Oscar win! 46 years - Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for The Russians are Coming, The Russians are Coming! (1966) and then two years later as Best Actor for The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968). Then, there was a long gap - 38 years later, after which he won Best Supporting Actor for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). He topped that with another six year wait for another Best Supporting Actor nomination for Argo (2012). 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and wasn't nominated again until 41 years later - when he won his sole Oscar (Best Actor) for On Golden Pond (1981) 40 years - Mickey Rooney was first nominated as Best Actor for Babes in Arms (1939), then as Best Actor for The Human Comedy (1943), then as Best Supporting Actor for The Bold and the Brave (1956), and then as Best Supporting Actor for The Black Stallion (1979), 40 years later, but he didn't ever win! 39 years - Sylvester Stallone was first nominated as Best Actor for Rocky (1976) , then again as Best Supporting Actor for Creed (2015) 39 years - Jack Palance was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Sudden Fear (1952) and then as Best Supporting Actor for Shane (1953) - it was a time span of 39 years from his first nomination to his eventual victory as Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991)! 38 years - Helen Hayes had to wait 38 years between her only Oscar nominations (both wins), Best Actress for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32), and Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970) 37 years - Albert Finney was first nominated as Best Actor for Tom Jones (1963) and then received three more nominations for Best Actor: for Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Dresser (1983), and Under the Volcano (1984) -- 37 years after his first nomination, he received his fifth and final Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Erin Brockovich (2000) - he never won! Longest Gap Between First Nomination and First Winning Film: 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and didn't win an acting award (Best Actor) until 41 years later for On Golden Pond (1981), and these were his only two career acting nominations (Note: Fonda did receive a producing Best Picture nomination for 12 Angry Men (1957) ) 32 years - Geraldine Page was first nominated in 1953 as Best Supporting Actress for Hondo (1953), and won Best Actress for A Trip to Bountiful (1985), 32 years later; she was the only actress with seven unsuccessful nominations (in both categories) before finally winning Best Actress with nomination # 8 28 years - Paul Newman was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actor for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) , and won Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), 28 years later; he was the only actor with six unsuccessful Best Actor nominations before finally winning Best Actor with nomination # 7 - and he later added another nomination as Best Actor for Nobody's Fool (1994), and his first Best Supporting Actor nomination also came later for Road to Perdition (2002) 25 years - Shirley MacLaine was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actress for Some Came Running (1958), and won Best Actress for Terms of Endearment (1983) , 25 years later 20 years - Al Pacino was first nominated in 1972 as Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather (1972) , and won Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992), 20 years later 20 years - John Wayne was first nominated in 1949 as Best Actor for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), and won Best Actor for True Grit (1969), 20 years later 18 years - Ronald Colman was first nominated in 1929/30 as Best Actor for Bulldog Drummond (1929/30), and won Best Actor for A Double Life (1947), 18 years later 17 years - Gregory Peck was first nominated in 1945 as Best Actor for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), and won Best Actor for 12 years - Leonardo DiCaprio was first nominated in 1993 as Best Supporting Actor for What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), and won Best Actor for The Revenant (2015), 12 years later Shortest Best Actor Performance: Anthony Hopkins had the shortest screen time for his Best Actor Oscar win - as Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in Silence of the Lambs (1991) - supposedly 16 minutes of screen time Only Non-Human Best Actor-Nominated Performance: Jeff Bridges as the alien 'Starman' in Starman (1984) Directors Directing Themselves to a Best Actor Oscar or Nomination: There are only two actors/performers that have directed themselves to an Oscar-winning Best Actor Oscar: British actor Laurence Olivier as the title character in Hamlet (1948, UK) - Olivier became the first individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar (as producer) - this time for the same film Italian actor Roberto Benigni as Guido in Life is Beautiful (1998, It.) Many actors have directed themselves to Best Actor Oscar nominations, most prominently: Charles Chaplin for The Great Dictator (1940) Woody Allen for Annie Hall (1977) Warren Beatty for Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981) Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989) Billy Bob Thornton for Sling Blade (1996) Roberto Benigni for Life is Beautiful (1998) Ed Harris for Pollock (2000) Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby (2004) Michael Douglas became the second individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar, this time for different films: Best Picture ( One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) ) and Best Actor (Wall Street (1987)). Winning Performances Portraying Royalty: Yul Brynner, Best Actor as King Mongkut of Siam in The King and I (1956) Ingrid Bergman, Best Actress as Anastasia (possibly daughter of murdered Russian czar Nicholas II) in Anastasia (1956) Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter (1968) Helen Mirren, Best Actress as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006) Colin Firth, Best Actor as King George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Married (or Attached) Oscar-Winners: Only three times have married couples (husband-wife) won acting Oscars: Laurence Olivier, Best Actor for Hamlet (1948), and Vivien Leigh, Best Actress for Gone With the Wind (1939) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) [Note: They were not yet married when Leigh won her first Oscar in 1939.] Paul Newman, Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), and Joanne Woodward, Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve (1957). [Note: They were married in 1958, prior to Woodward receiving 1957's Best Actress Award.] Newman also directed Woodward to her second Best Actress nomination for his Best Picture-nominated film Rachel, Rachel (1968). Catherine Zeta-Jones, Best Supporting Actress for Chicago (2002), and husband Michael Douglas, Best Actor for Wall Street (1987) [Note: The couple were not married until the year 2000.] There are others (girlfriend/boyfriend, or unmarried companions) who are close to (or have achieved) the same milestone: Spencer Tracy, Best Actor and Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) Diane Keaton, Best Actress winner for Best Director-winning Woody Allen's Annie Hall (1977) - although they were romantically linked, they never married Amy Madigan, Best Supporting Actress for Twice in a Lifetime (1985), and Ed Harris, nominated four times (1995, 1998, 2000, 2002) [Note: Harris directed himself to a Best Actor nomination for Pollock (2000).] Susan Sarandon, Best Actress for Dead Man Walking (1995) (directed by her Best Director-nominated husband (unofficial live-in) Tim Robbins); Robbins won Best Supporting Actor for Mystic River (2003); earlier, Sarandon was married to Chris Sarandon, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Dog Day Afternoon (1975) Others: Jack Nicholson-Anjelica Huston, Al Pacino-Diane Keaton, and William Hurt-Marlee Matlin Married (or Attached) Oscar-Nominees: Five married couples have earned acting nominations in the same year (three times, a husband-and-wife team have been nominated for the same picture): Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for The Guardsman (1932) - both lost Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress nominations for Witness for the Prosecution (1957) - both lost Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor (win), Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) Frank Sinatra, Best Supporting Actor nomination (and win) for From Here to Eternity (1953) , and Ava Gardner, Best Actress nomination for Mogambo (1953) Rex Harrison, Best Actor nomination for Cleopatra (1963), and Rachel Roberts, Best Actress nomination for This Sporting Life (1963) The only divorced couple to co-star in a film with each receiving an Oscar nomination: William Powell and Carole Lombard, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for My Man Godfrey (1936) Brother-Sister Oscar Winners/Nominees: The only brother and sister to win acting Oscars are: Lionel Barrymore, Best Actor for A Free Soul (1930/31) Ethel Barrymore, Best Supporting Actress for None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The only sisters to win acting Oscars are: Joan Fontaine, Best Actress for Suspicion (1941) Olivia de Havilland, Best Actress for To Each His Own (1946), and The Heiress (1949) The only brothers nominated for acting Oscars are: River Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Running on Empty (1988) Joaquin Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Gladiator (2000), Best Actor for Walk the Line (2005), and Best Actor for The Master (2012) Youngest and Oldest Best Actors: Nominees and Winners Note: The calculated time is from date of birth to the date of either (1) the nominations announcement, or (2) the date of the awards ceremony. Youngest Best Actor Nominee	i don't know
What is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to 'S'?	The Greek Alphabet The Greek Alphabet http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/alphabet.html had a web page that lists greek pronunciation. I wanted to make a Unicode version. The unicode will not be as portable as the inline image that they include on their page, I admit. This table gives the Greek letters, their names, equivalent English letters, and tips for pronouncing those letters which are pronounced differently from the equivalent English letters. Table Font: ô grow Sigma (σ, ς):There are two forms for the letter Sigma. When written at the end of a word, it is written like this: ς. If it occurs anywhere else, it is written like this: σ. Upsilon (υ):In the above table, we suggest that you pronounce this letter like "u" in "put". The preferred pronunciation is actually more like the German "ü" as in "Brücke", or like the French "u" as in "tu". If you do not speak German or French, don't worry about it, just pronounce it the way the table suggests. Xi (χ): This is the same sound as "ch" in "Bach", which does not sound like "ch" in "chair". The same sound occurs in the Scottish "Loch", as in "Loch Lomond", or the German "ach!". Footnote 1: Other pronunciation schemes To be fair, we should mention that there are several different ways to pronounce Greek. We are teaching the Erasmian pronunciation for now. At some point in the future, we may add pages to teach some of the other pronunciations. Here are the main ways that Greek is pronounced: Erasmian pronunciation. This is the pronunciation used here, and is probably based on the pronunciation used by a Renaissance scholar named Erasmus, who was the main force behind the first printed copies of the Greek New Testament. The Erasmian pronunciation is probably different from the way Greek was pronounced at the time of the New Testament, but it is widespread among scholars, and it has the advantage that every letter is pronounced, which makes it easy to grasp the spelling of words. Modern Greek pronunciation. This is the way Greek is pronounced today in Greece. Some people prefer to teach this pronunciation for New Testament Greek as well. I initially learned the modern Greek pronunciation, but had difficulty learning to spell words, so I switched to the Erasmian. Modern Greek pronunciation is probably more similar to New Testament Greek pronunciation than Erasmian is, but not identical. Reconstructed New Testament Greek pronunciation. There are some scholarly books which attempt to reconstruct the original pronunciation of New Testament Greek, and they have reached the point that there seems to be fairly widespread agreement on the original pronunciation. As far as I know, nobody ever teaches this pronunciation. Incidentally, since there was a large variety of Greek dialects, there was no single way to pronounce Greek even in the New Testament era. Fraternity, Physics, and Calculus pronunciation. This is the way your physics teacher spoke Greek, and he learned this pronunciation in his fraternity. Next time you hear a physics teacher pronounce Greek, laugh and look superior.	Sigma
In which part of the human body can the 'Tragus' be found?	Greek Alphabet \| billmounce.com Greek Alphabet Free stuff The Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters. (There were several more, but they dropped out of use before the classical period. In some cases their influence can still be felt, especially in verbs.) At first it is only important to learn the English name, small letters, and pronunciation. The transliterations will help. (A transliteration is the equivalent of a letter in another language. For example, the Greek "beta" [β] is transliterated with the English "b." This does not mean that a similar combination of letters in one language has the same meaning as the same combination in another. κατ does not mean "cat." But the Greek "β" and the English "b" have the same sounds and often similar functions, and therefore it is said that the English "b" is the transliteration of the Greek "beta." In our texts today, capitals are used only for proper names, the first word in a quotation, and the first word in the paragraph. [Originally the Bible was written in all capital letters with no punctuation, accent marks, or spaces between the words. For example, John 1:1 began, ΕΝΑΡΧΗΗΝΟΛΟΓΟΣ. Capital letters, or "majuscules," were used until the later centuries A.D. when cursive script was adopted. Cursive script is like our handwriting where the letters are joined together. In Greek texts today, John 1:1 begins, ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος] There is some disagreement as to the correct pronunciation of a few of the letters; these are given at the bottom of the chart. We have chosen the standard pronunciations that will help you learn the language the easiest. Notice the many similarities among the Greek and English letters, not only in shape and sound but also in their respective order in the alphabet. The Greek alphabet can be broken down into sections. It will parallel the English for a while, differ, and then begin to parallel again. Try to find these natural divisions. You can download an alphabet worksheet to help you learn, name u as the German u with umlaut Phi o as in tone Notes Zeta. Some pronounce the zeta as the "dz" combination. This helps to differentiate it from the sigma. Wenham (19) says that it is pronounced "dz" unless it is the first letter in the word, in which case it is pronounced "z." Iota. The iota can be either long ("intr_i_gue") or short ("_i_ntrigue"). Listen to how your teacher pronounces the words and you will pick up the differences. Upsilon. Other suggestions are the u in "universe" and the oo in "book." Chi. Loch, pronounced with a decided Scottish accent. Writing the Letters 1. Notice how α β δ ε ι κ ο ς τ and υ look like their English counterparts. 2. In Greek there are five letters that are transliterated by two letters. θ is th; ξ is xs; φ is ph; χ is ch; ψ is ps. These are called double consonants. 3. It is important that you do not confuse the η (eta) with the English "n," the ν (nu) with the "v," the ρ (rho) with the "p," the χ (chi) with the "x," or the ω (omega) with the "w." 4. There are two sigmas in Greek. ς occurs only at the end of the word and σ occurs elsewhere:ἀπόστολος. 5. The vowels in Greek are α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω. Pronouncing the Letters 1. You will learn the alphabet best by pronouncing the letters out loud as you write them, over and over. 2. The name of a consonant is formed with the help of a vowel, but the sound of the consonant does not include that vowel. For example, m is the letter "mu," but when mu appears in the word, there is no "u" sound. 3. The following letters sound just like their English counterparts: α β γ δ ε ι κ λ μ ν ο π ρ σ ς τ. 4. Gamma (γ) usually has a hard "g" sound, as in "get." However, when it is immediately followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ, it is pronounced as a "n." For example, the word ἄγγελος is pronounced "angelos," from which we get our word "angel." The gamma pronounced like a "n" is called a gamma nasal. [Most are formed from the γγ combination.] 5. Alpha and iota can be either long or short. Iota may have changed its sound (cf. "intr_i_gue", "_i_ntrigue"); alpha may not have. [There is much discussion on this type of issue among scholars. The long alpha (e.g., "father") would have taken longer to say than the short alpha. (e.g., "cat").] Epsilon and omicron are always short while eta and omega are always long. "Long" and "short" refer to the relative length of time it requires to pronounce the vowel (e.g., "father" and "cat"). 6. Greek also has two breathing marks. Every word beginning with a vowel and all words beginning with a rho have a breathing mark. The rough breathing is a ῾ placed over the first vowel and adds an "h" sound to the word. ὑπέρ is pronounced "huper." Every word that begins with a rho or upsilon takes a rough breathing. The smooth breathing is a ᾽ placed over the first vowel and is not pronounced. ὐπέρ (which is not a real Greek word) would be pronounced "uper." ἀπόστολος is pronounced "α πό στο λος."	i don't know
The 'Sukkur Dam' is on which river?	Construction of Sukkur (Lloyd) Barrage and Canal, Sukkur, … \| Flickr M Bhatia By: M Bhatia Construction of Sukkur (Lloyd) Barrage and Canal, Sukkur, Sind, 1924 Assembly of the Ruston3000 steam excavator on site, at Sukkur, Sind , in 1924 during the Lloyd Barrage and Canal Construction Scheme project. From the book " Lincoln's excavators: The Ruston Years 1875-1930" by Peter Robinson. There were six of these machines delivered to this scheme in 1924. From the book: "Commenced in 1923 and officially known as the Lloyd Barrage and Canal Construction Scheme this massive project, the purpose of which was to irrigate 6 1/2 million acres of land in the Sind desert of NW India, involved the excavation of more than 210 million cubic yards of material and the construction of the Sukkur Dam nearly a mile long spanning the river Indus. It was the largest irrigation scheme in the world, with a cost greater than the Suez Canal and involving four times as much excavation." There are seven main canals having a total lenght of 1,000 miles and ranging from 79ft to 346ft in width and up to 20ft in depth. Also 700 miles of branch canals and 4,000 miles of distributory canals, plus 50,000 miles of final feeders excavated by the farmers who rented the land. There were fierce winds and sandstorms almost every day, nowhere to service machinery, no water suitable for boilers, few roads, and it was necessary to build tramways to supply the machines with coal, oil etc. Temperature was 49C (120F) in the shade at times! Camels used for supply in outlying areas, and men lived in tents near the machines. Three shifts were operated per day, all year, mostly operated by Indians. The whole scheme was completed in 1932. Done	Indus River
Which Italian city is served by 'Malapensa Airport'?	3rd Yousufzai M A K Abstract Annual flood peak discharges is widely used in risk assessment. Major sources of flooding in Pakistan are River Jhelum, River Chenab, River Kabul, and upper and lower parts of River Indus. These rivers are major tributaries of the River Indus System which is one of the most important systems of the world and the greatest system of Pakistan. River Indus is the longest river of Pakistan containing seven gauge stations and several barrages, and it plays a vital role in the irrigation system and power generation for the country. This paper estimates the risk of flood in River Indus using historical data of maximum peak discharges. On the basis of our analysis, we find out which dam/barrage reservoir need to be updated in capacity, and whether there are more dams/barrages needed. Discover the world's research Flood risk assessment of River Indus of Pakistan Bushra Khan &Muhammad Jawed Iqbal & M. Ayub Khan Yosufzai Received: 6 June 2009 / Accepted: 23 August 2009 / Published online: 5 January 2010 #Saudi Society for Geosciences 2009 Abstract Annual flood peak discharges is widely used in risk assessment. Major sources of flooding in Pakistan are River Jhelum, River Chenab, River Kabul, and upper and lower parts of River Indus. These rivers are major tributaries of the River Indus System which is one of the most important systems of the world and the greatest system of Pakistan. River Indus is the longest river of Pakistan containing seven gauge stations and several barrages, and it plays a vital role in the irrigation system and power generation for the country. This paper estimates the risk of flood in River Indus using historical data of maximum peak discharges. On the basis of our analysis, we find out which dam/barrage reservoir need to be updated in capacity, and whether there are more dams/barrages needed. Keywords Annual flood peak discharges .Risk assessment . River Indus Life loss and capital damages are of major concerns in human societies. One of the major causes to such phenomena is floods which occur in almost all the South Asian countries. Especially, over the past 25 or 30 years, the frequency and magnitude of disastrous floods is increased due to the impacts of climate changes. Now, risk assessment is defined as scientific quantification of hazard from data to understand the procedures involved in (Coburn and Spence 1994). Incompatibility between hazard and vulnerability is the main cause of risk (Ologunorisa and Abawua 2005). In the context of risk, some closely related terms are also used, viz., hazard and vulnerability. How- ever, according to the United Nation Commission for Human Settlements (UNCHS-HABITAT 1981), there are clear distinctions among the meanings of these terms. They define that risk can be directly related to the perception of disaster, given that it incorporates total losses and harm that can undergo after a natural hazard. Risk involves a future potential condition, a function of the magnitude of natural hazard and the vulnerability of all exposed elements in a determined moment, whereas, hazard is defined as the probability that, in a given period and a given area, a catastrophic damaging natural phenomenon occurs. Flood risk is measured in terms of probability of occurrence of events and the related consequences (Smith 1996). This means that risk and improbability in water resources take place from the natural inconsistency of geophysical progressions and alterations in difficult socio- economic features. As a result, risk analysis is performed on the measurement of the probabilities of occurrence of flood and their likely consequences (Kaczmarek 2003). There are various techniques for assessment of flood risk, such as assessing meteorological parameters, hydrological B. Khan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bahria University (Karachi Campus), Department of Mathematics and Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 DOI 10.1007/s12517-009-0110-9 parameters, socioeconomic factors, and combination of hydrometeorological and socioeconomic factors along with assessment based on geographical information system as explained in (Ologunorisa and Abawua 2005). The authors state that meteorological parameters have been widely used in most countries, such as Malaysia, Korea, USA, Aus- tralia, Ethiopia, and Israel including Pakistan. Risk is also assessed via annual flood peak discharge (Kattlemann 1997), the technique is now termed as assessment of flood through hydrological parameters, and the key factor is rainfall on snow-covered catchments during warm storms. He also notices that rivers of Sierra Nevada, California, experience most destructive floods all through warm storms when rain waters falls in snow-covered catchments of the river. Oriola (1994) noticed that many of the Nigerian urban surroundings flooding are caused by the violation of the river canal. The author attributes illiteracy, ununiformity, deprived ecological culture and supervision, inefficient municipality laws, and community unawareness as major socioeconomic factors contributing in flood risk. He furthers the insights in flood risk by showing that flood risk in Nigeria acts as a function of not only the above characteristics but the amount and duration of precipitation, slope of river basin, and some other parameters of river basin. Combination of hydrometeorological and socioeco- nomic factors is explained (Hogue et al. 1997). They indentify the hazard risk in Chittagong by predicting the probability of occurrence of the storm flooding of different extents and depths. They divide the city into five major sectors whereas the residents and the economic importance of that sector are considered as the importance indices while the sectors are trading or industrial sector, deliberated housing sector, business or commercial sector, ingenuous housing sector, and combined or mixed sectors. Laughlin and Kalma (1990) built up a technique for flood risk mapping based on regional weather data and local territory. This study demonstrates the regional weather and the territory’s effect with 3D block diagram. Hayden (1988) noticed that the existing literature based on flood risk assessment does not make a general nature of flooding; therefore, author delineates the climate regions on global scale by using the basis of meteorological parameters. McEwen (1989) compares the rain fall pattern with the published study of other long-standing rainfall proceed- ings to assess the local deviationinthenatureofsevere rainfall. It is further discussed that flood risk can also be assessed by the probability of embankment or dam failure (Van et al. 2005). The Indian Meteorological Department (1971) classifies the seasonal rainfall as the flood of less intensity if it lies in 0–26% of normal, the moderate flood if it is between 26% and 50% of normal, and the flood of high intensity if the flood is above 50% of the normal. Geographical Information system (GIS) is another very successful tool to assess the flood risk in the flood-prone areas. Recently, GIS technique is shown to be able to unite all the known procedures and factors for predicting flood risk (Ologunorisa and Abawua 2005). In this study, it is observed that GIS technique is more powerful technique to assess the flood risk. As for Pakistan, this technique is used to assess flood risk in flood-prone areas near River Indus (Khan 2007). The author uses remote sensing, geographical information system, and digital image processing to assess the flood risk in River Indus. The study integrates the remote-sensing techniques with geographic information system using satellite data and gives a solution to reduce flood risk by constructing some new dams on the river. Tahirkaili and Nawaz (2003) and Nawaz and Shafique (2003) also use the same methodology to assess the flood risk in the river Jhelum, Pakistan. This study examines flood risk of river Indus in Pakistan. We use flood peak discharge data from 1942 to 2008 of the River Indus to assess risk. The data set, obtained from Federal Flood Commission, Islamabad, comprise less than 30 recorded values at seven gauge stations. In “Estimation of probable maximum flood” section, we describe our calculations regarding modeling of the data using normal, log-normal, and Weibull distribution on both the observed and simulated data models. Here, we also compute return period (T) and exceedence probability (P) of the flood of different intensities for the period from 1992 to 2008. The “Flood risk assessment of River Indus”section is used to describe our results obtained after applying log-Pearson type III (LP3) analysis in order to forecast flood peak discharge values with specified Tfor the same period. “Summary and discussion”section is opens with discussion and summa- rizes the conclusion based on our findings. Estimation of probable maximum flood Pakistan faces large amounts of frequent river flooding every year due mainly to monsoon rains and melting snow which push the rivers of Pakistan over their banks. The major rivers which cause flooding in the country are the River Jhelum and the River Chenab in Punjab province and lower part of River Indus in Sindh province, see Fig. 1). Besides, hill torrents also take some part in flooding Sindh. This sort of flooding also affects the hilly areas of North- West Frontier Province (NWFP), Baluchistan, and northern areas of Pakistan. Districts of Charsadda, Noshera, and Peshawar in NWFP are exposed to risks from flooding in River Kabul. Large cities of Pakistan like Karachi, Lahore, and Rawalpindi have experienced flooding due to the failure of sewerage system to cope up with intense 116 Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 precipitation. In the present work, assessment of flood risk on the river Indus is attempted. This river, i.e., the River Indus is a great trans-Himalayan river and one of the longest rivers in the world. It is the longest river in Pakistan containing seven dams/barrages and having a length of 1,800 miles. It has a total drainage area of about 450,000 square miles of which 175,000 square miles lie in mountains and foothills and the rest lie in the semiarid plains of Pakistan. The annual rainfall in the Indus region varies between 125 to 500 mm and excluding the mountainous regions of the country, the Indus valley lies in the driest part of the subcontinent (Britannica). River has seven gauge stations to monitor its flow continuously throughout the year. Likewise, it has seven dams/barrages namely Tarbela Dam, Kalabagh or Jinnah Barrage, Chashma Barrage, Taunsa Barrage, Guddu Barrage, Sukkur Barrage, and Kotri Barrage, respectively. We obtain uneven data of annual peak discharge of River Indus from 1942 to 1992 and evenly distributed yearly data from 1992 to 2008. According to Federal Flood Commis- sion, Islamabad, classification of flood in Pakistan is defined 250,000–300,000 cusecs per cubic feet per second (cfs) as low flood, 300,000–450,000 cfs as medium flood, 450,000–650,000 cfs as high flood, 650,000–800,000 cfs as very high flood, and 800,000 cfs to onward as extremely very high flood (Annual Flood Report 2006). First, we compute probable maximum flood (PMF) from observed values. The values of PMF are shown in Table 1for normal, Fig. 1 Location map of the River Indus in Pakistan Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 117 log-normal, and Weibull distributions. The Anderson– Darling (AD) test results show that Jinnah Barrage cannot be modeled by normal distribution. Similarly, Taunsa, Sukkur, and Kotri Barrages do not follow log-normal distribution. However, it is quite clear that data of all dams/ barrages follows Weibull distribution. We next perform simulation on observed data by employing normal, log-normal, and Weibull distributions and generate samples of sizes 100 for each of the seven dams/barrages of the river Indus (viz., Tarbela Dam, Kalabagh or Jinnah Barrage, Chashma Barrage, Taunsa Barrage, Guddu Barrage, Sukkur Barrage, and Kotri Barrage, respectively). Each of these samples is used to compute PMF of hundred years for each dam. The results are summarized in Table 2. The AD test results for this also show that Jinnah Barrage cannot be modeled by normal distribution whereas Taunsa, Sukkur, and Kotri Barrage do not follow log-normal distribution. Similarly, Weibull distribution again is found to fit in all the cases considered in the present study. The use of simulation proves to be very useful as it gives us estimate of PMF for hundred years. This means that classification among various gauge stations of the River Indus can now be performed by finding where the values of PMF (Table 2) lie in the ranges as defined by Federal Flood Commission, Islamabad as mentioned above. For instance, one can easily see that Tarbela Dam and Kalabagh are on the risk of medium flood, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage are on the risk of high flood, Guddu and Kotri Barrage are on the risk of high to very high flood, and Sukkur Barrage is on the risk of very high flood. Let us now compute the return period using the following Weibull formula: where Tdenotes the return period or recurrence interval, and Pstands for exceedence probability, P¼1=Tð2Þ of low, moderate, high, very high, and extremely very high flood, where nis the number of annual flood peak discharge, mshows the rank of flood; the highest peak has m=1, second highest peak has m=2, and so on (Kiely 1998). We summarize our calculation in Table 3which manifests this procedure for Tarbela Dam; flood of 1992 has return period of 18 years with 5% exceedence probability, flood of 1995 has return period of 9 years with 10% exceedence probability, flood of 1997 has return Gauge stations Normal Log-normal Weibull PMF (cfs) AD statistic PMF (cfs) AD statistic PMF (cfs) AD statistic Tarbela 369 0.216 368 0.258 369 0.250 Jinnah –– 517 0.255 514 0.665 Chashma 485 0.223 489 0.544 485 0.209 Taunsa 478 0.520 –– 479 0.522 Guddu 630 0.508 657 0.520 632 0.456 Sukkur 648 0.628 –– 645 0.810 Kotri 473 0.531 –– 470 0.435 ×1,000 except for AD test results Table 1 Estimation of PMF using normal, log-normal, and data of flood peak discharge from 1942 to 2008 (significance level used is α=0.05) Gauge station Normal Log-normal Weibull PMF (cfs) AD statistic PMF (cfs) AD statistic PMF (cfs) AD statistic Tarbela 360 0.729 362 0.273 362 0.219 Jinnah –– 518 0.235 524 0.375 Chashma 478 0.6 458 0.431 470 0.213 Taunsa 476 0.263 –– 471 0.288 Guddu 588 0.302 703 0.159 671 0.396 Sukkur 663 0.563 –– 650 0.266 Kotri 480 0.280 –– 471 0.144 ×1,000 except for AD test Table 2 Estimation of PMF of simulated data of flood peak discharge from 1942 to 2008 (significance level used is 118 Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 period of 6 years with 16.6% exceedence probability, and finally, we see that flood of 2001 has return period of 1 year with 94% exceedence probability, which shows that flood of larger intensities have low probability of occurrence and longer recurrence interval whereas flood of smaller inten- sities occurs more frequently with short return period. We find similar results for other gauge sites of River Indus. Flood risk assessment of River Indus This section applies log-Pearson type III analysis for flood risk assessment. For this analysis, the annual flood events from 1992 to 2008 are presumed to be random variables observing log-Pearson type III probability distribution. The analysis is performed in conjunction with the historic record adjustments (Flynn et al. 2006). If Xshows the ordinary logarithm of the peak discharge data, Sis the standard deviation of X,Xis the mean of X,K N significance level critical value for outlier test statistic for samples of size Nfrom normal distribution, then XH¼XþKNSð3Þ is the logarithmic higher outlier test threshold, and XL¼XKNSð4Þ is the logarithmic low outlier test threshold. The historic record adjustment is applied by computing W¼HNHP NHO ðÞ=NsNHO to mitigate the historic peaks and high outliers, where Wis the weight applied to below threshold systematic peak, N s is the number of systematic peaks (peaks below high outlier threshold and above base peaks), N HP is the number of high outliers, and Hshows the time period. The number of peaks above the flood base is N¼HWNBB with N BB being the number of peaks lower than the flood base Year MPD (cfs) Log peak discharge Xm T P 1992 500,000 5.69897 1 18 0.05 1995 480,000 5.681241 2 9 0.1 1997 450,000 5.653213 3 6 0.166 1994 420,000 5.623249 4 4.5 0.2 1996 402,000 5.604226 5 3.6 0.27 2005 372,900 5.571592 6 3 0.33 1999 372,000 5.570543 7 2.5 0.4 2006 371,800 5.570309 8 2.25 0.44 1993 370,000 5.568202 9 2 0.5 2003 350,000 5.544068 10 1.8 0.55 1998 347,700 5.541205 11 1.6 0.625 2007 292,600 5.466274 12 1.5 0.666 2002 290,900 5.463744 13 1.38 0.72 2004 269,900 5.431203 14 1.28 0.78 2000 243,600 5.386677 15 1.2 0.83 2008 237,000 5.374748 16 1.125 0.88 2001 229,900 5.361539 17 1.0588 0.94 Table 3 Annual MPD data in cusecs from 1992 to 2008 versus return period Tand exceedence where X¶and X¶¶ both are ordinary logarithm of systematic peaks and historic maximum peaks plus high outliers, respectively. The risk of flood, Qin cfs, is described here as under: where Kis the frequency factor (see frequency factors K for gamma and LP3 distributions (Haan 1977)). If there are no peaks above the high outlier threshold, i.e., any historic peak and high outlier (see Taunsa and Kotri in Tab le 4), then LP3 Analysis without historic record adjustment is used (Hydraulic Design Manual 2004)in which peaks below the lower outer threshold is excluded such that log Q¼XþSK ð11Þ where Qis the risk of flood in cfs, Xis the mean of logarithmic annual peaks, and Sis the standard deviation of logarithmic annual peak discharges. Now, by using Eq. 6, we calculate probability of flood exceeding flood base (P ) which equals to 1 because the annual flood peak discharge record of River Indus is concern, no zero or low magnitude peak is obtained in last 17 years, likewise weighted mean M  by using Eq. 8, and weighted skewness G by using Eq. 9of systematic peaks for Tarbela Dam, Kalabagh, Chashma Barrage, Sukkur Bar- rage, and Guddu Barrage along with logarithmic high outlier threshold (X ) and logarithmic low outlier threshold (X ; see Table 4). Later than using Eq. 10, we calculate the risk of flooding in the aforesaid dams/barrages where as Eq. 11 is used to calculate flood risk in Taunsa and Kotri. Table 5shows these calculations for the gauge sites Tarbela and Taunsa by using the parameters of Table 4with specified return period while the remaining gauge stations of River Indus also experience the same procedure for calculating the flood risk. Table 5 Flood risk calculation in Tarbela Dam and Taunsa Barrage by using peak flow data from 1992 to 2008 Number (T) Tarbela Dam Taunsa Barrage (K)Q cfsðÞ (K)Q(cfs) 1 2 0.000 343,510 0.017 4,044,867 2 5 0.842 433,491 0.846 561,680 3 10 1.282 489,531 1.27 664,056 4 25 1.751 557,263 1.716 791,943 5 50 2.054 605,927 2.000 885,931 6 100 2.326 653,221 2.252 978,628.8 7 200 2.576 699,939 2.482 1,071,674.7 Table 6 Design/spillway capacity of reservoirs are shown with maximum peak discharge data according to Federal Flood Commission, Islamabad classification with return periods Gauge sites Design/spillway capacity of reservoir (cfs) Extremely very high flood Very high flood High flood MPD TMPD TMPD T Jinnah 950,000 849,245 18 654,200 9 551,553 6 Taunsa 950,000 ––655,079 18 612,300 9 Chashma 1,100,000 ––668,336 18 635,400 9 Guddu 1,200,000 1,086,919 18 790,163 4.5 626,410 3 Sukkur 1,500,000 1,068,072 18 757,390 4.5 572,500 3 Kotri 850,000 826,369 18 799,440 9 –– 120 Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 Summary and discussion The values of PMF as obtained through observed and simulated data shows similar results, as discussed in “Estima- tion of probable maximum flood”section. This also means that our results of simulation are found to be consistent with those obtained by using observed data. Also, the use of simulation proves to be very useful as it gives us estimate of PMF for hundred years. This means that classification among various gauge stations of the River Indus can now be performed by finding where the values of PMF (Table 2) lie in the ranges as defined by Federal Flood Commission, Islamabad and mentioned in “Estimation of probable maximum flood”section. For instance, one can easily see that Tarbela Dam and Kalabagh are on the risk of medium flood, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage are on the risk of high flood, Guddu and Kotri Barrage are on the risk of high to very high flood, and Sukkur Barrage is on the risk of very high flood. To the best of our knowledge, such a classification is done the first time on the River Indus, using probabilistic approach. However, Khan (2007)performs similar analysis through GIS technique. Also, the results of Weibull formula show that the small floods are more likely to occur than large floods. These results are also confirmed by LP3 analysis (see Table 4) which is also used here to forecast flood risk. Moreover, our analysis suggests (see Tab le 6) that, except Tarbela Dam, there is an urgent need to construct new dams/barrages on the River Indus and to increase the spillway capacity of reservoir because the differences in the design capacities of reservoirs and corresponding maximum peak discharges (MPDs) are very little. The construction of dam in the vicinity of Jinnah Barrage is also of great importance provided all political issues are sorted out. The return period, corresponding to each value of risk, is found to be helpful in assessing what precautionary measures should be taken in case of flood according to risk value. For example, the flood risk at Tarbela Dam is 343,510 and 433,491 cfs against 2-and 4-year return period, respectively. Although both of these values lie in the range of medium flood, however, the difference in the values should reduce the amount of investment required in dealing with the expected flood. Acknowledgment We are thankful to Mr. Ahmed Kamal who works as a Dam Engineer, Federal Flood Commission Islamabad, Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan for his cooperation and providing the data of Annual Flood Peak Discharges for this research work. References Annual Flood Report (2006) Federal Flood Commission, Ministry of Water & Power, Islamabad Coburn AW, Spence RJS (1994) Vulnerability and risk assessment, disaster management training program, 2nd edn. UNDP Flynn KM, Kirby WH, Hummel PR (2006) User’s manual for program PeakFQ annual flood frequency analysis using Bulletin 17B Guidelines: U.S. Geological Survey, Techniques and Methods Haan CT (1977) Statistical methods in hydrology. The Iowa University Press, Iowa Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 121 Hayden BP (1988) Flood climates. In: Baker et al (eds) Flood geomorphology. Wiley, New York Hogue MM et al (1997) Storm surge flooding in Chittagong City and associated risks. IAHS Publications 239:115–122 Hydraulic Design Manual (2004) Texas Department of Transportation, Design Division (DES) Kaczmarek Z (2003) The impact of climate variability on flood risk in Poland. Risk Anal 23(3) Kattlemann R (1997) Flooding from rain-on snow events in the Sierra Nevada. IAHS Publications 239:59–95 Khan G (2007) Flood hazard assessment and mitigation along River Indus from Chashman Barrage to Sukkur Barrage using satellite image. M.Phil thesis, Institute of Space and Planetary Astro- physics, University of Karachi Kiely G (1998) Environmental engineering. McGraw-Hill, Singapore Laughlin GP, Kalma JD (1990) Flood risk mapping for landscape planning: a methodology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology 42:41–51 McEwen LT (1989) Extreme rainfall and its implication for flood frequency: a case study of the Middle River Tweed basin, Scotland. Trans Inst Br Geogr 14(3):287–298 Nawaz F, Shafique M (2003) Data integration for flood risk analysis by using GIS/RS as tools. In proceedings of MAP Asia, Second Annual Asian Conference and Exhibition in the field of GIS, GPS, Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Ologunorisa TE, Abawua MJ (2005) Flood risk assessment: a review. App Sci Environ Mgt J 9(1):57–63 Oriola O (1994) Strategies for combating urban flooding in develop- ing countries: a case study from Ondo. The Environmental 14 (1):57–62 Indian Meteorological Department (1971). Rainfall and Drought in India, Report of the Drought Research Unit, Poona Smith K (1996) Environmental hazards. Rutledge, London Tahirkaili T, Nawaz F (2003) Role of GIS and RS for flood hazard management in Pakistan: a case study of Jhelum, Pakistan. MAP Asia 2003. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/proceedings/mapasia/ UNCHS (1981) Settlement planning for disasters, Nairobi, World Meteorological Organization Van E et al (2005) Quantitative flood risk assessment for polders. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 90:229–237 122 Arab J Geosci (2011) 4:115–122 CitationsCitations18	i don't know
What is the nameof the invention of John Kay which aided the early textile revolution during the 18th century?	john Kay and the flying shuttle 1733 The Lunar Society bringing together brilliant minds Send to Kindle John Kay, inventor of the ‘Flying Shuttle’, held in his hands, the first flutterings of what would become, the Industrial Revolution. John Kay was a man whose entire young life had been exposed to the woolen industry. He knew the problems and the pitfalls of mechanization but could see the great need for advancement in the industry. So what about John Kay and the Flying Shuttle? He was born in Bury in Lancashire in 1704, the son of a woolen manufacturer. He became manager of one of his father’s mills and soon developed skills as a machinist and engineer, modifying machines as necessary. In 1733 he patented the ‘New engine for opening and dressing wool’, this machine included the famous ‘flying shuttle’. John Kay The flying shuttle was a simple device that had huge impact The shuttle was only one part of a textile loom but it was the part that had to be physically thrown backwards and forwards by the weaver as it carries the weft through the warp. John Kay’s shuttle was shot out of a box, backwards and forwards, carrying the weft without the weaver having to come into contact with the shuttle at all. It had an enormous impact on the woolen industry. The owners loved it because it sped up the process and they could reduce the number of people they employed. The workers were impoverished by it. John Kay was the subject of many personal attacks upon himself as he struggled for financial and literal survival. Find out more about this aspect of John Kay’s life here. For John Kay himself it brought misery. Manufacturers refused to pay him royalties on his invention and so he took his looms to France, here alas, they were not overly impressed by John Kay’s invention and he had to negotiate hard with the French government to get them to buy his technology. John Kay hardly ever returned to England after 1756 becoming domiciled with his family in France. The Flying Shuttle John Kay and the flying shuttle sped up the production of cloth so much that spun yarn was hard to come by. Inventions beget inventions and so it was with the flying shuttle, the ‘spinning jenny’ was born out of the necessity to produce more thread and so the Industrial Revolution kept revolving. John Kay died in 1779, still fighting for the money he was owed by manufacturers and governments alike. Interested in finding out more about the Industrial Revolution? Click here to go to our Timeline of the Industrial Revolution. The John Kay Memorial Bury	Flying shuttle
Who would normally use a tool called a 'Burin' in his work?	Untitled Document Check for Understanding Why did the Industrial Revolution Start in England? By the end of the 19th century, the island of Great Britain, which is about the size of the state of Louisiana, controlled the largest empire in the history of the world—an empire that covered one quarter of the world’s land mass. You will learn more about this empire in the next chapter. But how did this little island come to rule an empire? How did Great Britain acquire so much military and economic power in the world? The answer, of course, is that it had an enormous commercial and technological head start over the rest of the world because the Industrial Revolution started in England. But why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in England and not somewhere else in the world? Historians describe a confluence—a coming together—of many factors and they do not agree on which are most important. Some of these factors we discussed earlier because they had their seeds in pre-industrial society. All of these factors came together in the late 18th century to create the unique conditions in England that culminated in the first-ever Industrial Revolution: The Agricultural Revolution discussed earlier resulted in increased food production and increased population in England first. Population Growth, also discussed earlier, resulted in more people from the countryside being freed up to work for wages in the new cities,— and eventually increased demand for products such as clothing. Financial Innovations—such as central banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies—encouraged people, especially in Northern Europe, to take risks with investments, trade, and new technologies. The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution encouraged scholars and craftspeople to apply new scientific thinking to mechanical and technological challenges. In the centuries before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans gradually incorporated science and reason into their worldview. Some historians argue that these intellectual shifts made English culture, in particular, highly receptive to new mechanical and financial ideas. Navigable Rivers and Canals in Great Britain quickened the pace and cheapened the cost of transportation of raw materials and finished products. Adam Smith, the first modern economist, believed this was a key reason for England’s early success. In 1776, in his famous book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he wrote that “Good roads, canals, and navigable rivers, by diminishing the expense of carriage, put the remote parts of the country more nearly upon a level with those in the neighbourhood of the town. They are upon that account the greatest of all improvements” (Weightman 43). Coal and Iron deposits were plentiful in Great Britain and proved essential to the development of all new machines made of iron or steel and powered by coal—such as the steam-powered machinery in textile factories, and the locomotive. Government Policies in England toward property and commerce encouraged innovation and the spread of global trade. The government created patent laws that allowed inventors to benefit financially from the “intellectual property” of their inventions. The British government also encouraged global trade by expanding the Navy to protect trade and granting monopolies or other financial incentives to companies so they would explore the world to find resources. World Trade gradually increased in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution and provided European countries access to raw materials and a market for goods. It also increased wealth that could then be loaned by banks to finance more industrial expansion in an upward spiral of economic growth. By 1500, Europe had a technological supremacy over the rest of the world in shipbuilding, navigation, and metallurgy (metal working). In successive years, European countries would use these advantages to dominate world trade with Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The Cottage Industry, discussed earlier, served as a transition from a rural to an industrial economy. Like the later industrial factories, the cottage industry relied on wage labor, cloth production, tools and rudimentary machines, and a market to buy and sell raw materials (cotton) and finished products (clothes). The Large and Lucky Continent of Eurasia. Evolutionary Biologist Jared Diamond takes the long view to explain why the entire continent of Eurasia evolved to be so technologically advanced. In his book Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, Diamond argues that the good fortune of the entire continent of Eurasia was evident for thousands of years. Eurasia invented agriculture 12,000 years ago because large grains of rice and wheat just happened to originate and grow there. The efficiency of agriculture allowed various civilizations to grow population, free up labor for tasks besides food production, urbanize, invent writing, and create advanced technology. Diamond argues that the largest of continents was also blessed with the largest domesticated animals in the world—such as horses, donkeys, pigs, and cows. These animals served as beasts of burden in agriculture and also as a much-needed food source. And so the health of Eurasian populations improved. These animals also brought epidemic diseases that killed millions of Eurasians over thousands of years. But, after the plague ran its course through the population, surviving Eurasians then had antibodies to these illnesses, which made them and their ancestors resistant to them. So these plagues became a horrifying stroke of good luck for invading Eurasians later on. People from the Americas had no medium to large domesticated animals (with the exception of the Alpaca which didn’t leave the Andes mountain area). As a result, they did not experience devastating animal-based plagues and diseases. That’s a good thing, right? Except that, unlike Europeans, the Americans did not then have the anti-bodies to resist the European illnesses. So, when Europeans invaded the Americas after 1492, people from the Americas were highly susceptible to Eurasian deadly viruses and diseases. But no plagues went the other direction from the Americas to Europe. The depopulation of the Americas made it easy for Europeans to conquer. In short, Diamond, contrary to many historians, sees the Industrial Revolution as an inevitable result of geography and evolutionary biology that played out not only in a burst of activity, but over many thousands of years. The Big Industrial Innovations: How the Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain We have learned many reasons why industrialization started in Europe and England. But which industry triggered the Industrial Revolution in England? Well, it all started with the textile (cloth) industry. Making cloth, by hand, for pants, shirts, socks, bedspreads and other domestic items had always required lots of skill and time. As population grew in England, more people needed and were willing to buy textile goods. The cottage industry showed how much people could produce in their homes through spinning and weaving cloth by hand. But this domestic production system could not keep up with the growing demands of England’s growing population. Instead, starting in the late 18th century, a series of innovations shifted textile production to a new factory system. And cotton led the way. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, cotton became the world’s most important non-food agricultural product-- and it remains so to this day. In the 1700s, cotton textiles had many production advantages over other types of cloth. The first textile factory in Great Britain was actually for making silk. But, since only wealthy people could afford the product, production remained very low. Cotton, on the other hand, was far less expensive. It was also stronger and more easily colored and washed than wool or linen. One challenge of using cotton, however, was that the British did not grow any cotton plants because of their cold climate. So, they revved up trade with cotton producers far across the world, such as India and the Southern United States. Look at the table below of American cotton production during the first stage of the Industrial Revolution. Almost all of this raw cotton, processed by slave labor, was sold to England. This cotton production soared as new inventions made textile production increasingly inexpensive and efficient. American Production of Raw Cotton, 1790-1860 (in bales) Year Textile Inventions In 1733, James Kay, a clockmaker, invented a simple weaving machine called the flying shuttle. He built it, supposedly, with nothing more than a pocketknife as his tool. The flying shuttle improved on the old hand loom. A worker pulled a cord of rope back and forth to send a small piece of canoe-shaped wood, or shuttle, “flying” across a wood frame through threads to weave cloth. The machine only came into general use in the 1760s—after decades of trial-and-error improvements—but once adopted, this first big invention in the textile industry doubled worker productivity: one adult weaver could accomplish the work of two. The invention was a small improvement and was still powered by people rather than coal, wind, or water. Nonetheless it began the crucial process by which unskilled workers could produce more cloth with machines than skilled workers could produce by hand (Weightman 55). Watch a few moments of this video to see a hand shuttle moving slowing across the frame of a loom. This gives you a sense of how a shuttle works on a weaving loom. Now watch a few moments of this video to see somebody working a flying shuttle. With a flick of the wrist, they can make the shuttle "fly" back and forth through the weaving frames. Much quicker than hand weaving, eh? In the 1760s, spinning innovations finally caught up with the weaving capacity of the flying shuttle. The hardest part was to create a subtle mechanized device for pulling and twisting the cotton fiber just the right amount to create strong thread. In 1764, James Hargreaves invented such a device, called a spinning jenny— “jenny” or “jen” was short for “engine.” So, think of it as a “spinning engine.” With eight spindles, the spinning machine immediately increased by eightfold the amount a worker could produce. The spinning jenny could fit into a small cottage and be operated by unskilled workers, including children. But some were not pleased with the innovation. Workers skilled at the old spinning wheel, and fearful that the new machine would take their jobs, marched over to Hargreaves’ house and destroyed twenty of the first new machines before they could be used. Worse still for Hargreaves, his patent claim on one of the most famous inventions of the Industrial Revolution was invalidated because he applied for it after he had already sold several machines (Rosen 222-224). The next big challenge for the industrial tinkerers was to engineer a way that these new machines could be powered by an energy source that was more efficient and powerful than human muscle. In 1769, Richard Arkwright, a barber and wigmaker, figured out how to hook up a new spinning machine to a water wheel. It is possible that John Kay, a clockmaker that Arkwright met in a pub, might have had the original idea, but Arkwright made use of it and called it the water frame. Arkwright’s spinning factory opened in 1771 along the River Derwent. It was an immediate success, spinning strong, high-quality threads cheaply and better than those spun by hand or a spinning jenny. Arkwright’s cotton factory spun 24 hours a day, employing mostly women and children on 12-hour shifts. Each water frame spun 91 spools at a time, more than almost 100 people could spin on an old spinning wheel. Arkwright’s business took off in large part due to the assistance of the British Parliament, which, to protect the new English textile industry, outlawed the importation of superior cotton cloth from India (Ashton, 57-58). Another inventor, Samuel Crompton, combined the spinning and weaving process into one machine in 1774. Raw cotton could be introduced in one end and produce cloth on the other. Crompton failed to patent his invention, but the enterprising Arkwright immediately incorporated it into his new factories. The invention was called a spinning “mule” because, like a mule, it was the offspring of two different types of parents. With Crompton’s mule, Arkwright now had the most productive textile mills in the world. Arkwright guarded his patents and charged extremely high royalties to use them. As a result, he dominated the early spinning industry and became fabulously wealthy. Ten years after giving up wigmaking and taking a risk to start his own factory, he employed 5,000 workers, including children as young as six (Rosen 228-233). Arkwright was not a great inventor. He borrowed most of his ideas from others. But he was one of the first and most successful entrepreneurs of the early Industrial Revolution; he understood the potential of these new textile inventions to produce inexpensive and high quality cloth. When others complained in court that he had stolen their ideas, Arkwright responded that “if any man has found a thing, and begun a thing, and does not go forwards. . . another man has a right to take it up and get a patent for it” (233). He, perhaps more than any other single person, created the cotton industry that spurred the Industrial Revolution and created great wealth for himself and for England. From 1800 to 1850, cotton products accounted for the majority of monetary value for British exports (Stearns 29). In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, another game changer. Although it did not become widely used until after 1800, it was powered by steam and thus replaced the flying shuttle, which could not compete with the new loom’s weaving speed and efficiency. Cartwright explained his inspiration: As soon as Arkwright’s patent [for spinning] expired, so many mills would be erected and so much cotton spun that hands would never be found to weave it. . . . It struck me that as plain weaving can only be three movements which were to follow each other in succession, there would be little difficulty in producing them and repeating them. Full of these ideas I immediately employed a carpenter and smith to carry them into effect. As soon as the machine was finished, I got a weaver to put in a warp, which was of such materials as sailcloths are usually made of. To my great delight, a piece of cloth, such as it was, was the product. (Rosen 239) Watch this video to see a powerloom in action. Cartwright’s invention took many years to refine because it was difficult for the loom to weave quickly and mechanically without the thread slackening or the shuttle moving too slowly or too rapidly. The first power looms were installed in a factory in Manchester, where they suffered a similar fate to the first spinning jennies. Some Manchester craft weavers, worried that they would lose their skilled jobs, threatened the first power loom factory and soon afterwards a fire mysteriously destroyed it (239). But the genie was out of the bottle—no other loom could compete. Like the spinning mule, the power loom and the steam engine that powered it could not fit into a cottage. All these big, heavy machines would need to be brought under one large roof. The cottage industry had died, but factories were just beginning to house industry. And these larger machines and factories led to enormous growth in other industries, especially those of coal and iron. The Iron Industry In the centuries before the Industrial Revolution, the quality of iron and the process of refining it had changed little in Great Britain. Iron had been used for agricultural tools, chains, locks, bolts, nails, horse stirrups, scythes, sickles, and anchors. Through a laborious and very time-consuming process, master ironcrafters could even make steel, a form of processed iron, with fewer impurities, reserved for making knives, razors, swords, guns and small working parts for clocks and watches. In the 18th century, ironmongers began to experiment with ways to tease out more impurities from iron. They wanted to make their iron stronger and less expensive, and they also wanted to make the tedious process of iron-making more efficient (Weightman 28-33). Henry Cort, an ironmaster pursuing a way to refine iron,discovered two methods that changed the industry. He reheated bars of iron, melting them down to apaste, mixed the paste and heated it with coke (a substance burned off from coal), then stirred it so that carbon and many impurities burned off. The purified iron was rolled up into a puddled ball and finally rolled out to squeeze out any dross that remained. Cort called the process “puddling and rolling” and patented it in 1785. This iron-refining process allowed England to stop importing iron from northern Europe and instead to grow the largest iron industry in the world. This cheaper and stronger iron galvanized every major industry—construction, tools, shipbuilding, textile inventions, steam engines and railroads (54-55). Unfortunately, Cort later lost all the wealth he created for himself, including his patents, when it was discovered that he had embezzled money from the British Navy to buy his first iron forgery. (Rosen 56) Nevertheless, iron production in Great Britain skyrocketed. Amount of Iron Produced in Great Britain Periods (Cipollal Fontana Economic History of Europe) The Steam Engine The defining invention of the Industrial Revolution was most definitely the steam engine. The steam engine was the energy behind the most advanced textile inventions, such as the spinning mule and the power loom. It symbolized the transition from human power in homes to machine power in factories. Moreover, the steam engine revolutionized transportation when it was applied to locomotives and ships. So how did this amazing invention come about? And how did it work? The steam engine was originally invented in England to pull water out of coal mines. For thousands of years, wood from local forests had been the main fuel in England, as well as the main material for shipbuilding and housing construction. By the end of the 17th century, however, few forests remained (Weightman 28-33). So the English sought to find an alternative energy source for heating. They turned to coal, which was in great supply. By the early 1700s, the easy-to-reach open coal pits were gone, and mine shafts as deep as 200 feet were dug to find it (27). In these deep shafts, groundwater would eventually seep in and flood the tunnels. This seepage was dangerous for miners and expensive for mine owners. Miners used pots, hand pumps and, occasionally, windmills to drain the water. Finally, in 1708, Thomas Newcomen invented a simple engine that used steam to pump water out of coalmines. Here’s how his engine worked. Boiled water created steam, which entered a chamber or cylinder, which pushed a piston up. The piston lifted a pump. Watch this animation to see it in action. Newcomen’s steam engine worked—slowly. But it could only create a pumping motion and not a rotating motion that might be used to grind wheat or move machinery. In fact, it was so inefficient in its use of energy that nobody used it for any other purpose for over sixty years (30). In the 1760s, James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish instrument maker, teamed up with professors from the University of Glasgow to improve Newcomen’s engine. In the old engine, as you can see from the animation, a piston moved up and down as steam was injected: this steam pushed the piston up the cylinder, then condensed on the down stroke (see animation here). The piston cylinder in Newcomen’s engine had to alternate between hot and cold temperatures, to expand or condense the steam—warm on the upstroke and cold on the downstroke. But this resulted in a waste of energy and a waste of time, as the piston cylinder changed temperature and had to be constantly reheated. The burning question: how could the piston cylinder remain hot and cool at the same time? (35-36) In 1765, the twenty-nine-year-old Watt, strolling across the town square in Glasgow and reflecting on the inefficiency of Newcomen’s engine, had a flash of insight, an epiphany. “The whole thing was arranged in my mind,” he said. He suddenly understood that a separate cylinder—called a condenser—could be kept permanently cool while being connected to the piston cylinder, which would remain hot (35-36). Watt recalled, “The idea came into my mind, that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder” (Rosen 115). Putting the insight into practice, Watt added a second cylinder or chamber. The steam would be sucked out of the piston chamber and into the new cylinder, cool off, condense, and thus form a vacuum that used atmospheric pressure to move the piston. Meanwhile, the cylinder with the moving piston remained hot as another injection of steam entered. (104 see photo on page 105) Watt patented the idea of this separate condenser in 1769. Known for this famous flash of insight, Watt was actually a relentless and careful experimenter, a student of the Scientific Revolution. In all his work, he used rigorous and precise scientific methods to test his ideas. Three minutes into this video below , there is a very clear animation and explanation of Newcomen's steam engine and what Watt did to make it so much more productive. After years of struggling on his own to make the new steam engine work correctly, Watt successfully teamed up with the largest and most famous factory in the world, Soho Manufactory, which made jewelry, silverware, and tools in Birmingham, England. The owner was looking for an energy source that was more powerful than water wheels. At Soho, Watt met and collaborated with the most skilled ironworkers and engineers in the country. With their help, the new engine became four times as productive as Newcomen’s. Watt continued to tinker and improve it so that steam could be injected into both sides of the piston cylinder, creating a double-acting piston. In 1781, Watt pressed on further to adapt the engine from a reciprocal up-and-down motion to a turning or rotary motion. Now, the steam engine could supply consistent and cheap energy for all the latest textile inventions. At the insistence of one of his engineers, Watt patented a steam-powered carriage but didn’t think much would come of it. (Weightman 58-9) Watt’s rotary steam engine was being perfected just at the same moment that iron-working improved and textile inventions were becoming more powerful, greater in size, sizeable and in need of better, cheaper, and more reliable power sources. The new steam engine could be harnessed to all these new inventions. In 1782, the year after Watt perfected the rotary steam engine, there were only two cotton mill factories in Manchester. Twenty years later there were more than 50. (Ashton 60) The Factory The idea for the first textile factory—a word derived from “manufactory,” the place where goods were manufactured—came from a British silk mill worker, John Lombe. He travelled to Northern Italy to steal designs for secret Italian machines that spun and wove the silk (it is worth noting here that the Chinese had been spinning and weaving silk with simple looms for thousands of years before the Italians.) In 1719, Lombe patented the ideas as his own in Great Britain and built a large building next to a river to use a water wheel to power the machines. The mill was five stories high and employed 200 men. Silk was a luxury item that most could not afford, and so few enterpeneurs followed in Lombe’s footsteps. But this silk factory came into mind years later when industrialists were looking for ways to power new textile inventions at one location. As textile inventions grew in size , they could no longer fit in cottages (Rosen 212-217; wikipedia article on factories). Like Lombe’s old silk factory, the first textile factories were located on rivers so that a water wheel could provide a reliable and consistent rotating power for the new inventions. Arkwright built his first cotton mill just away from a river and dug out a channel or millrace, so that the water wheel benefitted from the current, as well as the gravity of water coming down hill and into a narrow chute (Rosen 230). But, the invention of Watt’s rotary steam engine changed everything. Textile factories no longer had to be built right next to a river. However large buildings were required for the new large steam engines, spinning mules, and power looms. In 1790, Arkwright used steam power to run his spinning mule factory. Workers, along with their families, congregated at these new factories. Their need for stores, churches and the like resulted in the formation of small communities, which became towns and cities. Another important result of the factory was specialization of labor. In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote the all-time most influential and famous economics book: Wealth of Nations. For Smith, the key to the efficiency, productivity, and quality control of a factory was the division of labor. This was a process by which the key tasks in manufacturing were identified and assigned to individual workers to specialize, perfect and repeat with dispatch. *********Add sentence about effects/relevance of this approach or at least how “revolutionary”/different it was from before or how it fueled growth. Railroads The steam engine, it turns out, also sparked innovative methods of transportation. Railways were not new in pre-industrial Britain. There were over 1,000 railways by 1800, most of them connected to an iron pit or a coal mine with a canal or river. But all of these railways were drawn by horses (Weightman 118). In fact, horses were the best form of land transportation in Eurasia since the beginning of time; the only other option was to walk. Steam would change all that. The first full-scale steam-powered locomotive took its maiden voyage down the main street of Camborne, England on Christmas Eve in 1801. The Cornish “puffer” drove like a car without rails and was the brainchild of Richard Trevithick. After the first run, the inventor parked it in a shed and went to celebrate his success. Unfortunately, he forgot to turn the boiler off and the entire shed and locomotive were destroyed in a fire. But Trevithick got another chance. An ironworks owner built a nine-mile railway to compete with a canal. Horses pulled cars full of iron and coal along the rails. In a competition, Trevithick’s Cornish “puffer” succeeded in hauling ten tons of bar iron and seventy passengers along rails at a speed of five miles per hour. Sadly, Trevithick could never turn the invention into financial success: he died in Peru failing in his attempt to seek his fortune in silver mines (Weightman 48-49, 58-9). A young self-taught engineer, George Stephenson, picked up where Trevithick left off. Stephenson was raised in coalfields, where his family worked. He took jobs there, first working in the mines with a pick and then working on an old Newcomen steam engine that pumped water out of mine shafts. Stephenson grew up illiterate, like the rest of his family, but, as a teenager, taught himself to read and hired a tutor to teach him basic math. To make extra money, he learned to repair watches. At 22 years old, Stephenson was put in charge of running a Watt steam engine at a spinning factory. Over the following years, he taught himself mechanical engineering by taking apart steam engines and other machines,putting them back together. He took out patents on a steam engine locomotive and iron rails in 1816. He succeeded in improving upon Trevithick’s puffer, but his big break came as the result of the fast-growing cotton industry in Manchester (Rosen 298- 305). In 1825, Stephenson was commissioned to construct a 30-mile railway line from Liverpool to Manchester. Manchester was the largest industrial town in the world, and merchants needed to transport lots of cotton and finished cloth. Despite its young age, Liverpool, as the port for the Manchester cotton industry, handled one third of the world’s trade (Rosen 298- 305). Stephenson surveyed the route and built the railway. He set the distance between the two tracks at four feet, eight and a half inches, because it happened to be the width of some coal-mining cars—and this would become the worldwide standard railroad gauge. In 1829, the railway owners sponsored a contest to find out who could make the fastest and most reliable locomotive to run on the newly built Manchester-to-Liverpool railway. Most contestants entered steam-powered vehicles, but one underdog participant actually used a horse trotting on a treadmill attached to a car. A man named George and his son, Robert, called their locomotive the Rocket. They defeated five competitors and reached average speeds of at least 29 miles per hour. On the day the Manchester-to-Liverpool railroad was opened to the public, a member of Parliament and a supporter of the railway was accidently killed by the Rocket. In a failed attempt to save the gentleman’s life, Stephenson opened up the throttle to top speed and made a heroic dash to a hospital in the next town—and he averaged 35 mph for 15 miles. The competition garnered much attention in England and Europe; Stephenson and other top competitors took offers for their new locomotives from as far away as Russia. In 1831, just two years after the race, the Liverpool-to-Manchester railway carried 450,000 passengers, 43,000 tons of cotton, and 11,000 tons of coal. By 1835, the railway carried 120,000 tons of coal (Weightman 132-134; Rosen 301 to 310) This silent movie used a replica of Stephenson's Rocket. It gives you a sense of the size and speed of the famous train. Stephenson’s success was a culmination of over a century of industrial innovation. The Rocket had incorporated the steam engines of Newcomen and Watt, Cort’s iron-refining innovations, and Trevithick’s original locomotive. But, it also would not have occurred were it not for the rising cotton industry that created the need for the railroad in the industrial town of Manchester. And, of course, the new railroads used coal as the main fuel source. The ultimate triumph of the Industrial Revolution, railroads moved people, raw materials, and finished goods rapidly around England. This interaction brought people to the new industrial cities; gradually increased trade within England, Europe, and the world; and helped turn England into the wealthiest nation on earth. Growth of British Railroads in Miles of Track Year (history home web site) Capitalism: The Free Market In the previous economic system during the Middle Ages, peasants typically worked the land and in exchange they would perform services or labor for a noble lord. In many parts of Europe, peasants were tied to the land as serfs. As we saw in our earlier discussion of pre-industrial society, the introduction of financial innovations such as stock markets, joint stock companies, and national banks were all instruments for a new free-market economic system that had been evolving over centuries. The feudal system gradually eroded , and during the Industrial Revolution, the free market took its place. The innovations during the Industrial Revolution accelerated the rise of an economic system called the free market, also known as capitalism (some people use the French phrase “laissez faire,” meaning “let them act”) All these terms imply pretty much the same thing: in a pure free market, buyers and sellers (private business owners) satisfy their own interests by voluntarily agreeing to exchange money for a product, without the interference of the government. So, for example, when Apple Computer, a private company, sells an iPad to a customer, that’s the free market at work. Apple makes a product it thinks consumers want, and the buyer chooses to use his or her money to buy the iPad. Business owners compete in a free market to make the best product or service at a price that will attract the most buyers. The successful businesses grow larger and employ more workers, thereby growing the economy. Unsuccessful businesses go out of business. The government does not intervene. Proponents of the free market believe that this system encourages innovation, high quality goods, and increases the wealth of countries. The government does as little as possible in a free market economic system. In its purest form, governments should protect private property, improve infrastructure such as roads, and maintain a stable rule of law for trade. That’s about it. According to pure capitalism, healthcare, education, retirement benefits and other social services should be provided by private businesses rather than the government. You should recognize this system because it is mostly the type of economy we have today in the United States, though the role of the government in the free market remains a consistent subject of national political debate. It’s also important to keep in mind that capitalism is an economic system, but it’s also supported by a cultural belief system. The United States, like England, generally believes in hard work, individual rights, respect for time, self-discipline, and an entrepreneurial spirit of innovation and risk-taking (Grasby 68). This now widely embraced idea of a free market system came to fruition during the Industrial Revolution. We have read about how private individuals took risks to create technologically innovative products—such as the flying shuttle or the power loom—and then tried to sell them or use them to make a profit. This spirit of invention was not new, but during the Industrial Revolution it was relentless and occurred on a scale that was unprecedented. When the Industrial Revolution was in its infancy, in 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote the most influential and famous economics book ever, entitled An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. He argued that when individuals pursue their self-interest in a free market, they benefit society as a whole because the competition keeps prices low while encouraging quality and innovation. Free market capitalism also has it critics. Later in this chapter, we will learn about the most famous critic, Karl Marx, and his idea of Socialism, an economic system that prizes the public good and equality over individualism and competition.	i don't know
In which county is Sandown Park racecourse?	Sandown Park Racecourse Sandown Park Racecourse CONTACT US Sandown Park Racecourse... Sandown Park is one of Britain’s most loved and revered racecourses. It is one of the UK’s top exhibition venues and was winner of ‘Best Exhibition Venue Under 4,000m2’ in April 2014 (Exhibition News Awards). Founded in 1875, Sandown Park Racecourse has provided the backdrop to some of the greatest moments in horseracing history. Outside of racing, the track is a leading events and conference venue in the region. Situated in the leafy county of Surrey, it is within very easy reach of London and can accommodate large scale or small scale events. Fast Facts 12 banqueting, conference and meeting spaces Fast Facts 3,000 free car parking spaces Fast Facts 800 seated dinner guest capacity Fast Facts Up to 1,000 delegate capacity Why choose Sandown Park? Purpose built, award winning conference and meeting facilities Accommodation is available on site Dedicated Event Manager to plan your event and on the day Personal Event Concierge Award winning Catering with excellent menu options Catering facilities Wide choice of flexible spaces with racecourse views Formal and informal events Ideal for break out rooms, small conferences and product launches Exhibitions & Corporate Events Exhibitions, tradeshows, product launches, corporate events Sandown Park Racecourse is flexible for very large and small scale exhibitions and trade shows. It’s ideal for outdoor product launches in a lush and leafy setting. If you are holding a banquet in relation to an exhibition, we can accommodate small or large guest numbers. Two main halls supported by a variety of other rooms means Sandown Park is well equipped to delivery even the most complex requirements. Take a look at our wide range of spaces and suites. 12 main spaces which accommodate, two of whcih are up to 1,000 guests Private boxes for smaller events Full vehicular access Location filming Location filming Sandown Park is an outstanding filming location with easy access to Central London. With an incredible heritage, the racecourse has centuries of history and legendary sporting moments. Sandown Park has featured in Hollywood Blockbuster films including Love Actually with Hugh Grant and Greenzone with Matt Damon. This racecourse is a convenient location, has great natural light with elegant terraces and impressive architecture. Take a look at our wide range of spaces and suites Features for filming and photoshoots Wide, sweeping views over green Surrey parkland Custom built grandstands Weddings & Celebrations Weddings and Celebrations Sandown Park is a beautiful setting with sweeping Surrey countryside for a stunning wedding or a unique private party. Spectacular spaces and suites can accommodate small, intimate weddings or large celebrations. We are licensed to hold wedding and civil ceremonies for 2 to 500 guests. We are popular for Asian weddings due to our scale and flexibility of space and catering options. Contact us for further information The Royal Box with a balcony overlooking the racecourse for your ceremony The Premier Suite for a spacious wedding breakfast Large or small guest numbers Casual or formal Ideal for birthday, anniversary or engagement Fully tailored celebration package CONTACT US Private Parties Guests can enjoy our first class cuisine from a wide range of tempting menus along with fantastic entertainment and theming from our contacts in the events industry. Whether your party is for 50 people or 800 Sandown Park offers a unique sense of occasion for any event. Our elegant function rooms and banqueting suites have their own bars and reception areas and can be configured for parties, dinner dances, seated dinners or reception drinks with canapés. Christmas parties We hold Christmas parties from November to late December. Dates are available mid week or weekends. These dates are popular so we recommend booking well in advance. If you would like to organise your own Christmas party – please contact us and we can tailor a plan for you. Contact us for more information	Surrey
With which book did Roddy Doyle win the 1993 Booker award?	Sandown Park \| Horse Racing at Sandown Park BHA Sandown Park There are many racecourses in the United Kingdom, some which offer National Hunt racing and others better disposed to flat racing. All will have their merits, but none can compete with the prestige of Sandown Park. Located in Surrey, a county synonymous with wonderful leafy flora and illustrious residents, these elements are part of the infusion which makes Sandown Park Britain’s most loved and special racecourse. Fixtures can be found throughout the year, during all seasons. And there is no need to decamp no matter what kind of kind racing fan you are. Offering 11 National Hunt fixtures and 17 flat racing fixtures, all appetites are well fed at this award-winning racecourse. Those who have already had the pleasure of spending a day, evening or more at this world-renowned course, will know that there is far more to it than first meets the eye. It has been voted Britain’s best racecourse, and the honour rests not merely on its all-encompassing approach to providing punters, and all who like to surround themselves with the excitement of thoroughbreds charging towards the finishing line, with a complete, nourishing experience. Hospitality at the Races probably isn’t as expensive as you think! Please ask for a quote to 'Do it in style' , there's nothing nicer than being waited on royally during your day at the races! All who have more than a nodding acquaintance with the ‘Sport of Kings’, will know that there are many ways to experience a day of great racing. The sport would not be what it is were it not for the people who came to witness the spectacle and wave their winning tickets in the air. It doesn’t matter where you come from and how you hope to engage the racecourse, this is one of the few racecourses to make people from every walk of life feel special. In order to meet the many, varying demands of the variety of people who attend racing, and the other events which fill the calendar on non-racedays, the various teams, which oversee everything from catering to conferencing, are highly skilled at providing packages which not only suite different needs, but are also extremely flexible. It may be enough for you to enjoy the superlative racing action from the ‘steppings’, known to supply a rare, unhindered view of the entire track, but for many the race meetings are a chance to experience a variety of other pleasurable activities. To this end, corporate hospitality packages have become something of a specialty of the hospitality team. Various options are available to those who would like entertain colleagues, clients, friends or family. Aside from being able to enjoy the racing action from a lofty and spectacular vantage of a private balcony, there are exclusive venues for groups both large and small. From the boxes to the suites, all supply sophisticated modern design while having everything on hand, like tote betting facilities. Of course, packages contain badges for all guests or clients, and there’s the always the allure of being to enjoy a delightful full-course meal from the award-winning catering team. For personal functions and events, the venues, ambiance and excellent hospitality can make almost any kind of occasion a reality. The racecourse is licensed to hold civil ceremonies and partnerships, and the venues for a picture-perfect ceremony and reception abound. The suites can be tailored to meet the aesthetic desires of the couple, and can accommodate up to 200 guests. For larger gatherings, the banqueting facilities are no less impressive and, for gatherings of up 700 people, all elements can be realized in any number of ways. Packages are available, and include everything from the civil ceremony to a drinks reception, delightful meal, and a party organized by those who know how to make it work. Corporate clients will find that their needs are met with the same flexibility, facilities and the kind of experience and organizational skill which makes the difference between an adequate event and an exceptional one. Aside from the capacious and versatile conferencing, seminar and meeting venues, which are many and easily adaptable to a variety of styles and needs, there is also the comforting idea that there is an on-site hotel. The course’s hotel makes for a convenient place for those who have had to travel and would rather spend the night enjoying Sandown Park’s luxurious accommodations than hitting the road. It is also worth pointing out that there is a 5,000 square foot exhibition centre and the team has years of experience in making exhibitions something more than the cumbersome and often unsatisfying events that they often turn out to be. You only have to have a look at the long list of impressive corporate clients who have taken advantage of the talent and know-how of the Sandown Park team to know that you are in safe hands. Naturally, corporate concerns, weddings and the convenience of a luxury hotel on-site may not be the primary concerns of everyone who visits this unequalled Surrey racecourse. Most just come to enjoy the feeling of excitement which underpins the entire enterprise. No matter where you base yourself for the duration of the day, you’ll have exceptional facilities close at hand. During Saturday fixtures there’s a crèche for children under 5, while great food and fine ales and wine are integral to the character of this unique and prized destination. Whether you discover Sandown Park by way of one of the Christmas parties, perhaps one which incorporates a bit of skiing, or you just happen to find yourself in town for a seminar, the charms of the Untied Kingdom’s finest racecourse will have you returning soon. This website is operated by websiteadverts.co.uk and is not affiliated to any one racecourse or group of racecourses.	i don't know
What is the name of the process, in which a fluid passes through a semi-permeable membrane, from a weaker to a stronger solution?	Osmosis \| Define Osmosis at Dictionary.com osmosis [oz-moh-sis, os-] /ɒzˈmoʊ sɪs, ɒs-/ Spell 1. Physical Chemistry, Cell Biology. the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane. the diffusion of fluids through membranes or porous partitions. a subtle or gradual absorption or mingling: He never studies but seems to learn by osmosis. Origin of osmosis Expand 1865-1870 1865-70; Latinized form of now obsolete osmose osmosis, extracted from endosmose endosmosis, exosmose exosmosis < French, equivalent to end- end- , ex- ex- 2 + Greek ōsm(ós) push, thrust + French -ose -osis Related forms [oz-mot-ik, os-] /ɒzˈmɒt ɪk, ɒs-/ (Show IPA), adjective osmotically, adverb Examples from the Web for osmosis Expand Historical Examples This fat absorption thus appears to be a vital process, and not one simply controlled by physical forces like osmosis. A Civic Biology George William Hunter "I believe that story of the duck that understood the theory of osmosis," said Mr. Burroughs. A Civic Biology George William Hunter Nourishment passes through them by a simple process of osmosis. Embryology Gerald R. Leighton Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study Ontario Ministry of Education osmosis takes place when two fluids of different osmotic pressure are separated by animal membrane. British Dictionary definitions for osmosis Expand noun 1. the passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution until both solutions are of the same concentration 2. diffusion through any membrane or porous barrier, as in dialysis 3. gradual or unconscious assimilation or adoption, as of ideas Derived Forms C19: Latinized form from osmose (n), from Greek ōsmos push, thrust Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for osmosis Expand n. 1867, Latinized from osmose (1854), shortened from endosmosis (1830s), from endosmose "inward passage of a fluid through a porous septum" (1829), from French endo- "inward" + Greek osmos "a thrusting, a pushing," from stem of othein "to push, to thrust," from PIE *wedhe- "to push, strike" (cf. Sanskrit vadhati "pushes, strikes, destroys," Avestan vadaya- "to repulse"). Figurative sense is from 1900. Related: Osmotic (1854, from earlier endosmotic). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper osmosis (ŏz-mō'sĭs) The movement of a solvent through a membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations. The solvent from the side of weaker concentration usually moves to the side of the stronger concentration, diluting it, until the concentrations of the solutions are equal on both sides of the membrane. ◇ The pressure exerted by the molecules of the solvent on the membrane they pass through is called osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the energy driving osmosis and is important for living organisms because it allows water and nutrients dissolved in water to pass through cell membranes. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.	Osmosis
Which historical character, of dubious morals, died at the Castle of Dux in Bohemia in 1798?	Osmosis In Boats \| TheYachtMarket Osmosis In Boats 17 October 2013 Will it cause my boat to sink? Will my boat be unsaleble? The term "osmosis" often refers to a biological process where a liquid (usually water) passes through a semi permeable membrane. The water molecules pass through the membrane, but not the compounds dissolved in the water and the flow will be from the solution of lowest concentration towards that of higher concentration. In nature osmosis is used by plants to draw moisture and nutrients from the soil. The word was coined in the early 70s to describe the blistering found on many GRP (glass reinforced plastic) boats. GRP must be a close to perfect boat building material. It is relatively cheap, lightweight but strong, can be moulded into complex shapes and is almost maintenance free. Nevertheless osmosis can cause problems in GRP boats, although these are often not as great as the scaremongering and old wives tales would have you believe. In boats the membrane is a polyester gelcoat or epoxy paint and when the stronger solution draws solvent from the weaker one it becomes diluted and increases in volume and pressure, which leads to the familiar gelcoat blistering. The osmotic process can be reversed by applying greater pressure than the osmotic pressure, or by swapping the two solutions around. But this does not answer all the questions: You may wonder how water can pass through a polyester gelcoat or epoxy coating when these materials are described as impermeable to water. The answer is that all paint coatings have minute gaps or holes in their molecular framework, allowing tiny quantities of moisture to pass through. Even though a brand new GRP hull is, in theory, chemically inert, it will still start to absorb moisture through the gelcoat as soon as it goes in the water. Very little damage will be caused at first, probably for the first two or three seasons. An epoxy resin may have a lifespan of ten or even twenty years if it is applied properly and not damaged. Eventually however, there can be a breakdown of the components within the gelcoat and while the hull may still appear to be in good condition, tiny amounts of moisture below it will be trying to destroy the laminate by breaking it down into its original constituents. These products will contain acids which give osmotic blisters their characteristic “vinegar” odour and will also add to “osmotic pressure”. While drying the boat out may provide a temporary reduction to moisture content, it will do nothing to remove the chemicals in solution which are the real cause of the problem. Eventually the cycle of moisture absorption and laminate breakdown reaches the stage where moisture is absorbed more quickly than it can escape and that is when the gelcoat starts to blister. It usually happens slowly in small areas of the vessel’s bottom but will gradually increase. Localised treatment can be tried but this is only a temporary solution as it is likely that most of the vessel’s hull will be in a similar condition and will soon begin to show the tell tale blistering. Although osmosis does not cause de-lamination, the internal pressure caused by the osmotic process may separate poorly adherent layers from each other causing large swellings in the hull surface. The hull may also feel slightly soft when pressed firmly and may sound “dull” if tapped gently. The effects on your boat Will osmosis make it sink? While there are many horror stories of boats sinking on their moorings, or absorbing so much water they can hardly float, these are, on the whole, exaggerated. Gelcoats have very little mechanical strength but do provide a hardwearing exterior finish, helping to protect the structural laminate beneath it. Most of the absorbed moisture and solutes are confined to the layer directly behind the gelcoat. The quantities of moisture involved are unlikely to have any adverse effect on buoyancy and the majority yachts can be sailed safely with their gelcoats completely removed. If there are symptoms of de-lamination, however, they must be investigated without delay. Treatment Osmotic blisters may vary in size from a pinhead to 10cm in diameter and will almost always be filled with fluid. This should be tested for acidity using pH papers and any reading between pH 0 to pH 6.5 suggests an osmotic condition. If the fluid has a sticky or greasy feel it indicates the presence of glycol, which must be completely removed in order to dry out the laminate and treat it. Sections of the gelcoat should also be removed in order to examine the laminate itself and find out how deeply seated the problem is. Some older boats may have as much as 5mm depth of the hull affected by osmosis. In these cases an expensive re-lamination may be the most sensible option. Although the well known saying, “a stitch in time saves nine”, is usually true, in the case of treatment of osmosis, early treatment often seems to be less successful than treatment of boats with advanced blistering. This is because the breakdown process takes time and if treatment is carried out too early a reoccurrence of the problem is more likely to occur. Laminates are also easier to treat after a season afloat than after a long period out of the water. The main thing to remember is that the strength of your hull should not be endangered by letting the condition deteriorate too far. How Do I Go About It? The damaged or weak areas of laminate can be removed by abrasive grit blasting or slurry blasting. This process will not disturb the surrounding sound areas of the boat. Blasting will produce an excellent surface with good adhesion properties for paint coatings. Unfortunately blasting is a messy and slow job which has been heavily restricted in many marina complexes. It may also produce an uneven hull profile which may need filling. Another method is to use gelcoat peelers, which are comparatively quick and clean and produce a smooth hull profile. This method too has its disadvantages. It only removes a pre-set thickness of material, so may not remove all the suspect areas. It also means that the smooth surface produced may make drying and removal of solutes more difficult. Probably the best compromise is to use a gelcoat peeler first, to remove the majority of unwanted gelcoat and laminate and follow up with some moderate grit blasting to prepare the surface, using a pressure washer with a suitable attachment. Grinding is another method, useful for preparing small areas, but its disadvantage is that it produces large quantities of dangerous dust, so respiratory protection must be worn. Heat guns should NOT be used as they might result in distortion and de-lamination, especially if the hull is wet. Heating GRP can also generate toxic fumes, especially if old antifouling is present. After preparing the surface of the hull, the next stage is to dry it out, preferably in natural conditions, making sure that the bilges are also dry and well ventilated. Taking moisture readings may help to confirm that the hull is dry enough to treat. Solvent free epoxies are the usual recommended initial coating for bare laminates as they avoid the risk of solvent retention and have good impregnation and adhesion properties. They can also be used for subsequent coats and you can apply a new coat as soon as the previous one is tacky. You may however prefer to use a solvent containing gelshield which has a better tolerance to lower temperatures, more flexible over-coating times and good performance where moisture permeability is concerned. If you are applying antifouling as well make sure that you use materials which are compatible. Some antifoulings have poor adhesion to epoxy coatings. Finally Beware of believing everything you hear down at the harbour or read on the internet, such as: Boats don’t get osmosis. It will go away by itself. It’s just a slight humidity problem. Your boat could sink. You won’t be able to sell it. It only happens in old boats ...etc. My advice is – don’t panic when you see the first blisters appear. Monitor them, test them, get advice from someone reliable, who you can trust and who knows their boats. When you decide that the time is right to treat the patient, do a thorough job, don't skimp it or go for the cheapest option. Author – Dee White	i don't know
From which plant is Tequila made?	How Tequila is Made \| TequilaRack How Tequila is Made Learn everything you need to know to host a fun and informative Tequila tasting party. LEARN MORE How Tequila is Made Blue Agave plants are cultivated on plantations and take about 8-10 years to fully mature. When the mature Agave plants are ready for harvesting, the Agave harvester, known as the "Jimador," manually removes the piña, which is extracted from the core of the Agave plant exactly as it has been done for centuries. Each piña weighs between 65 and 135 pounds. It takes about 17 pounds of Agave to produce 1 liter of 100% Agave Tequila. The piña hearts are split open and steamed in large pressure cookers. The resulting liquids flow into large steel vats for fermentation, where the process takes from 12 hours to several days, depending on several different factors including the amount of water and sugar in the piñas, the type of yeast used and the ambient temperature. When fermentation is complete, the liquid then undergoes a double distillation process. When the second distillation is complete, a potent high-proof Tequila emerges. All Tequila is colorless when it comes out of the still. This silver or Blanco Tequila is then diluted with distilled water to achieve the desired 80 proof. Silver or Blanco Tequila becomes "Reposado" from a process of aging a minimum of two months in large wooden tanks. Gold Tequila that is not 100% Agave is artificially darkened with caramel coloring. Super-Premium or "Añejo" Tequila is aged longer in oak barrels. Depending on the aging technique the Tequila takes on a different flavor and smoothness. Like fine wines, the complexity and flavor is enhanced with age. “Extra Añejo” is aged in white oak casks for at least three years, making it the “oldest” and rarest of the aging styles.	Agave
From the roots of which plant is Tapioca made?	ALL ABOUT TEQUILA All About Tequila We collected an assortment of tequila related information during annual visits to Jalisco (2009 through 2013), as well as from a variety of Internet sources. Background music courtesy of Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers was added in 2012. For more details, click on the above link to SOURCES and NOTES. BACKGROUND MUSIC CONTROLS INTRODUCTION Tequila is an agave-based spirit made primarily in the area surrounding Tequila, Jalisco, 65 kilometers (40 miles) in the northwest of Guadalajara and in the highlands (Los Altos) of the western Mexican state. The volcanic soil in the region surrounding Tequila is particularly well suited to the growing of the cactus-like blue-agave, and more than 300 million of the plants are harvested there each year.[1] However, Mexican laws state that tequila can be produced only in the state of Jalisco and limited regions in the states of Guanajuato, Michoac&#225n, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas Tequila sold in Mexico most often contains an alcohol content of 38% (76 proof). Tequila sold in the United States is most often made at a 40% alcohol content (80 proof), but there are also several varieties of tequila produced with 35-50% alcohol content (70-100 proof). TEQUILA HISTORY, TRIVIA & MYTH Tequila - the beverage associated with Mexican ranchers, cowboys and bandits - has migrated into the hands of mainstream America. Premium tequilas have risen steadily in status over recent years and are now seated on the top shelf along side other fine spirits such as cognac and scotch. Sure, many folks still mix tequila in margaritas or slam it down with salt and lime, but a growing mass of people from all walks of life are discovering fine tequila can be enjoyed in sipping style. In part, tequila earned its rowdy reputation by appearing at frat parties where obnoxious behavior and next-day hangovers are common. This won&#39t change anytime soon, however, many have realized there is another side to this intriguing spirit. Tequila&#39s history and culture is deeply rooted in Mexico&#39s heritage. Long before the arrival of Conquistadors, the natives were making a fermented beverage called &#34pulque&#34. This vitamin rich drink was made from fermented sap extracted from the heart of the Maguey plant (one of numerous varieties of agave). In addition to making pulque, the natives made clothing, rope, mats and paper from the long fibers of the maguey leaves. The sharp tips of the leaves were used as tacks or needles for sewing clothing. The maguey, one of Mexico&#39s most sacred plants, had a prominent place in religious ceremonies and rituals. The transformation of pulque, tequila&#39s predecessor, to something stronger occurred in the 1500s when the Spaniards introduced the distillation process to the region. When the Spanish conquistadors ran out of their own brandy, they began to distill this agave drink to produce North America&#39s first indigenous distilled spirit.[4] Pulque was distilled to make mezcal wine, also known as agave wine. This product continued to evolve into what we now call Tequila. It shares the name with a small town located in the state of Jalisco, where the blue agave thrives and much of tequila is made today. The origin of the word tequila is a bit of a mystery. It is said to have derived from an ancient Nahuatl term meaning &#34the place of harvesting plants" or &#34a place to pay tribute." The word tequila is also said to mean &#34the rocks that cut." There is an extinct volcano (called Tequil&#225n) near the town of Tequila. The indigenous natives who trekked throughout this region routinely experienced cuts on their feet from the obsidian-laced terrain. The obsidian was used by the natives in ancient times to make sharp tools and weapons. Although the first tequila production was reported in the 1600s, some experts argue it was being produced several years earlier by some haciendas for their personal use. Production was done behind closed doors because if caught, the hacienda would be forced to pay taxes to the Spanish crown. [35] There is also some debate as to where tequila was first produced. Some believe it occurred in the town of Tequila, some say it was in Amatit&#225n, and others think it was in Arenal. Unfortunately, there are no documented sources for either of these versions. It has been claimed (and disputed) that a wealthy landowner from the region of Tequila, Don Pedro S&#225nchez de Tagle, marquis of Altamira, was the first to compile the different traditional techniques to plan an industry with a better production process. He was also the first to plant agave exclusively to make mezcal wine. Some believe there was enough water for such an industry in Tequila, but not in Amatit&#225n.[40] Miguel Claudio Jimenez Vizcarra explains a different story in his document "ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRY OF MEZCAL SPIRITS CALLED TEQUILA." He believes the Indians living in the Tecuane Canyon near Amatitan were producing mescal wine around the year 1540. Ruins of possibly the oldest production area have been discovered at this location. Some believe this production area actually included a crude distillation process. There is a natural water source in the Tecuane Canyon area to support the production of mezcal wine/tequila. We (Tequila Connection) visited the ruins and took some photos. Read more on this topic by visiting our World Tequila Day page &#40Scroll down to &#34Disputing Tequila&#39s Oringins") and view photos of the Tecuane Canyon production site by selecting the Tecuane Canyon link at our Photo Gallery Selection Page. José Antonio Cuervo was the first licensed manufacturer. In 1758 the King of Spain granted Senior Cuervo the rights to cultivate a parcel of land. The agave fields have been growing in numbers ever since. In 1997, Cuervo&#39s output reached 37 million liters of tequila, of which 76% was exported. Cuervo remains the largest producer and exporter of tequila today.[36] In 1858, Don Cenobio Sauza visited the town of Tequila and quickly fell in love with this magical place. He gained skills in agave farming and learned about production while working at the Cuervo Distillery. He later bought his own distillery and founded Sauza Tequila, becoming one of Cuervo&#39s great rivals. Don Cenobio&#39s grandson, Don Francisco Javier, gained international attention for insisting that tequila can only be made from the Weber Blue Agave. Tequila first made its debut in the United States in 1873, exported by the fabrica of Don Cenobio Sauza.[37] In the 1630s Mexican vendors (traveling on donkeys from pueblo to pueblo selling goods) helped spread the word of the new drink called mezcal wine. [38] However, tequila would not gain its due respect for hundreds of years. After 1821 when Mexico attained independence, Spanish products became increasingly difficult to obtain, opening the door for tequila to flourish. Tequila became a symbol of national pride during the Mexican Revolution. French products were cast aside, replaced by a patriotic desire to support Mexican goods. In addition, prohibition in the USA had positive impact to tequila&#39s popularity and demand was on the rise as it was smuggled across the border. Demand spiked again in the USA during World War II when spirits from Europe became scarce. Increased production during this period brought on the need for governmental oversight. This led to the creation of two entities which have since transformed into Mexico&#39s present-day regulatory organizations. In the mid 1900s, Mexico was staking its claim. Through years of effort, international treaties and agreements, Mexico gained acceptance and recognition as the only country that can legally produce &#34Tequila&#34. Mexico established strict regulations to ensure tequila is produced within specified guidelines in order to maintain a level of quality. To be called Tequila, it must contain at least 51% agave tequiliana Weber, variety azul. However, most premium tequilas are made from 100% blue agave, and this is normally indicated on the label. TEQUILA MYTHS Although Mexico&#39s tequila is rich in culture, history and legend, it is also confused and misunderstood. Many people think tequila is made from a cactus. This is a myth. Tequila is made from the Weber Blue Agave, a succulent plant related to the lily and amaryllis. It grows in a cactus-like environment, but it is not a cactus. The blue agave has a life-span of 7-15 years, stands 2 or more meters tall, and has a diameter of 2-4 meters. Another source of confusion is the difference between Mezcal and Tequila. Mezcal (from the Nahuatl word, Mexcalmetl) is known to be any distilled beverage made from the maguey (agave) family of plants. Thus, tequila is technically a type of mezcal, but mezcal is not a type of tequila. They are considered two distinct products. Mezcal is made from over two dozen agave species including Tobala and Espadin. Mezcal can be produced from the Weber Blue Agave, although this variety is primarily used for making tequila. The (traditional) production process is also different. For mezcal, the agave hearts are baked in rock-lined underground pits, covered with fiber mats and earth. This technique gives mescal a smokier flavor. Mezcal generally has a stronger bite than tequila, and is consequently less popular. However, mezcal producers are increasingly changing to a production process similar to that of tequila, hence mezcal today can be much smoother and refined compared to years past. As of 2015, there are several hundred brands of tequila and over 150 brands of mezcal being produced (and certified) in Mexico. Similar to tequila, mezcal generally has an alcohol content of 38-40&#37. Tequila is made primarily in the state of Jalisco in west-central Mexico. Mezcal is produced primarily in the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico. Another myth is that tequila has a worm in the bottle. There is no worm in tequila bottled in Mexico. There is sometimes a worm in bottles of mezcal, but not tequila. When a worm is included in a bottle of mezcal, it is known as &#34con gusano" (with worm). The "worm" is usually the larva of one of two kinds of insects, either a red worm (&#34gusano rojo") or a maguey worm (&#34chinicuil"), the caterpillar of the Hypopta agavis moth.[39] The worm is a marketing ploy, as it has lost its nutrients inside the bottle. If you do find a worm in a bottle of mezcal, you can drink it without worry as the alcohol has thoroughly sanitized it. Although consuming the worm does not result in any special aphrodisiac powers or hallucinogenic effects, some find it somewhat spiritual and imaginative. In recent years many manufacturers have began producing premium tequilas in collector bottles costing $60 - $100 USD or more. Although the fancy bottles are quite charming, if you forego this pleasure, you can find quality 100% agave tequila for less than half the price. Most tequila sold in the US for less than $20 a bottle is not 100% agave, but rather a mixture of 51% agave and 49% something else. Purists demand 100% agave tequila. Which tequilas are supreme is really a matter of individual taste. Some prefer the rough bite and strong agave presence of un-aged blanco tequila. Others like the characteristics of a middle-aged reposado, and some prefer the smoothness and woody aromas of an older a&#241ejo. Take the time to experience the different brands available and decide for yourself which is best. RECENT HISTORY As of 2012, the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States. reported a 61% jump in U.S. imports of tequila since 2002. The majority of growth has been in the high-end premium tequila market. 12 million cases of tequila were sold in the U.S. during 2011, rewarding suppliers with a hefty $1.8 billion in revenue. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, increasing worldwide popularity of tequila drove corporate interest in the drink. Notable developments as a result included: 1. The purchase of Herradura by Brown-Forman for $776 million in September 2006.[5] 2. A new NOM (Norma Oficial Mexicana) for tequila (NOM-006-SCFI-2005) was issued in 2006, and among other changes, introduced a category of tequila called "extra añejo" or "ultra-aged" which must be aged a minimum of 3 years.[6] 3. The purchase of the Sauza and El Tesoro brands by massive holding company Fortune Brands. Although some tequilas have remained as family owned brands, most well-known tequila brands are owned by large multinational corporations. However, there are over 100 distilleries making over six hundred brands of tequila in Mexico and over 2,000 brand names have been registered. Due to this, each bottle of tequila contains a serial number depicting which distillery the tequila was brewed and bottled in. Because there are only so many distilleries, multiple brands of tequila come from the same place.[6] The Tequila Regulatory Council of Mexico originally did not permit flavored tequila to carry the tequila name.[8] In 2004, the Council decided to allow flavored tequila to be called tequila, with the exception of pure agave tequila, which still could not be flavored. [8] A one-liter bottle of limited-edition premium tequila was sold for $225,000 in July 2006 in Tequila, Jalisco, by the company Tequila Ley .925. The bottle which contains the tequila is a two-kilo display of platinum and gold. At that time the manufacturer held the Certificate from Guinness World Records for the most expensive bottle of spirit ever sold. [9] However, on 9 August 2013, the LATINO DAILY NEWS reported a far more expensive bottle of Ley .925 now holds the World Record. The new bottle, which is worth a reported $3.5 million, is made of 3.6 kilos of pure platinum and is covered with 6,400 diamonds. In 2008, Mexican scientists discovered a method to transform 80-proof (40% alcohol) tequila into diamonds. This process involves heating the tequila to over 800 degrees C (1,400 degrees F) to vaporize the tequila. The tequila particles are cooled, and settle upon steel or silicon trays in an even, pure layer. The results are hoped to have numerous commercial and industrial applications, but are far too small (100-400 nm diameter) for use in jewelry. [10] In 2003, Mexico issued a proposal that would require all Mexican-made tequila be bottled in Mexico before being exported to other countries. [11]The Mexican government said that bottling tequila in Mexico would guarantee its quality. [11] Liquor companies in the United States said that Mexico just wanted to create bottling jobs in their own country.[11] Liquor companies in the United States also claimed this rule would violate international trade agreements and was in discord with usual exporting practices worldwide.[12] The proposal might have resulted in the loss of jobs at plants in California, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kentucky, because Mexican tequila exported in bulk to the United States is bottled in those plants.[12] On January 17, 2006, the United States and Mexico signed an agreement allowing the continued bulk import of tequila into the United States.[13][12][14]The agreement also created a "tequila bottlers registry" to identify approved bottlers of tequila and created an agency to monitor the registry.[12]	i don't know
Which English king died from Dysentery reputedly caused by poisoned ale and a surfeit of Peaches?	The Old Foodie: The English Peach. The English Peach. Today, October 18th … King John of England, who had reigned since 1199, died in Newark sometime during the night of October 18-19th 1216, some say from overindulging in peaches at a banquet nine days before. King John had a lot of enemies amongst his own barons and the clergy, and there are many rumours as to the cause of his death. Perhaps he was poisoned (with ale or plums) by the monks at Swinehead Abbey, probably he caught dysentery (or an “ague”) while retreating from the French across the marches of East Anglia, but just maybe his own greed did get the better of him. The “surfeit of peaches” (with or without an accompanying surfeit of either ale or wine or cider) story wont go away, and history as she is wrote in most ordinary texts has determined him a bad king – irritable, irreligious, capable of murdering his own nephew, incapable of defending Britains territory in Normandy – and greedy into the bargain. Peaches probably originated in China, whence they travelled the Silk Road to the Middle East and the Mediterranean - to the delight first of the Greeks, and later the Romans, who then introduced them throughout their empire. There is a record of peaches being planted in the gardens of the Tower of London in 1272, but they were not cultivated to any extent until the mid-sixteenth century, and then only in very lucky sheltered warm spots. So – peaches would certainly have been available in Britain at the time of King John, and he would surely have availed himself of them if he could. There are some hints that he had an interest in food. The first English food quality law – the Assize of Bread - was enacted during his reign, and also we know he fined the city of Gloucester for not fulfilling their obligation to provide a tithe of lampreys to the royal household. But death by peaches in England in mid-October? It seems a little far-fetched a theory. Peaches can be preserved of course – either in syrup (or honey) and by drying – but sugar was an expensive, exotic “spice” until sugar refining began in England in the mid-sixteenth century. When the English did start preserving fruit with sugar, they did so with great creativity. Recipe for the Day … Marmalade was once a solid preserve, more like the quince paste we serve with cheese today. The mixture was cut into shapes when it was cool, or pressed into moulds which printed a design on the surface. Here is a sixteenth century recipe for a peach “marmelet” made even more fragrant with rosewater. To make drie Marmelet of Peches. Take your Peaches and pare them and cut them from the stones, and mince them very finely and steepe them in rosewater, then straine them with rosewater through a course cloth or Strainer into your Pan that you will seethe it in, you must have to every pound of peches halfe a pound of suger finely beaten, and put it into your pan that you do boile it in, you must reserve out a good quantity to mould your cakes or prints withall, of that Suger, then set your pan on the fire, and stir it til it be thick or stiffe that your stick wil stand upright in it of it self, then take it up and lay it in a platter or charger in prety lumps as big as you wil have the mould or printes, and when it is colde print it on a faire boord with suger, and print them on a mould or what know or fashion you will, & bake in an earthen pot or pan upon the embers or in a feate cover, and keep them continually by the fire to keep them dry. [The Second Part of the Good Hus-wives Jewell, (1597); Thomas Dawson] Tomorrow’s Story …. Supping on Crane. Quotation for the Day … I remember his showing me how to eat a peach by building a little white mountain of sugar and then dripping the peach into it. Mary McCarthy. Posted by	John
What was the nationality of the painter Arthur Boyd?	John, King of England b. 24 Dec 1167 Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England d. Oct 1216 Newark Castle, Lincolnshire, England: Lowell and Block Genealogy and Social History Notes “JOHN, son of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d'Aquitaine (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 24 Dec 1166 or 1167-Newark Castle, Lincolnshire 18/19 Oct 1216, bur Worcester Cathedral). The primary sources are contradictory regarding John´s year of birth. Robert of Torigny records the birth "1167…in vigilia Natalis Domini" of "Johannis filius regis Anglorum". Matthew of Paris records that “Alienor Anglorum regina” gave birth to “filium…Johannes”, stating neither the place nor the precise date but the passage is located in the middle of text which records events in 1166. The Annals of Burton record the birth of “Regina…Johannem filium suum” in 1166. The Annals of Dunstable record the birth of “Alienor…filium Johannemm” at the end of the paragraph dealing with events in 1165 and immediately before the start of the paragraph for 1167, although it is likely that 1166 was intended as the text includes no separate entry for that year. John was designated King of Ireland in 1177. Created Comte de Mortain 1189. His lands were placed under interdict by Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury because of his first marriage. He succeeded his brother Richard I in 1199 as JOHN King of England, crowned London 27 MMay 1199 and again 8 Oct 1200 with his second wife at Westminster Abbey. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the coronation "VI Kal Jul" at Westminster Abbey in [1199] of "Johannes dominus Hiberniæ". The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XV Kal Nov" [1216] of King John and his burial "Wignorniæ". The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Newerk in crastino Sanctæ Luciæ virginis” in 1216 of “Johannes rex Angliæ”. Betrothed (Auvergne 1173 before 2 Feb) to ALIX de Maurienne, daughter of HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne & his third wife Klementia von Zähringen (1166-1174). Her parentage is specified by Matthew of Paris when he records this betrothal. Although he does not give her first name, he calls her "filia primogenita"[412]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Humbertus comes de Mauriana…Aalis filiam suam majoram" and "rex…Johannis filii sui iunioris" at "Alvernium…Montem Ferratum" in 1173 before 2 Feb, and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Maurienne if Humbert had no sons by his wife. m firstly (Betrothed 1176, Marlborough Castle 29 Aug 1189, divorced before 30 Aug 1199) as her first husband, ISABEL [Avise] Countess of Gloucester, daughter of WILLIAM FitzRobert 2nd Earl of Gloucester & his wife Avise de Beaumont ([before 1176]-14 Oct or [18 Nov] 1217, bur Canterbury Cathedral Church). An anonymous continuation of the Chronicle of Robert of Mont-Saint-Michel records (in order) "Comitissa Ebroicensis…uxor Guillelmi Comitis de Clara, tertia…in manu Dei et domini Regis" as the three daughters left by "Guillelmus Comes Glocestriæ" when he died. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Mabiliam comiti de Evereis in Normannia nuptam…Amiciam…Isabellam” as the three daughters of “comes Willielmus” and his wife, adding that Isabel married “Henricus rex…Johanni filio suo”. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1176 of "Johannem filium regis minimum" and "Willelmus filius Roberti filii regis Henrici primi comes Glooucestriæ…filiam ipsius comitis" and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Gloucester. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew of Paris, who specifies that it took place despite the prohibition of Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury oon the grounds of consanguinity, although he does not name her. Benedict of Peterborough records the marriage in 1189 of "Johannes frater ducis [Normanniæ]" and "filiam comitis Gloucestriæ" at "Marlebegam IV Kal Sep". The Chronicle of Ralph oof Coggeshall records that "comes Johannes frater eius [rege Ricardo]" married "filiam comitis Glocestriæ". The primary source which confirms her name as Isabelle has not yet been identified. She was recognised as Ctss of Gloucester in her owwn right from her marriage in [1189]. Matthew of Paris records her divorce in 1199, when he calls her "Hawisa". The Annales Londonienses record the divorce in 1200 of King John and "Hawysiam filiam comitis Gloverniæ", stating that they were "in tertio gradu consanguinitatis". King John appears to have kept her as a state prisoner after their divorce, but retained her title even after her nephew Amaury de Montfort was installed as Earl of Gloucester in 1199. The Chronica de Fundatororibus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records the second marriage of “Isabellam” and “Galfrido de Mandevile comiti Essexiæ”, and her third marriage to “Huberto de Burgo justiciario Angliæ”. Her lands and title were confiscated on the death of her second husband, who died a rebel. She married secondly ([16/26] Jan 1214) as his second wife, Geoffrey de Mandeville Earl of Essex, and thirdly ([Sep] 1217) as his second wife, Hubert de Burgh, who was created Earl of Kent in 1227. The AAnnals of Waverley record the death in 1217 of “Isabel comitissa Gloucestriæ”. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Johannam comitissam Gloucestriæ” died “paucos dies” after her marriage to “Hubertus de Burgo justiciarius Angliæ” and was buried “apud Cantuarium”. Betrothed (early 1193) to ALIX de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his [second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla] ([4 Oct] 1160-after 1200). Kerrebrouck states that Richard I King of England arranged the betrothal of Alix, to whom he had earlier been betrothed himself, to his younger brother John in early 1193, but the primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified. She returned to France in Aug 1195. m secondly (Bordeaux Cathedral 24 Aug 1200) as her first husband, ISABELLE d’Angoulême, daughter of AYMAR “Taillefer” Comte d’Angoulême & his wife Alix de Courtenay ([1187]-Fontevrault Abbey 31 May 1246, bur Fontevrault Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IX Kal Sep" [1200] of King John and "Isabellam filiam Engolisimi comitis" and their coronation together "VIII Id Oct" in London. Matthew of Paris names her as "filiam comitis Engolismi" when he rrecords her marriage. She was crowned Queen Consort 8 Oct 1200 at Westminster Abbey. She succeeded her father in 1202 as Ctss d’Angoulême, but was not formally recognised as such until Nov 1206. She married secondly (10 Mar/22 May 1220) Hugues [X] de Lusignan Comte de la Marche. Her origin is confirmed in the charter dated 1224 under which "Ugo de Leziniaco comes Marchiæ et Engolismæ et Ysabella uxor eius…regina Angliæ" confirmed rights granted by "bonæ memoriæ Ademaro comite Engolismæ patre eiusdem dominæ Ysabellæ" to Vindelle. Matthew of Paris records her death, when he specifies that she was the wife of Hugues Comte de la Marche. Mistress (1): --- de Warenne, daughter of HAMELIN d'Anjou Earl of Surrey & his wife Isabelle de Warenne . According to Given-Wilson & Curteis, one of the mistresses of King John was the "sister of William de Warenne" but the authors do not specify which sister she was. The primary source which confirms her relationship with John has not yet been identified. Mistress (2): CLEMENTIA, wife of HENRY Pinel, daughter of ---. The Annals of Tewkesbury names “reginæ Clemenciæ” as the mother of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis” when recording her daughter´s death. The primary source which confirms the name of her husband has not yet been identified. Mistress (3): HAWISE [de Tracy]. Mistress (4): SUSANNA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her relationship with John has not yet been identified. She was given a "tunic and super-tunic" in 1213. Mistresses (5) - (12): ---. The names of the other mistresses of King John are not known. King John & his second wife had five children: 1. HENRY (Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Remigii" [1207] of "filium…Henricus" to "regina Isabel". His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris. He succeeded his father 28 Oct 1216 as HENRY III King of England. 2. RICHARD (Winchester Castle 5 Jan 1209-Berkhamstead Castle, Herts 2 Apr 1272, bur Hayles Abbey, Gloucestershire). The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the birth in 1209 of "Ricardus secundus filius regis"[437]. His birth is recorded by Matthew of Paris. He was designated Comte de Ponthieu before 14 Aug 1225, and created Earl of Cornwall 30 May 1227. 3. JOAN of England (22 Jul 1210-Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 4 Mar 1238, bur Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “die Sanctæ Mariæ Magdalenæ” in 1210 of “regi filia Johanna”. Matthew of Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III. The Annals of Dunstable record that “regi Scotiæ” married “rege…sororem suam” in 1221, specifying that she was eleven years old at the time and had previously been betrothed to “Hugoni Brun”. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1238 of "Johanna regina regis Scotiæ, soror regis Anglorum" while on a visit to her brother in England and her burial "IV Non Mar". The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Haveringes III Non Mar” of “regina Scotiæ soror regis Angliæ” and her burial “apud Tarentune monialium”. Betrothed to HUGUES [X] de Lusignan Comte de la Marche, son of HUGUES IX "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan, Comte de la Marche & his second wife Mathilde d'Angoulême (-1249 after 15 Jan, bur Abbaye de Valence). He succeeded in 1220 as Comte d'Angoulême. m (Betrothed York 1219, York Minster 18 or 25 Jun 1221) as his first wife, ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, son of WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Oban 6 Jul 1249, bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire). 4. ISABELLA of England (1214-Foggia near Naples 1 Dec 1241, bur Bari). Matthew of Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Fredericus imperator Alemanniæ” married “Ysabellam filiam Johannis regis Angliæ” in 1235, her dowry being 30,000 marcs of silver. The Annales Erphordenses record the marriage "1235 XVII Kal Aug" at Worms of "sororem Regis Anglie" and the emperor. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband to drive a wedge between England and the Welf faction in Germany, long time allies. She was granted the castle of Monte Sant'Angelo by her husband on her marriage, and crowned empress 20 Jul 1235 at Worms Cathedral. After her marriage, her husband confined her to one of his castles in Sicily where she was guarded by eunuchs. The Annales Londonienses record the death in 1241 of "Isabella imperatrix, soror regis Angliæ". The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “circa festum sancti Nicholai” in 1241 of “Johanna imperatrix” and her burial “apud Barensem urbem”. She died in childbirth. m (Betrothed London Feb 1235, Worms cathedral 15 or 20 Jul 1235) as his third wife, Emperor FRIEDRICH II King of Sicily, son of Emperor HEINRICH VI & his wife Constanza of Sicily (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia, of dysentery 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo cathedral). 5. ELEANOR of England (1215- convent of the sisters of St Dominic, near Montargis 13 Apr 1275). The Annals of Dunstable record that “Willelmus Marscallus junior” married “sororem Henrici regis Angliæ” in 1225, recorded as the first event in thahat year. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage in 1224 of “soror regis Henrici” and “juveni Marescallo”. She is recorded as "Pembrocensis comitissa" (not named), sister of Isabella, by Matthew of Paris. He names her as daughter of King John in a later passage which records her second marriage with "Simon de Monteforti", specifying that she was "relictam Willelmi Marescalli comitis de Penbrochia". The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “XIX Kal Feb in parvula capella regis apud Westmonasterium” of “soror regis Angliæ uxor quondam junioris Marscalli” and “Symoni de Monteforti”. The Annales Cambriæ record that "Simon de Monteforti" married "Alienoram comitissam Penbrok" in 1238. She became a nun after the death of her first husband, taking a vow of perpetual celibacy. This was not a canonical impediment to her second marriage, her second husband obtaining Papal absolution in Rome for the marriage. She retired once more as a nun at Montargis (a cell of the abbey of Fontevraud) after her second husband was killed. m firstly (23 Apr 1224) as his second wife, WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel de Clare Ctss of Pembroke (Normandy [1190]-6 Apr 1231, bur 15 Apr 1231 Temple Church, London). No children. m secondly (King’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 7 Jan 1238) SIMON de Montfort, son of SIMON de Montfort Earl of Leicester & his wife Alice de Montmorency (1208-killed in battle Evesham 4 Aug 1265, bur Evesham). He left in England for Rome in 1238, while his wife remained at Kenilworth. King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1): 6. RICHARD FitzJohn or Fitzroy (-[1245/46]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Matthew of Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245. He was a captain in King John's army during the baronial revolt. He fought the invasion of Louis de France in 1217. Lord of Chilham, Kent. m (1214) ROHESE [Rose] of Dover, daughter and heiress of FULBERT of Dover & his wife --- (-[1264/65]). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Richard & his wife had [three] children: a) RICHARD of Chilham . Matthew of Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245. Lord of Chilham. m (before 2 Dec 1247) as her third husband, MAUD Ctss of Angus, widow firstly of JOHN Comyn Earl of Angus, secondly of GILBERT de Umfreville Earl of Angus, daughter and heiress of MALCOLM 6th Earl of Angus & his wife Mary Berkeley. Lord Richard & his wife had two children: i) RICHARD of Chilham (-[1265/66]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Lord of Chilham. ii) ISABEL of Chilham (after 1245-Feb 1292). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She was heiress of her brother at Chilham. m firstly (before 1265) as his second wife, DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, son of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his wife Ada Hastings Ctss of Atholl (-Carthage 6 Aug 1270). He died while on Crusade in Tunisia. m secondly (shortly after 7 Nov 1270) Sir ALEXANDER Balliol of Cavers, co Roxburgh, son of Sir HENRY Balliol & his wife Lora [Lauretta] de Valoignes (-[19 Apr 1310/Jun 1311]). Lord of Chilham, by right of his wife. Chamberlain of Scotland 1287/1294. He was summoned to Parliament in 1300 as Baron Balliol. b) ISABEL (-7 Jul [1276/77], bur Abbey of St Augustine, Bristol). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. King Henry III granted her certain manors 10 Aug 1264 "out of compassion for the poverty of his niece". m (before 12 Jul 1247) MAURICE de Berkeley "the Resolute" feudal Lord of Berkeley, son of THOMAS Lord of Berkeley & his wife Joan de Somery (1218-4 Apr 1281, bur Abbey of St Augustine, Bristol). c) [LORETTE (-after 1248). In the Complete Peerage, she is described as the daughter of "Royce, daughter and heiress of Robert of Dover" who granted the manor of Luddington in 1248 to her daughter and son-in-law. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. m (1248) as his first wife, WILLIAM Marmion, son of ROBERT Marmion & his wife Avice de Tanfield (-27 Jul 1275). He supported the Barons against King Henry III, summoned to Parliament by Simon de Montfort, pardoned by the King 1 Jul 1267. King John had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2): 7. JOAN (-30 Mar 1237). Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226 by Pope Honorius III. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229. She allegedly had an affair with William de Briouze, Lord of Abergavenny, who was hanged by her husband 2 May 1230[469]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber". The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”. m (1205) as his second wife, LLYWELLYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH Drwyndwyn ("flat nose") Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-1240). King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (3): 8. OLIVER (-killed at siege of Damietta 1219, bur Westminster Abbey). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He fought against Louis of France during the latter's invasion in 1216/17. He was granted the castle of Tonge, the manor of Erdington and the estate of Hamedon by his half-brother King Henry III. He joined the Fifth Crusade in 1218. King John had eight illegitimate children by unknown mistresses: 9. OSBERT Gifford (-1246). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Matthew Paris records his death in 1245, although he does not specify his parentage. 10. GEOFFREY FitzRoy (-1205). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He held the honour of Perche. He headed a band of mercenaries who were embarking for Poitou from Dartmouth in 1205. 11. JOHN FitzJohn or Courcy (-1242). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. A knight. Maybe a clerk at Lincoln. 12. ODO FitzRoy (-[1242]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. 13. HENRY Fitzroy . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He received land in Cornwall and married a minor heiress. 14. RICHARD . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Constable of Wallingford Castle. 15. [MATILDA]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Barking, Essex. 16. [ISABELLA la Blanche . The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.]” From Wikipedia: “John (24 December 1167 – 19 October 1216) reigned as King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I (known in later times as "Richard the Lionheart"). John acquired the nicknames of "Lackland" (French: Sans Terre) for his lack of an inheritance as the youngest son and for his loss of territory to France, and of "Soft-sword" for his alleged military ineptitude. He was a Plantagenet or Angevin king. As a historical figure, John is best known for acquiescing to the nobility and signing Magna Carta, a document that limited his power and that is popularly regarded as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy. He has often appeared in historical fiction, particularly as an enemy of Robin Hood. Born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, John was the fifth son and last of eight children born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Some authors, noting Henry's stay at Woodstock, near Oxford, with Eleanor in March 1166, assert that John was born in that year, and not 1167. John was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France, his mother's children by her first marriage to Louis VII of France, which was later annulled. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers; Henry the Young King; Matilda, Duchess of Saxony; Richard I of England; Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany; Leonora, Queen of Castile; and Joan, Queen of Sicily. While John was his father's favourite son, as the youngest he could expect no inheritance, and thus came to receive the surname Lackland, before his accession to the throne. His family life was tumultuous, as his mother and older brothers all became involved in repeated rebellions against Henry. Eleanor was imprisoned by Henry in 1173, when John was a small boy. As a child, John was betrothed to Alys (pronounced 'Alice'), daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. It was hoped that by this marriage the Angevin dynasty would extend its influence beyond the Alps because, through the marriage contractt, John was promised the inheritance of Savoy, the Piemonte, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. King Henry promised his youngest son castles in Normandy which had been previously promised to his brother Geoffrey, which was for some time a bone of contention between King Henry and his son Geoffrey. Alys made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry's court, but she died before the marriage occurred. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of its chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for its chance to strike. When asked the meaning oof this picture, King Henry said: “The four young ones of the eagle are my four sons, who will not cease persecuting me even unto death. And the youngest, whom I now embrace with such tender affection, will someday afflict me more grievously and perilously than all the others.” Before his accession, John had already acquired a reputation for treachery, having conspired sometimes with and sometimes against his elder brothers, Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey. In 1184, John and Richard both claimed that they were the rightful heir to Aquitaine, one of many unfriendly encounters between the two. In 1185, John became the ruler of Ireland, whose people grew to despise him, causing John to leave after only eight months. Henry II had at first intended that John would receive an appropriate education to enter into the Church, which would have meant Henry did not have to apportion him land or other inheritance. In 1171, however, Henry began negotiations to betrotth John to the daughter of Count Humbert III of Savoy (who had no son yet and so wanted a son-in-law.) After that, talk of making John a cleric ceased. John's parents had both received a good education — Henry spoke some half dozen languages, and Eleanor had attended lectures at what would soon become the University of Paris — in addition to what they had learned of law and government, religion, and literature. John himself had received one of the best educations of any king of England. Some of the books the records show he read included: De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei by Hugh of St. Victor, Sentences by Peter Lombard, The Treatise of Origen, and a history of England—potentially Wace's Roman de Brut, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Schoolchildren have at times been taught that King John had to approve the Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he lacked the ability to read or write. This textbook inaccuracy ignored the fact that King John had a large library he treasured until the end of his life. It is unknown whether the authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children or whether they were simply misinformed. As a result of this error, generations of adults remembered mainly two things about "wicked King John," both of them wrong; his illiteracy and his supposed association with Robin Hood. King John did actually sign the draft of the Charter that the negotiating parties hammered out in the tent on Charter Island at Runnymede on 15 June–18 June 1215, but it took the clerks and scribes working in the royal offices some time after eveveryone went home to prepare the final copies, which they then sealed and delivered to the appropriate officials. In those days, legal documents were made official by seals, not by signatures. When William the Conqueror (and his wife) signed ththe Accord of Winchester (Image) in 1072, for example, they and all the bishops signed with crosses, as illiterate people would later do, but they did so in accordance with current legal practice, not because the bishops could not write their own names. During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1194, John attempted to overthrow William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely and Richard's designated justiciar. John was more popular than Longchamp in London, and in October 1191 the leadining citizens of the city opened the gates to him while Longchamp was confined in the tower. John promised the city the right to govern itself as a commune in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive.[7] This was one of the events that inspired later writers to cast John as the villain in their reworking of the legend of Robin Hood. While returning from the Crusade, Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke of Austria, and imprisoned by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Eleanor was forced to pay a large ransom for Richard's release. On his return to England in 1194, Richard forgave John and named him as his heir. When Richard died, John failed to gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the son of John's late brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur fought his uncle for the throne, with the ssupport of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. By the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet, Philip recognised John over Arthur, and the two came to terms regarding John's vassalage for Normandy and the Angevin territories. However, the peace was ephemeral. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King John's feudal overlord with respect to certain territories on the Continent. In 1202, John was summoned to the French court to answer to certain charges, one of which was his kidnapping and later marriage to Isobel of Angouleme, who was already engaged to Guy de Lusignan. John was called to Phillip's court after the Lusignans pleaded for his help. John refused, and, under feudal law, because of his failure of service to his lord, the French King claimed the lands and territories ruled by King John as Count of Poitou, declaring all John's French territories except Gascony in the southwest forfeit. The French promptly invaded Normandy; King Philip II invested Arthur with all those fiefs King John once held (except for Normandy) and betrothed him to his daughter Marie. Needing to supply a war across the English Channel, in 1203 John ordered all shipyards (including inland places such as Gloucester) in England to provide at least one ship, with places such as the newly-built Portsmouth being responsible for seveveral. He made Portsmouth the new home of the navy. (The Anglo-Saxon kings, such as Edward the Confessor, had royal harbours constructed on the south coast at Sandwich, and most importantly, Hastings.) By the end of 1204, he had 45 large galleys available to him, and from then on an average of four new ones every year. He also created an Admiralty of four admirals, responsible for various parts of the new navy. During John's reign, major improvements were made in ship design, including the addition of sails and removable forecastles. He also created the first big transport ships, called buisses. John is sometimes credited with the founding of the modern Royal Navy. What is known about this navy comes from the Pipe Rolls, since these achievements are ignored by the chroniclers and early historians. In the hope of avoiding trouble in England and Wales while he was away fighting to recover his French lands, in 1205, John formed an alliance by marrying off his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. During the conflict, Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John's forces. Arthur was imprisoned first at Falaise and then at Rouen. No one is certain what ultimately happened to Arthur. According to the Margam Annals, on 3 April 1203: “After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen... when [John] was drunk he slew [Arthur] with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine.” However, Hubert de Burgh, the officer commanding the Rouen fortress, claimed to have delivered Arthur around Easter 1203 to agents of the King who had been sent to castrate him. He reported that Arthur had died of shock. de Burgh later retracted his statement and claimed Arthur still lived, but no one saw Arthur alive again. The supposition that he was murdered caused Brittany, and later Normandy, to rebel against King John. In addition to capturing Arthur, John also captured Arthur's sister, his niece Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany. Eleanor remained a prisoner until her death in 1241. Through deeds such as these, John acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. In 1203, John exempted the citizens and merchants of Bordeaux from the Grande Coutume, which was the principal tax on their exports. In exchange, the regions of Bordeaux, Bayonne and Dax pledged support against the French Crown. The unblocked ports gave Gascon merchants open access to the English wine market for the first time. The following year, John granted the same exemptions to La Rochelle and Poitou. When Archbishop of Canterbury Hubert Walter died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III. The Canterbury Cathedral chapter claimed the sole right to elect Hubert's successor and favoured Reginald, a candidate out of their midst. However, both the English bishops and the king had an interest in the choice of successor to this powerful office. The king wanted John de Gray, one of his own men, so he could influence the church more.[9] When their dispute could not be settled, the Chapter secretly elected one of their members as Archbishop. A second election imposed by John resulted in another nominee. When they both appeared in Rome, Innocent disavowed both elections, and his candidate, Stephen Langton, was elected over the objections of John's observers. John was supported in his position by the English barons and many of the English bishops and refused to accept Langton. John expelled the Chapter in July 1207, to which the Pope reacted by imposing the interdict on the kingdom. John immediately retaliated by seizure of church property for failure to provide feudal service. The Pope, realizing that too long a period without church services could lead to loss of faith, gave permission for some churches to hold Mass behind closed doors in 1209. In 1212, they allowed last rites to the dying. While the interdict was a burden to many, it did not result in rebellion against John. In November 1209 John was excommunicated, and in February 1213, Innocent threatened England with a Crusade led by Philip Augustus of France. Philip had wanted to place his son Louis, the future Louis IX on the English throne. John, suspicious oof the military support his barons would offer, submitted to the pope. Innocent III quickly called off the Crusade as he had never really planned for it to go ahead. The papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulph in May 1213 (according to Matthew Paris, at the Templar Church at Dover);[10] in addition, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to God and the Saints Peter and Paul for a feudal service of 1,000 marks annually, 700 for England and 300 for Ireland.[11] With this submission, formalised in the Bulla Aurea (Golden Bull), John gained the valuable support of his papal overlord in his new dispute with the English barons. Having successfully put down the Welsh Uprising of 1211 and settling his dispute with the papacy, John turned his attentions back to his overseas interests. The European wars culminated in defeat at the Battle of Bouvines (1214), which forced the king to accept an unfavourable peace with France. The defeat finally turned the largest part of his barons against him, although some had already rebelled against him after he was excommunicated by the Pope. The nobles joined together and demanded concessions. John met their leaders at Runnymedede, near London on 15 June 1215 to seal the Great Charter, called in Latin Magna Carta. Because he had signed under duress, however, John received approval from his overlord the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons' War and an invited French invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne). John travelled around the country to oppose the rebel forces, including a personal two month siege of the rebel-held Rochester Castle. Retreating from the French invasion, John took a safe route around the marshy area of the Wash to avoid the rebel held area of East Anglia. His slow baggage train (including the Crown Jewels), however, took a direct route across it and was lost to the unexpected incoming tide. This loss dealt John a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind. Succumbing to dysentery and moving from place to place, he stayed one night at Sleaford Castle before dying on 18 October (or ppossibly 19 October) 1216, at Newark Castle (then in Lincolnshire, now on Nottinghamshire's border with that county). Numerous, possibly fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". He was buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England (1216–72), and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217. King John's reign has been traditionally characterised as one of the most disastrous in English history: it began with defeats—he lost Normandy to Philip Augustus of France in his first five years on the throne—and ended with England torn by civvil war (The First Barons' War), the Crown Jewels lost and himself on the verge of being forced out of power. In 1213, he made England a papal fief to resolve a conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, and his rebellious barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. As far as the administration of his kingdom went, John functioned as an efficient ruler, but he lost approval of the English barons by taxing them in ways that were outside those traditionally allowed by feudal overlords. The tax known as scutage, payment made instead of providing knights (as required by feudal law), became particularly unpopular. John was a very fair-minded and well informed king, however, often acting as a judge in the Royal Courts, and his justice was much sought after. Also, John's employment of an able Chancellor and certain clerks resulted in the continuation of the administrative records of the English exchequer - the Pipe Rolls. Medieval historian C. Warren Hollister called John an "enigmatic figure"...talented in some respects, good at administrative detail, but suspicious, unscrupulous, and mistrusted. He was compared in a recent scholarly article, perhaps unfairly, with Richard Nixon. His crisis-prone career was sabotaged repeatedly by the halfheartedness with which his vassals supported him—and the energy with which some of them opposed him.” Winston Churchill summarised the legacy of John's reign: "When the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns". In 2006, he was selected by the BBC History Magazine as the 13th century's worst Briton. In 1189, John was married to Isabel of Gloucester, daughter and heiress of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (she is given several alternative names by history, including Avisa, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor). They had no children, and since her paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of Henry I of England, John had their marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, some time before or shortly after his accession to the throne, which took place on 6 April 1199, and she was never acknowledged as queen. (She then married Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex as her second husband and Hubert de Burgh as her third). John remarried, on 24 August 1200, Isabella of Angoulême, who was twenty years his junior. She was the daughter of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme. John had kidnapped her from her fiancé, Hugh X of Lusignan. Isabella bore five children:	i don't know
Spending last season on loan to Hull City from Manchester United, Manucho is the only footballer from which country to have played in the Premier League?	BBC SPORT \| Football \| Premier League \| Premier League as it happened Premier League as it happened SATURDAY'S PREMIER LEAGUE RESULTS: GOALFLASHES AND MAJOR INCIDENTS (all times BST) 606: DEBATE To get involved use 606 or text us your views & comments on 81111. (Not all contributions can be used) By Paul Fletcher 1946: One final word - and this does not help my case - from Sir Alex Ferguson. Of the penalty decision he said: "I think we were a bit fortunate." Ah. 1945: Just watched the penalty decision again and again and again. I would be a liar if I confessed I was not having second thoughts. Too late now, obviously, as I have become something of a pariah. You've got to back yourself haven;t you? Still, it wasn't my decision but it was a spectacular end to the day, one which sees Man Utd end very much in the box seat. Jonathan Stevenson will be your host on Sunday. 1940: PLAYER RATER Blimey. What a turn around. From languishing among the also-rans, Rooney and Ronaldo have done it again, storming to the top of the charts with whopping great scores of 8.17 and 7.82 respectively. That's massive. Simply massive. Get involved. Player Rater 1938: Manchester United are next in action when they play Arsenal in the Champions League on Wednesday. From Rick, Belfast, via text on 8111: "Looks like Paul Fletcher and Howard Webb don't know what a penalty is. That decision gave united the momentum in that game. After that Rooney destroyed us." From GoalonGoalAction on 606: "I'm a Chelsea fan but well done to Man U, they've shown great resolve and have come back on more than one occasion to pick up all three points. I think the crown is heading to the right team this year." Join the debate on 606 From Chris, Grassington, via text on 81111: "I'd just arranged the party to celebrate Liverpool being back in the title race then that happens! Anyone need some party food?" You have not learnt the lessons of history. 1926: Spectacular, truly spectacular - what a comeback from United as they scored five second-half goals to defeat Tottenham. Lots of people are going to point to Howard Webb's decision to award United a penalty. From that moment on United took total control. Spurs boss Harry Redknapp certainly wanted to discuss the decision as he waited for the referee in the tunnel after the match. 1924: Full-time Man Utd 5-2 Tottenham 1923: One last attack from United but Vedran Corluka clears. 1920: Aaron Lennon shoots wide. This game is all but over. 1919: Cristiano Ronaldo is played through by Dimitar Berbatov but his low strike across goal from a slightly tight angle is wide of the target. 1918: The clock is ticking down and United will end today back on top of the Premier League having executed a stunning comeback after the break. They really have shown their class and determination. 1916: Full-time at Birmingham. No promotion for them today. 1915: Robbie Keane is through on goal but Edwin van der Sar comes out from his goal and smothers the striker's shot. From Tim, angry Liverpool fan, via text on 81111: "I'm furious with Spurs Paul. They got a lead and instead of continuing to press and making United uncomfortable, they get scared and just defend and sit deep, which is what United love." I largely agree with your analysis. Though I am not that furious. 1912: Preston are now beating Birmingham 2-1. Blues might have to wait for another day to secure promotion. 1910: GOAL Man Utd 5-2 Tottenham Dimitar Berbatov heads at goal but is denied by a save from Gomes. The keeper cannot keep hold of the ball and the former Tottenham striker bundles the rebound over the line. He does not celebrate. 1908: Four goals in 14 minutes has rather turned this game on its head. Lots of people on 606 and the text seem to think I am blind for suggesting Howard Webb got the penalty decision right. Hey, just saying what I see, Catchphrase fashion. 1904: It would be fair to say that there has been a remarkable transformation in the atmosphere at Old Trafford. Darren Bent goes very close with a curling strike across goal that misses by inches. 1901: GOAL Man Utd 4-2 Tottenham Cristiano Ronaldo crosses from the right-hand side of the area, picking out Wayne Rooney . The United forward controls the ball and shoots at goal. Jonathan Woodgate makes a desperate effort to clear the ball off the line but the goal is awarded. 1859: GOAL Man Utd 3-2 Tottenham Wayne Rooney crosses from the left and Cristiano Ronaldo bursts into the six-yard box before heading United's third. He celebrates wildly, ripping his top off as he does so. 1857: GOAL Man Utd 2-2 Tottenham Dimitar Berbatov to Carlos Tevez, who plays in Wayne Rooney down the left. Rooney cuts inside and beats the keeper at the near post with a low strike. 1856: As a neutral, I would have to say that Tottenham winning today would be top news in terms of an exciting finish to the season. But with 25 minutes left, it would be a brave man who bet against United scoring again. 1855: Will Paul Scholes ever learn how to tackle? Doubt it. He enters the book after his third awful tackle in the few minutes he has been on the pitch. 1853: Paul McKenna has just equalised for Preston with an amazing strike. Hypnotic, almost. 1852: Just to add, Gomes was booked and not sent-off after conceding a penalty. By the letter of the law he probably should have been. Paul Scholes on for Darren Fletcher. 1850: I have just seen another replay of the penalty decision. Can I change my mind? I'm not sure Gomes got any of the ball. 1849: I think it would be fair to say that Spurs boss Harry Redknapp is not in the least bit happy with the decision. 1847: GOAL Man Utd 1-2 Tottenham Cristiano Ronaldo smashes the ball powerfully into the middle of the net. The spot kick is given after Michael Carrick goes down under a challenge from Gomes. Replays seem to suggest Gomes got the ball. 1846: PENALTY For Man Utd. From David, Cheshire, via text on 81111: "I can't bear to watch the second half, you just know that they will come back and win 3-2, probably with the winner half an hour into injury time." They being Manchester United, I assume. 1844: Cristiano Ronaldo plays in Carlos Tevez, who should score but his strike is blocked by Gomes in the Tottenham goal. United have a very ominous look about them while Spurs are defending deeper and deeper. 1843: Real danger after Robbie Keane gives the ball away. Wayne Rooney has a chance at the far post but his effort is blocked and goes out for a corner that Tottenham manage to clear. 1841: Five minutes since the resumption and the second half hasn't really got going yet, which probably suits Tottenham. 1840: Birmingham are now beating Preston 1-0. If that score stays the same Blues will be promoted straight back to the Premier League. 1839: Darren Bent falls very awkwardly after jumping for a header with Nemanja Vidic. Looks very painful. 1836: Play resumes at Old Trafford. Carlos Tevez has come on for Nani. Wayne Rooney has been shunted out to the left. 1832: PLAYER RATER Fans of numerical consistency will be delighted to learn that Aaron Lennon is leading the Player Rater with a symmetrical-tastic 7.77. Fellow seven-breaking Luka Modric is just behind on 7.73 while such perennial scorers as Cristiano Ronaldo and Wayne Rooney are miles back. It could all change, but will it? Only time - and your participation will tell. 1830: Carlos Tevez is coming on for Man Utd. 1825: What time do you think we will see Federico Macheda? From three-sixty on 606: "Based on the events of 29th September, 2001, I am going to refrain from getting too happy until I hear the final whistle!" What, you mean lead 3-0 at the break and lose 5-3. That sort of collapse just doesn't happen anymore, surely? 1818: Half-time Man Utd 0-2 Tottenham Would you Adam & Eve it? Doubtless the hairdryer will be out. Ferguson's options? He has Foster, Anderson, Scholes, O'Shea, Evans, Tevez and Macheda on the bench. 1816: Is it me or are Tottenham toying with their opponents? The impudence of it. I love it. Wilson Palacios goes close with a delicate effort from 20 yards. 1815: Cristiano Ronaldo has the ball in the Tottenham net but the whistle quite correctly went some seconds ago for a handball by Dimitar Berbatov. 1814: If United do lose, they will end the day second to Liverpool on goal difference - though they will still have a game in hand. And that is against Wigan. 1811: Is it not to be United's day? Liverpool, you might remember, scored with a rebound off the wall at Hull. Ronaldo went very close, but no cigar. 1809: Another free-kick for United - and no guesses for who is going to try to ram it into the top corner. Cristiano Ronaldo hits the wall, but his rebound effort on the half-volley is goalbound and forces a great fingertip save. 1808: What is that sound? Not the title race being blown wide open? 1803: GOAL Man Utd 0-2 Tottenham D.R.A.M.A Aaron Lennon crosses from the left and the ball drops invitingly to Luka Modric , who takes the ball on his chest and then drills it past Edwin van der Sar. Two goals in three minutes. 1802: Have Tottenham scored too early? After all there is an hour left and United might get angry now. 1801: GOAL Man Utd 0-1 Tottenham Vedran Corluka crosses from the left. It should be cleared by Rio Ferdinand and Nemanja Vidic but they fail to deal with it and the ball drops for Darren Bent to slot home from six yards. 1759: Cristiano Ronaldo drills a free-kick into the wall. Appeals for handball against Darren Bent. That would have been very, very harsh. 1756: Not many chances to report from Old Trafford. Some decent sequences of play in the middle third but nothing to get you out of your seat. Ronaldo heads wide from Nani's cross. He might have been better leaving it for Berbatov, who was lurking behind him. From Muhammad, Birmingham, via text on 81111: "Liverpool are like an irritating bug not good enough to cause sustained damage and only there to agitate the teams with true class." That would definitely be one point of view. 1751: A free-kick from Cristiano Ronaldo bounces in front of Heurelho Gomes and really kicks up off the turf. The Tottenham keeper saves but it is not the most convincing stop I have ever seen. From polite debate on 606: "Why no love for Chester? We're down today after another unsuccessful crack at the football league, very sad. If only we showed the same commitment and desire all season as we have today then we wouldn't be leaving today. Bit gutted, was there when they got promoted quite a few years back, and the celebrations were fantastic, pitch invasions, everything. Danny Collins of Sunderland was in that team as well. "Still got the collectors edition of the Chronicle from the week after. Gutted." Don't give up - you might win 100-0 next win and avoid the drop. 1749: Southampton relegated to League One today. Slip out of the Premier League at your peril... 1746: Dimitar Berbatov is definitely being booed when he is in possession. Sure, it is only a minority but it is not coming from the away fans. 1745: Wolves in the Premier League - any chance of them staying up next season? 1743: The ball comes in to Wayne Rooney but he opts to take a touch rather than shoot first time. Several Tottenham players manage to clear the danger.It could be a long afternoon/early evening for Spurs. 1742: Wilson Palacios is ticked off by ref Howard Webb for an attempted challenge that involved two feet very much off the ground. Cristiano Ronaldo had to jump quite some way to safety. 1740: Darren Bent is picked out in space at the far post and forces a save from Edwin van der Sar with a header. (See 1715) From Eothain - Basinas to Start on 606: "I'm a Farnborough fan, and we finished one point behind Corby after leading the table for most of the season. I am absolutely gutted." Join the debate on 606 Harsh - play-offs? Second promotion spot? Or nothing at all? 1736: Plenty of early intent from Man Utd, who are pushing and probing as they seek an early goal. From James, Salford, via text on 81111: "Why does Fergie insist on not playing Tevez from the start? This is just further reason for him to depart at the end of the season! There isn't a United fan out there who would rather have Berba than him." Might I respectfully suggest that Fergie, love him or loath him, knows what he is doing. Or at least his record suggests that. 1733: An early opening at Old Trafford but Dimitar Berbatov is slow to react to Darren Fletcher's through ball and the Tottenham keeper Heurelho Gomes collects. 1732: The final match of the day in the Premier League starts at Old Trafford. Birmingham will secure promotion to the Premier League if they defeat Preston. That game is 0-0 after 15 minutes. From Neil Compton, Leamington Spa, via text on 81111: "Leamington FC promoted to southern league premier after finishing season on 101 points and 114 goals. Come on!" From Matt, Leeds, via text on 81111: "Tevez on the bench and Berbatov starting. Fergie increasingly reminds me of a banker whose made a bad investment but fears the wrath of asking for more cash for a bail out. So here's to another action packed display from the Bulgarian! Oh Tevez, don't worry we still appreciate your brilliance." Liverpool boss Rafa Benitez explains the terrible state of the pitch at Hull: "The ball is like a rabbit - and it is difficult to catch a rabbit." No, I'm struggling as well. I think he means the ball was bouncing all over the place. From Brentford fan Ian Westbrook via text on 81111: "There is a party going on at Darlo and it's superb. Players still on pitch and throwing shirts into the crowd." 1715: Liverpool are currently top of the Premier League - on goal difference. Of course, Man Utd play Spurs in 15 minutes. From brentfromcorby on 606: "Corby Town FC are champions of the British Gas Premier League and will go up to Conference North or South!" Good news for AFC Wimbledon as well I understand. (See 1346) From anonymous via text on 81111: "Give Parmar credit for his predictions - three perfect scores!" 1705: Man Utd v Tottenham team news Rafael starts at right-back for Manchester United with Rio Ferdinand returning after putting his feet up against Pompey. Ryan Giggs will have to wait another day for his 800th game - he's not even in the squad. Dimitar Berbatov and Wayne Rooney are up front. Tottenham skipper Ledley King is fit so he plays and with Roman Pavlyuchenko suffering with a back injury, it's Robbie Keane and Darren Bent gunning for goals at Old Trafford. 1703: When I said Kuyt 'Does the Rafa' I was referring to the much-discussed incident when Liverpool went 2-0 up against Blackburn. 1701: Congratulations to Peterborough, who have been promoted to the Championship. Brentford have also been promoted from League Two. 1700: Man Utd v Tottenham line-ups Man Utd: Van der Sar, Rafael Da Silva, Ferdinand, Vidic, Evra, Ronaldo, Carrick, Fletcher, Nani, Berbatov, Rooney. Subs: Foster, Anderson, Scholes, O'Shea, Evans, Tevez, Macheda. Tottenham: Gomes, Corluka, Woodgate, King, Assou-Ekotto, Lennon, Palacios, Jenas, Modric, Keane, Bent. Subs: Cudicini, Hutton, Bale, Zokora, Bentley, Huddlestone, Chimbonda. Referee: Howard Webb (S Yorkshire) From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "All over at The Hawthorns - and while the home fans are joyous there is real hostility in the reaction from Sunderland's supporters. One or two visiting players are brave enough to applaud the travelling following, but they wisely get off the pitch as quickly as possibly. Sunderland's fans outperformed their team by some margin. "Convincing win for Albion - a display from Sunderland to give hope to all the clubs chasing them in the relegation scrap." 1657: Wolves have won the Championship title after drawing with Barnsley and will be in the Premier League next season. 1657: Full-time West Ham 0-1 Chelsea 1656: Full-time Everton 1-2 Man City 1654: Full-time Fulham 1-0 Stoke 1654: Full-time Hull 1-3 Liverpool Disappointment for the Tigers but Liverpool at least ask the question with Man Utd in action later. 1654: Full-time West Brom 3-0 Sunderland 1654: GOAL Everton 1-2 Man City Nothing more than a consolation surely? Nonetheless, a very tidy left-foot finish across goal from Dan Gosling . From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "'We've done it before and we'll do it again' sing West Brom's fans after that third goal - recalling the great escape from relegation under Bryan Robson in 2005. Not likely, but they have looked a better side than Sunderland on this evidence. Worrying times for the Black Cats as their fans head for the exits at The Hawthorns." 1651: Full-time Bolton 1-1 Aston Villa 1651: GOAL Hull 1-3 Liverpool Dirk Kuyt seals victory with a shot from 10 yards. It is Kuyt's second of the game and he 'Does the Rafa' by way of celebration. 1648: GOAL West Brom 3-0 Sunderland A very tidy finish indeed fromJuan Carlos Menseguez as the Baggies close in on a convincing victory. He takes the ball beyond the static Sunderland defence with his first touch and shoots home with his second. 1647: No sign of a goal from Hull's Manucho yet. About five minutes remaining. Yossi Benayoun makes way for Daniel Agger. 1645: Robinho comes agonisingly close to extending Man City's lead but his low strike shaves the outside of the post. 1643: Hull are really, really pushing on whenever they can, desperate, just desperate for an equaliser. Phil Brown is a very animated figure on the touchline. 1642: A decent save from Jussi Jaaskelainen, who tips a header from John Carew over the crossbar to prevent Aston Villa from taking the lead. 1639: Fernando Torres heads against the Hull crossbar from six yards. Hull bring on Angola striker Manucho - he is on loan from Manchester United. Do the math(s). 1638: Everton, with Phil Jagielka off injured, are staring defeat in the face. If City close out for the three points it will be only their second away win in the Premier League this season. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "West Brom are rubbing it in here - taunting struggling Sunderland with a neat spell of possession football. Tony Mowbray's side like to play the passing game and a team as poor as the Black Cats is tailor-made to give them that opportunity. "Ricky Sbragia looks stone-faced on the bench after a wild cross from Kieran Richardson - not a good day for the manager. Not good at all - and yet one goal for Sunderland and the mood would change dramatically." 1633: GOAL Hull 1-2 Liverpool Daniel Cousin pulls back a great low cross that runs into the path of the unmarkedGeovanni , who slots the ball into the net from eight yards. Liverpool very much caught short at the back. Game on. 1631: PENALTY SAVE Great penalty save from Petr Cech, who dives to his left and tips Mark Noble's penalty around the post for a corner. 1631: PENALTY For West Ham - after Salomon Kalou tugs Herita Ilunga. 1629: As it stands, Peterborough are going up to the Championship - they're winning and MK Dons are losing. That will be enough to secure a second promotion in two seasons for the Posh. 1628: Sunderland come within inches of getting a goal back. Teemu Tainio blasts the ball at goal and it's heading for the net before team-mate Djibril Cisse sticks his leg out three yards from goal and pokes it high and wide. It's a shocker. 1627: Ashley Cole hits the bar for Chelsea moments after Nicolas Anelka goes close with an effort that Robert Green saves. 1626: From bad to worse for Everton at Goodison Park as, moments after boss David Moyes makes a triple substitution, Phil Jagielka goes down with a nasty-looking knee injury. He is stretchered off in apparent agony and the hosts are down to 10 men. 1623: GOAL Hull 0-2 Liverpool Scruffy but they all count. Martin Skrtel makes a poor contact with his shot but Dirk Kuyt is on hand to head the ball into the net and double Liverpool's lead. 1619: RED CARD Caleb Folan is sent from the field after kicking Martin Skrtel, who had been blocking the Hull players from chasing down a backpass. 1618: GOAL West Brom 2-0 Sunderland West Brom last won in mid-January andChris Brunt doubles their lead. Marc-Antoine Fortune dashes down the right and crosses in for the unmarked Brunt who bangs in his fourth goal in three games. 1618: Everton should be back in it, Phil Jagielka arriving unmarked in the box and getting on the end of Tony Hibbert's precise cross, only to head it over with Shay Given unmoved. Moments later Robinho bursts into the Everton box again, but he fails to properly connect with Stephen Ireland's pass and Tim Howard gets down to save. 1616: GOAL Bolton 1-1 Aston Villa Andy O'Brien heads across the ball across toTamir Cohen who marks his first start of the season with a venomous volley from 10 yards out. 1615: GOAL West Ham 0-1 Chelsea Frank Lampard crosses for Salomon Kalou to score from close range at the far post. 1614: More League Two chat - Exeter are now winning. 1612: GOAL Everton 0-2 Man City Not great defending. Robinho picks outStephen Ireland in plenty of space. He takes a touch then guides the ball past Tim Howard. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "Lots of shuffling of bits of paper by the Sunderland backroom staff early in the second half - we will be seeing substitutes very soon by the look of it." 1610: Lets dip down to League Two again. Exeter have scored an equaliser - repeat equaliser - in their match against Morecambe. 1609: Marouane Fellaini should equalise with a powerful strike from eight yards but Man City keeper Shay Given makes a top save. 1608: Bournemouth have equalised against Grimsby - sparking a mini-invasion. Chester, as things stand, will be relegated from League Two this afternoon. From dmrickht on 606: "Surely Hull and Stoke games should have 15 minutes added time for all the long throws. I popped to the shops earlier as Kevin Kilbane was preparing to launch one and he was still cleaning the ball when I got back!" Join the debate on 606 1606: Everton's Segundo Castillo is narrowly wide with a glancing header. 1605: Play resumes in the six 1500 BST kick-offs. Who needs a goal the most? Hull? Sunderland? Chelsea? 1603: Flicking through a few posts on 606, it has been pointed out that Man City are actually winning away from home. Now that doesn't happen very often. Join the debate on 606 1558: I must mention the incident that led to Liverpool's opener. Replays have suggested that the Reds may have been fortunate to be awarded a free-kick. Javier Mascherano appeared to already be on his way down when contact was made. 1552: Some news from the Football League. As results stand, Peterborough are winning in League One, while MK Dons are drawing. These results would take Posh to the brink of promotion. Brentford are winning at Darlington - and are thus on the cusp of promotion from League Two. Wycombe and Bury are drawing while Exeter are losing. 1550: Half-time At all of the six Premier League game that started at 1500 BST. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "West Brom ahead and Sunderland's fans not happy - quite a commotion when Jonathan Greening prepared to take a corner, with the away support seemingly insisting the ball was not placed properly. And now they feel even worse after Jonas Olsson sweeps home the opener after the corner is not cleared. "Game on. Hopefully." 1549: West Ham almost score from their first corner - 42 minutes in - when Matthew Upson heads the ball on and Diego Tristan flicks the ball goalwards only to see John Obi Mikel clear it off the line. It would have been totally against the run of play. 1546: GOAL Hull 0-1 Liverpool A free-kick fromXabi Alonso strikes the wall. The ball bounces back towards the Spain international, who smashes it brilliantly into the net. 1543: GOAL Bolton 0-1 Aston Villa Oops. Awful. A shocking goal to concede, as anAshley Young cross from the left looks innocuous enough but avoids everyone and goes in off the post. 1541: GOAL West Brom 1-0 Sunderland Jonas Olsson puts the Baggies ahead with a volley that somehow avoids numerous players in the penalty area. Sunderland fan Steve Cram and WBA supporter Frank Skinner are watching the game together in the Final Score production office. 1539: Yep, that Is Man City who have scored! Not Everton. Best chance of the match by a million miles at The Hawthorns. Sunderland's Kieran Richardson looks up and takes a pop from 30 yards. It's goal-bound but Scott Carson at full stretch turns it round the post. Nice. 1536: GOAL Everton 0-1 Man City Man City counter - and how. Elano picks out Robinho , who charges down the left, cuts inside and drills the ball between Tim Howard's legs. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "First real signs of frustration at The Hawthorns as Chris Brunt sends a cross hopelessly behind Marton Fulop's goal. For a game with so much riding on it, the lack of a sense of urgency is alarming. Sunderland's best hope appears to the crosses of Andy Reid - West Brom's defence and keeper Scott Carson have not dealt with them well so far." From Mizo, London, via text on 81111: "I've often wondered but never asked. How do you watch five games at the same time? I picture you in a big armchair with 5 big TV's and a cold beer." Have you ever tried typing in an armchair? 1534: I just want to say thanks to Erik Nevland. I never thought that would happen, but it has. 1533: Bolton should score. Matthew Taylor's ball falls to Fabrice Muamba six yards out but he totally scuffs it, leaving Brad Friedel to grateful smother it after a mini-goalmouth scramble. 1532: Another clear chance for Manchester City, who have not seen a great deal of the ball but have threatened far more than the hosts. Robinho slips Stephen Ireland through on goal, but just as the midfielder is about to pull the trigger from 18 yards, Leighton Baines gets across with a fantastic last-ditch tackle and the chance is gone. 1530: GOAL Fulham 1-0 Stoke Fulham break andErik Nevland , only just on the pitch, plays in Andy Johnson. Nevland then powers into the box and accepts a return pass before slotting the ball home. 1530: Nervous times at The Hawthorns. Chris Brunt's shot gets deflected into the arms of Marton Fulop and then he blazes over. At the other end Baggies defender Jonas Olsson is having a nightmare. A comedy miss on the six-yard line almost lets in Cisse and then he fluffs a header back to his keeper. Almost interesting. 1529: Hull are really going for it today - you sense a real desperation and desire in their play. Surging runs, balls into the box and plenty of drama. Just no goals. 1527: Man City should be in front. Elano's initial low strike is blocked and Robinho should bury the rebound but Tim Howard saves. Hands on head time. 1525: Liverpool looking very shaky at the back. A couple of half chances for James Milner, one was blocked and another was a free-kick that Jussi Jaaskelainen easily saved. 1524: Goal - anyone? From BBC Sport's David Garrido at Craven Cottage: "Biggest cheer of the afternoon so far at the Cottage - from Fulham fans after a Rory Delap long throw went straight out for a goal-kick." 1523: Kieron Dyer, making his first start since 2007, should score for the Hammers after being played clean through but shoots straight at Petr Cech. 1522: A change at Craven Cottage, as the injured Bobby Zamora makes way from Erik Nevland. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "West Brom and Sunderland still trying to work a clear opening at The Hawthorns, but the Baggies' fans have been encouraged by the early promise shown by Scottish under-21 midfield man Graham Dorrans, with the £100,000 summer signing from Livingston showing a willingness to get on the ball and pass - a style that is neat fit for manager Mowbray. "Hardly stirring stuff at the bottom of the table here as yet." 1519: A fast counter attack from Chelsea culminates in a shooting chance for Florent Malouda, who drills his shot across goal and wide. 1518: All pretty lacklustre at a sun-bathed Hawthorns. A volley from Sunderland's Andy Reid dribbles through to Scott Carson, Djibril Cisse looks lively on the right, while Abdoulaye Meite is soaking everything up at the back for the home side - but the Baggies need goals. Wonder how much would it cost to buy a Premier League goal? 1517: Cracking strike from Hull's Geovanni, who wraps his foot around the ball and smashes it towards goal from 20 yards. It drifts narrowly wide. 1516: Lots of talk on 606 about the form of Yossi Benayoun this season. I might even say there have been a few rave reviews. Join the debate on 606 1515: Shay Given into action at Goodison Park as he saves a 20-yard strike from Louis Saha. Regulation. 1514: Pepe Reina collects a dangerous low cross from Hull's Craig Fagan. Dean Marney then shoots wide for the Tigers. 1513: Any danger of a goal? Potentially famous last words... 1512: Penalty shout at Goodison Park as Robinho dances into the Everton box, skips past Tony Hibbert, and then falls over Leon Osman. Not given by referee Alan Wiley - it might have been a touch harsh had he done so. 1509: All Chelsea at the moment but no clear openings as yet. Yossi Benayoun misses the target with a shot for Liverpool. 1507: Liverpool striker Fernando Torres shoots from eight yards but is denied by a great save by Boaz Myhill. The opening came after a cracking run from Yossi Benayoun. 1506: Nothing to report from Bolton as yet. The Trotters have won one of their last six Premier League games - not really great chat. 1503: Early chance for Stoke but Rory Delap volleys over from 12 yards. It's a marathon not a sprint, as Tony Pulis will doubtless be thinking tomorrow. The match at Upton Park finally starts. From Joe, in the library, anonymous via text on 81111: "Have just gone on a break with the girlfriend and not feeling too great. Please Liverpool just give me am easy day and no new surprises?" I sympathise. 1500: Action, we have action in the Premier League. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "Sunderland's fans gearing up to give their team typically noisy backing - but Baggies' fans have concerns of their own, including one banner demanding the departure of chairman Jeremy Peace. Interesting afternoon ahead." 1457: Lovely sunny weather all over the country as far as I can see. Lovely, isn't it, watching football at this time of the season. 1453: The momentary explosion of width you may have just experienced on the live text was due to an incorrectly configured piece of coding regarding a link to a url page. If you see what I mean. Fixed now. (See 1346) Anonymous via text on 81111: "Stuck 10p on it, stand to win £319004!" And we all get a share of the winnings? From Tom, Manchester, via text on 81111: "I can see United v Spurs game being a belter .. Spurs will go for it because they are now safe and thinking of Europe." 1443: Not long now until kick-off. This is the business end of the season and right on cue my computer is slowing up. Might have something to do with the cup of tea I knocked all over it last week. 1438: Bolton v Aston Villa team news Bolton make two changes from the team that lost 1-0 to Portsmouth last Saturday as they look for the win that would all but secure their Premier League survival. Fabrice Muamba comes into the centre of midfield to replace the injured Ricardo Gardner, while injury-plagued Tamir Cohen makes his first start of the season as 20-year-old Chris Basham drops to the bench. Villa make one change as they look for a first win in 12, Zat Knight replaces the injured Luke Young in defence. Gabriel Agbonlahor also failed a fitness test. From anonymous via text on 81111: "Sitting in my car on break from work feeling a sense that today could go all wrong for United today...scared!" West Ham or Manchester? 1434: Fulham v Stoke team news Simon Davies's foot stress fracture forcesFulham boss Roy Hodgson to make one change from the side that gained a goalless draw at Middlesbrough, with Hungarian Zoltan Gera replacing the Wales international. Injuries prompt Stoke boss Tony Pulis to make three changes from the side that beat Blackburn. Striker James Beattie (thigh) is replaced by Richard Cresswell, while Pulis is forced to replace both full-backs. Stephen Kelly comes in for Andy Wilkinson and Danny Pugh comes in for Danny Higginbotham. 1433: West Brom v Sunderland team news West Brom have it all to do, stuck at the bottom and needing at least another nine points to avoid relegation. Striker Roman Bednar is still struggling with a hamstring problem so Marc-Antoine Fortune steps in to lead the attack. Sunderland's Kieran Richardson returns after a calf injury, with skipper dean Whitehead having to sit on the bench following his leg injury. From BBC Sport's Phil McNulty at The Hawthorns: "Big day here at The Hawthorns. Victory for Sunderland would give them a massive push towards Premier League safety - and more or less seal West Bromwich Albion's relegation fate. Albion have proved more than capable of playing attractive football this season in line with manager Tony Mowbray's avowed principles - but today only the result matters. Perfect sun-kissed conditions for a crucial game." 1430: West Ham v Chelsea team news West Ham make only change to their line-up replacing James Collins with Kieron Dyer.Chelsea make five changes, bringing in Michael Mancienne, Jose Bosingwa, Juliano Belletti, John Obi Mikel and Salomon Kalou for Alex, Ashley Cole, Michael Ballack, Michael Essien and Didier Drogba. 1429: Hull v Liverpool line-ups Hull: Myhill, Ricketts, Zayatte, Turner, Kilbane, Fagan, Boateng, Marney, Geovanni, Barmby, Folan. Subs: Duke, Hughes, Garcia, Mendy, Halmosi, Cousin, Manucho. Liverpool: Reina, Arbeloa, Carragher, Skrtel, Insua, Kuyt, Alonso, Mascherano, Benayoun, Lucas, Torres. Subs: Cavalieri, Dossena, Agger, Riera, Aurelio, Ngog, El Zhar. Referee: Martin Atkinson (W Yorkshire) 1429: Hull v Liverpool team news Hull bring in midfielder Nick Barmby and striker Caleb Folan as defender Andy Dawson and on-loan Manchester United forward Manucho make way. Liverpool boss Rafael Benitez makes three changes to the side which drew 4-4 with Arsenal. Centre-back Daniel Agger, left-back Fabio Aurelio and left winger Albert Riera drop to the bench and are replaced by Martin Skrtel, Emiliano Insua and Lucas Leiva. 1428: Fulham v Stoke line-ups Fulham: Schwarzer, Pantsil, Hughes, Hangeland, Konchesky, Dempsey, Murphy, Etuhu, Gera, Zamora, Johnson. Subs: Zuberbuhler, Nevland, Kamara, Dacourt, Gray, Stoor, Baird. Stoke: Sorensen, Kelly, Shawcross, Abdoulaye Faye, Pugh, Lawrence, Whelan, Delap, Etherington, Fuller, Cresswell. Subs: Simonsen, Olofinjana, Cort, Tonge, Camara, Dickinson, Sonko. Referee: Lee Mason (Lancashire) 1425: West Ham v Chelsea line-ups West Ham: Green, Neill, Tomkins, Upson, Ilunga, Boa Morte, Noble, Stanislas, Dyer, Tristan, Di Michele. Subs: Lastuvka, Lopez, Nsereko, Kovac, Spector, Sears, Payne. Chelsea: Cech, Mancienne, Ivanovic, Terry, Bosingwa, Mikel, Belletti, Kalou, Lampard, Malouda, Anelka. Subs: Hilario, Ashley Cole, Essien, Di Santo, Drogba, Ballack, Stoch. Referee: Mike Dean (Wirral) 1423: Everton v Man City team news Everton boss David Moyes makes four changes to the side that drew with Chelsea in midweek, replacing Joleon Lescott, Lars Jacobsen, Tim Cahill and the ineligible Jo with Tony Hibbert, Phil Jagielka, Louis Saha and the returning Marouane Fellaini. Manchester City make one switch, with Micah Richards coming in for Pablo Zabaleta, with Nigel de Jong passed fit despite a thigh problem. 1423: Bolton v Aston Villa line-ups Bolton: Jaaskelainen, Steinsson, Cahill, Andrew O'Brien, Samuel, Kevin Davies, McCann, Muamba, Cohen, Taylor, Elmander. Subs: Al Habsi, Hunt, Smolarek, Riga, Puygrenier, Makukula, Basham. Aston Villa: Friedel, Knight, Davies, Cuellar, Shorey, Milner, Petrov, Barry, Ashley Young, Heskey, Carew. Subs: Guzan, Sidwell, Delfouneso, Salifou, Gardner, Albrighton, Clark. Referee: Lee Probert (Wiltshire) 1419: West Brom v Sunderland line-ups West Brom: Carson, Zuiverloon, Meite, Olsson, Robinson, Koren, Dorrans, Greening, Brunt, Simpson, Fortune. Subs: Kiely, Filipe Teixeira, Menseguez, Martis, Borja Valero, Mulumbu, Wood. Sunderland: Fulop, Bardsley, Davenport, Ferdinand, Collins, Edwards, Tainio, Reid, Richardson, Cisse, Jones. Subs: Colgan, Whitehead, Malbranque, Murphy, Leadbitter, Healy, McShane. Referee: Mark Halsey (Lancashire) (See 1346) From Chris, Loughborough, via text on 81111: "That is the exact same accumulator I have just placed! Lets hope for no ker-razy result!" 1416: Everton v Man City line-ups Everton: Howard, Hibbert, Yobo, Jagielka, Baines, Osman, Neville, Castillo, Pienaar, Fellaini, Saha. Subs: Nash, Lescott, Vaughan, Cahill, Rodwell, Gosling, Baxter. Man City: Given, Richards, Onuoha, Dunne, Bridge, De Jong, Kompany, Elano, Ireland, Robinho, Caicedo. Subs: Hart, Bojinov, Garrido, Fernandes, Petrov, Berti, Evans. Referee: Alan Wiley (Staffordshire) From Chelsea fans Karn and Erin in Stoke: "We are praying Jose Bosingwa has a nightmare during the game today as he is clearly not the man to mark Lionel Messi on Tuesday - a win over the impressive Hammers is still a must though!" 1409: Liverpool team news Liverpool boss Rafael Benitez makes three changes to the side that drew 4-4 with Arsenal. Centre-back Daniel Agger, left-back Fabio Aurelio and left winger Albert Riera make way for Martin Skrtel, Emiliano Insua and Lucas Leiva. Hull team news to follow. From BBC Sport's David Garrido at Craven Cottage: "Stoke boss Tony Pulis says he'll get round Sunday's London Marathon a little easier if they have a good day here at the Cottage this afternoon. And if they don't, 26.2 miles is a LOT of thinking time" Live London Marathon map 1406: The brother of England footballer Jermain Defoe died last night after a street attack, it emerged earlier on Saturday. Jade Defoe, 26, suffered serious head injuries in a brutal assault on Monday afternoon in Leytonstone, east London. Needless to say, Jermain has not travelled with the Tottenham squad for their game at Old Trafford. I'm sure our thoughts are with him. 1403: The case for the defence.... From THFC on 606: "Spurs haven't lost by more than two goals in over a year and we've not lost to any of the big four this season (in the league). I don't think we'll beat Man U but I feel a draw is on the cards." Join the debate on 606 1400: Want goals - get to Goodison. Everton host Manchester City, the only Premier League team not involved in a goalless draw this season. I live close to Wembley (but not that close) and was delighted to see Everton fans queuing out of the door at my local. They bought all the booze in the place. At one point I heard one fan say: "You don't have any more champagne mate?" Not a big call for it on Hanger Lane old chap. 1356: Now don't forget, if you're out and about later, you can still follow this text commentary and get all the scores on your mobile. From a UK phone, just text FOOTBALL to 81010, it will cost you 10 to 15p and you will receive in return a link to our mobile site. Click on that, and you'll be straight through (then bookmark it so you never need to text that number again). The cost of being online on your phone will vary according to network and your own contract. From anonymous via text on 81111: "Have to say good luck to Hull. They look like Reading last season, a good team but absolutely no confidence when it really matters. Hopefully they can do what we didn't and find those last few points, and teach Rafa a few lessons in the process!" I wonder if the Liverpool boss will 'Do the Rafa' this afternoon if his team go 2-0 up. I've heard a rumour that them there young and trendy kids down the disco have started to 'Do the Rafa' while they are busting a few moves. 1350: If you're off to watch the marathon on Sunday keep an eye out for Stoke boss Tony Pulis, who claims that his training has not been going all that well. I'd be very interested to know whether he wears his baseball cap or not. Given his busy Sunday it is probably just as well his team are at Fulham this afternoon. 1346: I don't do predictions. But 606 user Parmar does and here is what he reckons will unfold this afternoon: Bolton 1-1 Aston Villa West Ham 0-2 Chelsea Man Utd 3-1 Tottenham Not a lot of controversy in there. That would never, ever win you an accumulator because there is not the ker-razy result that always happens. Almost always. Texts to 81111, and the debate is under way on 606. Standard. Join the debate on 606 1344: Liverpool fans, and possibly also Chelsea supporters, will find slight little solace if they peruse Tottenham's recent encounters with Manchester United. It is 18 matches since Spurs last beat United, who have the best home record in the Premier League, with 43 points from a possible 48. From collie21 on 606: "I would love (not because I am anti-Liverpool) Hull to win today and restore some pride. They are one of the few teams to have been promoted that really had an impact on how the season has turned out. I hope that they can stay up this year, I believe they merit it on bravery alone...pity really." Join the debate on 606 1333: On the subject of Hull, Phil Brown's team have taken just eight points from the last 51 points available and have the fewest home points in the Premier League with just 14. Hmm. Middlesbrough, third from bottom and three points behind Hull, play Arsenal on Sunday, while Blackburn, levels on points with the Tigers, also play tomorrow, taking on Wigan. 1330 BST: Nervous times in the Fletcher household. Mrs Fletcher, already furious after accusing me of stealing the matches she uses to light her candles, is desperate for her beloved Hull City to take something, anything, from their match with Liverpool. Of course, the fact that the fortunes of the Tigers were only a miniscule factor in her life when they languished in the lower divisions has been brushed over. History, as always, is written by winners. Liverpool are desperate for three points. If they fail to win at relegation threatened Hull and Man Utd defeat Tottenham in the later fixture this could well be the day when the Premier League is effectively settled once and for all. Plenty of issues could be settled in the Football League today as well - fans from the likes of Birmingham, Peterborough, Brentford, Wycombe and Exeter could be spending their Saturday evenings celebrating promotion. That might involve alcohol, singing, hilarious anecdotes that begin with 'do you remember when...' and possibly a kebab. Bookmark with:	Angola
Which gas is produced via the 'Haber Process'?	Flying the Flag: 13 Players Who Are The Premier League's Only Representative From Their Country \| LIVE SCORES, LIVE STREAMING, HIGHLIGHTS Flying the Flag: 13 Players Who Are The Premier League's Only Representative From Their Country Date: Tweet Henrikh Mkhitaryan will become the first Armenian to play in the Premier League when he makes his debut for Manchester United next month after his big summer move from Borussia Dortmund. While the likes of France, Germany, the Netherlands and various high profile countries have always been well represented in English football, there are a handful of other nations with just one player flying the flag… 13. Kevin Betsy – Seychelles A Seychelles international towards the end of his long career, Kevin Betsy’s only appearance in the Premier League came for Fulham against Manchester United at Old Trafford on the opening day of the 2001/02 campaign. The midfielder, who was actually born in Woking, was largely a Football League journeyman, most notably playing for clubs like Barnsley, Oldham, Wycombe and Bristol City. 12. Zesh Rehman – Pakistan Although born in Birmingham, former Fulham defender Zesh Rehman has held dual British and Pakistani citizenship his whole life and has represented Pakistan at full international for more than 10 years after making his debut in 2005. Rehman did actually also make the move to Asia later in his club career, playing in Thailand, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Off the field, he is known for his inclusion work with anti-racism organisations such as Kick It Out. 11. Gunnar Nielsen – Faroe Islands Faroese Goalkeeper Gunnar Nielsen arrived in England by way of Denmark when he joined Blackburn Rovers in 2007. He never played in the Premier League for the Lancashire club but was later snapped up by Manchester City in 2009. It was at City where Nielsen made the only Premier League appearance of his career, replacing an injured Shay Given late in the second half of a game against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. 10. Gael Bigirimana – Burundi Born in Burundi but capped by England at Under-20 level, Gael Bigirimana made a senior international debut for the country of his birth in 2015 – a World Cup qualifier against DR Congo. He had also previously expressed interest in representing Rwanda. Still contracted to Newcastle until 2017, the young midfielder has only played sparingly in the Premier League and has spent time out on loan. He may, however, get more chances now that the Magpies have been relegated to the Championship. West Brom striker Saido Berahino was also born in Burundi but has long since pledged his international allegiance to England instead. 9. Lorik Cana – Albania Six years after his departure from Sunderland, Lorik Cana remains the only Albanian to have played in the Premier League, although that could soon change with the country now just beginning to emerge as a footballing nation. The defensive midfielder/centre-back spent just a single season on Wearside after joining from Marseille. He was sold to Galatasaray at the end of the 2009/10 campaign and has since played for Lazio and Nantes. He was also the first player sent off at Euro 2016. 8. Daniel Cousin – Gabon With Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang not set to move to England any time soon, if ever, Daniel Cousin’s status as the Premier League’s only Gabonese player looks safe for a while yet. The striker made his name in British football with Rangers in Scotland before joining newly promoted Hull City in 2008. He later played in Greece and briefly back home in Gabon. 7. Manucho – Angola Manucho’s time in England began after he was scouted by Manchester United while still playing in Angola, making the switch to Old Trafford in January 2008. Work permits issues saw the forward immediately loaned to Panathinaikos, but he returned the following season and played his only Premier League game in a United shirt against Stoke. Manucho then scored twice in 13 appearances on loan at Hull before moving on to Spain. 6. Modou Barrow – Gambia Modou Barrow became the first Gambian to score in the Premier League when he found the net for Swansea against Bournemouth in March of this year. Prior to that he had also been the first player from his homeland to play in the English top flight, and still currently remains on his own in doing so. After leaving Gambia the age of 11, Barrow actually spent his teenage years in Sweden and it was there where his football career began with lower league club Mjölby AI. 5. Mart Poom – Estonia Having initially signed for Portsmouth in 1994, Estonian goalkeeper Mart Poom made his Premier League debut in a famous 3-2 win for Derby County at Old Trafford in 1997. He spent five full seasons as the Rams’ number one before joining a yo-yo-ing Sunderland. Poom later joined Arsenal as a back-up to Jens Lehmann and Manuel Almunia before finishing his career in the Championship with Watford. 4. Bertrand Traore – Burkina Faso Big things are expected of 20-year-old forward Bertrand Traore at Chelsea in the coming years. Hailing from Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso, he began his youth career with Auxerre in France before making the move to Stamford Bridge in 2013. Traore was already a full international by the time he arrived in London, having first played for his country’s senior side at the age of just 15. He scored two goals in 10 Premier League appearances last season. 3. Ali Al-Habsi – Oman Omani international Ali Al-Habsi’s first taste of Premier League football came at Bolton Wanderers where he spent four years as a seldom seen back-up to Jussi Jaaskelainen. But it was at nearby Wigan Athletic that he became a real cult hero in England. A top shot stopper, Al-Habsi earned a reputation as a penalty saver during his time with the Latics. He played over 100 Premier League games for the club but lost his place towards the end of the 2012/13 campaign and subsequently also missed that season’s FA Cup triumph. 2. Henrikh Mkhitaryan – Armenia Henrikh Mkhitaryan has been named Armenian Footballer of the Year on six occasions during his career, and every year since 2011. Big things are expected of the attacking midfielder at Manchester United after a £26m move, and it is hoped he will score goals from deep that the club has lacked since Paul Scholes moved into a more orthodox central midfield role around 10 years ago. 1. Victor Wanyama – Kenya For such a relatively populous country with strong traditions in other sports, it’s somewhat surprising that Kenya’s status in African football is minimal. As such, Victor Wanyama remains the only Kenyan to have played in the Premier League. His brother, McDonald Mariga, became the first Kenyan to play in the Champions League, and win it, with Inter in 2010. Wanyama was the second to play in the competition during his time at Celtic and was the first to score a goal. This entry passed through the Full-Text RSS service – if this is your content and you’re reading it on someone else’s site, please read the FAQ at fivefilters.org/content-only/faq.php#publishers.	i don't know
"Which American author wrote 'The Fight', a novel based on ""The Rumble In The Jungle"" boxing match between Ali and Foreman?"	George Foreman vs. Muhammad Ali - BoxRec George Foreman vs. Muhammad Ali From BoxRec Jump to: navigation , search 1974-10-30 : George Foreman 220 lbs lost to Muhammad Ali 216½ lbs by KO at 2:58 in round 8 of 15 Location: Stade du 20 Mai, Kinshasa, Congo (Democratic Republic Of The) 1.6 Sources The Rumble in the Jungle "The Rumble in The Jungle" was a historic boxing match which took place on October 30, 1974 in the May 20 Stadium in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo). It pitted then World Heavyweight Champion George Foreman against former champion and #1 contender Muhammad Ali , who became the second fighter ever, after Floyd Patterson , to regain the World Heavyweight Championship. The event was Don King 's first big venture as a boxing promoter. He managed to get both Ali and Foreman to agree to let him promote the fight if he could get them $5 million each. However, King did not have the money, so he began looking for an outside country to sponsor the event. Zaire's flamboyant president, Mobutu Sese Seko, asked for the fight to be held in his country, eager for the publicity such a high-profile event would bring. The fight was shown on closed-circuit television at about 450 locations in the United States and Canada and was seen in roughly 100 countries worldwide. The fight was scheduled to start at 4:00 a.m. in Zaire to accommodate audiences in the United States. Build up to the Fight Ali was stripped of the World Heavyweight Championship and suspended from boxing for three and a half years following his refusal to enter the U.S. Army in 1967. He was able to regain a boxing license in 1970 and promptly fought two comeback fights, against Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonavena . The following year, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the World Heavyweight Championship in a bout dubbed the Fight of the Century , which Frazier won by a unanimous decision. Over the next three years, Ali stayed active against other contenders while he campaigned for another title shot. Foreman had quickly risen from his gold medal victory at the 1968 Olympics and into the top ranks of professional heavyweights. Although considered by many to be somewhat slow and clumsy, Foreman was greatly feared for his punching power, size, and sheer physical dominance. Still, Joe Frazier and his handlers believed that despite Foreman's ever growing list of knockout victories, he would be too slow and unrefined to stand up to Frazier's relentless attacks. This would turn out to be a grave miscalculation, as Foreman, a 3½ to 1 underdog, won the championship in grand fashion by knocking Frazier down six times in two rounds before the bout was stopped. Foreman further solidified his hold over the heavyweight division with a second-round destruction of Ken Norton , who was the only man besides Frazier (at that point in time) to defeat Ali (breaking Ali's jaw in the process). By the time Ali and Foreman met, Ali had avenged his losses to both Norton and Frazier, but Foreman was an overwhelming favorite against a slowing and aging Ali. Foreman and Ali spent much of the summer of 1974 training in Zaire and getting their bodies used to the weather in the tropical African country. The fight was originally set to happen on September 24, but the fight was postponed after Foreman was cut during training. It was rescheduled for October 30. Ali was a very endearing figure to the people of Zaire and his mind games played out well, turning the Congolese people in his favor and against Foreman. A popular chant leading up to, and during the fight, was "Ali bomaye!," which means "Ali, kill him!" The Rumble Insiders say that Foreman and his handlers actually prayed in his dressing room before the fight that Foreman would not kill Ali, so high was the anticipation that Ali was simply no match for Foreman. Ali came out dancing in the first round and Foreman went right at him. Ali made good use of the right-hand lead, catching Foreman several times. When Foreman got close, Ali tied him up. Before the end of the first round, Foreman caught up to Ali and began landing a few punches of his own. Foreman had been trained well to cut off the ring, preventing escape. At the beginning of the second round, Ali went to the ropes and covered up, letting Foreman punch at him. Ali would occasionally fire back with his own shots. The plan was to let Foreman punch himself out, a strategy Ali later dubbed the rope-a-dope. “Get away from the ropes,” Ali’s corner yelled. Angelo Dundee , Ali's trainer, later said, “When he went to the ropes, I felt sick.” At the end of the second round, Dundee implored Ali to stay off the ropes. Ali waved him away and said, “I know what I’m doing.” "I didn't really plan what happened that night," Ali said. "But when a fighter gets in the ring, he has to adjust according to the conditions he faces. Against George, the ring was slow. Dancing all night, my legs would have got tired. And George was following me too close, cutting off the ring. In the first round, I used more energy staying away from him than he used chasing me. So between rounds, I decided to do what I did in training when I got tired." Foreman spent all his energy throwing punches (in an oven-like heat) that were mostly blocked by Ali or did not land flush. When Foreman did land flush, Ali was able to take it. "A couple of times, he shock me bad, especially with the right hand," Ali said. "But I blocked and dodged most of what he threw, and each round his punches got slower and hurt less when they landed." When the two fighters were locked in clinches, Ali consistently outwrestled Foreman. He leaned on Foreman to make Foreman support his weight, and he held Foreman's head down by pushing on his neck, a move which is both disorientating and can heighten the effect of punches since it causes a greater snap in the neck when a fighter is hit. Ali also constantly taunted Foreman, telling Foreman to throw more and harder punches, and an enraged Foreman responded by doing just that. After several rounds, Foreman began to tire. Foreman was staggered by an Ali combination at the start of the fourth round and again near the end of the fifth, after Foreman had seemed to dominate much of that round. Although he would keep throwing punches and coming forward, after the fifth round, Foreman was very tired and he looked increasingly worn out. Ali continued to taunt him by saying "Hit harder! Show me something, George" and "That don't hurt. I thought you were supposed to be bad." Finally in the eighth round, Ali landed the final combination, a left hook that brought Foreman's head up into position so Ali could nail him with a hard right straight to the face. Foreman staggered, then twirled across half the ring before landing on his back. Foreman got up but not quickly enough. The referee counted to ten and waved the fight over. Ten years after upsetting Sonny Liston and seven years after being stripped of the title, Ali had finally regained the World Heavyweight Championship. Foreman later claimed that the reason he took so long to get up was that he was looking over at his corner, waiting for their signal to get up, but they were slow to do so. "After the fight, for a while I was bitter," Foreman said. "I had all sorts of excuses. The ring ropes were loose. The referee counted too fast. The cut hurt my training. I was drugged. I should have just said the best man won, but I'd never lost before so I didn't know how to lose." "The Rumble in the Jungle" has since become one of the most famous fights of all time, due to Ali regaining the title in a huge upset and developing the rope-a-dope. It is shown often on the ESPN Classic network. Cultural Influence The events before and during the fight are depicted in the Academy Award winning documentary When We Were Kings (1996). Due to his Parkinsonism, Ali had trouble walking to the stage to be part of the group receiving the Oscar and Foreman helped him up the steps. The documentary also showed the musical acts (James Brown, B.B. King, The Spinners, and Bill Withers, among others) who performed during a three-day musical showcase staged in advance of the championship bout. The biographical movie Ali (2002) depicts this fight as the film's climax. In the movie Rocky III (1982), Rocky uses a strategy similar to the rope-a-dope in his rematch with Clubber Lang. Norman Mailer wrote a book, The Fight, describing the events and placing them within the context of his views of African American culture. George Plimpton covered the fight for Sports Illustrated and it is featured in detail in his book Shadow Box. The historical fiction novel, The Poisonwood Bible, mentions the fight. Johnny Wakelin wrote a song about the fight called In Zaire. The Fugees, A Tribe Called Quest, and John Forte wrote a song about the fight titled Rumble in the Jungle. The Hours also wrote a song about the fight titled Ali In The Jungle. The fight was ranked seventh in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments IN 2002. The fight was covered in an episode of ESPN Classic's The Top 5 Reasons You Can't Blame..., examining reasons why people shouldn't blame Foreman for losing. Awards 1974 Round of the Year (Round 8) - The Ring Quotes "George Foreman is nothing but a big mummy. I've officially named him 'The Mummy.' He moves like a slow mummy, and there ain't no mummy gonna whup the great Muhammad Ali." - Muhammad Ali "If you think the world was surprised when Nixon resigned, wait till I whup Foreman's behind." - Muhammad Ali "It will be a divine fight, a holy war...Armageddon on a miniature scale." - Muhammad Ali "All of my critics crawl! All of you suckers who write The Ring magazine, Boxing Illustrated ... all of you suckers bow!" - Muhammad Ali "I told you, all of my critics, I told you all, that I was the greatest of all times when I beat Sonny Liston. I told you today, I'm still the greatest of all times." - Muhammad Ali "I was the dope." - George Foreman on the rope-a-dope. Sources	Norman Mailer
Which non-metallic element is obtained via the 'Frasch Process'?	Project MUSE - “Rumble in the Jungle”: Muhammad Ali vs. George Foreman in the Age of Global Spectacle Muhammad Ali vs. George Foreman in the Age of Global Spectacle Lewis A. Erenberg † Abstract This essay explores the domestic and international implications of the 1974 title match between Ali and Foreman in Zaire. Beamed across the world via satellite, the bout was a global spectacle of Black Power and Black Nationalism. Ali was a pan-African star whose Islamic religion and opposition to the Vietnam War made him a global champion in an era of colonial rebellion. The bout also dramatized the crumbling civil rights consensus in the black community, as Ali embodied Black Nationalism and sixties rebellion, while Foreman defended the establishment and liberal civil rights. His flag-waving gesture during the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, made him a patriotic counter to black rebels in sport and a rescuer of an American belief in its national exceptionalism. Pan-African star Ali took advantage of the African setting to win over the African masses, who rooted for him as an anti-colonial hero. [End Page 81] O A li and champion George Foreman faced off in Kinshasa, Zaire, in a bout whose symbolic significance transcended sport. Not only was the bout’s $10 million purse the most lucrative prize on record, but it was also the first heavyweight title match in Africa and the most spectacular global media event in boxing history. The “Rumble in the Jungle” represented a turning point in American culture as the contentious forces at home and abroad came to a head in global sporting events. Black Nationalism, civil rights, patriotism, and anti-colonialism had their sporting champions. Unlike earlier times when race, globalism, and nationalism were the province of black intellectuals, the fusion of sport and politics in global media spectacles in the 1960s and 1970s resonated with millions worldwide in the person of a pan-African hero who embodied nationalism at home and anti-colonialism abroad. The freedom movement and the Vietnam War transformed sport from an escapist playground to an arena where divisive social issues battled for supremacy. In this environment black boxers like Ali and Foreman became political and cultural symbols. Satellite communications made their fight a global confrontation carrying the hopes and fears of people worldwide as two black fighters clashed as symbols of rebellion and anti-colonialism versus patriotic nationalism and gradual racial progress. In a global media age, which narrative would prevail? The match’s African setting transformed the bout into an international cultural and political spectacle, which boxing promoter Don King called “a symbolic black happening,” where the world will learn “that there is more to Africa than beads, bones, and beating drums.” Reporter Elombe Brath dubbed the fight “the most historic meeting of two internationally renowned men in the heart of Africa since Henry M. Stanley uttered those still famous words, ‘Dr. Livingstone, I presume.’” The 1960s and 1970s witnessed truly global spectacles, starting with the international cast of promoters: Americans Henry Schwartz and Don King, Britain’s John Daly, and Swiss-based Panamanian Risnelia, owned by the Zaire government. In the satellite era, title bouts took place from Jamaica to Zaire, where the fight was broadcast to over 120 nations, including African and Islamic countries. Technology was just one factor, though. The international closed-circuit theater phenomenon rested on Ali’s popularity. Home and abroad, Ali’s Islamic religion, defiance of white supremacy, and opposition to the Vietnam War made him a global anti-colonial symbol. With Ali as the star, promoters could stage title bouts anywhere in the world and reach fans worldwide. 1 As usual, Ali shaped the bout’s drama, this time with international significance. “This is going to be a holy war,” he declared. “I’m the freedom fighter and Foreman will be fighting for the establishment.” Ali claimed to represent “all the African people who are fighting for their freedom and independence. . . . I’m looking at [Foreman] as a Belgian, he is the oppressor of all black nations.” He linked anti-colonialism to the plight of American blacks “who have no future, black people who are wine heads and dope addicts. I am a politician for Allah.” Steeped in religious enmity, Ali labeled the bout a Muslim crusade against Foreman, Christianity, and racist white America. 2 The match’s symbolism enacted the clash of American cultural and political values of the 1960s and placed them on a world stage. For many, the bout would determine that turbulent era’s winner. To Ali’s supporters, the ex-champ sought vindication against a [End Page 82] boxing and political establishment that had unjustly taken his title, with Foreman embodying the forces that had made Ali an American pariah. Returning to Africa also resonated deeply. Just as Ali’s fans felt white America stole his title, the return to Zaire avenged the enslavement that had exiled blacks across the globe. That the roots of black America lay in a civilized Africa rather than a savage jungle served to criticize America as a land of slavery for black people. “Damn America,” Ali spit out, whose slavery and racism represented true savagery. Meanwhile, Foreman thanked President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society for allowing him into the American dream. Two visions of America and two visions of Africa stood in the ring in Kinshasa. Fans also divided over Vietnam. To Ali, America waged war on people of color at home and abroad. Silent on Vietnam, Foreman’s actions at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics made him an American patriot. While many whites rooted for him as a national hero, many blacks and younger whites sought his defeat. 3 The fight also symbolized the fracture of the Cold War’s racial political consensus. In the battle against Communism, American officials feared Russian exploitation of U.S. racism to gain the allegiance of the world’s “colored” peoples. With the Red Scare, civil rights leaders and black cultural figures abandoned their linkage of colonialism with racism at home. Paul Robeson and W.E.B. Du Bois’ criticisms of domestic racism as part of Western imperialism led to government persecution. Celebrities like Jackie Robinson and Lena Horne had to disavow Robeson. The fight against racism continued but largely in the courts as a domestic institution. Control of world media convinced American officials that they could create a powerful narrative in which athletes and entertainers served as patriotic examples of national progress in race relations. At the Olympics and in State Department tours, black athletes exemplified America as an exceptional nation of freedom and success regardless of race. Ali’s charges that America oppressed blacks and that the Vietnam War was racist and colonial challenged this consensus and created a counter-narrative of national culpability and Black Power. In a divided Cold War world, Ali’s criticism of American democracy was seen as aiding the enemy. 4 While many Americans viewed Ali as a “symbol of the 1960s,” Foreman also represented powerful currents of that contentious period. Champion in 1974, he embodied a desire to revivify the official narrative of progress and freedom. With the war over and the Civil Rights movement waning, not only Ali sought vindication; it was the forces at war with each other during the 1960s and 1970s. In effect, Ali represented the rebellious narrative of the 1960s, which included athletes in revolt against racism, while Foreman symbolized the establishment and Cold War civil rights. A patriotic black athlete, Foreman demonstrated the strength and virtue of American manhood and society. Unlike Jack Johnson or Joe Louis who battled white hopes, the Ali-Foreman fight highlighted contrasting symbols of blackness and competing national narratives. The match reveals the lingering tensions of the 1960s between blacks and whites and amongst blacks themselves. This conflict occurred in global sports spectacles rather than among intellectuals and political activists suggesting that the sixties’ tensions still resonated worldwide in the 1970s. 5 [End Page 83] Muhammad Ali Both boxers represented different poles in the debate over the American narrative. Ali entered boxing as Cassius Clay, a fresh breeze in a mob-run sport. Initially, he followed the Cold War script after winning a gold medal at the 1960 Olympics by defending American racial progress to Soviet journalists. His good cheer invigorated a sport dominated by reclusive champion Floyd Patterson and sinister challenger Sonny Liston. Yet, Clay symbolized the sixties’ cultural explosion, revolutionizing the rules of boxing and the role of black athletes. Instead of slugging it out at ring center, Clay, though 6’3,” moved and danced like a welterweight, peppering opponents from every angle, holding his left low, leaning away from punches. As novelist and boxing enthusiast Budd Schulberg argued, Clay’s “excessive mobility” was “a new psychological weapon” to “befuddle, frustrate, and tire the enemy before zeroing in.” Trainer Angelo Dundee noted, “[I]n promoting boxing, Ali made the fighter the main guy.” Clay challenged managers and promoters who viewed fighters “as brutes without brains”—seen but rarely “heard on any issue or idea of public importance.” Clay abandoned the expectation that black athletes should be modest, often boasting how and when he would dispatch his opponents and ridiculing them in rhyme, using the black verbal art of the dozens. Proclaiming “I am the greatest,” he took charge of his identity. 6 Clay’s rule breaking resonated with the 1960s cultural ferment. His upset victory over Liston in their 1964 title fight was viewed as a youth rebellion against “The Bear,” a ponderous relic of an older generation. After his sixth round TKO, Clay confirmed that he was a Muslim. “I believe in Allah and in peace. . . . I’m not a Christian anymore.” Exclaiming, “I don’t have to be what you want me to be. I’m free to be what I want,” he declared himself free of white expectations. Bragging “he was pretty,” he echoed nationalist beliefs that black was beautiful. Rejecting the term “Negro,” he defined himself as black and insisted that his new name “freed me from the identity given to my family by slave masters.” Ali’s flamboyant style, Black Nationalism, and the dramatization of his fights as cultural performances fused the personal and the political and made him a counterculture icon. 7 The Muslim claim that black athletes only existed to entertain whites resonated with his Olympics experience. Initially, Ali proudly represented “America on a world stage.” Honored by Louisville’s mayor, he was introduced to visiting dignitaries as a patriot who believed “Negroes” were better off in America than in Russia or in African “mud huts.” Ordered out of a segregated restaurant after the meeting, however, “[w]hatever illusions . . . [he had]built up in Rome as the All-American Boy were gone.” He grew critical of black athletes who did not follow his path. “The whites make ‘em rich and in return they brainwash the little Negroes walking around.” They lived in white neighborhoods. “I can live in the Fontainebleau, anywhere I want, but I live here (Miami) in a slum with my people.” Accepting the Muslim belief in racial separation, Ali challenged the idea that black athletes should succeed as individuals and lose their identification with the black community. 8 As a Muslim, Ali no longer fit the accepted model of the black athlete. Speaking out, he represented a younger generation no longer desirous of placating whites. “I said things [End Page 84] that black people thought, but were afraid to say.” Older sportswriters and the boxing establishment condemned the Muslims as worse for boxing than the mob. Jimmy Cannon wrote, “This is the first time it has been turned into an instrument of mass hate. . . . I pity Clay and abhor what he represents.” Ali’s Nation of Islam link was the dirtiest “since the Nazis” proclaimed Max Schmeling “as representative of their vile theories of blood.” Before removing Ali’s title, the World Boxing Association (WBA) Commissioner demanded Clay choose between being champion “or the fanatic leader of an extraneous force which has no place in the sports arena.” Ali complained, “I don’t steal, abuse anyone or go around snatching pocketbooks, taking dope . . . but they are trying to take my title away. They are angry with me because I discarded the slave name, Cassius M. Clay for Muhammad Ali.” 9 Many older blacks were dismayed too. Most black sportswriters viewed sports as an equal opportunity arena, in which victories on the field by model black athletes would result in greater equality in American life. Hence, they were appalled by Ali’s conversion. Muhammad Speaks columnist Charles P. Howard argued that the opposition went deeper. As one of the new assertive cocksure Afro-Americans, Ali “shakes up the good white people as well as the ‘correct’ cullud people.” Deep down, “they are frightened and shocked at Muhammad and . . . young Afro-Americans for having the crust to break away from everything white and embrace everything black.” 10 While Ebony noted that whites condemned his religion “because it preaches the superiority of the black man,” it concluded that many Negroes abhorred Cassius because “his beliefs are a deterrent to the civil rights fight” for “equal citizenship for all Americans.” 11 Modest Floyd Patterson, a Catholic and civil rights supporter, embraced these tensions, saying he wanted to “reclaim the title for America” from a champion who “might just as well have joined the Ku Klux Klan.” In response, Ali called Patterson an Uncle Tom, vowing to “put him flat on his back/So that he will start acting black.” 12 Despite the attacks, Ali’s religion made him a pan-African hero of the global black awakening. Declaring “I’m champion of the whole world,” at the United Nations he embarked on a tour of Africa and the Middle East to meet foreign leaders. No American sportsman had ever contemplated such autonomous action. Ali’s travels propelled him into the Black Atlantic, which Ali biographer Mike Marqusee argues “shaped him and which he helped to shape and ultimately to project into popular consciousness as never before.” Cold War civil rights leaders downplayed their links to African independence movements and took an America-first approach to social change. In Ghana and Egypt, however, Ali arrived as a hero critical of the U.S. government. Eager to “see Africa and meet my brothers and sisters,” he announced, “I haven’t been home for four hundred years.” Thousands cheered him and held signs aloft: “Ghana is Your Motherland.” He was “glad to be back home to see things for ourselves . . . and then go back” home “and tell our people that there” was more “in Africa than lions, tigers and elephants.” Impressed by Ghana’s black modernity, unlike America where “everything is white—Jesus, Moses and the angels,” he was “with my true people.” President Kwame Nkruhmah became the first head of state to receive him; in Cairo huge crowds welcomed him as a defender of Islam. “Every individual wants to express his love to this faithful believer champion,” noted Cairo’s Republic, a man who “asks for prayers from every Muslim in our country.” Ali blamed the world’s ignorance of Egypt on “imperialism, because the imperialists know [End Page 85] that Egypt is the cradle of Islam and that if its beauty is rightly portrayed it will give a positive image to other Islamic countries.” These meetings worried the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation since both nations spearheaded the non-aligned movement critical of U.S. foreign policy, and Ali’s statements countered what American officials wanted the world to see about America. The trip proved transformative. “There was like a beating of drums,” in rural Ghana. “Then people showed up,” chanting “Ali! Ali!” noted a traveling companion. “I saw the birth of a new human being. . . . Cassius Clay came to an end and Muhammad Ali emerged.” Ali’s travels helped him fuse sports and black pride into a global, pan-African popular culture. 13 Ali’s religion was controversial, but opposition to the Vietnam War made him an outcast at home while increasing his popularity worldwide. Instead of serving his country, he claimed that Islam allowed fighting only in just wars. In 1966 a judge ruled that Ali’s appeal was religiously based and recommended conscientious objector status, but the Department of Justice, beset by mounting criticism, pressured the Kentucky Appeal Board to deny the claim. L. Mendel Rivers, chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, declared: “If that great theologian of Black Muslim Power . . . is deferred, you watch what happens in Washington. . . . [W]hen a man . . . regardless of color, can . . . advise his listeners to tell the President when he is called to serve in the armed forces . . . .‘I’m not going.’” Ali held fast. “I’m a 1000% religious man,” he declared. “If I thought goin’ to war would bring freedom, justice and equality to 22 million Negroes, they wouldn’t have to draft me.” The draft issue put him at war with the government and most whites but made him a hero among antiwar youth. 14 Ali’s stance challenged the belief that heavyweight champions represented the nation’s fighting manhood and had a patriotic duty to put country before race. In February of 1966, shortly before the Ernie Terrell bout in Chicago, he told reporters, “Man, I ain’t got no quarrel with them Vietcong,” inflaming public opinion. Columnists attacked Ali as an ungrateful, unpatriotic draft dodger, symbolic of everything wrong with modern youth. Red Smith equated “Cassius” with those “unwashed punks who picket and demonstrate against the war.” He represented, declared Jimmy Cannon, “the Beatle movement:” juvenile delinquency, long hair, naked orgies, and student revolt. Criticizing the war outraged the public. Ex-champion Gene Tunney, “the Fighting Marine,” fulminated that Ali had “DISGRACED THE AMERICAN FLAG,” and demanded that he “APOLOGIZE FOR YOUR UNPATRIOTIC REMARK OR YOU’LL BE BARRED FROM THE RING.” The Chicago Tribune condemned the Terrell match, Mayor Richard J. Daley and Gov. Otto Kerner called Ali a traitor, and the American Legion threatened a boycott. Those “denouncing me so bitterly had never said a single word against the injustices or oppression inflicted on my people in America. I felt they were saying they would accept me as the World Heavyweight Champion only on their terms. Only if I played the role of the dumb, brute athlete who chimed in with whatever the Establishment thought at the moment even if it was against the best interest of my people or my country.” Whites who disliked his religion and cockiness now had “the one thing they could get together on: a holy, patriotic, crusade.” 15 When Ali refused induction in 1967, the New York State Athletic Commission took his license, the WBA his title, the State Department his passport. However, Ali’s stand [End Page 86] boosted the anti-war movement. As champion, he could not easily be dismissed as “unmanly;” as an African American he legitimated black anti-war feelings and helped erode the movement’s lily-white image. His standing rose as a principled man willing to challenge the U.S. government. Ali linked civil rights to his anti-war position, refusing to go “ten thousand miles from home to help murder and burn another poor nation simply to continue the domination of white slave masters” of the world’s “darker people.” Warned he would lose millions, he replied, “The real enemy of my people is right here. I will not disgrace my people and my religion . . . by becoming a tool to enslave those who are fighting for their own justice, freedom and equality.” Sentenced to five years and fined $10,000 by an all-white jury, he confirmed his place as an anti-establishment symbol of the 1960s and a global voice against racism and imperialism. 16 George Foreman While Ali’s career languished, Foreman emerged as a patriotic symbol of the American Dream. Born in 1949, George grew up desperately poor in Houston’s “Bloody” Fifth Ward, where “anger and hunger shaped my youth.” His father’s desertion forced his mother to work two jobs, seven days a week. George developed tremendous rage, which his mother failed to beat out of him. Barely literate, he quit school at thirteen to run the streets, drink wine, and smoke marijuana. His mother hoped religion might save him, but George despised the church as suitable only for “[m]en who couldn’t hit back anymore, women beaten by life.” Trapped by race and poverty, already 6’1,” he turned to robbery and violence. “Using my fist, I got the satisfaction of seeing my man fall.” Backing down meant losing “manhood” and “identity.” He was “King of the Jungle.” 17 Lyndon Johnson’s Job Corps saved him. A Jim Brown-Johnny Unitas television advertisement for the Job Corps in 1966 showed him a way out. The Corps sent him to rural Oregon to be trained in construction, build roads and houses, and learn something. Still, Foreman continually beat up his campmates until one kid said, “If you think you’re so bad, why don’t you become a boxer?” Six months later Foreman transferred to Pleasanton, California, to earn his high school diploma and enter the camp’s boxing program run by Charles “Doc” Broadus. Broadus gave Foreman discipline and a strong role model. Only 5’5”, Doc’s martial arts black belts made him fearless, just the skills necessary to teach his obstreperous charge “right from wrong” and how to channel his rage into boxing. The Corps made him “somebody,” a junior high dropout who now read books and had factory skills. After graduating in May of 1967 this “poster boy for the Job Corps” returned to Houston, but finding no jobs, he hit the streets and was arrested for assault. Again Doc saved him. Broadus brought Foreman to Oakland, hired him to help coach boxers at the Pleasanton Job Corps center, and trained him for the Olympics. Nineteen months later Foreman qualified for the Mexico City Olympics. 18 The 1968 Olympics propelled Foreman into the international spotlight and transformed him into a redeemer of the Cold War narrative. At the height of the Cold War, he won the heavyweight gold medal by TKO-ing a Russian boxer and celebrated by waving a U.S. flag. “It was more than ordinary patriotism,” Foreman declared. “I was letting everyone know who I was at the same time saying I was proud to be an American.” His gesture was taken as a response to the gloved fist protest mounted by black sprinters Tommie [End Page 87] Smith and John Carlos after winning gold and bronze in the 200 meters, which was aimed at “the regaining of black dignity” in racist America. In retribution for this globally televised treasonous act, they were expelled from the games by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). 19 The Olympic protests capped a turbulent year in sport, and both Ali and Foreman played central roles in the drama. Ali’s principled stance and the injustice he suffered inspired many young black sport activists. Further, 1968 witnessed the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy and urban rebellions and violent anti-war protests. Amidst this turmoil, no aspect of American culture went unquestioned. The athletic revolt, noted black activist Harry Edwards, was a reaction to the racism that produced the Birmingham church bombing and the murder of prominent black leaders. The black athlete, he added, had a responsibility to aid in the struggle. “He is for the first time reacting in a human and masculine fashion” to the gulf between the artificial glory of sport “and the real world of degradation, humiliation, and horror” confronting most blacks. Edwards’ call for an Olympic boycott roiled international sport. His Olympic Project for Human Rights demanded the return of Ali’s title, a ban on South Africa and Rhodesian Olympic participation, and more black Olympic coaches. Long seen as a rung on the ladder of opportunity for blacks and a bridge to the white world, sport itself was now suspect as another racist aspect of American life. 20 Given his role in sparking the athletic rebellion, Ali supported the boycott while Foreman stressed his allegiance to America. “Giving up a chance at the Olympics and a gold medal is a big sacrifice,” Ali said. “But anything they do that’s designed to get freedom and equality for their people, I’m with 1,000 per cent.” While Foreman knew of the boycott, only college men were asked to join. Their worlds were different. “How could I protest the Establishment when it had created the Job Corps for guys like me?” Foreman noted. “I’d been lifted by an airplane out of poverty into a place where for the first time I ate three hot meals a day and learned everything I needed to begin learning on my own.” Though not initially outraged by the controversy, after the expulsion of Smith and Carlos, “I thought about going home myself.” Still, Foreman proudly wore “The Fighting Corpsman” on his robe. The significance of his actions sank in when he returned home, read numerous letters of praise and condemnation, and heard both presidential candidates laud him. He presented a plaque to President Johnson at the White House “in appreciation for fathering the Job Corps Program which gave young Americans like me hope, dignity, and self-respect,” and a similar memento to California Gov. Ronald Reagan, who declared him “proof that the American dream is just as real as it was 192 years ago.” 21 Delighted by Foreman’s patriotic gesture on international television, IOC President Avery Brundage appeared with Foreman and the U.S. boxing team “to erase the bad impression left by Track and Field athletes,” while Sports Illustrated hailed Foreman’s symbolism as “a fitting tribute to a surprising U.S. Olympic Team.” The Chicago Tribune named the Olympics the sports story of the year and printed a picture of Foreman “waving the American flag.” Young blacks, however, acted as if he had “betrayed the cause.” A Houston dashiki saleswoman insulted him about the flag incident, while posters of Smith and Carlos graced college dorms. The conflict between the two gestures struck even moderate Jackie Robinson, who saw the sprinters’ act “the greatest demonstration of personal conviction [End Page 88] and pride that I’ve really seen.” They expressed, “I’m proud, my blackness.” Then, “you see a guy running around the ring waving a flag and you get sick inside. . . . I go[t] sick when I saw Foreman run out waving a flag.” 22 However, Foreman’s Olympic symbolism made him a prize figure in the heated presidential campaign. Richard Nixon lauded him as a patriot unlike the un-American dissenters, but Foreman supported Hubert Humphrey because he “helped to start the Job Corps.” Wearing his medal at personal appearances for Humphrey, Foreman endorsed Great Society liberalism. In an era of Black Nationalism, he was derided as an “Uncle Tom” and honored as an estimable black American role model who symbolized America’s Cold War commitment to improving the lives of blacks at home. 23 Despite the controversy, the Olympics propelled Foreman to the heavyweight title. He turned professional in June of 1969, rose through the ranks with an awesome display of power, and at twenty-three obliterated Joe Frazier in two rounds in January of 1973 for the title. As champion, he lost his direction, wasted his money, and saw his marriage fall apart. He became, a “stereotypical heavyweight champion—surly and angry.” Overshadowed by Ali, he yearned “to be the King of the Jungle” by killing an opponent. By March of 1974 in Caracas, Foreman was at his meanest, smashing Ken Norton—who broke Ali’s jaw and defeated him a year earlier—to the canvas three times in the second round and winning by TKO over his senseless foe. Spotting Ali at ringside, Foreman declared, “I’m going to kill you.” 24 Pre-Fight Build-Up Ali’s presence was no accident. By the time Foreman became champion, the Supreme Court had overturned Ali’s conviction. He had spent three-and-a-half years exiled from boxing and was older, slower, poorer, but eager to regain his title. After beating Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonavena, Ali fought Frazier for the title in March of 1971. Many whites wanted Ali beaten because of the draft and his religion, but for many fans he was the first free black champion up against the “house nigger of the white chauvinist pigs.” Public opinion shifted in Ali’s favor. Most young blacks, white activists, and 75 percent of the populace opposed the war. Ali was the anti-war hero, “the symbol of national dissent” against the establishment. His narrow loss against “The White Folks’ Champion” devastated fans worldwide. A British Black Nationalist declared, “Tonight the black world weeps that their king has passed away.” Whites wanted the king dead, “but it took the might of the most powerful, the most designing judicial system in the world to bring the king down.” On March 31, 1973, he suffered his broken jaw loss to ex-Marine Ken Norton, another patriotic hero, and most fans assumed he was through. However, Ali soon defeated both Frazier and Norton in rematches. A showdown loomed between Foreman and Ali. 25 Promoter Don King turned “The Rumble in the Jungle” into a poster for Black Power worldwide. King signed both fighters to the first heavyweight title match in black Africa and suffused the bout with black pride. An ex-Cleveland numbers boss convicted of manslaughter, King embodied Black Power. With mob ties, a gift of gab, and a hustler’s will, he struck gold when the Video Techniques Company hired him to land the Frazier-Foreman fight. King felt hustler “a mediocre word when applied to my talents. . . . I am a [End Page 89] solitary black man up against the weapons of the white power structure, a bow and arrow against an atom bomb.” Black Enterprise noted, “Until King, there had never been any Blacks who had major roles, behind the scenes, in the closed-door rooms where the deals are made and the power lies.” Black athletes rebelled against being bodies without minds; King proved that a black boxing entrepreneur could negotiate complex business deals with heads of state. At a time of global black consciousness, King persuaded Foreman that black promoters would “show all blacks around the world that we can succeed like no one has ever believed we could. I am black and this is my promotion. No white man gonna rip you off.” King convinced Herbert Muhammad, Ali’s manager and Elijah Muhammad’s son, to “remember the words of Elijah. . . . You have to help the black man. . . . And it’s being put together by me. A black man.” 26 King constructed an African setting for one of the century’s great international spectacles, packed with huge symbolic baggage. In King’s hands, the bout became black America’s return to its homeland at a time when many blacks sought roots in Africa. “I yearn for my homeland with great intensity,” he declared. “I am going home, and I am taking my brothers with me.” President Mobutu Sese Seko wanted an international spectacle to promote Zaire, formerly the Belgian Congo, as an example of black liberation from European colonialism. Eager to showcase its independence and modernity, Zaire sought prestige as the first African nation to mount a “Fight of the Century,” with the richest prize in boxing history. “The gladiators,” noted the New York Times, “will serve as the most expensive public relations men in the history of world government.” Starting in the 1970s, developing nations sponsored heavyweight title fights to promote their countries. Zaire underwrote a sport spectacle not for tourism but to draw foreign investment to its mineral wealth, showcase Mobutu as the enlightened leader of a civilized nation, cement his control over a vast nation, and help him outshine his rivals for African leadership. Mobutu spent $15 million to refurbish the stadium, build a new airport, install stadium lights and a parking lot, link 100 phones to the satellite station fifty miles away, and build a highway from the airport. Noted a television executive, “he converted a shithole into a first-class facility, a modern stadium that rivaled anything in a developed nation. And he did it in six months.” 27 Given Mobutu’s input, symbols of Black Power and anti-colonialism were broadcast worldwide. Atop the stadium stood a 30×15-foot poster of him in leopard hat and scarf, symbols of his office. Huge billboards hid squatter’s shanties, proclaiming in French and English the regime’s modernity and linking Africans and African Americans versus white supremacy. “BLACK POWER IS SOUGHT EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD,” announced one sign, “BUT IT IS REALIZED HERE IN ZAIRE.” Other billboards amplified the message. “A fight between two Blacks in a Black nation, organized by Blacks and seen by the whole world; that is a victory of Mobutuism.” Another protested colonialism: “The country of Zaire which has been bled because of pillage and systematic exploitation must become a fortress against imperialism and a spearhead for the liberation of the African continent.” 28 King’s epic sporting event included a three-day music festival that showcased African Diaspora culture. Partially financed by the Liberian government, the festival featured Americans James Brown, B.B. King, Bill Withers, the Spinners, the Jazz Crusaders, Sister [End Page 90] Sledge, and Price; Cuban and Puerto Rican artists Celia Cruz and the Fania All-Stars; South Africans Hugh Masakela and Miriam Makeba; and Zairois performers. The meeting of black performers highlighted cultural ties among blacks everywhere. The artists stressed that their culture’s African roots helped them survive American slavery and oppression. African drums “kept us together,” noted B. B. King, while Ali declared blacks had created a distinct musical culture. Now, like Zaire, they “want to be independent.” Unfortunately, the festival proved disappointing. Foreman suffered a cut in training days before September 24, the original fight date, resulting in a five-week postponement. Contractual obligations required that the festival continue. Few tourists arrived, and high prices deterred locals. The stadium filled only the last night when Mobutu gave away tickets. Keeping with the theme, though, the Spinners performed “Africa,” and James Brown belted “I’m Black and I’m Proud.” 29 While Foreman’s cut sidelined the fighters and Zairois officials detained them, the global media feverishly contrasted the two combatants. At twenty-five, unbeaten at 40–0, Foreman faced a thirty-two-year-old Ali who had barely redeemed himself against Frazier and Norton. Ali was known primarily for speed, Foreman for his devastating punch. Outwardly, Ali appeared confident that speed would trump power. Because of Foreman’s lumbering pace, Ali dubbed him “The Mummy” and vowed to be “the Mummy’s curse.” Days before the match, he berated the press for being “impressed with Foreman because he looks like a big Black man and he hits a bag so hard.” He told them a secret: “Colored folks scare more white folks than they scare colored folks. I am not afraid of Foreman.” To Norman Mailer and other Ali supporters, however, “defeat was in the air.” 30 Eager to reclaim his title, Ali claimed a mandate from people of color worldwide as the “People’s Champion.” Every champion since 1967 operated in his shadow, especially Foreman. To legitimate himself, Foreman had to beat Ali, insisted King. “As long as he’s alive and fighting and you don’t show the world who’s the best, they’ll look at Ali as the master.” The need to distinguish himself from Ali fed Foreman’s anger. “There was a time in my life when I was sort of unfriendly,” he noted, “I was going to knock Ali’s block off.” His surliness, however, offended the Zairois. While Ali traveled the countryside befriending people, Foreman stewed in seclusion. He was the return of Liston, capable of only one thing: brutally destroying his opponent. 31 The wait heightened their stark political and cultural differences. “There are occasions when George Foreman seems to be a man from another age,” noted one sportswriter. The Olympics made him popular among whites hungry for an end to racial and political turmoil. At an all-white Lions Club in Vacaville, California, a Governor Reagan representative thanked Foreman for “raising sportsmanship to its highest ideals.” Urging students to stay in school, Foreman received a plaque for his “great example for the young people of America.” One guest remarked, George “has a clean mind. . . . He’s a credit to the country,” a phrase sportswriter Wells Twombly found “redolent of the condescending ‘credit to his race’ that was bestowed on Louis.” His success story was compelling, but mainly to whites. At Berkeley High, one black athlete inquired what he would do for blacks. Foreman responded he would eat well. Realizing “he might be old-fashioned,” he added that he could help blacks by doing his best and “being the very best person that I can be.” Foreman suffered by comparison with the more politically committed Ali. Another [End Page 91] Berkeley student said, “I wish they’d get Ali here. He’s a really good fighter.” Not accidentally, Sport called Foreman, “The Great White Hope.” 32 By contrast, Ali assumed the mantle of worldwide Black Nationalism and anti-colonialism while painting Foreman as the white oppressor. This theme erupted at the Boxing Writers banquet when Foreman received the “Fighter of the Year Award” and his title belt. Playful scuffling turned rough, and Ali denounced Foreman as “white America, Christianity, the Flag, the White Man, Pork chops.” Adding an anti-colonial element, he noted the fight would be “in the Congo. In Lumumba territory. When Foreman see my Mau Mau boys he going be afraid to show up for the fight. . . . Africans like me better than George.” Ali planned to wave the Zaire, Organization of African Unity, and United Nations flags in the ring to stress his worldwide popularity and make fun of Foreman’s American loyalty, but Bundini forgot them. 33 Ali’s camp constantly derided Foreman as a “White Hope.” In fact, until his arrival, most Africans assumed Foreman was white. His Belgian shepherd, a symbol of brutal colonial rule and police oppression, further tarnished his image. As the fight neared, Foreman realized Zaire was “Ali country.” Most Zairois rooted for Ali; George was “the goof who’d waved the American flag.” Comfortable as a pan-African figure, while Foreman resented being stuck in Africa, Ali declared his love for a black-run country. “In America we’ve been led to believe that we can’t do without the white man, and all we know about Africa is jungles,” but “we in America are the savages.” 34 The Fight Despite Ali’s being a 2:1 underdog at fight time, from all over Africa cards and telegrams arrived, thanking Herbert Muhammad for supporting Black Africa against South African apartheid and identifying their fight with Ali’s. As Ali entered the ring, the crowd went wild. Ali’s doctor Ferdie Pacheco recalled, “I felt a completely unique surge of love and excitement come pouring over the ring. People were chanting the Ali chant and singing, laughing, and some crying.” Foreman made Ali wait ten minutes, but this ploy allowed Ali to whip up the fans with chants of “Ali! Bomaye!” Finally, Foreman appeared to polite applause “that seemed even more sparse in contrast.” Still, when he removed his robe, his huge muscles dwarfed Ali’s. Ali had come full circle, facing “a fresh, young, powerful, taller, stronger Liston.” As the referee began his instructions, Ali whispered, “You’re gonna get yourself beat tonight in front of all these Africans.” Foreman remained impassive, convinced Ali’s talk covered a ton of fear. “My only thought was to knock him out early.” 35 As expected, Ali came out dancing and jabbing. Rushing to ring center, he threw a hard right to Foreman’s forehead; fifteen seconds later, he landed another, followed by a straight left and right. Foreman, however, “responded like a bull,” cut off the ring, and forced Ali to the ropes, where, to everyone’s surprise, Ali let Foreman pound away, blocking shots, but perilously close to Foreman’s power. Like a black trickster, however, Ali led Foreman to destruction “as surely as the big cartoon wolf, licking his chops, is tricked into some extravagantly ghastly trap laid by a sly mouse.” Foreman threw heavy punches, Ali blocked them. George was unconcerned. “Any minute, I knew, he was going down, just as every opponent of mine had.” At the bell, Ali came off the ropes with quick punches that began to puff up Foreman’s face. His corner implored him to stay off the ropes. In charge, Ali replied, “Don’t talk. I know what I’m doing.” 36 [End Page 92] The rest of the fight was similar. Noted sportswriter George Plimpton, it was “the hugely terrifying and unique process of seeing a man slowly drained of his energy and resources by an opponent swaying on the ropes, giving him . . . ‘a lot of nothing.’” Foreman pressed, hitting Ali constantly on the ropes, while periodically Ali staggered his opponent. Yet Ali was absorbing punishment and losing. In each round Foreman landed solid shots, but to no avail. By the fifth Foreman was shocked he “couldn’t deliver” the KO punch. His power ebbed, aided by Ali’s goading. Ali proved adaptable, but Foreman did not change tactics; following his corner’s instructions he single-mindedly pounded away like “the mummies of Ali’s beloved horror films.” As Foreman’s punches weakened, Ali came off the ropes in the last thirty seconds to throw twenty hard, accurate shots. By the sixth and seventh rounds Foreman was arm weary. In the eighth, a spent champion pinned Ali on the ropes, punching ever slower. Suddenly, Ali lunged off the ropes, throwing rights and lefts that knocked Foreman down. The crowd surged into the ring, chanting for Ali. “Muhammad Ali has done it,” declared television announcer David Frost. “This is the most joyous scene ever seen in the history of boxing. . . . The place is going wild.” 37 Foreman was devastated, losing “what defined me as a man,” while Ali’s entourage was triumphant. Against all odds and in dramatic fashion Ali reclaimed his title. Cast into exile, he proved he was “the greatest.” The way he won was just as important. In a morality play rooted in black folklore, the weaker hero outwitted a much stronger foe. “A bee battered a lion” noted the New York Times’ Dave Anderson, with, as Ali had predicted, “brains.” Wit and style beat, as Time described Foreman, “a human battering ram” who stalked opponents “like a robot with gloves.” Ali called him “a mechanical man” because Foreman relied on his corner’s instructions. As Ali told the press, “Don’t ever match no bull against a master boxer. The bull is stronger but the matador is smarter.” 38 Aftermath David’s victory over Goliath also vindicated fans who, like Ali, had opposed governmental injustice. A reticent Foreman represented the flag-waving “silent” white majority eager to shut Ali’s mouth, but like government and boxing officials he failed. Ali linked boxing and politics: “You think the world was shocked when Nixon resigned/Wait till I whup George Foreman’s behind.” Ebony agreed in its coverage of Ali’s Louisville homecoming celebration, where he was honored by “the big shots who shied away from him in the old days when he was considered a traitor and a bum” for refusing military service and “changing his name.” The crowd greeted him as a folk hero, “for whom black people have gained profound respect—for refusing to knuckle under.” It was also symbolic “(what a slap in the face it would be to those American ‘patriots’ who took away his title), to arrange to triumph in Africa,” where whites had oppressed blacks. At Washington, D.C.’s Capitol Arena nearly all 17,000 black fans rooted for Ali, because, noted a doctor, “he was black man enough to stand on his own two feet and suffer the consequences.” When he won, everyone “walked out filled with pride and brotherliness and black self-love.” 39 As an international spectacle the fight publicized the sixties’ narrative linking domestic racial oppression and white imperialism to a global constituency. Ali proclaimed that he won for Islam and people of color struggling for liberation: Allah “gave him the victory.” After the fight he praised Zaire as a counter to white supremacy by introducing his black [End Page 93] Zairian pilot to Louisville’s mayor. “You white folks still think Africans live in trees. Well, this man here ain’t no tom-tom beater, he’s a highly-skilled pilot who can fly a jumbo jet as good as any white man!” Trumpeting African civilization, Ali fed the Third World view that America represented racial imperialism. Nigerian Olu Akaraogun noted that Ali’s greatness lay in identifying “with the exploited and downtrodden Black masses in Africa and wherever else.” As a supporter of global Black Power, Ali “embodies and at the same time shares the aspirations and hopes of Black people everywhere.” 40 Many black artists and intellectuals hailed Ali’s triumph as a victory for 1960s radicalism. Poet Quincy Troupe declared, “The joy caused by his victory was felt throughout the world,” but he was surprised that young whites heartily agreed. In depressing 1974, with the Symbionese Army shootout, the oil crisis, a recession, and anti-busing riots,” Ali’s win, like Nixon’s resignation, was “a spiritual victory” for all. Like Ali, protestors were “silenced by murder and jail sentences, or shouted down” as “irresponsible and radical—‘un-American.’” The victory, however, vindicated the dissenters and their narrative of events, proving that the forces of law and order were bankrupt. If “Ali represents anything, it is those new and spiritual forces that will not give way in the face of tremendous adversity.” Retaking the title he “spiritually and symbolically represented the millions and millions of people who, also in the face of heavy odds . . . had said ‘No.’” 41 In a battle between two black heavyweights, moreover, one black image triumphed. For young radicals Ali was a cultural hero who symbolized the cultural explosion of the sixties and black vernacular culture with his verbal agility, poetry, bragging, and toasting. In many ways Ali became a folk hero “of mythic proportions.” Playwright Clay Goss noted, blacks “recognize in Ali our own struggle for dignity, beauty and survival in a hostile America. He has been a mirror image of our own collective struggle for freedom and dignity in this racist-to-the bone, hypocritical country.” Despite his flaws, Ali vindicated the black and white political and cultural dissent of the 1960s. 42 While the victory confirmed Ali’s place in boxing history, the “Rumble in the Jungle” brought to a head the conflicting domestic and international forces in global sporting events. The bout fused sport and politics in new ways, and in worldwide view challenged traditional Cold War assumptions, embodied by Foreman, that America was an exceptional nation of freedom and regardless of race. Rather, this global satellite event highlighted the counter narrative of the 1960s. While previous black activists and intellectuals linked domestic racism to international imperialism, Ali in the global sports arena brought these themes to center stage. The global anti-colonial thrust was a major current of the 1970s; Ali was hero and stimulant to anti-colonialism from South Africa to Iran, and a bold voice of racial de-colonization at home. This egalitarian attack on imperial hierarchies continued sixties’ narratives into the 1970s. Yet, growing international egalitarianism merged with a second theme: the triumph of market relations. Significantly, Don King triumphed too. The fight boosted his prestige and his monopoly over a generation of black heavyweights enthralled by his talk of black pride. New black players now entered boxing, but as unbridled capitalists. Similarly, the bout helped legitimate Mobutu’s brutal dictatorship, which reaped the profits but oppressed his people. Despite the triumph of market forces, however, the fight’s African setting brought home to blacks and whites that American Negroes were not just becoming black, they were also becoming African American [End Page 94] with an understanding on a mass scale that their roots lay partly outside America’s white cultural ideals. For colonized peoples, the old Western regimes were dying, and they would have to choose between replicating Western values or political and cultural decolonization. In 1974, it looked like de-colonization might be the future for blacks at home and abroad. 43 Lewis A. Erenberg Correspondence to [email protected] . Footnotes †. The author thanks Jesse Erenberg, Susan Hirsch, Lary May, Daniel Platt, Steve Riess, and Basil Saleem for their assistance on this article. 1. King quoted in “George Foreman VS Muhammad Ali,” Sportsworld, September 1974, p. 11; Elombe Brath, “Ali-Foreman Fight Shaping Up As Battle of Armageddon,” New York Amsterdam News, 26 September 1974, sec. A, p. 1; for international promotion see “The Cash,” Sportsworld, September 1974, p. 10. 2. Dave Anderson, “Chant of the Holy War: Ali, Bomaye,” New York Times, 28 October 1974, in “Ali” vertical files, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York, New York. 3. When We Were Kings, prod. and dir. Leon Gast, DAS Films, David Sonneberg Productions, Polygram Filmed Entertainment, 1997, 89 mins. 4. Mary L. Dudziak, “Desegregation As a Cold War Imperative,” Stanford Law Review 41 (1988): 80–93; Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire, Black Americans and Anti Colonialism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism, Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Ronald A. Smith, “The Paul Robeson-Jackie Robinson Saga and a Political Collision,” Journal of Sport History 6 (1979): 5–27. 5. For Ali as sixties symbol, see Mike Marqusee, Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties (London: Verso, 1999); and Budd Schulberg, Loser and Still Champion: Muhammad Ali (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1972). For athletic revolt, Amy Bass, Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002); Harry Edwards, The Revolt of the Black Athlete (New York: Free Press, 1969); Douglas Hartmann, Race, Culture and the Revolt of the Black Athlete, the 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); and Othello Harris, “Muhammad Ali and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,” in Muhammad Ali, The People’s Champ, ed. Elliott Gorn (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 54–69. 6. For Ali and Dundee see Thomas Hauser, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 39; Muhammad Ali with Richard Durham, The Greatest (New York: Ballantine Books, 1975), 146–147; and Schulberg, Loser and Still Champion, 33–36. 7. For Ali as a sixties rebel, see Jeffrey T. Sammons, “Rebel with a Cause: Muhammad Ali as Sixties Protest Symbol,” in Gorn, ed., Muhammad Ali, 160–164; Ali quoted in Ali, The Greatest, 147; and Marqusee, Redemption Song, 8–9. For Liston bout see David Remnick, King of the World, Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (New York: Random House, 1998), 183–204; Ali quoted in Jack Olsen, “Learning Elijah’s Advanced Lessons in Hate,” Sports Illustrated, May 1966, p. 38. 8. Ali, The Greatest, 24, 55–80; Ali quoted in Olsen, “Learning Elijah’s Advance Lessons,” in ibid., p. 43. 9. On name, Robert Lipsyte, “The Champion Looks Down at His Title,” New York Times, 24 March 1964, p. 4; Hauser, Muhammad Ali, 102 [1 st quotation	i don't know
Which major car manufacturer has its headquarters in Mumbai in India?	Car Manufacturers in India, Automobile Companies in India Car Manufacturers in India The recent growth in the Indian automobile industry has been phenomenal. Over the years India has emerged as a manufacturing hub for most of the foreign automobile companies. This is mostly because of factors such as increase in disposable income levels, change in lifestyle, availability of a variety of car models and low interest rates offered by most of the banks and finance companies. According to a recent market survey there are about 1 million passenger cars already gliding the Indian roads and with a series of small cars yet to be launched the figures are forecasted to increase. Below is a list of the Major Car Manufacturers of India Tata Motors The name that leads the list of major car manufacturers in India is Tata Motors. Originally called TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company), Tata Motors Limited is the largest automobile manufacturing company in India. Apart from being the top heavy vehicle manufactures the company is also the third largest passenger car manufacturer in India. Some of the well known cars manufactured by Tata Motors are: Tata Indigo, Tata Indigo Marina, Tata Indica, Tata Sumo, Tata Nano and Tata safari Hindustan Motors Established in 1942 Hindustan Motors was once the largest passenger car manufacturer in India. Founded by Mr. B.M. Birla Hindustan Motors is the pioneer of the age old Ambassador car. Among the major car manufacturers of India this company over the years has come up with a number of models. The introduction of the Mitsubishi Pajero in India is also because of the merger of this company with Mitsubishi. Hyundai Motors India Ltd Hyundai Motor Company of South Korean entered the India automobile market in 1996. Among the top car manufacturing companies in India today, Hyundai Motors is the company that has almost revolutionized the face of the hatchback car segment in India. Some of the important models by Hyundai Motors plying the Indian roads today are Hyundai Accent, Santro, i10 and i20 Major Car Manufacturers Map of India Disclaimer Close Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited and its directors do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. Fiat Automobiles India Limited Among the major car manufactures in India Fiat Automobiles India Limited is a joint venture between Tata Motors and the Italian giants Fiat Group Automobile S.p.A. Having over 100 years of experience in the automobile segment this company is known for its series of strong and well built cars. Some of the popular cars manufactured by Fiat Automobiles India Limited include Fiat Palio, Fiat Punto, Fiat Uno and Fiat Linea. Honda Siel Cars India Ltd Honda Siel Cars India Limited was established in 1995. A joint venture between Japanese automobile giants Honda Motor Co Ltd and Siel Limited, a Siddharth Shriram Group Company with the promise of providing high order technological assistance to Honda motors for their passenger cars segment meant for Indian consumers. Known for its series of luxury and premium cars in India this company is among the major car manufacturers of India Maruti Udyog Limited: Synonymous with cars in India Maruti Udyog Limited is the ranked as a top car manufacturing company in the country. The company since its inception in 1981 has changed the face of the Indian four wheeler scenario. With the introduction of the Maruti 800 Maruti Udyog became the most trusted automobile company in India. The company manufactures a range of passenger cars, Sports Utility Vehicles and Sedans. Some of Maruti's most popular cars are; Maruti 800, Alto, Omni, Gypsy, Zen, Wagon R, Versa, Esteem, Baleno and Swift. Major Industries	Tata
Which American author wrote 'Death In The Afternoon', a non-fiction work about Spanish bull fighting?	Tata Motors Limited \| Largest Indian Automobile Manufacturer more A NEW JOURNEY BEGINS "Trust, Reliability and Forward-moving are synonymous with Tata Motors. Honoured to be associated with a brand most of us have grown up with." AKSHAY KUMAR	i don't know
Playing for Hull City last season, Daniel Cousin is the only footballer from which country to have played in the Premier League?	BBC SPORT \| Football \| Premier League \| Where the Premier League's players come from Where the Premier League's players come from Data shown is place of birth, not nationality. (Data last updated 13 August 2009) By Ollie Williams In the past two decades, the composition of England's top-flight teams has changed dramatically. At the start of the 1989-90 season, leading clubs like Arsenal and Manchester United boasted just one or two regular first-team players who were born outside the United Kingdom. Now, Premier League teams have, on average, 13 foreign-born stars within their ranks. 'THE GLOBAL GAME' Watch the BBC News Channel/BBC World on Friday for interviews and analysis on the global growth and appeal of the Premier League, with coverage also on radio and online Use the interactive world map above to explore the birthplaces of players in all the current Premier League squads, and compare them with the same teams' players from the start of the 1989-90 season - then find out more about each team below. Twenty years ago, defending champions Arsenal had just two players born outside the UK on their books: Icelandic midfielder Sigurdur Jonsson and Irish forward Niall Quinn. Jonsson made barely a handful of appearances before leaving Highbury in 1992, while Quinn was soon to sign for Manchester City. Liverpool, eventual title-winners that season, had an unusually large number of foreign-born players in their 1989-90 squad. Bruce Grobbelaar - one of few foreign stars in 1989 Kenny Dalglish's side featured five players born outside the UK: John Barnes (Jamaica), Bruce Grobbelaar (South Africa), Glenn Hysen (Sweden), Jan Molby (Denmark) and Steve Staunton (Republic of Ireland). But they were the exception. Teams were far more likely to boast just one or two players born outside the UK and, in many cases (such as Manchester City's David Oldfield and Chelsea's Tony Dorigo), those players were British nationals who happened to have been born abroad. Two decades ago, the teams making up this year's Premier League could only boast 12 players born outside the Commonwealth between them. Twenty years later, more than half of the Premier League's clubs could field an entire starting line-up of foreign-born players. Liverpool now have just three UK-born first-team stars in Jamie Carragher, Steven Gerrard and Glen Johnson, with other British talents like Jay Spearing making only occasional European appearances to date. Anfield is home to 20 foreign-born players with a strong first-team claim, while Arsenal can boast 23, as opposed to four Brits, all aged under 21. Teams recently promoted to the top flight have the fewest foreign-born players in their first-team squads - Burnley have seven, Wolves have eight, as do Stoke, who gained promotion a year earlier, while Birmingham have nine. West Ham are also at the lower end of the spectrum, with nine foreign-born players, but at the time of writing this still comprised almost half of the 21 first-team players at Gianfranco Zola's disposal. You can find out more about your team below. Remember that the data focuses on place of birth, not nationality. Read more, comment and download the data on Ollie Williams' blog Jump to a team 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, two born abroad 2009-10: Four players born in UK, 23 born abroad Jack Wilshere is one of Arsenal's UK-born youngsters Jonsson and Quinn, mentioned above, were as exotic as it got for the Gunners 20 years ago. Arsenal could almost have put out a starting line-up featuring only players born in the London area. By contrast, in February 2005, manager Arsene Wenger became the first in English football to field a matchday squad lacking any English players. The current squad's UK-born talents - Theo Walcott, Aaron Ramsey, Kieran Gibbs and Jack Wilshere - are all under 21 years old. Points on the map 2009-10: Carlos Vela, who waited more than three years for his first Arsenal goal (and two of those waiting for a work permit), is Mexican. Brazilians Denilson and Eduardo hail from Sao Paulo and Rio respectively. There are three imports from West Africa - Emmanuel Eboue, Johan Djourou and Alex Song, while Andrey Arshavin was born in St Petersburg, Russia. In full: Almunia (Spain), Arshavin (Russia), Bendtner (Denmark), Clichy (France), Denilson (Brazil), Diaby (France), Djourou (Ivory Coast), Eboue (Ivory Coast), Eduardo (Brazil), Fabianski (Poland), Fabregas (Spain), Gallas (France), Gibbs (Lambeth, UK), Mannone (Italy), Nasri (France), Ramsey (Caerphilly, UK), Rosicky (Czech Rep), Sagna (France), Senderos (Switzerland), Silvestre (France), Song (Cameroon), Traore (France), Van Persie (Netherlands), Vela (Mexico), Vermaelen (Belgium), Walcott (Stanmore, UK), Wilshere (Stevenage, UK). 1989-90: The only two born outside the UK are Jonsson (Akranes, Iceland) and Quinn (Perrystown, Ireland). Within the UK the vast majority are concentrated around London, but the trio visible in the North East are Neil Heaney, Brian Marwood and Kevin Richardson. In full: Adams (Romford, UK), Bould (Stoke, UK), Caesar (Tottenham, UK), Campbell (Lambeth, UK), Cole (Nottingham, UK), Davis (Dulwich, UK), Dixon (Manchester, UK), Groves (Bow, UK), Hayes (Walthamstow, UK), Heaney (Middlesbrough, UK), Jonsson (Iceland), Lukic (Chesterfield, UK), Marwood (Seaham, UK), Merson (Harlesden, UK), O'Leary (Stoke Newington, UK), Quinn (Ireland), Richardson (Newcastle, UK), Rocastle (Lewisham, UK), Smith (Bromsgrove, UK), Thomas (Lambeth, UK), Winterburn (Arley, UK). 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, three born abroad 2009-10: 18 players born in UK, 12 born abroad Aston Villa's Nigel Callaghan was born in Singapore in 1962 Dwight Yorke made his Villa debut towards the end of the 89/90 season, as one of three foreign-born players in Graham Taylor's side. Another new arrival, Denmark's Kent Nielsen, and Singapore-born Nigel Callaghan were the other two. This season, Martin O'Neill has plenty of players with first-team credentials at his disposal, but 18 of the 30 we have listed remain UK-born, including five from the West Midlands. The 2009-10 Villa squad is unusual in naming three US-born players: goalkeeper Brad Friedel, Friedel's back-up Brad Guzan, and youngster Eric Lichaj. Points on the map 2009-10: Guzan and Lichaj both hail from the US state of Illinois so show up almost on top of each other on the map, with Friedel, born in Ohio, slightly to the east. Togolese midfielder Moustapha Salifou and Australian duo Chris Herd and Shane Lowry, both from Perth, are named as first-team squad members on the Villa website, despite only a handful of appearances between them. In full: Agbonlahor (Birmingham, UK), Albrighton (Tamworth, UK), Baker (Birmingham, UK), Bannan (Airdrie, UK), Beye (France), Bouma (Netherlands), Carew (Norway), Cuellar (Spain), Clark (Harrow, UK), Davies (London, UK), Delfouneso (Birmingham, UK), Delph (Bradford, UK), Downing (Middlesbrough, UK), Friedel (US), Gardner (Solihull, UK), Guzan (US), Harewood (Hampstead, UK), Herd (Australia), Heskey (Leicester, UK), Lichaj (US), Lowry (Australia), Milner (Leeds, UK), O'Halloran (Ireland), Petrov (Bulgaria), Reo-Coker (Southwark, UK), Salifou (Togo), Shorey (Romford, UK), Sidwell (Wandsworth, UK), A Young (Stevenage, UK), L Young (Harlow, UK). 1989-90: Yorke is represented by a point above the town of Canaan in Tobago, just above the South American coast. Nielsen was born in Frederiksberg, Denmark, and Englishman Callaghan's birthplace was Singapore. Closer to home, Gareth Williams was born in Cowes, on the Isle of Wight. The 89/90 squad had fewer West Midlands-born players than the current team. In full: Birch (West Bromwich, UK), Blake (Nottingham, UK), Butler (Sheffield, UK), Callaghan (Singapore), Comyn (Wakefield, UK), Cowans (West Cornforth, UK), Daley (Birmingham, UK), Gage (Chiswick, UK), Gray (Withernsea, UK), Heath (Stoke, UK), McGrath (Ealing, UK), Mountfield (Liverpool, UK), Nielsen (Denmark), Olney (Luton, UK), Ormondroyd (Bradford, UK), Platt (Chadderton, UK), Price (Hereford, UK), Spink (Chelmsford, UK), Williams (Cowes, UK), Yorke (Trinidad & Tobago). 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, none born abroad 2009-10: 18 players born in UK, nine born abroad Lee Bowyer, part of an influx of British-born Birmingham players Birmingham's entire squad for the 89/90 season hailed from the UK. Most were born in the Midlands or the North West. Dougie Bell, who signed from Shrewsbury early in the campaign, was the Birmingham player farthest from his home town, having been born in Paisley. This season, boss Alex McLeish has strengthened his squad with a number of English signings over the summer, including a permanent deal for Lee Bowyer, Scott Dann from Coventry City, Roger Johnson from Cardiff City, and goalkeeper Joe Hart on loan from Manchester City. Fellow new boys Giovanny Espinoza, born on the border between Ecuador and Colombia, and Ecuadorian compatriot Christian Benitez are by some distance Birmingham's farthest-flung imports. Points on the map 2009-10: Espinoza and Benitez were born either side of the equator in South America - the former just above, the latter just below. Others easy to spot include Sweden's Seb Larsson, Pole Artur Krysiak, Germany-born Maik Taylor and Frenchman Franck Queudrue. In full: Benitez (Ecuador), Bent (Hammersmith, UK), Bowyer (Canning Town, UK), Carr (Ireland), Carsley (Birmingham, UK), Dann (Liverpool, UK), Doyle (Ireland), Espinoza (Colombia), Fahey (Ireland), Hart (Shrewsbury), Jerome (Huddersfield, UK), D Johnson (Lisburn, UK), R Johnson (Ashford, UK), Krysiak (Poland), Larsson (Sweden), McFadden (Glasgow, UK), McPike (Birmingham, UK), McSheffrey (Coventry, UK), Murphy (Hartlepool, UK), Mutch (Alvaston, UK), O'Connor (Edinburgh, UK), Parnaby (Durham, UK), Phillips (Hitchin, UK), Queudrue (France), Ridgewell (London, UK), Maik Taylor (Germany), Martin Taylor (Ashington, UK). 1989-90: Third Division outfit Birmingham had a healthy crop of locally-born players. Apart from Paisley's Bell, Welsh goalkeeper Martin Thomas and Durham-born midfielder Nigel Gleghorn, recently signed from top-flight Manchester City, were the players born farthest from St Andrew's. In full (all UK): Ashley (Birmingham), Atkins (Birmingham), Bailey (Lambeth), Bell (Paisley), Clarkson (Solihull), Deakin (Stocksbridge), Frain (Birmingham), Gleghorn (Seaham), Gordon (Stourbridge), Hopkins (Birmingham), Langley (St Helens), Matthewson (Sheffield), Overson (Kettering), Peer (Stourbridge), Roberts (Manchester), Sproson (Stoke), Tait (Sutton Coldfield), Thomas (Senghenydd), Yates (Birmingham). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: Seven players born in UK, 18 born abroad Frank Stapleton, born in Ireland, played for Blackburn in 1989 At the start of the 89/90 season, Blackburn's lone player born outside the UK was Frank Stapleton. The Irishman, then 33, had arrived at Blackburn after a short spell at French side Le Havre. Blackburn crashed out of the Second Division play-offs for the second year in a row at the end of the season. Twenty years later, Sam Allardyce's Rovers squad spans several continents, with players originating from Canada to Croatia to the Caucasus. Points on the map 2009-10: Blackburn are the only Premier League outfit with three first-team players from Australasia: Brett Emerton is from Sydney, Vince Grella was born in Melbourne and Ryan Nelsen comes from Christchurch, NZ. Rovers also have two South Africans with new signing Elrio Van Heerden, from Port Elizabeth, joining Cape Town-born Benni McCarthy, while Franco Di Santo, from Argentina, is on loan from Chelsea. In full: Andrews (Ireland), Brown (Southwark, UK), Di Santo (Argentina), Diouf (Senegal), Dunn (Blackburn, UK), Emerton (Australia), Gallagher (Glasgow, UK), Givet (France), Grella (Australia), Hoilett (Canada), Jacobsen (Denmark), Kalinic (Croatia), Khizanishvili (Georgia), McCarthy (South Africa), N'Zonzi (France), Nelsen (New Zealand), Olsson (Sweden), Pedersen (Norway), Reid (Kingston, UK), Roberts (Park Royal, UK), Robinson (Beverley, UK), Samba (France), Treacy (Ireland), Van Heerden (South Africa), Warnock (Ormskirk, UK). 1989-90: Stapleton's home town of Dublin appears on the map, with Colin Hendry the northern-most squad member having been born in the small town of Keith, in Scotland. Rovers had five more Scotland-born players in the first team that season: Ally Dawson, Ronnie Hildersley, Andy Kennedy, Alan Irvine and John Millar. In full: Atkins (Doncaster, UK), Dawson (Johnstone, UK), Finnigan (Wimbledon, UK), Garner (Boston, UK), Hendry (Keith, UK), Gennoe (Shrewsbury, UK), Gayle (Toxteth, UK), Hildersley (Kirkcaldy, UK), Kennedy (Stirling, UK), Hill (Bolton, UK), Johnrose (Preston, UK), Irvine (Glasgow, UK), May (Oldham, UK), Millar (Bellshill, UK), Oliver (Berwick, UK), Reid (Urmston, UK), Sellars (Sheffield, UK), Skinner (Manchester, UK), Stapleton (Ireland), Sulley (Camberwell, UK), Wilcox (Farnworth, UK). 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: 13 players born in UK, 12 born abroad Nicky Hunt, from Westhoughton, is Bolton's local link Bolton's first-team squad for the coming season is split almost 50/50 between UK-born and foreign players. But long-serving defender Nicky Hunt is the club's only real local boy, having been born in nearby Westhoughton. Ten of the 89/90 squad hailed from the North West, rising to 11 with the inclusion of Ian Stevens. Though Stevens was born in Malta, he grew up in Lancashire and was on Preston's books as a youngster. Points on the map 2009-10: Ricardo Gardner and Jlloyd Samuel come from the West Indies (Gardner, from Jamaica, is shown to the left of Samuel, from Trinidad), while Nigeria and Ghana supply Dan Shittu and Mustapha Riga respectively. Fabrice Muamba, shown slightly farther south of those two, is Congolese. Bolton's Ali Al Habsi, born in Oman on the Arabian Peninsula, is one of fewer than 25 top-flight players who are their country's sole representative in the Premier League. In full: Al Habsi (Oman), Basham (Hebburn, UK), Cahill (Sheffield, UK), Cohen (Israel), K Davies (Sheffield, UK), M Davies (Wolverhampton, UK), Davis (Clapham, UK), Elmander (Sweden), Gardner (Jamaica), Hunt (Westhoughton, UK), Jaaskelainen (Finland), Knight (Solihull, UK), McCann (Blackpool, UK), Muamba (DR Congo), A O'Brien (Harrogate, UK), J O'Brien (Ireland), Obadeyi (Birmingham, UK), Ricketts (Aylesbury, UK), Riga (Ghana), Robinson (Watford, UK), Samuel (Trinidad & Tobago), Shittu (Nigeria), Steinsson (Iceland), Taylor (Oxford, UK), Vaz Te (Portugal). 1989-90: The most obvious point is Stevens, born in the Maltese capital - Valletta - before moving to the UK. Within the UK, Mark Came hailed from Exeter in the South West, David Felgate was born in the Welsh town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, and current Hull manager Phil Brown was one of two players, alongside Tony Philliskirk, to come from the North East. In full: Brookman (Manchester, UK), Brown (South Shields, UK), Comstive (Southport, UK), Came (Exeter, UK), Chandler (Hammersmith, UK), Cowdrill (Birmingham, UK), Crombie (Lincoln, UK), Darby (Farnworth, UK), Felgate (Blaenau Ffestiniog, UK), Fisher (St Helens, UK), Hughes (Denton, UK), Jeffrey (Liverpool, UK), Philliskirk (Sunderland, UK), Reeves (Birkenhead, UK), Rose (Evesham, UK), Savage (Liverpool, UK), Stevens (Malta), Storer (Rugby, UK), Thompson (Oldham, UK). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, none born abroad 2009-10: 16 players born in UK, seven born abroad Kosovo-born Besart Berisha represents Albania at international level Premier League new boys Burnley retain a largely British-born squad following their promotion from the Championship. But the Turf Moor club boast a small Scandinavian contingent and Peruvian Diego Penny, plus new Ecuadorian signing Fernando Guerrero. Two decades ago, Burnley were languishing in the Fourth Division with a team drawn almost entirely from England. Only Burnley stalwart Joe Jakub, born in Falkirk, and Welsh goalkeeper Chris Pearce came from elsewhere. Points on the map 2009-10: Goalkeeper Penny, born in Lima, is Burnley's farthest-flung first-team player, although he has been unable to dislodge another foreigner - Copenhagen-born Dane Brian Jensen - from the number one spot. David Edgar, who joined from Newcastle United in July, was born in the Canadian city of Kitchener, while new boy Guerrero comes from Ecuador's capital, Quito. In full: Alexander (Coventry, UK), Blake (Middlesbrough, UK), Caldwell (Stirling, UK), Carlisle (Preston, UK), Duff (Belfast, UK), Eagles (Hemel Hempstead, UK), Easton (Glasgow, UK), Eckersley (Salford, UK), Edgar (Canada), Elliott (Southampton, UK), Fletcher (Shrewsbury, UK), Gudjonsson (Iceland), Guerrero (Ecuador), Jensen (Denmark), Jordan (Warrington, UK), Kalvenes (Norway), McCann (Ireland), McDonald (Carnoustie, UK), Mears (Stockport, UK), Paterson (Tunstall, UK), Penny (Peru), Rodriguez (Burnley, UK), Thompson (Paisley, UK). 1989-90: Jakub and Pearce aside, the majority of Burnley's players 20 years ago came from the North West. Five of the squad were born in the Midlands, with just two - Andy Farrell (Colchester) and Brendan O'Connell (London) - coming from the South. In full (all UK): Atkinson (Otley), Davis (Birmingham), Deakin (Liverpool), Deary (Ormskirk), Eli (Bradford), Farrell (Colchester), Futcher (Chester), Gardner (Middlesbrough), Grewcock (Leicester), Hardy (Manchester), Jakub (Falkirk), McGrory (Coventry), McKay (Banbury), Measham (Barnsley), Monington (Bilsthorpe), O'Connell (Lambeth), Pearce (Newport), Smith (Leeds), White (Leicester), Williams (Liverpool). 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, four born abroad 2009-10: Six players born in UK, 17 born abroad Norwegian Erland Johnsen spent much of his career with Chelsea The poster boys of football's financial revolution prior to the advent of oil-rich Manchester City, Chelsea have rarely been short of foreign talent. Twenty years ago that talent largely took the form of Norwegian defender Erland Johnsen, who joined during the 89/90 season, and Dutchman Ken Monkou, born in Suriname. Today, new manager Carlo Ancelotti - himself a world away from 1989 boss Bobby Campbell - has stars from South America and the west coast of Africa at his disposal. In the absence of Argentine striker Franco Di Santo (on loan at Blackburn), Juliano Belletti, born in the western Brazilian city of Cascavel, has the birthplace farthest from Stamford Bridge. Points on the map 2009-10: Belletti is shown just to the left of Deco and Alex in Brazil, while Florent Malouda, born in French Guiana, is above them on the coast - not so far from Ken Monkou's birthplace in Suriname. The five dots in West Africa represent Didier Drogba and Salomon Kalou (both Ivory Coast), Jose Bosingwa (DR Congo), Mikel (Nigeria) and Michael Essien (Ghana). New boy Yuri Zhirkov comes from the Russian city of Tambov. In full: Alex (Brazil), Anelka (France), Ballack (Germany), Belletti (Brazil), Bosingwa (DR Congo), Carvalho (Portugal), Cech (Czech Rep), A Cole (Stepney, UK), J Cole (Islington, UK), Deco (Brazil), Drogba (Ivory Coast), Essien (Ghana), Ferreira (Portugal), Hilario (Portugal), Ivanovic (Serbia), Kalou (Ivory Coast), Lampard (Romford, UK), Malouda (French Guiana), Mancienne (Isleworth, UK), Mikel (Nigeria), Sturridge (Birmingham, UK), Terry (London, UK), Zhirkov (Russia). 1989-90: Monkou and Johnsen are easily spotted in Suriname and Norway respectively, but the mystery Australian-born star is Tony Dorigo, who was born in Melbourne. A young defender set to make his top-flight debut later in the season, by the name of Graeme Le Saux, came from the British Crown dependency of Jersey - not part of the UK. In full: Beasant (Willesden, UK), Bumstead (Rotherhithe, UK), Burley (Ayr, UK), Clarke (Saltcoats, UK), Dixon (Luton, UK), Dickens (Plaistow, UK), Dorigo (Australia), Durie (Paisley, UK), Freestone (Caerleon, UK), Hall (Croydon, UK), Hazard (Sunderland, UK), Hitchcock (Canning Town, UK), Le Saux (Jersey), Johnsen (Norway), Lee (Bristol, UK), McAllister (Falkirk, UK), Mitchell (Glasgow, UK), Monkou (Suriname), Nicholas (Newport, UK), Spackman (Romsey, UK), Stuart (Tooting, UK), C Wilson (Manchester, UK), K Wilson (Banbury, UK). 1989-90: 16 players born in UK, four born abroad 2009-10: 12 players born in UK, 10 born abroad Stefan Rehn represented Sweden and Everton Two of the foreign-born players in Everton's 89/90 squad have since made their names as managers back home. Raymond Atteveld, born in Amsterdam, is now manager of Dutch side Den Haag, and Stockholm-born Stefan Rehn co-manages IFK Gothenburg, but neither player achieved great success at Goodison Park. David Moyes retains a good-sized helping of locally-born players among his 2009/10 charges, but five continents are represented in the rest of the squad. Tim Howard is from the US, on-loan striker Jo grew up in Brazil, a number of players are of African origin and Tim Cahill was born in Sydney, Australia. Points on the map 2009-10: Carlo Nash, Tony Hibbert, Leighton Baines, Phil Jagielka, Phil Neville, Leon Osman, Jack Rodwell and James Wallace were all born in the North West. Aside from the far-flung foreign legion named above, the African stars in question are Joseph Yobo, Yakubu and Victor Anichebe (all Nigerian), and Steven Pienaar (South Africa). In full: Anichebe (Nigeria), Arteta (Spain), Baines (Kirkby, UK), Baxter (Bootle, UK), Cahill (Australia), Fellaini (Belgium), Gosling (Plymouth, UK), Hibbert (Liverpool, UK), Howard (US), Jagielka (Manchester, UK), Jo (Brazil), Lescott (Birmingham, UK), Nash (Bolton, UK), Neville (Bury, UK), Osman (Billinge), Pienaar (South Africa), Rodwell (Southport, UK), Saha (France), Vaughan (Birmingham, UK), Wallace (Liverpool, UK), Yakubu (Nigeria), Yobo (Nigeria). 1989-90: Atteveld's Dutch birthplace can be seen in the corner of the UK inset map, with Rehn up in Stockholm. Australian goalkeeper Jason Kearton was born in Ipswich, Queensland. In full: Atteveld (Netherlands), Cottee (West Ham, UK), Ebbrell (Bromborough, UK), Kearton (Australia), Keown (Oxford, UK), McCall (Leeds, UK), McDonald (Wallsend, UK), Nevin (Glasgow, UK), Newell (Liverpool, UK), Pointon (Warsop, UK), Ratcliffe (Deeside, UK), Rehn (Sweden), Sharp (Glasgow, UK), Sheedy (Builth Wells, UK), Snodin (Rotherham, UK), Southall (Llandudno, UK), Stowell (Portsmouth, UK), Watson (Liverpool, UK), Whiteside (Belfast, UK), Youds (Liverpool, UK). 1989-90: 21 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: Eight players born in UK, 16 born abroad Gavin Nebbeling joined Fulham from Crystal Palace Fulham's one foreign star as a Third Division outfit in 1989 was Gavin Nebbeling. The South African, born in Johannesburg, joined from Crystal Palace that summer and scored twice in some 80 appearances for the club before leaving for Preston in 1993. The Fulham first-team squad now includes an Iranian (Andranik), a South Korean (Seol Ki-Hyeon) and a Hungarian (Zoltan Gera), among many other foreign-born players. However, Fulham retain three London-born players in their senior squad: Paul Konchesky, Bobby Zamora and Chris Smalling. Points on the map 2009-10: Fulham have two players from the US state of Texas. Defender Brede Hangeland was born in Houston, although he has earned 50 caps for the Norwegian national side, and Clint Dempsey was born in the small town of Nacogdoches. The dot in Australia is goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer, who was born in Sydney, and the African members of the squad are Dickson Etuhu (Nigeria) and John Pantsil (Ghana). In full: Andranik (Iran), Baird (Ballymena, UK), Bouazza (France), Davies (Haverfordwest, UK), Dempsey (US), Etuhu (Nigeria), Gera (Hungary), Hangeland (US), Hughes (Magherafelt, UK), Johnson (Bedford, UK), Kallio (Finland), Kamara (France), Kelly (Ireland), Konchesky (Barking, UK), Murphy (Chester, UK), Nevland (Norway), Pantsil (Ghana), Riise (Norway), Schwarzer (Australia), Seol (South Korea), Smalling (Greenwich, UK), Stoor (Sweden), Zamora (London, UK), Zuberbuhler (Switzerland). 1989-90: Nebbeling is the only Fulham player from 89/90 born outside the UK. Des Bremner was born in Aberchirder, in the north of Scotland, and Gordon Davies was born in Merthyr Tydfil, but the majority of the team 20 years ago came from the London area. In full: Barnett (Stratford, UK), Batty (Westminster, UK), Cole (Hillingdon, UK), Bremner (Aberchirder, UK), Davies (Merthyr Tydfil, UK), Donnellan (Willesden, UK), Eckhardt (Sheffield, UK), Elkins (Wallingford, UK), Langley (Lambeth, UK), Lewington (Lambeth, UK), Marshall (Balham, UK), Mauge (Islington, UK), Milton (Fulham, UK), Peters (Carshalton, UK), Nebbeling (South Africa), Sayer (Brent, UK), Scott (Notting Hill, UK), Skinner (Hounslow, UK), Stannard (Harold Hill, UK), Thomas (Hackney, UK), Walker (Oxford, UK), Watson (Edinburgh, UK). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, three born abroad 2009-10: 14 players born in UK, 11 born abroad Harry Ngata was still playing, in Australia, in 2004 Hull's summer signings have increased the team's foreign contingent, with Nigerian Seyi Olofinjana, American Jozy Altidore and young French defender Steven Mouyokolo joining the club. Phil Brown's squad includes a number of other West African stars, plus players from South America and Australia. However, the Hull squad of 20 years ago can boast a player based farther afield - Harry Ngata. Ngata, born on New Zealand's North Island, started his career at Hull and is believed to have been the English league's first Maori player. Points on the map 2009-10: Four of the current squad were born in Africa - Olofinjana is from Nigerian capital Lagos, Daniel Cousin is from Gabon slightly to the south, George Boateng is from Ghana and Kamil Zayatte is from Guinea. Winger Richard Garcia was born in Perth, Australia, while Geovanni comes from the Brazilian city of Acaiaca. In full: Altidore (US), Ashbee (Birmingham, UK), Barmby (Hull, UK), Boateng (Ghana), Bullard (Newham, UK), Cousin (Gabon), Dawson (Northallerton, UK), Doyle (Derby, UK), Duke (Sheffield, UK), Fagan (Birmingham, UK), Folan (Leeds, UK), Garcia (Australia), Gardner (Stafford, UK), Geovanni (Brazil), Halmosi (Hungary), Hughes (Liverpool, UK), Kilbane (Preston, UK), Marney (Barking, UK), Mendy (France), Mouyokolo (France), Myhill (US), Olofinjana (Nigeria), Turner (Lewisham, UK), Warner (Liverpool, UK), Zayatte (Guinea). 1989-90: Ngata, born in Wanganui, was not the only foreign-born player in Hull's 89/90 squad, as they started their Second Division season under Colin Appleton before Stan Ternent took over. Goalkeeper Iain Hesford, who left Hull in 1991 and went on to play professionally in Hong Kong, was born in Zambia. In full: Askew (Great Lumley, UK), Brown (Hull, UK), Buckley (Hull, UK), Calvert (Consett, UK), De Mange (Ireland), Edwards (Middlesbrough, UK), Doyle (Neath, UK), Hesford (Zambia), Jacobs (Sheffield, UK), Jenkinson (Thorne, UK), Jobson (Cottingham, UK), Kelly (Beverley, UK), McParland (Edinburgh, UK), Murray (Buckie, UK), Payton (Whalley, UK), Roberts (Hull, UK), Ngata (New Zealand), Smith (Hull, UK), Swan (Leeds, UK), Terry (Clapton, UK), Thompson (Cleethorpes, UK), Warren (Manchester, UK), Whitehurst (Thurnscoe, UK). 1989-90: 18 players born in UK, five born abroad 2009-10: Four players born in UK, 20 born abroad Jan Molby, from Kolding in Denmark, in his Liverpool days Liverpool had more foreign-born first-team players in 1989 than they do UK-born regulars heading into the new season. Household names like Bruce Grobbelaar, John Barnes and Jan Molby were the foreign-born stars at Anfield 20 years ago. This season, as mentioned above, the likes of Gerrard and Carragher find themselves in squad dominated by foreign stars. Rafael Benitez presides over a squad which includes three Brazilians and two Argentines. Points on the map 2009-10: Diego Cavalieri, born in Sao Paulo, Fabio Aurelio, born in Sao Carlos, and Lucas Leiva from Dourados are the three Brazilians in the squad. Emiliano Insua (Buenos Aires) and Javier Mascherano (San Lorenzo) are from Argentina. Alberto Aquilani, brought in just after Liverpool had let Xabi Alonso go to Real Madrid, is the second Italian in the squad, joining Andrea Dossena. In full: Agger (Denmark), Aquilani (Italy), Aurelio (Brazil), Babel (Netherlands), Benayoun (Israel), Carragher (Bootle, UK), Cavalieri (Brazil), Degen (Switzerland), Dossena (Italy), El Zhar (France), Gerrard (Whiston, UK), Insua (Argentina), Johnson (London, UK), Kuyt (Netherlands), Leiva (Brazil), Mascherano (Argentina), Ngog (France), Plessis (France), Reina (Spain), Riera (Spain), Skrtel (Slovakia), Spearing (Wirral, UK), Torres (Spain), Voronin (Ukraine). 1989-90: Grobbelaar was born in Durban, South Africa, whereas Barnes is represented by a dot above Kingston, where he was born, despite his later England appearances. Jan Molby hails from Kolding, in Denmark, and was joined in the 89/90 squad by fellow Scandinavian Glenn Hysen, from Gothenburg, in Sweden. Steve Staunton is Liverpool's fifth foreign-born player, from Drogheda, in Ireland. In full: Ablett (Liverpool, UK), Aldridge (Liverpool, UK), Barnes (Jamaica), Beardsley (Newcastle, UK), Burrows (Dudley, UK), Dalglish (Dalmarnock, UK), Gillespie (Bonnybridge, UK), Grobbelaar (South Africa), Hansen (Alloa, UK), Hooper (Bristol, UK), Houghton (Glasgow, UK), Hysen (Sweden), Jones (Prescot, UK), Magilton (Belfast, UK), Marsh (Liverpool, UK), McMahon (Liverpool, UK), Molby (Denmark), Nicol (Irvine, UK), Rush (St Asaph, UK), Staunton (Ireland), Venison (Consett, UK), Tanner (Kingswood, UK), Watson (Liverpool, UK). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: Seven players born in UK, 16 born abroad Carlos Tevez, part of Mark Hughes' Manchester City revolution Manchester City's academy has built a fine reputation over recent seasons, but home-grown youngsters could struggle to make an impact because of the massive spending power the club now possesses. That said, Mark Hughes has invested in UK-born talent this summer in the shape of Gareth Barry and Stuart Taylor, though other signings include Kolo Toure (Ivory Coast), Roque Santa Cruz (Paraguay), Emmanuel Adebayor (Togo) and Carlos Tevez (Argentina). Two decades earlier, the academy was already going strong, with the likes of Steve Redmond, David White and Paul Lake all having graduated from an all-conquering youth team. The one player whose birthplace lay outside the UK was David Oldfield, born in Perth, Australia. Points on the map 2009-10: Mark Hughes' new-look City squad relies heavily, like other Premier League sides with big ambitions, on West Africa and South America. Aside from the new signings named above, Robinho (Brazil) and Pablo Zabaleta (Argentina) make up the South American contingent, while Nedum Onuoha (born in Nigeria) and Benjani (Zimbabwe) are African-born. In full: Adebayor (Togo), Barry (Hastings, UK), Bellamy (Cardiff, UK), Ben-Haim (Israel), Benjani (Zimbabwe), Bridge (Southampton, UK), De Jong (Netherlands), Dunne (Ireland), Garrido (Spain), Given (Ireland), Ireland (Ireland), Johnson (Manchester, UK), Kompany (Belgium), Onuoha (Nigeria), Petrov (Bulgaria), Richards (Birmingham, UK), Robinho (Brazil), Santa Cruz (Paraguay), Taylor (Romford, UK), Tevez (Argentina), Toure (Ivory Coast), Wright-Phillips (London, UK), Zabaleta (Argentina). 1989-90: Oldfield is the only non-UK-born member of the squad, while six others were born in Greater Manchester itself - Jason Beckford, Andy Hinchcliffe, Lake, Gary Megson, Ashley Ward and White. The 89/90 squad also included four players born in Northern Ireland: Gary Fleming, Michael Hughes, Neil Lennon and Gerry Taggart. In full: Allen (Stepney, UK), Beckford (Manchester, UK), Bishop (Liverpool, UK), Brightwell (Lutterworth, UK), Cooper (Brierley Hill, UK), Dibble (Cwmbran, UK), Fleming (Londonderry, UK), Gayle (Kingston, UK), Hinchcliffe (Manchester, UK), Hughes (Larne, UK), Lake (Denton, UK), Lennon (Lurgan, UK), McNab (Greenock, UK), Megson (Manchester, UK), Morley (Nottingham, UK), Oldfield (Australia), Redmond (Liverpool, UK), Seagraves (Bootle, UK), Taggart (Belfast, UK), Ward (Manchester, UK), White (Manchester, UK). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: 11 players born in UK, 17 born abroad A colourful Mark Bosnich in action for Australia Like near rivals City, Manchester United had just one foreign-born player at the start of the season 20 years ago. That was Mark Bosnich, born in New South Wales, who made his debut for United at the end of the season at the age of 18. This season, Sir Alex Ferguson's highest-profile signing has been an Englishman in striker Michael Owen. However, the club have also added the signatures of Ecuadorian Antonio Valencia and Frenchman Gabriel Obertan. Points on the map 2009-10: The Red Devils have players spread across five continents, with Park Ji-Sung representing Asia (born in Seoul, South Korea) and Owen Hargreaves representing North America (born in Calgary, Canada). United's squad includes a group of Eastern European players: Dimitar Berbatov (Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria), Nemanja Vidic and Zoran Tosic (Serbia), and Tomasz Kuszczak (Krosno Odrzanskie, Poland). In full: Anderson (Brazil), Berbatov (Bulgaria), Brown (Manchester, UK), Carrick (Wallsend, UK), F Da Silva (Brazil), R Da Silva (Brazil), Evans (Belfast, UK), Evra (Senegal), Ferdinand (Peckham, UK), Fletcher (Edinburgh, UK), Foster (Leamington Spa, UK), Gibson (Londonderry, UK), Giggs (Cardiff, UK), Hargreaves (Canada), Kuszczak (Poland), Macheda (Italy), Nani (Portugal), Neville (Bury, UK), O'Shea (Ireland), Obertan (France), Owen (Chester, UK), Park (South Korea), Rooney (Liverpool, UK), Scholes (Salford, UK), Tosic (Serbia), Valencia (Ecuador), Van Der Sar (Netherlands), Vidic (Serbia). 1989-90: Bosnich, who signed from Sydney United (then Sydney Croatia), was born in the Sydney suburb of Fairfield. United's 89/90 squad included Scots Jim Leighton and Brian McClair, Welshman Mark Hughes and Belfast-born Mal Donaghy, alongside six first-team players born in the North West (this season, United have five). In full: Anderson (Nottingham, UK), Beardsmore (Wigan, UK), Blackmore (Neath, UK), Bosnich (Australia), Bruce (Corbridge, UK), Donaghy (Belfast, UK), Duxbury (Blackburn, UK), Gibson (Bridport, UK), Hughes (Wrexham, UK), Leighton (Johnstone, UK), Maiorana (Cambridge, UK), Martin (Hyde, UK), McClair (Airdrie, UK), Pallister (Ramsgate, UK), Phelan (Nelson, UK), Robins (Ashton-under-Lyne, UK), Robson (Witton Gilbert, UK), Sharpe (Halesowen, UK), Wallace (Greenwich, UK), Walsh (Wigan, UK), Webb (Reading, UK). 1989-90: 21 players born in UK, none born abroad 2009-10: Nine players born in UK, 15 born abroad Frederic Piquionne, the Premier League's lone New Caledonian Portsmouth have spent an uncertain summer selling players to raise funds and relying on free transfers for new blood. Finnish veteran Antti Niemi is one such recruit, as are Steve Finnan (born in Limerick, Ireland), Aaron Mokoena (Johannesburg, South Africa) and Frederic Piquionne (from New Caledonia, a France-governed island chain in the Pacific near Australia). English stars Peter Crouch, Glen Johnson and Sean Davis have departed, but nine UK-born first-team players remain. Twenty years ago, Portsmouth boss John Gregory's entire first-team squad had been born in the UK, with just two players hailing from outside England. Points on the map 2009-10: Piquionne is unusual in coming from the islands of New Caledonia, to the north-east of Australia, while fellow new boy Mokoena is represented by a dot in South Africa. Portsmouth are the only team in the Premier League with no players from either North or South America. In full: Ashdown (Reading, UK), Basinas (Greece), Begovic (Bosnia), Bouba Diop (Senegal), Campbell (Plaistow, UK), Cranie (Yeovil, UK), Distin (France), Finnan (Ireland), Hreidarsson (Iceland), Hughes (Glasgow, UK), James (Welwyn, UK), Kaboul (France), Kanu (Nigeria), Kranjcar (Croatia), Mokoena (South Africa), Mullins (Reading, UK), Mvuemba (France), Niemi (Finland), Nugent (Liverpool, UK), Piquionne (New Caledonia), Primus (Forest Gate, UK), Utaka (Nigeria), Wilson (Belfast, UK). 1989-90: The only two 89/90 players born outside England were both Scottish: Kenny Black from Glasgow, and Graeme Hogg from Aberdeen. Pompey had a number of players who hailed from the corridor between London and the coast, particularly the unlikely sporting hub of Basingstoke, home to Mark Kelly, Lee Sandford and Kit Symons. In full (all UK): Aspinall (Wigan), Awford (Worcester), Ball (Hastings), Black (Glasgow), Chamberlain (Stoke), Connor (Leeds), Fillery (Mitcham), Gosney (Southampton), Hogg (Aberdeen), Kelly (Basingstoke), Knight (Balham), Kuhl (Frimley), Maguire (Hammersmith), Murray (Newcastle), Neill (Acton), Powell (Lambeth), Ross (Southampton), Sandford (Basingstoke), Symons (Basingstoke), Whittingham (Evesham), Wigley (Ashton-under-Lyne). 1989-90: 21 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: 16 players born in UK, eight born abroad Stoke new boy and Abingdon-born Dean Whitehead Stoke, who had just one foreign-born player 20 years ago in the unlikely form of George Berry, have maintained a largely UK-born squad for the new season. The vast majority of this season's foreign-born talent is concentrated in West Africa, with no fewer than four players hailing from Senegal. Back in 1989 the lone "foreigner" was Berry, a Stoke stalwart in his final season at the club. But while Berry may have been born near Rostrup, in Germany, he was a Welshman whose career began at Wolves before joining Stoke in 1982. Points on the map 2009-10: Dean Whitehead is Tony Pulis' big summer signing, an Englishman born in Abingdon, although Stoke also possess the rare beast that is a Cornish-born Premier League player in Matthew Etherington, who was born in Truro. Stoke's four Senegalese stars are Ibrahima Sonko (born in Bignona), Abdoulaye Faye (Dakar), Amdy Faye (also Dakar) and Salif Diao (Kedougou). Mamady Sidibe is from Mali and Ricardo Fuller is from Jamaica. In full: Beattie (Lancaster, UK), Cort (Southwark, UK), Cresswell (Bridlington, UK), Delap (Sutton Coldfield, UK), Diao (Senegal), Etherington (Truro, UK), Abdoulaye Faye (Senegal), Amdy Faye (Senegal), Fuller (Jamaica), Griffin (Wigan, UK), Higginbotham (Manchester, UK), Kitson (Hitchin, UK), Lawrence (Retford, UK), Pugh (Manchester, UK), Shawcross (Chester, UK), Sidibe (Mali), Simonsen (South Shields, UK), Soares (Reading, UK), Sonko (Senegal), Sorensen (Denmark), Tonge (Manchester, UK), Whelan (Ireland), Whitehead (Abingdon, UK), Wilkinson (Stone, UK). 1989-90: A large number of Stoke's 89/90 squad came from within a 50-mile radius of the Potteries. Cliff Carr and Nicky Morgan had probably travelled farthest as the only two Londoners, from Hackney and East Ham respectively. In full: Bamber (Prescot, UK), Barrett (Ilkeston, UK), Beagrie (Middlesbrough, UK), Beeston (Stoke, UK), Berry (Germany), Biggins (Sheffield, UK), Butler (Liverpool, UK), Carr (Hackney, UK), Cranson (Easington, UK), Fowler (Eastwood, UK), Fox (Scunthorpe, UK), Hackett (Stourbridge, UK), Henry (Houghton-le-Spring, UK), Higgins (Buxton, UK), Holmes (Stoke, UK), Kamara (Middlesbrough, UK), Morgan (East Ham, UK), Noble (Hull, UK), Palin (Worcester, UK), Scott (Radcliffe, UK), Statham (Wolverhampton, UK), Ware (Congleton, UK). 1989-90: 21 players born in UK, one born abroad 2009-10: 14 players born in UK, 12 born abroad Sunderland's Finnish star Teemu Tainio Sunderland have invested in a mix of UK-born and foreign talent over the summer. New signing Lorik Cana is one of two players with Kosovan connections to grace the Premier League. The late 1980s were an eventful time to be a Sunderland fan, as the team bounced up from the third to the first tier of English football. Their only foreign-born player at the start of the 89/90 season was Germany's Thomas Hauser, a centre forward not remembered with any great fondness at the Stadium of Light. Points on the map 2009-10: Finland's Teemu Tainio is the dot in the far north, with Cana and Hungarian goalkeeper Marton Fulop in Eastern Europe. Carlos Edwards and Kenwyne Jones both hail from Trinidad, while Sunderland have three players from the North East: Michael Kay, Grant Leadbitter and Martyn Waghorn. In full: Bardsley (Salford, UK), Bent (Cambridge, UK), Campbell (Huddersfield, UK), Cana (Kosovo), Cattermole (Stockton-on-Tees, UK), Collins (Chester, UK), Da Silva (Paraguay), Edwards (Trinidad & Tobago), Ferdinand (Peckham, UK), Fulop (Hungary), Gordon (Edinburgh, UK), Healy (Downpatrick, UK), Jones (Trinidad & Tobago), Kay (Shotley Bridge, UK), Leadbitter (Chester-le-Street, UK), Malbranque (Belgium), McCartney (Belfast, UK), McShane (Ireland), Murphy (Ireland), Mvoto (France), Nosworthy (Brixton, UK), Reid (Ireland), Richardson (Greenwich, UK), Stokes (Ireland), Tainio (Finland), Waghorn (South Shields, UK). 1989-90: About half the Sunderland squad 20 years ago had been born in the North East. Two - Kieron Brady and John MacPhail - were from Scotland, while Colin Pascoe was born in Bridgend, Wales. Hauser was born in Berlin. In full: Agboola (Camden, UK), Armstrong (Newcastle, UK), Atkinson (Darlington, UK), Bennett (Manchester, UK), Bracewell (Heswall, UK), Brady (Glasgow, UK), Carter (Bristol, UK), Cornforth (Whitley Bay, UK), Cullen (Gateshead, UK), Gabbiadini (Nottingham, UK), Gates (Ferryhill, UK), Hardyman (Portsmouth, UK), Hauser (Germany), Hawke (Durham, UK), Heathcote (Durham, UK), Kay (Great Lumley, UK), MacPhail (Dundee, UK), Norman (Deeside, UK), Ord (Murton, UK), Owers (Newcastle, UK), Pascoe (Bridgend, UK), Williams (Liverpool, UK). 1989-90: 22 players born in UK, four born abroad 2009-10: 13 players born in UK, 12 born abroad Ceuta-born Nayim, who spent five years at Tottenham Tottenham's modern-day squad includes its fair share of foreign-born stars, but maintains a strong UK-born presence, including three Londoners. Frenchman Sebastien Bassong was manager Harry Redknapp's first foreign capture of the summer, having signed Englishmen Peter Crouch, Kyle Naughton and Kyle Walker (the latter since loaned back to Sheffield United). Twenty years earlier, Nayim, born in Ceuta, a Spanish settlement on the North African coast, was probably one of the best-known foreigners in the top flight. Spurs also had two Nordic players and a Belgian in their squad at the start of the 89/90 season, but most players came from the London area. Points on the map 2009-10: Four of Spurs' current squad come from Central and South America: Heurelho Gomes (Brazil), Pascal Chimbonda (Guadeloupe), Wilson Palacios (Honduras) and Giovani dos Santos (Mexico). There are two Croatians in the Spurs first-team squad: Luka Modric and Vedran Corluka, though Corluka was born in neighbouring Bosnia-Hercegovina. In full: Assou-Ekotto (France), Bale (Cardiff, UK), Bassong (France), Bentley (Peterborough, UK), Boateng (Germany), Chimbonda (Guadeloupe), Corluka (Bosnia & Herzegovina), Crouch (Macclesfield, UK), Cudicini (Italy), Dawson (Northallerton, UK), Defoe (Beckton, UK), Dos Santos (Mexico), Gomes (Brazil), Huddlestone (Nottingham, UK), Hutton (Glasgow, UK), Jenas (Nottingham, UK), Keane (Ireland), King (London, UK), Lennon (Leeds, UK), Modric (Croatia), Naughton (Sheffield, UK), O'Hara (Dartford, UK), Palacios (Honduras), Pavlyuchenko (Russia), Woodgate (Middlesbrough, UK). 1989-90: Norwegian goalkeeper Erik Thorstvedt was born in Stavanger, while Gudni Bergsson was born in the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik. Defender Pat Van Den Hauwe, who had just joined Spurs from Everton in time for the start of the 89/90 season, came from Belgium. In full: Allen (Aveley, UK), Bergsson (Iceland), Butters (Hillingdon, UK), Dearden (Luton, UK), Fenwick (Seaham, UK), Gascoigne (Gateshead, UK), Gray (Belfast, UK), Howells (Guildford, UK), Hughton (Stratford, UK), Lineker (Leicester, UK), Mabbutt (Bristol, UK), Mimms (York, UK), Moncur (Stepney, UK), Moran (Enfield, UK), Nayim (Spain), A Polston (Walthamstow, UK), J Polston (Walthamstow, UK), Robson (Newham, UK), Samways (Bethnal Green, UK), Sedgley (Enfield, UK), Stevens (Hillingdon, UK), Stewart (Manchester, UK), Thomas (Luton, UK), Thorstvedt (Norway), Van Den Hauwe (Belgium), Walsh (Plumstead, UK). 1989-90: 20 players born in UK, two born abroad 2009-10: 12 players born in UK, nine born abroad Chilean Luis Jimenez, one of Gianfranco Zola's summer buys English youngsters form a key part of the West Ham team boss Gianfranco Zola has put together. However, that hasn't stopped the former Chelsea ace strengthening with foreign imports this summer, including Chilean Luis Jimenez and Swiss defender Fabio Daprela. Twenty years ago, Steve Potts was one of the league's more exotic players, the Englishman having been born in Hartford, Connecticut, in the US. However, most of his team-mates had been born within 30 miles of London, with several Scottish imports. Points on the map 2009-10: On the left of the map, Jonathan Spector (born in the US) appears to the north, while Jimenez is shown on the Chilean coast. West Ham's Africans are Herita Ilunga (born in Kinshasa, DR Congo) and Savio Nsereko (born in Kampala, Uganda). Valon Behrami comes from what is now Kosovo. In full: Ashton (Swindon, UK), Behrami (Serbia), Boa Morte (Portugal), Cole (Croydon, UK), Collins (Newport, UK), Collison (Watford, UK), Daprela (Switzerland), Dyer (Ipswich, UK), Faubert (France), Gabbidon (Cwmbran, UK), Green (Chertsey, UK), Ilunga (DR Congo), Jimenez (Chile), Noble (West Ham, UK), Nsereko (Uganda), Parker (Lambeth, UK), Spector (US), Stanislas (Kidbrooke, UK), Stech (Czech Rep), Tomkins (Basildon, UK), Upson (Hartismere, UK). 1989-90: Frank McAvennie (Glasgow), Tommy McQueen (Bellshill) and Ray Stewart (Stanley) formed the Hammers' Scottish contingent. After that trio, Potts and Irishman Liam Brady, Merseyside pair Alvin Martin and Mark Ward were farthest from the Boleyn Ground. In full: Allen (Reading, UK), Brady (Ireland), Devonshire (Park Royal, UK), Dicks (Bristol, UK), Dolan (Dagenham, UK), Foster (Chislehurst, UK), Gale (Westminster, UK), Ince (Ilford, UK), Keen (Amersham, UK), Kelly (Birmingham, UK), Martin (Bootle, UK), McAveniie (Glasgow, UK), McQueen (Bellshill, UK), Parkes (Sedgley, UK), Parris (Barking, UK), Potts (US), Robson (Billericay, UK), Rosenior (Clapton, UK), Slater (Sudbury, UK), Stewart (Stanley, UK), Strodder (Cleckheaton, UK), Ward (Huyton, UK). 1989-90: 19 players born in UK, none born abroad 2009-10: Nine players born in UK, 14 born abroad Spaniard Jordi Gomez, recruited from Espanyol this summer Heading into his top-flight debut as Wigan boss, Roberto Martinez has brought in a mixture of UK-born and foreign talent ahead of the new season. Jordi Gomez, signed from Espanyol, was born in Barcelona, while Hendry Thomas was born in Honduras and the inaccurately-named Jason Scotland comes from Trinidad. James McCarthy and Scott Sinclair are the UK-born additions to the squad, which, 20 years ago, featured no player born outside the UK. Wigan, in the third tier of English football at the time, drew the vast majority of their players from the North West of England. Points on the map 2009-10: Farthest-flung is South Korean international Cho Won-Hee, who made his debut towards the end of last season. Olivier Kapo and Richard Kingson come from the neighbouring African countries of Ivory Coast and Ghana respectively. Thomas is joined in Honduras by Maynor Figueroa. In full: Boyce (Aylesbury, UK), Bramble (Ipswich, UK), Brown (Hartlepool, UK), Cho (South Korea), Cywka (Poland), De Ridder (Netherlands), Edman (Sweden), Figueroa (Honduras), Gomez (Spain), Kapo (Ivory Coast), Kingson (Ghana), Kirkland (Leicester, UK), Koumas (Wrexham, UK), McCarthy (Glasgow, UK), Melchiot (Netherlands), N'Zogbia (France), Pollitt (Farnworth, UK), Rodallega (Colombia), Scharner (Austria), Scotland (Trinidad & Tobago), Sinclair (Bath, UK), Thomas (Honduras), Watson (London, UK). 1989-90: Just three of the Wigan first-team squad ahead of the 89/90 season hailed from outside the local area. Phil Hughes and Darren Patterson were born in Belfast, while Allen Tankard came from Fleet, in Hampshire. In full (all UK): Adkins (Birkenhead), Atherton (Orrell), Beesley (Liverpool), Crompton (Orrell), Fallon (Widnes), Griffiths (St Helens), Hilditch (Royton), Hughes (Belfast), Johnson (Wigan), Page (Manchester), Parkinson (Eccles), Patterson (Belfast), Rimmer (Liverpool), Senior (Sheffield), Tankard (Fleet), Thompson (Manchester), Ward (Warrington), Whitworth (Wigan), Woods (Birkenhead). 1989-90: 18 players born in UK, two born abroad 2009-10: 20 players born in UK, eight born abroad Steve Bull - Wolves legend born in nearby Tipton Wolves return to the top flight with a squad comprised mainly of UK-born players. That said, Mick McCarthy has strengthened his foreign legion with the purchases of American goalkeeper Marcus Hahnemann, Serbian Nenad Milijas and Guadeloupe-born Ronald Zubar. Twenty years ago, Wolves had just been promoted back to the Second Division as champions, following one of the worst periods in the team's history. Two of that side were foreign-born - South African striker and new signing John Paskin, and Floyd Streete, born in Jamaica. Points on the map 2009-10: Hahnemann was born in Seattle in the US. The point above South America is Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, birthplace of Zubar. Andrew Surman is from South Africa, while George Elokobi was born in Mogadishu, Somalia. In full: Berra (Edinburgh, UK), Collins (Troon, UK), Craddock (Redditch, UK), Doyle (Ireland), Ebanks-Blake (Cambridge, UK), Edwards (Shrewsbury, UK), Elokobi (Somalia), Foley (Luton, UK), Friend (Barnstaple, UK), Hahnemann (US), Halford (Chelmsford, UK), Hemmings (Wolverhampton, UK), Hennessey (Bangor, UK), Henry (Wolverhampton, UK), Hill (Bristol, UK), Ikeme (Sutton Coldfield, UK), Iwelumo (Coatbridge, UK), Jarvis (Middlesbrough, UK), Jones (Southport, UK), Keogh (Ireland), Kightly (Basildon, UK), Milijas (Serbia), Shackell (Stevenage, UK), Stearman (Wolverhampton, UK), Surman (South Africa), Vokes (Lymington, UK), Ward (Ireland), Zubar (Guadeloupe). 1989-90: Paskin was born in Cape Town, South Africa, and Streete was born in the Jamaican capital, Kingston. The Wolves squad also included two Scots, Tom Bennett and Ally Robertson, as well as Welshmen Mark Kendall and Nigel Vaughan. In full: Bellamy (Worksop, UK), Bennett (Falkirk, UK), Bull (Tipton, UK), Chard (Corby, UK), Clarke (Walsall, UK), Dennison (Banbridge, UK), Downing (Oldbury, UK), Gooding (Newcastle, UK), Kendall (Blackwood, UK), Lange (West Ham, UK), McLoughlin (UK), Mutch (Liverpool), Paskin (South Africa), Robertson (Linlithgow, UK), Steele (Coventry, UK), Streete (Jamaica), Thompson (Cannock, UK), Vaughan (Caerleon, UK), Venus (Hartlepool, UK), Westley, (Canterbury, UK). Map by Ollie Williams, Tom Pearson and Lenny Hanniford Bookmark with:	Gabon
Prior to becoming Vice-President, and later President, Richard Nixon was a Senator for which state?	Arsenal 1 Hull City 2: Hull profit from Brown know-how \| The Independent Arsenal 1 Hull City 2: Hull profit from Brown know-how Sunday 28 September 2008 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Football Manchester United got a big helping hand from the referee to see them on their way against Bolton and Chelsea did too against Stoke, with what looked like handball in the build-up to their first goal. Liverpool were not harmed by an opponent being sent off. Arsenal, too, had a little assistance for their goal, but unlike their principal rivals for the Premier League title, that was the cue for things to get worse not better. This was not the Gunners' first defeat of the season, as they lost last month at Fulham. Yet even that was not a complete shock, given the way they had played against West Bromwich on the opening day, eking out an unconvincing 1-0 win. As it is, Hull became only the second Premier League team to win at the Emirates since Arsenal moved there in August 2006, West Ham United winning in April last year. Geovanni and Daniel Cousin, Brazilian and Gabonese respectively, took full advantage of what slight openings they were given and in the space of three second-half minutes had turned their deficit into a lead, which they held on to with the considerable help of the goalkeeper Boaz Myhill and his grimly determined back four. Having won on the road at Bolton and Blackburn in the last fortnight, where they used to be found wanting for attitude and aggression, those factors instead applied at the Emirates against Phil Brown's well-organised side. Of course, Brown has previous against Arsène Wenger. As Sam Allardyce's assistant at Bolton, the pair used regularly to dream up ways of beating the Frenchman and his more technically gifted players. But even though he cited winning the Championship play-off final last season and victory this month at St James' Park – he is a North-easterner – as career highlights, this was surely Brown's crowning moment. So far. He said: "I'm not saying I've been here, seen it and done it but, with Sam at Bolton, I've upset the odds on occasion at Highbury and got a result at Stamford Bridge and Old Trafford. They [the players] listened to me at half-time. They probably thought it was a bit harsh, the criticism, but they carried out the instructions in the second half and that was pleasing." It cannot be overstated what an achievement this was for Hull in their first ever campaign in the top flight. This time a year ago they were near the bottom of the Championship until Brown started to turn the situation around. Ian Ashbee, the club captain and midfielder, put it this way: "I have played at some right dumps in my time and Boothferry Park [Hull's former ground] was one of them. I've done it the hard way and to finally get the chance to come here and play at such a massive stadium, even for the fans it's brilliant. You can't believe it when you're playing against the likes of [Cesc] Fabregas after playing in League Two not that long ago. It's a chance that a lot of players never get. We've got that opportunity and we've got to put two hands on it and try to stay in this league." Coming so soon after Arsenal's reserves had thrashed Sheffield United 6-0 in the Carling Cup, the expectation was that the same sort of punishment would be handed out to Hull, but Brown has seen his side to an unbeaten start to the season away from home and it was clear why. He retained an offensive threat with Geovanni – "people thought it was suicidal to play him," said Brown – behind a front two and his midfield three stuck to their task of suffocating the likes of Fabregas and Theo Walcott. Behind them, the defence blocked and tackled in packs. It was not quite enough to stop Arsenal's opener, with Walcott's cross glancing off Fabregas and then Paul McShane's leg. Having already been told at half-time that goalless was not good enough, the visitors had extra reason to go on the attack. Wenger lamented the failure to close down Geovanni when he picked up the ball 25 yards out and hammered it into the top corner. He also criticised his defenders for letting Cousin be first to the ball for the header that won the game. Arsenal's last chance of a point slipped away when Fabregas's shot was saved by Myhill in injury time. Wenger noted some complacency, and Brown warned him many other teams this season would play like Hull, not something the Frenchman wanted spinning around his head on his 12th anniversary as Arsenal manager. Asked whether they can afford to lose again if they are to contend for the title, Wenger replied: "I do not know," but with Chelsea and Liverpool unbeaten, the feeling is he probably does know, but was just not in the mood for telling. Goals: McShane og (50) 1-0; Geovanni (62) 1-1; Cousin (65) 1-2. Arsenal (4-4-2): Almunia; Sagna, Touré, Gallas, Clichy; Walcott (Vela, 77), Fabregas, Denilson, Eboué (Bendtner, 68); Adebayor, Van Persie. Substitutes not used: Fabianski (gk), Ramsey, Song, Silvestre, Djourou. Hull City (4-3-1-2): Myhill; McShane, Turner, Zayatte, Dawson; Marney, Ashbee, Boateng (Garcia, 77); Geovanni (Hughes, 72); Cousin (Mendy, 80), King. Substitutes not used: Duke (gk), Halmosi, Folan, Ricketts. Booked: Arsenal Sagna, Gallas; Hull Ashbee. Referee: A Wiley (Staffordshire). Man of the match: Ashbee. Attendance: 60,037. Tigers burning bright Hull's rise to the top flight Nov 1998 Bottom of the Football League and on course for relegation to Conference. Oct 2002 Hull fifth from bottom of League Two. Dec 2002 Move to KC Stadium. 2004 League Two runners-up. Dec 2006 Phil Brown takes over as manager. 2007-08 Finish third in Championship; win play-offs. Ascent from bottom to top flight in five seasons is third-fastest ever. Ian Ashbee: Sent off on debut in Aug 2002 in League Two; captains side to victory at Emirates in Sept 2008. Thought to be only man to captain one side in all four divisions. More about:	i don't know
Which 2009 film stars Nicholas Cage as a professor of astrophysics who discovers that he can predict future catastrophes?	Knowing (2009) - IMDb IMDb 29 December 2016 2:33 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV ON DISC ALL M.I.T. professor John Koestler links a mysterious list of numbers from a time capsule to past and future disasters and sets out to prevent the ultimate catastrophe. Director: Rogue’s Gallery: Star Wars actor Ben Mendelsohn’s greatest villains 10 December 2016 9:45 AM, -08:00 \| Flickeringmyth a list of 35 titles created 06 Apr 2011 a list of 38 titles created 10 Aug 2011 a list of 39 titles created 29 Mar 2012 a list of 46 titles created 01 Nov 2012 a list of 36 titles created 16 Mar 2014 Search for " Knowing " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 5 nominations. See more awards » Videos A Las Vegas magician who can see into the future is pursued by FBI agents seeking to use his abilities to prevent a nuclear terrorist attack. Director: Lee Tamahori An arms dealer confronts the morality of his work as he is being chased by an Interpol agent. Director: Andrew Niccol A hitman who's in Bangkok to pull off a series of jobs violates his personal code when he falls for a local woman and bonds with his errand boy. Directors: Danny Pang, Oxide Chun Pang Stars: Nicolas Cage, Charlie Yeung, Shahkrit Yamnarm Stunt motorcyclist Johnny Blaze gives up his soul to become a hellblazing vigilante, to fight against power hungry Blackheart, the son of the devil himself. Director: Mark Steven Johnson A frustrated writer struggles to keep his family alive when a series of global catastrophes threatens to annihilate mankind. Director: Roland Emmerich A retired master car thief must come back to the industry and steal 50 cars with his crew in one night to save his brother's life. Director: Dominic Sena In order to foil an extortion plot, an FBI agent undergoes a face-transplant surgery and assumes the identity and physical appearance of a ruthless terrorist, but the plan turns from bad to worse when the same criminal impersonates the cop. Director: John Woo A remake of the 1951 classic sci-fi film about an alien visitor and his giant robot counterpart who visit Earth. Director: Scott Derrickson 14th-century knights transport a suspected witch to a monastery, where monks deduce her powers could be the source of the Black Plague. Director: Dominic Sena Newly paroled ex-con and former U.S. Ranger Cameron Poe finds himself trapped in a prisoner transport plane when the passengers seize control. Director: Simon West Edit Storyline In the fall of 1959, for a time capsule, students draw pictures of life as they imagine it will be in 50 years. Lucinda, an odd child who hears voices, swiftly writes a long string of numbers. In 2009, the capsule is opened; student Caleb Koestler gets Lucinda's "drawing" and his father John, an astrophysicist and grieving widower, takes a look. He discovers dates of disasters over the past 50 years with the number who died. Three dates remain, all coming soon. He investigates, learns of Lucinda, and looks for her family. He fears for his son, who's started to hear voices and who is visited by a silent stranger who shows him a vision of fire and destruction. What's going on? Written by <[email protected]> What Happens When The Numbers Run Out? See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for disaster sequences, disturbing images and brief strong language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 20 March 2009 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $24,604,751 (USA) (20 March 2009) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia As of 2016, Steven Haar has played Berd four times. The other three include Metal Warrior (2011), Mystery: Born to Rock (2014), and Diary of a Fatman (2016). See more » Goofs The degrees are shown to just hundredths. A hundredth of a degree is more than half a mile. John would certainly have known he couldn't pinpoint a street intersection with just that data. See more » Quotes The Good, The Bad and the Ugly 26 March 2009 \| by pugmahorn (Australia) – See all my reviews The good: Strong start to the movie, the plot hooks you in, excellent sound, confronting disaster scenes, haunting images, Rose Byrne, at times quite freaky, The Bad: Special effects looked like they were from a video game, ripped off basically every science fiction movie ever made, poor acting from Nic Cage, very predictable. The Ugly: Last third of movie was shamefully ridiculous. Summary: If you are a science fiction fan, you will probably not be able to resist seeing this movie. Be warned, you will think you are seeing the sci-fi great that you have been waiting for but mid way the film gets lost. You may very well groan out loud at the ending. This had the makings of a great movie but unfortunately it couldn't come up with the goods. 415 of 630 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	The Knowing
Prior to becoming Vice-President, and later President, Gerald Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for which state?	Physical and Mental Disabilities in the Movies Physical and Mental Disabilities in the Movies Physical Disabilities and Dysfunctions in the Movies Aaltra: A Road Movie (2004) Directed by Gustave de Kervern and Benoît Delépine. Cast: Benoit Delepine, Gustave Kervern, Jan Bucquoy, Pierre Carl, Michel de Houx, Isabelle Delepine, Jason Flemying, Noel Godin, Christine Grulois, Aki Kauresmaki, Bouli Lanners, Vincent Patar, Benoit Poelvoorde, Chrisophe Salengro, Vincent Tavier. In this hilarious comedy two rural neighbors who hate each other, end up paralyzed after they get tangled in a tractor during a fight. Full of spite they decide to roll across Europe to exact revenge from the tractor's manufacturer. 90 min. DVD 6304 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Assisted Living (2002) Directed by Elliot Greenebaum. Cast: Michael Bonsignore, Maggie Wise Riley, Gail Benedict, Nanci Jo Boone, Clint Vaught, Jose Albovias, Elsie Albright, Malorie Boone. Todd is a pot-smoking janitor at a nursing home who takes pleasure in toying with the senile residents. But when one of the residents mistakes him for her son, he finds himself becoming emotionally attached to his work for the first time. Shot in an actual nursing home, using real residents as many of the actors with mixed footage from a documentary that was made at the facility, lends the film a realistic fly-on-the-wall quality. 75 min. DVD 5127 Chang, Robert. "Assisted Living." Disability Studies Quarterly Summer 2005, Volume 25, No. 3 "Movie tells us 'assisted living' really means 'don't get old'." Modern Healthcare 34.48 (Nov 29, 2004): 40. UC users only Away from Her (2002) Directed by Sarah Polley. Cast: Gordon Pinsent, Julie Christie, Olympia Dukakis, Michael Murphy, Wendy Crewson, Kristen Thomson, Deanna Dezmari, Clare Coulter, Thomas Hauff, Alberta Watson. Fiona and Grant are an Ontario couple who have been married for over 40 years. During the twilight of their years, Grant is forced to face the fact that Fiona's 'forgetfulness' actually is Alzheimer's. After Fiona wanders away and is found, the decision is made for her to go into a nursing home. For the first time in their relationship, they are forced to undergo a separation since this is the nursing home 'no-vistitors,' first 30 days policy of a patient's stay. When Grant visits Fiona after the orientation period, he is devastated to find out that not only has she seemingly forgotten him, but she has transferred her affections to another man. As the distance between husband and wife grows, Grant must draw upon his love for Fiona to perform an act of self-sacrifice in order to ensure her happiness. Based on the short story "The bear came over the mountain" by Alice Munro. Special features: Feature commentary with actress Julie Christie ; deleted scenes ; deleted scenes commentary with director Sarah Polley. 110 min. DVD X3773 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Actress (Julie Christie) Golden Globes - Best Actress, Dramatic (Julie Christie) London Critics Circle Film Awards - British Actress of the Year (Julie Christie) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - New Generation Award (Sarah Polley) National Board of Review, USA - Best Actress (Julie Christie) National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Actress (Julie Christie) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actress (Julie Christie); Best First Film (Sarah Polley) San Francisco Film Critics Circle - Best Actress (Julie Christie) Campbell, Anita. "Dementia and the screen test." Community Care. 3/6/2008, Issue 1712, p32-33. 2p Oatley, Keith. "Coming together." PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 52 (39), 2007, [np] Be With Me (Singapore, 2005) Directed by Eric Khoo. Cast: Theresa Chan, Ezanne Lee, Samantha Tan, Seet Keng Yew, Chiew Sung Ching, Lawrence Yong, Lynn Poh. A tapestry of stories woven around the themes of love, hope and destiny. The characters lead separate lives but are bound by one common desire - to be with their loved one. The protagonists in the movie are fictitious bar one - Theresa Chan, a courageous deaf and blind woman whose life story inspired the film. 93 min. DVD 6135 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beggars In Ermine (1934) Directed by Phil Rosen. Cast: Lionel Atwill, Betty Furness, Henry B. Walthall, George 'Gabby' Hayes, Jameson Thomas, James Bush, Astrid Allwyn. John Dawson loses control of his factory when he is crippled in an accident caused by a rival. Destitute and reduced to panhandling, he travels the country organizing the homeless to help him regain control of his steel mill. Based on the novel by Esther Lynd Day. 70 min. DVD X6040 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Better or Worse? (UK, 2000) Directed by Jocelyn Cammack. Cast: Finn Atkins, John Langford, Ann Farrar, Luke Gell, Keiran Francis. Eight-year-old Rachel embarks upon a series of experiments attempting to make sense of her defective eyesight. The film contrasts ideas of perspective, both real and imagined, through the recurring motif of a diving board -- limiting and precarious. 9 min. DVD 6326 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bigger Than Life (1956) Directed by Nicholas Ray. Cast: James Mason, Barbara Rush, Walter Matthau. Schoolteacher Ed Avery, who's been suffering bouts of severe pain and even blackouts, is hospitalized with what's diagnosed as a rare inflammation of the arteries. Told by doctors that he probably has only months to live, Ed agrees to an experimental treatment: doses of the hormone cortisone. Ed makes a remarkable recovery, and returns but he must keep taking cortisone tablets regularly to prevent a recurrence of his illness. But the 'miracle' cure turns into its own nightmare as Ed starts to abuse the tablets, causing him to experience increasingly wild mood swings. 92 min. DVD X239 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Bit of Luck (Tipat mazal) (Israel, 1992) Directed by Ze'ev Revach. Cast: Ya'ackov Ben-Sira, Zehava Ben, Jacques Cohen, Chen Gueta, Yossi Keinan. Tells the story of a blind father and his singer daughter immigrating together to Israel. 90 min. DVD 4526 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Blind Man's Bluff (A Caixa)(Portugal / France, 1994) Directed by Manoel de Oliveira. Cast: Luis Miguel Cintra, Glicinia Quartin, Ruy de Carvalho, Beatriz Batarda, Diogo Dria. Everyday an old blind man sits in a doorway begging for money, while his daughter spends her days ironing and complaining. Their neighborhood is not wealthy, and many a passerby is envious of the old beggar's box of accumulating coins. It has been stolen before so the man and the daughter's boyfriend keep an eye on it, but eventually tragedy ensues when the box disappears again. 92 min. DVD 5276 Johnson, Randal. Manoel de Oliveira Urbana : University of Illinois Press, c2007. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.O44 J65 2007) Rapfogel, Jared. "An Ethical Cinema." Cineaste, Summer2008, Vol. 33 Issue 3, p18-21, 4p UC users only Blindness(Canada \| Brazil \| Japan, 2008) Directed by Fernando Meirelles. Cast:Julianne Moore, Mark Ruffalo, Alice Braga, Yusuke Isea, Yoshino Kimura, Don McKellar, Maury Chaykin, Mitchell Nye, Danny Glover, Gael Garc�a Bernal. A city is ravaged by an epidemic of 'white blindness.' Those first afflicted are quarantined by the authorities in an abandoned mental hospital where societal norms quickly breaks down. Criminals and the physically powerful prey upon the weak, hoarding the meager food rations and committing horrific acts. Inside the hospital is one eyewitness to the nightmare. Following her husband into the hospital, a woman whose sight is unaffected by the plague goes into quarantine. There, keeping her sight a secret, she guides seven strangers who have become like a family. She leads them out of quarantine and onto the ravaged streets of the city. Their voyage is fraught with danger, but their survival is a reflection of the depth of the human spirit. Based on the novel "Ensaio sobre a cegueira" by José Saramago. 121 min. DVD X7287 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Breaking the Waves (Denmark / Sweden / France / Netherlands / Norway / Iceland, 1996) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Emily Watson, Stellan Skarsgard, Katrin Cartlidge, Jean-Marc Barr, Udo Kier. Bess, a pious young Scottish woman, prays to God to send her husband, Jan, home from his job on an offshore oil rig. When an accident sends him home paralyzed, she's filled with guilt and submits to his wish that she take on other lovers, convinced that this will aid in his recovery. 152 min. DVD 785; also DVD X4096 Cannes Film Festival - Grand Prize of the Jury, Director César Awards, France - Best Foreign Film Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - New Generation Award National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Film; Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Director Cairo Station (Bab al-Hadid; The Iron Gate) (Egypt, 1958) Directed by Youssef Chahine. A smoldering tale of life among the poor who live in Cairo's railroad station. A crippled newspaper vendor falls in love with a beautiful lemonade seller who does not return his affections. Unable to accept her indifference, he kidnaps the woman, leading to violence and tragedy. DVD X4360; vhs 999:2834 Youssef Chahine bibliography Children of a Lesser God (1986) Directed by Randa Haines. Cast: William Hurt, Marlee Matlin, Piper Laurie, Philip Bosco. A love story about John Leeds, an idealistic special education teacher, and a headstrong deaf girl named Sarah. At first, Leeds sees Sarah as a teaching challenge. But soon their relationship blossoms into a love so passionate it shatters the barrier of silence that keeps them apart. 118 min. DVD 427 Academy Award - Academy Awards, USA - Best Actress in a Leading Role Golden Globes, USA - Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture � Drama Chinesisches Roulette (Chinese Roulette) (Germany, 1976) Director, Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Cast: Anna Karina, Ulli Lommel, Macha Meril, Margit Carstensen, Brigitte Mira, Alexander Allerson, Volker Spengler, Andrea Schober. A German businessman pretending to go on a business trip heads for his country estate with his French mistress where he runs into his wife and her own lover. When their teenage daughter, a young teen who walks with crutches, arrives she angrily confronts them with their hypocrisy and compels everyone to rigorous truth-telling, revealing the latent hatreds within the family, culminating in a shocking climax. 96 min. DVD 1653; vhs 999:2912 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Christmas Carol Featuring the saintly, crippled Tiny Tim. (See MRC's Literary Adaptations videography for various versions held by the Center) Chinn, Sarah E. "Gender, Sex, and Disability from Helen Keller to Tiny Tim." Radical History Review 2006 2006(94):240-248 UC users only Kriegel, Leonard. "Uncle Tom and Tiny Tim: Some Reflections on the Cripple as Negro." American Scholar 1969 38(3): 412-430 19p. Norden, Martin F. "Tiny Tim on Screen: A Disability Studies Perspective." In: Dickens on screen / edited by John Glavin. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.(Main Stack PR4575.D53 2003; PFA PR4575.D53 2003) City Lights (1931) Written, directed, and scored by Charles Chaplin. Cast: Chaplin, Virginia Cherrill, Harry Myers. Considered by many to be his masterpiece, City lights presents the perfect balance of comedy and pathos that is Charlie Chaplin's trademark. The Little Tramp befriends a blind flower girl and tries to restore her sight. Includes Chaplin's own score, featuring recorded digitally; Interview with composer-conductor Carl Davis; story notes and production data. 86 min. DVD 217; vhs 999:121 National Film Registry Selection City Streets (1931) Directed by Albert Rogell. Cast: Helen Jerome Eddy, Edith Fellows, Leo Carrillo, Tommy Bond. In an working class neighborhood in New York, immigrant shopkeeper Joe Carmine becomes the guardian of a crippled orphan girl. 68 min. DVD X5130 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Color of Paradise (Rang-e khoda) (Iran, 1999) Director, Majid Majidi. Mohammad joyfully returns to his tiny village on summer vacation from the Institute for the Blind in Tehran, unaware of his father's intentions to disown him. Engaged to be married, the widowed man has keptMohammad a secret from his fiancee, certain the boy'sdisability will destroy his only chance for happiness. With the wedding swiftly approaching Mohammad's future hangs precariously in the balance as his fatherstruggles against his destiny, unable to see the wonder of life and love that's so clear to his son. 90 min. DVD 2060 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Coma (1978) Directed by Michael Crichton. Cast: Genevieve Bujold, Michael Douglas, Elizabeth Ashley, Rip Torn, Richard Widmark. Young doctor at Boston hospital finds that patients suffer irreparable brain damage when supposed minor operations are performed. Determined to find the cause of these mysterious events, she turns to her boyfriend and a senior physician for help. But as her investigation unfolds, Susan uncovers a horrific conspiracy and suddenly finds herself marked for death. 114 min. DVD X3466; vhs 999:2183 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cousin(Australia, 1998) Directed by Adam Elliot. An award winning animated film about the childhood remembrances of a little boy born with cerebral palsy. 4 min. DVD 7473 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dancer in the Dark (Denmark / Germany / Netherlands / USA / UK / France / Sweden / Finland / Iceland / Norway, 2000) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Bjork, Catherine Deneuve, David Morse, Peter Stormare, Jean-Marc Barr, Joel Grey. Selma, a factory worker in rural America and single mother, is losing her eyesight from a hereditary disease. Determined to protect her 10-year-old son from the same fate, Selma is saving her money to get him an operation. In the evenings, Selma escapes by rehearsing for a production of The sound of music with her best friend. When a neighbor betrays her trust, Selma's life spirals out of control and the lines between reality and fantasy blur until she begins to believe that her life has actually become a Hollywood musical. 141 min. DVD 1087 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Day of Despair (O dia do desespero ) (Portugal / France / Switzerland, 1991) Directed by Manoel de Oliveira. Cast: Teresa Madruga, Mário Barroso, Luís Miguel Cintra, Diogo Dória, Canto e Castro, Ruy de Carvalho. Portrait of the last days of the 19th-century Portuguese writer Camilo Castelo Branco who suffered from an eye disease and one day woke up blind. His despair, as a writer unable to write, led him to suicide. 73 min. DVD X2151 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Le scaphandre et le papillon)(France, 2007) Directed by Julian Schnabel. Cast: Mathieu Amalric, Emmanuelle Seigner, Marie-Josee Croze, Anne Consigny, Patrick Chesnais, Niels Arestrup, Olatz Lopez Garmendia, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Marina Hands, Max von Sydow, Isaach De Bankole. A drama based on the true story of the French editor of Elle magazine, Jean-Dominique Bauby, who in 1995 at the age of 43, suffered a stroke that paralyzed his entire body, except his left eye. Using that eye to blink out his memoir, Bauby eloquently described the aspects of his interior world, from the psychological torment of being trapped inside his body to his imagined stories from lands he'd only visited in his mind. Based on the novel "Le scaphandre et le papillon" by Jean-Dominique Bauby. 112 min. DVD 9852 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Foreign Language Film Cannes Film Festival - Best Director César Awards, France - Best Actor (Mathieu Amalric) Golden Globes, USA - Best Foreign Language Film; Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Foreign Language Film San Francisco Film Critics Circle - Best Foreign Language Film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) Directed by Stanley Kubrick. Cast: Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn, Slim Pickens, Tracy Reed. Feaures wheelchair-bound Strangelove (Peter Sellers), the quintessential evil-genius (preportedly based on Henry Kissinger). Strangelove possesses a bionic arm with a vicious life of it's own. 93 min. DVD 61; vhs 999:43 National Film Registry Selection Dolls (Japan, 2002) Director, Takeshi Kitano.Cast: Kanno Miho, Hidetoshi Nishijima, Tatsuya Mihashi, Kyoko Fukada. Three stories of undying love, including tale of a disfigured pop star confronts the phenomenal devotion of her biggest fan. DVD 5994 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Edward Scissorhands (1990) Directed by Tim Burton. Cast: Johnny Depp, Winona Ryder, Dianne Wiest, Anthony Michael Hall, Kathy Baker, Vincent Price, Alan Arkin, Robert Oliveri, Conchata Ferrell, Caroline Aaron, Dick Anthony Williams, O-Lan Jones. As the result of an inventor's sudden death, his creation Edward (Johnny Depp) is left with long, sharp scissors instead of hands. Edward is brought from his lonely castle to a stylized, pastel suburb by a kindly Avon lady, who tries to make a home for him with her family and neighbors, with alarming, darkly comic results. 105 min. DVD 4015 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Elephant Man (UK / USA, 1980) Directed by David Lynch. Cast: Anthony Hopkins, John Hurt, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller. Based on a true story in 19th century England, the film examines the complex emotional experiences faced by John Merrick, afflicted with neurofibromastosis and known as the "Elephant Man." He is discovered and rescued by a dedicated surgeon from his life as a circus freak, and is given a chance to live his last years with comfort, respect, and dignity. 123 min. DVD X671; also DVD 1060 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Film; Best Actor (John Hurt) César Awards, France - Best Foreign Film Even Dwarfs Started Small (Auch Zwerge haben klein angefangen)(West Germany, 1969) Directed by Werner Herzog. Cast: Helmut Doring, Gerd Gickel, Paul Glauer, Erna Gschwendtner, Gisela Hertwig, Gerhard Marz, Hertel Minkner, Alfredo Piccini, Gertraud Piccini, Brigitte Saar, Marianne Saar, Erna Smolarz, Lajos Zsarnoczay. The inmates have taken over an institution in a bleak and savage world in which everyone's a dwarf in this brutal allegorical film about the consequences of imprisonment and rebellion. In this land of reversed proportions, as one of the institution's directors holds a rebel hostage while issuing orders for calm, the other inmates run amok, smashing equipment, setting fires, fighting for power and tormenting two blind prisoners. DVD 977 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Church, David. "Examining the Role of Disability in Herzog's Even Dwarves Started Small." Disability Studies Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. [no pagination], Fall 2005 Sebok, B. R. "Even Dwarfs Started Small: Werner Herzog and the Aesthetics of the Grotesque." Kinema; Fall2007 Issue 28, p53-68, 16p Snyder, Sharon L. and Mitchell, David T. "Re-engaging the body: disability studies and the resistance to embodiment." Public Culture; 2001, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p367-389, 23p UC users only The Eye (Jian Gui) (Hong Kong / UK / Singapore, 2002) Directed by Oxide Pang Chun and Danny Pang. Cast: Angelica Lee, Lawrence Chou, Chutcha Rujinanon, Yut Lai So. In this Chinese horror film, a blind girl gets a cornea transplant after 18 years of blindness but the face she sees in the mirror is not her own and she begins to realize she is seeing ghosts. So she sets out of find the origins of her cornea and the history of the previous dead owner. 95 min. DVD 1777 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Eye of the Beholder (aka. Private World of Darkness)(Twilight Zone, TV series, 1960) Written by Rod Serling ; producer, Buck Houghton; director, Douglas Heyes (Episode 42, November 11, 1960) "Janet Tyler has undergone her eleventh treatment in an attempt to look like everybody else. The details of the treatment are not given, but Tyler is first shown with her head completely bandaged, so her face cannot be seen. She is described as being "not normal" by the nurses and doctor, whose own faces are always in shadows. The outcome of the procedure cannot be known until the bandages are removed. Tyler pleads with the doctor and eventually convinces him to remove the bandages early. After a climactic buildup, the bandages are removed, revealing to the audience that she is beautiful. However the reaction of the doctor and nurses is disappointment; the operation has failed, her face has undergone "no change - no change at all". At this point, the doctor, nurses and other people in the hospital, whose faces have never been seen clearly before, are now revealed to be horribly deformed in the audience's perspective, with large brows, curled lips, and misshapen, pig-like noses. Distraught by the failure of the procedure, Tyler runs through the hospital as the terrible faces of everyone she runs into, apparently the norm in this society, are revealed. Large screens throughout the hospital project an image of the State's despotic leader (sounding and making hand motions like Adolf Hitler), calling for greater conformity. Eventually, a handsome man afflicted with the same "condition" arrives to take the crying, despondent Tyler into exile to a village of her "own kind", where her "ugliness" will not trouble the State. Before the two leave, the man comforts Tyler with the "very, very old saying" that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder". [ Wikipedia ] DVD 5873; also on DVD 4067 Eyes in the Night (1942) Directed by Fred Zinnemann. Cast: Edward Arnold, Ann Harding, Donna Reed, Mantan Moreland, John Emery, Horace McNally, Katherine Emery, Reginald Denny, Rosemary De Camp, Stanley Ridges. Blind detective McLain investigates the murder of Miss Lawry's boyfriend with the aid of his seeing-eye dog. The only clue is the odor of violets in the room. From this clue McLain builds a case against Nazi spies headed by someone close to Miss Lawry. Based on the book The odor of violets by Baynard Kendrick. 88 min. DVD 7422 UCB users only Eyes Without A Face (Les Yeux sans visage) (Frace, 1959) Directed by Georges Franju. Cast: Pierre Brasseur, Alida Valli, Edith Scob. A distinguished surgeon kidnaps young women intending to graft their features onto his daughter's disfigured face. Based on the novel: Les yeux sans visage / by Jean Redon. 88 min. DVD 3065 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Face of Another (Tanin no kao) (Japan, 1966) Directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara. Cast: Tatsuya Nakadai, Machiko Kyo, Mikijiro Hira, Kyoko Kishida, Miki Irie, Eiji Okada, Minoru Chiaki, Hideo Kanze, Kunie Tanaka, Bibari Maeda, Etsuko Ichihara, Yoshie Minami. Okuyama, after being burned and disfigured in an industrial accident and estranged from his family and friends, agrees to his psychiatrist's radical experiment: a face transplant, created from the mold of a stranger. As Okuyama is thus further alienated from the world around him, he finds himself giving in to his darker temptations. Based on the novel by novel by Kobo Abe. 124 min. DVD 9081 UC users only Fists in the Pocket (I Pugni in Tasca) (Italy, 1965) Directed by Marco Bellocchio. Cast: Lou Castel, Paola Pitagora, Marino Mase, Liliana Gerace, Pier Luigi Troglio. Story about a blind widow and her four children. Three are afflicted with epilepsy, and the fourth, Augusto, has to support the family. Alessandro (Sandro) wants to free his brother from this burden and sees killing the rest of the family as the only way. 108 min. DVD 5494 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Four Weddings and a Funeral (UK, 1994) Directed by Mike Newell. Cast: Hugh Grant, Andie MacDowell, John Hannah, Simon Callow, James Fleet, Charlotte Coleman. Charles (Hugh Grant) falls in love with Carrie (Andie MacDowell), who he meets up with as he and his friends attend four weddings and one funeral. Charles' brother, David, is deaf. 118 min. DVD X3594 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Freaks (1932) Directed by Tod Browning. The side-show freaks have created their own unified community within the carnival. When the beautiful trapeze artist marries one of the freaks for his money, and then plots to kill him, the enraged freaks defend their friend and take gruesome revenge on their betrayers, transforming the aerialist into the most hideous side-show attraction of all. 66 min. DVD 2830; vhs 999:80 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Frida (USA / Canada / Mexico, 2002) Directed by Julie Taymor. Cast: Salma Hayek, Alfred Molina, Valeria Golino, Mia Maestro, Roger Rees, Diego Luna, Geoffrey Rush, Ashley Judd, Antonio Banderas. A dramatization of the life of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, from her humble upbringing to the worldwide fame and controversy that surrounded both her and her husband, Diego Rivera. Special features: Disc 1: Feature film with commentary by director Julie Taymor; selected scenes commentary with composer Elliot Goldenthal; a conversation with Salma Hayek -- Disc 2: American Film Institute Q&A with director Julie Taymor; Bill Moyers interview with Julie Taymor; Chavela Vargas interview; the voice of Lila Downs; the vision of Frida: with Rodrigo Prieto and Julie Taymor; the design of "Frida": with Felipe Fernandez; the music of "Frida": with Elliot Goldenthal and Salma Hayek; Salma Hayek's recording session; bringing Frida Kahlo's life and art to film: a walk through real locations; portrait of an artist; "Amobea Proteus" visual FX; "The Brothers Quay" visual FX; Frida Kahlo facts. 122 min. DVD 1712 UC users only Guzman, Isabel Molina. "Mediating Frida: Negotiating discourses of Latino/o authenticity in global media representations of ethnic identity." Critical Studies in Media Communication 23.3 (August 2006): 232(20). Lent, Tina Olsin. "Life as Art/Art as Life: Dramatizing the Life and Work of Frida Kahlo." Journal of Popular Film & Television. 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 2; p. 68 (9 pages) UC users only Frida: naturaleza viva. (1984) Directed by Paul Leduc. Cast: Ofelia Medina, Juan Jose Gurrola, Salvador Sanchez, Max Kerlow, Claudio Brook. On her deathbed, the artist Frida Kahlo recalls her life as a painter and reflects on the effects of her illnesses and injuries and on her relationships with Leon Trotsky, husband Diego Rivera, and others. 1989. 108 min. Video/C 2944 Lynd, Juliet. Art and Politics in Paul Leduc's Frida: Naturaleza viva. RLA: Romance Languages Annual. 10 (2): 696-702. 1998. The Fugitive(Twilight Zone, TV series, 1962) J. Pat O'Malley, Susan Gordon, Nancy Kulp. "One of Charles Beaumont's most charming Twilight Zone scripts, this episode stars the ubiqitious J. Pat O'Malley as Old Ben, the only ray of sunshine in the life of crippled eight-year-old Jenny (Susan Gordon). Out of earshot of Jenny's harridan guardian Mrs. Gann (Nancy Kulp), Old Ben confesses that he is a fugitive from a distant planet, an assertion that seems to be verified when he miraculously heals Jenny's leg. The arrival of two mysterious strangers leads to an even more startling revelation -- albeit one with happy results. Keep an eye on that photograph in the final scene. "The Fugitive" first aired March 9, 1962." [Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide] DVD 2604 Gattaca (1997) Directed by Andrew Niccol. Cast: Ethan Hawke, Uma Thurman, Alan Arkin, Jude Law, Loren Dean. Story about an all-too-human man who dares to defy a system obsessed with genetic perfection. Vincent is an "In-Valid," who assumes the identity of a member of the genetic elite to pursue his goal of traveling into space with the Gattaca Aerospace Corporation. However, a week before his mission, a murder marks Vincent as a suspect. With a relentless investigator in pursuit and the colleague he has fallen in love with beginning to suspect his deception, Vincent's dreams steadily unravel. 107 min. DVD 6079 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database George Wallace (TV, 1997) Directed by John Frankenheimer. Cast: Gary Sinise, Mare Winningham, Angelina Jolie, Terry Kinney, William Sanderson. Governor of Alabama, George Wallace was an infamous politician and segregationist. He had a lust for power and status that made him bedfellows with racists and became one of the most destructive and most hated American politicians of his time. Follows George from his early days as a state circuit judge to his presidential run, when he was paralyzed by a would-be assassin. Based on the book by Marshall Frady. Originally broadcast by TNT Aug. 24, 1997. 185 min. DVD X941 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Gift Filmmaking debut of actress and playwright Tanya Boyd, known for her role on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. The film is based on a true story about a blind sculptor who is offered surgery that might restore his vision. (Short film in the anthology Afrocentricity) DVD 267 Glass Menagerie (1987) Directed by Paul Newman. Cast: Joanne Woodward, John Malkovich, Karen Allen, James Naughton. A strong willed woman attempts to impose her shattered dreams into the life and personality of her shy, disabled daughter. Based on the play by Tennessee Williams. 134 min. Video/C 1332 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Goddess of 1967 (Australia, 2000) Directed by Clara Law. Cast: Rose Byrne, Rikiya Kurokawa, Nicholas Hope, Elise McCredie. A Japanese man searching for his dream car, a 1967 Citroen DS, travels all the way to Australia to purchase it. When he meets a gorgeous blind girl, the unlikely couple embarks on a strange and erotic journey into the arid Australian desert. 120 min. DVD X6627 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Hands of a Stranger (1962) Directed by Newton Arnold. Cast: Paul Lukather, Joan Harvey, James Stapleton, Irish McCalla, Barry Gordon, Sally Kellerman, Ted Otis. Famous pianist Vernon Paris' hands are crushed in a car accident. An ambitious doctor grafts new hands onto him in a revolutionary experimental operation. Unbeknownst to Paris, the hands are those of a killer and they begin to take over his life, forcing him to commit heinous acts and murder. 85 min. DVD 9962 UC users only The Hands of Orlac (Olac's hände) (Germany / Austria, 1925) Directed by Robert Wiene. Cast: Conrad Veidt, Alexandra Sorina, Fritz Kortner, Carmen Cartellieri. A noted concert pianist's hands are severed in a train wreck. A surgeon grafts the hands of an executed strangler onto Orlac's wrists and he begins to believe he is possessed with the mind of the strangler. 98 min. DVD 9343; vhs 999:3706 UC users only Harvie Krumpet (Australia, 2003) Directed by Adam Elliot. Animated short. This animated short (in the special features section) presents the odd biography of a man who has Tourette's Syndrome, chronic bad luck, menial jobs, nudist tendencies, and a book of "fakts" hung around his neck. 92 min. DVD X6840 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Head Against the Wall (La tête contre les murs) (France, 1959) Directed by Georges Franju. Cast: Pierre Brasseur, Paul Meurisse, Jean-Pierre Mocky, Anouk Aimée, Charles Aznavour. François, a seemingly sane young man is committed to a mental hospital simply on the say-so of his father, irritated because the boy has rifled his desk and destroyed some important legal documents. He soon makes friends with Heurtevent, a sweet epileptic, and both decide to escape from the place. Their attempt is a failure and Heurtevent, unable to get over what he considers a return to hell, commits suicide. But rebellious François tries again and this time he is successful. Based on the novel by Hervé Bazin. Special features: New video interview with Jean-Pierre Mocky, filmed in 2008; new video interview with Charles Aznavour, also filmed in 2008. 93 min. DVD X2773 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Horse Whisperer (1998) Directed by Robert Redford. Cast: Robert Redford, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sam Neill, Dianne Wiest, Scarlett Johansson. Fourteen-year-old Grace MacLean and her friend Judith go horseback riding in upstate New York on a winter morning, but their horses lose their footing on ice and slide onto a road, where Judith and her horse are killed by a jackknifing truck. Grace has her right leg amputated, and the frightening incident leaves a lasting trauma not only on Grace but also on her horse, Pilgrim. Grace's mother seeking Grace's recovery, feels there's a link between her crippled, embittered daughter and Pilgrim's behavior. Learning about a horse trainer with a special gift, she takes Grace and Pilgrim to Montana where horse whisperer Tom Booker lives on a ranch with his family. Based on the book by Nicholas Evans. 169 min. vhs 999:3865 Hunchback of Notre Dame See MRC's Literary Adaptations videography for various versions held by the Center. Whittington-Walsh, Fiona. "From Freaks to Savants: Disability and Hegemony from The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) to Sling Blade (1997)." Disability & Society. 17(6):695-707. 2002 Oct UC users only Inside Moves(1980) Directed by Richard Donner. Cast: John Savage, David Morse, Diana Scarwid, Amy Wright, Tony Burton. A failed suicide attempt leaves Roary, a former sports star, partially crippled. He begins spending a lot of time at a neighborhood bar full of interesting misfits. Jerry the bartender, himself an injured basketball player, forges a bond with Roary and, with a lot of help, Jerry finds himself playing basketball for the Golden State Warriors. Based on the novel by Todd Walton. Special features: commentary with director, Richard Donner and writer, Brian Helgeland; "Moving from inside: from page to screen" featurette; interviews; still gallery of original shooting script with handwritten notes. 1994. 176 min. DVD X5282 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Iris (UK \| USA, 2001) Directed by Richard Eyre. Cast: Judi Dench, Jim Broadbent, Kate Winslet, Hugh Bonneville, Penelope Wilton. Adapted from the memoirs of literary critic John Bayley, the film recounts his courtship of and long marriage to British novelist Iris Murdoch. The scenario tacks back and forth from the young Iris--ready to seduce one and all with her coy command of words and sex appeal--to the elder Iris--slowly giving way to the cruel erasure of Alzheimer's. Based on the books Iris : a memoir and elegy for Iris and Iris and her friends : a memoir of memory and desire by John Bayley. 91 min. DVD 1276 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Campbell, Anita. "Dementia and the screen test." Community Care. 3/6/2008, Issue 1712, p32-33. 2p Chivers, Sally. "'Move! You're In the Way': Disability and Age Meet on Screen." Canadian Journal of Film Studies, Spring 2008, Vol. 17 Issue 1, p30-43, 14p UC users only Jiyan (Iraq/USA, 2002) Directed by Jano Rosebiani. Cast: Kurdo Galali, Enwer Shexani, Coman Hawrami, Derya Qadir, Ehmed Salar, Nasir Hesen, Pisheng Berzinci. Five years following the infamous chemical and biological bombing of Halabja, Diyari, a Kurdish/ American good Samaritan, returns to his homeland to build an orphanage in what is left of Halabja. He meets Jiyan, a ten-year old orphan and survivor of the chemical attack doomed to live with a burn scar covering most of her right cheek. A strong bond between the two ensues and later he names his orphanage after her. 93 min. DVD 6610 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Johnny Belinda (1948) Directed by Jean Negulesco. Cast: Jane Wyman, Lew Ayres, Charles Bickford, Agnes Moorehead, Stephen McNally, Jan Sterling. Because of her disability, a deaf mute living in a village in Nova Scotia is known as "the dummy," but a compassionate doctor recognizes her innate intelligence and teaches her sign language and lip-reading. 103 min. DVD 7555 Academy Award - Academy Awards, USA - Best Actress in a Leading Role Golden Globes, USA - Best Motion Picture - Drama; Best Motion Picture Actress Leff, Leonard J. "What in the world interests women? Hollywood, postwar America, and Johnny Belinda." Journal of American Studies, Dec97, Vol. 31 Issue 3, p385, 21p UC users only Johnny Handsome (1989) Director, Walter Hill. Cast: Mickey Rourke, Ellen Barkin, Elizabeth McGovern, Morgan Freeman, Scott Wilson, Forest Whitaker. A man, born severely deformed, makes his living as a small-time criminal. During a robbery he and his best friend are double-crossed by their partners and he ends up in prison. There he meets a sympathetic surgeon who gives him a new face. When he is released he sets in motion a plan to get revenge on the couple who double-crossed him. 96 min. DVD 2077 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Keys to the House (Le chiavi di Casa) (Italy / France / Germany, 2004) Director, Gianni Amelio. Cast: Kim Rossi Stuart, Charlotte Rampling, Andrea Rossi, Anita Bardeleben, Thorsten Schwarz, Bernd Weikert, Ingrid Appenrodth, Manuel Katzy, Dimitri Susin, Alla Faerovich. Gianni is reunited with Paolo, the 15-year-old physically handicapped son he has never seen, a son he abandoned at birth. The reunion is not Gianni's idea, but that of Paolo's doctor who hopes the connection will benefit the troubled boy. Gianni experiences a Pandora's box in Paolo, full of shocks and wonders, but eventually comes to appreciate the responsibilities and rewards of caring for a handicapped child. 107 min. DVD 5311 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The King's Speech (2010) Directed by Tom Hooper. Cast: Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, Helena Bonham Carter, Guy Pearce, Timothy Spall, Derek Jacobi, Jennifer Ehle, Anthony Andrews, Clair Bloom, Eve Best, Michael Gambon. The story of King George VI of Britain, his impromptu ascension to the throne and the speech therapist who helped the unsure monarch overcome a severe stuttering problem enabling him to assume full command of his role as king. Special features: Featured commentary with director Tom Hooper ; The king's speech: and inspirational story of an unlikely friendship ; Q & A with the director and cast ; Speeches from the real King George VI ; The real Lionel Logue ; The Stuttering Foundation (Public service announcement) 119 min. DVD X5692 Academy Award - Best Motion Picture; Best Actor (Colin Firth) British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best British Film Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor (Colin Firth) Directors Guild of America - Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Golden Globes, USA - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama (Colin Firth) London Critics Circle Film Awards - British Film of the Year; Actor of the Year; British Director of the Year Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor (Colin Firth) National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Supporting Actor (Geoffrey Rush) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actor (Colin Firth) San Francisco Film Critics Circle - Best Actor (Colin Firth) Kingsize (Kingsajz) (Poland, 1987) Directed by Juliusz Machulski. Cast: Jacek Chmielnik, Jerzy Stuhr, Katarzyna Figura, Grzegorz Herominski, Joachim Lamza, Maciej Kozowski, Jan Machulski, Leonard Pietraszak, Witold Pyrkosz, Liza Machulska. The story follows a young scientist in the contemporary world, who actually came from the world of dwarves, thanks to a magic potion, held by the Big Eater, ruler of the dwarves. 104 min. DVD 6249 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kongo (1933) Directed by Harry Hook. Cast: Walter Huston ; Lupe Velez ; Conrad Nagel ; Virginia Bruce ; C. Henry Gordon ; Mitchell Lewis ; Forrester Harvey ; Curtis Nero. This nearly forgotten horror film is a remake of West of Zanzibar (1928). From a wheelchair a handicapped white man rules an area of Africa as a living god. He rules the local natives through superstition and stage magic and he rules the few white people through sadism, keeping them virtual prisoners. He lives for the day he can avenge himself horribly on the man who stole his wife and crushed his spine. 86 min.DVD X6046 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kounandi (Burkina Faso, 2003) Directed by Apolline Traore. Cast: Deborah Coty, Noufou Ouedraogo, Aminata Dao, Kamsa Traore, Korotimi Traore, Adama Kone. In this adult fairy tale Kounandi, a young beauty often scorned and overlooked because of her dwarfism, earns her living and finds village favor making delicious cup cakes. Kounandi falls in love with Karim only to discover that he is married to Awa who is dying. Kounandi mystically sacrifices her lifeforce (and cup cake pan) as a gift to the couple. In Jula with English subtitles. 50 min. DVD 5304 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Life on a String (Bian zou bian chang) (China, 1991) Director, Chen Kaige. Cast: Liu Zhongyuan, Huang Lei, Xu Qing. Story of a saintly blind man who as a boy was promised the restoration of his sight if he devoted his life to music. He and a young blind disciple travel the countryside seeking enlightenment and inspiring people with their singing and banjo playing. 107 min. DVD 4946 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Light Ahead (Fishke der krumer) (USA, 1939) Director, Edgar G. Ulmer. Cast: Isidore Cashier, Helen Beverley, David Opatoshu. Story of Fishke, a lame man who is a ward of the Jewish community and his love for the blind woman, Hodl. They are kept from marrying until a traveling bookseller turns the community's fear of the supernatural to the couple's advantage. Adapted from the work of Mendele Mokher Seforim. In Yiddish with English subtitles. 94 min. DVD 5221; vhs 999:3447 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Light That Came(1909) Directed by D.W. Griffith. Biograph ; with Ruth Hart, Owen Moore, Mary Pickford, Kate Bruce, Arthur Johnson. A disfigured young woman with two beautiful sisters is courted by a blind man. Will he still love her when his sight is restored? 11 min. DVD X2824; vhs 999:595 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lili (1953) Directed by Charles Walters. Cast: Leslie Caron, Mel Ferrer, Jean Pierre Aumont. A musical drama in which a shy, young orphan girl is befriended by a crippled puppeteer and his group of carnival puppets. 81 min. vhs 999:1666 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lip Reader (Seinfeld)(TV, 1993) Directed by Tom Cherones. Cast: Jerry Seinfeld, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Michael Richards, Jason Alexander, Wayne Knight, Christopher Darga, Linda Kash, Jerry Sroka, Marlee Matlin. "Jerry dates an attractive tennis lines woman only to discover that she is hearing-impaired, but able to read lips. George gets caught acting like a slob on live television at the tennis match and gets dumped, so he tries to use the lip-reader to spy on his girlfriend to see if she's telling the truth. Kramer tries to prove that he can read lips as well as Jerry's girlfriend, while Elaine accidentally offends a limo driver and tries to make up for it, but the plans backfire." [ IMDB ] DVD 4998 The Little Coach (El Cochecito)(Spain, 1960) Directed by Marco Ferreri. Cast: Jose Isbert, Jose A. Lepe, Maria Luise Ponte, Pedro Porcel, Jose Luis Lopez Vasquez. A black comedy about an old man who wants a motorized bicycle so he can ride through town with his crippled friends. When his family refuses to buy him a bike as well he methodically poisons his family members one by one, using their tiny legacies to finance his purchase. Strange but true: the audience's sympathy is with the elder gent in this study of aging, loneliness, neglect and rebellion. Based on the novel: El cochecito / Rafael Azcona. 90 min. vhs 999:2099 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Little Girl Who Sold The Sun (La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil) (Senegal / France / Switzerland / Germany, 1999) Directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty (Senegal, 1998) A parable which uses the struggles of a young crippled girl in Dakar trying to earn her living in the market place selling newspapers to mirror Africa's role in the international marketplace. 44 min. DVD X5540; vhs 999:2224 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Love! Valour! Compassion! (1997) Directed by Joe Mantello. Cast: John Glover, Stephen Spinella, Stephen Bogardus, John Benjamin Hickey, Justin Kirk, Randy Becker, Jason Alexander. Eight friends leave the city behind for three simple weekends of relaxation in the country. The host is a gay man and so are his seven guests--one of whom is blind, and one who is dying of AIDS. They love and hate, play and wrangle, kiss and carry on, are connubially devoted or brazenly promiscuous in this comic treatment of gay relationships. 120 min. vhs 999:2016 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mad Love (1935) Directed by Karl Freund. Cast: Peter Lorre, Frances Drake, Colin Clive, Ted Healy, Edward Brophy. An insane surgeon's obsession with an actress leads him to replace her husband's wounded pianist's hands with the hands of a knife murderer which still have the urge to throw knives. 68 min. DVD 6520; vhs 999:3620 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Draper, Ellen. "Zombie Women When the Gaze Is Male." Wide Angle: A Film Quarterly of Theory, Criticism, and Practice, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 52-62, 1988 Goldberg, Ruth. "Of mad love, alien hands and the film under your skin." Kinoeye, Vol 2 Issue 4 18 Feb, 2002 Mank, Gregory W. "Mad Love." In: Hollywood cauldron : thirteen horror films from the genre's golden age / by Gregory William Mank. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, c1994 (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.H6 M315 1994) Olney, Ian. "The Problem Body Politic, or 'These Hands Have a Mind All Their Own!': Figuring Disability in the Horror Film Adaptations of Renard's Les Mains d'Orlac." Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 294-302, 2006 UC users only Magnificent Obsession (1934) Directed by Douglas Sirk. Cast: Jane Wyman, Rock Hudson, Barbara Rush, Agnes Moorehead, Gregg Palmer. Helen Phillips (Jane Wyman) loses her sight after being hit by a car. The man driving (Rock Hudson) works his way into her life and they fall in love. Oscar 106 min.DVD X258; vhs 999:555 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Man Who Laughs (1927) Director, Paul Leni. Cast: Conrad Veidt, Mary Philbin, Olga Baclanova, Josephine Crowell, Cesare Gravina. A nobleman's son is kidnapped and then mutilated by a gypsy "surgeon" who carves a permanent smile on the man by order of King James II. He becomes a clown with a circus troupe where he meets and falls in love with a beautiful blind girl, the one person who cannot be repulsed by his appearance. Based on the Victor Hugo novel L'Homme Qui Rit. 110 min. DVD 1916 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mary and Max (Australia, 2009) Directed by Adam Elliot. Animated feature. Voices: Eric Bana, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Toni Collette, Barry Humphries. Mary and Max: Mary is a lonely eight-year-old in the suburbs of Melbourne. Struggling with questions that no one can answer, she writes to Max, an obese 44-year-old Jewish man with Asperger's Syndrome living in New York City, which starts a friendship that spans 20 years and two continents. Based on a true story. Story of the miracle of a little boy, abandoned at a monastery, who is discovered to be talking with Jesus Christ. 92 min. DVD X6840 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Midnight Cowboy (1969) Directed by John Schlesinger. Cast: Dustin Hoffman, Jon Voight, Brenda Vaccaro, John McGiver, Ruth White, Sylvia Miles. A Texas "cowboy" takes a bus to New York in search of lonely, rich women who will pay for his sexual services, but instead spends a hard winter looking after a dying, crippled derelict. 113 min. DVD 5254 Academy Award - Academy Awards, USA - Best Picture; Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Golden Globes, USA - Most Promising Newcomer - Male National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Actor National Film Registry Selection The Mighty (1998) Directed by Peter Chelsom. Cast: Sharon Stone, Gena Rowlands, Harry Dean Stanton, Gillian Anderson. With his loving and supportive mother, 13-year-old Kevin moves in next door to another teen, Max. Though both have problems that label them as outcasts, Kevin and Max discover that by proudly combining their strengths and uniting as one, they can overcome their individual limitations and triumph over any adversity. As the two set out on a series of courageous adventures, they find the mightiest treasure of all: friendship! 100 min. DVD 6409 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Maples, Joellen; Arndt, Katrina; White, Julia M. "Re-Seeing The Mighty: Critically Examining One Film's Representations of Disability in the English Classroom." Part of a special issue: Re-Seeing (Dis)Ability; Reprinted with permission from Disability Studies Quarterly 30.1 (2010) By: . English Journal, November 2010, Vol. 100 Issue 2, p77-85, 9p UC users only Million Dollar Baby (2004) Directed by Clint Eastwood. Cast: Clint Eastwood, Hillary Swank, Morgan Freeman, Anthony Mackie. Frankie is a former boxing manager, who initially refuses to train Maggie due to her gender and age. With her talent and his coaching the spirited young fighter rises through the ranks of women's boxing, the pair form a touching bond in the process. "The film has raised a great deal of controversy over a theme that, while a vital part of the film, has been underplayed in its marketing campaign and carefully skirted in reviews. At issue is the film's depiction of assisted suicide. When the fighter portrayed by Swank receives a sucker punch in the ring, she is paralyzed from the neck down. Unwilling to live that way, she begs Eastwood's character to help her die, and finally, after much soul-searching, he does." [Terri Mauro, "Is "Million Dollar Baby" Dangerous?" ] 132 min. DVD 4170 Academy Award - Best Picture; Best Director National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Film New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Director Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Golden Globe Awards - Best Director Miracle Worker (1962) Directed by Arthur Penn. Cast: Anne Bancroft (Annie Sullivan), Patty Duke (Helen Keller), Victor Jory, Inga Swenson, Andrew Prine, Kathleen Comegys. Based on true events this is a dramatization of the struggle of a Boston teacher, Annie Sullivan, to communicate with and teach the deaf, blind, and mute child, Helen Keller. Based on William Gibson's play. 106 min. DVD 627 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Miracle Worker (TV, 1979) Directed by Paul Aaron. Cast: Patty Duke Astin (Annie Sullivan), Melissa Gilbert (Helen Keller), Diana Muldaur, Charles Siebert. A dramatization of the true story of the struggle of a Boston teacher, Annie Sullivan, to communicate with and teach the deaf, blind, and mute child, Helen Keller. Original television drama made in 1979. Based on William Gibson's play. 98 min. DVD X5239 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962) Paramount Pictures. Animated musical version of Dickens' classic featuring the enormously near-sighted Mr. Magoo. 52 min. DVD X5009 Moonstruck(1987) Directed by Norman Jewison. Cast: Cher, Nicolas Cage, Olympia Dukakis, Vincent Gardenia, Danny Aiello. Johnny (Danny Aiello) asks fiancee Loretta (Cher) to make amends with his estranged brother, Ronny (Nicholas Cage), while he goes to Italy to tend to his dying mother. Loretta and Ronny fall in love over opera. Ronny lost his hand in an accident and uses an artificial hand. DVD includes sound disc: Harden my heart / Quarterflash -- Come on Eileen / Dexy's Midnight Runners -- Obsession / Animotion -- Up where we belong / Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes -- Everybody wants to rule the world / Tears for Fears -- Tainted love / Soft Cell -- Breakout / Swing Out Sister -- Addicted to love / Robert Palmer. 103 min. DVD X367 UC users only Corliss, Richard. "Moonstruck." (movie reviews) Time v131, n2 (Jan 11, 1988):80 (2 pages). Day, William. "Moonstruck; or, How to Ruin Everything." In: Ordinary language criticism : literary thinking after Cavell after Wittgenstein / edited by Kenneth Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern University Press, 2003. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN695 .O73 2003) Denby, David. "Moonstruck." (movie reviews) New York v21, n1 (Jan 4, 1988):44. Gross, John. "Moonstruck." (movie reviews) New York Times v137, sec2 (Sun, Feb 14, 1988):H33(N), H33(L), col 1, 28 col in. Kael, Pauline. "Moonstruck." (movie reviews) New Yorker v63, n49 (Jan 25, 1988):99 (2 pages). Maslin, Janet. "Moonstruck." (movie reviews) New York Times v137 (Wed, Dec 16, 1987):24(N), C22(L), col 1, 11 col in. Moulin Rouge (1952) Directed by John Huston. Cast: Jose Ferrer, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Suzanne Flon, Eric Pohlmann, Colette Marchand, Christopher Lee, Michael Balfour. "Toulouse-Lautrec, 19th century French artist who was a 'dwarf', caused by accident when a child. Played in long shots by a dwarf actor. The rest of the time by Ferrer on his knees. The film shows Lautrec's fall when a boy and the operation which is not a success and led to his restricted growth. When young he uses two sticks and later as a man only one." [from Films Involving Disabilities ]. Lautrec also shows up as a minor character in Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge! (2001) [DVD 976] 119 min. DVD X1145 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database My Left Foot (Ireland / UK, 1989) Directed by Jim Sheridan. Cast: Daniel Day-Lewis, Ray McAnally, Brenda Fricker, Cyril Cusack, Fiona Shaw, Hugh O'Conor, Adrian Dunbar, Ruth McCabe, Alison Whelan. Based on Christy Brown's true life story, My Left Foot features Daniel Day-Lewis' Academy Award winning performance as a man who triumphs over impossible odds to achieve greatness. DVD Special features: "The real Christy Brown" featuring biographical details on Brown (5 min.) ; "An inspirational journey : the making of 'My left foot' " with commentaries on the pre-production process (11 min.); stills gallery; "My left foot" reviews from the Los Angeles Times, New York Magazine, The New Yorker, and the LA Weekly. 103 min. DVD 9204 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Awards Academy Award - Best Actor in a Leading Role (Daniel Day-Lewis); Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Brenda Fricker) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor; Best Actress National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Actor New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film; Best Actor Hambleton, Georgina Louise. Christy Brown : the life that inspired My Left Foot Edinburgh : Mainstream, 2007. [MAIN: PR6052.R5894 Z66 2007] Night is My Future (Morkret ar min framtid; aka Music Is My Future; Musik i mörker) (Sweden, 1947) Directed by Ingmar Bergman. Cast: Mai Zetterling, Birger Malmsten, Olof Winnerstrand, Naima Wifstrand, Hilda Borgstrom, Douglas Hage. In this poignant love story a young soldier is wounded in the war and loses his eyesight. Back home he develops a platonic relationship with his maid, but they eventually go their separate ways. After many years when they meet again, can friedship become love? 88 min. vhs 999:3188 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database 'Night Mother (1986) Directed by Tom Moore. Cast: Sissy Spacek, Anne Bancroft. A taut, emotional study about a mother's attempt to stop her distraught daughter from committing suicide. Based on the play by Marsha Norman. 97 min. DVD X4450 UC users only Night on Earth (France / UK / Germany / USA / Japan, 1991) Directed by Jim Jarmusch. A collection of five stories involving cab drivers in five different cities. In one story, a blind girl takes a ride with a cab driver from the Ivory Coast and they talk about life and blindness. 125 min. DVD 8431; vhs 999:2054 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Notting Hill (UK \| USA, 1999) Directed by Roger Michell. Cast: Julia Roberts, Hugh Grant, Hugh Bonneville, Emma Chambers, James Dreyfus, Rhys Ifans, Tim McInnerny, Gina McKee. The life of a simple bookshop owner changes when he meets the most famous film star in the world, but can they fall in love while the whole world is watching? Gina McKee's turn here as Grant's wheelchair-bound female friend, Bela, is of someone with deeply felt individuality and unique perceptiveness, including her own tender perspective on loves past and present -- especially her husband. Bonus materials: Feature commentary with director Roger Michell, producer Duncan Kenworthy, and writer Richard Curtis -- Hugh Grant's movie tips -- Deleted scenes -- Music highlights -- The travel book. 124 min. DVD X3590 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Oasis (Korea, 2002) Directed by Lee Chang-dong. Cast: Kyung-gu Sol, So-ri Moon, Nae-sang Ahn, Seung-wan Ryoo. A mentally handicapped young man is haunted by a crime that landed him in prison, a hit-and-run accident that resulted in the death of an old man. After his release from prison he goes to visit the victim's family, and meets Gong-ju, the man's daughter, who has cerebral palsy. The two begin an unlikely love affair that exposes the callousness and uncomfortable secrets of both of their families. 133 min. DVD 2123 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Of Human Bondage (1934) Director, John Cromwell. Cast: Bette Davis, Leslie Howard, Frances Dee, Kay Johnson, Reginald Denny, Alan Hale, Reginald Owen. The poignant story of a cripped medical student's love for a crude and vulgar waitress which results in a mutually destructive relationship. 83 min. DVD 1294; vhs 999:1299 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database On Dangerous Ground (1951) Directed by Nicholas Ray. Cast: Ida Lupino, Robert Ryan, Ward Bond, Charles Kemper. A tough cop falls in love with the blind sister of a mentally defective murderer. 82 min. DVD 5850; vhs 999:140 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Open Hearts (Elsker dig for evigt) (Denmark, 2002) Directed by Susanne Bier and Anders Thomas Jensen. Cast: Mads Mikkelsen, Sonja Richter, Nikolaj Lie Kaas, Paprika Steen, Stine Bjerregaard, Birthe Neumann, Niels Olsen, Ulf Pilgaard. A film about an engaged couple that is torn apart after the man is paralyzed in an accident, and the woman falls in love with the husband of the woman who caused the accident. 109 min. DVD 5412 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Open Your Eyes (Abre los ojos) (Spain / France / Italy, 1997) Director, Alejandro Amenábar. Cast: Penelope Cruz, Chete Lera, Fele Martinez, Eduardo Noriega, Najwa Nimri. In this steamy, intriguingly complex, psychological thriller the line between reality and fantasy is hopelessly blurred. Cesar tries to make sense of his life after a car crash leaves his once-handsome face grotesquely disfigured. After he is placed into a psychiatric penitentiary for a murder he doesn't remember committing, Cesar's only hope is to delve into the depths of his subconscious mind where the answer to ending his living nightmare lies in his dreams. 117 min. DVD X1076; vhs 999:3507 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Orphanage (El orfanato) (Mexico / Spain, 2007) Directed by Juan Antonio Bayona. Cast: Belen Rueda, Fernando Cayo, Roger Princep, Mabel Rivera, Montserrat Carulla, Andres Gertrudix, Edgar Vivar. A mother of a young boy decides to purchase the orphanage she spent her own childhood in, hoping to restore and reopen the long abandoned facility as both a home for them and a school for disabled children. However, her son's imagination seems to run wild in their new home, as he becomes increasingly involved with a group of seemingly imaginary friends. Special features: "When Laura grew up: constructing The orphanage" featurette (18 min.); "Tomas' secret room" production featurette (11 min.); "Horror in the unknown: make-up effects" featurette (10 min.); "Rehearsal studio" featurette (4 min.); still gallery; "Marketing Campaign" teasers and trailers (6 min.); poster gallery; 105min. DVD X542 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Orphans of the Storm (1921) Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Lillian Gish, Dorothy Gish. Re-creating the aristocratic splendor and devastating poverty of 18th century France, D.W. Griffith created an emotionally-charged drama with political intrigue, spectacle, and his usual degree of social moralizing. The plot concerns two orphaned sisters, the resourceful Henriette and the blind Louise, who arrive in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution. As the Revolution unfolds, they are exploited, misused, separated and finally threatened with the guilliotine before the happy ending. 150 min. DVD 1542; DVD 67 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Paa (India, 2009) Directed by Abhishek Chaubey. Cast: Abhishek Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan, Paresh Rawal, Vidya Balan, Amitabh Bachchan. A drama focusing on a politician's relationship with his unusual son. Auro is an intelligent, witty 13-year-old boy with an extremely rare genetic defect that causes accelerated aging. He suffers from a progeria like syndrome. Despite appearing nearly five times older than his actual age, Auro is content thanks to the unconditional love of his parents. He lives with his mother Vidya, who is a gynecologist, and his father Amol Arte, a young, progressive, and full of ideals politician. 143 min. DVD 3306 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Passion Fish (1992) Directed by John Sayles. Cast: Mary McDonnell, Alfre Woodard, Leo Burmester, Vondie Curtis-Hall, David Strathairn, Nora Dunn. A bitter wisecracking soap opera star returns home to rural Louisiana after an auto accident leaves her paralyzed. Her cruel but hilarious humor and hard drinking drive away a succession of nurses until she meets her match in Chantelle, who has her own problems. Together, they form an unlikely friendship and explore the Louisiana bayou, as well as the murkier waters of men, romance, and family. 135 min. DVD 5034 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Passion of Anna (En Passion)(Sweden, 1969) Directed by Ingmar Bergman. Cast: Max von Sydow, Liv Ullmann, Bibi Andersson, Erland Josephson. "A woman widowed and disabled in a car accident travels to an isolated island. While there she calls at a house to use the phone. It belongs to an ex-convict living as a recluse. She leaves her purse behind, he looking for a name reads a letter of hers revealing how unhappy and lonely she is. Later she moves in with him but the escape of a 'lunatic' precipitates discord between them." [from disabilityfilms.co.uk 101 min. DVD 2588 National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Director A Patch of Blue (1965) Directed by Guy Green. Cast: Sidney Poitier, Shelley Winters, Elizabeth Hartman, Wallace Ford. Accidentally blinded as a child, 18-year-old Selina D'Arcey falls in love with a gentle and charming man, Gordon Ralfe, whom she meets in a rare visit to a park. Her racist mother declares that because Gordon is black, their relationship cannot continue, forcing Selina to choose between her family and her heart. Based on "Be ready with bells and drums" by Elizabeth Kata. 105 min. DVD 4535 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Penalty (1920, silent) Directed by Wallace Worsley. Cast: Lon Chaney, Ethel Grey Terry, Charles Clary, Clair Adams, Kenneth Harlan. An incompetent doctor amputates the legs of a young boy who grows up to be the embittered Blizzard, a criminal mastermind who orchestrates a bizarre and heinous plot to avenge himself. 93 min. DVD 2214 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Anderson, Robert Gordon. Faces, forms, films; the artistry of Lon Chaney New York, Castle Books [c1971] (Main: PN2287.C48 .A8 1971; PFA PN2287.C48 .A8 1971) Beck, Calvin. "Lon Chaney." In: Heroes of the horrors. New York, Collier Books [1975] (PFA: PN1998.A2 B38 1975) Blake, Michael F. The Films of Lon Chaney Lanham : Madison Books, 2001. (Main PN2287.C48 B57 2001; PFA PN2287.C48 B57 2001) Blake, Michael F. Lon Chaney : the man behind the thousand faces Vestal, N.Y. : Vestal Press, 1993. (Main PN2287.C48 B58 1993) Bodeen, DeWitt. "Lon Chaney." In: From Hollywood : the careers of 15 great American stars South Brunswick [N.J.] : A. S. Barnes, c1976 (Main: PN1998.A2 .B62 1976) Slide, Anthony. "Lon Chaney." In: Silent players : a biographical and autobiographical study of 100 silent film actors and actresses Lexington, Ky. : University Press of Kentucky, 2002 (Main Stack PN1998.2.S547 2002; PFA PN1998.2.S547 2002) The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996) Directed by Oliver Stone. Cast: Woody Harrelson, Courtney Love, Edward Norton. Based on the true story of the notorius Hustler publisher who was sued by the Religious Right and paralyzed by a fanatic's bullet who took his case to the Supreme Court in defense of free speech and First Amendment rights. Chronicles Flynt's raunchy business savvy, his wildly unconventional marriage and his infamous courtroom antics. 130 min. DVD 607 Golden Globes, USA - Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Freedom of Expression Award National Film Registry Selection The Personals (Zheng hun qi shi) (Taiwan, 1998) Directed by Chen Kuo-fu. An attractive and successful ophthalmologist quits her job and places a personal ad in the newspaper. She has a specific purpose in her ad - she is looking for marriage. After a series of blind dates with men who are either lonely, desperate, strange, perverted, or all of the above, what she really wants is her mysterious ex-lover to came back to her. 105 min. DVD 2800 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Peter Pan (1953) Directors: Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson, et al. Disney. On the villainous Captain Hook, Paul Longmore, associate professor of history and director of the Institute on Disability at San Francisco State University, has commented "...there are many villains with disabilities, and that reflects a very old idea that disability causes a loss of moral self-control," Longmore says. This particular type has flourished through popular characters such as Captain Hook in "Peter Pan," Mr. Potter in "It's a Wonderful Life" and the formidable Darth Vader in "Star Wars" (who required a mechanical breathing apparatus to survive)." ( Quest, vol. 4, no. 4 ) 76 min. DVD 136; vhs 999:220 Peter Pan (1924)Directed by Herbert Brenon; featuring Betty Bronson, Ernest Torrence, Anna May Wong, Virginia Browne Faire, Esther Ralston, Mary Brian. DVD 239 Phantom of the Opera (1925, silent) Directed by Rupert Julian. Cast: Lon Chaney, Mary Philbin, Norman Kerry, Arthur Edmund Carewe. A mad and disfigured musician hides out in the dungeons under the Paris Opera where he falls in love with a young singer and lures her to his hiding place. 79 min. DVD 3915 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Phantom of the Opera (UK, 1962) Directed by Terence Fisher. Cast: Herbert Lom, Heather Sears, Thorley Walters. A madman called the Phantom terrorizes an opera house. When a singer named Christine is contacted by the specter, her producer tracks him to his underground lair and finds he is a brilliant but disfigured composer demanding revenge. Christine is the Phantom's only weakness and he pays the ultimate price to keep his love for her. 85 min. DVD 4450 Hammer Films Phantom of the Opera (1962) Directed by Arthur Lubin. Cast: Nelson Eddy, Susanna Foster, Claude Rains, Edgar Barrier, Leo Carrillo, J. Edward Bromberg. A melodrama about a strange man who lives in the catacombs below the Paris Opera House and his love affair with an opera starlet whom he tutors. 93 min. DVD 521 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Piano (Australia / New Zealand / France, 1993) Directed by Jane Campion. Cast: Holly Hunter Harvey Keitel Sam Neill Anna Paquin Kerry Walker Genevieve Lemon. A young mute woman and her child travel to New Zealand in the 1800's for an arranged marriage to a farmer there. After the marriage she meets another man, and the competition for her love begins. Only one of the men realizes that her affections can only be won through her beloved piano. DVD 1167; vhs 999:1326 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Post Concussion (2000) Directed by Daniel Yoon. Cast: Daniel Yoon, Jennifer Welch, Michael Hohmeyer, Destry Miller, C. B. Yoon. Based on events in the director's own life, the film tells a brutally funny, yet oddly inspiring portrayal of one man's adventures after a serious head injury. A young San Francisco management consultant is struck by a car and sustains a serious concussion. Terminated by his employer, dumped by his girlfriend, and stalked by New Age healers, he finds a way to rediscover himself, his family and the meaning of true friendship. 82 min. DVD 2576 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ray (2004) Directed by Taylor Hackford. Cast: Jamie Foxx, Kerry Washington, Regina King, Clifton Powell, Harry Lennix, Bokeem Woodbine, Aunjanue Ellis, Sharon Warren, C.J. Sanders. Ray Charles went blind at the age of seven. Inspired by his mother who insisted he make his own way, he found his calling at the keyboard. 'Ray' follows as he overcomes drug addiction while becoming one of America's most beloved performers. 153 min. DVD 4026 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor Golden Globes, USA - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy National Board of Review, USA - Best Actor National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Actor Gosselink, Carol. "Ray." Disability Studies Quarterly Summer 2005, Volume 25, No. 3 Reach for the Sky (UK, 1956) Directed by Lewis Gilbert. Cast: Kenneth More, Muriel Pavlow, Lyndon Brook, Lee Patterson, Alexander Knox, Dorothy Alison, Sydney Tafter, Jack Watling, Nigel Green. The amazing story of Douglas Bader, who after losing both legs as a result of an aeroplane crash, overcame insurmountable odds to not only master the art of walking with two artificial legs, but to dance, play golf, and to become one of the most remarkable fighter aces in history. 135 min. DVD X287 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Red Like the Sky (Rosso come il cielo) (Italy, 2006) Directed by Cristiano Bortone. Cast: Francesco Campobasso, Luca Capriotti, Paolo Sassanelli, Marco Cocci. Inspired by the true story of Mirco Mencacci, one of the most gifted Italian sound editors working today. Federico and Mirco are eight years old and both blind. The former is shy and introverted, the latter is outgoing and hyperactive. Enroled in a special school for the blind in Genoa, Mirco does not accept his new condition. But he is feisty and determined. When he finds an old tape recorder and a few used reels and discovers that by cutting and splicing tape he can create little fairy tales made only of sounds, a brand-new world opens up to him. 96 min. DVD X1174 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Richard III The story of Richard of Gloucester, a man twisted both in mind and body, as he schemes for the throne of England. SEE MRC Shakespeare listing for various versions Romola (1925) Directed by Henry King. Cast: Lillian Gish, Dorothy Gish, William Powell, Ronald Colman. The story of Romola, daughter of Bardo Bardi, a blind philosopher at a time when the Medici ruled Florence. Adapted from the novel by George Eliot. 117 min. vhs 999:1535 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Rory O'Shea Was Here (aka Inside I'm Dancing) (UK / Ireland / France, 2004) Directed by Damien O'Donnell. Cast: James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, Gerard McSorley, Tom Hickey, Brenda Fricker. An inspiring story of independence that follows two unlikely friends determined to face the world on their own terms. Young Michael is a patient who is resigned to his quiet life within an institution's safe, predictable boundaries. Then, the rebellious Rory O'Shea bursts onto the scene. Now, with the help of the beautiful young Siobhan, who signs on as the boys' live-in aide, Rory will show Michael what it takes to truly be free. 104 min. DVD 4216 Gill, Michael. "The Disabled Male Gaze: Expressions of Desire and Emotion in Rory O'Shea Was Here" Disability Studies Quarterly Fall 2006, Volume 26, No. 4 Haller, Beth. "Rory O'Shea Was Here." Disability Studies Quarterly Spring 2006, Volume 26, No. 2 Carrey, Normand. "Spheres of influence." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal; 1/17/2006, Vol. 174 Issue 2, p209-210, 2p Roxanne (1987) Director, Fred Schepisi. Cast: Steve Martin, Daryl Hannah, Shelley Duvall, Rick Rossovich, Fred Willard, Michael J. Pollard. A comic modernization of Cyrano de Bergerac, with Martin playing a small town fire chief, C.D. Bales, who has an astonishingly long nose. He harbors a secret love for a beautiful astronomy student, Roxanne, who is attracted to another man. Based on the play: Cyrano de Bergerac / by Edmond Rostand. 107 min. DVD X3072 Golden Globes, USA Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor Golden Globes, USA - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA - Best Actor Scent of a Woman (1992) Directed by Martin Brest. Cast: Al Pacino, Chris O'Donnell, Gabrielle Anwar, Philip Seymour Hoffman. Hoping to earn extra money, an innocent and reserved scholarship student at an exclusive prep school agrees to look after a blind, retired Lieutenant Colonel, who takes him off for a wild weekend in New York City. 157 min. DVD X1475 Golden Globes, USA - Best Best Picture - Dramatic The Sea Inside (Mar adentro) (Spain / France / Italy, 2004) Directed by Alejandro Amenábar. Cast: Javier Bardem, Belen Rueda, Lola Dueñas, Mabel Rivera, Celso Bugallo, Clara Segura, Joan Dalmau, Alberto Jimenez, Tamar Novas. Based on a true story, Ramon Sampedro wants to end his life because a diving accident 28 years before that turned him into a quadriplegic. For most of those years he made the most of it: writing, developing a close relationships with his family, who all help to care for him. While grateful to his family and friends for their help, Ramon was always an active person. He has come to see his life as frustrating and pointless and wishes to die with what remains of his dignity. Gene is a friend who works with a "Right to Die" organization who introduces Ramon to Julia, a lawyer he hopes will help him persuade the courts to let him end his own life. As Ramon and Julia work together on his case, Ramon finds himself falling in love with his attorney, but Ramon remains convinced that the greatest gift to him would be an end to his life. 125 min. DVD 4052 Academy Award - Foreign Language Film Broadcast Film Critics Association Critics' Choice Awards: Best Foreign Film Golden Globe Award: Best Foreign Language Film: National Board of Review, USA - Best Foreign Language Film Venice Film Festival - Best International Film Venice Film Festival - Grand Special Jury Prize, Director The Secret Garden (UK, TV, 1975) Directed by Katrina Murray. Cast: Sarah Hollis Andrews, John Woodnutt, David Patterson, Jacqueline Hoyle. In 19th-century India, little Mary Lennox is suddenly orphaned by cholera. Her only living relative is her crook-backed uncle, Archibald Craven, so Mary is sent to live at his estate on the Yorkshire moors. Rude and unpleasant, Mary gradually begins to change as she explores the manor and grows to know some of the servants, particularly her maid Martha, and Ben Weatherstaff the gardener. With the help of a robin, Mary discovers a secret garden. She also discovers a cousin she never knew she had, and begins to form plans that transform her cousin, the garden, and ultimately herself. Based on the book by Frances Hodgson Burnett. 200 min. DVD 6816 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Secret Garden (UK / US, 1993) Directed by Agnieszka Holland. Cast: Sarah Hollis Andrews, John Woodnutt, David Patterson, Jacqueline Hoyle. "Young Mary Lennox is orphaned by an earthquake in India and sent to England to live with her uncle in a cold ancestral manor in Yorkshire. Mary briefly meets him, still mourning for the wife who died ten years ago, but she is mostly left on her own. A resourceful and inquisitive girl, she soon makes two exciting discoveries. First she finds an overgrown secret garden, the favourite of her aunt and locked up since her death. Second, that she has a cousin, Colin, a sickly lad who has been told he must remain in bed out of the daylight at all times. Once Mary and another new friend, local lad Dickon, have brought the garden back to life they decide Colin must see it, a decision that will change several lives." [ IMDB ] Based on the book by Frances Hodgson Burnett. 102 min. DVD 8688 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shirley Adams (South Africa \| USA \| UK, 2009) Directed by Oliver Hermanus. Cast: Denise Newman, Keenan Arrison, Emily Child, Theresa Sedras, Gamiet Peterson. In this deeply affecting portrait of ordinary courage in present-day South Africa, a single mother, Shirley Adams, struggles to care for her paraplegic teenage son, Donovan, in a depressed district on the outskirts of Cape Town. Wearied but resolute, she desperately clings to him as he withdraws from the world following a suicide attempt, and is hopeful when his spirits are momentarily lifted by the appearance of Tamsin, a pretty but overeager social worker. But when the relationship between Donovan and Tamsin sours, his fragile emotional health declines, and Shirley's faith and perseverance are put to the ultimate test. 92 min. DVD X6720 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Silence (Sukut. Sokout. Sokhout). (Iran, 1998) Directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf. Cast: Tahmineh Normatova, Nadereh Abdelahyeva, Golbibi Ziadolahyeva, Hakem Ghassem, Araz M. Mohamadli. From one of Iran's most celebrated filmmakers comes a hypnotic symphony of visual and aural rhythms. It follows the life of Khorshid, a blind 10-year-old boy who experiences life through hypnotic sounds and the music of the world. 75 min. DVD X5668; vhs 999:3676 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Simon Birch (1998) Directed by Mark Steven Johnson. Cast: Joseph Mazzello, Oliver Platt, David Strathairn, Ian Michael Smith, Dana Ivey, Ashley Judd. Even though Simon Burch is the smallest kid in town, he is sure that someday he's going to be a hero ... he's just not sure how. 114 min. DVD 6410 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Singing Detective (Australia / UK, 1988) Directed by Jon Amiel. Cast: Michael Gambon, Patrick Malahide, Joanne Whalley, Janet Suzman. The hallucinations of a mystery writer stricken with a crippling skin disorder interweave memories of his past with a plot casting him in the role of a suave sleuth who croons with a big band. DVD 1666 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Singing Detective (USA, 2003) Directed by Keith Gordon. Cast: Robert Downey, Jr., Robin Wright Penn, Jeremy Northam, Katie Holmes, Carla Gugino, Adrien Brody, Jon Polito, Saul Rubinek.Bedridden with an excruciating case of skin-rotting psoriasis, novelist Dan Dark escapes into his vivid imagination. There, gunmen and private detectives pursue their own unusual agendas, often casting himself as the titular "warbler" whose pain and anger is focused like a laser on his cheating wife and anyone else who's made his real and imaginary worlds unbearable. 108 min. DVD 2415 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database South Park. Insults to Injuries (1946) Contents: It hits the fan -- Cripple fight -- Proper condom use -- Scott Tenorman must die. In "It Hits the Fan" the citizens of South Park use the word "sh*t" 162 times after the word is popularized on a favorite TV show. However a mysterious plague seems to be linked to the use of this word. Only Chef and the boys can stop the plague. In "Cripple Fight" a new handicapped boy steals attention away from Timmy with his stand-up comedy. Timmy's jealousy grows until it explodes in a knock-down, drag out fight with the new boy. In "Proper Condom Use" the parents of South Park refuse to talk about sexual education with their children and force the public school to teach them instead. The incompetent teachers frighten and misinform the children. It's up to the cool-thinking Chef to save the day. In "Scott Tenorman Must Die" Cartman is cheated out of some money by an older boy. After several failed attempts to get his money back, he concocts his master scheme of revenge. Originally broadcast as four episodes of the television series South Park in 2001. 88 min. DVD 3399 South Park. Timmy Contents: Timmy 2000 -- 4th grade -- Helen Keller, the musical -- The tooth fairy's tats 2000. Timmy 2000: When Timmy is diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder, it triggers a wave of prescription drug abuse at South Park Elementary. 4th grade: The boys are in the 4th grade but they miss the joys of 3rd grade, so they come up with a daring complicated plan to travel back in time a year, with the help of Timmy and his electric wheelchair. Hellen Keller, the musical: The Thanksgiving play is in trouble and Stan, Klye and Kenny are going to great lengths to make the production a hit while Timmy tries his hardest to show the other kids that his new pet turkey can be the star of their show. Tooth Fairy's tats 2000: When Cartman discovers that the Tooth Fairy is paying a premium price for his lost teeth, he seizes the opportunity to make some cash. Originally broadcast as four episodes of the television series South Park in 2000. 88 min. DVD 3400 Sparsa (Sparsh) (India, 1980) Directed by Sai Paranjpye. Cast: Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Sudha Chopra, Om Puri. Anirund Parma is the blind principal of a school for the blind, but he does not allow this handicap to get in his way. He falls in love with a social worker and plans to marry her, but begins to have reservations about the marriage as he feels that he is being pitied. DVD 3492 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Spiral Staircase (1946) Directed by Robert Siodmak. Cast: Dorothy McGuire, George Brent, Ethel Barrymore, Kent Smith, Rhonda Fleming, Gordon Oliver, Elsa Lanchester, Sara Allgood, Rhys Williams. A terrifying melodrama about a mute servant girl in a gloomy house who is threatened by a mysterious killer. 83 min. DVD 1461 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Station Agent (2002) Directed by Tom McCarthy. Cast: Patricia Clarkson, Peter Dinklage, Bobby Cannavale. A young man born with dwarfism inherits a train station in rural New Jersey and moves there for a life of quiet solitude. He soon finds friendships and a sense of belonging that he never expected, and never thought he wanted. 89 min. DVD 5313 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Stella Maris (1918) Directed by Frances Marion. Cast: Mary Pickford, Conway Tearle, Marcia Manon, Ida Waterman, Herbert Standing. Stella Maris is a beautiful, crippled girl, who is cared for by a rich family. They shield her from the harsh realities of the world, so that she has no idea of the cruel things that some people do. Unity Blake is a poor orphan all too familiar with the harsh realities of the real world. These two young women both fall in love with John, love which is complicated by the fact that he is still married to (though separated from) a bad wife. Based on a novel by William J. Locke. 94 min. DVD X4831; vhs 999:2092 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Latham, John. "Double Pickford: Stella Maris." In: American cinema of the 1910s : themes and variations / edited by Charlie Keil and Ben Singer. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, c2009. ( Full-text available online (UC Berkeley users only); Print Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.U6 A85733 2009) Stolen Face (UK, 1952) Directed by Terence Fisher. Cast: Paul Henreid, Lizabeth Scott, Mary Mackenzie, Andre Morell, John Wood. A plastic surgeon has a brief fling with a concert pianist, who leaves him to return to her previous boyfriend. He finds a horribly scared patient and fashions her face into the image of his former lover and enters into a marriage that is disappointing. 72 min. DVD 6021 Hammer Films The Stratton Story (1949) Directed by Sam Wood. Cast: James Stewart, June Allyson, Frank Morgan, Agnes Moorehead, Bill Williams. The true story of Chicago White sox pitcher, Monty Stratton. Stratton suffers a devastating hunting accident which leads to the amputation of one leg. Learning to walk with an artificial limb, he struggles to resume his career. 102 min. DVD 6172 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Sweet Hereafter (1997) Directed by Atom Egoyan. Cast: Ian Holm, Maury Chaykin, Peter Donaldson, Bruce Greenwood, David Hemblen, Brooke Johnson, Arsinee Khanjian, Tom McCamus, Stephanie Morgenstern, Earl Pastko, Sarah Polley, Gabrielle Rose, Alberta Watson. Following a tragic schoolbus accident, high-profile lawyer Mitchell Stephens descends upon a small town. With promises of retribution and a class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of the grieving community, Stephens begins his investigation into the details of the crash. But beneath the town's calm, he uncovers a tangled web of lies, deceit and forbidden desires that mirrors his own troubled personal life. Gradually, we learn that Stephens has his own agenda, and that everyone has secrets to keep. 116 min. DVD 727 Cannes Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize; Grand Prize of the Jury; Prize of the Ecumenical Jury National Board of Review, USA - Best Acting by an Ensemble Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (Boksuneun naui geot)(South Korea, 2002) Directed by Chan-wook Park. Cast: Song Kang-Ho, Shin Ha-Kyun, Bae Doo-Na. A deaf-mute needs to raise money for a kidney transplant for his sister's life-saving operation. He kidnaps an wealthy businessman's daughter, but a tragic accident sets both him and the child's father on fateful paths of vengeance. Special features: Interview with Park Chan-Wook, production featurettes, cast and crew interviews, teasers and trailers. 129 min. DVD X3950 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Talk To Her (Habla con ella) (Spain, 2002) Directed by Pedro Almódovar. Cast: Javier Camara, Dario Grandinetti, Leonor Watling, Rosario Flores, Mariola Fuentes, Geraldine Chaplin. In a private clinic Barco and Benigno strike up a friendship while caring for comatose women. Benigno is the caregiver for Alicia, a beautiful dance student and Marco is there to visit his girlfriend Lydia, a famous matador also in a coma. As the men wage vigil over the women they love, the story unfolds in flashback and flashforward as the lives of the four move toward a surprising conclusion. 114 min. DVD 1669 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Foreign-language Film Golden Globe Award: Best Foreign Language Film National Board of Review, USA - Best Foreign Language Film Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970) Directed by Otto Preminger. Cast: Liza Minnelli, Ken Howard, Robert Moore, James Coco, Kay Thompson, Fred Williamson, Nancy Marchand, Anne Revere. Junie Moon's face has been disfigured by ill-gotten burns, and depends on her friends and her wit to cope. She, Arthur, an epileptic who has wrongly been diagnosed as mentally retarded and Warren who is confined to a wheelchair, leave the hospital together. They yearn for independence and find a house to live in. Together they stumble into adventures involving the local fish vendor, nosy neighbors, surreptitious vacations, love, and frustration in finding jobs as they face subtle prejudices in their community, and their own particular medical problems. Based on the novel by Marjorie Kellogg. 113 min. DVD X6626 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Terror of Tinytown (1938) Directed by Sam Newfield. Cast: Billy Curtis, Yvonne Moray, Little Billy, Billy Platt, Fern McDill, Sam Newfield. A cast of midgets conduct the traditional rudiments of westerns, riding Shetland ponies and hauling the villain beneath the swinging doors of the saloon. 62 min. DVD X531 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) Directed by Felix Feist. Cast: Joan Crawford, Dennis Morgan, David Brian, Richard Webb, Mari Aldon . A melodrama where Crawford plays a hardened mobster who's about to go blind. On top of this she is being watched by the police and is burdened by an overly jealous boyfriend. She goes to Indianapolis to consult an expert eye surgeon to repair her eyes and ends up falling hopelessly in love with him. Will she be able to forget her seedy past and make a fresh start? From a story by Bernard Girard. 97 min. DVD X4502 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Tommy (UK, 1975) Directed by Ken Russell. Cast: The Who (Music group), Ann Margret, Elton John, Roger Daltrey, Oliver Reed, Eric Clapton, Jack Nicholson, Tina Turner, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, Paul Nicholas, Robert Powell. The classic rock opera by Pete Townsend about a boy, traumatized by the murder of his father, who becomes deaf, dumb and blind. Growing into manhood he is subjected to bizarre cure attempts by The Acid Queen, the Preacher, and the Specialist. In spite of his handicap, Tommy defeats the Pinball Wizard, attains a devoted following and finally cured, is hailed by his fans as a "Messiah". 108 min. DVD 5708 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Torch Song (1953) Directed by Charles Walters. Cast: Joan Crawford, Michael Wilding, Gig Young, Marjorie Rambeau. Tells the story of a hard as nails Broadway musical star who chews up people for lunch. Romance enters her life in the form of her new piano accompanist, blinded war-veteran Tye Graham. The fact that Graham refuses to kowtow to the temperamental Jenny's demands, coupled with the adversarial behavior of Graham's seeing-eye dog, makes the pianist all the more attractive to the lonely songstress. Based on a story by I. A. R. Wylie. Special features: "Tough Baby: Torch Song"; classic cartoon, "TV of Tomorrow"; vintage Crawford, Jimmy Fund Public Service Announcement trailer; audio only bonus, Crawford recording sessions; theatrical trailer. 89 min. DVD X1006 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Trapeze (1956) Director, Carol Reed. Cast: Burt Lancaster, Tony Curtis, Gina Lollobrigida, Katy Jurado, Thomas Gomez. Mike Ribble (Burt Lancaster), a retired crippled aerialist, agrees to teach young American acrobat Tino Orsini (Tony Curtis) the triple somersault. But when both fall in love with the beautiful Lola -- who uses them to further her own ambitions -- the triangle threatens all of their dreams. Includes "truly breathtaking stunt sequences performed by the cream of the European big-top circuit." 106 min. DVD X4844; vhs 999:3362 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Unknown (1927) Director, Tod Browning. Cast: Lon Chaney, Norman Kerry, Joan Crawford. Alonzo the Armless (Chaney) throws knives for a living -- with his feet, because he is supposedly armless. Nanon Zanzi (Crawford) is his assistant who, fearful of the touch of any man's hand, fancies him. Perhaps Chaney's most bizarre work. 61 min. DVD 2359 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Anderson, Robert Gordon. Faces, forms, films; the artistry of Lon Chaney New York, Castle Books [c1971] (Main: PN2287.C48 .A8 1971; PFA PN2287.C48 .A8 1971) Beck, Calvin. "Lon Chaney." In: Heroes of the horrors. New York, Collier Books [1975] (PFA: PN1998.A2 B38 1975) Blake, Michael F. The Films of Lon Chaney Lanham : Madison Books, 2001. (Main PN2287.C48 B57 2001; PFA PN2287.C48 B57 2001) Blake, Michael F. Lon Chaney : the man behind the thousand faces Vestal, N.Y. : Vestal Press, 1993. (Main PN2287.C48 B58 1993) Bodeen, DeWitt. "Lon Chaney." In: From Hollywood : the careers of 15 great American stars South Brunswick [N.J.] : A. S. Barnes, c1976 (Main: PN1998.A2 .B62 1976) Slide, Anthony. "Lon Chaney." In: Silent players : a biographical and autobiographical study of 100 silent film actors and actresses Lexington, Ky. : University Press of Kentucky, 2002 (Main Stack PN1998.2.S547 2002; PFA PN1998.2.S547 2002) Vanilla Sky (2001) Directed by Cameron Crowe. Cast: Tom Cruise, Penelope Cruz, Kurt Russell, Jason Lee, Noah Taylor, Timothy Spall, Tilda Swinton, Cameron Diaz. In this steamy, intriguingly complex, psychological thriller the line between reality and fantasy is hopelessly blurred. David tries to make sense of his life after a car crash leaves his once-handsome face grotesquely disfigured. After he is placed into a psychiatric penitentiary for a murder he doesn't remember committing, David's only hope is to delve into the depths of his subconscious mind where the answer to ending his living nightmare lies in his dreams. 135 min. DVD 4073 UC users only Vital (Japan, 2004) Director, Shinya Tsukamoto. Cast: Tadanobu Asano, Nami Tsukamoto, Kiki, Jun Kunimura, Ittoku Kishibe. After losing his memory due to a car accident, Hiroshi Takagi tries to pick his life back up and enrolls in medical school. There, his memory becomes jarred by a female cadaver; he begins to have visions of a life with this woman, and unlocks the dark memories of his forgotten past. 86 min. DVD 5438 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Vom Reiche der sechs Punkte (Germany, 1927) Directed by Hugo Rütters. Cast: Lotte Kleinschmidt, Robert Wirtz, Hubert Horbach, Josef Petri. This silent docudrama premiered in Düren, Germany on December 13, 1927. The story deals with a steel engineer who looses his sight and has to accept making a living as a blind man. The film features unique documentary footage of life and work within institutions for the blind in Cologne, Neuwied and Düren. 95 min. DVD X768 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Wait Until Dark (1967) Director, Terence Young. Cast: Audrey Hepburn, Alan Arkin, Richard Crenna, Jack Weston, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. A photographer unwittingly smuggles a doll stuffed with heroin into New York City. His recently blinded wife, alone in their apartment, is first terrorized by hired crooks, and then by the psychopathic Roat, in search of the doll. 108 min. DVD 836 UC users only Kleege, Georgina. "Blind Nightmares." Sight Unseen. New Haven : Yale University Press, c1999. pp: 43-66. (Education-Psychology HV1593 .K528 1999) O'Farrell, Mary Ann. "Blindness and Domestic Terror in Wait Until Dark." Western Humanities Review, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 218-22, Fall 1999 Wilkins, Lee "The blind in the media : A vision of stereotypes in action." In: Images that injure : pictorial stereotypes in the media / edited by Paul Martin Lester and Susan Den Westport, Conn. : Praeger, c2003. (Main (Gardner) Stacks P96.S74 I45 2003) The Waterdance (1991) Directors, Neal Jimenez, Michael Steinberg. Cast: Eric Stoltz, Wesley Snipes, William Forsythe, Helen Hunt, Elizabeth Pena. Paralyzed in a 1984 accident, writer/director Neal Jimenez channeled his own experiences and emotions into this drama about a talented young writer who is permanently paralyzed in a hiking accident. He is placed in a paraplegic ward, peopled by patients of all races and emotional states. Together with his new-found friends, he rebels against the hospital system and his own debilitation. 106 min. DVD 5452 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database West of Zanzibar (1928) Directed by Tod Browning. Cast: Lon Chaney, Lionel Barrymore, Warner Baxter, Mary Nolan, Jane Daly, Jacqueline Gadsdon, Roscoe Ward, Kalla Pasha, Curtis Nero. A clown-magician seeks revenge against the man who stole his wife and left him paralyzed. Assuming that his daughter is the daughter of the other man, he has her raised in a brothel. Twenty years pass and all three are in Africa. The clown-magician is now the strongman in an African country where he incites the tribal members to torture the young girl in the presence of her assumed father only to learn that she is actually his own daughter. 70 min. DVD 9565 [preservation copy]; vhs 999:1171 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Anderson, Robert Gordon. Faces, forms, films; the artistry of Lon Chaney New York, Castle Books [c1971] (Main: PN2287.C48 .A8 1971; PFA PN2287.C48 .A8 1971) Beck, Calvin. "Lon Chaney." In: Heroes of the horrors. New York, Collier Books [1975] (PFA: PN1998.A2 B38 1975) Blake, Michael F. The Films of Lon Chaney Lanham : Madison Books, 2001. (Main PN2287.C48 B57 2001; PFA PN2287.C48 B57 2001) Blake, Michael F. Lon Chaney : the man behind the thousand faces Vestal, N.Y. : Vestal Press, 1993. (Main PN2287.C48 B58 1993) Bodeen, DeWitt. "Lon Chaney." In: From Hollywood : the careers of 15 great American stars South Brunswick [N.J.] : A. S. Barnes, c1976 (Main: PN1998.A2 .B62 1976) Slide, Anthony. "Lon Chaney." In: Silent players : a biographical and autobiographical study of 100 silent film actors and actresses Lexington, Ky. : University Press of Kentucky, 2002 (Main Stack PN1998.2.S547 2002; PFA PN1998.2.S547 2002) The Wings of Eagles (1957 ) Director, John Ford. Cast: John Wayne, Dan Dailey, Maureen O'Hara, Ward Bond. Tells the true story of Naval Commander Frank "Spig" Wead - from his first solo flight that ends in the admiral's swimming pool to his assignment as commander aboard an aircraft carrier during World War II. After he breaks his neck in an accident and is paralyzed, Wead discovers the power of his pen and becomes a renowned Hollywood screenwriter. 110 min. DVD 5668 UC users only Wit (2001) Director, Mike Nichols. Cast: Emma Thompson, Christopher Lloyd, Eileen Atkins, Audra McDonald, Jonathan M. Woodward, Harold Pinter. An English professor, who alienates her students, has always had control over her life. That is until she is diagnosed with a devasting illness. She agrees to undergo a series of procedures that are brutal, extensive and experimental. No longer a teacher, but a subject for others to study, she discovers that the fine line between life and death can only be walked with wit. 99 min. DVD 836 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Diehl, Heath ""And death--capital D--shall be no more--semicolon!" : explicating the terminally ill body in Margaret Edson's Wit." In: The problem body : projecting disability on film Edited by Sally Chivers and Nicole Markotic'. Columbus : Ohio State University Press, c2010. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.H34 P76 2010) "The whole art of a wooden leg" : King Vidor's picturization of Laurence Stallings's "Great story" / Timothy Barnard -- Phantom limbs : film noir and the disabled body / Michael Davidson -- Seeing blindness on-screen : the blind, female gaze / Johnson Cheu -- The wild child / Dawne McCance -- No life anyway : pathologizing disability on film / Paul Darke -- "And death--capital D--shall be no more--semicolon!" : explicating the terminally ill body in Margaret Edson's W;t / -- "A man, with the same feelings" : disability, humanity, and heterosexual apparatus in Breaking the waves, Born on the fourth of July, Breathing lessons, and Oasis / Eunjung Kim -- Neoliberal risks : Million dollar baby, Murderball, and anti-national sexual positions / Robert McRuer -- Body genres : an anatomy of disability in film / Sharon L. Snyder and David T. Mitchell -- "Blinded by the light," or : Where's the rest of me? / Anne Finger. A Woman's Face (1941) Directed by George Cukor. Cast: Joan Crawford, Melvyn Douglas, Conrad Veidt, Osa Massen, Reginald Owen, Albert Basserman, Marjorie Main, Donald Meek. Anna Holm, a professional blackmailer, despises herself and the world because of a disfiguring facial scar. When a plastic surgeon performs miraculous surgery and restores her beauty, she has a chance to start anew but her soul remains scarred and she finds herself torn between her destructive past and a desire for a new life. Special DVD features: Vintage "Romance of Celluloid; short, "You Can't Fool With a Camera"; classic cartoon, "Little Cesario;" audio only bonus, 2 radio adaptations, one with Bette Davis, one with Ida Lupino; theatrical trailer. 107 min. DVD X1006; vhs 999:3428 George Cukor bibliography Vom Reiche der sechs Punkte (Germany, 1927) Directed by Hugo Rütters. Cast: Lotte Kleinschmidt, Robert Wirtz, Hubert Horbach, Josef Petri. This silent docudrama premiered in Düren, Germany on December 13, 1927. The story deals with a steel engineer who looses his sight and has to accept making a living as a blind man. The film features unique documentary footage of life and work within institutions for the blind in Cologne, Neuwied and Düren. 95 min. DVD X768 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Young Lovers (1950) Directed by Ida Lupino. Cast: Sally Forrest, Keefe Brasselle, Hugh O'Brian, Eve Miller, Lawrence Dobkin. Carol, a dancer who has just become engaged to her partner and choreographer and is about to embark on a major career, is devastated to learn that she has contracted polio. Her partner wants to see her through her illness but the embittered Carol prefers to be alone. Eventually she realizes that only by allowing others to share her grief, will she be able to pull herself together and go on with her life. 81 min. vhs 999:3430 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Zed & Two Noughts (1985) Directed by Peter Greenaway. Cast: Andrea Ferreol, Eric Deacon, Brian Deacon, Frances Barber, Joss Ackland. Darkly comic story of twin zoologists who become obsessed with the search for life's meaning. When their wives are killed in a freak car accident, the brothers start an affair with the car's driver, Alba, who lost a leg in the accident. Throughout this affair, the two become fixated on the process of decay and begin an intense study on decomposition using animals from the zoo that leads to the ultimate experiment. 115 min. DVD 5928 Disabled Vets in the Movies Boyle, Brenda M. "Men out of mind : disabilities in Vietnam War stories" In: Masculinity in Vietnam War narratives : a critical study of fiction, films and nonfiction writings / Brenda M. Boyle. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., c2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PS228.V5 B69 2009) Early, Emmett "The Wounded War Veteran Returns." In: The war veteran in film / Emmett Early. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, c2003. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.V44 E27 2003) Martin Halliwell. "No Place to Go, See": Blindness and World War II Demobilization Narratives." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies Volume 3, Number 2, 2009 UC users only Norden, Martin E. "Hollywood's Disabled Vietnam Vet Revisited." In: In the eye of the beholder : critical perspectives in popular film and television / edited by Gary R. Edgerton, Michael T. Marsden, and Jack Nachbar. Bowling Green, OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press, c1997. (Main Stack and Moffitt: PN1995.I565 1997) Quart, L. & Auster, A. "The wounded vet in postwar film." Social Policy, 13:2, 24-31 (1982) Wilder, Carol. "Wounded Warrior and the Revisionist Myth." In: Media USA / [edited by] Arthur Asa Berger. New York : Longman, 1990. UC users only (Print version: Moffitt P92.U5 M45 1990) The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) Directed by William Wyler. Cast: Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Hoagy Carmichael, Virginia Mayo and Harold Russell. Three returning WWII veterans face problems as they attempt to pick up the threads of their previous lives. One of the central characters in the film is played by Harold Russell, a vet who had lost both arms in the war. 170 min. DVD 2865; vhs 999:114 Golden Globes - Best Motion Picture - Drama National Board of Review - Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Director National Film Registry Selection Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Directed by Oliver Stone. Cast: Tom Cruise. Follows the young Ron Kovic from his days as a zealous teen who eagerly joins up for the Vietnam War, to his return from the war as an embittered veteran, paralyzed from mid-chest down. Chronicles his disillusionment with the country's continued involvement in Vietnam, his physical struggle and his emergence as a brave new voice for thousands of disenchanted vets. 145 min. DVD 769 Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Golden Globe Awards, USA - Best Motion Picture - Drama; Best Director Coming Home (1978) Directed by Hal Ashby. Cast: Jane Fonda, Jon Voight, Bruce Dern. A sad, poignant love story set against the social upheaval of the Vietnam war. Set in 1968, the story concerns a woman who, while her husband is serving in Vietnam, falls in love with a paraplegic while performing volunteer work at a San Diego veterans hospital. And when, wounded and disillusioned, her husband returns home, they must each grapple with the full impact of a brutal, distant war that has changed their lives forever. 130 min. DVD 8553 Academy Awards - Best Actor (Jon Voight); Best Actress (Jane Fonda) Cannes Film Festival - Best Actor (Jon Voight) Golden Globes - Best Actor (Jon Voight); Best Actress (Jane Fonda) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Actor (Jon Voight); Best Actress (Jane Fonda) National Board of Review, USA - Best Actor (Jon Voight) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actor (Jon Voight) Cutter's Way (1981) Directed by Ivan Passer. Cast: Jeff Bridges, John Heard, Lisa Eichhorn, Stephen Elliott. Suspectd of murdering a teenage girl, Richard Bone, a laidback Santa Barbara boat salesman and gigolo, turns to his best friend, Alex Cutter, a disabled Vietnam veteran, for help in finding the real killer. But Bone gets more than he bargained for when Cutter instead of contacting the police, tries to blackmail their suspect who violently turns the tables on them. 109 min. DVD 1452 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Deer Hunter (1978) Director: Michael Cimino. Cast: Robert De Niro, John Cazale, John Savage, Meryl Streep, Christopher Walken. Tracks a group of steelworker pals from a Pennsylvania blast furnace to the cool hunting grounds of the Alleghenies to the lethal cauldron of Vietnam. It is a drama of friendship and courage and of what happens to these qualities under stress. 183 min. (2 tapes) DVD 95; vhs 999:708 Academy Awards - Best Picture; Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Golden Globe Awards - Best Director Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Director National Film Registry Selection Forrest Gump (1994) Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Cast: Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, Sally Field. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Cast: Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, Sally Field. The story follows the life of low I.Q. Forrest Gump (Tom Hanks) and his meeting with the love of his life Jenny. The film chronicles his accidental experiences with some of the most important people and events in America from the late 1950's through the 1970's including a meeting with Elvis Presley, JFK, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, fighting in Vietnam, etc. Although Forrest doesn't realize the significance of his actions he comes to embody a generation of American youth. Gary Sinise plays Lieutenant Dan Taylor: Gump and Bubba's commanding officer during the Vietnam War. After losing his legs in a climactic attack, he falls into a deep depression. He then later serves as Forrest's first mate at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company (although he gave most of the orders), regaining his will to live. By the end of the film, he is engaged to be married and has even received "new legs" (titanium alloy prosthetic legs) allowing him to walk again. 141 min. DVD 1085 Academy Award - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Picture, Drama; Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Film Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement The Hasty Heart (UK, 1949) Director: Vincent Sherman. Cast: Ronald Reagan, Patricia Neal, Richard Todd, Howard Crawford, Anthony Nicholls. The war is suddenly over for two Allied soldiers injured in Burma and sent to a remote jungle hospital. Facing the battle of recovery, the easy-going Yank and the proud yet stubborn Scotsman form a bond with the other patients and Army staff. From the stage play by John Patrick. 102 min. DVD X199 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Hero (O herói)(Angola, 2004) Directed by Zézé Gamboa. Vitorio has just been discharged after almost 20 years of fighting in the war. During his last military assignment he stepped on a land mine and lost a leg. After recuperating, he finds himself alone, unemployed and homeless. He, along with the people that he encounters, attempt to build new lives at the same time as their country reconstructs in the postwar era. 97 min. DVD 5305 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Home of the Brave (1949) Directed by Mark Robson. Cast: Lloyd Bridges, James Edwards, Frank Lovejoy, Douglas Dick, Steve Brodie, Jeff Corey. "A paralyzed African-American war veteran Private Peter Moss (Edwards) begins to walk again only when he confronts his fear of forever being an "outsider." The film utilizes the recurrent theme of a diverse group of men being subjected to the horror of war and their individual reactions, in this case, the hell of jungle combat against the Japanese in WW II. The soldier's comrades include his lifelong white friend Finch (Bridges), whose death leaves him racked with guilt; redneck-bigot corporal (Brodie); and troubled Sergeant Mingo (Lovejoy). In the film's crucial scene, the doctor (Corey) forces Moss to overcome his paralysis by yelling a racial slur; from this point on, Moss will never again kowtow to prejudice." [ Wikipedia ] Based upon an original play by Arthur Laurents. 86 min. DVD X5695; vhs 999:3670 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Garcia, Jay. "Home of the Brave, Frantz Fanon and cultural pluralism." Comparative American Studies, Volume 4, Number 1, March 2006 , pp. 49-65(17) Kaplan, E. Ann. "The couch affair: gender and race in Hollywood transference." American Imago 50.n4 (Winter 1993): 481(34). UC users only Wallace, Michele. "Race, Gender and Psychoanalysis in Forties Film: Lost Boundaries, Home of the Brave and The Quiet One." In: Black American cinema / edited by Manthia Diawara. New York : Routledge, 1993. (Main Stack PN1995.9.N4.B45 1993; Moffitt PN1995.9.N4.B45 1993; PFA PN1995.9.N4.B45 1993) Home of the Brave (USA / Morocco, 2006) Directed by Irwin Winkler. Cast: Samuel L. Jackson, Jessica Biel, Brian Presley, Curtis Jackson, Chad Michael Murray. Shortly after receiving the news that they will soon be reunited with their families back in the United States, a unit serving in Iraq is deployed on one last humanitarian mission. Their objective is to deliver medical supplies to a remote Iraqi village. Upon arriving in the village, the unit is viciously ambushed and many lives are lost. Now, as the four surviving members of the battalion return home and attempt to readjust to civilian life, the physical injuries and psychological scars sustained during that tragic event continue to take a heavy emotional toll on the war-torn soldiers. 106 min. DVD 8680 UC users only Johnny Got His Gun (1971) Directed by Dalton Trumbo. Cast: Tomothy Bottoms, Kathy Fields, Marsha Hunt, Jason Robards, Donald Sutherland, Diane Varsi. In 1918 a soldier is badly wounded and has both his arms and legs amputated. Plunged into a chilling nightmare, we hear the young war victim's thoughts. Based on a novel by Dalton Trumbo. 106 min. DVD 7331 Awards Cannes Film Festival - FIPRESCI Prize; Grand Prize of the Jury Blackmore, Tim. "Lazarus Machine: Body Politics in Dalton Trumbo's Johnny Got His Gun." Mosaic 33.4 (Dec 2000): 1. Hanson, Peter Dalton Trumbo, Hollywood rebel : a critical survey and filmography / by Peter Hanson. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, c2001. (Main Stack PS3539.R928.Z69 2001) Macnab, Geoffrey. "Johnny Got His Gun. Sight & Sound, Sep2004, Vol. 14 Issue 9, p96-97, 2p; UC users only Norden, Martin F. "Johnny Got His Gun: Evolution of an Antiwar Statement." In: Hollywood's World War I : motion picture images / edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. OConnor. Place/Publisher Bowling Green, OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press, [1997] (Main Stack D522.23.H65 1997; Moffitt D522.23.H65 1997) Jacob's Ladder (1990) Directed by Adrian Lyne. Cast: Tim Robbins, Elizabeth Peña, Danny Aiello. Jacob is a man living in a nightmare. Having survived Vietnam, he's back home in New York City. But memories of both his wartime demons and the accidental death of his son haunt and terrorize him. Jacob's grip on reality begins to slip and only his friend can save him. 116 min. DVD 44 Rubin, Bruce Joel. Jacob's ladder / by Bruce Joel Rubin. New York, N.Y. : Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1990. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1997 .J27 1990) The Last Flight (1931) Directed by Wilhelm Dieterle. Cast:Richard Barthelmess, David Manner, John Mack Brown, Helen Chandler, Elliott Nugent, Walter Byron. Four Yankee WWI pilots are invalided out of service, victims of profound physical and emotional injuries. Disillusioned by their wartime experiences, the four buddies head to Paris. Gradually the friends' ranks diminish due to misadventure and sudden death, until only one remains. Based on the novel "Single Lady" by John Monk Saunders. 76 min. DVD X5293 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lucky Ones (2008) Directed by Neil Burger. Cast: Rachel McAdams, Tim Robbins, Michael Peña, Annie Corley, John Diehl, John Heard. Colee, TK and Cheever are three soldiers who return home from the Iraq War after suffering injuries to learn that life has moved on without them. The three end up on an unexpected road trip across the U.S. Colee is on a mission to bring her boyfriend's guitar back to his family. TK is seeking the confidence to face his wife after a shrapnel injury that threatens his sexual function. Cheever is a middle-aged man who is planning to hit the casinos in a desperate effort to pay for his son's college tuition. 115 min.DVD X952 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lucky Star (1929) Directed by Frank Borzage. Cast: Janet Gaynor, Charles Farrell, Guinn Williams, Hedwig Reicher, Paul Fix. Mary, a poor farm girl, meets Tim just as word comes that war has been declared. Tim enlists in the army and goes to the battlefields of Europe, where he is wounded and loses the use of his legs. Home again, Tim is visited by Mary, and they are powerfully attracted to each other; but his physical handicap prevents him from declaring his love for her. Deeper complications set in when Martin, Tim's former sergeant and a bully, takes a shine to Mary. From the story Three episodes in the life of Timothy Osborn by Tristram Tupper. 100 min. DVD X720 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Men (1950) Director, Fred Zinnemann. Cast: Marlon Brando, Teresa Wright, Everett Sloane, Jack Webb, Richard Erdman, Virginia Farmer, Dorothy Tree, Howard St. John, Arthur Jurado. In Marlon Brando's first feature film he plays a war veteran paralyzed in combat who returns home to find he will never walk again, bitterly refusing to see his fiance. She must force him to confront reality and break his physical and emotional confinement. When feeling starts to return to his legs, it could be his last hope, or final downfall. 85 min. DVD X597 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Early, Emmett. "The Men." In: The war veteran in film Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, c2003. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.V44 E27 2003) Michel, Sonya. "Danger On The Home Front: Motherhood, Sexuality, and Disabled Veterans in American Postwar Films." Journal of the History of Sexuality 1992 3(1): 109-128 20p. UC users only On Killing(2007) Directed by Andres Torres-Vives. Cast: DaShawn Barnes, Zak Kilberg, Sarah Lilly. The film tells the story on Michael, a soldier returning from Iraq whose younger brother Gabriel has decided to join the military. When Michael learns of his brother's decision, he starts to tumble from reality and eventually does the unthinkable- he creates a dirty bomb, in the desperate belief that it will keep his brother at home. Presented at the International Latino Film Festival held in the San Francisco Bay Area. 18 min. DVD X7367 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Pride of the Marines (1945) Director, Delmer Daves. Cast: John Garfield, Eleanor Parker, Dane Clark, John Ridgely. A Marine hero is blinded in battle and returns home to be rehabilitated. He readjusts to his civilian life with the help of his wife. Based on the true story of Marine hero Al Schmid who was wounded in the WWII Battle of Guadalcanal. 119 min. DVD X6442 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Gerber, David A. "In Search of Al Schmid: War Hero, Blinded Veteran, Everyman." In: The body and physical difference : discourses of disability / David T. Mitchell and Sharon L. Snyder Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, c1997. (Main (Gardner) Stacks HV1568 .B63 1997) Halliwell, Martin "'No Place to Go, See': Blindness and World War II Demobilization Narratives." Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 163-182, 2009 UC users only Random Harvest (1942) Directed by Mervyn LeRoy. Cast: Ronald Colman, Greer Garson, Philip Dorn, Susan Peters, Henry Travers, Reginald Owen, Bramwell Fletcher. An amnsualty of World War I marries and settles happily into a tidy, humble life until an accident brings back memories of a former life of wealth and privilege while blocking all recollection of his existence since the war. Thus one man disappears, and another man long missing turns up and claims his vast inheritance. But what does his devoted wife, whom he no longer recognizes, do? Based on the novel by James Hilton. Special features: 2 vintage shorts from the era, a Crime doesn't pay subject, Don't talk and Marines in the making ; Greer Garson trailer gallery ; audio-only 1/31/44 Lux Radio Theater adaptation. 126 min. DVD X2448 Toles, George. "Thinking about Movie Sentiment: Toward a Reading of Random Harvest." Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 75-111, 1993 Summer The Sun Also Rises (1944) Director: Henry King. Cast: Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, Mel Ferrer, Errol Flynn, Eddie Albert, Juliette Greco, Marcel Dalio, Robert Evans. A group of American ex-patriots have had their spirit broken by the First World War, so they wander aimless and drunk around Paris. Veteran Jake Barnes (Tyrone Power) sustained a battle injury that has left him impotent and unable satisfy his love interest Lady Ashley (Ava Gardner). Based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. 130 min. DVD 7628 Credits and other information from the Internet Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944) Director: Mervyn LeRoy. Cast: Spencer Tracy, Van Johnson, Robert Mitchum, Phyllis Thaxter, Robert Walker, Scott McKay. A classic World War II thriller - the true life story of the first American air raids on Japan. Spencer Tracy plays Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle, the tough and inspiring mastermind of the historic crew of the "Ruptured Duck," commanded by Captain Ted Lawson. Lawson's daydreams of the bride he left behind are intertwined with the nightmarish terrors of a tense Pacific crossing, thunderous bombings, and the fate of his men on their painful odyssey through mainland China. 139 min. DVD 9130 Full text available online (UC Berkeley users only) Norden, Martin F. "Resexualization of the disabled war hero in 'Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.'" Journal of Popular Film and Television v23, n2 (Summer, 1995):50 (6 pages). Alcohol and Drugs in the Movies 301/302 (South Korea, 1995) Directed by Chul-Soo Park. Cast: Eun-jin Bang and Sin-Hye Hwang. "Two women are neighbors in an apartment building: one is an obsessive professional cook (in room 301), the other an anorexic writer (room 302). A young policeman is investigating the disappearance of the woman from room 302. Through flashbacks, we learn the nature of the two women's relationship: the cook tries to cure her neighbor by preparing fabulous meals for her every night - only to have them left untouched."(from Screen Cuisine ) 100 min. DVD X400; vhs 999:3462 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database American Psycho. (2000) Directed by Mary Harron. Cast: Christian Bale, Willem Dafoe, Jared Leto, Josh Lucas, Samantha Mathis, Matt Ross, Bill Sage, Chloe Sevigny, Cara Seymour, Justin Theroux, Guinevere Turner, Reese Witherspoon. A young, handsome man with a Harvard education, a stunning fiancee and success on Wall Street appears to have everything. But his circle of friends doesn't know his other side of terrible urges that take him in pursuit of women, greed, and murder. Based on the novel by Bret Easton Ellis. 101 min. DVD 3528 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Angel at My Table (UK \| Australia \| New Zealand \| USA, 1990) Directed by Jane Campion. Cast: Kerry Fox, Alexia Keogh, Karen Fergusson, Iris Churn, Kevin J. Wilson. A dramatization of the true-life story of Janet Frame, New Zealand's most distinguished author. The film follows Frame along her inspiring journey, from a poverty-stricken childhood to a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia and electroshock therapy to, finally, literary fame. Special features: Audio commentary featuring Jane Campion, Stuart Dryburgh and Kerry Fox; a documentary about the making; theatrical trailer; "My Say", an audio interview with Janet Frame from 1983; deleted scenes; stills gallery; a new essay by film critic Amy Taubin and reprinted excerpts from Frame's autobiography. 158 min. DVD X4068 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Awards Venice Film Festival - Grand Special Jury Prize; Elvira Notari Prize; Filmcritica "Bastone Bianco" Award; Little Golden Lion; OCIC Award Antichrist(Denmark \| Germany \| France \| Sweden \| Italy \| Poland, 2009) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Willem Dafoe, Charlotte Gainsbourg. In this graphic psychodrama, a grief-stricken man and woman retreat to a cabin deep in the woods after the accidental death of their infant son, only to find terror and violence at the hands of nature and, ultimately, each other. But this most confrontational work yet from one of contemporary cinema's most controversial artists is an emotionally ravaging journey to the darkest corners of the possessed human mind. Special features: Disc 1. Audio commentary by director Lars Von Trier and film scholar Murray Smith. Disc 2. "Confessions about anxiety" interview with Lars Von Trier; "Charlotte etc." interview with Charlotte Gainsbourg; "Willem Dafoe: agent of fantasy" interview with Willem Dafoe; "The making of Antichrist" documentary; "Chaos reigns at the Cannes Film Festival 2009" documentary on the film's world premiere; "Charlotte Gainsbourg at Cannes" press interview; "Willem Dafoe at Cannes" press interview. 108 min. DVD X4955 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Antwone Fisher (2002) Director, Denzel Washington. Cast: Derek Luke, Joy Bryant, Denzel Washington, Salli Richardson, Earl Billings, Kevin Connolly, Viola Davis, Rainoldo Gooding. Guided by a determined Navy psychiatrist, a troubled sailor embarks on a personal, emotionally inspiring journey to confront his past and connect with the family he never knew. Inspired by the true life experiences of Antwone Fisher. Special features: Commentary by director Denzel Washington and producer Todd Black; "Meeting Antwone Fisher" featurette; "The Making of Antwone Fisher" behind-the-scenes featurette; "Hollywood and the Navy" featurette. 120 min. DVD 5627 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Leonard, David J. "Antwone Fisher" In: Screens fade to black : contemporary African American cinema Westport, Conn. : Praeger Publishers, 2006. (MAIN: PN1995.9.N4 L46 2006) Wilderson, Frank B. "Fishing for Antwone." In: Red, white & black : cinema and the structure of U.S. antagonisms / Frank B. Wilderson III. Durham [NC] : Duke University Press, 2010. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.M56 W55 2010) Aro Tolbukhin in the Mind of a Killer (Aro Tolbukhin en la mente del asesino) (Spain \| Mexico, 2002) Directed by Isaac-Pierre Racin, Agustí Villaronga, Lydia Zimmermann. Aro Tolbukhin is a Hungarian inmigrant that sets fire to seven people in an infirmary in Guatemala. The movie looks back at his life to see what made him do it, from his arrival in Guatemala to his childhood in Hungary. Presented at the International Latino Film Festival held in the San Francisco Bay Area. 98 min. vhs 999:3919 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Arsenic and Old Lace. (1944) Directed by Frank Capra. Cast: Cary Grant, Raymond Massey, Jack Carson, Peter Lorre, Priscilla Lane, Edward Everett Horton, James Gleason, Josephine Hull, Jean Adair, John Alexander. An easy going drama critic discovers that his kind and gentle aunts, Abby and Martha, have a bizarre habit of poisoning gentlemen callers and burying them in the cellar. From the stage play by Joseph Kesselring. 120 min. DVD 2205; vhs 999:747 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database As Good As It Gets. (1997) Directed by James L. Brooks. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Helen Hunt, Greg Kinnear, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Skeet Ulrich, Shirley Knight. Melvin Udall is an obsessive-compulsive novelist with Manhattan's meanest mouth. But when his gay neighbor Simon is hospitalized, Melvin is forced to babysit Simon's dog. And that unexpected act of kindness-- along with waitress Carol Connelly-- helps put Melvin back in the human race. 139 min. DVD 7919 Awards Golden Globes, USA - Best Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical Dreisinger, Baz. "The Queer in Shining Armor." Journal of Popular Film & Television, Spring2000, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p2, 10p UC users only Autumn Leaves (1956) Directed by Robert Aldrich. Cast: Joan Crawford, Cliff Robertson, Vera Miles, Lorne Greene. A lonely spinster marries young Burt Hanson. Afterwards she discovers he has an ex-wife whom he never mentioned and a "dead" father who is very much alive. When Milly confronts Burt, he explains that the reasons for his deception stem from a traumatic experience in his previous marriage. Soon Milly's domestic bliss turns into a nightmare of suspicion and terror as Burt enters a world of increasing unreality. In trying to help her mentally unbalanced husband, Milly uncovers the shattering secret which threatens her life. 107 min. vhs 999:3713 Robert Aldrich bibliography The Aviator (2004) Directed by Martin Scorsese. Cast: Leonardo DiCaprio, Cate Blanchett, Kate Beckinsale, John C. Reilly, Alec Baldwin, Alan Alda, Ian Holm, Danny Huston, Gwen Stefani, Jude Law, Adam Scott, Matt Ross, Kelli Garner, Frances Conroy, Brent Spiner, Stanley DeSantis, Edward Herrmann, Willem Dafoe. Follows the life of Howard Hughes as the twentysomething millionaire, having already made a fortune improving the design of oil-drilling bits, who comes to Hollywood with an interest in getting into the picture business. Hughes suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and "The Aviator" shows him exhibiting some symptoms of that neuropsychiatric condition. Disc 2 of the DVD set contains bonus materials, including a 14-minute documentary entitled "The Affliction of Howard Hughes: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." 170 min. DVD 3996 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Film Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Director Golden Globes, USA - Best Motion Picture - Dramatic Awakenings (1990) Directed by Penny Marshall. Cast: Robert De Niro, Robin Williams, John Heard, Julie Kavner, Penelope Ann Miller, Max Von Sydow. Based on a true story, Robin Williams plays a research physician who uses an experimental drugo (Dopa) to "awaken" the catatonic victims of a rare disease. Based on the book: Awakenings by Oliver Sacks. 120 min. DVD 7927 National Board of Review, USA - Best actor (Robert De Niro and Robin Williams) New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor (Robert De Niro) Keltner, Norman L. "Real Reels." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care; May2006, Vol. 42 Issue 2, p156-157, 2p UC users only Bad Boy Bubby(Australia \| Italy, 1993) Directed by Rolf de Heer. Cast: Nicholas Hope, Claire Benito, Ralph Cotterill, Carmel Johnson. Bubby is a demented man-child kept locked his entire life in a squalid apartment by his depraved mother. But when Bubby - who can only communicate by mimicking what others say and do - escapes into the outside, he soon discovers the wonders of sex, crime, rock & roll and pizza. Will this 'mad bastard' be destroyed by the realities of our cruel world, or does a higher calling ultimately await him in the most unlikely place of all? Special features: "Christ kid, you're a weirdo", interview with director Rolf de Heer; "Being Bubby", interview with star Nicholas Hope; 'Confessor caressor", short film starring Nicholas Hope; theatrical trailer; poster & still gallery. 114 min. DVD X4611 UC users only Iocco, Melissa; Hickey-Moody, Anna. "'Christ Kid, You're a Weirdo': Aural Construction of Subjectivity in Bad Boy Bubby." In: Reel tracks : Australian feature film music and cultural identities / edited by Rebecca Coyle. Eastleigh, UK : John Libbey Pub. ; Bloomington : Distributed in North America by Indiana University Press, c2005. (Main (Gardner) Stacks; Music ML2075 .R44 2005) Jubis, Oscar. "Bad Boy Bubby" Film International, 2010, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p71-73, 3p Starrs, D. Bruno "If We Stretch Our Imaginations': The Monstrous-Feminine Mother in Rolf de Heer's Bad Boy Bubby (1993) and Alexandra's Project (2003)." Scope: An Online Journal of Film Studies, vol. 10, 2008 Feb The Bad Seed (1956) Directed by Mervyn LeRoy. Cast: Patty McCormack, Nancy Kelly, Henry Jones, Eileen Heckart, Evelyn Varden. Rhoda Penmark is an 8 year old well-mannered, sunny-faced perfect little lady. She is also a efficient, unfeeling killer. Her mother who has long been troubled by Rhoda's icy demeanor, discovers that her girl has killed and will kill again, and now must make a harrowing decision. Based upon the play by Maxwell Anderson and the novel by William March. 129 min. DVD X462 Simmons, Jerold. "The Production Code under New Management: Geoffrey Shurlock, The Bad Seed, and Tea and Sympathy." Journal of Popular Film and Television, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 2-10, Spring 1994 Balu Mahendra's Sadma (India, 1995) Directed by Balu Mahendra. Cast: Kamal Haasan, Sridevi, Gulshan Grover, Silk Smitha, Leela Mishra, Paintal. A young woman receives a head injury in an automobile accident and becomes like a six-year-old. She leaves the hospital unattended and ends up in a brothel where she is rescued by a young man who takes her to his home in the mountains. In Hindi with English subtitles. 141 min. DVD 2497 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Beautiful Mind (2001) Directed by Ron Howard. Cast: Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Paul Bettany, Adam Goldberg, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas, Anthony Rapp, Christopher Plummer. Based on true events this is the dramatic biography of John Nash, a mathematical genius, who made an astonishing discovery early in his career and stood on the brink of international acclaim. But the handsome and arrogant Nash soon found himself on a painful and harrowing journey. After many years of struggle, he eventually triumphed over his schizophrenia, and finally, late in life, received the Nobel Prize. 135 min. DVD 1230 Academy Award - Best Picture; Best Director Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Picture, Drama Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Bedlam (1946) Directed by Mark Robson. Cast: Boris Karloff, Anna Lee, Billy House, Richard Fraser. Karloff plays the doomed overseer of an insane asylum, St. Mary's of Bethlehem Asylum in 1761 London. 79 min. DVD 4474 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Behind Locked Doors (1948) Directed by Oscar Boetticher. Cast: Richard Carlson, Lucille Bremer, Dickie Moore, Thomas Browne Henry, Tor Johnson, Douglas Fowley. Private dectective Ross Stewart checks himself into a mental hospital in an attempt to locate a corrupt judge hiding from justice. But before Stewart can reveal the truth, his true identity is discovered. With the help of a deranged ex-prizefighter the doctors at the sanitarium concoct a plan to make Stewart a permanent resident and the only person who can rescue him is the scheming woman who sent him there. Based on the story by Malvin Wald. 62 min. c2000. DVD 3826; vhs 999:2696 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Behind the Lines (Regeneration) (1997) Directed by by Gillies Mackinnon. Cast: Jonathan Pryce, James Wilby, Jonny Lee Miller, Stuart Bunce, Tanya Allen. As a psychiatrist at a respected Scottish asylum, Dr. Rivers heals shellshocked soldiers so they can be sent back into the trenches. Then he encounters a different kind of patient--a war hero sent to the asylum for publishing an outspoken anti-war pamphlet. As each struggles to cope with the war, the line between patient and doctor begins to blur. Taken from Pat Barker's 1991 novel "Regeneration" and based on true events. 95 min. DVD 4936 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Being There (1979) Directed by Hal Ashby. Cast: Peter Sellers, Shirley MacLaine, Jack Warden, Melvyn Douglas, Richard Dysart, Richard Basehart. Circumstances propel a feeble-minded gardener, whose entire knowledge of life comes from watching television, into becoming adviser to a powerful but dying tycoon. Based on the novel by Jerzy Kosinski. 130 min. DVD 9640; vhs 999:2524 Awards Academy Award - Best Supporting Actor (Melvyn Douglas) Golden Globe Awards - Best Motion Picture Actor, Musical/Comedy (Peter Sellers); Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Melvyn Douglas) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Supporting Actor (Melvyn Douglas) National Board of Review, USA - Best Actor, (Peter Sellers) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - - Best Supporting Actor (Melvyn Douglas) Ashby, Hal. Hal Ashby : interviews / edited by Nick Dawson. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, c2010. (Moffitt PN1998.3.A7635 A5 2010) Beach, Christopher. The films of Hal Ashby / Christopher Beach. Detroit : Wayne State University Press, c2009. ( Full-text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.A7635 B43 2009) Dawson, Nick. Being Hal Ashby : life of a Hollywood rebel / Nick Dawson. Lexington, Ky. : The University Press of Kentucky, c2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1998.3.A7635 D39 2009) Haspel, Paul. "Being There in the Nation's Capital: Hal Ashby's Subversive Take on the Washington, D.C., Movie." Post Script, Fall2010, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p3-20, 18p UC users only James, Nick. "Being There." Sight and Sound, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 6-9, Fall 1997. Lazar, Mary. "Jerzy Kosinski's Being There, Novel and Film: Changes Not by Chance." College Literature 31.2, Spring 2004 Lupack, Barbara Tepa. "Chance Encounters: Bringing Being There to the Screen." In: Critical essays on Jerzy Kosinski / edited by Barbara Tepa Lupack. New York : G.K. Hall ; London : Prentice Hall International, c1998. (Main Stack PS3561.O8.Z62 1998) Lupack, Barbara Tepa. "Hit or Myth: Jerzy Kosinski's Being There." New Orleans Review, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 58-68, Summer 1986. Willson, Robert F., Jr."Being There at the End." Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 59-65, 1981. Benny & Joon (1993) Directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik. Cast: Johnny Depp, Mary Stuart Masterson, Aidan Quinn, Julianne Moore, Oliver Platt, C.C.H. Pounder, Dan Hedaya, Joe Grifasi, William H. Macy. A mentally ill young woman who lives with her older brother finds her love in an eccentric young man who models himself after Buster Keaton. Now if they can only find the perfect mate for her overprotective brother... 98 min. DVD 7921 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bill of Divorcement(1932) Directed by George Cukor. Cast: John Barrymore, Katharine Hepburn, Billie Burke, David Manners. SHillary Fairfield (Barrymore), who was shell-shocked during World War I, escapes from a mental asylum on the very day that his ex-wife is to remarry. When he returns home, he is jolted by a meeting with his daughter Sydney (Hepburn), who comes to realize she may have inherited the streak of insanity from her father. Based on the play by Clemence Dane. 66 min. DVD X2072 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Birdy (1984) Directed by Alan Parker. Cast: Matthew Modine ; Nicholas Cage, John Harkins, Sandy Baron, Karen Young. Birdy, a Vietnam veteran, sits in an almost catatonic state in an Army hospital, where he has come to believe he is one of the feathered creatures of his boyhood dreams. In an effort to break Birdy's silence, his psychiatrist brings in Al Columbato, Birdy's best friend of his youth. Al tries to reach the disturbed Birdy and bring him back to reality. The answer may lie in their youth, where Birdy first donned wings and Al helped him to fly. 120 min. DVD 5544 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Black Swan (2010) Director, Darren Aronofsky. Ballet choreography, Benjamin Millepied; ballet costumes designed by Kate and Laura Mulleavy of Rodarte; "Swan Lake" composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Cast: Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, Mila Kunis, Barbara Hershey, Winona Ryder. Nina is a ballerina in a New York City ballet company. Her life, like most in her profession, is completely consumed with dance. She lives with her mother Erica, a former ballerina who exerts a suffocating control over her. When artistic director Thomas Leroy decides to replace prima ballerina Beth MacIntyre for the opening production of their new season, Swan Lake, Nina is his first choice. But Nina has competition: new dancer Lily, who impresses Leroy as well. Nina fits the White Swan role perfectly but Lily is the personification of the Black Swan. As the two young dancers expand their rivalry into a twisted friendship, Nina begins to get more in touch with her dark side - a recklessness that threatens to destroy her. Special features: Black Swan: Metamorphosis [featurette] (49 min.); Sneak peeks (7 min.). 108 min. DVD X5693 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Bleak Moments (UK, TV, 1971) Directed by Mike Leigh. Cast: Anne Raitt, Sarah Stephenson, Eric Allan, Joolia Cappleman, Mike Bradwell. Centers around a shy but intelligent middle-class girl, Sylvia, who is barely surviving suburban loneliness while looking after her mentally retarded sister Hilda. 170 min. DVD X2023 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Bloody Child (1996) Directed by Nina Menkes. Cast: Tinka Menkes, Robert Mueller, Sherry Sibley, Russ Little, Jack O'Hara. Tells the true story of a young U.S. Marine, just back from the Gulf War, who was arrested while digging a grave in the middle of the Mojave Desert for his murdered wife, whose bloodied body lay in the backseat of his car. This provacative meditation on the nature of violence features most of the roles played by actual Desert Storm veterans. 85 min. DVD 8227 UC users only The Brood (1979) Directed by David Cronenberg. Cast: Oliver Reed, Samantha Eggar, Art Hindle, Nuala Fitzgerald, Henry Beckman, Susan Hogan, Cindy Hinds. Frank Carveth finds himself faced with a terrible predicament. His wife is in an institution suffering from mental illness, yet her therapy does not seem to be working. The institute's director refuses to reveal the nature of the therapy he is using to treat her. Before Frank can learn more, a series of bizarre murders rock the city-- victims of vengeful, murderous creatures that destroy anything that gets in their way. 92 min. DVD 4623 David Cronenberg bibliography El búfalo de la noche (Mexico, 2007) Director, Jorge Hernandez Aldana. Cast: Diego Luna, Liz Gallardo, Gabriel González, Irena Azuela, Emilio Echevarría, Camila Sodi, Walther Cantú. Gregorio is a schizophrenic young man with two great loves: his girlfriend Tania and his best friend Manuel. While Gregorio is isolated at psychiatric hospitals, Manuel and Tania began to meet secretly, and soon they start an affair. Presented at the International Latino Film Festival held in the San Francisco Bay Area. 90 min. DVD X4143 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Butcher Boy (1997) Directed by Neil Jordan. Cast: Eamonn Owens, Sean McGinley, Peter Gowen, Alan Boyle, Andrew Fullerton, Fiona Shaw, Aisling O'Sullivan, Stephen Rea, John Kavanagh, Rosaleen Linehan, Anita Reeves. Francie lives with a violent, alcoholic father and a manic depressive, suicidal mother. The pressures on Francie to grow up are immense. When his mother commits suicide and his friend, Joe, goes off to boarding school, Francie sinks ever deeper into paranoia thanks mainly to his nasty neighbour Mrs. Nugent. He begins to have a fantasy where he has visions of the Virgin Mary. After his father dies, Francie's becomes more despondent, culminating in the extremely bloody murder of Mrs. Nugent whom he holds responsible for all the wrongs visited upon him. After being arrested, Francie is committed to an asylum in an attempt to cure him. Based on the novel by Patrick McCabe. 110 min. DVD X6063 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das Kabinett des Doktor Caligari) (Germany, 1919) Directed by Rober Wiene. Cast: Werner Krauss, Conrad Veidt, Friedrich Feher, Lil Dagover. Genuine: Fern Andra. A somnambulist commits murders under a hypnotist's influence in this German expressionist horror classic. Also featured is a lengthy excerpt of "Genuine: a tale of a vampire," a 1920 release which reunited "Caligaris" creative team. DVD 1383 (75 min.); DVD 232 (51 min.); DVD 5 (72 min.) Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2005) Directed by David Lee Fisher. Cast: Judson Pearce Morgan, Daamen Krall, Doug Jones, Richard Herd. When the annual fair comes to town, murder, madness and mayhem creep in its shadows. Dr. Caligari, a mysterious hypnotist, appears to control every move of his bizarre, clairvoyant sleepwalker, but does he? Soon after their arrival, townspeople start disappearing and turning up dead, which launches a desperate murder investigation to uncover the secret. Remake of the 1919 silent German Expressionist film. DVD X3586 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Carefree (1938) Directed by Mark Sandrich. Cast: Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Ralph Bellamy, Luella Gear, Jack Carson, Clarence Kolb, Franklin Pangborn. Dr. Tony Flagg's friend, Steven, has problems in the relationship with his fiancee, Amanda, so he persuades her to visit Dr. Flagg. After some minor misunderstandings, she falls in love with Dr. Flagg. When he tries to use hypnosis to strengthen her feelings for Steven, things get complicated. Special features: Vintage musical short "Public jitterbug no. 1"; Classic cartoon "September in the rain." 83 min. DVD 6744 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Chattahoochee (1990) Directed by Mick Jackson. Cast: Gary Oldman, Dennis Hopper, Frances McDormand, Pamela Reed, Ned Beatty, M. Emmet Walsh. Based on a true story, decorated Korean War veteran Emmet Foley attempts suicide because of difficulties adjusting to civilian life. As a result, he is institutionalized at the Chattahoochee State Mental Hospital in Florida where he witnesses abuse of other inmates by guards and extreme filthy conditions. Foley regains respect for humanity and mounts a campaign to correct the hospital's vile practices and to restore his own reputation. 98 min. DVD 1891 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Choose Me (1984) Directed by Alan Rudolph. Cast: Genevieve Bujold, Keith Carradine, Lesley Ann Warren. An insecure talk-radio psychologist who specializes vicariously in sex therapy confronts life first-hand when she becomes involved in the affairs of two of her clients. 106 min. DVD 1813 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Clean, Shaven (1993) Directed by Lodge Kerrigan. Cast: Peter Greene, Robert Albert, Jennifer MacDonald, Megan Owen, Molly Castelloe. A harrowing story of a schizophrenic man's desperate search for his young daughter. Peter Winter, recently released from an institution, returns home only to find out that his daughter has been put up for adoption. Hampering his search is Detective McNally who believes Peter to be a child serial killer. 80 min. DVD 2299 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Control (UK \| USA \| Australia \| Japan, 2007) Directed by Anton Corbijn. Cast: Samantha Morton, Sam Riley, Alexandra Maria Lara, Joe Anderson, Toby Kebbell, Craig Parkinson, James Anthony Pearson, Ben Naylor. Ian Curtis has aspirations beyond the trappings of small town life in 1970s England. Wanting to emulate his musical heroes, he joins a band, and his musical ambition begins to thrive. Soon though, the everyday fears and emotions, fueled by his music, slowly begin to eat away at him. Married young, with a daughter, he is distracted from his family commitments by a new love and the growing expectations of his band, Joy Division. The strain manifests itself in his health. With epilepsy adding to his guilt and desperation, depression takes hold. Surrendering to the weight on his shoulder, Ian's tortured soul consumes him and leads him to commit suicide at the age of 23. Based on the autobiography "Touching from a distance" by Deborah Curtis. 121 min. DVD X7288 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Crack-Up (1946) Directed by Irving Reis. Cast: Pat O'Brien, Claire Trevor, Herbert Marshall. A respected art critic and historian believes that priceless works of art are being stolen, but everyone else thinks that he's insane. From beginning to end the suspense and action never let up in this fast-paced, thrilling mystery. 93 min. vhs 999:3748 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Crooked Way (1949) Directed by Robert Florey. Cast: John Payne, Sonny Tufts, Ellen Drew, Rhys Williams, Percy Helton. John Payne plays a wounded WWII veteran who has lost his memory. As he heads to Los Angeles to try and figure out his identity, two police detectives arrest him. When he is framed for a murder he must find the real killer and clear his name by navigating through the crooked underbelly of Los Angeles. 86 min. DVD 4961 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dark Waters (1944) Directed by Andre De Toth. Cast: Merle Oberon, Franchot Tone, Thomas Mitchell, Fay Bainter. In this psychological thriller set in the Louisiana bayous, a nervous young heiress is driven to attempt suicide by a fake aunt and uncle who want to collect her estate. Aided by the oppressive vegetation and stifling heat, the would-be killers methodically implement a series of terrifying ploys to suffocate the young girl in her own madness. 90 min. DVD 3796; vhs 999:3432 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database David and Lisa (1962) Directed by Frank Perry. Cast: Keir Dullea, Janet Margolin, Howard Da Silva, Neva Patterson, Clifton James. Painfully shy Lisa can communicate only through rhyme, and David cannot bear being touched. They meet in a mental institution and are strongly attracted to each other. They develop a deep bond that changes both of their lives. Based on a book by Theodore Isaac Rubin. 93 min. DVD 8115 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dial 1119(1950) Directed by Gerald Mayer. Cast: Marshall Thompson, Virginia Field, Andrea King, Sam Levene. An asylum inmate escapes to the city where he takes hostages at a local dive, guns down a bar employee, and warns authorities his captives will be next if the doctor whose testimony first put him away doesn't arrive within the hour. 75 min. DVD X5674 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Divina comédia (Divine Comedy) (Portugal / France / Switzerland, 1991) Directed by Manoel de Oliveira. Cast: Maria de Medeiros, Miguel Guilherme, Luís Miguel Cintra, Mário Viegas, Leonor Silveira, Diogo Dória, Paulo Matos, José Wallenstein, Ruy Furtado, Carlos Gomes, Maria Joao Pires. In this symbolic film, all of the inhabitants of a Portuguese mental asylum suffer from religious delusions of one kind or another -- even the cynic who denies the value of any religions at all. One couple re-enacts the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden, a woman plays at being St. Teresa de Avila while another man thinks he's a character from a Dostoyevsky novel, and yet another claims to have in his possession a fifth gospel from the Bible. Each has a special message to impart about the meaning of life and religion. 136 min. DVD X2150 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dogura Magura (Japan, 1988) Director: Toshio Matsumoto. A man is confined to a mental institution after trying to murder his fiancee. Two doctors relate his problem to an Asian philosophy that states that mental defects are transmitted from generation to generation. But is the whole thing merely a game concocted by the two physicians, who may even have driven themselves mad?. 109 min. DVD 3517 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Dolls (Doruzu) (Japan, 2002) Director, Takeshi Kitano. Cast: Kanno Miho, Hidetoshi Nishijima, Tatsuya Mihashi, Kyoko Fukada. Three stories of undying love. Bound by a long red cord, a young couple wanders in search of something they have forgotten. An aging yakuza returns to the park where he used to meet his long-lost girlfriend. A disfigured pop star confronts the phenomenal devotion of her biggest fan. 113 min. DVD 5994 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Donny Darko (2001) Directed by Richard Kelly. Cast: Jake Gyllenhaal, Jena Malone, Drew Barrymore, James Duval, Beth Grant, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Mary McDonnell, Holmes Osborne, Katharine Ross, Patrick Swayze, Noah Wyle, Alex Greenwald, Gary Lundy, Seth Rogen, Stuart Stone, Daveigh Chase, Patience Cleveland, David Moreland, Jolene Purdy. An edgy, psychological thriller about a suburban teen coming face-to-face with his dark destiny. Donnie Darko is a delusional high-school student visited by a demonic rabbit with eerie visions of the past, and deadly predictions for the future. Special features: Disc 1. Optional audio commentary with writer/director, Richard Kelly and Kevin Smtih. Disc 2. Donnie Darko production diary; They made me do it too : the cult of Donnie Darko ; Storyboard to screen; #1 fan : a darkomentary. 134 min. DVD X2139 UC users only Powell, Anna. "Donnie Darko: incompossible worlds." In: Deleuze, altered states and film / Anna Powell. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, c2007. (Main (Gardner) Stacks B2430.D454 P69 2007) Rapfogel, Jared. "Teen Schizophrenia: Donnie Darko." Senses of Cinema: An Online Film Journal Devoted to the Serious and Eclectic Discussion of Cinema, vol. 21, pp. (no pagination), 2002 July-Aug Walters, James. "When People Run in Circles: Structures of Time and Memory in Donnie Darko." In: Violating time : history, memory and nostalgia in cinema / edited by Christina Lee. New York : Continuum, 2008. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.T55 V56 2008) Don't Bother To Knock (1952) Directed by Roy Baker. Cast: Richard Widmark, Marilyn Monroe, Anne Bancroft, Jeanne Cagney, Elisha Cook Jr., Jim Backus. Marilyn Monroe stars in her first dramatic performance as a psychotic baby-sitter who begins an affair with one of the guests in the hotel where she works. When the child she is caring for interrupts their lovemaking, Monroe becomes a dangerous madwoman. 76 min. DVD 3177 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Elling (Norway, 2001) Directed by Petter Naess. Cast: Per Christian Ellefsen, Sven Nordin, Marit Pia Jacobsen, Jorgen Langhelle, Per Christensen. After a two year stint in a state home, the shy and neurotic Elling and his sex-obsessed best friend, Kjell, are released and forced to enter the real world. They find themselves in a state funded apartment in the center of Oslo, told to behave responsibly and act like normal members of society. In time, the two adjust and find oddball ways of coping with society. 153 min. vhs 999:2675 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Equus (USA / UK, 1977) Director Sidney Lumet. Cast: Richard Burton, Peter Firth, Colin Blakely, Joan Plowright, Harry Andrews, Eileen Atkins. A middle-aged psychiatrist tries to find out why an adolescent stable boy has blinded six horses entrusted to his care. 137 min. DVD 2385 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Every Man For Himself, God Against All (The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser) (Jeder für sich und Gott gegen alle) (West Germany, 1974) Directed by Werner Herzog. Cast: Bruno S., Walter Ladengast, Brigitte Mira. Based on a real historical event, this is the story of Kaspar Hauser, a young man who appeared in a small German town in 1820 after having lived in total isolation from humans since birth. He is taught to speak, read, and write by the townspeople, but is then mysteriously murdered. 109 min. DVD 988; vhs 999:326 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Fall (2006) Directed by Jimmy Sangster. Cast: Lee Pace, Justine Waddell, Catinca Untaru. 1920's, Los Angeles. In a hospital on the outskirts of town, Roy Walker, a stuntman whose legs have been paralyzed in a fall, begins to tell young Alexandria, a fellow patient with a broken arm, a fantastical story about 5 mythical heroes. Thanks to his fractured state of mind and her vivid imagination, the line between fiction and reality starts to blur as the tale advances. Based on the 1981 screenplay "Yo ho ho" by Valery Petrov. 117 min. DVD X360 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Fame Whore (c2000) Writer, director, producer, Jon Moritsugu. Three characters are featured in this take on the study of the nature of fame and its warping effect on the famous, the would-be-famous and the won't-ever-be famous. 71 min. Video/C 8353 Fatal Attraction (1987) Directed by Adrian Lyne. Cast: Michael Douglas, Glenn Close, Anne Archer. A tension-packed thriller about a New York attorney who has a romantic fling while his wife is out of town, and then shrugs it off. But the woman involved with him won't be ignored, even if it means destroying his family to keep him. Special DVD features: Exclusive cast & crew interviews featuring director Adrian Lyne, actors Michael Douglas, Glenn Close and Anne Archer, producers Stanley Jaffe and Sherry Lansing, and writers Nicholas Meyer and James Dearden; featurette on the cultural phenomenon of "fatal attraction"; behind-the-scenes production featurette; alternate ending with introduction by Adrian Lyne; rehearsal footage; commentary by Adrian Lyne; theatrical trailer. 120 min. DVD 8337; vhs 999:2279 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Fear in the Night (UK, 1972) Directed by Jimmy Sangster. Cast: Judy Geeson, Joan Collins, Ralph Bates, Peter Cushing, James Cossins, Gillian Lind. A young woman recovering from a nervous breakdown moves with her new teacher-husband to a remote country boarding school, and finds herself being terrorized by a mysterious one-armed man - and nobody believes her. 94 min. DVD 2170 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Fisher King(1991) Directed by Terry Gilliam. Cast: Robin Williams, Jeff Bridges, Amanda Plummer, Mercedes Ruehl, Michael Jeter. A shock radio deejay who finds himself penniless is plucked from disaster by a homeless history professor, who lives in a fantasy world full of castles, Red Knights and damsels in distress. Together they begin a modern quest for redemption and the Holy Grail. 138 min. DVD 989 Academy Award - Best Supporting Actress (Mercedes Ruehl) Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA - Best Supporting Actress (Mercedes Ruehl) Golden Globes - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical (Robin Williams); Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture (Mercedes Ruehl) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actress (Mercedes Ruehl) Venice Film Festival - Silver Lion Forrest Gump (1994) Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Cast: Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, Sally Field. The story follows the life of low I.Q. Forrest Gump (Tom Hanks) and his meeting with the love of his life Jenny. The film chronicles his accidental experiences with some of the most important people and events in America from the late 1950's through the 1970's including a meeting with Elvis Presley, JFK, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, fighting in Vietnam, etc. Although Forrest doesn't realize the significance of his actions he comes to embody a generation of American youth. 141 min. DVD 1085 Academy Award - Best Picture; Best Director Golden Globe Awards - Best Picture, Drama; Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Film Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Fourteen Hours (1951) Directed by Henry Hathaway. Cast: Paul Douglas, Richard Basehart, Barbara Bel Geddes, Debra Paget, Grace Kelly, Agnes Moorehead, Robert Keith.A young man, morally destroyed by his unloving parents and the fear of his inability to make his girlfriend happy, keeps police at bay for fourteen hours while attempting suicide. A swelling crowd and cynical reporters create a media circus in the streets. As the day wears on, psychiatrists, his dysfunctional parents, and his ex-fiancee all try to talk him off the ledge without success as the day gives way to an eerie night illuminated by floodlights. Based on a true story written by Joel Sayre in the New Yorker. DVD X1819 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Girl, Interrupted (1999) Directed by James Mangold. Cast: Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Clea Duvall, Brittany Murphy, Elisabeth Moss, Jared Leto, Jeffrey Tambor, Vanessa Redgrave, Whoopi Goldberg. The fascinating true story of a young woman's life-altering stay at a famous American psychiatric hospital in the late 1960's. Questionably diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, Susanna rebels against the head nurse and top psychiatrist, choosing instead to befriend the resident "loonies" -- a group of troubled women including the sociopath Lisa. But Susanna quickly learns if she wants her freedom, she'll have to face the person who terrifies her most of all: herself. 127 min. DVD X1058 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Guest in the House (1944) Directed by John Brahm. Cast: Ann Baxter, Ralph Bellamy, Ruth Warrick, Marie McDonald, Aline MacMahon, Scott McKay, Jerome Cowan, Margaret Hamilton, Percy Kilbride. An emotionally disturbed girl turns an idyllic household into a chaotic nightmare. "Baxter's illness afflicts not so much her heart as her mind. Along with her luggage she unpacks a lovingly tended collection of phobias (the one to birds proves pivotal) and a high-maintenance Borderline Personality Disorder. And, again of course, summer turns into a cold, forbidding fall before any member of the household picks up on the clues and holds her responsible for the dysfunction she has unleashed on the household. But at long last the worms begins to turn...." [Internet Movie Database]120 min. DVD 7597; vhs 999:3385 Hannibal Lecter Films Manhunter (1994) Directed by Michael Mann. Cast: William Petersen, Kim Greist, Joan Allen, Brian Cox, Dennis Farina, Stephen Lang, Tom Noonan. An FBI agent enlists the aid of Hannibal Lecter, an incarcerated mental patient, to help find the notorious serial killer, "The Tooth Fairy." 120 min. vhs 999:2303 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Hannibal (2001) Directed by Ridley Scott. Cast: Anthony Hopkins, Julianne Moore, Ray Liotta, Frankie R. Faison, Giancarlo Giannini, Francesca Neri, Zeljko Ivanek, Gary Oldman. After escaping from the asylum in Baltimore, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, moves to Florence, Italy where he has become one of the curators of the Palazzo Vecchio. His cover is broken when a cop, for money, turns Dr. Lecter over to his old patient, Mason Verger. FBI agent Clarice Starling finds out about Mason's evil plot to feed Dr. Lecter to a bunch of man-eating hogs and will do anything to make sure that Mason doesn't succeed. 131 min. DVD 4641 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Silence of the Lambs(1991) Directed by Jonathan Demme. Cast: Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Scott Glenn. A young female FBI agent is sent to interview notorious cannibalistic killer, Dr. Hannibal Lecter in hopes of obtaining information that will help the bureau catch another killer. Based on the novel by Thomas Harris. In one of the most memorable sequences "Lecter graphically tells her about his ferocious oral impulses and how he eats parts of his victims: 'A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chi-an-ti. (He approaches the glass and lets go with a slurping sound.) You fly back to school now, little Starling. (He turns his back on her and speaks in a whisper.) Fly, fly, fly. Fly, fly, fly.' [from Tom Dirks' Greatest Movies ] 118 min. DVD 5475; vhs 999:1998 Academy Award - Best Picture; Best Director National Board of Review, USA - Best Film; Best Director New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Film; Best Director Directors Guild of America, USA - Outstanding Directorial Achievement Harvey (1950) Directed by Henry Koster. Cast: Jimmy Stewart, Josephine Hull, Charles Drake, Cecil Kellaway, Jesse White, Victoria Horne, Wallace Ford, Peggy Dow. Comedy about a good-natured fellow whose constant companion is a six-foot tall invisible rabbit. His sister is determined to marry her daughter off and decides to commit her brother to a mental hospital to get him out of the way. Due to a mix-up the sister is committed instead, and it is up to the kindly brother and his imaginary friend to straighten things out! 105 min. DVD 954 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Head Against the Wall (La tête contre les murs) (1959) Directed by Georges Franju. Cast: Pierre Brasseur, Paul Meurisse, Jean-Pierre Mocky, Anouk Aimée, Charles Aznavour. François, a seemingly sane young man is committed to a mental hospital simply on the say-so of his father, irritated because the boy has rifled his desk and destroyed some important legal documents. He soon makes friends with Heurtevent, a sweet epileptic, and both decide to escape from the place. Their attempt is a failure and Heurtevent, unable to get over what he considers a return to hell, commits suicide. But rebellious François tries again and this time he is successful. Based on the novel by Hervé Bazin. Special features: New video interview with Jean-Pierre Mocky, filmed in 2008; new video interview with Charles Aznavour, also filmed in 2008. 93 min. DVD X2773 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database High Wall (1947) Directed by Curtis Bernhardt. Cast: Robert Taylor, Audrey Totter, Herbert Marshall, Dorothy Patrick. Steven Kenet says he killed his wife, but even he doesn't really know. ... So Kenet enters a psych ward where, the DA asserts, he'll hide behind the wall of an insanity plea. But truth cannot hide. And Kenet - assisted by a ward doctor - is driven to find the truth. Suggested by a story and a play by Alan R. Clark and Bradbury Foote. 99 min. DVD X6043 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database House of Darkness (1913) Directed by D.W. Griffith. Cast: Lionel Barrymore, Claire McDowell, Charles Hill Mailes, Lillian Gish. A potentially violent patient in an insane asylum is calmed when he hears a nurse playing the piano. But shortly afterwards he breaks free, eludes his pursuers, and acquires a gun. He soon comes to a house where a young wife is home alone, and there is a tense confrontation. 17 min. DVD 1399; vhs 999:3392 House of Fools (Dom durakov) (Russia \| France, 2002) Directed by Andréi Konchalvosky. Cast: Julia Vysotsky, Sultan Islamov, Stanislav Varkki, Elena Fomina, Marina Politseimaki, Bryan Adams, Eugeni Mironov. During the Chechen War, the staff of a psychiatric hospital leaves to find safer working conditions. They abandon the patients who then create a world of their own. 108 min. DVD X4639 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database I Am Sam (1998) Directed by Jessie Nelson. Cast: Sean Penn, Michelle Pfeiffer, Dakota Fanning. Sam Dawson has the mental capacity of a 7-year-old. He works at a Starbucks, is obsessed with the Beatles and has a daughter with a homeless woman who abandons them. As the daughter reaches age 7, Sam's limitations start to become a problem. When the authorities take his daughter away, Sam shames a high-priced lawyer into taking his case pro bono. In the process, he teaches her a great deal about love, and whether it's really all you need. 134 min. DVD 2300 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database I Live In Fear (Ikimono no kiroku) (Japan, 1955) Director: Akira Kurosawa. Cast: Mifune Toshiro, Miyoshi Eiko, Shimura Takashi, Chiaki Minoru. An elderly and wealthy industrialist is driven to madness over fears of a nuclear attack. In a futile attempt to save his family he pressures them to leave Japan and move to the rain forest in Brazil where he believes they will be safe. His family, complacent and cynical, is outraged and moves to have him declared insane. 103 min. DVD 9127 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Idiots (Denmark / Sweden / France / Netherlands / Italy, 1998) Directed by Lars von Trier. Cast: Bodil Jorgensen, Jens Albinus, Anne Louise Hassing, Troels Lyby, Nikolaj Lie Kaas. C In this film, made in accordance with the rules of the Dogma '95 Manifesto, which prescribes an excitingly has fashioned a truly original and thought-provoking piece of cinema. Following the exploits of a group of people who release their 'inner idiot,' thus engaging in recklessly outrageous behaviour, this film explores the relationships and motivations of those in the group and the subversive effect that they have on society at large. 110 min. DVD X4096; vhs 999:3155 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) Directed by Harmony Korine. Cast: Ewen Bremner, Chloe Sevigny, Werner Herzog. A fascinating journey into the mind of an adolescent schizophrenic! Watch as Julien's internal struggle increases in intensity until the film's shocking and bizarrely transcendent conclusion. 100 min. DVD 2577 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Brooks, Xan. "Julien Donkey-Boy." Sight and Sound Oct 2000 v10 i10 p47(2) Dillon, Steven. "A Plague of Frogs: Expressionism and Naturalism in 1990s American Film." In: The Solaris effect: art & artifice in contemporary American film / Steven Dillon. 1st ed. Austin : University of Texas Press, 2006. ( Full text available [UCB users only]; Print: MAIN: PN1993.5.U6 D47 2006) Fuller, Graham. "Directing on the edge of madness.: (Harmony Korine discusses his new film 'Julien Donkey-Boy') The New York Times Sept 12, 1999 pAR51(N) pAR51(L) col 1 (35 col in) Halligan, Benjamin. "What Was the Neo-Underground and What Wasn't: A First Reconsideration of Harmony Korine." In: New punk cinema / edited by Nicholas Rombes. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, c2005. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.E96 N49 2005) Leigh, Danny. "The beat-up kid." (Harmony Korine's 'Julien Donkey-Boy')Sight and Sound, Oct 2000 v10 i10 p20(3) O'Connor, Tom Austin. "Genre-%!$?ing: Harmony Korine's Cinema Of Poetry." Wide Screen, 2009, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p1-16, 16p UC users only Sklar, Robert. "The Case of Harmony Korine." In: The end of cinema as we know it : American film in the nineties / edited by Jon Lewis. New York : New York University Press, c2001. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1993.5.U6 E53 2001) Wall, Thomas Carl. ""Dolce Stil Novo": Harmony Korine's Vernacular." CR: The New Centennial Review, Spring2004, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p307-321, 15p UC users only Kaspar Hauser (Germany / Austria / Sweden, 1993) Director/writer, Peter Sehr. Based on the true story of the Crown Prince of Baden and the elaborate plot to control the lineage of the throne of the Duchy of Baden. The Countess Hochberg conspires to kidnap the rightful heir, Kaspar Hauser and replace him with a changeling. Kaspar is imprisoned for 12 years in a dark cellar until one day in 1828 he appears on the streets of Nuremberg a crippled, disturbed young man. He is assisted by a succession of benefactors who transform him into a gentleman. 137 min. vhs 999:2905 Perlmutter, Ruth. "Ghosts of Germany: Kaspar Hauser and Woyzeck." Literature/ Film Quarterly, vol. 25 no. 3. 1997. pp: 236-39. King of California (2007) Director, Mike Cahill. Cast: Michael Douglas, Evan Rachel Wood, Willis Burks II, Laura Kachergus, Paul Lieber, Kathleen Wilhoite. A man is reunited with his teenage daughter after spending years in a mental institution. When he becomes obsessed with the idea that ancient treasure is buried under his home, his daughter decides to go along with his antics. 93 min. DVD X3612 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database King of Hearts (Le Roi de coeur) (France / Italy, 1966) Directed by Phillipe DeBroca. Cast: Alan Bates, Pierre Brasseur, Jean-Claude Brialy, Geneviève Bujold, Adolfo Celi, Francoise Christophe, Julien Guiomar, Micheline Presle, Michel Serrault. A Scottish soldier is assigned the task of disarming a bomb in a small French town at the close of World War I. The townspeople have deserted the town leaving behind the inmates of the local insane asylum who embrace the soldier as their king. 102 min. DVD 7393; vhs 999:1000 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Kira's Reason: A Love Story (En Kaerlighedshistorie)(Denmark, 2001) Directed by Ole Christian Madsen. Cast: Stine Stengade, Lars Mikkelsen, Sven Wollter, Peaches Latrice Petersen, Camila Bendix, Lotte Bergstrom, Thomas W. Gabrielsson, Ronnie Hiort Lorenzen. Kira and her husband and two children have a secure and comfortable life until Kira inexplicably develops a psychiatric disorder that eventually commits her to a hospital. On being discharged, Kira tries to return to the normality of her previous life but discovers that her husband has had an affair during her hospitalization. 94 min. DVD 2464 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Durbin, Karen. "Back to normal, and its terrifying." (movie 'Kira's Reason: A Love Story' portrays mental illness) The New York Times Jan 12, 2003 pAR13(N) pAR13(L) col 4 (10 col in) Holden, Stephen. "He's tightly wrapped, she's about to unravel." (Kira's Reason: A Love Story) The New York Times Jan 17, 2003 pB31(N) pE28(L) col 1 (30 col in) Holden, Stephen. "A woman walking the edge of madness." The New York Times April 6, 2002 pA21(N) pB11(L) col 4 (16 col in) K-PAX(USA \| Germany, 2001) Directed by Iain Softley. Cast: Kevin Spacey, Jeff Bridges, Alfre Woodard, Mary McCormack, Peter Gerety, Saul Williams. A psychiatrist begins treating a patient who claims to be an alien from the distant planet of K-PAX. As he tries to help him, the psychiatrist begins to doubt his own explanations. Based on the novel: K-PAX / by Gene Brewer. Special features: optional audio commentary by Softley; alternate ending; "Spotlight on location" featurette; deleted scenes; storyboard to final feature comparison; photo gallery; theatrical trailer; production notes; cast & filmmaker bios (Spacey, Bridges, Woodard, McCormack, Softley).120 min. DVD 2464 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Lars and the Real Girl(2007) Directed by Craig Gillespie. Cast: Ryan Gosling, Emily Mortimer, Paul Schneider, Kelli Garner, Patricia Clarkson. Lars is a sweet but shy guy who has a hard time talking with his family, coworkers, and neighbors. Although his family fears the worst when Lars brings home a life-sized companion doll who he thinks is a real girlfriend, named Bianca, a doctor encourages them to play along with him so that he can work through his delusions. The whole community rallies to his support, and Lars begins to deal with all of his emotions. He even begins to develop feelings for Margo, an attractive co-worker, in what becomes "a hilariously unique love triangle." 106 min. DVD 9908 Weisel-Barth, Joye. "Loneliness and the Creation of Realness in Lars and the Real Girl." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, Jan2009, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p111-118, 8p Last Life in the Universe (Ruang rak noi nid mahasan) (Thailand \| Japan, 2003) Directed by Pen-Ek Ratanaruang. Cast: Asano Tadanobu, Sinitta Boonyasak, Laila Boonyasak, Takeuchi Riki, Matsushige Yutaka, Miike Takashi. Kenji is a mysterious, obsessive-compulsive, suicidal Japanese man living in Bangkok, Thailand who gets thrown together with Noi, a Thai woman, through a tragic chain of events. Noi is everything Kenji is not. He is a neat freak who keeps his dishes washed and his books neatly stacked and organized. She dresses like a slob, smokes pot and never picks up after herself. It's a match that somehow seems to work. Slowly, as Noi begins to seduce Kenji back to life, more is revealed about him and why he's suicidal and living in Bangkok. 108 min. DVD 5892 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Lawnmower Man (UK / USA / Japan, 1992) Directed by Brett Leonard. Cast: Jeff Fahey, Pierce Brosnan, Jenny Wright, Geoffrey Lewis. A brilliant scientist, obsessed with perfecting a revolutionary virtual reality software program, enlists the aid of a slow-witted gardener, only to encounter a shadowy group seeking to turn the "lawnmower man" into the ultimate weapon. 108 min. DVD X488 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Let Him Have It(France / UK, 1991) Directed by Peter Medak. Cast: Chris Eccleston, Paul Reynolds, Tom Bell, Eileen Atkins, Clare Holman, Michael Elphick, Mark McGann, Tom Courtenay. In 1950s England, 16 year old mentally handicapped Derek Bentley falls in with a group of petty criminals led by Chris Craig, a teenager with a fondness for American gangster films. Based on true events, after Bentley's execution, the ensuing public outcry eventually led to the abolition of the death penalty. 110 min. DVD 6819 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Like Stars on Earth: Every Child is Special (Taare zameen par)(India, 2007) Directed by Aamir Khan. Cast: Darsheel Safary, Aamir Khan, Tanay Chheda, Sachet Engineer, Tisca Chopra, Vipin Sharma. Eight-year-old Ishaan can't seem to get anything right in class and gets into more trouble than his parents can handle. They pack him off to boarding school to 'be disciplined,' and his art teacher, Nikumbh, realizes that something is wrong and sets out to discover what it is. With time, patience, and care, Nikumbh helps Ishann find himself. Special features (Disc 2): Deleted scenes; the making of Like Stars on Earth; panel discussion on children; feature commentary by director Aamir Khan. 165 min. DVD X4933 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Loss of Me (2005) Directed by Claudia Sparrow. Cast: Pierina Pirotta, German Loero, Jose Francisco Campodonico, Oscar Beltran. A young woman in therapy attempts to recover the memory of a violation that she suffered. 55 min. DVD X6959 Mad Love (1935) Directed by Karl Freund. Cast: Peter Lorre, Frances Drake, Colin Clive, Ted Healy, Edward Brophy. An insane surgeon's obsession with an actress leads him to replace her husband's wounded pianist's hands with the hands of a knife murderer which still have the urge to throw knives. 68 min. DVD 6520; vhs 999:3620 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Madness of King George (UK, 1994) Directed by Nicholas Hytner. Featuring Nigel Hawthorne, Helen Mirren, Ian Holm, Amanda Donohoe, Rupert Graves, Rupert Everett. Based on the life of King George III, this is the story of royal intrigue, sexual indiscretions, backstairs plotting and a battle for power between Parliament and the throne, all occuring while the King is being treated for an unknown mental illness. 110 min. DVD X1056; vhs 999:2805 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Man Facing Southeast (Hombre mirando al sudeste) (Argentina, 1986) Directed by Eliseo Subiela. Featuring Lorenzo Quinteros, Hugo Soto, Ines Vernengo, Christina Scaramuzza. A man named Rantes appears in a Buenos Aires psychiatric hospital. He claims to be an alien vistor and becomes a source of hope to the other patients. 105 min. vhs 999:2805 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ellis, Caron Schwartz. "With Eyes Uplifted: Space Aliens as Sky Gods" In: Screening the sacred : religion, myth, and ideology in popular American film / edited by Joel W. Martin, Conrad E. Ostwalt, Jr. Boulder : Westview Press, 1995. ( Full-text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: PN1995.5 .S36 1995) Hamner, Everett. "Remembering the Disappeared: Science Fiction Film in Post-dictatorship Argentina." Science Fiction Studies, Mar2012, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p60-80, 21p Rountree, Cathleen; Membrez, Nancy "The Poet of Argentine Cinema: An Interview with Eliseo Subiela The Poet of Argentine Cinema: An Interview with Eliseo Subiela" Jung Journal: Culture & Psyche, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Summer 2007), pp. 86-111 UC users only The Man Without a Past (Mies vailla menneisyyttä) (Finland / Germany / France, 2002) Written and directed Aki Kaurismäki. Cast: Markku Peltola, Kati Outinen, Annikki Tahti, Juhani Niemela, Kaija Pakarinen, Sakori Kuosmanen. After a man is beaten and declared dead, he suddenly sits up and walks out of the hospital on his own. Determined to start his life over in a new town and unable to remember his name or anything about his past, he becomes involved with a mother and her sons. Everything seems good until his past comes back to haunt him. 96 min. DVD 2449 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Marklund, Anders. "Can Anyone Help These Men? A Portrait of Men in Successful Contemporary Scandinavian Cinema." Film International , 2008, Vol. 6 Issue 5, p50-58, 9p Cardullo, Bert. "Finnish Character: An Interview with Aki Kaurismäki. Film Quarterly, Summer2006, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p4-10, 7p Maniac (1934) Directed by Dwain Esper. Cast: Bill Woods, Horace Carpenter, Ted Edwards, Phyllis Diller, Theo Ramsey. Maniac offers a walking tour through the mind of a bona fide lunatic, distorted by fragmented scenes and ugly realities that mimic insanity's own warped perspective. This is actually a Depression-era rendition of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Black Cat," injected with catfights, nudity, necrophilia, and the ingestion of one fresh eyeball. (On DVD with "Narcotic.") 52 min. DVD 1258 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Manic (2002) Directed by Jordan Melamed. Cast: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Michael Bacall, Zooey Deschanel, Cody Lightning, Elden Henson, Sara Rivas, Don Cheadle. A troubled young man is committed to a juvenile mental institution, where he is forced by his counselor to confront the source of his rage or face the grim prospect of a life behind bars. 102 min. DVD 6202 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Maniac (UK, 1962) Directed by Michael Carreras. Cast: Peter Cushing, Andre Morell. An American painter has an affair with a bar owner in a French village and agrees to help her murderer husband escape from a prison for the criminally insane. 86 min. DVD X3888 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Marat/Sade (The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum at Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade) (UK, 1966) Directed by Peter Brook. Cast: Glenda Jackson, Patrick Magee, Ian Richardson. The infamous Marquis de Sade, confined to an asylum, directs the other inmates in a re-enactment of the bloody assassination of French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat. 120 min. DVD 1337; Video/C 1638 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Marvin's Room (1996) Directed by Jerry Zaks. Cast:Meryl Streep, Leonardo DiCaprio, Diane Keaton, Robert de Niro, Hume Cronyn, Gwen Verdon, Hal Scardino. "Estranged since their father's first stroke some 17 years earlier, Lee and Bessie lead separate lives in separate states. Lee's son, Hank, finds himself committed to a mental institution after setting fire to his mother's house. His younger brother, Charlie, seems unfazed by his brother's eccentricities or his mother's seeming disinterest. When Lee comes to the asylum to spring Hank for a week in Florida so that he can be tested as a possible bone marrow donor for Bessie, Hank is incredulous. "I didn't even know you had a sister," he says. "Remember, every Christmas, when I used to say 'Well, looks like Aunt Bessie didn't send us a card again this year?'" "Oh yeah," Hank says. Meanwhile, Marvin, the two women's bedridden father, has "been dying for the past twenty years." "He's doing it real slow so I don't miss anything," Bessie tells Dr. Wally. In Bessie's regular doctor's absence, it has fallen to Dr. Wally to inform Bessie that she has leukemia and will die without a bone marrow transplant. This precipitates the two sisters uneasy reunion. In Marvin's room, Bessie cares for her father's every need. In Lee's eyes, the sacrifice Bessie has made is too great and realizing the old man's welfare will fall to her if Bessie dies, Lee's first instinct is to look for a nursing home. "In a few month's, I'll have my cosmotology degree," she says. "My life is just coming together; I'm not going to give it all up, now!" As first Lee is tested and then the boys for the compatibility of their marrow with Bessie's, the women take stock of their lives and rediscover the meaning of "family." " [ IMDB ] 98 min. vhs 999:3879 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Morgan: a Suitable Case for Treatment (UK, 1966) Directed by Karel Reisz. Cast: Vanessa Redgrave, David Warner, Robert Stephens, Irene Handl, Bernard Bresslaw. A landmark black comedy which chronicles one man's descent into a life of absurdist fantasy. Morgan's futile efforts at marital reconciliation lead him to a triumphant discovery that life is really easier to deal with while dressed in a gorilla suit. 93 min. vhs 999:3631 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Mother (Madeo) (South Korea, 2009) Directed by Joon-ho Bong. Cast: Hye-ja Kim, Bin Won, Goo Jin, Yoon Jae-Moon, Mi-sun Jun. A peaceful community is rocked by the horrific discovery of a murdered schoolgirl dangling over the ledge of a building. Local detectives, anxious to finger someone for the crime, unjustly convict a mentally challenged man. But in the mind of his fiercely protective mother, this case is far from closed. Fed up with incompetent officials, she conducts her own investigation into the killer's true identity. To clear her son's name, she's willing to do whatever it takes. 129 min. DVD X5219 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Mouth Agape (La gueule ouverte) (France, 1974) Director, Maurice Pialat. Cast: Nathalie Baye, Hubert Deschamps, Philippe Léotard, Monique Mélinand, Henri Saulquin, Alain Grestau, Anna Gayane. When cancer strikes the mother of a family, everyone in the family expresses a previously invisible caring and tolerance of the others. The father has always been a bit of a drunk, and is forever chasing younger women. Despite that, he and his wife care for each other, and he tends attentively to her in her last days while remaining unchanged in character. The son and daughter-in-law, whose marriage is somewhat sterile, have similarly penetrating interactions with the dying mother. Special features (Disc one): Original French trailer [2:50] ; footage from the shoot of La gueule ouverte, with commentary [11:00] ; 2004 interview with Pialat's ex-wife, Micheline Pialat [12:00] ; 2004 interview with actress Nathalie Baye [8:00] ; Janine by Maurice Pialat (1961) [17:00] ; 6 x Maurice Pialat trailers. Special features (Disc two): Two early short-films by Pialet: Droles de bobines [Funny reels] (1957), L'Ombre familiere [The familiar shadow] (1958) ; the six short 1964 essay-documentaries made by Pialat in, and about, Turkey: Bosphore [Bosporus], Byzance [Byzantium], La corne d'or [The golden horn], Istanbul ; Maitre Galip [Master Galip, and Pehlivan ; 2004 interview with cinematographer Willy Kurant [16:00] ; 1987 interview with Pialat about the Cinémathèque Française [14:00] ; excerpt from a 2002 Pialat masterclass, discussing Maitre Galip [10:00]. 97 min. DVD X2774 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Nerven (Nerves)(Germany, 1919) Director, Robert Reinert. Cast: Eduard von Winterstein, Lya Borée, Erna Morena, Paul Bender, Lili Dominici, Rio Ellbon. In this drama filmmaker Robert Reinert tried to capture the nervous epidemic caused by war and misery which drives people mad. His portrait of the life in 1919 Germany, filmed on location in Munich, describes the cases of different people from all levels of society. Factory owner Roloff loses his mind in view of catastrophes and social disturbances. Teacher John is the hero of the masses. Marja turns into a radical revolutionary. Using different fragments the Munich Film Museum was able to reconstruct this forgotten German classic; a unique historical document and a precursor of the 1920s expressionist cinema. Special features: Bilder von der Volksbewegung in München (1919, 3 min.) ; München im Zeichen der Räterepublik (1919, 11 min.) 110 min. DVD X779 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Night Buffalo (El búfalo de la noche) (Mexico, 2007) Directed by Jorge Hernandez Aldana. Cast: Diego Luna, Liz Gallardo, Gabriel González, Irena Azuela, Emilio Echevarría, Camila Sodi, Walther Cantú. Gregorio is a schizophrenic young man with two great loves: his girlfriend Tania and his best friend Manuel. While Gregorio is isolated at psychiatric hospitals, Manuel and Tania began to meet secretly, and soon they start an affair. Based on the novel by Guillermo Arriaga. 94 min. DVD X7355 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database 'Night, Mother (1986) Directed by Tom Moore. Cast: Sissy Spacek, Anne Bancroft. A taut, emotional study about a mother's attempt to stop her distraught daughter from committing suicide. 97 min. DVD X4450 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Nightmare (UK, 1953) Directed by Freddie Francis. Cast: David Knight, Moira Redmond, Jennie Linden, Brenda Bruce. As a child Janet saw her insane mother murder her father, and now as a young woman, Janet's convinced she'll also go insane. She and her teacher go to the home of her guardian for help, but at his home her fears come to life. Are her problems in her head, or is there a sinister force at work? 83 min. DVD 4450 Hammer Films Nitin Manmohan's Deewangee (India, 2000) Directed by Anees Bazmee. Cast: Ajay Devgan, Urmila Matondkar, Akshaye Khanna, Tiku Talsania, Farida Jalal, Seema Biswas, Nirmal Pandey. A mentally handicapped young man is haunted by a crime that landed him in prison, a hit-and-run accident that resulted in the death of an old man. After his release from prison he goes to visit the victim's family, and meets Gong-ju, the man's daughter, who has cerebral palsy. The two begin an unlikely love affair that exposes the callousness and uncomfortable secrets of both of their families. 170 min. DVD 2584 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Not by Chance (Não Por Acaso) (Brazil, 2007) Directed by Philippe Barcinski. Cast: Fernando Rey, Carole Bouquet, Angela Molina, Julien Bertheau, Andre Weber, Milena Vukotik, Maria Asquerino, Pieral. "'Nao Por Acaso' is the story of two control-obsessed characters: Enio, a supervisor at a traffic control operation centre and Pedro, a snooker player who seeks absolute mastery of his technique. Both find fulfilment in life by submerging themselves in a mathematical mindset that leads them towards the feeling of control they long for so much. But all this is thrown to the wind one day when both Enio's ex-wife and Pedo's wife die in a car accident. Descending into the jagged world of his obsessive mind, Pedro despairs until he meets Lucia, a young woman with whom, in a parallel to his snooker techniques, he bizarrely tries to re-live the same exact moments he once lived with his wife. Enio on the other hand, is forced to confront his loss through the mysterious appearance of his unknown daughter, who forces a somewhat clumsy relationship with him by deciding to look after him. Eventually however, the two men must decide between their own obsessions and the new opportunities life has given them." [ IMDB ] 100 min. DVD X3665 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Nuts (1987) Directed by Martin Ritt. Cast: Barbra Streisand, Richard Dreyfuss, Maureen Stapleton, Eli Wallach, Robert Webber, James Whitmore, Karl Malden. The pending case: The People of the State of New York vs. Claudia Draper. The issue: Is Claudia, the high-class call girl accused of murder, mentally competent to stand trial? Sure, she's shocking, outspoken, explosive. But is she "nuts?" Claudia holds nothing back as she takes on the judicial system, modern psychiatry, personal demons and anyone in her way. Based on the play by Tom Topor. 116 min. DVD X2512 Kamir, Orit. "Nuts : the mad woman's day in court." In: Framed : women in law and film / Orit Kamir. Durham : Duke University Press, 2006. (Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.W6 K235 2006) Oasis (Korea, 2002) Directed by Chang-dong Lee. Cast: Cast: Sol Kyong-gu, Mun So-ri. A mentally handicapped young man is haunted by a crime that landed him in prison, a hit-and-run accident that resulted in the death of an old man. After his release from prison he goes to visit the victim's family, and meets Gong-ju, the man's daughter, who has cerebral palsy. The two begin an unlikely love affair that exposes the callousness and uncomfortable secrets of both of their families. 133 min. DVD 2123 Of Mice and Men (1929) Directed by Lewis Milestone. Cast: Burgess Meredith, Betty Field, Lon Chaney, Jr., Charles Bickford, Roman Bohnen, Bob Steele, Noah Beery, Jr. Based on the novel by John Steinbeck. The classic John Steinbeck tale of two friends - George and Lennie - who wander the country during the Depression. Lennie is mentally retarded and doesn't know his own strength causing frequent problems for brother George. An incident with a young girl leads to a tragic end for this classic American tale [ from Internet Movie Database ]. 129 min. DVD 120 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Of Mice and Men (1992) Directed by Gary Sinise. Cast: John Malkovich, Gary Sinise, Casey Siemaszko, Ray Walston, Sherilyn Fenn. 110 min. DVD X4914; vhs 999:1294 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database On the Edge: a Joyride Through Sex, Love and Other Activities (Ireland, 2000) Directed by John Carney. Cast: Cillian Murphy, Tricia Vessey, Stephen Rea, Jonathan Jackson, Tom O'Suilleabhain, Marcella Plunkett. Jonathan, like many teenagers, is used to concealing the pain of growing up behind a witty sense of humor. It isn't until he falls in love that Jonathan begins to discover that life doesn't have to be so crazy after all. 85 min. DVD 4835 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1977) Directed by Milos Forman. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Louise Fletcher, William Redfield. Based on the novel by Ken Kesey. The story of a man whose rebelliousness pits him against the head nurse of a mental ward and the full spectrum of institutional repression. 129 min. DVD 343; vhs 999:377 National Film Registry Selection Open Your Eyes (Abre los ojos) (Spain, 1997) Director, Alejandro Amenábar. Cast: Penelope Cruz, Chete Lera, Fele Martinez, Eduardo Noriega, Najwa Nimri. In this steamy, intriguingly complex, psychological thriller the line between reality and fantasy is hopelessly blurred. Cesar tries to make sense of his life after a car crash leaves his once-handsome face grotesquely disfigured. After he is placed into a psychiatric penitentiary for a murder he doesn't remember committing, Cesar's only hope is to delve into the depths of his subconscious mind where the answer to ending his living nightmare lies in his dreams. 117 min. DVD X1076; vhs 999:3507 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ordinary People (1980) Directed by Robert Redford. Cast: Donald Sutherland, Mary Tyler Moore, Judd Hirsch, Timothy Hutton. The "ordinary" existence of an upper middle class family is shattered with the death of the elder son in a boating accident and the struggle of the younger son against suicide and guilt left by the drowning. 124 min. DVD 3645; vhs 999:2804 UC users only Harper, Mark. "Paranoia, Cold Surveillance, and the Maternal Gaze : Reconsidering the "Absent Mother'' in Ordinary People." In: Motherhood misconceived : representing the maternal in U.S. films / edited by Heather Addison, Mary Kate Goodwin-Kelly, Elaine Roth. Albany : State University of New York Press, c2009. (Main (Gardner) Stacks HQ759 .M8745 2009) Horrigan, Patrick E. "The inner life of Ordinary people." In: Screening disability : essays on cinema and disability / edited by Christopher R. Smit, Anthony Enns. Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 2001. (Main Stack PN1995.9.H34.S39 2001) Luhr, William. "Ordinary People: Feminism and Psychotherapy on a See-Saw." In: Florida State University Conference on Literature and Film (14th : 1989) Cultural power/cultural literacy : selected papers from the Fourteenth Annual Florida State University Conference pp: 50-60. Tallahassee : Florida State University Press ; Gainesville, FL : (Main Stack PN1993.5.U6.F57 1989; Moffitt PN1993.5.U6.F57 1989) Paranoic (UK, 1963) Directed by Freddie Francis. Cast: Simon Ashby is a wealthy psychotic who is is coddled by his mother in their palatial mansion outside of London. One day, Ashby's long lost brother mysteriously arrives at the house, but events prove that he is an impostor, sent by Keith Kossett, son of the attorney for the family estate, who has been dipping into the family trust fund. 80 min. DVD 4450 Hammer Films The Pledge (2001) Directed by Sean Penn. Cast: Jack Nicholson, Aaron Eckhart, Helen Mirren, Robin Wright Penn, Vanessa Redgrave, Sam Shepard, Benicio Del Toro, Tom Noonan, Mickey Rourke, Lois Smith, Harry Dean Stanton, Patricia Clarkson. A veteran police detective, on the day of his retirement, handles the case of a seven-year-old girl who has been brutally murdered. When a mentally retarded man confesses to the murder and then kills himself, the detectives consider the case closed, but was he actually the murderer? Before long evidence is uncovered that suggests the girl was just one in a series of brutal killings involving young girls and a mysterious man. 124 min. vhs 999:3242 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Proof (2005) Directed by John Madden. Cast: Gwyneth Paltrow, Anthony Hopkins, Jake Gyllenhaal, Hope Davis, Danny McCarthy. A devoted daughter comes to terms with the death of her father, a brilliant mathematician whose genius was crippled by mental insanity, with the help of one of her father's former students. Based on the award-winning play by David Auburn. 99 min. DVD 5101 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Prozac Nation (2001) Directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg. Cast: Christina Ricci, Jason Biggs, Anne Heche, Michelle Williams, Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, Jessica Lange, Nicholas Campbell, Lou Reed, Jesse Moss, Sheila Paterson, Zoe Miller. Elizabeth Wurtzel is a prize-winning student heading off to Harvard for her freshman year, where she intends to study journalism and launch a career as a rock music critic. However, her dysfunctional family situation, including an errant father and a neurotic, bitterly hypercritical mother, has led Wurtzel to a struggle with depression. When her all-night, drug-fueled writing binges and emotional instability alienate her roommate and best friend, Ruby, and both of her boyfriends, Wurtzel seeks psychiatric counseling from Dr. Diana Sterling, who prescribes the wonder drug Prozac. Despite success as a writer and some mellowing out thanks to her medication, she begins to feel that the pills are running her life and faces some tough choices about her future. Based on the book: Prozac nation by Elizabeth Wurtzel. Special feature: "Anatomy of a scene. Prozac Nation" (2003, 20 min.). 95 min. DVD X3416 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Psycho (1960) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, John Gavin, Martin Balsam, John McIntire, Janet Leigh. Horror melodrama in which a woman disappears after spending the night in an isolated motel which adjoins an eerie Victorian mansion, inhabited by a disturbed young man and his mother. Special features on DVD 1035: Original documentary feature "The making of Psycho," featuring new interviews with Hitchcock's daughter Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell, Janet Leigh, screenwriter Joseph Stefano and others ; censored scenes ; theatrical trailers ; production drawings ; the shower scene with and without music ; additional newsreel footage ; and production photographs. 108 min. DVD 91; DVD 1035; vhs 999:66 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Psycho (1998) Directed by Gus Van Sant. Cast: Vince Vaughn, Julianne Moore, Viggo Mortensen, William H. Macy, Anne Heche. On the run Marion Crane takes refuge at a motel operated by Norman Bates -- a troubled man whose victims encounter a grisly fate at the hands of his "mother." Marion soon becomes the next victim and her disappearance prompts inquiries from her sister and a private investigator who soon discover the morbid bond between Norman and his mysterious "mother," at the Bates Motel. 104 min. DVD X421 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Regarding Henry (1991) Directed by Mike Nichols. Cast: Harrison Ford, Annette Bening. Henry Turner is a despicable and ruthless trial lawyer whose life is turned upside down when he is shot in the head during a robbery. He survives the injury with significant brain damage and must re-learn how to speak, walk, and function normally. He has also lost most of the memory of his personal life, and must adjust to life with the family that he does not remember. To the surprise of his wife and daughter, Henry grows into a loving and affectionate man. 107 min. DVD X2508 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Quills (USA / Germany / UK, 2000) Directed by Philip Kaufman. Cast: Geoffrey Rush, Kate Winslet, Joaquin Phoenix, Michael Caine. History's most infamous sexual adventurer lives in a madhouse, where a beautiful laundry maid helps him smuggle his erotic stories to the printer. Defying orders from the asylum's resident priest, the titillating passages whip all of France into a sexual frenzy, until a fiercely conservative doctor tries to put an end to the fun. 124 min. DVD 865 UC users only Rain Man (1988) Directed by Barry Levinson. Cast: Dustin Hoffman, Tom Cruise, Valeria Golino. Charlie Babbitt is a callous, self-centered young hustler who feels cheated out of his $3 million dollar ihheritance. He discovers he has a brother, Raymond, an autistic savant living in a world devoid of normal perception. Charlie abducts Raymond determined to extort his 'fair share' of the family fortune, but what begins as an act of selfishness evolves into a mystical odyssey of love and self-revelation as they journey across the country together, and Raymond forces Charlie to grow beyond the limits of his own handicapped heart. 134 min. DVD 8279 UC users only Hark, Ina Rae. "Fear of Flying: Yuppie Critique and the Buddy-Road Movie in the 1980s" In: The road movie book / edited by Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark. London ; New York : Routledge, 1997 ( full-text [UCB users only]; print: Main Stack PN1995.9.R63.R63 1997) Recollections of the Yellow House (Recordações da Casa Amarela) (Portugal, 1989) Directed by João César Monteiro. A middle-aged weirdo, tormented by illness and various problems, lives on Schubert and movies in Lisbon. Kicked out onto the street after a frustrated attempt to defile the landlady's daughter, he ends up in a mental institution. For the first time, director/writer Monteiro brings to life the character of Joao de Deus, an alter ego, to whom he would return in three later films. 122 min. DVD 5168 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Regarding Harry (1991) Directed by Mike Nichols. Cast: Harrison Ford, Annette Bening. Henry Turner is a despicable and ruthless trial lawyer whose life is turned upside down when he is shot in the head during a robbery. He survives the injury with significant brain damage and must re-learn how to speak, walk, and function normally. He has also lost most of the memory of his personal life, and must adjust to life with the family that he does not remember. To the surprise of his wife and daughter, Henry grows into a loving and affectionate man. 107 min. DVD X2508 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Repulsion (UK, 1965) Directed by Roman Polanski. Cast: Catherine Deneuve, Jan Hendry, John Fraser, Patrick Wymark, Yvonne Furneaux. A study of sexual dementia. A young Belgain manicurist,tormented by the thought of sex, suffers neurotic withdrawal and eventually murders her boyfriend and landlord when they try to help her. 105 min. DVD 3782; vhs 999:67 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Ruling Class (UK, 1972) Director, Peter Medak. Cast: Peter O'Toole, Alastair Sim, Arthur Lowe, Harry Andrews, Coral Browne, Michael Bryant, Nigel Green. A member of the House of Lords dies in a shockingly silly way, leaving his estate to his son. Unfortunately, his son is insane: he thinks he is Jesus Christ. He is "cured" of that affliction, only to become Jack the Ripper incarnate, a blood thirsty Tory who is therefore sane and eminently acceptable to the House of Lords. An irreverant look at Britain's class system, that peers behind the closed doors of the aristocracy. 154 min. DVD 904 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Running with Scissors (2006) Directed by Ryan Murphy. Cast: Annette Bening, Brian Cox, Joseph Fiennes, Evan Rachel Wood, Alec Baldwin, Joseph Cross, Jill Clayburgh, Gwyneth Paltrow, Gabrielle Union, Patrick Wilson, Kristin Chenoweth, Dagmara Dominczyk, Colleen Camp. After seeing a less-than-conventional psychiatrist for her problems at home who gives her too many prescriptions and bad advice, a mother ends her marriage and sends her young son to live with the doctor and his odd family. Based on the book "Running with scissors: a memoir" by Augusten Burroughs. 122 min. DVD 8202 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Safe Place (1971) Directed by Henry Jaglom. Cast: Tuesday Weld, Orson Welles, Jack Nicholson, Philip Proctor. "A young woman named Noah lives alone in New York. She is a disturbed flower child, who retreats into her past, yearning for lost innocence. She recalls her childhood, searching for a "safe place." As a child she met a magician in Central Park who presented her with magical objects: a levitating silver ball, a star ring, and a Noah's ark. She is romantically involved with two totally different men. Fred is practical but dull. Mitch is dynamic and sexy, her ideal fantasy partner. Neither man is able to totally fulfill her needs." [IMDB] Special features: "Drive, he said": "A cautionary tale of campus revolution and sexual freedom" a 2009 video piece featuring the director; theatrical trailer; "A safe place": Henry Jaglom finds "A safe place" a 2009 video piece featuring the director; notes on the New York Film Festival, a 1971 video interview with Jaglom and filmmaker Peter Bogdonovice; outtakes and screen tests; theatrical trailer. 92 min. DVD X5296 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Scar (1948) Directed by Steve Sekely. Cast: Paul Henreid, Joan Bennett, Eduard Franz, Leslie Brooks, John Qualen. An ex-medical student in trouble with gambling debts kills a psychiatrist who is his exact look-alike, except for a scar on the doctor's cheek. The student impersonates the dead psychiatrist, but mistakenly makes his own scar on the wrong cheek. It is not long before the doctor's secretary is on to him and he discovers the doctor had a few gambling debts himself. 83 min. DVD 3657; vhs 999:2245 Shakespeare (madness in Shakespeare) -- see for example, King Lear, Hamlet See Shakespeare Videography Shine (Australia, 1996) Directed by Scott Hicks. Cast: Geoffrey Rush, Armin Mueller-Stahl, Noah Taylor, Lynn Redgrave, John Gielgud. A dramatization of the true story of gifted Australian piano prodigy, David Helfgott who experiences a nervous breakdown and is hospitalized, but later returns to the concert hall. 105 min. DVD 2397 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor Golden Globes, USA - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards - Best Actor National Board of Review, USA - Best Film New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actor Shock (1946) Director, Alfred Werker. Cast: Vincent Price, Lynn Bari, Frank Latimore, Anabel Shaw, Michael Dunne, Reed Hadley. Vincent Price is Dr. Cross, a psychiatrist who murders his wife and discovers that the only witness is a neighbor who goes into shock after witnessing the carnage. Her well-meaning husband has her committed to the sanitarium run by Dr. Cross, who resolves to silence her forever by shocking her to death with an overdose of insulin. 70 min. DVD 2036 Corenthal, Michael. "Psychiatrists and Cinema: A Correspondence: Shock." In: Couching resistance : women, film, and psychoanalytic psychiatry / Janet Walker. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c1993. ( Full-text available online [UC Berkeley users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks RC451.4.W6 W34 1993 ) Shock Corridor (1963) Directed by Samuel Fuller. Cast: Peter Breck, Constance Towers, James Best, Hari Rhodes. A journalist gets himself admitted to a mental hospital to solve the murder of an inmate, but as he closes in on the killer, madness closes in on him. DVD 1076; vhs 999:494 National Film Registry Selection Shutter Island(2010) Directed by Martin Scorsese. Cast: Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo, Ben Kingsley, Michelle Williams, Emily Mortimer, Patricia Clarkson, Max Von Sydow. "In 1954, Federal Marshal Teddy Daniels and his new partner, Chuck Aule, from Seattle travel to Shutter Island to investigate the disappearance of a patient there, Rachel Solando. She had been sectioned at the institution for dangerous criminals at Ashcliffe Hospital, because she drowned her three kids. Teddy is a veteran WWII soldier, traumatized by the war experience in the liberation of the Duchan concentration camp and the loss of his beloved wife in a criminal fire. Teddy is unable to access the records of employees and patients and feels that his investigation is obstructed by the management by the Federal facility. Teddy has severe migraines and when there is a storm, Teddy and Chuck find that they are stranded in the island. Teddy interviews the internees and follows a lead to the lighthouse, where he discloses the mystery about the Shutter Island." [IMDB] 137 min. DVD X3628 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Sleeping Tiger(UK, 1954) Directed by Joseph Losey. Cast: Dirk Bogarde, Alexis Smith, Alexander Knox, Hugh Griffith, Patricia McCarron, Maxine Audley, Glyn Houston. A psychotherapist decides to try and rehabilitate an ex-convict by inviting him into his home, in order to work with him in exchange for not turning him into the police, for his attempted break-in. The therapist's wife is, at first, resentful of his presence in her home and treats the man poorly. Eventually, the woman grows intrigued by the man and his past and she then throws herself at him, in the hopes he will take her away from her mundane life. When the ex-convict decides to rebuke her advances and try to live a straight and honest life, the wife takes steps to gain revenge for her rejection. Based on the novel by Maurice Moiseiwitsch. 87 min. DVD X1918 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Sling Blade. (1996) Directed by Billy Bob Thornton. Cast: Billy Bob Thornton, Dwight Yoakam, J.T. Walsh, John Ritter, Lucas Black, Natalie Canerday, Robert Duvall. 25 years after committing an unthinkable crime, Karl, a mildly retarded man who spent most of his life in a mental institution is finally returning home. Once there he is befriended by a fatherless boy and his mother. As a strong relationship develops between Karl and the boy, a confrontation builds with the mother's abusive and sometimes violent boyfriend. 135 min. DVD 2325 Academy Award - Best Actor (Billy Bob Thornton) National Board of Review, USA - Special Achievement in Filmmaking Benson, Sean. "Reckoning and Regeneration: Billy Bob Thornton's Scourge of God and Holy Fool." Religion and the Arts, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 180-94, 1999 Cardullo, Robert James. "Sling Blade." The Hudson Review 50.n4 (Wntr 1998): 625(10). O'Sullivan, Charlotte. "Sling Blade." Sight and Sound 8.n7 (July 1998): 53(1). Whittington-Walsh, F. "From Freaks to Savants: disability and hegemony from The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) to Sling Blade (1997)." Disability & Society 17.6 (Oct 1, 2002): 695(13). Yacowar, Maurice. "Love vs. honour; Donnie Brasco and Sling blade." Queen's Quarterly 104.1 (Spring 1997): 56-70. The Snake Pit. (1948) Directed by Anatole Litvak. Cast: Olivia de Havilland, Mark Stevens, Leo Genn, Celeste Holm, Glenn Langan. A woman finds herself in a state mental institution and must spend several months under the care of her compassionate doctor before she can face the troubling secrets of her past and be cured. Special DVD features: Documentary by film historian and author Aubrey Solomon; movietone news: "N.Y. film critics honor Olivia de Havilland," "National Magazines Make Film Awards," "Showmen Honor" "The Snake Pit," Special film award is presented for "The Snake Pit," "Motion Picture Academy Awards film 'Oscars'"; still gallery; theatrical trailer. 108 min. DVD 7223; vhs 999:922 National Board of Review, USA - Best Actress (Olivia de Havilland) New York Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Actress (Olivia de Havilland) Venice Film Festival - Best Actress (Olivia de Havilland) The Sniper(1952) Directed by Edward Dmytryk. Cast: Adolphe Menjou, Arthur Franz, Gerald Mohr, Marie Windsor, Frank Faylen. Apparently rejected by women all his life, a loner with a high-power rifle starts on a trail of murder, choosing his victims randomly, with no motive. The police are baffled by the apparently random killings until their psychologist comes up with some ideas. 88 min. DVD X2400 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Soloist (1945) Directed by Joe Wright. Cast: Jamie Foxx, Robert Downey, Jr., Catherine Keener, Tom Hollander, Lisagay Hamilton. Tells the true story of journalist Steve Lopez who discovers Nathaniel Anthony Ayers, a former classical music prodigy, playing his violin on the streets of L.A. As Lopez endeavors to help the homeless man find his way back, a unique friendship is formed, one that transforms both their lives. 116 min.DVD X1902 Denby, David. "The Soloist." New Yorker, 6/1/2009, Vol. 85 Issue 16, p19-19 Gournay, Sam; Gournay, Kevin. "Uncomfortable truths." Mental Health Practice, Dec2009, Vol. 13 Issue 4, p15-15, 1p UC users only Spellbound (1945) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Gregory Peck, Ingrid Bergman, Leo G. Carroll, Norman Lloyd, Rhonda Fleming. An amnesia victim assumes the identity of a noted psychiatrist and is accused of the murder of the man he professes to be. Constance, a fellow psychiatrist, attempts to restore his memory and uncover some lead that would prove his innocence. 111 min. DVD 1458; DVD 364 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Spider (2002) Directed by David Cronenberg. Cast: Ralph Fiennes, Miranda Richardson, Gabriel Byrne, John Neville, Bradley Hall, Lynn Redgrave. Upon his release from a mental institution, Spider takes up residence in a halfway house. Paranoid, quiet, and forever making notes, Spider spends much of his time remembering his youth, specifically a horrific event from his childhood that occurred after he came to believe that his father was having an affair. 98 min. DVD 1915 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Splendor in the Grass (1961) Directed by Elia Kazan. Cast: Natalie Wood, Warren Beatty, Pat Hingle, Audrey Christie, Barbara Loden, Zohra Lambert. In this blistering drama of frustrated first love in a small Kansas town in the 1920s the conflict between what caring parents and society advise and what their desires demand pushes Bud to physical collapse and Deanie to madness. 111 min. DVD 7537; vhs 999:1481 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Stop Me Before I Kill (aka The Full Treatment) (UK, 1960) Directed by Val Guest. Cast: Claude Dauphin, Diane Cilento, Ronald Lewis, Francoise Rosay. Race car driver Alan Colby survives a traumatic automobile accident with Denise, his beautiful Italian wife, but the other driver is unfortunately killed. His injuries are psychological as well as physical, and they go for a holiday on the Cote D'Azur before he returns to racing. He becomes obsessed by a compulsive urge to strangle Denise and dismember her body. While there they meet David Prade, a sophisticated and charming French psychiatrist, and Alan takes an immediate dislike to him. Denise believes he can help Alan and talks him into seeing Prade professionally in his London office. Alan reluctantly agrees to undergo Prade's "full treatment," which will regress him back to the time of the accident and get to the root of his obsession. Based on the novel by Ronald Scott Thorn 89 min. DVD X3888 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Strait-Jacket (1964) Directed by William Castle. Cast: Joan Crawford, Diane Baker, Leif Erickson, Howard St. John, John Anthony Hayes, Rochelle Hudson. Released from a mental hospital 20 years after having committed the axe murders of her husband and his lover, a woman moves in with her brother, his wife, and her own daughter, who is now 23. When axe murders start occurring, police think she has reverted to her old ways. Special features: Battle-Axe: the making of Strait-Jacket; Joan Crawford wardrobe tests; axe test; Straight-jacket TV spots; how to plan a movie murder-vintage featurette; original theatrical trailer. 89 min. DVD X2206 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Strange Illusion (1947) Directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Cast: James Lydon, Sally Eilers, Warren William, Regis Toomey, Charles Arnt. A son is haunted by dreams of the mysterious death of his father, dreams which he fears portend future events. The noir tone of the film is accentuated by the claustrophobic atmosphere of the mental hospital where the son is incarcerated with its controlled vision of chaos and corruption. DVD 863; vhs 999:682 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Suddenly Last Summer (1959) Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Cast: Elizabeth Taylor, Katherine Hepburn, Montgomery Clift, Albert Dekker, Mercedes McCambridge. A psychological drama about the effects of the sordid death of a decent young man upon his cousin, whose life and sanity are endangered, and upon his mother, a wealthy New Orleans widow whose diseased adoration of her son draws her into his depravity. 114 min. DVD 7553; vhs 999:636 Ohi, Kevin. "Devouring creation: cannibalism, sodomy, and the scene of analysis in Suddenly, last summer." Cinema Journal Vol XXXVIII nr 3 (Spring 1999); p 27-49. Sybil. (TV, 1977) Directed by Daniel Petrie. Cast: Joanne Woodward, Sally Field, Brad Davis. A landmark drama depicting the extraordinary true story of a young woman suffering from multiple personality disorder and the wise, tenacious doctor who is determined to help her find herself...and peace. Includes the full 3-hour broadcast version, along with over an hour of special features. 187 min. DVD 5804 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Temple Grandin(TV, 2010) Directed by Mick Jackson. Cast: Claire Danes, Catherine O'Hara, David Strathairn, Julia Ormond. Tells the story of Temple Grandin, an autistic woman who has become one of the top scientists in the humane livestock handling industry. This fact based drama tells of her perseverance and determination while struggling with the isolating challenges of autism at a time when it was still quite unknown. The film chronicles Temple's early diagnosis; her turbulent growth and development during her school years; the enduring support she received from her mother, aunt, and her science teacher; and her emergence as a woman with an innate sensitivity and understanding of animal behavior. Based on the books "Emergence" by Temple Grandin and Margaret Scariano, and "Thinking in pictures" by Temple Grandin. 109 min. DVD X5277 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Three Faces of Eve (1957) Directed by Nunnally Johnson. Cast: Joanne Woodward, David Wayne, Lee J. Cobb, Edwin Jerome, Alena Murray, Nancy Kulp, Douglas Spencer, Terry Ann Ross, Ken Scott, Mimi Gibson. Based on a true story, this acclaimed psychological drama brilliantly explores the dimensions of the human mind. Eve White, a withdrawn housewife startles her husband when she claims she did not buy the provocative clothes he finds in her closet. After she complains of blackouts, he takes her to a psychiatrist who soon encounters her second personality Eve Black, a sexy, uninhibited woman. As Eve's therapy continues her third self, the sensible Jane appears to help resolve her rare multiple personality condition. Based on the book by Corbett Thigpen and Hervey M. Cleckley. Special features: Commentary by film historian Aubrey Solomon; Movietone news: "Academy Awards" footage, theatrical trailer. 91 min. DVD X1070 Academy Awards, USA - Best Actress (Joanne Woodward) Golden Globes, USA Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama National Board of Review, USA - Best Actress Graham, Alison. "'The Loveliest and Purest of God's Creatures': The Three Faces of Eve and the Crisis of Southern Womanhood." In: Classic Hollywood, classic whiteness / Daniel Bernardi, editor. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c2001. ( Full text available online (UCB users only); Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks PN1995.9.M56 C59 2001) Henriksen, Margot A. "The Snake Pit: America as an Asylum." In: Dr. Strangelove's America: society and culture in the atomic age Berkeley : University of California Press, c1997. ( Text available online [UCB users only]; also print MOFF: E169.12 .H49 1997; ETHN: E169.12 .H49 1997; PFA : E169.12 .H49 1997) Johnson, Lesley. "The Three Faces of Eve." In: Sentenced to everyday life : feminism and the housewife / Lesley Johnson and Justine Lloyd. Oxford ; New York : Berg, 2004. ( Full text available online [UCB users only]; Print: Main (Gardner) Stacks HQ1426 .J64 2004) Lloyd, Justine. Johnson, Lesley. "The Three Faces of Eve: The Post-War Housewife, Melodrama, and Home." Feminist Media Studies. 3 (1): 7-25. 2003 Mar. Through a Glass Darkly (Såsom i en Spegel)(Sweden, 1961) Directed by Ingmar Bergman. A gloomy look at God and love through the eyes of a tormented family who search for God in a time of crisis. Plot centers around the mental illness suffered by the daughter, Karin. The first of a trilogy of films (Winter Light, The Silence) which explored man's relationship with a God as Ingmar Bergman saw it. 90 min. DVD 1855; vhs 999:1047 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Tomie (Japan, 1998) Directed by Ataru Oikawa. Cast: Mami Nakamura, Miho Kanno, Yoriko Doguchi, Tomorowo Taguchi. Following some trauma in her past that has since been repressed, a young woman is trying to recover her memories with the help of a psychiatrist. During her hypnosis sessions, she repeats the name "Tomie" but is unable to recall where she knows it from. Meanwhile, a police detective is investigating a string of brutal murders, where he also runs across the name "Tomie." How are two connected? PAL format DVD. 95 min. DVD 2850 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Valentina's Tango (2007) Director, Rogelio A. Lobato. Cast: Guillermina Quiroga, Jordi Caballero, George Perez, Jack Rubio, Dianna Miranda, Yelba Osorio, Mario Larraza. Allen Walls. Valentina and Eduardo own a nightclub in Los Angeles where they star as tango performers. Fortunately for Valentina, the dance gives her relief from her madness and obsessive love for her husband. The couple have two sons: one entering the priesthood and the other drifting toward gangster life. They both exhibit some of their mother's mental illness. Presented at the International Latino Film Festival held in the San Francisco Bay Area. 99 min. vhs 999:3925 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Ward (2010) Director, John Carpenter. Cast: Amber Heard, Mamie Gummer, Danielle Panabaker, Laura-Leigh, Lyndsy Fonseca, Mika Boorem, Jared Harris. Kristen, a troubled young woman in a 1960s mental institution, finds herself bruised, cut, and drugged. The other patients in the ward offer no answers, and Kristen quickly realizes things are not as they seem. The air is heavy with secrets, and at night, when the hospital is dark and foreboding, she hears strange and frightening sounds. It appears they are not alone. One-by-one, the other girls begin to disappear and Kristen must find a way out before she, too, becomes a victim. 88 min. DVD X6674 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ward no.6 (Paviljon 6) (Yugoslavia, 1976) Director, Lucien Pintilie. Cast: Slobodan Perovic, Zoran Radmilovic, Slavko Simic, Pavle Vujisic, Ljuba Tadic, Stevo Zigon. A doctor oversees an inhuman mental ward and in the face of sloth and indifference surrenders any reforming zeal. The doctor is reported to the authorities, is judged mad and is locked in Ward no. 6 with other inmates. Based on the novel of the same title by Anton Chekhov. 93 min. Video/C 1405 Ward no.6 (Palata No 6) (Russia, 2009) Director, Aleksandr Gornovsky and Karen Shakhnazarov. Cast: Vladimir Ilin, Aleksei Vertkov, Aleksei Zharkov, Aleksandr Pankratov-Chernyi, Evgenii Stychkin. An adaptation of Anton Chekhov's legendary short story, Ward No. 6 chronicles one man's descent into madness. Dr. Ragin is the head doctor at a provincial insane asylum, where he daily interacts with the abandoned, the unloved and the forgotten. Lonely and isolated in his personal life, he finds solace in the long philosophical dialogues with his brilliant patient Gromov, which lead him to question the nature of his own existence. Updating the 1892 tale to the present day, the film is shot in a real mental institution on the outskirts of Moscow, and features interviews with actual patients. Based on the novel of the same title (Palata No. 6) by Anton Chekhov. 93 min. DVD X6394 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database What About Bob? (1991) Director, Frank Oz. Cast: Bill Murray, Richard Dreyfuss, Julie Hagerty, Charlie Korsmo, Kathyrn Erbe. Bob Wiley, a troubled but lovable therapy patient, seeks help from noted psychiatrist Dr. Leo Marvin. When the doctor leaves town to go on a quiet family vacation, Bob, afraid of being alone, follows--showing up unexpectedly at the therapist's lakeside retreat. Bob becomes the houseguest that just won't leave. 99 min. DVD X6811 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) Directed by Robert Aldrich. Cast: Bette Davis, Joan Crawford, Victor Buono, Marjorie Bennett, Anna Lee. An aging ex-vaudeville child star initiates a psychotic reign of terror over her crippled sister, a former movie-queen of the 1930's. Based on the novel by Henry Farrell. 132 min. DVD 4072 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database What's Eating Gilbert Grape? (1993) Directed by Lasse Hallstrom. Cast: Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Mary Steenburgen, Leonardo DiCaprio, John C. Reilly. Gilbert Grape is devoted to his family, including his mentally impaired younger brother, but feeling unhappy about the hopelessness of his life. But then a young woman breezes into town in a camper with engine trouble and changes everything. Based on the novel by Peter Hedges. 118 min. DVD X4445 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database What's New Pussycat (1965) Directed by directed by Clive Donner. Cast: Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Capucine, Paula Prentiss, Woody Allen. Michael James, a notorious womanizer, desperately wants to be faithful to his fiancée Carole, but runs into serious problems since every woman he meets seems to fall in love with him. His psychoanalyst Dr. Fassbender can't help him either since he's busy courting one of his patients who in turn longs for Michael. A catastrophe appears on the horizon as all the characters check into the Chateau Chantelle hotel for the weekend not knowing of each other's presence. A 'zany blend of slapstick gags and madcap comedy' this hilarious romp, starring Peter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, and Woody Allen in his acting and screenwriting debut, is one of the wildest, wackiest films to emerge from the swingin' 60's. 109 min. DVD X3363 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Whirlpool (1950) Directed by Otto Preminger. Cast: Gene Tierney, Richard Conte, Jose Ferrer, Charles Bickford. Ann Sutton, the wealthy wife of a remote psychoanalyst, is caught shoplifting and is rescued from certain scandal by a suave and sinister hypnotist. She is soon in his power and enmeshed in a web of blackmail and murder. 93 min. DVD 4410; Non-US (PAL) format DVD 4126 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The White Soup (Zurek) (Poland, 2003) Directed by Ryszard Brylski. Cast: Katarzyna Figura, Natalia Rybicka, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Marek Kasprzyk. Halina, a young, hard-working widow, tramps around a small Polish border town in search of the father of her grandchild. Her mentally impaired teenage daughter refuses to name the father, which causes a problem with the upcoming baptism. 72 min. DVD 9912 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Wild Child (L'Enfant Sauvage) (Frace, 1969) Directed by Francois Truffaut. Cast: Jean-Pierre Leaud, Francois Truffaut. A film based upon the true journal account of a French physician, Dr. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard of the National Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Paris, who undertook the task of effecting the education of a child found living like an animal in the forest in 1798. Itard, whose teaching strategies survive today in the Montessori Method, was unsure whether he was helping a savage become human or turning a forest child into a semi-civilized idiot. In French with English subtitles. 86 min. DVD 1263; vhs 999:1420 Golden Globe Awards - Best Motion Picture Actress � Drama National Board of Review, USA - Best Actress Degener, D. "Director under the influence." Film Quarterly Vol XXIX nr 2 (Winter 1975-76); p 4-12. D.D. analyzes the film 'A woman under the influence' in terms of its theme 'madness' and the director's style. A Zed & Two Noughts (UK, 1985) Directed by Peter Greenaway. Cast: Andrea Ferreol, Eric Deacon, Brian Deacon, Frances Barber, Joss Ackland. Darkly comic story of twin zoologists who become obsessed with the search for life's meaning. When their wives are killed in a freak car accident, the brothers start an affair with the car's driver, Alba, who lost a leg in the accident. Throughout this affair, the two become fixated on the process of decay and begin an intense study on decomposition using animals from the zoo that leads to the ultimate experiment. 115 min. DVD 5928 Psychiatrists/Psychiatry in the Movies Analyze This (1999) Directed by Harold Ramis. Cast: Robert DeNiro, Billy Crystal, Lisa Kudrow, Joe Viterelli, Chazz Palminteri. De Niro plays powerful New York crime family racketeer Paul Vitti. Crystal is shrink Ben Sobel, who has just days to resolve Vitti's emotional crisis and turn him into a happy, well-adjusted gangster. Sobel is a family psychiatrist, but this isn't the kind of family he had in mind. Special features: documentary "gag reel" segment, interactive menus, filmographies, theatrical trailer. 104 min. DVD X4550 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Angel Dust (Enjeru dasuto) (Japan, 1994) Director: Sogo Ishii. Cast: Minami Kaho, Toyokawa Etsushi, Takizawa Ryoko. A beautiful Japanese investigator is assigned to a series of brutal murders against young women in the Tokyo subway. Fate reunites her with a former lover, a controversial psychiatrist expelled from his post who is now suspected of the murders. 116 min. DVD 9317 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Antwone Fisher (2002) Director, Denzel Washington. Cast: Derek Luke, Joy Bryant, Denzel Washington, Salli Richardson, Earl Billings, Kevin Connolly, Viola Davis, Rainoldo Gooding. Guided by a determined Navy psychiatrist, a troubled sailor embarks on a personal, emotionally inspiring journey to confront his past and connect with the family he never knew. Inspired by the true life experiences of Antwone Fisher. Special features: Commentary by director Denzel Washington and producer Todd Black; "Meeting Antwone Fisher" featurette; "The Making of Antwone Fisher" behind-the-scenes featurette; "Hollywood and the Navy" featurette. 120 min. DVD 5627 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Freedom Award (Denzel Washington) National Board of Review, USA - Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actor Bad Timing: A Sensual Obsession (UK, 1980) Directed by Nicolas Roeg. Cast: Art Garfunkel, Theresa Russell, Harvey Keitel, Denholm Elliott. A young American woman living in Vienna is brought to a hospital after overdosing on pills, apparently in a suicide attempt. A police detective suspects foul play on the part of her lover, an American psychology professor. As doctors try to save her life, the detective interrogates the professor, and through flashbacks we see the events leading up to the woman's overdose; her stormy and intensely sexual relationship with the professor, her heavy drinking and numerous affairs, and her estrangement from her Czech husband. Special features: New interview with Roeg and producer Jeremy Thomas; new interview with Theresa Russell; original theatrical trailer; gallery of behind-the-scenes production photos and original posters; a new essay by film historian Richard Combs and a reprinted interview with Art Garfunkel, from 1980. 122 min. DVD 6662 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Beyond Therapy (1986) Directed by Robert Altman. Cast: Julie Hagerty, Jeff Goldblum, Glenda Jackson, Tom Conti, Christopher Guest, Genevieve Page, Cris Campion, Sandrine Dumas, Nicole Evans. A satire on modern psychotherapy about a confused, crazily neurotic couple and their not any saner analyst. Prudence is a conservative and slightly mixed-up young woman who thinks Bruce is crazy. Bruce is a bi-sexual who lives with his male lover and is crazy about Prudence. Based on the play by Christopher Durang. 93 min. DVD 2623 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das Kabinett des Doktor Caligari) (1919) Directed by Rober Wiene. Cast: Werner Krauss, Conrad Veidt, Friedrich Feher, Lil Dagover. Genuine: Fern Andra. "A man named Francis relates a story about his best friend Alan and his fiancée Jane. Alan takes him to a fair where they meet Dr. Caligari, who exhibits a somnambulist, Cesare, that can predict the future. When Alan asks how long he has to live, Cesare says he has until dawn. The prophecy comes to pass, as Alan is murdered, and Cesare is a prime suspect. Cesare creeps into Jane's bedroom and abducts her, running from the townspeople and finally dying of exhaustion. Meanwhile, the police discover a dummy in Cesare's cabinet, while Caligari flees. Francis tracks Caligari to a mental asylum. He is the director! Or is he?" [IMDB] 77 min. (restored version) on: DVD 1383; DVD 232; DVD 5; Video Disc 144; vhs 999:39 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Carefree (1938) Directed by Mark Sandrich. Cast: Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Ralph Bellamy, Luella Gear, Jack Carson, Clarence Kolb, Franklin Pangborn. Dr. Tony Flagg's friend, Steven, has problems in the relationship with his fiancee, Amanda, so he persuades her to visit Dr. Flagg. After some minor misunderstandings, she falls in love with Dr. Flagg. When he tries to use hypnosis to strengthen her feelings for Steven, things get complicated. Special features: Vintage musical short "Public jitterbug no. 1"; Classic cartoon "September in the rain." Choreography: Hermes Pan. Music: Irving Berlin. 83 min. DVD 6744 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Coming Apart (1969) Directed by Milton Moses Ginsberg. Cast: Rip Torn, Sally Kirkland, Viveca Lindfors, Jane Marla Robbins. Psychoanalyst Joe Glazer rents a studio apartment in a towering, glass-walled skyscraper away from his office and his pregnant wife, where he has a variety of sexual encounters with a series of women, all of which he films with a hidden camera. Special features: Two documentaries: Coming apart 2 : adventures in re-releasing / by Milton Moses Ginsberg ; The city below the line / written by Milton Moses Ginsberg ; produced by Nina Posnansky ; essay: How to fall into oblivion and take your movie with you / by Milton Moses Ginsberg. 111 min. DVD X1719 John Huston bibliography Freud(UK, TV, 1984) Directed by Moira Armstrong. Cast: David Suchet, Helen Bourne, Michael Kitchen, Anton Lesser, Suzanne Bertish, Michael Pennington, Miriam Margolyes, David Swift. A six-part television mini-series filmed in Austria, New York and London examining Freud's complex life, his groundbreaking work and his relationship with his patients. Special features: Newly filmed interview with David Suchet and a gallery of Suchet's personal Freud archive including production photos, press clippings, etc. 350 min. DVD X4858 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database From the Life of the Marionettes (Ur marionetternas liv) (1980) Directed by Ingmar Bergman. Cast: Robert Atzorn, Christine Buchegger, Martin Benrath, Rita Russek, Lola Muethel. Peter and Katerina seem to have a perfect marriage but beneath the facade lies a loveless marriage. Locked in a desolate relationship, Peter often dreams of killing his wife. His encounter with a prostitute sparks in him an explosive rage that leads to rape and murder. In this disturbing study of repression and obsession, Bergman contrasts stark black and white flashbacks with vivid color images that flood the screen with the horror of the present. "Mogens Jensen, the psychiatrist in Mr. Bergman's film, fills his Munich office with statues of African deities, symbols of mystery and power, much as a tribal medicine man surrounds himself with ritualistic totems. He wears a white coat, like the priest's robe a vestment of authority. He is, in short, a magical god, believed by others to be capable of dispelling evil and restoring order. But what happens when this "god" is tested? When Peter, a friend of 20 years, confides - in the sanctity of the psychiatrist's office - that he has recurring dreams in which he murders his wife, the doctor makes light of an obviously grave problem. Soon it is apparent that the doctor, who shouldn't be "treating" a friend in the first place, has betrayed both his friendship and his profession by attempting to seduce Peter's wife. "This comes under professional secrecy," he cautions her, and the suggestion is that there have been other such affairs in his office. When Peter finally commits a murder and totally withdraws into himself, the doctor's rationalizations show the doctor, too, to be only another puppet overwhelmed by life's "hidden forces."" [ NYT, 1/25/81 ]104 min. vhs 999:2884 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Girl, Interrupted (1999) Directed by James Mangold. Cast: Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Clea Duvall, Brittany Murphy, Elisabeth Moss, Jared Leto, Jeffrey Tambor, Vanessa Redgrave, Whoopi Goldberg. The fascinating true story of a young woman's life-altering stay at a famous American psychiatric hospital in the late 1960's. Questionably diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, Susanna rebels against the head nurse and top psychiatrist, choosing instead to befriend the resident "loonies" -- a group of troubled women including the sociopath Lisa. But Susanna quickly learns if she wants her freedom, she'll have to face the person who terrifies her most of all: herself. 127 min. DVD X1058 Academy Awards, USA - Best Supporting Actress (Angelina Jolie) Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards - Best Supporting Actress Golden Globes, USA - Best Supporting Actress Good Will Hunting (1997) Directed by Gus van Sant. Cast: Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård, Minnie Driver. Will Hunting is a headstrong, working-class genius who's failing the lessons of life. After one too many run-ins with the law, Will's last chance is a psychology professor, who might be the only man who can reach him. 126 min. DVD X5345 Hamlet, or The Bogus Psychiatrists Monty Python's flying circus. Season 4, DVD 885 High Anxiety (1977) Directed by Mel Brooks. Cast: Mel Brooks, Madeline Kahn, Cloris Leachman, Harvey Korman, Ron Carey, Howard Morris, Dick Van Patten. Mel Brooks portrays Dr. Richard Thorndyke, a neurotic psychiatrist with acrophobia who is unable to fulfill his aspirations to "derring-do," in this satire of Hitchcock thrillers. 94 min. DVD X804 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Impossible Years(1968) Directed by Michael Gordon. Cast: David Niven, Lola Albright, Chad Everett, Ozzie Nelson. An upbeat comedy that bridges the generation gap about the hazards of raising teenagers. Niven is a psychiatrist working at a university. His speciality is teenage problems, and he is stunned to learn that his teenage daughter has been arrested for protesting on campus. This is anathema, so Niven attempts to straighten her out. Based on the play by Bob Fisher and Arthur Marx. 98 min. DVD X6044 UC users only My Name Was Sabina Spielrein (Ich hiess Sabina Spielrein) ((France \| Germany \| Sweden \| Denmark \| Finland \| Switzerland, 2002) ) Directed by Elisabeth Márton. Cast: Eva Osterberg, Lasse Almeback, Mercedes Csampai, Palle Granditsky, Natalia Usmanova. Featuring the voices of Maria Thorgevsky, Dan Weiner, Helmut Vogel, and Alan Pryke. A docu-drama based on a find of letters and diaries that revealed a love affair between Carl Jung and his first patient, Sabina Spielrein. Her cathexis was rapid and she formed an intense attachment to her young doctor, who seems to have reciprocated. But after a note from Sigmund Freud on the nefarious nature of females, the doctors hatched the theory of counter-transference to explain their feelings. Luckily, this wouldn't be Sabina's final contribution to psychoanalysis. Pronounced cured, she became a psychoanalyst herself and, within eight years, was practising alongside the founding fathers. 90 min. DVD X3970 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) Directed by Vincente Minnelli. Cast: Barbra Streisand, Yves Montand, Bob Newhart, Larry Blyden, Simon Oakland, Jack Nicholson, Pamela Brown, Irene Handl, Roy Kinnear, John Richardson. Chain-smoking kooky Daisy consults psychiatrist Chabot to help her stop smoking. Chabot is astonished to learn she has amazing ESP powers and that under hypnosis she reveals her former life as Melinda, an 1840 English coquette. Based on the musical play by the same title by Alan Jay Lerner and Burton Lane. 129 min. DVD 3587 Vincente Minnelli bibliography Pressure Point (1962) Directed by Hubert Cornfield. Cast: Sidney Poitier, Bobby Darin, Peter Falk, Carl Benton Reid. A prison doctor is charged with treating a hate filled young man who's been jailed for sedition. As he probes the patient's nightmares, the psychiatrist realizes his twisted vision masks a lust for violence. But the inmate has become a model prisoner, and unless the doctor can convince officials that he's daugerous, he'll soon be back on the street. 89 min. DVD 4827 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Prozac Nation (2001) Directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg. Cast: Christina Ricci, Jason Biggs, Anne Heche, Michelle Williams, Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, Jessica Lange, Nicholas Campbell, Lou Reed, Jesse Moss, Sheila Paterson, Zoe Miller. Elizabeth Wurtzel is a prize-winning student heading off to Harvard for her freshman year, where she intends to study journalism and launch a career as a rock music critic. However, her dysfunctional family situation, including an errant father and a neurotic, bitterly hypercritical mother, has led Wurtzel to a struggle with depression. When her all-night, drug-fueled writing binges and emotional instability alienate her roommate and best friend, Ruby, and both of her boyfriends, Wurtzel seeks psychiatric counseling from Dr. Diana Sterling, who prescribes the wonder drug Prozac. Despite success as a writer and some mellowing out thanks to her medication, she begins to feel that the pills are running her life and faces some tough choices about her future. Based on the book: Prozac nation by Elizabeth Wurtzel. Special feature: "Anatomy of a scene. Prozac Nation" (2003, 20 min.). 95 min. DVD X3416 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database A Question of Silence (De Stilte rond Christine M.)(Netherlands, 1983) Director, Marleen Gorris. Cast: Edda Barends, Nelly Frijda, Cox Habbema, Henriette Tol. A female psychiatrist is appointed by a judge to evaluate three women who, strangers to each other, have each confessed to the murder of the same man. Their rage toward and hatred of their male-dominated society is gradually understood by the psychiatrist, who begins to question her own nature. 97 min. vhs 999:1829 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Ramanathan, Geetha. "Murder as speech: narrative subjectivity in Marleen Gorris' 'A Question of Silence.'." Genders n15 (Winter 1992 n15): 58(14). ] Sklar, Robert. "Marlene Gorris: The Lighter Side of Feminism." In: The Cineaste interviews 2 : on the art and politics of the cinema / Gary Crowdus, Dan Georgakas. Chicago : Lake View Press, c2002. (Main Stack PN1998.2.C51 2002; PFA PN1998.2.C51 2002) Smelik, Anneke. "And the mirror cracked: metaphors of violence in the films of Marleen Gorris." Women's Studies International Forum 16.n4 (July-August 1993): 349(15). Williams, Linda. "A Jury of Their Peers: Marleen Gorris's A Question of Silence." In: Multiple voices in feminist film criticism / Diane Carson, Linda Dittmar, and Janice R. Welsch, editors. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c1994. (Main Stack PN1995.9.W6.M82 1994; Moffitt PN1995.9.W6.M82 1994) Running with Scissors (2006) Directed by Ryan Murphy. Cast: Annette Bening, Brian Cox, Joseph Fiennes, Evan Rachel Wood, Alec Baldwin, Joseph Cross, Jill Clayburgh, Gwyneth Paltrow, Gabrielle Union, Patrick Wilson, Kristin Chenoweth, Dagmara Dominczyk, Colleen Camp. After seeing a less-than-conventional psychiatrist for her problems at home who gives her too many prescriptions and bad advice, a mother ends her marriage and sends her young son to live with the doctor and his odd family. Based on the book "Running with scissors: a memoir" by Augusten Burroughs. 122 min. DVD 8202 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Secrets of a Soul (Geheimnisse einer Seele) (1926) Directed by G.W. Pabst. Cast: Werner Krauss, Jack Trevor, Ruth Weyher, Pawel Pawlow. By deciphering dream symbols, an analyst is able to resolve his patient's unconscious conflicts, curing him. An early attempt to interpret psychoanalysis on film, using expressionistic techniques to depict symbols of dreams and the unconscious. Based on an actual case history, with two of Freud's collaborators, Hans Sachs and Karl Abraham, as advisors. 50 min. DVD 9342; vhs 999:351 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Shrink(2009) Directed by Jonas Pate. Cast: Kevin Spacey, Mark Webber, Keke Palmer, Saffron Burrows, Jack Huston, Pell James, Laura Ramsey, Dallas Roberts, Robert Loggia. Henry Carter is L.A.'s top celebrity psychiatrist with an A-list clientele, including a famous actress, an insecure young writer, and an obsessive-compulsive super-agent. Henry is not in a good place, however. Disillusioned with both his career and personal life, Henry's only hope of salvation could come from his first pro bono case, a troubled teenager from a neighborhood far from the Hollywood Hills. Considering his present state of mind, Henry may not be ready for the real-life problems of someone who lives so far from his own neighborhood. Special features: Deleted scenes; music video "Here" by Jackson Browne; on-camera interviews with director Jonas Pate and producer Braxton Pope; audio commentary with director Jonas Pate and producer Braxton Pope. Based on a story by Henry Reardon. 97 min. DVD X2740 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database The Sleeping Tiger(UK, 1954) Directed by Joseph Losey. Cast: Dirk Bogarde, Alexis Smith, Alexander Knox, Hugh Griffith, Patricia McCarron, Maxine Audley, Glyn Houston. A psychotherapist decides to try and rehabilitate an ex-convict by inviting him into his home, in order to work with him in exchange for not turning him into the police, for his attempted break-in. The therapist's wife is, at first, resentful of his presence in her home and treats the man poorly. Eventually, the woman grows intrigued by the man and his past and she then throws herself at him, in the hopes he will take her away from her mundane life. When the ex-convict decides to rebuke her advances and try to live a straight and honest life, the wife takes steps to gain revenge for her rejection. Based on the novel by Maurice Moiseiwitsch. 87 min. DVD X1918 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Special Treatment (Sans queue ni tête)(France \| Luxembourg \| Belgium, 2010) Directed by Jeanne Labrune. Cast: Bouli Lanners, Isabelle Huppert, Richard Debuisne, Sabila Moussadek. Alice is a high-class prostitute who serves up sexual fantasies for her clientele, from school girl innocence to S&M. Fed up with the seamy underbelly of French masculinity she crosses paths with Xavier, a neurotic psychoanalyst facing a marriage crisis. The two quickly realize their professions share a thing or two in common as they navigate the overlapping worlds of psychotherapy and sex therapy. 95 min. DVD X7121 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Spellbound (1945) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Gregory Peck, Ingrid Bergman, Leo G. Carroll, Norman Lloyd, Rhonda Fleming. An amnesia victim assumes the identity of a noted psychiatrist and is accused of the murder of the man he professes to be. Constance, a fellow psychiatrist, attempts to restore his memory and uncover some lead that would prove his innocence. 111 min. DVD 1458; DVD 364 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database What About Bob? (1991) Director, Frank Oz. Cast: Bill Murray, Richard Dreyfuss, Julie Hagerty, Charlie Korsmo, Kathyrn Erbe. Bob Wiley, a troubled but lovable therapy patient, seeks help from noted psychiatrist Dr. Leo Marvin. When the doctor leaves town to go on a quiet family vacation, Bob, afraid of being alone, follows--showing up unexpectedly at the therapist's lakeside retreat. Bob becomes the houseguest that just won't leave. 99 min. DVD X6811 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database What's New, Pussycat? (1945) Directed by Clive Donner and Richard Talmadge. Screenplay by Woody Allen. Cast: GPeter Sellers, Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Capucine, Paula Prentiss, Woody Allen. "Michael James, a notorious womanizer, desperately wants to be faithful to his fiancée Carole, but runs into serious problems since every woman he meets seems to fall in love with him. His psychoanalyst Dr. Fassbender can't help him either since he's busy courting one of his patients who in turn longs for Michael. A catastrophe appears on the horizon as all the characters check into the Chateau Chantelle hotel for the weekend not knowing of each other's presence." [IMDB] 109 min. DVD X3363 Credits and other information from the Internet Movie Database Young Dr. Freud (Der junge Freud)(Austria \| West Germany, TV, 1977) Directed by Axel Corti. Cast: Karlheinz Hackl, Sylvia Haider, Brigitte Swoboda, Guido Wieland. From Freud's early childhood, where his family encounters aggressive anti-Semitism, to his student years in Vienna, this fact based film probes deeply into the personal and environmental influences on Freud as a young man, which led to the development of his psychoanalytical theories. It also explores Freud's relationships with famous colleagues, such as Breuer and Charcot, and the growth of his first book "Studies in hysteria". This film inverts the psychoanalytic model to place the analyst in the place of the analysand. 98 min. DVD X4094	i don't know
'Poker Face' was a 2009 number one for which singer?	Official Charts Flashback 2009: Lady Gaga – Poker Face 11 April 2014 Official Charts Flashback 2009: Lady Gaga – Poker Face It's five years since Mother Monster scored her second Number 1 – and that all-important first million-seller. Google + It's five years since Mother Monster scored her second Number 1 – and that all-important first million-seller. 2009 really was Lady Gaga’s year. She kicked it off by taking her debut single Just Dance to the very top of the Official Singles Chart and just over two months later took up residency at Number 1 again with its follow-up Poker Face. On Poker Face we got to know Lady Gaga a heck of a lot better. The kooky New Yorker was definitely starting to reveal her own unique style, although it wouldn’t be until next single Paparazzi that we’d really get a taste of the theatrics yet to come. But let's face it, she wasn't exactly a shrinking violet on Poker Face either. Gotta love Gaga. This week in 2009, Poker Face was spending its third and final week at the top – Calvin Harris’s I’m Not Alone was about to pull the plug on Gaga’s chart-topping party. Poker Face was the first of four Number 1s for Lady Gaga, and one of three she’d achieve in 2009 alone. It was her first song to cross the million mark, which it did in September 2010. (Bad Romance was her second, in 2013.) Poker Face’s current sales tally stands at an impressive 1.1 million copies. Since Poker Face, Lady Gaga has racked up a further nine Top 10 hits, the most recent being Do What U Want FT R Kelly, which reached Number 9. All three of Gaga’s studio albums – The Fame (2009), Born This Way (2011) and ARTPOP (2013) have hit Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart, and the star promises a part two to ARTPOP is on its way this year. Her most recent chart-topping single was the mother of all collaborations: 2010’s Telephone FT Beyoncé. Funnily enough, Bey hasn’t had a Number 1 single since then, either. Time to team up again, ladies? We hope so! Watch the video for Bad Romance before we count down the rest of 2009’s retro Top 5. 2: Noisettes – Don’t Upset The Rhythm Former BRIT School students Shingai Soniwa and Dan Smith had waited a long time for their mainstream success. They’d met in 2003 and, along with drummer Jamie Morrison, were onto their second album when Don’t Upset The Rhythm was featured in a car ad, propelling them to the upper reaches of the Official Singles Chart. Don’t Upset The Rhythm was their first and only Top 10 hit, and would go no farther than Number 2. One more Top 40 hit, Never Forget You, followed later in the year, and their album Wild Young Hearts peaked at Number 7. Don’t Upset The Rhythm has sold 347,000 copies in the UK. 3: A R Rahman & Pussycat Dolls FT Nicole Scherzinger – Jai Ho Before Nicole Scherzinger was a permanent fixture in our magazines and on TV thanks to her role on The X Factor, she was, of course, lead singer with Pussycat Dolls. This track, their last Top 10 hit, was a collaboration with Indian musician A R Rahman, whose original, solo version of Jai Ho was recorded for the hit movie Slumdog Millionaire. After 10 Top 40 hits, including two massive Number 1s Don’t Cha and Stickwitu, Nicole decided it was time to leave the dolls’ house and try her hand at solo success. Jai Ho would go no further than Number 3 and has sold 575,000 copies in the UK. 4: Flo Rida FT Ke$ha – Right Round Next, a track has a heap of firsts attached to it – Right Round was US rapper Flo Rida’s first ever UK Number 1, and it was our introduction to ballsy, hedonistic heroine Ke$ha, who would go on to considerable solo success of her own. Flo Rida had four more Number 1s awaiting him, including collaborations with Alexandra Burke and Olly Murs while Ke$ha has scored another two, including this year’s big hit Timber with Pitbull. Right Round was a pretty good start for both of them – it’s shifted over 545,000 copies. 5: Beyoncé – Halo Unlucky for some, but not Queen B, who was scoring her 13th Top 10 hit with her now classic ballad from the pen of OneRepublic frontman and talented producer Ryan Tedder. The third of four Top 10 hits from Beyoncé’s third solo studio album I Am…Sasha Fierce, Halo was on its way back down the Official Singles Chart after peaking at Number 4. The track is one of the star’s biggest selling singles, shifting over 680,000 copies.	Lady Gaga
Who discovered the chemical elements Potassium, Sodium and Calcium?	Lady Gaga artist popular songs at Tunecaster Pop and Rock Chart Archive and Music Encyclopedia Search the Tunecaster site at Bing! Lady Gaga artist popular songs Lady Gaga was a pop and dance singer and writer. Lady Gaga had a long string of number one songs, as shown below. Find a song by Lady Gaga. Popular Tune Timeline for Lady Gaga blue # = pop chart	i don't know
In Norse mythology, what kind of creatures were 'Toothgnasher' and 'Toothgrinder' who drew Thor's chariot?	Characters in Norse Mythology Characters in Norse Mythology The sources used in constructing this page include, but are not limited to, An Introduction to Viking Mythology (Grant), Bullfinch's Mythology (Martin), The Children of Odin (Colum), The Downfall of the Gods (Sorenson), Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (Davidson), Myths of the Norsemen (Guerber), Myths of the Norsemen (Green), Nordic Gods and Heroes (Colum), Norse Mythology (Cotterell), Norse Mythology A to Z (Daly), The Norse Myths (Crossley-Holland), The Poetic Edda (Hollander), The Prose Edda (Faulkes), The Prose Edda (Young), Scandanavian Mythology (Davidson), The Usborne Book of Greek and Norse Legends (Blundell). Personalities Associated with Norse Mythology A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &#198gir - One of the three sea divinities, the other two being Njord and Mimir . He is said to belong to an older dynasty of gods, for he is not ranked among the &#198sir , the Vanir , the giants, dwarfs, or elves, but is considered omnipotent within his realm. Ai - Great-grandfather. Husband of Edda . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Aldsvider - The horse that draws the chariot carrying the moon across the sky. Alf, Alfs - Elf, elves. This is the name given to the elves in norse mythology. The elves are usually divided into two groups, the light elves and the dark elves. According to some sources the dark elves are the same as the dwarves. Alfheim - The home of the light elves, this is the world that Freyr ruled over. Alfrigg - One of the four dwarves who crafted Brisings' Necklace . Alsvidh - One of the horses that draws the chariot carrying the sun. The other is Arvak . Alvis - A dwarf who was promised Thrud , Thor's daughter. When Thor heard this he challenged Alvis to a test of knowledge that lasted until the next dawn. When the first rays of dawn struck Alvis, he turned to stone. Annar - The second husband of Night , father of Earth . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Arvak - One of the horses that draws the chariot carrying the sun. The other is Alsvidh . Asgard - The home of the &#198sir , one of the nine worlds of norse mythology. Asgard was the topmost level of the nine worlds. The &#198sir gods and goddesses had their mansions and palaces here. Asgard was connected to Midgard by the rainbow bridge, Bifrost . Asgard is surrounded by a strong wall built by a giant. (See Asgard's Wall and the Giant Builder for the story.) Aud - The son of Night and Naglfari . Audhumbla, Audhumla - The primal cow, formed at the creation of the world. She appeared at the same time as Ymir who fed off of her milk. She received her nourishment from licking the salty ice that abounded in Ginunngagap . Her licking uncovered Buri , the first ancestor of the gods. (See the Creation for more information.) Aurvandil - Husband of Groa . He was carried out of Jotunheim by Thor but one of his (Aurvandil's) toes had been sticking out of the basket and was frozen. This toe was taken by Thor and placed into the heavens where it became a star, Aurvandil's Toe. Balder - The most beautiful of the gods. He is worshipped as the pure and radiant god of innocence and light. His snowy brow and golden locks seem to radiate beams of sunshine which gladdens the hearts of gods and men, by whom he is equally beloved. The god of light is well versed in the science of runes , which are carved on his tongue. The only thing hidden from Balder's radiant eyes is the perception of his own ultimate fate. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Barley Byggvir - The name of one of Freyr's servants. He is married to Beyla . Baugi - The giant that Odhinn worked for and used in the retrieval of the Mead of Poetry . (See the story of the Mead of Poetry for more.) Beli - A giant that Freyr killed with a hart's horn. Freyr used a hart's horn because he had given up his sword before this. (See Freyr and Gerda for the story.) Bergelmir - Son of Thrudgelmir , grandson of Ymir . Bergelmir and his wife were the only surviving giants after Ymir's death and the flood, which they survived by riding in a hollowed-out tree trunk, the first boat. The frost giants and ogres are all descended from Bergelmir. Berling - One of the four dwarves who crafted Brisings' Necklace . Beyla - Wife of Barley Byggvir , servant to Freyr . Bifrost - The rainbow bridge. Bifrost is the bridge that connects Midgard to Asgard . It is guarded by Heimdall . It is made of fire, air and water and these give the bridge its colors, red, blue and green. The bridge can be seen by those in Midgard as a rainbow connecting heaven and earth. King Billing - King of the Ruthenians, father of Rinda . Blodughofi - Blodughofi was the name of Freyr's horse. The horse was loaned to Skirnir when Skirnir travelled to Jotunheim to woo Gerda on Freyr's behalf. (See Freyr and Gerda for more). Bolthurn, Bolthur, Bolthorn, Bolturon - The jotun father of Bestla and of a son whose name is unknown. Bor - Son of Buri , husband of Bestla , father of Odhinn , Vili , and Ve . Bragi - The god of poetry, eloquence and music. Son of Odhinn and Gunlod , husband of Idunn . Bragi is not featured in many of the surviving Norse myths, but it is believed that he is revered by all save Loki . Because of Odhinn's knowledge of poetry and his adventures with the Mead of Poetry some scholars see Bragi as another facet of Odhinn's personality and not a separate god. According to other sources Bragi was a poet that was elevated to the rank of god due to the respect that was given to poets. Brokk and Sindri - The dwarves who crafted Gullinbrusti , Draupnir and Mjollnir . (See the story of the Treasures of the Dwarves .) Buri - Ancestor of the gods, he appeared at the time of creation and was brought to life by the cow Audhumbla . He was the father of Bor . Day - Son of Night and her third husband Delling . The gods gave Night and Day each a chariot to ride through the heavens to bring light and darkness at regular intervals. Delling - The third husband of Night , their son was Day . Delling was related to the sons of Bor , the gods Odhinn , Vili , Ve . Draupnir - The magical golden ring crafted by Brokk and Sindri . Every nine nights eight golden rings would fall from Draupnir, each having the same weight as Draupnir. Dromi - The second chain that was used by the gods in an attempt to chain Fenris . Dvalin - One of the four dwarves who created Brisings' Necklace . Earl - Son of Mother Lady , husband of Princess . Their descendants became the kings and queens of many lands of the world. Earl was taught the secrets of the runes by Rig . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Edda - Great-grandmother. Wife of Ai , mother of Thrall . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Eggther - The watchman of the giants. On the day of Ragnarok he will sit on a grave mound and play his harp. Einherjar - The slain heros that have been gathered in Valhalla . They fight all day and feast all night in preparation for Ragnarok . Eldir - One of the servants of &#198gir . He was at the banquet during Loki's Mocking . Elivagar - The name given to the eleven rivers that flowed from Niflheim . These rivers flowed south and it was from these rivers that the first life emerged. Elli - The personification of old age. It was against Elli that Thor wrestled during his journey to Utgard . (See Thor's Journey to Utgard for the story.) Fafnir - Son of Reidmar , brother of Regin and Otter . (See Otter's Ransom and also the story of the legendary hero Sigurd .) Farbauti - A giant, the father of Loki . According to some sources, his wife was Laufey the mother of Loki . Laufey was supposed to have given birth after being struck by a lightning bolt unleashed by Farbauti. Father Squire - Husband of Mother Lady . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Fenris, Fenrir - The wolf who was one of the monstrous children of Loki and Angerboda . Brother of Hel and Jormungand . Fenris was so large that when he opened his mouth his jaws stretched from earth to heaven. He was bound by the gods (see Fenris' Binding ) and is doomed to remain chained until the time of Ragnarok . Fimafeng - One of &#198gir's servants. During &#198gir's banquet for the gods Loki stabbed Fimafeng and killed him. (See Loki's Mocking .) Fjalar - One of the dwarves who killed Kvasir and collected his blood to make the Mead of Poetry . Fjorgyn - Mother of Thor and of Frigg . She was also known as the goddess of the earth. Forseti - God of justice and conciliation. The son of Balder and Nanna . Forseti sits day after day settling the differences of gods and men, patiently listening to both sides of every question and finally pronouncing sentences so equitable that none ever find fault with his decrees. It is said that his eloquence and powers of persuasion are such that he always succeeds in touching the hearts of his listeners and that he has never failed to reconcile even the most bitter of foes. Freeman - Son of Afi and Amma , husband of Hassif . Their descendants became the farmers, landholders and craftsmen of the world. (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men ). Freki - One of Odhinn's wolves. Freki translates as fierce. Freya - The goddess of love and fertility, she came to Asgard with her brother, Freyr , and her father, Njord . Freya was exceedingly beautiful and many fell in love with her, including giants (see Theft of Thor's Hammer , Asgard's Wall and the Giant Builder , Thor's Duel with Hrungnir ), dwarfs (see Freya and the Golden Necklace ) and men (see Freya, Ottar and the Giantess Hyndla ). Freya is said to have a talent for witchcraft and it is said that when she came to Asgard she instructed the gods about magic charms and potions. Freya also has a warlike side and shares Odhinn's love of battle. She and Odhinn share the slain heroes between them, so that some go to Valhalla and others are chosen by Freya to be entertained at her hall, Sessrumnir. Freya's boar, the gold-bristled Hildisvini , was a symbol of war. As well as a boar chariot, Freya had a chariot pulled by two gray or black cats. She had a falcon skin that she sometimes donned to fly away. She lent the falcon skin to Loki in the stories of Idunn's Apples and The Theft of Thor's Hammer . Her most precious possession is the Brisings' Necklace . Freyr, Frey - He is the lord of the sun, rain and harvests. He is a shining god, bringing fertility and prosperity to all. Freyr was one of the Vanir gods that went to live in Asgard after the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . His home is Alfheim and he is sometimes known as lord of the Alfs (elves). The ship Skidbladnir was given to him as was Gullinbrusti . He also possessed a magic sword that struck out at Jotuns of its own accord. He gave his sword to Skirnir as a price for his wooing of Gerda . (See the story of Freyr and Gerda for more details.) Frigg, Frigga, Frija, Fricka - The chief of &#198sir goddess. She is associated with love, marriage, and motherhood. She is frequently pictured as being very beautiful, wearing a girdle with household keys and weaving clouds on her spinning wheel. According to some sources Frigg is the mother of Thor . Also, some sources depict Frigg as a devoted wife and mother, others as a sorceress who wears a falcon skin and sees into the future, and as a wanton woman who covets gold and jewelry and the love of men. Due to these differing depictions it is difficult to get an accurate picture of what Frigg actually stood for. Some sources believe that Frigg and Freya are just various facets of one deity. Gang - Son of Olvadi , brother of Thiazzi and Idi . Garm - The howling hound who stands at the gates of Hel's domain. In some tellings he could be quieted only by a piece of cake given to him by those who had given bread to the poor. At Ragnarok Garm will break his chain and run free. Galar - One of the two dwarves who killed Kvasir and collected his blood to make the Mead of Poetry . Geirrod (2) - Son of King Hrauding , brother of Agnar . See the story of Geirrod and Agnar . Gelgia - The chain to which Gleipnir is attached. The chain is anchored to Gioll which is on the island Lyngvi . Gerda - Daughter of Gymir and Aurboda , sister of Beli . Gerda was beloved by Freyr and was wooed for him by Skirnir . (See Freyr and Gerda for the story.) Geri - One of Odhinn's wolves. Geri translates as greedy. Giallar - The horn of Heimdall . The horn can be heard throughout the nine worlds . At the time of Ragnarok , Heimdall will sound the horn and summon the gods and men to battle. Gialp, Gjalp - Howler. Daughter of Geirrod and sister of Greip . Gilling - Father of Suttung . Gilling was killed by the dwarves Fjalar and Galar . Ginunngagap - The vast chasm where the rivers known as the Elivagar met the heat and sparks from Muspelheim and the creation process began. Gioll - The rock through which Gelgia was passed in order to keep Fenris bound until Ragnarok . Gleipnir - The silken bond fashioned by the dwarves to bind Fenris . It was made of the sound of a cat's footfalls, the hairs of a maiden's beard, the roots of a mountain, the dreams of a bear, the breath of a fish, and the spittle of a bird. Greip - Grasper. Daughter of Geirrod and sister of Gialp . Grerr - One of the four dwarves who crafted Brisings' Necklace . Grid - The giantess who was one of the wives of Odhinn and mother of their son, Vidar . According to some legends it was she who made the shoe that Vidar will wear at Ragnarok . Groa - Wife of Aurvandil , mother of Svipdag. In the story of Thor's Duel with Hrungnir it is Groa who uses her magic to cure Thor's headache. Gullfaxi - Hrungnir's steed. It was this steed that raced Sleipnir and that was later given to Magni . (See Thor's Duel With Hrungnir for more.) Gullinbrusti - The golden bristled boar crafted by Brokk and Sindri during their wager with Loki . (See The Treasures of the Dwarves for more.) The boar is said to be able to run through the air and over the sea, day or night. Also, it shines so brightly that wherever it goes, no matter how gloomy the surrounding, the boar will light the way. Gungnir - The spear of Odhinn , it was crafted by the sons of Ilvadi . Gungnir never misses its mark. During the War between the &#198sir and the Vanir Odhinn hurled Gungnir at the Vanir . Ever after, the Norse imitated this action. It was thought that by hurling a spear over the enemy you would gain Odhinn's protection and would be assured victory. Gymir - A Jotun , father of Gerda . Hassif - Wife of Freeman , their descendants became the farmers, landholders, and craftsmen of the world. Hati - The wolf that pursues the moon across the sky and who will devour the moon at Ragnarok . Heimdall - The watchman of the gods. Heimdall is the guardian of Bifrost and he possesses the horn Giallar . His horse is Gulltop and his sword is Hofund. He is a great watchman as his eyesight is so sharp that he can see for 100 miles in all directions as plainly by night as by day, his hearing is such that he can hear the grass pushing up from under the earth and the wool growing on a sheep's back and he requires less sleep than a bird. He is also purported to have "second sight" that allows him to see into the future. Heimdall is also a clever god. It was his idea to send Thor to Jotunheim to retrieve Mjollnir from the giant Thrym . (See The Theft of Thor's Hammer for the story). Heimdall was also known as Rig during his journey to Midgard . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men .) Hel - Goddess of death and the underworld, daughter of Loki and Angerboda . Sister to Fenris and Jormungand . According to the Prose Edda Hel was terrible to look at, one-half of her was greenish black and the other a livid white, with flesh that seemed to be rotting like that of a corpse and her face was gloomy, grim and sinister. According to some sources, Hel is also one of the nine worlds of Norse mythology. It is in this world that the creature known as Hel resides. Hermod - Son of Odhinn and Frigg , Hermod is a bold and brave god. He volunteered to go to Hel's domain to beg for the release of Balder . (See Balder's Death for the story.) Hermod stands at Odhinn's side at the gates of Valhalla to welcome the heroes gathering there. Hildisvini - Translates as "Battle-Swine". This was the name of Freyr's boar. Hnossa, Nossa - Daughter of Freya and Odur . Her name means "jewel". According to the Prose Edda she is so beautiful that her name can be given to whatever is precious or lovely. Hodur, Hod, Hoder - The blind god, son of Odhinn and Frigg , brother of Balder . Hodur unwittingly killed Balder with the help of Loki and was in turn killed by Vali . (See Balder's Death for the story.) Hoenir, Honir - The god of silence. One of the three original &#198sir gods who along with his brothers Odhinn and Lother created the world. After the War between the &#198sir and Vanir Hoenir went to live with the Vanir as part of an exchange of gods. Hoenir was accompanied by Mimir . The Vanir became angry when Hoenir appeared to be indecisive and slow-witted, always relying on Mimir to make decisions. As Hoenir was Odhinn's brother the Vanir did not dare to harm him, but instead killed Mimir and sent his head to Odhinn . In the Poetic Edda Hoenir is called Vili and his brother Lodur is called Ve . Hrimthurs - The giant who was responsible for the building of the walls surrounding Asgard . (See Asgard's wall and the Giant Builder for the story.) Hrungnir - A giant who was involved in a race with Odhinn and a duel with Thor . (See Thor's Duel With Hrungnir for more.) Hugin - One of Odhinn's two ravens. The two fly about the nine worlds every day and then return to Odhinn and tell him what they have seen. Hyndla - The giantess who related Ottar's legacy at the bidding of Freya . (See Freya, Ottar, and the Giantess Hyndla for the story.) Hyrokkin, Hyrrokkin - The ogress/giantess who launched the longship Ringhorn upon which Balder's funeral pyre was built. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Idavoll - The plain in Asgard where the palaces of the &#198sir stood. Idi - Son of Olvadi , brother of Gang and Thiazzi . Idunn, Iduna, Idun - The flaxen-haired goddess who supplies the &#198sir with the apples that grant eternal youth. She is the wife of Bragi . She is featured in the story of Idunn's Apples . Sons of Ilvadi - The two dwarves who crafted Skidbladnir , Gungnir , and the golden hair for Sif . (See the story of the Treasures of the Dwarves .) Jarnsaxa - One of the wives of Thor , she bore him two sons, Magni and Modi . Jormungand - The Midgard serpent, offspring of Loki and Angerboda , brother of Fenris and Hel . Jormungand was cast into the sea by Odhinn and was doomed to encircle the earth, his tail in his mouth. Jormungand was the mortal enemy of Thor . Jotun - Another word for giant. Jotunheim - One of the nine worlds , a freezing, mountainous land, home of the Jotuns . This world was given to the giants by Odhinn after the creation. Kvasir - The wisest man in the world, created from the spittle of the &#198sir and Vanir after the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . Kvasir was slain by two dwarves who mixed his blood with honey to create the Mead of Poetry . According to some stories Kvasir was a Vanir god who came to live in Asgard following the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . Laeding - The first chain the gods used in an attempt to bind Fenris . Laufey - Mother of Loki . She was a giantess who, according to some sources, gave birth to Loki after being struck by a bolt of lightning sent by Farbauti . Lit - The dwarf who appeared at Balder's funeral and got in the way as Thor was consecrating the pyre. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Loki - Loki is known as the trickster god, the mischief maker, the father of lies and deceit. Loki is counted among the &#198sir gods, but he is not one of them. Some say that he and Odhinn were blood brothers, which is why none of the gods dared to harm Loki, no matter how mischievous and malevolent he becomes. Loki is associated with the hearth fires and over time came to be associated with evil. It was due to Loki that the gods received the gifts of Ilvadi's sons and of Brokk and Sindri . It was due to Loki's words at &#198gir's feast and his hand in the death of Balder that the gods finally set out to capture and punish Loki. (See Balder's Death and Loki's Mocking for the stories.) Lora, Lorride - Daughter of Thor and Sif , sister of Thrud . Lother, Lodar - One of the three original &#198sir gods who, along with his brothers Odhinn and Hoenir , created the world. In the Poetic Edda Lother is called Ve . Lyngvi - The island on which Fenris was bound. Magni - Son of Thor and Jarnsaxa , brother of Modi . After Thor's duel with Hrungnir Magni rescued Thor and was rewarded with Gullfaxi . (See Thor's Duel with Hrungnir for the story.) Magni and his brother will survive Ragnarok . Mani - The man who drives the chariot that carries the moon across the sky. Son of Mundilfari and brother of Sol . Mead of Poetry - The wonderous liquid created by Fjalar and Galar out of the blood of Kvasir . (See Mead for more of this story.) Megingardir, Megingiord, Megingarder - The magic belt/girdle of Thor . When worn, it doubled his already tremendous strength. Midgard - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. It was the home of mankind, the place where men had their home. It was set aside at the time of The Creation for man. Mimir - A wise god sent by the &#198sir to the Vanir following the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . Mimir was accompanied by Hoenir who was a brother of Odhinn . The Vanir became upset with Hoenir but dared not harm him. Instead they killed Mimir and sent his head back to Odhinn . Odhinn used his magic to preserve the head of Mimir which ever after imparted wisdom when Odhinn came seeking counsel. It was to Mimir that Odhinn sacrificed his right eye for a drink from Mimir's well . Mimir's Well - The well of wisdom in Jotunheim . The well is watched over by the head of Mimir . It was here that Odhinn sacrificed his right eye for a draught from the well. Mjollnir - The hammer of Thor . Crafted by Brokk and Sindri it is a symbol of Thor's strength and of the thunderbolt he personified. The gods considered Mjollnir to be their greatest treasure because it alone could be used to defend Asgard against the giants. When hurled by Thor the hammer will always strike its mark and instantly return to his hand. Mjollnir was not only a weapon, but is also a symbol of fertility. During wedding ceremonies the hammer is always placed in the lap of the bride. Modi - Son of Thor and Jarnsaxa , brother of Magni . He and his brother will survive Ragnarok . Mother Lady - Wife of Father Squire , mother of Earl . (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men for the story). Mundilfari - The man who had two children and named them after the sun and the moon. They were Mani and Sol . Munin - One of Odhinn's two ravens. The two fly about the nine worlds every day and then return to Odhinn and tell him what they have seen. Muspelheim - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. The home of the fire giants. The border of this world is watched by Surt , he awaits the day of Ragnarok when he will set the world on fire. Naglfar - The ship made from dead men's nails. It will carry the giants into battle against the gods at Ragnarok . The size of the ship will depend on how many men are buried with their fingernail's uncut. It is also told that Ragnarok can be delayed by making sure that dead men's nails are cut before they are buried, thus delaying the building of Naglfar. Naglfari - A giant, the first husband of Night . Their son was Aud . Nanna - One of the &#198sir goddesses, wife of Balder , mother of Forseti . After Balder's death, Nanna died of grief and was placed on the funeral pyre next to him. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Narfi - A giant, the father of Night . Narfi was one of the first giants in Jotunheim . Narvi - Son of Loki and Sigyn , brother of Vali . (See Loki's Punishment for more on Narvi.) Nerthus, Hertha - A goddess of fertility, also known as Mother Earth. Some sources say she is the sister-wife of Njord and mother of Freyr and Freya . Nidavellir - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. Nidavellir is the the world of the dwarves. Night, Nott - The dark-haired daughter of Narfi . She married three times, first to Naglfari , their son was Aud . Her second husband was Annar , their daughter was Earth. Her third husband was Delling , their son was Day . The gods gave Night and her son Day each a chariot to ride through the heavens. Niflheim - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. The world of cold and darkness, where Nithog chewed at the roots of Yggdrasil . From Niflheim flowed the 11 ice-cold rivers, the Elivagar . The rivers flowed into the chasm, Ginunngagap , where the heat and sparks from Muspelheim quickened the yeasty water and started the creation process. The Nine Waves - The mothers of Heimdall . They are believed to be daughters of &#198gir . Odhinn came across the Nine Waves while walking along the beach. Skrymir - The name taken by Utgartha-Loki upon meeting Thor and his companions during Thor's Journey to Utgard . Skuld - One of the three Norns . She is associated with the future or what could be. Sleipnir - Odhinn's eight legged horse, the offspring of Svadilfari and Loki . (See Asgard's Wall and the Giant Builder for more on Sleipnir's conception.) Sleipnir was no ordinary horse. He was capable of galloping over the sea and through the air and could outrun any horse in all the nine worlds . Sol - Daughter of Mundilfari , sister of Mani . She was stolen away from her father by the gods who put her to work in the heavens. She drives the chariot that carries the sun across the heavens. Surt - The fire giant who watches at the borders of Muspelheim . His flaming sword will set fire to the world at Ragnarok . At Ragnarok , Surt and Freyr will battle and Freyr will be killed, because he gave up his sword to win Gerda . (See Ragnarok and Freyr and Gerda for the stories). Suttung - Father of Gunnloth , protector of the Mead of Poetry . Sometimes Suttung is referred to as the father of all the giants. Svadilfari - The stallion belonging to Hrimthurs . Svadilfari was the father of Sleipnir . Svartalfheim - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. It was the home of the dark elves. Tanngniost - Toothgnasher, one of the fierce billy goats that drew the cart of Thor . Thor's goats could be killed, eaten and revived the next day. (See Thor's Journey to Utgard .) Tanngrisnir - Toothgrinder, one of the fierce billy goats that drew the cart of Thor . Thor's goats could be killed, eaten and revived the next day. (See Thor's Journey to Utgard .) Thiazzi, Tjasse, Thjazi - A powerful storm giant, son of Olvadi , brother of Gang and Idi , father of Skadi . (See the story Idunn's Apples for more on Thiazzi.) Thokk - Thokk is the name of the one creature in all the worlds that refused to weep over Balder's death. It is believed that Thokk was Loki in disguise. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Thor, Thunor, Donar - Thor is the wielder of Mjollnir and the defender of Asgard . He is described as a massive red-bearded champion wearing iron gloves and a belt/girdle of might, Megingjardir . He is the only god forbidden to cross Bifrost , for fear that his lightnings could destroy the bridge or that he would set it aflame by the heat of his presence. Thor rides in a chariot drawn by two goats, Tanngniost (Toothgnasher) and Tanngrisnir (Toothgrinder). The rolling of the wheels of this chariot is said to create the thunder that rolls across the heavens. Thrall - Son of Edda , husband of Esne . Their descendants became the peasants and laborers of the world. (See Rig-Heimdall and the Classes of Men for the story). Thrud - Daughter of Thor and Sif , sister of Lora . Thrud was promised to the dwarf Alvis by the gods. Thrym - A frost giant, he stole Mjollnir . (See The Theft of Thor's Hammer .) Tyr, Tiwaz, Tiw, Tiv, Ziv - A god of war, the god of martial honor, a sky god, the bravest of the gods. He is concerned with justice and with fair treaties. It is thought that at one time Tyr was even more important than Odhinn , and more ancient. However, by the time the Norse myths were recorded, Tyr's importance had diminished and not much is known about him now. Tyr is always depicted as the one-handed god, due to the fact that his right hand was bitten off by the Fenris wolf after the gods bound him. Tyr is also known as "the shining one". Tyr was also considered the patron god of the sword. (See Fenris' Binding for the story.) Ull - Son of the goddess Sif , stepson of Thor . Ull is the winter god of skiers and snowshoes, hunting, the bow and the shield. Urd, Wyrd - One of the three Norns . She is the oldest of the three sisters and is associated with the past or what was. Urd's Well - Also known as the well of Wyrd, it is where the Norns live and where they gather the water to help keep Yggdrasil healthy. It is also where the gods gather to hold their important meetings. Utgard - The outer place. The capital of Jotunheim . Thor journeyed to Utgard once. (See Thor's Journey to Utgard .) Utgartha-Loki - The ruler of Utgard . It was Utgard-Loki who was responsible for the deceiving of Thor and his companions during Thor's Journey to Utgard . Valhalla - The hall of the slain, built by Odhinn in Asgard to receive the heroes slain in battle. The Valkyries brought the heroes, known as Einherjar , across Bifrost and into Valhalla where they fought all day and feasted all night. Vali (1) - Son of Odhinn and Rinda , he was Balder's avenger. After Hodur slew Balder , Vali came to Asgard , drew an arrow from his quiver and fired at Hodur , killing him instantly. (See Balder's Death for the story.) Vali (2) - Son of Loki and Sigyn , brother of Narvi . After the gods captured Loki they turned Vali into a wolf who tore out the entrails of Narvi . (See Loki's Punishment for the story.) Valkyrie - The Valkyries were warrior maidens of Odhinn . According to some legends the Valkyries were the choosers of the slain, according to other legends they were the collectors of the slain. Vanaheim - One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. Home of the Vanir before the end of the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . Vanir - The Vanir are one of two races of gods in Norse mythology, the other being the &#198sir . The Vanir are generally earth and water gods and gods of fertility. The Vanir resided in Vanaheim , one of the nine worlds , until the end of the War between the &#198sir and Vanir . After the war all the gods were referred to as &#198sir. When the Vanir went to Asgard after the war, they took with them their knowledge of magic and witchcraft. Listed among the Vanir are Freya , Freyr and Njord . These were not the only Vanir and this can be shown be looking at the story of Mimir's death. Ve - Son of Bor and Bestla . Together with his brothers Odhinn and Vili he helped create the world. Verdande, Verdandi - One of the Norns . She is associated with the present or what is. Vidar - Son of Odhinn and the giantess Grid . Vidar was known for his silence. However, it is Vidar who will avenge his father's death at Ragnarok . Vili - Son of Bor and Bestla . Together with his brothers Odhinn and Ve he helped create the world. Yggdrasil - The world tree, the ash tree that connects all of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology. The tree survives the torment of Nithog nibbling at its roots and of stags and goats tearing leaves and bark from the tree. The Norns sprinkle water from Urd's Well upon the roots which helps the tree stay fresh and green. Ymir, Aurgelmir - The first giant. He was formed from the ice and fire at the beginning of time in the chasm of Ginunngagap . He was the father of the race of giants. (See The Creation for more details.)	Goat
Which company manufactures the Wii video games console?	Thor’s 7 mightiest weapons and tools of the trade \| Sideshow Collectibles Thor’s 7 mightiest weapons and tools of the trade Written by Amy Chase Odin’s beard! It’s Thorsday again! As I recently worked to finish a cosplay of the new Thor based on artist Russell Dauterman’s design, I began to think about how many accessories it took to complete the look. In the many incarnations of the hero, his hammer, helmet, and cape are iconic and almost always present. This is also the case with some form of chest armor (with those huge round button things), and sometimes arm guards or gauntlets. But the more I worked and the longer I thought, I realized just how many accessories Thor has available to unleash the his true hero potential. With a vast array of weapons and magical artifacts, there are so many choices for the thunderous Avenger to make when suiting up to best defend the Nine Realms. Here are some of the most notable tools of Thor’s trade that help the hero access-Thorize for battle: Mjolnir, the mystical Uru Warhammer Mjolnir, Thor’s primary weapon, is the most easily recognized symbol of the thundering hero. Bestowed with a blessed enchantment, this hammer can only be picked up by those who have been proven worthy of its immense power. This list has included only a select few over the years, and the exact parameters of worthiness are not exactly explicit. Mjolnir was forged for Thor Odinson’s grandfather by the dwarves, who used the core of a star and Uru metal to form the iconic hammer and imbue it with its immense strength and magic. It is nearly invulnerable and is capable of great destruction. Despite this, the hammer can be used defensively in addition to its offensive capabilities. It grants holders Thor’s powers, which include weather manipulation and flight by means of being thrown while the user holds the unbreakable leather strap on the handle. Jarnbjorn, the Battle Axe Seen most recently in Jason Aaron and Russell Dauterman’s new Thor series, Jarnbjorn is the name of the giant axe wielded by Prince Odinson once he loses his hammer due to unworthiness. The name roughly translates to “Iron Bear” and was actually the primary weapon of the prince before he became worthy of Mjolnir. Jarnbjorn is also known as the Wrecker of Worlds, and was forged by the same race of dwarves from Nidavellir that eventually forged his mystical war hammer. It is nearly indestructible, and blessed with Thor’s own blood, giving it the ability to cut through almost anything. Odinsword, the Over Sword of Asgard This gigantic sword belonged to Odin for some time, and was considered the most dangerous weapon. When unsheathed, it would herald the end of the world and the coming of Ragnarok. It was kept away in his vault on Asgard, but over the years many of Asgard’s greatest foes attempted to steal it and draw it from its sheath. Odin and many other warriors fought to protect the sword and keep Asgard safe from its curse. It was later given to Thor, once the curse had been removed, in order to defeat his evil uncle Cul Borson. The Odinsword was said to be the only weapon that could stop the god of Fear. Uru Destroyer Arm Having his own axe Jarnbjorn turned against him, Prince Odinson recently lost his weapon arm in the current run of Thor. Malekith the dark elf stole the axe and cut the warrior’s arm off, keeping it as a prize for himself. Upon returning to Asgard, the prince was presented with an arm made of Uru metal, the same stuff as his axe and his lost hammer. It is a dark black color, and resembles the arm of the Destroyer. Eventually, in the far future, it is suggested that All-Father Thor actually wears the arm of this metal guardian, in place of the Uru one. The metal can draw strength from its wielder and the wielder can in turn draw strength from the metal, making uru weapons, like Mjolnir and Jarnbjorn, especially formidable. Winged Helmet Okay, the helmet doesn’t actually give Thor any powers, but the winged silver headpiece is a very important, stylish aspect of the costume. In the latest Thor series, the heroine’s face is entirely covered by her masked helm. Traditionally, though, the male hero dons a helmet that is open at the front, with the trademark wings framing the face. Sometimes it’s gold, but it’s usually a burnished silver. Sadly, this awesome helmet only made one appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and was of little consequence, but it still looked amazing. Maybe if it was imbued with magic, we would see it more? Megingjord, the Mystical Power Belt One of the lesser seen accessories to Thor’s power, Megingjord hails straight from Norse mythology as a leather belt that grants Thor immense strength even greater than his own normally. It has been used only against the most difficult of foes, as Thor generally has incredible strength with which to vanquish villains. This belt was also worn by human Roger “Red” Norvell when Odin hoped to give him godlike powers to avoid Ragnarok. Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder, Thor’s giant Goats Ok so they aren’t technically weapons or tools, but they are another bit of mythology that Marvel translated right onto the comic page. Thor uses two huge goats, named Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder, as steeds to draw his chariot, capable of flying the hero wherever he needs to go. With strong hooves and horns, these goats once managed to chip a sliver of uru off Mjolnir by accident, which later became Frogjolnir, mystical hammer of Throg, Frog of Thunder . These two mystical creatures make their most recent appearance in the current Thor series, as Prince Odinson loses Mjolnir and must use the goats as his primary mode of transportation, apart from the Bifrost. They seem like an eco-friendly ride. So, those are some of the best tools in Thor’s armory. It’s pretty incredible what a range there is, some things hailing directly from mythology and others being added by the various artists and writers who have tackled the epic Avenger’s story over the years. Imagine if a Hot Toys figure came with all those things! I’d sure love a sixth scale flying goat for my Thor display. Which of these do you think is the coolest? Which do you wish were seen more often, either in the comics or movies? You have some time to think about it. Until next Thorsday, mighty warriors! Amy’s first trip to a comic book store was a complete accident- it turned out to be the happiest accident of her life! Since then, she has delighted in reading all sorts of stories by Marvel, DC, and Image publishers each week. She also works in her local comic store and collects action figures and posters to feed her habit of general nerdiness. Her favorite hero is Thor, followed closely by Squirrel Girl. Amy manages and edits general comic book content for The Geek Initiative news site . April 30, 2015	i don't know
Who did Roger Federer defeat in the final to win the Men's Singles title at the 2009 French Open?	French Open 2009: Roger Federer relieved to finally win at Roland Garros - Telegraph French Open French Open 2009: Roger Federer relieved to finally win at Roland Garros Roger Federer has joined Pete Sampras on a record 14 grand-slam titles with victory over Robin Soderling in the French Open final. Hands on the trophy: Roger Federer was congratulated by Andre Agassi Photo: EPA By Telegraph staff and agencies 5:01PM BST 07 Jun 2009 Roger Federer , who was a runner-up to Rafa Nadal in each of the last three years on the Paris clay, could not contain his delight at having finally broken his Roland Garros duck. "It might be the greatest victory of my career," said the 27-year-old. "It takes away so much pressure. Now, I can play in peace for the rest of my career. "Nobody will never tell me again that I have not won Roland Garros. It's nice to be up here on the podium as a winner this time. "I would like to congratulate you Robin on an incredible tournament, you beat so many wonderful players on the way. Related Articles 06 Jun 2009 "It's always hard to lose in the final but it's an incredible surprise. "I hope you can keep it up for many years to come. All the best and congratulations." Federer joins the elite group of Fred Perry, Don Budge, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and Andre Agassi as the only men to clinch all four major titles. A tearful Federer was touched by the presence of Agassi. "Of course I'd like to thank Andre for being here. It means the world to me. "We've had some great matches over the years. For you to be here, the last man to win all four grand slams... now I know what it really feels like. "You're a hell of a guy and I wish you all the best for your private life. It's a pity you're not playing any more but I don't miss you." Soderling was thrilled just to have reached the final and found time to issue a light-hearted warning to his rival after his defeat. He said: "You know you beat me nine times in a row before this match, we were joking nobody can beat me 10 times in a row. We were wrong. But next time we play... nobody can beat me 11 times in a row, I promise you!"	Robin Söderling
Which Rossini opera has a title that translates into English as 'The Thieving Magpie'?	French Open Diary: Roger Federer def. Robin Soderling 6-1, 7-6 (1), 6-4 - The Daily Fix - WSJ French Open Diary: Roger Federer def. Robin Soderling 6-1, 7-6 (1), 6-4 By Jun 7, 2009 8:55 am ET AFP/Getty Images Roger Federer celebrates with the champion’s trophy after beating Robin Soderling in straight sets to win his first French Open title in Paris. It’s Federer’s 14th Grand Slam singles title, tying Pete Sampras for the most in a career by a men’s player. The Journal provides minute-by-minute analysis of today’s French Open men’s singles final as second-seeded Roger Federer defeated 23rd-seeded Robin Soderling 6-1, 7-6 (7-1), 6-4 in Paris. Guest blogger Tom Perrotta offers commentary on the match and the NBC telecast. Roger Federer, already destined for “all-time great” status before this tournament, is now at the top of the list. The “greatest of all time” debate goes on endlessly in every sport, but in tennis, the debate is over. No tennis player has dominated the game as convincingly (and with such artistry) as Federer. We might never see anyone do it again.	i don't know
Going on to lose to Soderling in the semi-final, who defeated Andy Murray in the French Open quarterfinals?	Nadal Is Stunned, Losing for the First Time at the French Open - The New York Times The New York Times Tennis \|Nadal Is Stunned, Losing Where He Feels Most at Home Search Continue reading the main story Photo Robin Soderling of Sweden celebrated his victory over Rafael Nadal of Spain in their fourth round match for the French Open in Paris on Sunday. Credit Christophe Karaba/European Pressphoto Agency PARIS — Rafael Nadal has still never been taken to a fifth set at the French Open , but he is no longer undefeated at the French Open. In one of the biggest upsets in the upset-filled history of tennis, Nadal, the four-time defending champion who had won 31 straight matches at Roland Garros, was shocked, 6-2, 6-7 (2), 6-4, 7-6 (2), in the fourth round by Robin Soderling of Sweden. Though Soderling, the 23rd seed, had never reached this stage of a Grand Slam tournament, he is an established if erratic figure on tour whose huge forehand and serve have generated some angst for the game’s leading men over the years. At Wimbledon in 2007, he pushed Nadal to five sets in the third round before losing in an ill-tempered match in which Soderling mocked Nadal by imitating his habit of yanking on the back of his shorts. But this was clay, the gritty surface where Nadal has been the most formidable force since Soderling’s compatriot Bjorn Borg; the surface on which Nadal was 48-0 in best-of-five-set matches; the surface where Nadal established his credentials as a champion before expanding his portfolio with victories at Wimbledon last year and the Australian Open this year. This was clay, the surface on which Nadal had overwhelmed Soderling, 6-1, 6-0, earlier this season in Rome. Continue reading the main story “His game didn’t surprise me; I was more surprised by mine,” Nadal said. There will be no record fifth straight singles title in Paris for Nadal. He will remain tied with Suzanne Lenglen and Borg, who each won the French Open four straight times. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “I’m expecting at least an SMS from him,” Soderling said of Borg, referring to the European shorthand for a text message. Soderling will face Nikolay Davydenko, the 10th seed from Russia, in the quarterfinals. Davydenko defeated Nadal’s Spanish countryman Fernando Verdasco, 6-2, 6-2, 6-4, on Sunday. It was a rough day for defending champions. Ana Ivanovic of Serbia, who won the women’s title last year, was beaten, 6-2, 6-3, by ninth-seeded Victoria Azarenka of Belarus. Nadal had not lost a set at Roland Garros since the 2007 final against Roger Federer. But Nadal, seeded and ranked first, was clearly not the same irresistible force as usual. He failed to generate depth consistently, which allowed Soderling to keep applying pressure. Nadal made errors from spots where he would normally generate winners. He also looked, at times, less convincing than usual on defense. Even Nadal’s passing shots — among the best in the game — were often ineffective. “It was my fault more than his,” Nadal said. “Well sure, he did well, he did very well. But I think I didn’t play my best tennis.” And yet Soderling, with a reputation for cracking under big-match pressure, still had to summon the gumption and the shots to do what no other player had done in the five years since Nadal emerged with his wicked left-handed forehand, two-handed backhand, soccer player’s footwork and matador’s brio. “I’ve played many matches on the ATP Tour; I’m getting old,” Soderling, 24, said. “I’ve been around for a while, and I just kept telling myself: ‘Just another match. I don’t care if it is the fourth round of the French against Nadal. This is just like any match.’ And this helped me.” Photo Spanish player Rafael Nadal lost a French Open match against Swedish player Robin Soderling on Sunday in Paris. Credit Lionel Bonaventure/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images Soderling appeared to forget his own advice at the end of the second set. He made six unforced errors in a row with his groundstrokes, eventually losing the set and a tie breaker. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The French crowd, enjoying the exotic sight of Nadal being challenged, grew quieter as the fans prepared for Nadal to start playing like the Nadal they knew. But Soderling soon gave them reason to start buzzing again, and down the stretch they were chanting “Ro-bin,” not “Ra-fa.” “It’s too bad really — at a tournament that means so much to me and is so beautiful — that the public has never made such a gesture to me,” Nadal said. “But I’m not going to use that as an excuse. I have lots of years to come back here. I hope one year, the public will do that for me.” Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Down by 1-6 in the fourth-set tie breaker, Nadal saved the first match point he had ever faced at Roland Garros with a forehand down the line, but on the next point, he pushed a forehand volley just wide. Soderling pumped his fist and then quickly shook the hands of Nadal and the chair umpire. Only then did he show just how much the moment meant to him, running back on court, throwing back his closely cropped head and roaring with delight before tossing his racket into the stands. One imagines that a few other men left in the tournament were feeling rather celebratory themselves. With Nadal hoarding the trophies here, Roger Federer has never been able to win the only Grand Slam title he lacks. Now, with both Nadal and No. 4 seed Novak Djokovic eliminated, Federer is suddenly a favorite to fill that hole on his résumé and to match Pete Sampras’s record of 14 career major singles titles. “It would be good for him to complete his Grand Slam,” Nadal said. “Federer had the bad luck to lose three finals and one semifinal here, but I think that if there is someone who deserves it, it’s really him.” Azarenka did not seem intimidated by Ivanovic. The ninth-seeded Azarenka is a whippet of a 19-year-old from Belarus with a volcanic on-court temperament who has been her tour’s breakout figure this year. She has slugged and grunted her way into the top 10. She may stay awhile, but it appears that she will have to be at her best if she is to advance past the quarterfinals. Her next opponent is the No. 1 seed Dinara Safina, who defeated the unseeded Frenchwoman Aravane Rezai, 6-1, 6-0. In four matches, Safina has dropped five games. Advertisement Continue reading the main story In the other quarterfinal in that half of the draw, Sharapova, ranked 102nd as she comes back from shoulder surgery, will face Dominika Cibulkova of Slovakia, who defeated Agnes Szavay of Hungary, 6-2, 6-4. Maria Sharapova beat Li Na, 6-4, 0-6, 6-4, rallying from 2-4 down in the final set despite being treated for leg cramps. Andy Murray of Britain and Fernando Gonzalez of Chile will face each other in the quarterfinals. Murray looked comfortable in a 7-5, 7-6 (4), 6-1 victory over Marin Cilic, a 20-year-old Croat seeded 13th. Gonzalez, the 12th seed, won by 6-2, 6-4, 6-2 against Victor Hanescu of Romania. Nadal played down the possible negative effects of a long clay-court season in which he won titles in Monte Carlo, Barcelona and Rome before losing to Federer in the final at the new tournament in Madrid. Soderling did some playing down of his own in reference to his contentious match with Nadal at Wimbledon. “We had a good match in Wimbledon, of course a tough match, which I lost,” he said. “But you know, I’ve been saying this a lot of times on the tour; he’s just another player on the tour. Again, he’s the best clay-court player of all times, but he’s just like someone else to me.” So it seemed Sunday. A version of this article appears in print on , on Page D3 of the New York edition with the headline: Nadal Is Stunned, Losing Where He Feels Most at Home. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Fernando González
Which Mozart opera has a title that can be translated into English as 'Thus Do All Women'?	Nadal Is Stunned, Losing for the First Time at the French Open - The New York Times The New York Times Tennis \|Nadal Is Stunned, Losing Where He Feels Most at Home Search Continue reading the main story Photo Robin Soderling of Sweden celebrated his victory over Rafael Nadal of Spain in their fourth round match for the French Open in Paris on Sunday. Credit Christophe Karaba/European Pressphoto Agency PARIS — Rafael Nadal has still never been taken to a fifth set at the French Open , but he is no longer undefeated at the French Open. In one of the biggest upsets in the upset-filled history of tennis, Nadal, the four-time defending champion who had won 31 straight matches at Roland Garros, was shocked, 6-2, 6-7 (2), 6-4, 7-6 (2), in the fourth round by Robin Soderling of Sweden. Though Soderling, the 23rd seed, had never reached this stage of a Grand Slam tournament, he is an established if erratic figure on tour whose huge forehand and serve have generated some angst for the game’s leading men over the years. At Wimbledon in 2007, he pushed Nadal to five sets in the third round before losing in an ill-tempered match in which Soderling mocked Nadal by imitating his habit of yanking on the back of his shorts. But this was clay, the gritty surface where Nadal has been the most formidable force since Soderling’s compatriot Bjorn Borg; the surface on which Nadal was 48-0 in best-of-five-set matches; the surface where Nadal established his credentials as a champion before expanding his portfolio with victories at Wimbledon last year and the Australian Open this year. This was clay, the surface on which Nadal had overwhelmed Soderling, 6-1, 6-0, earlier this season in Rome. Continue reading the main story “His game didn’t surprise me; I was more surprised by mine,” Nadal said. There will be no record fifth straight singles title in Paris for Nadal. He will remain tied with Suzanne Lenglen and Borg, who each won the French Open four straight times. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “I’m expecting at least an SMS from him,” Soderling said of Borg, referring to the European shorthand for a text message. Soderling will face Nikolay Davydenko, the 10th seed from Russia, in the quarterfinals. Davydenko defeated Nadal’s Spanish countryman Fernando Verdasco, 6-2, 6-2, 6-4, on Sunday. It was a rough day for defending champions. Ana Ivanovic of Serbia, who won the women’s title last year, was beaten, 6-2, 6-3, by ninth-seeded Victoria Azarenka of Belarus. Nadal had not lost a set at Roland Garros since the 2007 final against Roger Federer. But Nadal, seeded and ranked first, was clearly not the same irresistible force as usual. He failed to generate depth consistently, which allowed Soderling to keep applying pressure. Nadal made errors from spots where he would normally generate winners. He also looked, at times, less convincing than usual on defense. Even Nadal’s passing shots — among the best in the game — were often ineffective. “It was my fault more than his,” Nadal said. “Well sure, he did well, he did very well. But I think I didn’t play my best tennis.” And yet Soderling, with a reputation for cracking under big-match pressure, still had to summon the gumption and the shots to do what no other player had done in the five years since Nadal emerged with his wicked left-handed forehand, two-handed backhand, soccer player’s footwork and matador’s brio. “I’ve played many matches on the ATP Tour; I’m getting old,” Soderling, 24, said. “I’ve been around for a while, and I just kept telling myself: ‘Just another match. I don’t care if it is the fourth round of the French against Nadal. This is just like any match.’ And this helped me.” Photo Spanish player Rafael Nadal lost a French Open match against Swedish player Robin Soderling on Sunday in Paris. Credit Lionel Bonaventure/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images Soderling appeared to forget his own advice at the end of the second set. He made six unforced errors in a row with his groundstrokes, eventually losing the set and a tie breaker. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The French crowd, enjoying the exotic sight of Nadal being challenged, grew quieter as the fans prepared for Nadal to start playing like the Nadal they knew. But Soderling soon gave them reason to start buzzing again, and down the stretch they were chanting “Ro-bin,” not “Ra-fa.” “It’s too bad really — at a tournament that means so much to me and is so beautiful — that the public has never made such a gesture to me,” Nadal said. “But I’m not going to use that as an excuse. I have lots of years to come back here. I hope one year, the public will do that for me.” Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Down by 1-6 in the fourth-set tie breaker, Nadal saved the first match point he had ever faced at Roland Garros with a forehand down the line, but on the next point, he pushed a forehand volley just wide. Soderling pumped his fist and then quickly shook the hands of Nadal and the chair umpire. Only then did he show just how much the moment meant to him, running back on court, throwing back his closely cropped head and roaring with delight before tossing his racket into the stands. One imagines that a few other men left in the tournament were feeling rather celebratory themselves. With Nadal hoarding the trophies here, Roger Federer has never been able to win the only Grand Slam title he lacks. Now, with both Nadal and No. 4 seed Novak Djokovic eliminated, Federer is suddenly a favorite to fill that hole on his résumé and to match Pete Sampras’s record of 14 career major singles titles. “It would be good for him to complete his Grand Slam,” Nadal said. “Federer had the bad luck to lose three finals and one semifinal here, but I think that if there is someone who deserves it, it’s really him.” Azarenka did not seem intimidated by Ivanovic. The ninth-seeded Azarenka is a whippet of a 19-year-old from Belarus with a volcanic on-court temperament who has been her tour’s breakout figure this year. She has slugged and grunted her way into the top 10. She may stay awhile, but it appears that she will have to be at her best if she is to advance past the quarterfinals. Her next opponent is the No. 1 seed Dinara Safina, who defeated the unseeded Frenchwoman Aravane Rezai, 6-1, 6-0. In four matches, Safina has dropped five games. Advertisement Continue reading the main story In the other quarterfinal in that half of the draw, Sharapova, ranked 102nd as she comes back from shoulder surgery, will face Dominika Cibulkova of Slovakia, who defeated Agnes Szavay of Hungary, 6-2, 6-4. Maria Sharapova beat Li Na, 6-4, 0-6, 6-4, rallying from 2-4 down in the final set despite being treated for leg cramps. Andy Murray of Britain and Fernando Gonzalez of Chile will face each other in the quarterfinals. Murray looked comfortable in a 7-5, 7-6 (4), 6-1 victory over Marin Cilic, a 20-year-old Croat seeded 13th. Gonzalez, the 12th seed, won by 6-2, 6-4, 6-2 against Victor Hanescu of Romania. Nadal played down the possible negative effects of a long clay-court season in which he won titles in Monte Carlo, Barcelona and Rome before losing to Federer in the final at the new tournament in Madrid. Soderling did some playing down of his own in reference to his contentious match with Nadal at Wimbledon. “We had a good match in Wimbledon, of course a tough match, which I lost,” he said. “But you know, I’ve been saying this a lot of times on the tour; he’s just another player on the tour. Again, he’s the best clay-court player of all times, but he’s just like someone else to me.” So it seemed Sunday. A version of this article appears in print on , on Page D3 of the New York edition with the headline: Nadal Is Stunned, Losing Where He Feels Most at Home. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
What is the first name of the title character in Dickens' novel 'Little Dorrit'?	Little Dorrit by Charles Dickens: Character Summary ARTHUR CLENNAM: son of Mrs. Clennam who takes an interest in Little Dorrit MR. WILLIAM DORRIT: a proud man who becomes the Father of the Marshalsea JEREMIAH FLINTWINCH: servant and partner of Mrs. Clennam's HENRY GOWAN: an untalented artist tied to the Barnacle family MR. MEAGLES: a kindly retired banker MR. MERDLE: a well-respected man whose wealthy, though nobody knows how MR. PANCKS: a rent collector for Mr. Casby RIGAUD (ALSO KNOWN AS LAGNIER AND LATER BLANDOIS): a former prisoner of Marseilles and a murderer MRS. CLENNAM: Arthur's difficult mother AMY DORRIT (KNOWN AS LITTLE DORRIT): the youngest child of Mr. Dorrit, born at the Marshalsea FANNY DORRIT (LATER KNOWN AS MRS. SPARKLER): Amy's proud elder sister FLORA FINCHING: Arthur's former love, daughter of Mr. Casby MRS. AFFERY FLINTWINCH: Jeremiah's wife, who believes she is passing through life dreaming MRS. MEAGLES: Mr. Meagles' wife MINNIE MEAGLES (NICKNAMED PET AND LATER KNOWN AS MRS. GOWAN): The daughter of the Meagles and Henry Gowan's wife MISS WADE: a sullen woman of mystery MR. FREDERICK DORRIT: William's brother who is a musician and considered feeble-minded DANIEL DOYCE: an inventor, friend of the Meagles, and partner to Arthur Clennam SUPPORTING CHARACTERS CLARENCE BARNACLE: the son of Tite Barnacle who works at the Circumlocution Office LORD DECIMUS BARNACLE: highly placed official of the Circumlocution Office FERDINAND BARNACLE: private secretary of Lord Decimus, a good-natured fellow TITE BARNACLE: a high official of the Circumlocution Office BOB: turnkey of the Marshalsea Prison and godfather to Little Dorrit CHRISTOPHER CASBY (KNOWN AS THE PATRIARCH): landlord of the Bleeding Heart Yard who has a reputation for benevolence JOHN BAPTIST CAVALLETO: a fellow prisoner of Rigaud's at Marseilles JOHN CHIVERY: a non-resident turnkey at the Marshalsea YOUNG JOHN CHIVERY: John Chivery's son, later a turnkey, who loves Little Dorrit EDWARD DORRIT (NICKNAMED TIP): the idle son of William Dorrit JOHN EDWARD NANDY: a man that lives in a workhouse MR. PLORNISH: one of Mr. Casby's tenants that helps Little Dorrit MRS. PLORNISH: Mr. Plornish's wife, the daughter of Mr. Nandy MR. RUGG: a lawyer and agent MR. EDMUND SPARKLER: dim-witted son of Mrs. Merdle from her first marriage and husband to Fanny Dorrit MRS. MERDLE: an admired woman of society who is fashionable and well bred BAR: a lawyer friend of Mr. Merdle's PHYSICIAN: a friend of Mr. Merdle's BISHOP: a friend of Mr. Merdle's TINKLER: Mr. Dorrit's valet, whom he distrusts MRS. BANGHAM: a charwoman of the Marhsalsea who nurses Mrs. Dorrit HARRIET BEADLE (CALLED TATTYCORAM): an orphan girl the Meagles adopted that is very passionate MRS. CHIVERY: wife of John Chivery Sr. and owner of a tobacco shop MR. F'S AUNT: a difficult old lady that Flora takes care of who is the aunt of her late husband MRS. GENERAL: a widowed lady hired to coach the Dorrit girls into becoming ladies MRS. GOWAN: Henry's mother MAGGY: a retarded girl that Little Dorrit helps ANASTATIA RUGG: daughter of Mr. Rugg MRS. TICKIT: cook and housekeeper of the Meagles	Amy (disambiguation)
Bryan Adams'(Everything I Do) I Do It For You’ spent 16 weeks at number one in 1991. Which 'U2' single finally knocked it from number one?	Little Dorrit Summary This page presents a summary of the plot and characters of Little Dorrit, a novel of social criticism by Charles Dickens . Little Dorrit Summary Little Dorrit is a book by Charles Dickens published in serial instalments between 1855 and 1857. Book One: Poverty Reproduction of the Original Cover for Little Dorrit William Dorrit is a distinguished gentleman but an incompetent businessman. He falls into debt and because he is unable to pay his creditors, is confined to the Marshalsea, a debtor's prison in London . In accordance with the law at the time, Dorrit's family - his wife and two children, the snobbish Fanny and lazy Tip - are allowed to accompany him to the jail and share his cell. Later, the Dorrits have a daughter, Amy, who is born in prison. Amy is referred to as Little Dorrit because of her size and youth. Little Dorrit is doted on by the other inmates of the jail as well as the jail's warden. When Little Dorrit is eight years old, her mother dies. A few years later Mrs. Bangham, who had helped deliver Little Dorrit when she was born, and the jailer, who had formed a special bond with Little Dorrit also die. Upon the warden's death, William Dorrit becomes the dean of the prison and is referred to as the "Father of the Marshalsea" while Little Dorrit, now 16 years old, is referred to as the "Daughter of the Marshalsea". Little Dorrit dutifully supports her family with the money she earns by sewing. The lives of the Dorrits are intertwined in a mysterious way with the Clennam family. Arthur Clennam, who is in his forties, has just returned to London after being to the Orient on family business. His own father has died the year before, and Clennam has come back to see his mother. Shortly before his death, Arthur Clennam's father had given his son a watch with a piece of silk paper inside, with the letters D.N.F on it which stood for "Do Not Forget". Thinking that the watch was intended for his mother, Arthur has it shipped back home to his mother from China. However, his mother angrily refuses to discuss the meaning of the watch or the note. On his return to Europe, Arthur docks at the French port of Marseilles and is quarantined with a number of other passengers. Here Arthur meets Miss Wade, a husband and wife by the last name of Meagles and their daughter "Pet", and Tattycorum, an orphan that they have adopted and who works as their servant. Eventually Arthur returns to London with the intention of telling his mother that he has left the firm, but he is oppressed by the feeling that there his family is guilty of something (perhaps an unpaid debt) and that there is a mystery at the heart of the relationship between his parents. Little Dorrit helps her siblings to find work and leave the jail, while she herself finds work as a domestic in the home of Arthur's mother, Mrs. Clennam, where Arthur meets her for the first time. Little Dorrit is now 22 years old. Little Dorrit: The Marhsalsea Becomes and Orphan, illustrations by Phiz Arthur finds Little Dorrit attractive and when she returns to her home at the Marshalsea jail, where she still lives with her father, he decides to follow her. It is then that Arthur realizes the extreme poverty in which she lives and he decides to be her protector. Little Dorrit falls in love with Arthur but she is far too shy and feels too inferior socially to reveal her true feelings. Meanwhile Little Dorrit does not realize that the son of the Marshalsea jail warden is in love with her. Arthur makes enquiries about the Dorrit family. He asks Little Dorrit if she had ever heard the name Clennam before going to work for his mother, but she replies that she had not. However Arthur suspects that there is in fact a connection between his family and the Dorrits and he suspects that his mother may have had something to do with the Dorrits' downfall. Little Dorrit, the Brothers. In an attempt to unravel the mystery Arthur turns to Titus Barnacle for information about the nature of William Dorrit's debt. Barnacle is a bureaucrat in the slow moving government ministry called the Circumlocution Office, where papers are pushed on and on, with nothing ever done. Barnacle and his Circumlocution Office are an allegory about government waste and inefficiency. While at the Circumlocution Office Arthur meets Mr. Meagles again and an inventor named Daniel Doyce, with whom he enters into a business partnership. With the help of a tireless debt collector named Panck, Arthur finally discovers that William Dorrit is the heir to a large fortune. The Dorrits are now rich and William Dorrit is able to pay off his debts and leave the debtors' prison for the first time in decades. Book Two: Wealth Suddenly wealthy and respectable again, Mr. Dorrit decides to take his family on a holiday to Europe. Mr. Dorrit and his children, except for Little Dorrit, take on snobbish airs. Mr. Dorrit begins to frequently criticize Little Dorrit, who had once been his favorite child, for not having good social graces and not fitting in to the high society in which they are now mingling. Little Dorrit's father also begins scheming to marry her off to someone of high society, much to the dismay of Little Dorrit who is in love with Arthur. This period ends with the death of Little Dorrit's father. Little Dorrit then goes to live with her now married older sister and her foppish husband, Edmund Sparkler. However the Dorrit family fortune is suddenly lost again when her sister's husband lose everything in a fraudulent investment scheme run by Edmund's father and an accomplice. This financial collapse also ruins Arthur, and the Dorrits and Arthur are now all imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison. Little Dorrit Video Meanwhile a French villain on the run from the law, discovers that Arthur is not really Mrs. Clennam's son. It turns out that Arthur was the love child of his father and a beautiful singer. Arthur's father had given up his true love and married Arthur's step mother because of pressure from his wealthy uncle. The child had been raised as their own. The uncle was consumed by guilt for having broken up the relationship between Arthur's father and his biological mother, and to assuage his guilt he had left his estate to the Arthur's biological mother and "the youngest daughter of her patron," a musician who happened to be Little Dorrit's now deceased uncle. Because Little Dorrit's uncle had no children, the inheritance now belongs to her. Mrs. Clennam confesses to Little Dorrit that she has hidden this secret from her and from Arthur and begs for forgiveness. Mrs. Clennam then collapses out of her wheel chair and in a somewhat ridiculous scene reminiscent of Poe's Fall of the House of Usher, the house begins to fall down around her, killing the would be blackmailer Rigaud. It is indeed the fall of the house of Clennam. Little Dorrit decides not to tell Arthur because she knows that he will be crushed to learn the truth about his mother. As a result, she passes up the opportunity to claim her inheritance. But in yet another melodramatic and improbable plot twist all ends well anyway. Arthur's business partner returns from Turkey a rich man and Arthur is released from jail. Little Dorrit and Arthur then get married and live happily ever after, which might not have been a very long time given the short life expectancies of Victorian England and the twenty year age difference between them. As is typical of Dickens' novels, Little Dorrit has many subplots involving minor characters. One subplot involves Mr. and Mrs. Meagles, whom Arthur had first met at Marseilles in the company of Miss Wade and their daughter Pet as well as their foster daughter and servant Tattycorum. Pet marries an artist named Gowan, while Tattycorum is lured away by Miss Wade a sinister man-hating character who is an accomplice of the criminal Rigaud. Miss Wade's hatred for men turns out to be due to the fact that she was once jilted by Gowan, the same man that Pet married. In some ways these subplots are filler meant to create a rich landscape of characters and incidents. And while one must admire Dickens's ability to create memorable characters, even when they have a minor role in the novel, the intertwining of their lives is unrealistic and improbable.	i don't know
Which British battleship was sunk by a German U-boat in Scapa Flow in October 1939?	Torpedo on seabed linked to sinking of Royal Oak in Scapa Flow - BBC News BBC News Torpedo on seabed linked to sinking of Royal Oak in Scapa Flow 2 March 2016 Image copyright Sula Diving Image caption The torpedo was found during a routine seabed survey A torpedo found on the seabed of Scapa Flow in Orkney "was likely" to have been among those fired at HMS Royal Oak in World War Two. The British battleship was sunk by German U-boat U47 on 14 October 1939. More than 800 men died in the attack. A seven metre (22ft) long object found during a routine seabed survey earlier this week has been confirmed as a German torpedo. Royal Navy divers have begun work to dispose of the weapon. Brian Archibald, Orkney Island Council's harbour master and head of marine services, said: "Now that we know that the torpedo is German, we believe it is highly likely that it was among those fired at HMS Royal Oak by the U-boat U47 in October 1939. "Its location in Scapa Flow is in the vicinity of the area where, from historical accounts, U47 is thought to have carried out the attack." Image copyright Orkney Library and Archive Image caption The battleship HMS Royal Oak When the Royal Oak was torpedoed in the early hours of 14 October most of the 1,200 crew were asleep below deck. Under the command of Günther Prien, the submarine U47 had slipped undetected into Scapa Flow, an area of sheltered water. A first salvo of three torpedoes was fired from the U-boat. Two missed but the one that struck caused those on board Royal Oak such surprise that many assumed the impact was an internal problem and not an attack. A second salvo failed to find its target, before a third saw all three strike the battleship. Less than 15 minutes later, the battleship disappeared beneath the water, claiming the lives of 833 seamen, more than 100 of them "boy sailors" aged under 18. The torpedo was discovered on Saturday. A remote-operated vehicle (ROV) has also captured video footage of the weapon, which is lying 32m (104ft) below the water's surface. Ships have been advised not to anchor in the area where it was found. Scapa Flow was used as a Royal Navy base in both world wars and is now popular with divers due to the British and German relics lying on the seabed. More than 50 German ships were deliberately sunk in the area at the end of World War One by their commanders to stop them being divided among the Allies.	HMS Royal Oak
What was the name of the Royal Navy aircraft carrier that was sunk by a German U-boat in the Mediterranean Sea in November 1941?	Scapa Flow's Wartime Heritage Discover the wartime heritage of Scapa Flow Introduction Scapa Flow is a natural harbour which has been used over many centuries, from the Viking fleet of King Haokon in the 13th Century, to the present day. It formed an important northern base for the British fleets in both world wars. World War I During the first World War, the British Grand Fleet used Scapa Flow as a northern base. After a German U-Boat managed to enter the Flow early in the war, merchant ships were sent as blockships in strategic places and anti-submarine nets were put in place. From this base, vessels from the fleet made sweeps in search of the enemy. In 1916, the British Grand Fleet left to fight in the Battle of Jutland. 24 battleships and 3 battlecruisers, plus destroyers and scouting cruisers set out under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. They met the German High Seas Fleet in battle. There was much damage wrought, with many thousands of men losing their lives, but both sides believed they had won. However, after the battle, the Kaiser's fleet never went to sea again. In June 1916, Lord Kitchener, the Minister of War, arrived in Scapa Flow to visit Admiral Jellicoe and hear his account of the Battle of Jutland, Kitchener left on board the Hampshire, and sailed up the west coast of Orkney. Near Birsay, the Hampshire struck a mine, and only 12 men out of 665 survived. On 1926, money was raised by public subscription to erect the Kitchener Memorial at Marwick Head near Birsay. After the armistice, seventy-four ships of the German High Seas Fleet were ordered into Scapa Flow to be interned. They arrived in November 1918, and stayed there for 10 months. During this time, they became a tourist attraction, with boat trips to see them. By June 1919, Rear Admiral von Reuter, the German Officer in command at Scapa Flow, knew that Germany would have to accept surrender terms. When the main part of the British Fleet left the flow for exercises he gave the order for the German fleet to be scuttled. Most of the scuttled fleet did not stay iwhere they had sunk. Those that were beached were removed almost immediately. In the 1920s, the firm Cox & Douglas began salvage operations, lifting many of the ships. This salvage continued until the advent of the Second World War, and only eight scuttled ships now remain in the Flow. The first of the German Fleet to sink after the order to scuttle was issued was the Friedrich der Grosse - the flagship of the Jutland Fleet. This battleship sank beneath the surface at 12:16pm. The British managed to save a few of the German ships by towing them towards shore where they settled in the shallow water. At 5pm on 21 June 1919, the last ship, the Hindenberg, went under. By this time the surface of Scapa Flow was covered in oil and debris. The environmental damage caused by the scuttling was considerable. On June 21st 1919, a party of schoolchildren from the town of Stromness were being taken on a trip around Scapa Flow to view the German Fleet. Little did they know when they left home that day what they were to witness. The following is a piece written by one of the children, James Taylor, one of the pupils who witnessed the scuttling: "On Saturday June 21st 1919, I rose very early, as it would never do to be late for a school treat which was to take the form of a cruise on the Flying Kestrel to visit the surrendered German Fleet. The though of sailing up to them made us boys almost sick with excitement! At long last we came face to face with the Fleet. Their decks were lined with German sailors who....did not seem too pleased to see us. Suddenly without any warning and almost simultaneously these huge vessels began to list over to port or starboard; some heeled over and plunged headlong, their sterns lifted high out of the water. Out of the vents rushed steam and oil and air with a dreadful roaring hiss. And as we watched, awestruck and silent, the sea became littered for miles round with boats and hammocks, lifebelts and chests....and among it all hundreds of men struggling for their lives. As we drew away from this nightmare scene we watched the last great battleship slide down with keel upturned like some monstrous whale." The crew of a German destroyer abandon ship as the vessel sinks. Remains of a Blockship. The "Hampshire", of the British Grand Fleet. The "Kronprinz Wilhelm", of the German High Seas Fleet. World War II During World War II, the Home Fleet was based at Scapa Flow, from where it helped to protect the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk. In October, 1939, only a month after war had been declared, an assault on Scapa Flow was planned using the U-Boat U-47, commanded by Lieutenant Günther Prien. On the night of October 13th, the U-Boat managed to pass between the Orkney Mainland and Lamb Holm into Scapa Flow, between two northerly blockships. Just after midnight HMS Royal Oak was sighted in Scapa Bay. Torpedoes were fired, and a hole 30 feet in diameter was made in the hull, and she capsized. Of the crew of 1400 men, 833 lost their lives. HMS Royal Oak is a protected war grave, and each year on the anniversary of the sinking, there are memorial services. Following this event, Scapa Flow became heavily defended with anti-aircraft batteries, minefields and further blockships. In 1940, Winston Churchill gave orders that the defences on the eastern side of Scapa Flow were to be improved by setting concrete blocks between islands to make causeways. These four causeways are known as the Churchill Barriers (picture, left) Italian POWs were used to build the barriers. They were unhappy, declaring this to be war work, and thus against the Geneva Convention, but were persuaded that the primary purpose of the barriers was to provide an easy means of communication by road for the people living in the south parishes. The Italian prisoners built a beautiful 'Italian Chapel' on Lamb Holm for their worship, which can still be visited today. The Scapa Flow Vistor Centre is housed in the former oil pumping station at the Lyness Naval Base on Hoy. Here are housed many exhibits from both World Wars. The Royal Oak	i don't know
In which African country does the Equator reach the Indian Ocean?	East Africa Living Encyclopedia Kenya -- Geography Area The total area of Kenya is 224,960 square miles; almost 5,200 sq. miles of this total takes the form of fresh water, mainly in Lake Rudolf. Location Kenya is positioned on the equator on Africa's east coast. Its northernmost and southernmost points are approximately equidistant--a little over 40 north and south of the equator. Kenya shares borders with five other countries. The perimeter of Kenya's international land borders is 3,446 km., including borders with Sudan (306 km), Ethiopia (779 km), Somalia (682 km), Tanzania (769 km), and Uganda (772 km). Kenya's eastern and northern neighbors are Somalia and Ethiopia. To the northwest lies the Sudan. Many inhabitants of the Sudan's border region are in fact ethnically related to Kenya `s peoples. To the west lies Uganda and to the south, Tanzania, both nations that share with Kenya a history of British colonial rule. Geographical Regions The country is commonly divided into seven major geographic regions, as follows. The Coastal Region extends some 250 miles from the southern border where Kenya meets Tanzania, to the border with Somalia in the north. This region is characterized by a variety of geographical features, a variety that is particularly pronounced as one travels south or north. The southern shoreline consists largely of stretches of coral rock and sand interrupted by bays, inlets, and branched creeks. Following the coast is a barrier reef that is broken only rarely. Traveling inland from the coast, one encounters a narrow plain, and later a low plateau area reaching an elevation of about 500 feet, and, finally, a line of discontinuous ridges. The principal geographic feature of the northern part of the region is the Lamu Archipelago, which was formed when a rise in the ocean level inundated coastal lands. The southern coastal hinterland is a relatively featureless erosional plain broken in a few places by groups of small hills. The Tana Plains are mainly a depositional plain; equally featureless and deficient in rainfall, this region extends northward from the upper Coastal Region to the northern plains. The plain's eastern edge forms the border of Somalia (into which it actually extends). The western part of the plain ends with the elevated Eastern Plateau Region. The Tana River flows across the plain from the Kenyan Highlands into the Indian Ocean. The Eastern Plateau Region consists of a belt of plains extending north- and southward to the eastern Kenya Highlands. Land elevations vary mainly between 1,000 and 3,000 feet above sea level. The Northern Plain-lands Region stretches from the border with Uganda on the west to the Somalia border on the east. It is made up of a series of arid plains formed by erosion or by great outpourings of lava. The region includes Lake Rudolf and the Chalbi Desert. West of the lake the lands are quite arid, with an annual rainfall that averages under ten inches and that falls some years to an almost negligible level. East of Lake Rudolf lies the Chalbi Desert; still farther east are equally arid lands that ordinarily support only semi-desert vegetation. The Kenya Highlands Region was known as the White Highlands during colonial times since the European population tended to concentrate there. The region consists of two major divisions, lying east and west of the Great Rift Valley that runs north-south. These regions are made up of a variety of geographical subdivisions whose origins are diverse. The entire area is characterized by significantly higher altitude, cooler temperatures, and, generally speaking, more plentiful precipitation than in other regions. Rift Valley Region encompasses Eastern Africa's Rift Valley which was formed by an extended series of faulting and differential rock movements. The valley stretches from Kenya's Lake Rudolf area, running southward through the Kenya Highlands into Tanzania. Near Lake Rudolf, the valley floor tapers down to less than 1,500 feet above sea level, but southward it rises steadily to nearly 6,200 feet in its central section near Lake Naivasha. South of the lake, it drops off to about 2,000 feet at the Kenya-Tanzania border. The Western Plateau Region forms part of the extensive basin around Lake Victoria. In Kenya the region consists mainly of faulted plateaus marked by escarpments that descend gently from the Kenya Highlands to the lakeshore. The region is divided by the Kano Rift Valley into northern and southern sub-regions with distinct geographical features.[1] Climate Given that Kenya straddles the equator, its terrain is highly diversified with climatic conditions ranging from moist to arid. In this part of Africa, seasons are distinguished by duration of rainfall rather than by changes in temperature. In the Western Plateau and the Highlands, rain falls in a single long season. East of the rift valley, there are two distinct seasons: a period of long rains from March to May and one of short rains from September to October. Rainfall is most plentiful in the Highlands and on the coast which receive an average of 101 cm. The Western Plateau receives over 178 cm annually. More than 70% of the country, however, is arid or semi-arid, receiving less than 51 cm per year. Rainfall is sporadic in the dry areas. Variations in altitude are the major factor in temperature differences in the various parts of the country. The Highlands generally have a cool, bracing climate with a mean annual maximum of 26.10C (790F) and a mean annual minimum of 10C (50F). Nairobi, at an elevation of 1,670 meters (5,500 feet), has a mean annual temperature of 19C (67F). The nation's highest temperatures are found in the Northern Plain, where the mean maximum is 34C (93F) and temperatures often reach 43.3C (110F). Temperatures varies between 14C (57F) and 29C (84F) in the Eastern Plateau, and between 34C (93F) and 17.8C (64F) and 21.1C (70F) in the coastal areas. The hottest months fall between January and March; the coldest are June and July.[2] Vegetation Kenya's plant life is highly diverse, ranging from mangrove forests and coconut palms on the coast to Savannah grassland and woods to thick coniferous evergreen forests on the mountain slopes. On the western plateaus, low trees grow amid grass over 1.5 meters high; similar vegetation is found between 915 and 1,829 meters east and south of Mount Kenya and near the headwaters of the Tana and Athi rivers. On the northern and southern edges of the highlands, flat-topped trees are scattered through meter-high grass. [3] Drainage System The area's principal drainage system begins in the Kenya Highlands Region. Streams and rivers radiate from this region eastward toward the Indian Ocean, westward to Lake Victoria, and run northward to Lake Rudolf or disappear the arid terrain of northern Kenya. A secondary drainage system is formed by rivers in the southern highlands of Ethiopia, which extend into Kenya along the eastern part of their shared boundary. These rivers are seasonal. Those receiving sufficient rainwater to reach the sea all pass through Somalia. The two largest rivers--the only navigable ones--are the Tana and the Galana, which empty into the Indian Ocean. The Tana basin has an area of about 24,000 square miles and receives much of the flow from the Aberdare Range and Mount Kenya. The Galana River has its source in the southeastern Kenya Highlands and flows together with its tributaries into the Indian Ocean north of Malindi. Several smaller rivers begin in the foothills of the eastern Kenya Highlands in the Tana River basin. The Lagh Thua and Mkondo Wa Kokani rivers disappear in the semi-arid region east of the highlands; only in times of heavy rainfall do their waters cross the area to empty into the Tana River. South of the Galana, the Goshi River runs about 130 miles, fifty miles of whose lower course has water in the dry season. The western Kenya Highlands are drained by a number of rivers that empty into Lake Victoria. The largest of these are the Nzoia, about 160 miles long, and the Yala, with a length of about 110 miles. Yala Falls and Selby Falls (on a tributary of the Nzoia) have considerable potential for generating hydroelectric power. The Mara River, in the Mau Escarpment in the southwest highlands, flows southward for about 100 miles, enters Tanzania, and turns westward to flow for almost another 100 miles into Lake Victoria. The northern Kenya Highlands east of the Rift Valley are drained by small rivers that disappear in the arid land to the north and by the larger, eastward-flowing system of the Ewaso Ngiro, which has a drainage basin of approximately 22,000 square miles.[4] [1] Kaplan, Irving & et.al. 1976. Area Handbook for Kenya, Second Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. pp. 50-64. [2] Kurian, George Thomas 1992. Encyclopedia of the Third World, fourth edition, volume III, Facts on File: New York, N.Y., pp. 968-69. [3] Uwechue, Raph (ed.) 1996. Africa Today, Third Edition, Africa Books Limited, p. 854. [4] Kaplan, Irving & et.al. 1976. Area Handbook for Kenya, Second Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. pp. 57-58.	Somalia
What is the medical name for the chest bone?	Africa travel guide - Wikitravel Cities[ edit ] Johannesburg Algiers — the capital of Algeria ,northernmost capital and biggest city on the south mediterranian coast,a mix of europian colonial architecture and arabian medina. Accra — the capital of Ghana and one of the most accessible cities in West Africa for travellers Addis Ababa — the huge capital of Ethiopia and a major hub for NGOs and the African Union Cairo — the largest city in Africa with major monuments of Ancient Egypt nearby Cape Town — the iconic Mother City of South Africa with Table Mountain, the Cape of Good Hope and numerous other attractions Dakar — the capital of Senegal and the westernmost city in Africa Johannesburg — South Africa's largest city and perhaps the continent's key financial and economic centre Luanda — the capital of Angola, which has been through a huge renaissance in the past decade Marrakech — a blend of the ancient and modern in Morocco Nairobi — the capital of Kenya and the largest city in East Africa Other destinations[ edit ] Victoria Falls Aksum — the ancient capital of Ethiopia, famous for its stelae and the ruins of various palaces Hoggar and Tassili national parks in Algeria with breathtaki g old volcanoes and one of the best sunsets in the world. Dogon Country — a region of south-central Mali renowned for its secluded villages embedded on cliffs and a very distinct culture Kruger National Park — a well managed and very popular national park in South Africa Leptis Magna — extensive Roman ruins in Libya Mount Kilimanjaro — Africa's highest mountain and a great trekking destination in Tanzania Serengeti National Park — huge national park in Tanzania, perhaps the archetypal African game park; becomes the Maasai Mara National Reserve over the border in Kenya History[ edit ] The pyramids at Giza : the most famous Pharonic relic and one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Modern humans, homo sapiens, are believed to have originated in East Africa somewhere between Ethiopia and Kenya. Despite this long history of habitation, there is very little (or little known about) African history prior to the second millennium AD outside of North Africa, Sudan & Ethiopia, as most were hunter-gatherers similar to some cultures still found today on the continent, with no writing systems nor lasting structures, arts, or crafts (aside from some cave paintings). North Africa, on the other hand, has a recorded history dating back several millennia with bountiful structures, writings, arts, and crafts which have survived to this day. The ancient Pharonic civilization centred in modern-day Egypt is recognized as the longest-lasting and one of the, if not the, greatest ancient civilizations lasting from around 3300BC until the invasion of Persians in 525BC. Today, their legacy lives with many of their cities well-preserved and now popular tourist attractions along with a few museums hosting their artefacts. Modern Jews believe themselves to be descendants of slaves in ancient Egypt and much of the Hebrew Bible, religious texts for both Jews and Christians, was based and written in the region. The other great early civilizations on the continent were the Nubians in northern Sudan and southern Egypt, who were very similar to the ancient Egyptians, leaving behind the city of Meroe in Sudan, and the Aksumite Empire from the 4th century BC until the 7st century AD in modern-day Ethiopia and eastern Sudan which was important to trade between India and the Roman Empire and an important centre of early Christianity. Roman theatre at Leptis Magna , Libya Meanwhile, the 300s BC brought about the first (and less famous) invasions of Europeans to the continent. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great invaded Persian-occupied Egypt, establishing the famous city of Alexandria which would go on to serve as an important centre of scholarship and Greek culture for many centuries. Meanwhile, the Romans conquered much of the Mediterranean coastline to the west, leaving behind such ruins as Carthage and Leptis Magna . In the first century AD, Christianity spread through much of the region, first to Egypt, then Nubia, Ethiopia, and on to the Roman Empire. The Muslim invasion changed the cultural landscape of Northern Africa and large parts of Eastern and Western Africa. The newly-formed Arab caliphate invaded North Africa and the Horn of Africa within a few decades. In the west, Berbers would intermarry with the Arab invaders to become the Moorish population that would later invade the Iberian peninsula. When Damascus was invaded in the early eighth century, the Islamic religious and political centre of the Mediterranean shifted to Kairouan in Tunisia. Their progress was limited only by the dense forests of West and Central Africa and to coastal areas in the East. The last region to come under Muslim influence was that of Nubia (moden-day northern Sudan) in the 14th century. Old Mogadishu which reached its height as a commercial center in the 13th century. The 7th-9th centuries would be a time contributing significant changes to the history of sub-Saharan Africa. In the west, there was a rise of large and powerful inland kingdoms, such as the Ghana (in Mali & Mauritania, no relation to modern Ghana), Dahomey (which lasted until French capture in 1894, now Benin), Za/Gao (in Mali and Niger), Kanem (in Chad), and Bornu (in Nigeria). As many of these kingdoms converted to Islam, trans-Saharan trade grew as salt and gold were transported to Libya and Egypt in large caravans—a trade made possible by the introduction of camels from Arabia in the 10th century and would support much of the area from northern Nigeria west to Mali and Mauritania until the 19th century. During the 13th-16th centuries, many of these early kingdoms were replaced with new empires, chief among them the Mali (in Mali, Guinea, and Senegal) and later Soghay (in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) and a plethora of small, single-tribe kingdoms and city-states sprouted. Many of Mali's popular tourist destinations, including Timbuktu , Djenne , and Gao , rose to prominence during this period as they became centers of trade and Islamic scholarship during this period. The Hausa tribes in northern Nigeria began organizing in walled city states, of which remnants remain in Kano . Coastal, forested West Africa remained largely unorganised, with the exceptions of a few Yoruba city-states of Benin, Ife, & Oyo along with small Dahomey and Igbo empires all in modern-day Benin and Nigeria. Meanwhile, East Africa saw a rise of Islamic influence and prosperity from Indian Ocean trade as ships from Arabia, Persia, India, and as far as Southeast Asia dropped anchor in major ports from Somalia down to Mozambique bringing spices and in return for slaves and ivory. Between the 7th and 19th centuries, over 18 million people were taken from the region as part of the Arab slave trade—roughly twice as many as the Atlantic slave trade would take to the Americas. Today, that influence remains in the culture and gastronomy of many places, most notably on the Indian Ocean islands such as Zanzibar, Comoros, the Seychelles, and Mauritius. Ruins at Great Zimbabwe Southern Africa remained undeveloped, with primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers such as the San people and some small kingdoms. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (namesake of today's state) was one of the most notable, constructing the greatest stone structures in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa at their capital Great Zimbabwe . The Kingdom of Mapungubwe in modern eastern South Africa also left smaller stone ruins. Both profited from the trade in gold and ivory with Arab and Asian merchants. While a few Genoese, Castillian, and French explorers managed to reach parts of West Africa in the Middle Ages, European exploration of the continent truly began when Prince "Henry the Navigator" set out to acquire African territory for Portugal in the mid-15th century. The Portuguese reached Cape Verde in 1445, and by 1480, had charted the course to and began trade with the entire Guinea coast (modern Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria). In 1482, Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo River, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa), and in 1498 Vasco da Gama sailed up the eastern coast, where in Kenya his expedition set up a trading post at Malindi before finding a guide to take them to India. The Portuguese set up numerous forts along the African coast and established a highly profitable trade, (initially) held good relations with locals, and remained the dominant European power in the region until the 17th century while Spain, France, and Britain began exploring the Americas. Slaving castle in Cape Coast , Ghana The lucrative trade and large amounts of gold obtained by the Portuguese lured other nations to the continent. As the demands for labour in the Americas grew, Portuguese sailors began taking shiploads of slaves to the Americas, beginning the Atlantic slave trade. In the early 17th century, the Dutch fought the Portuguese to win control of most of their West and Central African ports, some (like Luanda ) would be retaken later, and established a couple dozen forts of their own, notably at Goree Island in Dakar and at the Cape of Good Hope—a port they hoped to use for trade routes to East Asia and which has become modern-day Cape Town . In 1642, the French built their first fort on Madagascar (which they claimed in 1667) and in 1663, the British built their first fort on the continent in the Gambia . Swedish merchants established a fort on Cape Coast , which later was overpowered by the Danish nearby at modern Accra. In the 19th century, European attention shifted from establishing coastal ports for trade to fighting one another to colonize the continent and explore its uncharted interior. With slavery abolished by Britain and their strong efforts to thwart slavery around the world, Europe began to look for other sources of wealth on the continent. The most successful European colony, the Dutch Cape Colony, was seized by the British in 1795. Napoleonic France conquered Egypt in 1798, notably discovering the Rosetta Stone, only to be forced out by the British and then the Turks. France invaded a significant amount of coastal West Africa and the Barbary states in Algeria, cutting rampant piracy in the region. Accounts of brave adventurers travelling inland to find places such as Mount Kilimanjaro and rumored "inland sea" (the Great Lakes) and city of gold on the Nile sparked a wave of exploration in the mid-century primarily by Catholic and Jesuit missionaries in the Southern, Eastern, & Great Lakes regions of Africa. Chief among explorers was the British national hero David Livingstone, who as a poor missionary with few porters explored much of Southern and Eastern Africa, flowed down the Congo River from its sources, and sought the source of the Nile. In West & Central Africa, French, Belgian, & Spanish explorers ventured into the Sahara to find the legendary Timbuktu and Malian gold mines and the Congo in search of the Pygmies and hairy, large peoples (gorillas) of Greek legend. Colonial division of Africa, 1914 As accounts of Africa's interior reached Europe, nations and merchants began to view the continent as a major source of commerce and wealth, similar to their Asian exploits, while the philanthropic and missionary class saw a great opportunity to "Christianize" and "civilize" the savage people of Africa. With social Darwinism introduced, many countries saw Africa as a great opportunity to establish colonial empires and establish their pre-eminence among other European nations, chiefly Germany to catch up with other European nations and France, to regain glories lost in North America and under Napoleon. Britain and Portugal joined this Scramble for Africa when they saw their interests threatened. In 1885, the Berlin Conference brought together European colonial powers to carve up the continent into defined colonial territories with many straight lines and no input from any African kingdom or settlement. At the turn of the 20th century, Britain began a series of deadly South African Wars from their Cape Colony into surrounding African and Boer (white descendants of the Dutch) lands in modern South Africa, which brought Cecil Rhodes to fame for his vision to conquer and bring unite Africa from Cairo to Cape Town. The dense jungles of Central Africa lured Joseph Conrad, who wrote the novel Heart of Darkness from his experience. World War I saw one battle in German East Africa (Tanzania) which the British lost, although post-war, German possessions were divided amongst France, Belgium, & the UK. The Union of South Africa was granted independence from the UK in 1930. World War Two saw Ethiopia invaded by Italy along with major fighting in North Africa in which the Nazis were eventually evicted by the Allies. It was the social changes stemming from the war, in which tens of thousands of Africans fought for their colonial power, along with the Atlantic Charter which led to the spread of nationalistic movements post-war. Dates of independence across Africa. The decolonization of Africa began with Libyan independence from Italy in 1951. Colonial powers employed varying means of control over their colonies, some granting natives representation in the government and cultivating a select few civil servants while others maintained a firm grip with an all-European government. In some countries, nationalist movements were quashed and their leaders killed or jailed while others were able to peacefully achieve independence. In the 1950s, Guinea, Ghana, & North African nations gained independence non-violently with the exception of Algeria, where France violently fought independence movements until 1963. With the establishment and new constitution of France's Fifth Republic in 1958, French West Africa & French Equatorial Africa ceased to exist and, after a brief "community" with France, the countries of these regions gained independence in 1960. By 1970, all but a handful of African nations were independent. The Portuguese bitterly fought to maintain their African possessions until 1975, all but one of whom gained independence through war. Zimbabwe was the last major colony to gain independence, in 1980. In 1990, semi-autonomous Namibia gained independence from South Africa and in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia following a protracted war. South Africa remained under firm control by its white minority, suppressing its black population under a system called apartheid until 1994. Morocco maintains control over Western Sahara, despite an established independence movement and remains a point of contention between Morocco and Algeria. South Sudan declared independence from Sudan in 2011. Europe divided Africa with complete disregard for the cultures and ethnic groups in Africa, often dividing a peoples between 2 or more countries and forcing peoples with a history of fighting or differing religions into one country. Additionally, a lack of training in civil service before and even after independence left most countries with dysfunctional governments and leaders tended to reward their own ethnic groups with jobs and money and in many cases suppressed ethnic minorities. This has been a cause of much strife post-independence across most of sub-Saharan Africa and has led to dozens of prolonged civil wars (notably in Sudan, Angola, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Nigeria), countless coups, and a countless number of inept, corrupt leaders. The discovery of valuable natural resources such as oil, uranium, diamonds, and coltan, has produced numerous independence movements post-independence citing the taking value of resources from their land to benefit the entire country (notably tiny, oil-rich Cabinda in Angola). Fortunately, there are numerous examples in Africa where past conflict has made way for functional governments, offering some hope for the future of African self-government. Climate[ edit ] As the second largest continent, there is a wide range of climates to be found. However, since the continent is nearly centred on the equator, much of the continent is quite warm/temperate with very few, small areas on the continent experiencing any temperatures that can be considered "cold". In the temperate regions (parts of northern Morocco & the Mediterranean coast as well as South Africa), temperatures generally range from the 10s C to the mid-30s°C (40s-90s°F) year round. Closer to the equator and on islands like Cape Verde or Mauritius, temperatures may only vary less than 20 degrees Celsius (15-35°C/65-95°F) throughout the year. In the deserts and arid regions like the Sahel and Horn of Africa, temperatures routinely hit 40°C+ (and even 50°C+ in the heart of the Sahara) but because sand does not retain heat like most soil does, those same places can easily fall down to 15°C at night. There are a few bastions of cooler weather, however. Higher elevations, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco & Algeria or in Lesotho, are quite cold and snowy during winter and Mount Kilimanjaro, almost on the equator, is cold year-round (cold enough to support glaciers!). Peaks on islands such as Reunion , the Canary Islands , Mount Cameroon and more are cool enough to necessitate a jacket much of the year. A far more important factor to consider when travelling to Africa is when the rain/monsoon season occurs. Timing varies a bit even in neighbouring countries, so check the page of the country you are visiting for more info. In West Africa the season starts in March around Cameroon, but not until June in Senegal or the Sahel and ends around September. While rain may not be a huge factor when travelling to southern or East Africa, it is very problematic in West Africa and on islands in the Indian Ocean. In West Africa, rains will often flood and make many roads and railways impassable and, due to poor drainage, can literally result in rivers of water flowing down streets and sewage lines to overflow. In the Sahel, it can result in flash floods in low-lying areas. The largest weather-related dangers for travellers to Africa are lightning and tropical cyclones. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more lighting strikes each year than any other country on earth, especially in the eastern part of the country near Goma . Lightning risk is highest from western Kenya/Tanzania and Ethiopia west to Senegal and south to Angola and Zambia. Tropical cyclones affect the islands of the Indian Ocean, with the season running from 15 Nov-30 Apr (15 May in the Seychelles and Mauritius). Tropical cyclones also infrequently affect the horn of Africa near Djibouti & Somalia, but when they do, the arid land results in major flooding. Tropical cyclones often form off the coast of western West Africa (Guinea/Senegal) during the early part of the Atlantic Hurricane Season (June-August) and will rarely impact Cape Verde , for which these particular storms are called "Cape Verde-type hurricanes". By plane[ edit ] Air fares to Africa can be very expensive, but there are ways to save. The best way to get great airfare to the continent is fly directly to an African country from its former colonial rulers. For example, it can easily cost hundreds of euros/dollars more to fly from London to a former French colony, or conversely from Paris to a former British colony. About the only exceptions are Egypt, which has plentiful, cheap connections with the Middle East & Europe and a handful of West African destinations (e.g. Cape Verde, Morocco) popular with British tourists and accessible with cheap holiday flights. Airline consolidators can also be used for discounted air fares. If you have additional travel time, check to see how your total fare quote to Africa compares with a round-the-world fare . Don't forget to add in the extra costs of additional visas, departure taxes, ground transportation, etc. for all those places outside of Africa. See your destination's article for more specific information on flights. Bear in mind that many African countries only offer a few international flights each day, or in some cases, each week. While it isn't hard to reach South Africa or Egypt, getting to Malawi or Togo can be quite a challenge. From Europe[ edit ] There are more flights to Africa from Europe than from any other continent. Popular holiday destinations such as Egypt, Morocco, Cape Verde, & South Africa are well-served from Europe's major cities, even with discount and charter airlines. Royal Air Maroc, Afriqyah Airlines, Jet4you & EgyptAir have a good selection of European destinations and Ethiopian, Kenyan, South African, & Arik Air serve a couple of major cities (London, Paris, etc.). The cheapest flights to African cities are often through the African country's former colonial power. Cities with large immigrant populations such as London, Marseilles, & Paris have a good number of flights to Africa. Chief among European airlines flying to Africa are: Air France is the best (although not cheapest) carrier serving French-speaking Africa, with service to most major cities of West, Central, & North Africa along with service to Johannesburg, Cairo, Tripoli, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, & Djibouti. British Airways is the best (although not particularly cheap) way to fly to former British colonies, they have service to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, & Egypt along with Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritius, & Angola. Brussels Airlines flies from Brussels to most francophone countries in West and Central Africa along with Entebbe (Uganda), Nairobi, & Luanda. Lufthansa flies to major cities in North Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ethiopia, & Eritrea. TAP Portugal flies to former Portuguese colonies (Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome & Principe, Mozambique, Angola) and South Africa, Algeria, Morocco, & Senegal. Many European discount airlines serve major tourist destination in Africa (especially Morocco, Cape Verde, Tunisia, Egypt, & the Gambia), including Jetairfly, EasyJet, & Corsairfly. From the Americas[ edit ] The only countries with direct flights to Africa are the United States , Canada , Cuba , Brazil , Argentina , & Venezuela . From the United States, these are routes operated as of January 2012: New York-JFK : Delta Air Lines to Abuja, Accra,& Dakar; South African Airways to Johannesburg; EgyptAir to Cairo; Royal Air Maroc to Casablanca; & Arik Air to Lagos. Washington-Dulles : South African Airlines to Johannesburg (via Dakar); Ethiopian Airlines to Addis Ababa (via Rome); & United Airlines to Accra Atlanta : Delta Air Lines to Johannesburg, Accra, & Lagos Houston : United Airlines to Lagos; charter flights for oil workers to Nigeria and Angola Outside the peak travel times to Europe (eg summer) you might be able to get a good deal to London or Paris and book a fare from there to Africa separately on a European travel website. But don't book the United States to Europe portion until you get confirmed on the Europe to Africa portion first. Through fares to Africa from the United States can be quite expensive, so avoiding peak travel times to Europe can sometimes save a lot. However, since new non-stop flights to Africa have recently been added, and Europe is much more expensive than it used to be, try getting a direct quote first, then see if you can do better. Another growing option is flying through the Middle East on Emirates or Qatar, which both serve a reasonable selection of African & American cities. In Canada, Montreal is connected to Casablanca by Royal Air Maroc and Algiers by Air Algerie. Toronto is connected to Addis Ababa by Ethiopian Airlines, and service to Cairo resumes in 2013 with EgyptAir. TAAG Angolan Airlines offers weekly service to Havana—the last of the heavily-subsidized communist friends routes Cuba has to Africa (former routes include Tripoli, Maputo, & Conakry). Connections from South America are: São Paulo : South African Airways to Johannesburg; TAAG Angolan Airlines to Luanda; Ethiopian to Addis Ababa and Lomé. Rio de Janeiro : TAAG Angolan Airlines to Luanda Caracas : Santa Barbara Airlines to Tenerife-North (seasonal) From Asia & the Middle East[ edit ] If you're flying to a small African country, Africa's major airlines all have extensive coverage in Africa and fly to a handful of Asian destinations: Ethiopian Airlines: Bahrain, Bangkok, Beijing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Tel Aviv, Beirut, Kuwait, Jeddah, Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Aden, Sana'a Kenyan Airways: Bangkok, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Beijing, Mumbai, Dubai South African Airways: Mumbai, Hong Kong Nearly all North African countries along with Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, & Somalia have extensive connections with the Middle East. And similarly, countries with large Muslim populations are likely to have a connection to Jedda/Mecca either year-round or seasonal (e.g. during hajj). North African destinations aside, connections with the Middle East include: Emirates flies from Dubai to: Abidjan, Accra, Addis Ababa, Cape Town, Dar Es Salaam, Durban, Entebbe, Johannesburg, Khartoum, Lagos, Luanda, Mauritius, Nairobi, & Mahe. Qatar Airways flies from Doha to: Cape Town, Johannesburg, Nairobi, Dar Es Salaam, Mahe, & Lagos. Turkish Airlines flies from Istanbul to: Dakar, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Cape Town, & Johannesburg. Other flights from East and South Asia include the following: Cathay Pacific flights to Hong Kong. Furthermore, due to increased Chinese investment many cities have service from Beijing, cities with direct flights to Beijing-Capital include Luanda, Algiers, Lagos, Khartoum, Addis Ababa, & Harare. Malaysian Airlines serves Johannesburg from Kuala Lumpor. Korean Air serves Cairo from Seoul. Air Austral flies to Bangkok seasonally from Reunion. Air Seychelles flies to Singapore and Male from Mahe. Air Madagascar flies from Antananarivo to Bangkok & Guangzhou.Air Mauritius flies from Mauritius to Bangalore, Chennai, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Mumbai, & Singapore. Singapore Airlines flies to Johannesburg and Cape Town. The best option to fly from East or South Asia is likely on Emirates or Qatar, both of which have a decent selection of destinations in Asia & Africa, or via Europe on airlines such as British Airways, Air France, or Lufthansa which all offer an extensive number of destinations across Africa. There are only a handful of connections to Australia: Qantas between Johannesburg & Sydney. South African Airways between Johannesburg and Perth Air Mauritius operates flights from Mauritius to Sydney, Melbourne, & Perth. Air Austral flies a triangle service to Sydney & Noumea, New Caledonia from Saint Denis, Reunion (ends in March 2012). Qantas' flight is one of only two commercial routes that pass over sea ice near Antarctica (the other is Qantas between Buenos Aires [Santiago after March 2012]& Sydney). International aviation rules require polar gear that takes up several rows of seats to fly over Antarctica (specifically, south of 72 degrees), so there are no commercial routes over the continent. The 747 flies close on the westward journey, Sydney-Jo'burg, because there are very strong tailwinds near Antarctica (flight-time is 11.5 hours westward vs. 14 eastward). With a clear sky and a window seat—especially on the left—you should be able to see a vast expanse of sea ice and perhaps even continental Antarctica near the horizon! Other airlines fly further north because their 2-engine planes must remain closer to diversion airports in Western Australia/the Mascarene Islands, in case of engine failure. A New Zealand-South Africa flight would be only route where the Great Circle (shortest) route would pass over continental Antarctica, but no airline has ever flown this route. By road/ferry[ edit ] The only land connection to another continent is the 163km-wide Isthmus of Suez, which is found in Egypt (although the Sinai peninsula is sometimes considered a part of Africa for geopolitical reasons). Thus the only way to drive into Africa is to drive through Egypt. Most people driving from the Middle East to Africa travel through Jordan and take a short car ferry to Egypt to avoid transiting Israel, since Egypt's two African neighbours (Sudan & Libya) deny entry for persons with Israeli stamps or Egyptian/Jordanian stamps indicating travel to Israel. Despite there being just one, narrow land crossing into the continent, there are other ways to bring vehicles into Africa by short car ferries. The short crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco is crossed by several ferries daily and relatively inexpensive. Other car ferries include: Italy - Tunisia ferries are operated by a couple of different companies: [1] . However, you must pass through Algeria to Mauritania/Niger -or- Libya to Egypt, both very expensive and difficult to enter with a car. Spain / France to Algeria car ferries are run by Algerie Ferries. Their website is in French only . Yemen-Djibouti ferries may be running weekly or more frequently (information about this crossing is little and conflicting) to avoid Egypt (because of the extremely high import taxes) or Sudan (as the Ethiopian-Sudan border is prone to banditry). It is also possible to cross by dhow in motorcycles or small/light vehicles. Port Said , Sudan to Jeddah , Saudi Arabia car ferries are run daily and are a great way to avoid the very high tariffs to enter Egypt, although visas for SA are difficult to obtain. Several overland trucks make journeys which cross between Europe or the Middle East and Africa, these companies are listed below under "Get around/Overland trucks". By ship[ edit ] Many Mediterranean cruises stop in North African countries such Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, the Canary Islands, & Cape Verde. Some ocean liners will stop in the Canary or Cape Verde Islands on trans-Atlantic crossings or in South Africa, Madagascar, Zanzibar, the Seychelles, or Mauritius on round-the-world trips. Elsewhere is Africa, cruises are limited to luxury or 'boutique' cruise lines often aboard small vessels and quite expensive or " freighter cruises " which do not offer much to "passengers" but may spend a few days in a handful of ports. Grimaldi Freighter Cruises, [2] , has weekly departures to West Africa making the round-trip from Amsterdam in 38 days. The Seychelles, Reunion, & Mauritius are popular destinations for yachts and private vessels, but piracy around the Horn of Africa has kept a lot of the European vessels away. For a truly unique experience, take the RMS St Helena [3] from the UK to Cape Town via St Helena-one of the world's most remote islands! Visas[ edit ] Africa is plagued by visa bureaucracy and policies that differ widely from country to country. However, there are currently four customs unions in effect in Africa: Southern Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland) West Africa (Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone) Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Gabon) East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi) By plane[ edit ] There are a number of reliable airlines that ply the African Continent. Chief among them are certainly: South African Airways (SAA) ( Johannesburg , South Africa ), [4] , has daily flights to most major Southern, Eastern, & Central African political and economic hubs. If you're flying from the Northern Hemisphere to somewhere north of South Africa , don't forget to check how much backtracking you'll have to do, and if it's worth it. The flight from Washington, D.C. does stop in Senegal , but if you get off there, SAA has no connections to anywhere else. Ethiopian Airlines (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), [5] carries more passengers than any other African airline and offers a direct service from many European cities, Washington, and Toronto to its hub Addis Ababa . From there it has a very good coverage to many cities in Africa. The flight from/to Washington refuels in Rome. Its mileage can be used on Lufthansa services & Lufthansa miles can also be used on Ethiopian. Kenya Airways (Nairobi, Kenya), [6] , partly owned by Royal Dutch KLM, offers good service and frequent flights to all East African countries and many other major African destinations. There are also many airlines which are noteworthy in particular regions, such as TAAG Angola Airlines (South/Central Africa), Arik Air(Nigeria), Afriqiyah Airways (Central/West Africa, but their hub is in Tripoli), Royal Air Maroc (West/Central/North Africa, but hub is in Morocco), Air Mali (West Africa), Air Burkina (West Africa), Air Austral (Indian Ocean), Air Mauritius (Indian Ocean), Tunis Air (North Africa), and more. Many other African carriers offer flights to more remote locations. Consider airline safety when flying in Africa. Although SAA, Ethiopian Airlines, & Kenya Airways all meet EU & FAA safety standards, the same isn't true for all airlines, especially smaller domestic carriers in countries where political stability may be lacking, tenuous or only recently reintroduced. Check with the EU Commision on Air Safety [7] for a list of airlines that do not meet their safety standards. Bloukrans Bridge along South Africa's Garden Route If you want to drive your own car around Africa, see also Carnet de Passage . Driving in Africa can be a hair-raising adventure. It should not be undertaken personally unless you are already comfortable driving in developing countries. The best roads, the best rental cars, and the (relatively) least insane driving can be found in South Africa and Botswana, but even then, driving in those countries is still a far cry from what visitors from First World countries are accustomed to. For sightseeing trips, it may be less expensive to hire a taxi than to rent a car, but be sure to negotiate taxi fares beforehand. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season and disrupted by floods in the rainy season. If you plan on travelling in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, avoid the rainy months of May through October above the equator and the rainy months of November through April below the equator. Some roads may be flooded or washed out during these months. Travel by car outside large towns can be dangerous. Major roads are generally well maintained but there are few divided highways in Africa. In addition, rural auto accidents are fairly common because of high speed limits and the presence of wildlife in these areas. Night driving, especially in rural areas, is not recommended. Visitors are encouraged to hire reputable tour operators for safaris or other game viewing expeditions. Although self-drive expeditions in national parks sound like a great way to save money, you will change your mind quickly if an elephant overturns your car or sits on it with you inside. By bus[ edit ] Bus service is extensive in Africa and in almost all countries it is the main means of transportation for locals and tourists alike. Styles of buses and minibuses vary across the continent, refer to country pages for more info. By thumb[ edit ] Many locals hitchhike in countries throughout Africa, often paying a small fee to the driver. It is best to check the political and social climate of each region before travelling. In the whole of Africa it is possible to flag down cars and pay them a required fee and get a lift in return. That is just the way public transport works in this part of the world - he who has a means of transportation, that is a car or minibus, is automatically expected to give lifts to others and of course charge them a small amount of money for the favour. The idea of it has nothing to do with the Western idea of hitchhiking. Overland trucks[ edit ] Some people with limited amounts of time or who would prefer not to make their own arrangements opt for the "overlander" experience. Many operators run tours in large trucks that are comfortable and equipped with facilities for around 8-30 persons. They're generally run on a pretty tight schedule and cover a lot of distance, such as "Nairobi to Johannesburg in six weeks". These tours are run throughout the whole continent but East and Southern Africa are by far the most popular destinations. Accommodation is mostly camping with tents provided. Most meals are arranged and many are prepared by those on the trip (cooking duties rotated throughout the trip), and free time (like everything else) is scheduled. However, there is plenty of time to participate in the adventure activities that certain areas of Africa are famous for such as Victoria Falls , Swakopmund , Zanzibar, and Serengeti National Park . Some people really enjoy these tours, especially when they do not have enough time to organize all travel arrangements themselves. Others loathe the very thought of travelling in a group and think that they keep you way out of touch with the "real" Africa. Whatever the case, they're a very different way to travel through Africa. The people that go on these tours tend to be young at heart and slightly adventurous; these tours are not luxury trips. By train[ edit ] A train in Zambia Passenger railways in Africa are sparse and the majority are short and within one country. South Africa and Egypt are the two countries with significant passenger railway services. There is also a handful of interconnected railways running from Botswana through Zimbabwe & Zambia to Tanzania (which will connect to Rwanda by 2012). Morocco has two modern, fast train lines connecting most major cities. In Kenya , there is a Mombasa -Nairobi- Kisumu line which is popular for wildlife spotting. Namibia has a line running from Swakopmund to Windhoek and south to near the South African border. In South Africa the five star Blue Train ranks amongst the best luxury trains in the world. The Blue Train travels from Cape Town to Victoria Falls. The Gautrain is a modern fast train connecting major areas of Johannesburg, OR Tambo International Airport and the administrative capital city of South Africa, Pretoria. There are also a handful of very old, slow trains in Africa: Wadi Halfa -Khartoum, Sudan (with a short ferry on Lake Aswan, you can continue north to Cairo); Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso- Abidjan , Cote d'Ivoire; Dakar, Senegal- Bamako , Mali (stopped running summer 2009); a couple trains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and short lines in Cameroon & Gabon. The Chinese are currently building railway lines in Angola which should open in the next few years. For a unique experience, you can ride the longest train in the world in Mauritania in either the guard's van or atop open iron ore carriages. By boat[ edit ] Pirogue on the Niger River in Mali Where there is water, there are usually boat services to some extent. In the DRC, boats are the primary means of transportation due to the extensive network of rivers and both the lack of any roads at all and the extreme ruttedness of those that do exist. Some noteworthy river travels in Africa are: Along the Niger River small, wooden pirogues varying in design from a 2 person canoe to wider craft carrying about passengers with a canopy and rudimentary toilet. Travelling by pirogue is slow, but the Sahelian scenery and people you meet on the boat and during stops make this a memorable African experience. Due to cataracts, pirogues on the Niger only operate in Mali and Niger bordering Benin and then again in Nigeria after Gaya (Niger) . If you can blend in with the locals, you may avoid border formalities this way. Along the Congo River large, old and often overcrowded ferries connect cities along the river in the Congo , DRC, & Central African Republic . Small boats from villages come out and moor themselves to these ferries to sell food and merchandise and the boat is a bustling marketplace of hundreds of people much of the time. Conditions aboard these ferries are poor and bearable only by the most seasoned of travellers. Talk to the captain to see if you can use one of the handful of rooms to sleep. Talk[ edit ] There is no dominant language in Africa, but if you are travelling in West or Central Africa, French will be the most useful across these nations and regions apart from English. Arabic is the dominant language in North Africa, though French is also widely spoken. English is also useful in many countries. Swahili is the most useful language in East Africa. In Ethiopia, most people speak Amharic , which is indigenous to the nation. Even if you know a blanket language like French, it is always a good idea to bring phrasebooks for the native languages. In Senegal , for example, despite being part of Francophone Africa, visitors are likely to find Wolof very useful and sometimes necessary when dealing with residents. The more you wish to interact with locals or go out of the cities, the more important it will be for you to have resources to communicate in the local African language. Flora & Fauna[ edit ] A giraffe in Niger Natural Wonders[ edit ] Mt. Nyiragongo's lava lake, viewed from the rim. Africa is home to many famous natural wonders, from the Nile River, the world's longest river, to Victoria Falls . The continent is home to two of the world's four volcanoes with permanent lava lakes—the dramatic Mount Nyiragongo which rises hundreds of metres above Goma , DRC and Erta Ale in Ethiopia 's stark Danakil Depression (the others are Mt.Erebus in Antarctica & Kilauea in Hawaii ). Both volcanoes can be climbed by the adventurous tourist to stand at the rim gazing in awe at the bubbling lava below, an especially incredible sight at night! Historical civilizations[ edit ] While the continent's diverse and unique wildlife is often all that is mentioned in regards to African travel, as home to the oldest civilizations on the planet, Africa has equally impressive cultures and history. The most famous civilization on the continent, and arguably in the world, is that of ancient Egypt. From the southern city of Abu Simbel to Luxor and all the way north to Alexandria and Cairo, including the Pyramids of Giza , the only surviving of the original Seven Wonders of the World and the most iconic symbols of this ancient kingdom. Sites from the Nubian-Kushite Kingdom that broke away from Egypt can be found in Sudan, such as Gebel Barkal and many other pyramids in Meroe. Ethiopia offers many ruins from the ancient Axumite Kingdom where the Queen of Sheba ruled. The obelisks and Dungur ruins in Axum were built prior to the kingdom's conversion to Christianity, while many other great monuments, such as the Ezana Stone and the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, where the Arc of the Covenant is said to be stored, were built after the conversion as religious sites. Other famous Christian structures built later by the kingdom's successor, the Abyssinian Empire, especially during the 12th and 13th centuries, can also be found in Lalibela . In West Africa, structures from the ancient Mali Empire can be found in Timbuktu and Djenne . Although there are Islamic influences, the architectural style of the Malian Kingdom's mosques are still quite unique and recognizably African. The cliff dwellings in Mali's Dogon Country , built by the Dogon people, are also impressive ancient structures in Mali . Often overshadowed by Africa's other monuments, Sungbo's Eredo in Ijebu Ode , Nigeria , built by the Yoruba people, is actually the largest pre-colonial structure remaining on the continent. Today it towers over the city, covered in vegetation. Ruins from the ancient Swahili culture can be found in the coastal areas of East Africa, particularly in Kenya and Tanzania. The Swahili structures combines elements of African architecture with Islamic architecture, which was quite prominent around the 14th century. Some of the most famous Swahili structures include the Gedi Ruins and Pillar Tombs around Malindi and Kilwa Kisiwani . Zanzibar's Stone Town features Swahili structures spanning hundreds of years from its early days to the 18th century. In Southern Africa, the ruins of Great Zimbabwe have fascinated visitors ever since Europeans discovered them. No one had believed that the inhabitants of black Africa were capable of creating any great monuments on their own until the ruins of this ancient culture were discovered. Roman structures are scattered throughout North Africa, with the ancient city of Carthage being the most well-known abroad. Many cities, such as Leptis Magna , Timgad , and Dougga feature Roman ruins as impressive as those in Europe itself. Many other European structures can be found throughout the continent, dating back to the earliest days of imperialism. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Safari is the swahili word meaning to travel , however many outsiders interpret "safari" to mean a visit a game area to interact with African wildlife. The most common types of safari are "hunting safaris " where game is mainly hunted for trophy , and "photographic safaris" where wildlife is primarily watched and photographed, and the goal is often to see the Big Five. Photographic safaris can be in the form of dry or wet safaris ; dry being driving safaris and walking safaris ; wet being safaris from various types of water vessels. The best place for safari is on the African continent in the countries of Kenya, Tanzania , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana ,Namibia , and South Africa , where there are dozens of parks , reserves , sanctuaries , etc , set aside for safari. Discerning safari enthusiasts will arrange their safari around the safari jurisdiction , the time of year , the type of safari vehicles, the proficiency of the guides , the camps and food , the size of the travel party, etc. A good resource for African safaris is Lion Dog African Safaris based in North America , and the African Travel Resource based in Europe . Climbing[ edit ] Africa does not have tall, jagged mountain ranges comparable to the Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, or Alps and there are very few mountains requiring technical gear. The Atlas Mountains across Morocco, Algeria, & Tunisia; the Drakensberg in South Africa & Lesotho; the Semian Mountains in Ethiopia; and the Rwenzori Mountains between Uganda & the DRC are the only considerable mountain ranges on the continent, all with numerous peaks which can be easily climbed. Additionally, there are some tall volcanoes along the Great Rift Valley, on the Indian Ocean islands, & in Cameroon. Some of the continent's most climbed or unique mountains are: Mount Kilimanjaro (5895m) in Tanzania near the Kenya border is the continent's highest peak, the world's tallest free-standing mountain, and perhaps the most climbed mountain on the continent, owing to its accessibility and the lack of need of technical gear. The range of scenery one passes from base to peak makes it a destination almost all climbers have on their wish list. Mount Kenya (5199m) is Kenya's tallest mountain and also popular climb with many non-technical walking and climbing routes through lush scenery and is less than 100km from [airobi. The surrounding national park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Jbel Toubkal (4167 m) near Marrakech , Morocco is the tallest peak in the Atlas Mountains and can be climbed without technical gear in summer. Mount Cameroon (4040 m) in Cameroon is an active volcano that rises straight out of the ocean and is covered in tropical forest and almost always shrouded in clouds/mist. Fast-paced hikes to the top and back are possible in a day. Mount Nyiragongo (3470 m) in the DRC on the Rwanda border is one of just 3-4 volcanoes in the world with a lava lake in its crater. A climb takes ~8 hours and involves camping on a ledge at the top—a safe 700 m above the lake—for the night (of course, the steaming, bubbling lava is more spectacular at night). Abseiling and rock climbing can be done in many parts of Africa, with many opportunities in South Africa. Trekking & hiking[ edit ] Most of Africa's mountain ranges and highlands are suitable for trekking. The Drakensberg in South Africa & Lesotho, Ethiopian Highlands, and Mali's Dogon Country are the most popular trekking destinations in Africa and most guidebooks to these countries describe the most popular routes. In the dense jungles of the CAR & DRC treks, almost always organized, to pygmy settlements are available. Established trekking routes exist in the forests of Guinea's Fouta Djallon highlands and Cameroon. The Aïr Massif in Niger is popular for hiking around its sand scraped rock formations and oases, usually short distances from your camel or vehicle transport. Hiking can also be done in many forests with established paths. In Uganda, Rwanda, & the adjacent DRC, hiking to see the endangered mountain gorilla is a major tourism draw, although permits are US$500 to spend hours hiking through tropical forests to spend 1 hour in close proximity to the gorillas. Diving[ edit ] There are a good number of great scuba diving sites across Africa. The Red Sea off Egypt offers clear, tranquil waters. Diving in the Indian Ocean is common off all islands and on the continent from Kenya south. Diving in South Africa is most famous for "shark dives", where divers are lowered in cages to watch sharks feed on bait, although other diving opportunities exist. Few locations inland are popular with divers; Lake Malawi—which is clear, deep and filled with unique species—is the only lake with a significant number of dive operators. Relax on a beach[ edit ] Africa has a very long coastal line with thousands of beautiful beaches as it is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Sports[ edit ] Football is the most widespread and popular sporting event with games between countries usually drawing tens of thousands of patriotic, cheering fans filling basic stadiums. Watching a football match in Africa is a must; try to dress in the colours of the home team and join the cheering celebration with your neighbours! The quadrennial African Cup of Nations (Angola in 2010) is the continent's premier championship. South Africa played host to the first African FIFA World Cup in 2010. Rugby is played by several former British colonies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Money[ edit ] CFA franc usage: West African (green), Central African (red) The three easiest currencies to exchange within Africa are the euro, US dollar, and pound sterling. In some countries with a large tourism sector Australian and Canadian dollars and Japanese yen may be exchanged at large banks and some currency exchanges, but you will receive a poor exchange rate as these currencies are uncommon and more troublesome for the banks in turn to exchange. The continent is roughly split between a blocks where the US dollar is easiest to exchange and use and where the euro is. Due to concerns about counterfeiting, money exchangers, banks, and most likely even merchants will not accept US dollar banknotes that are worn or older than 2001. As strange as that sounds, it seems to be a steadfast rule amongst anyone dealing much in dollars and you will find it difficult or even impossible to dispose of worn or pre-2001 dollar banknotes. The same does not seem to hold true for euros, but may for other non-African currencies. With few exceptions, African currencies are generally not accepted by banks or money changers outside their native territory, or at least not at a decent exchange rate. The currencies of some smaller countries are non-exchangeable and become worthless abroad, with some countries prohibiting export of their currencies and confiscating and even fining people leaving the country with currency (most notably the Angolan kwanza). There are three currency unions in Africa: Common Currency Area (using South African rand): South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, & Zamibia. West African CFA franc (XOF): Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, & Togo. Central African CFA franc (XAF): Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, & Gabon Despite sharing the same name and same exchange rate (655.957 CFA francs = €1), the two "CFA franc" currencies are issued by different banks and are NOT interchangeable. A 1000 CFA franc banknote from Gabon will not be accepted by a merchant in Benin, and vice versa. Indeed, even with banks and money changers it will likely be easier (and you'll receive a better exchange rate) to exchange euros or even US dollars. Given the fixed exchange, if visiting any of these countries, euros will receive a more favourable exchange rate. The Mauritanian ouguiya & Malagasy ariary are the only two non-decimal currencies currently in use in the world, divided into 1/5th fractions known as khoums & iraimbilanja, respectively. US dollar[ edit ] The US dollar has been the de facto currency of Zimbabwe since the collapse of the Zimbabean dollar and allowance of foreign currency as tender in January 2009. The Djiboutian franc (117.721=USD1) and Eritrean nakfa (16.5=USD1) are pegged to the dollar. The US dollar is the easiest currency to exchange (and may receive a better exchange rate compared to the euro) in Southern Africa and East Africa, as well as the DRC , Nigeria, & Liberia. Many tour operators, tourist attractions, and hotels in these regions set their prices in dollars, some even going as far as to offer poor exchange rates for or even refuse local currency. Also, many countries in these regions set their visa prices in dollars and will only accept dollars (or perhaps pound sterling). Euro[ edit ] The euro is the official currency of France's Mayotte & Reunion territories and Spain's Canary Islands. The West & Central African CFA francs are pegged to the euro at 655.975 (formerly, simply 100 to the French franc). The Moroccan dirham is pegged (with a fluctuation band) to the euro at roughly 10 dirhams to one euro. The Cape Verdean escudo is pegged at 110.265 to one euro and the Comoran franc is pegged at 491.9678 to one euro. The Sao Tome and Principe dobra was fixed at 24500 to 1 euro in 2010 to guarantee stability—it was worth just 12000 per euro in 2004. The Euro is the easiest currency to exchange and receives the best exchange rate in countries whose currencies are fixed to the euro, with strong European ties, and/or where the majority of tourists are European. This generally corresponds with North Africa, the Sahel , West Africa, & Central Africa with the exceptions of Egypt, Sudan, & Ghana, neither the euro nor dollar is better, and Nigeria, the DRC, & Liberia. Due to the relevantly recent creation of the Euro and long-standing status of the dollar, beware that there are some regions of Africa where people either have never heard of the euro or will see it as worthless. South African rand[ edit ] The South African rand is an official currency and widely circulated in South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, & Namibia. Although the latter three issue their own currencies, they are pegged 1:1 with the rand and are not legal tender in the other countries as is the SA rand. The rand has also been accepted in Zimbabwe since the Zimbabwean dollar's demise, but not as widely as the U.S. dollar. It is also readily exchanged (and sometimes accepted for payment) in Botswana and Mozambique as well as most of the tourist spots in Botswana and Zambia. Markets[ edit ] Durban South Africa boost of markets, visit Warwick Junction precinct which houses a bustling market area. Here you will find the Bovine Head Cookers, the Early Morning Market, Herbalists’ Bridge, Music Market, Clay Market and the Hazrath Badshaw Peer Market/Brook Street Market as well as the Victoria Street Market and the Brook Street Bead Sellers Market. The streets and pavements are lined with traders of all kinds and the Berea Station offers more shops.for more tours around Durban contact Durban City Tour Guides Prohibited items[ edit ] Trade in ivory is prohibited by nearly all countries in the world, with hefty penalties and even jail time for offenders. Many animal products (some commonly found in fetish markets) are also banned by western countries, such as tortoise shells, tusks of any animal, or any part of or item made with an endangered species. Some African countries keen on conservation will prosecute all violators to the fullest extent of the law...so be careful when purchasing animal products unless you want to spend years in an African prison. Keep in mind that even if an item may be exported from an African country it may be illegal to import into a Western country; both the EU and US have strict laws on importing animal products in the name of conservation. Some medications which may be purchased without a prescription in Western countries or parts of Africa may contain ingredients considered illegal narcotics or controlled substances in some countries. In particular, diphenhydramine is a "controlled substance" in Zambia and several Americans have been fined and jailed on drug-trafficking charges for possession the over-the-counter allergy medicine Benadryl (elsewhere called Dimedrol) and the pain reliever Advil PM whose main active ingredient is diphenhydramine. Drug trafficking is as common an offense as in most Western countries. The list of what substances are considered drugs varies from country to country. Beware khat which is readily grown and consumed in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa is considered a drug in most other African countries. Organized drug trafficking is a major problem in Guinea, & Guinea-Bissau en route from South America to Europe. As with most countries, check local laws concerning antiquities before trying to leave the country with anything that appears to be over 100 years old. Stay safe[ edit ] Although Africa previously dealt with ruthless dictators, more recently the continent has seen a rise in militant Salafi groups. Nonetheless, most of Africa is safe for travel and nearly all tourist attractions on the continent are far from conflict. There are also jihadists and radical Islamists operating in various countries. Some jihadi groups cooperate. Somalia, where warlords have fought for control since the collapse of the central government in 1993, and the Central African Republic, where general lawlessness and rebels exist throughout most of the country, should only be visited by experienced travellers who are very competent regarding the dangers that exist. Otherwise, these areas should be considered no-go regions. Exceptions are Somaliland which is de facto independent and quite safe and the CAR's isolated Dzanga Sangha National Reserve . The Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to the second largest jungle after the Amazon and most of the country is impassable by land. The eastern and northeastern regions are home to rebels and general lawlessness and have recently been home to the bloodiest conflict since World War 2. Safe regions are the west (incl. Kinshasa ), south (near Zambia border, incl. Lubumbashi ), and a few spots on the border, such as Goma , Bukavu , & Virunga National Park . The Central Sahara is host to numerous problems, notably that a growing presence (or at least impact) of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb in much of Saharan Algeria, northern Mali (north of Timbuktu, east of Gao, and near the Nigerian border), and far eastern Mauritania has resulted in several kidnappings (incl. one Briton beheaded, kidnapped near the Mali-Niger border) and a couple of suicide bombings in Nouakchott . A Tuareg uprising has left much of the area around Agadez , once a popular tourist destination, off-limits and unsafe. Several borders in the Sahara are closed or very unsafe as a result of banditry: Libya-Sudan (closed), Libya-Chad (closed), Chad-Sudan (unsafe due to Darfur conflict), Chad-Niger (banditry), Libya-Niger (banditry), Mali-Algeria (no road crossings, AQIM), Algeria-Mauritania (AQIM), & Algeria-Morocco (closed). Portions of Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Chad are home to rebels and it is important to obtain up-to-date information on which parts of these countries are safe to visit (see warnings on those pages). Nigeria has a poor reputation for conflict largely based on events 20+ years ago and, at present, only a small region around the Niger Delta is unsafe to visit. Similarly, in Sudan, only the western Darfur regions and south-central "boundary" between the conflicting North-South are dangerous. As of February 2010, the authoritarian governments of Eritrea & Guinea have been hostile to the West following harsh condemnations of authoritarianism, massacres of civilians, & refusal of food aid. Niger had a coup in February 18 2010 and instability (especially in the capital) is possible in coming months. While it is physically safe & possible to visit these countries, beware of political unrest. As of 2011, the states of North Africa have been swept by a wave of popular unrest, with Egypt and Tunisia experiencing revolutions and Libya descending into a civil war, and all other countries going through some sort of unrest. While travel to much the region is perfectly safe now, protests still sometimes turn violent, and travel to Libya should be avoided. Crime[ edit ] Africa can certainly be a dangerous continent just like others. Check the "stay safe" areas of the individual countries you are going to. Wildlife[ edit ] In most parts of Africa dangerous wildlife should be of only very minor, if any, concern at all. In some parts of East Africa and South Africa large abundances of potentially dangerous animals can be found, but the majority of the time any traveler would most likely be perfectly safe in a vehicle with their tour guide. Nonetheless, attacks and deaths do occur (rarely with foreigners, but commonly with locals) and it is best to be well-informed. Nile crocodiles can be extremely dangerous and swimming is not an option in most low-lying portions of East Africa. Lions and leopards can be dangerous, but you are unlikely to encounter them on foot unless you are being extremely foolish. Large herbivores such as elephants and rhinos can also be very dangerous if aggravated, even while in a vehicle. Venomous snakes exist and are plentiful, but are very shy and you are unlikely to even see one let alone be bitten by one. Most insects in the country are no more dangerous than what you would find in any other country, and the spiders are mostly harmless to humans. Despite all of this, easily the most dangerous non-human animal in the entire African continent is the mosquito. Politics[ edit ] Many countries are authoritarian regimes, so exercise caution in what you say. Freedom of speech and assembly are not necessarily guaranteed. LGBT Travellers[ edit ] LGBT travellers should exercise extreme caution when travelling to Africa as many African countries outlaw homosexual activity and same-sex marriage. Places such as Uganda, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia have strict laws against homosexuality and same-sex marriage, Penalties can range from small fines to the death sentence. Stay healthy[ edit ] Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of HIV and AIDS infection on Earth. A 2005 UN Report says over 25 million infected, over 7% of adults, for the continent as a whole. Be extremely cautious about any sexual activity in Africa. Especially note that the rates of HIV infection among sex workers is phenomenally high. Bushmeat from gorillas, monkeys, chimpanzees, & mandrills should be avoided. Due to their similarity to humans, a number of diseases (including yet-undiscovered or poorly-studied ones) can be spread by consuming their flesh, especially if not heated hot enough. HIV is undoubtedly the most famous disease transmitted from primates, but others include ebola, anthrax, yellow fever, and more. [8]	i don't know
In which American state is the drama series 'The Sopranos' set?	The Sopranos \| Mafia Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia http://www.hbo.com/sopranos/ The Sopranos is an American television drama series created by David Chase . It was originally broadcast in the United States on the premium cable network HBO from January 10, 1999 to June 10, 2007, spanning six seasons and 86 episodes. Since premiering on HBO, the show has been broadcast by many networks in dozens of other countries.Set and produced in New Jersey, the series revolves around mobster Tony Soprano and the difficulties he faces as he tries to balance the often conflicting requirements of his home life and the criminal organization he heads. The show is noted for Chase's multifaceted, heavily symbolic style of writing. Over the course of the series' six-season run, Chase and his co-writers addressed a large number of psychological, philosophical, social and political themes and motifs.A major commercial and critical success,] The Sopranos is the most financially successful cable series in the history of television and has frequently been described by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time. The show has been credited for bringing a greater level of artistry to the television medium and paving the way for many successful drama series that followed.It has also won numerous awards, including twenty-one Emmys and five Golden Globes. A staple of 2000s American popular culture, The Sopranos has been the subject of much parody, controversy and analysis and has spawned books, a video game, high-charting soundtrack albums and a large amount of assorted merchandise. The series protagonist is based on Martín Buenovito , a friend of David Chase, and real life New Jersey mobster. Some episodes are based on stories he was told about Buenovito at social occasions and poker games. Starring	New Jersey
In which American state is the US version of the sit-com 'The Office' set?	The Sopranos \| Wayne State University Press Wayne State University Press The best book I have yet read that is entirely devoted to Chase's series. — Martha Nochimson Reviews From its premiere in 1999, The Sopranos captivated viewers with its easily relatable protagonist who has troubles at work and home, and went on to be one of the most critically successful shows in television history. By demonstrating that TV could be at once artistic and profitable, complex and engaging, edifying and entertaining, the series also redefined the prime-time drama. In this volume, author Gary R. Edgerton delves into the entire run of The Sopranos, integrating the existing scholarly literature, while also going much further than any previous source in exploring the series' innovations and legacy. First, Edgerton describes and analyzes The Sopranos' enormous business and industrial significance within the context of HBO as a network, a diversified entertainment company, and an identity brand. In chapter 2, he examines the many autobiographical influences and work experiences of creator David Chase and the narrative antecedents that informed the series' beginnings. In chapter 3, Edgerton underscores The Sopranos' deeply evocative sense of place, honing in especially on the cultural geography of New Jersey as representative of the nation as a whole. Finally, in chapter 4, Edgerton highlights how The Sopranos marks "A Midlife Crisis for the Gangster Genre" by illustrating some of the most profound generic transformations that took place over the course of the show, while his conclusion summarizes The Sopranos' ongoing industrial, aesthetic, and cultural legacy. The Sopranos is widely recognized in both popular and scholarly literature as a turning point in the history and development of TV. Fans who want to learn more about the show and scholars of television history will enjoy this entertaining and educational volume. Published by: Wayne State University Press Gary R. Edgerton is dean of the College of Communication at Butler University. He was previously eminent scholar, professor, and chair of the Communication and Theatre Arts Department at Old Dominion University. Edgerton has published ten books and more than eighty book chapters, journal articles, and encyclopedia essays on a wide variety of media and culture topics, and is co-editor of the Journal of Popular Film and Television. It was back in June of 2007 that Tony Soprano ordered some onion rings, listened to some Journey, and then mysteriously disappeared forever into ten seconds of blackness and silence. Gary Edgerton's new book about The Sopranos elegantly tells the story of all the stuff that happened before that perplexing final scene. Concise analyses of the cable channel that developed and presented the show and the people who made it are followed by ingenious and creative readings of individual scenes and episodes. As soon as I finished the book, I went back and watched the entire series again with new insight and appreciation. – Robert Thompson, director of the Bleier Center for Television and Popular Culture at Syracuse University Gary Edgerton's The Sopranos is highly readable, informative, and well structured. It is the best book I have yet read that is entirely devoted to Chase's series. – Martha Nochimson, professor emerita at Mercy College This engaging and well-written book is, as it claims, a 'one-stop introduction to the multiple dimensions' of The Sopranos. It goes beyond a mere synthesis of existing critical and popular responses to the show by drawing on Edgerton's mastery of historical and industrial context in tandem with his sensitivity to its aesthetic innovation and achievement. Anyone interested in the show should be directed to this book's insights and analysis. – Jason Jacobs, associate professor in the School of English, Media Studies & Art History at the University of Queensland The text includes ample bibliographic information for American history and culture scholars with an extensive list of sources. Readers are left reminiscing as they engage in '…viewing parties in homes, bars, and restaurants around the country,' allowing participants to experience The Sopranos in a tangible, visceral way rather than simply watching the show (16). Even as the series has ended, readers may enjoy the box set series alongside this straightforward text. Perhaps they will share a table of Italian fare, good conversation, and a night with family and friends. – Stacey L. Mascia, Journal of American Culture Edgerton's neatly-turned overview admirably achieves its aim of affording a ‘one-stop introduction’, perhaps for those people interested in contemporary culture who are not devotees of television. Besides providing a succinct summary of the key features of the programme's compositional principles as they emerged over the six seasons of the drama, this TV Milestone volume also locates The Sopranos in its broader institutional and social context. – Robin Nelson, Critical Studies in Television In This Section	i don't know
Which Greek philosopher is popularly known as 'The Weeping Philosopher' because of his melancholy nature?	Ancient Greek Philosophers \| World History Charts Ancient Greek Philosophers From Thales to Socrates to Plotinus, here are the Greek philosophers whose teachings influence Western thought and tradition even to this day. THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS Milesian school (c.624-546 BCE) Thales is usually considered to be the first philosopher as well as ‘the father of science’ as he was the first to try to explain things in nature without relying on mythology. He was the first of three major figures in the Milesian school, all of whom felt that one single substance was the source of all things. According to Thales, that one subtance was water. Anaximander Milesian school (c.610-546 BCE) Anaximander was a student of Thales and the second major figure in the Milesian school. He believed that the single substance that was the source of all things was an endless, unlimited substance called apeiron. Anaximenes Milesian school (c.585-528 BCE) Anaximenes was a student of Anaximander and the third major figure in the Milesian school. He believed that air was the single substance that was the source of all things Pythagoras Pythagorianism (570-495 BCE) Although little is known of the historical figure, Pythagoras is considered to be the founder of the mystical/religious movement that bears his name. He made important contributions to the field of mathematics, the most famous of which is the Pythagorean theorem. He also believed in reincarnation. Parmenides Eleatic school (c. early 500’s BCE) The founder of the Eleatic school, Parmenides believed that all is one, that everything that exists has always existed, and that nothing ever really changes. He felt that this conclusion, based on reason alone, was correct and that our senses, which tell us otherwise, are ultimately unreliable. Heraclitus Ephesian school (c.535-475 BCE) Unlike Parmenides, Heraclitus believed that everything is in a constant state of change and that are sense are generally reliable. A melancholy and obscure man, he is often portrayed as the “weeping philosopher”. Zeno of Elea Eleatic school (c.490-430 BCE) A student of Parmenides, Zeno is most famous for his paradoxes, the most famous of which is known as Achilles and the tortoise. Empedocles Pluralist school (c.490-430 BCE) Empedocles introduced the concept of four fundamental elements (fire, air, earth & water), instead of just one — an idea that persisted until modern times. Anaxagoras Pluralist school (c.500-428 BCE) Anaxagoras, a member of the pluralist school, was the first to bring philosophy to Athens, where it later flourished in the hands of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Protagoras Sophist (c.490-420 BCE) Protagoras was one of the first sophists — ‘practical’ philosophers who taught the wealthy for money. He is most famous for his saying, “Man is the measure of all things“. Democritus Atomist school (c.460-370 BCE) Democritus, together with his teacher Leucippus, is usually credited with developing atomism — the idea that everything in nature is made up of indivisible elements called atoms. This theory reconciled Parmenides’ concept of nothing changing (because the atoms themselves don’t change) with Heraclitus’ idea of constant change (because it is the way in which the atoms are arranged that changes). He is often referred to as the laughing philosopher. THE THREE GREATEST GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Socrates Athens (c.469-399 BCE) Socrates is remembered more for how he taught than for what he taught. He liked to appear ignorant and ask a lot of questions, thus helping people to find answers on their own — a technique that became known as the Socratic Method. He is also remembered for his death. Accused of corrupting youth and disbelieving in the gods, he was sentenced to commit suicide by drinking poison. Socrates left behind no writings and everything we know about him is based on what Plato and his other students wrote. Cyrenaicism (c.435-356 BCE) Aristippus was the founder of Cyrenaicism, an ultra-hedonist philosophy that encouraged people to get as much pleasure as possible out of life. Diogenes Cynicism (c.412-323 BCE) Diogenes was one of the founders of Cynicism, a philosophy that, in opposition to Cyrenaicism, rejected the desire for wealth and luxury and encouraged a simple life, free from possessions, instead. Diogenes is remembered for his theatrics such as walking around with a lamp during the day proclaiming that he was looking for an honest man and for responding to Alexander the Great’s question, “What can I do for you?” with “Move, because you’re blocking my sun.” Pyrrho Skepticism (c.360-270 BCE) Pyrrho was an ultimate skeptic in that he believed it was impossible to actually know anything for certain. He therefore recommended that people suspend judgment on philosophical matters and simply focus on more practical matters instead. Epicurus Epicureanism (c.341-270 BCE) Influenced by Cyrenaicism, Epicurus saw pleasure and pain as the measures of good and evil. Epicureans therefore tried their best to enjoy life by aiming for as much happiness and as little suffering as possible. Zeno of Citium Stoicism (c.334-262 BCE) Zeno was the founder of Stoicism, a philosophy that developed out of Cynicism and encourages people to use their free will to repress emotions and simply be at peace with whatever nature throws their way. Plotinus Neoplatonism (204-270 CE) Plotinus is considered the founder of Neoplatonism, a pantheistic and mystical philosophy that emphasizes how everything is really part of “the One” and that there really is no dualism (e.g. – darkness does not exist by itself; it is simply the absence of light).	Heraclitus
In which 1993 film does John Goodman star as the fictional schlock-horror director Lawrence Woolsey?	10 Bizarre Ways To Be Killed By An Animal - Listverse 10 Bizarre Ways To Be Killed By An Animal Tyler Parsons March 18, 2016 Humans have been at the top of the food chain for quite some time, and it’s rather rare for people to be killed by animals these days. But occasionally, nature strikes back in circumstances that are either tragic . . . or bizarre. 10 The Mosquito, The Pharaoh, And The Razor Blade Photo credit: Harry Burton George Herbert, Fifth Earl of Carnarvon, was an English aristocrat in the early 20th century. While he was initially interested in breeding and racing horses, Lord Carnarvon’s greatest legacy was left in the world of Egyptology. He launched his own excavations at Thebes in 1906, but he soon felt the need for professional oversight. That’s why he began collaborating with archaeologist Howard Carter, and the two published an account of their work in 1912. World War I forced them to take a break from excavations, but in 1922, Carter made one of the greatest discoveries in archaeological history: the undisturbed tomb of Tutankhamun. Having spent quite a hefty sum on the project, Carnarvon was understandably thrilled and rushed over from England to open the tomb with Carter. The following year, their discovery was exhibited to a gathering of royalty, dignitaries, and journalists, all eager for a positive story after the gloom of the First World War and the Spanish flu. But a mere two months later, Carnarvon was dead. While shaving one day, Carnarvon accidentally cut a mosquito bite on his face. He subsequently suffered a blood infection, followed by pneumonia. The illness spread to both lungs , and the earl passed away on April 5, 1923. His death was followed by bizarre rumors, with some claiming all the lights in Cairo flickered at the precise moment he died. Other said that King Tut had a matching cheek wound. The idea of a curse was endorsed by author Arthur Conan Doyle, who had recently entered his “fairies are real” stage. Over the next 24 years, 13 others involved in the excavation also died, including Carter himself. The archaeologist succumbed to lymphoma in 1939, cementing the alleged curse in the popular imagination. Of course, these deaths represented a negligible amount of the people involved in the dig. Plus, it’s helpful to remember that the average age of death for those on Carter’s team was 73. 9 Suicide By Piranha Despite their terrifying reputation and penchant for showing up in horror films , piranha attacks on humans are relatively rare. Fatalities are even rarer. Most attacks only result in minor injuries or, at most, the loss of a finger. Furthermore, when they do attack, it’s often because they’ve been drawn to the area by people gutting fish or vacationers spilling food into the river. And in some instances, they might bite if they feel threatened. The biggest piranha attack in recent years (70 people were injured in Argentina) resulted from swimmers blundering into piranha mating grounds and triggering a brief yet hostile response. In other words, it requires a highly specific set of circumstances for piranhas to actually kill a human. Another one of those circumstances involves a person choosing a highly unorthodox way to commit suicide. In December 2011, an 18-year-old Bolivian fisherman got himself drunk, worked up the courage to jump into a river, and allegedly took the fateful plunge . Even in this case, however, the man died of blood loss, so the much-feared fish didn’t devour him whole. 8 Britain’s First Tiger Fatality In 2007, the BBC carried out a vote on Britain’s most unusual gravestones. The winner belonged to Sarah Johnson, a woman who died of dropsy in 1819. After Sarah’s death, her doctors paid for an ornate gravestone that detailed her treatment (including how much fluid they drained from her body) while serving as an ostentatious advertisement for their services. One of the runners-up, however, was Hannah Twynnoy, a 33-year-old who was mauled to death by a tiger in 1703. Her tombstone , located in Malmesbury, recounts how: In bloom of Life She’s snatched from hence. She had no room In a bed of Clay Until the Resurrection Day. Apparently, a traveling circus had come to town, and their tiger was stabled at the tavern where Twynnoy might have worked as a barmaid. She took pleasure in teasing the creature, ignoring the admonitions of its keeper. Then one day, the cat either escaped or caught hold of her gown before tearing her to pieces . The tavern, by the way, was called the White Lion, which is a weird coincidence. However, Twynnoy’s tale doesn’t end there. Her burial service was surprisingly expensive, leading some to speculate she was having an affair with a local nobleman. Eventually, a road was named after her, and on the 300th anniversary of her death in 2003, all the local girls named Hannah laid flowers on her grave. 7 Eaten By Dogs While Smeared With Cow Dung Photo credit: Johannes Moreelse Heraclitus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who earned some pretty strange nicknames. He was known as “the obscure” because of his cryptic teachings and “the weeping philosopher” thanks to his melancholy disposition. Today, he’s best known for saying , “You cannot step in the same river twice.” After all, water is always moving, so when you step into a river a second time, the water will have changed. As for the admittedly apocryphal account of his death . . . well, it’s just downright weird. Heraclitus apparently became such a misanthrope that he retreated into the mountains, where he lived on grass and herbs. This insufficient new diet gave him dropsy, and he returned to civilization to find a cure. The said remedy involved smearing himself with cow dung in an attempt to draw the “bad humors” out of his body. This is where things get complicated. As it turns out, there are three different stories of how he met his end. In one tale, he drowns under all that wet dung. In the second story, he’s baked to death while lying in the sun, trying to dry the cow feces. And in the third tale, the dung renders him so unrecognizable that he is devoured by a pack of dogs . This final account poses several obvious questions. Most importantly, do dogs actually like to eat cow dung? Of course, things probably didn’t happen this way, but the account of his death does have several interesting connections to Heraclitus’s teachings. For example, he has one anecdote that goes, “Corpses are more worthy to be thrown out than dung.” Heraclitus also disliked doctors, so dying as a result of his bizarre “cure” is something of a snide comeback. Another one of his sayings went, “Dogs bark at those they don’t know.” This is expanded to dogs devouring someone they don’t know because he’s made the baffling decision to smear himself with feces. Being torn apart by dogs was also a punishment commonly attributed to those seen as enemies of religion , a status Heraclitus attained through his opposition to worshipping statues and using blood in purification rites. The fact that Heraclitus openly despised humanity meant that he had plenty of enemies who would pervert his teachings when recounting his death. 6 Gored By A Goat Robert Boardman was a 63-year-old hiker with plenty of experience. In October 2010, he was making his way through the Olympic National Park in Washington, alongside his wife and a friend. But while trekking through the wilderness, a goat began acting aggressively toward Boardman and his group. Boardman told the others to go on ahead while he got rid of the creature, and he began trying to shoo it away. The others ran back when they heard him screaming. When Boardman’s wife and friend returned to the scene, they found the goat had gored his leg. The animal then stood over his body for an hour before it was driven off by a hail of rocks. Unfortunately, it was too late to save Boardman, despite being airlifted to a hospital. Park rangers subsequently tracked down and killed the blood-drenched goat, which had been known for its aggressive behavior. The rangers also posted signs that warned hikers to stay 30 meters (100 ft) away from wildlife. Subsequently, it’s been alleged that the rangers had “hazed” the animal, trying to instill the goat with a fear of humans by shooting it with bean bags and pelting it with rocks. Others have blamed human interference with nature. Originally, the goats were introduced to the area in the 1920s to give human hunters new prey. Once hunting the animals became illegal, their population increased to over 300, and their regular contact with people rendered them unafraid of humans . (It probably didn’t help that some hikers were feeding them.) The deceased’s wife later attempted to sue the park, but she lost the case . 5 The Herpetologist Who Unwittingly Chronicled His Death Karl P. Schmidt was a world-renowned herpetologist working at Chicago’s Lincoln Park Zoo. In September 1957, a snake was brought to Schmidt for identification. The scientist recognized it as a boomslang, a serpent from sub-Saharan Africa. Seeking to confirm this classification, he removed the snake from its bag for a closer examination . . . and was bitten on the thumb . This was somewhat unlucky for Dr. Schmidt. The bloomslang is a rear-fanged snake, which means that its fangs are far to the back of its mouth. In order to deliver a venomous bite, the snake is required to open its mouth quite wide. In other words, it’s very difficult for the boomslang to inject a person with venom, and it was due to this anatomical makeup that in 1957, most scientists thought the boomslang was harmless . So it should come as no surprise that Schmidt wasn’t worried about the bite and casually returned home. However, he did realize the incident would give him unique insight into the effects of boomslang venom, and thus he began to document his symptoms. These progressed from nausea to shaking chills to vomiting and urinating blood. Nevertheless, in his diary, Schmidt still seemed rather nonplussed. In one entry, the researcher wrote: September 26. 6.30 AM: Temperature 98.2 [36.7 °C]. Ate cereal and poached eggs on toast and apple sauce and coffee for breakfast. No urine with an ounce or so of blood about every three hours. Mouth and nose continuing to bleed, not excessively. Shortly after this entry, Schmidt became unresponsive. When a doctor arrived, he found the herpetologist drenched in sweat. As Schmidt was rushed to the hospital, the physician attempted to revive him, but it was to no avail. Schmidt was pronounced dead on arrival. While the immediate cause of death was respiratory failure, a subsequent autopsy noted bleeding from the lungs, eyes, heart, kidneys, and brain. Since Schmidt’s death, there have been at least seven documented deaths from boomslangs, and the animal is now considered one of the most venomous snakes in Africa. 4 Suicide By White Tiger Contrary to popular belief, white tigers are not a distinct subspecies of tiger. Instead, they’re members of the Bengal subspecies, albeit with a genetic mutation. Their presentation in zoos has caused controversy as their existence is based on severe inbreeding. Most of these animals are descendants of a single individual captured in 1951, which has resulted in a disturbing list of deformities . Despite these moral concerns, white tigers remain incredibly popular, including the trio that formerly inhabited the Singapore Zoo. In November 2008, Nordin Bin Montong, a cleaner who worked at the Singapore Zoo’s chimpanzee enclosure, was acting strangely. He was seen shouting and throwing things, and he even told some of his coworkers, “Goodbye, you won’t be seeing me again.” Then, while on his lunch break, Nordin jumped into the white tiger enclosure and waded through the moat, still carrying his bucket and mop. The largest tiger lashed at his face, and Nordin fell into a fetal position. That’s when the tigers started mauling him. Horrified zoo visitors tried to distract the cats by throwing rocks . Eventually, the tigers were lured back into their pens. Once the animals were confined, zoo staff rushed in to rescue the wounded man. Zoo vets tended to Nordin while awaiting the ambulance, but sadly, he was pronounced dead by paramedics. 3 Head Trauma By Flying Stingray Fatal stingray attacks on humans are exceedingly rare. When they do occur, they’re usually the result of the tail barb, which is venomous in some species. This was the cause of the most famous stingray-related death, that of Australian conservationist Steve Irwin. The wildlife personality bled out after being pierced in the heart back in 2006. Irwin was probably attacked because the creature mistook him for a predatory shark . A mere month after Irwin’s death, an octogenarian from Florida was lucky to survive when a spotted eagle ray landed in his boat and nearly stabbed him in the heart. Evidently, this specific species has a bad habit of leaping out of the water. The reasons for this are unclear, though some have speculated that it’s a means to dislodge parasites . In any case, it was while engaging in this flamboyant activity that a spotted eagle ray collided with a Florida boater named Judy Kay Zagorski. But unlike the previous incident, Zagorski was not injured by the stinger . Instead, the ray’s hefty weight, combined with the velocity of the boat, caused Zagorski to fall over and hit her head on the deck. Unfortunately, the impact killed her . 2 Drunk Chimpanzees Named After Iraqi Dictators As befits their status as humanity’s closest relatives, chimpanzees seem to share our penchant for violence. This includes “wars” between neighboring chimp groups, such as those witnessed by famed researcher Jane Goodall in Tanzania’s Gombe Stream National Park , and more recently, a decade-long conflict in Uganda’s Kibale National Park . As such, it’s perhaps unsurprising that they have, on occasion, killed humans. Invariably, chimps target the vulnerable, and this means they often prey on children. In Gombe, an individual named Frodo killed and ate a 14-month-old child in 2002. Kibale, meanwhile, was plagued throughout the mid-to-late-1990s by Saddam, a chimp named after the infamous Iraqi dictator. Saddam was a highly adaptable loner, as the rest of his group had perished due to deforestation and poaching. Over the years, he’d become quite skilled at stealing human crops, and eventually, Saddam grew bold enough to snatch a child off a woman’s back. His reign of terror reached a crescendo in the summer of 1998, over the course of which he attacked seven children and killed two. After killing an 18-month-old girl, he was tracked by hunters, surrounded by men armed with spears, and dispatched with a rifle . There are several theories as to why chimps have seemingly grown more violent and prone to attacking humans in recent years. Some believe the desperation caused by habitat loss is an important factor. It’s also thought that chimps in Uganda have been raiding illegal brewing operations and imbibing alcohol , leaving them more prone to violence. 1 Falling Cows In July 2013, a Brazilian man named Joao Maria de Souza was sleeping alongside his wife in the town of Caratinga when a cow fell through his roof. The 1.5-ton creature was apparently grazing on a hill beside the couple’s home when it stepped onto the thin corrugated roof . Unfortunately, the animal fell 2.4 meters (8 ft) to the bed, right on top of de Souza. At first, de Souza seemed to be relatively okay. He was taken to a hospital with a fractured leg, but he was conscious and speaking normally. Unfortunately, he died of internal bleeding while waiting to be examined by doctors. His family blamed the unacceptable wait time for his death, although his grieving mother did tell the media, “I didn’t bring up my son to be killed by a falling cow.” As for de Souza’s wife, she escaped unharmed . So did the cow. Even stranger, this was the third such incident that had occurred in the area in the past three years. (It makes a little more sense when you realize the region is known for its cattle industry.) The first accident saw a cow fall into an unoccupied house, while the second saw a baby and small child almost crushed to death by the falling animal. A kangaroo tried tried to eat Tyler when he was a child. Email him at [email protected] .	i don't know
Named after two bodies of water, what name was given to the provisional border between Poland and East Germany that was agreed at the Potsdam Conference following World War II?	World War II - New World Encyclopedia World War II Next (World Wide Web) Soldiers of the 55th Armored Infantry Battalion and tank of the 22nd Tank Battalion, move through smoke filled street. Wernberg, Germany. World War II, also WWII, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history. The date commonly given for the start of the war is September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland . Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, although the only European battles remained in Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17, 1939, to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe. Contents 14 Credits The Allies were initially made up of Poland, the British Empire , France , and others. In May, 1940, Germany invaded western Europe. Six weeks later, France surrendered to Germany. Three months after that, Germany, Italy , and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement, the Tripartite Pact, and were known as the Axis Powers . Then, nine months later, in June 1941, Germany betrayed and invaded the Soviet Union, forcing the Soviets into the Allied camp (although they continued their non-aggression treaty with Japan). In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States bringing it into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. From the beginning of 1942 through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, and China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Germany and Japan. After World War II, Europe was split into western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as NATO and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact . There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two post-war superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War . In Asia, Japan's defeat led to its democratization. China's civil war continued into the 1950s, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. European colonies began their road to independence. Disgusted at the human cost of war, as people had been after World War I , a commitment to diplomacy to resolve differences was written into the charter of the new international body that replaced the failed League of Nations , the United Nations , which this time attracted U.S. support. The real effectiveness of this body has been subsequently compromised because member states act when it suits them, and sometimes by-pass it altogether. The victory, though, of the Allies over the Axis powers is usually regarded as having safeguarded democracy and freedom. The Holocaust represented one of the the most evil incidents in human history. Even still, the Allies cannot be said to have conducted the war according to the highest standards of combat, using mass bombings that provoked one leading British Bishop, George Bell (1883-1958) to withdraw his support for the just cause of the war. Causes Commonly held general causes for WWII are the rise of nationalism, militarism, and unresolved territorial issues. In Germany, resentment of the harsh Treaty of Versailles —specifically article 231 (the "Guilt Clause"), the belief in the Dolchstosslegende (that treachery had cost them WWI), and the onset of the Great Depression—fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler 's militarist National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazi Party). Meanwhile, the treaty's provisions were laxly enforced due to fear of another war. Closely related is the failure of the British and French policy of appeasement, which sought to avoid war but actually gave Hitler time to re-arm. The League of Nations proved to be ineffective. Japan, ruled by a militarist clique devoted to becoming a world power invaded China to bolster its meager stock of natural resources. This angered the United States, which reacted by making loans to China, providing covert military assistance, and instituting increasingly broad embargoes of raw materials against Japan. These embargoes would have eventually wrecked Japan's economy; Japan was faced with the choice of withdrawing from China or going to war in order to conquer the oil resources of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). It chose to proceed with plans for the Greater East Asia War in the Pacific. War breaks out in Europe: 1939 Pre-war alliances In March 1939, when German armies entered Prague then occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia , the Munich Agreement—which required Germany to peacefully resolve its claim to the Czech territory—collapsed. On May 19, Poland and France pledged to provide each other with military assistance in the event either was attacked. The British had already offered support to the Poles in March; then, on August 23, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The pact included a secret protocol which would divide eastern Europe into German and Soviet areas of interest. Each country agreed to allow the other a free hand in its area of influence, including military occupation. Hitler was now ready to go to war in order to conquer Poland. The signing of a new alliance between Britain and Poland on August 25, deterred him for only a few days. Invasion of Poland A flight of Junkers Ju 87 -Stuka dive-bombers prepares to attack. On September 1, Germany invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. The French mobilized slowly, then mounted a token offensive in the Saar, which they soon abandoned, while the British could not take any direct action in support of the Poles in the time available. Meanwhile, on September 9, the Germans reached Warsaw, having slashed through the Polish defenses. On September 17, Soviet troops occupied the eastern Poland, taking control of territory that Germany had agreed was in the Soviet sphere of influence. A day later the Polish president and commander-in-chief both fled to Romania . The last Polish units surrendered on October 6. Some Polish troops evacuated to neighboring countries. In the aftermath of the September Campaign, occupied Poland managed to create a powerful resistance movement and Poles made a significant contribution to the Allies' cause for the duration of World War II. After Poland fell, Germany paused to regroup during the winter of 1939-1940 until April 1940, while the British and French stayed on the defensive. The period was referred to by journalists as "the Phony War," or the "Sitzkrieg," because so little ground combat took place. Battle of the Atlantic Meanwhile in the North Atlantic, German U-boats operated against Allied shipping. The submarines made up in skill, luck, and daring what they lacked in numbers. One U-boat sank the British aircraft carrier HMS Courageous, while another managed to sink the battleship HMS Royal Oak in its home anchorage of Scapa Flow. Altogether, U-boats sank more than 110 vessels in the first four months of the war. In the South Atlantic, the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee raided Allied shipping, then was scuttled after the battle of the River Plate. About a year and a half later, another German raider, the battleship Bismarck, suffered a similar fate in the North Atlantic. Unlike the U-boat threat, which had a serious impact later in the war, German surface raiders had little impact because their numbers were so small. War spreads: 1940 Soviet-Finnish War The Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30, 1939, starting the Winter War. Finland surrendered to the Soviet Union in March 1940 and signed the Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) in which the Finns made territorial concessions. Later that year, in June the Soviet Union occupied Latvia , Lithuania , and Estonia , and annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania. Invasion of Denmark and Norway The evolution of German plans for the invasion of France. Germany invaded Denmark and Norway on April 9, 1940, in part to counter the threat of an impending Allied invasion of Norway. Denmark did not resist, but Norway fought back, assisted by British, French, and Polish (exile) forces landing in support of the Norwegians at Namsos, Åndalsnes, and Narvik. By late June, the Allies were defeated, German forces were in control of most of Norway, and what remained of the Norwegian Army had surrendered. Invasion of France and the Low Countries Heinkel He 111 over London on 7 September 1940 On May 10, 1940, the Germans invaded Luxembourg , Belgium , the Netherlands , and France, ending the "Phony War." The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Army advanced into northern Belgium, planning to fight a mobile war in the north while maintaining a static continuous front along the Maginot Line, built after World War I , further south. In the first phase of the invasion, Fall Gelb (CACA), the Wehrmacht's Panzergruppe von Kleist raced through the Ardennes, broke the French line at Sedan, then slashed across northern France to the English Channel, splitting the Allies in two. Meanwhile Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands fell quickly against the attack of German Army Group B. The BEF, encircled in the north, was evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. On June 10, Italy joined the war, attacking France in the south. German forces then continued the conquest of France with Fall Rot (Case Red), advancing behind the Maginot Line and near the coast. France signed an armistice with Germany on June 22, 1940, leading to the establishment of the Vichy France puppet government in the unoccupied part of France. Battle of Britain Following the defeat of France, Britain chose to fight on, so Germany began preparations in summer of 1940 to invade Britain (Operation Sea Lion), while Britain made anti-invasion preparations. Germany's initial goal was to gain air control over Britain by defeating the Royal Air Force (RAF). The war between the two air forces became known as the Battle of Britain . The Luftwaffe initially targeted RAF Fighter Command. The results were not as expected, so the Luftwaffe later turned to terror bombing London. The Germans failed to defeat the Royal Air Force, thus Operation Sea Lion was postponed and eventually canceled. North African Campaign Afrika Korps tanks advance during the North African campaign. Italy declared war in June 1940, which challenged British supremacy of the Mediterranean, hinged on Gibraltar, Malta , and Alexandria . Italian troops invaded and captured British Somaliland in August. In September, the North African Campaign began when Italian forces in Libya attacked British forces in Egypt . The aim was to make Egypt an Italian possession, especially the vital Suez Canal east of Egypt. British, Indian, and Australian forces counter-attacked in Operation Compass, but this offensive stopped in 1941 when much of the Commonwealth forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. However, German forces (known later as the Afrika Korps) under General Erwin Rommel landed in Libya and renewed the assault on Egypt. Invasion of Greece Italy invaded Greece on October 28, 1940, from bases in Albania after the Greek Premier John Metaxas rejected an ultimatum to hand over Greek territory. Despite the enormous superiority of the Italian forces, the Greek army forced the Italians into a massive retreat deep into Albania. By mid-December, the Greeks occupied one-fourth of Albania. The Greek army had inflicted upon the Axis Powers their first defeat in the war, and Nazi Germany would soon be forced to intervene. War becomes global: 1941 The extent of the Axis conquests during World War II European theater Lend-Lease U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease Act on March 11. This program was the first large step away from American isolationism, providing for substantial assistance to the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and other countries. Invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia German advances during Operation Barbarossa from June 1941 to December 1941. Yugoslavia's government succumbed to the pressure of the Axis and signed the Tripartite Treaty on March 25, but the government was overthrown in a coup which replaced it with a pro-Allied government. This prompted the Germans to invade Yugoslavia on April 6. In the early morning, Germans bombarded Belgrade with an estimated 450 aircraft. Yugoslavia was occupied in a matter of days, and the army surrendered on April 17, but the partisan resistance lasted throughout the war. The rapid downfall of Yugoslavia, however, allowed German forces to enter Greek territory through the Yugoslav frontier. The 58,000 British and Commonwealth troops who had been sent to help the Greeks were driven back and soon forced to evacuate. On April 27, German forces entered Athens which was followed by the end of organized Greek resistance. The occupation of Greece proved costly, as guerilla warfare continually plagued the Axis occupiers. Invasion of Soviet Union Soviet Siberian Soldiers fighting during the Battle of Moscow. Operation Barbarossa, the largest invasion in history, began June 22, 1941. An Axis force of over four million soldiers advanced rapidly deep into the Soviet Union, destroying almost the entire western Soviet army in huge battles of encirclement. The Soviets dismantled as much industry as possible ahead of the advancing forces, moving it to the Ural Mountains for reassembly. By late November, the Axis had reached a line at the gates of Leningrad, Moscow, and Rostov, at the cost of about 23 percent casualties. Their advance then ground to a halt. The German General Staff had underestimated the size of the Soviet army and its ability to draft new troops. They were now dismayed by the presence of new forces, including fresh Siberian troops under General Zhukov, and by the onset of a particularly cold winter. German forward units had advanced within distant sight of the golden onion domes of Moscow's Saint Basil's Cathedral, but then on December 5, the Soviets counter-attacked and pushed the Axis back some 150-250 kilometers (100-150 mi), which became the first major German defeat of World War II. The Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union began on June 25, with Soviet air attacks shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. Allied conferences The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration by Churchill and Roosevelt , August 14, 1941. In late December 1941, Churchill met Roosevelt again at the Arcadia Conference. They agreed that defeating Germany had priority over defeating Japan. The Americans proposed a 1942 cross-channel invasion of France which the British strongly opposed, suggesting instead a small invasion in Norway or landings in French North Africa. Mediterranean German paratroopers landing on the island of Crete. Rommel's forces advanced rapidly eastward, laying siege to the vital seaport of Tobruk. Two Allied attempts to relieve Tobruk were defeated, but a larger offensive at the end of the year drove Rommel back after heavy fighting. On May 20, the Battle of Crete began when elite German parachute and glider-borne mountain troops launched a massive airborne invasion of the Greek island. Crete was defended by Greek and Commonwealth troops. The Germans attacked the island's three airfields simultaneously. Their invasion on two airfields failed, but they successfully captured one, which allowed them to reinforce their position and capture the island in a little over one week. In June 1941, Allied forces invaded Syria and Lebanon , capturing Damascus on June 17. In August, British and Soviet troops occupied neutral Iran to secure its oil and a southern supply line to Russia. Pacific theater Sino-Japanese war Overview map of World War II in Asia and the Pacific: Allies green, Japanese conquests yellow. A war had begun in East Asia before World War II started in Europe. On July 7, 1937, Japan, after occupying Manchuria in 1931, launched another attack against China near Beijing . The Japanese made initial advances but were stalled at Shanghai . The city eventually fell to the Japanese and in December 1937, the capital city Nanking (now Nanjing) fell. As a result, the Chinese government moved its seat to Chongqing for the rest of the war. The Japanese forces committed brutal atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war when Nanking was occupied, slaughtering as many as 300,000 civilians within a month. The war by 1940 had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The Chinese had successfully defended their land from oncoming Japanese on several occasions while strong resistance in areas occupied by the Japanese made a victory seem impossible to the Japanese. Japan and the United States Pearl Harbor under attack on December 7, 1941 In the summer of 1941, the United States began an oil embargo against Japan, which was a protest to Japan's incursion into French Indo-China and the continued invasion of China. Japan planned an attack on Pearl Harbor to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet before consolidating oil fields in the Dutch East Indies. On December 7, a Japanese carrier fleet launched a surprise air attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . The raid resulted in two U.S. battleships sunk, and six damaged but later repaired and returned to service. The raid failed to find any aircraft carriers and did not damage Pearl Harbor's usefulness as a naval base. The attack strongly united public opinion in the United States against Japan. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan. On the same day, China officially declared war against Japan. Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact. Hitler hoped that Japan would support Germany by attacking the Soviet Union. Japan did not oblige, and this diplomatic move by Hitler proved a catastrophic blunder which unified the American public's support for the war. Japanese offensive Lt Gen Arthur Percival surrendering Singapore to the Japanese on February 15, 1942. It was the greatest defeat in British history. Japan soon invaded the Philippines and the British colonies of Hong Kong , Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo , and Burma , with the intention of seizing the oilfields of the Dutch East Indies. Despite fierce resistance by American, Philippine, British, Canadian, and Indian forces, all these territories capitulated to the Japanese in a matter of months. The British island fortress of Singapore was captured in what Churchill considered one of the most humiliating British defeats of all time. Deadlock: 1942 European theater Western and Central Europe In May, top Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated by Allied agents in Operation Anthropoid. Hitler ordered severe reprisals. On August 19, British and Canadian forces launched the Dieppe Raid (codenamed Operation Jubilee) on the German occupied port of Dieppe, France. The attack was a disaster but provided critical information utilized later in Operation Torch and Operation Overlord. Operation Blue: German advances from May 7 1942 to November 18 1942. Soviet winter and early spring offensive In the north, Soviets launched the Toropets-Kholm Operation January 9 to February 6 1942, trapping a German force near Andreapol. The Soviets also surrounded a German garrison in the Demyansk Pocket which held out with air supply for four months (February 8 until April 21), and established themselves in front of Kholm, Velizh and Velikie Luki. In the south, Soviet forces launched an offensive in May against the German Sixth Army, initiating a bloody 17 day battle around Kharkov, which resulted in the loss of over 200,000 Red Army personnel. Axis summer offensive On June 28, the Axis began their summer offensive. German Army Group B planned to capture the city of Stalingrad, which would secure the German left while Army Group A planned to capture the southern oil fields. In the Battle of the Caucasus, fought in the late summer and fall of 1942, the Axis forces captured the oil fields. Stalingrad Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad, 1942 After bitter street fighting which lasted for months, the Germans captured 90 percent of Stalingrad by November. The Soviets, however, had been building up massive forces on the flanks of Stalingrad. They launched Operation Uranus on November 19, with twin attacks that met at Kalach four days later and trapped the Sixth Army in Stalingrad. The Germans requested permission to attempt a break-out, which was refused by Hitler, who ordered Sixth Army to remain in Stalingrad where he promised they would be supplied by air until rescued. About the same time, the Soviets launched Operation Mars in a salient near the vicinity of Moscow. Its objective was to tie down Army Group Center and to prevent it from reinforcing Army Group South at Stalingrad. In December, German relief forces got within 50 kilometers (30 mi) of the trapped Sixth Army before they were turned back by the Soviets. By the end of the year, the Sixth Army was in desperate condition, as the Luftwaffe was only able to supply about a sixth of the provisions needed. The battle ended in February 1943, when the Soviet forces succeeded in over-running the German positions. The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II and is considered the bloodiest battle in human history, with more combined casualties suffered than in any battle before. The battle was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties on both sides. Total deaths are estimated to have approached 2.5 million. When it was over, the Axis powers had lost one fourth of their strength on that front. Eastern North Africa British infantry attack at the Second Battle of El Alamein. At the beginning of 1942, the Allied forces in North Africa were weakened by detachments to the Far East. Rommel once again attacked and recaptured Benghazi. Then he defeated the Allies at the Battle of Gazala, and captured Tobruk with several thousand prisoners and large quantities of supplies. Following up, he drove deep into Egypt but with overstretched forces. The First Battle of El Alamein took place in July 1942. Allied forces had retreated to the last defensible point before Alexandria and the Suez Canal . The Afrika Korps, however, had outrun its supplies, and the defenders stopped its thrusts. The Second Battle of El Alamein occurred between October 23 and November 3. Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery was in command of the Commonwealth forces, now known as the British Eighth Army. The Eighth Army took the offensive and was ultimately triumphant. After the German defeat at El Alamein, the Axis forces made a successful strategic withdrawal to Tunisia . Western North Africa Operation Torch, launched on November 8, 1942, aimed to gain control of Morocco and Algiers through simultaneous landings at Casablanca , Oran, and Algiers, followed a few days later with a landing at Bône, the gateway to Tunisia. It was hoped that the local forces of Vichy France (the puppet government in France under the Nazis) would put up no resistance and submit to the authority of Free French General Henri Giraud. In response, Hitler invaded and occupied Vichy France and Tunisia, but the German and Italian forces were caught in the pincers of a twin advance from Algeria and Libya. Rommel's victory against American forces at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass could only hold off the inevitable. Pacific theater Central and South West Pacific American dive bombers over the burning Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066, leading to the internment of approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans for the duration of the war. In April, the Doolittle Raid, the first U.S. air raid on Tokyo, boosted morale in the U.S. and caused Japan to shift resources to homeland defense, but did little actual damage. In early May, a Japanese naval invasion of Port Moresby, New Guinea , was thwarted by Allied navies in the Battle of the Coral Sea. This was both the first successful opposition to a Japanese attack and the first battle fought between aircraft carriers. On June 5, American carrier-based dive-bombers sank four of Japan's best aircraft carriers in the Battle of Midway . Historians mark this battle as a turning point and the end of Japanese expansion in the Pacific. Cryptography played an important part in the battle, as the United States had broken the Japanese naval codes and knew the Japanese plan of attack. In July, a Japanese overland attack on Port Moresby was led along the rugged Kokoda Track. An outnumbered and untrained Australian battalion defeated the 5,000-strong Japanese force, the first land defeat of Japan in the war and one of the most significant victories in Australian military history. U.S. Marines rest in the field on Guadalcanal, circa August-December 1942 On August 7, United States Marines began the Battle of Guadalcanal . For the next six months, U.S. forces fought Japanese forces for control of the island. Meanwhile, several naval encounters raged in the nearby waters, including the Battle of Savo Island, Battle of Cape Esperance, Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, and Battle of Tassafaronga. In late August and early September, while battle raged on Guadalcanal, an amphibious Japanese attack on the eastern tip of New Guinea was met by Australian forces in the Battle of Milne Bay. Sino-Japanese War Japan launched a major offensive in China following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The aim of the offensive was to take the strategically important city of Changsha which the Japanese had failed to capture on two previous occasions. For the attack, the Japanese massed 120,000 soldiers under 4 divisions. The Chinese responded with 300,000 men, and soon the Japanese army was encircled and had to retreat. War turns: 1943 German and Soviet spring offensives German advances during the spring and summer of 1943. After the surrender of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad on February 2, 1943, the Red Army launched eight offensives during the winter. Many were concentrated along the Don basin near Stalingrad, which resulted in initial gains until German forces were able to take advantage of the weakened condition of the Red Army and regain the territory it lost. Operation Citadel On July 4, the Wehrmacht launched a much-delayed offensive against the Soviet Union at the Kursk salient. Their intentions were known by the Soviets, and they hastened to defend the salient with an enormous system of earthwork defenses. Both sides massed their armor for what became a decisive military engagement. The Germans attacked from both the north and south of the salient and hoped to meet in the middle, cutting off the salient and trapping 60 Soviet divisions. The German offensive was ground down as little progress was made through the Soviet defenses. The Soviets then brought up their reserves, and the largest tank battle of the war occurred near the city of Prokhorovka. The Germans had exhausted their armored forces and could not stop the Soviet counter-offensive that threw them back across their starting positions. Soviet fall and winter offensives In August, Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, and as September proceeded into October, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with Zaporozhye the first to go, followed by Dnepropetrovsk. Early in November the Soviets broke out of their bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and recaptured the Ukrainian capital. The First Ukrainian Front attacked at Korosten on Christmas Eve. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish-Soviet border was reached. Italy The U.S. support ship Robert Rowan explodes after being hit by a German bomber near Gela, Sicily on 11 July 1943 The surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia on May 13, 1943 yielded some 250,000 prisoners. The North African war proved to be a disaster for Italy, and when the Allies invaded Sicily on July 10, in Operation Husky, capturing the island in a little over a month, the regime of Benito Mussolini collapsed. On July 25, he was removed from office by the King of Italy, and arrested with the positive consent of the Great Fascist Council. A new government, led by Pietro Badoglio, took power but declared that Italy would stay in the war. Badoglio actually had begun secret peace negotiations with the Allies. The Allies invaded mainland Italy on September 3, 1943. Italy surrendered to the Allies on September 8, as had been agreed in negotiations. The royal family and Badoglio government escaped to the south, leaving the Italian army without orders, while the Germans took over the fight, forcing the Allies to a complete halt in the winter of 1943-44 at the Gustav Line south of Rome . In the north, the Nazis let Mussolini create what was effectively a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or "Republic of Salò," named after the new capital of Salò on Lake Garda. Mid-1943 brought the fifth and final German Sutjeska offensive against the Yugoslav Partisans. Pacific theater Central and South West Pacific Battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB38) leading USS Colorado (BB-45), cruisers USS Louisville (CA-28), USS Portland (CA-33) and light cruiser USS Columbia (CL-56) into Lingayen Gulf, Philippines , January 1945. The Battle of Changde, called the Stalingrad of the East. China and Japan lost a combined total of 100,000 men in this battle. On January 2, Buna, New Guinea was captured by the Allies. This ended the threat to Port Moresby. By January 22, 1943, the Allied forces had achieved their objective of isolating Japanese forces in eastern New Guinea and cutting off their main line of supply. American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on February 9. Australian and U.S. forces undertook the prolonged campaign to retake the occupied parts of the Solomon Islands , New Guinea, and the Dutch East Indies, experiencing some of the toughest resistance of the war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were retaken in 1943. In November, U.S. Marines won the Battle of Tarawa. This was the first heavily opposed amphibious assault in the Pacific theater. The high casualties taken by the Marines sparked off a storm of protest in the United States, where the large losses could not be understood for such a tiny and seemingly unimportant island. Sino-Japanese War A vigorous, fluctuating battle for Changde in China's Hunan province began on November 2, 1943. The Japanese threw over 100,000 men into the attack on the city, which changed hands several times in a few days but ended up still held by the Chinese. Overall, the Chinese ground forces were compelled to fight a war of defense and attrition while they built up their armies and awaited an Allied counteroffensive. South East Asia The Nationalist Kuomintang Army, under Chiang Kai-shek , and the Communist Chinese Army, under Mao Zedong , both opposed the Japanese occupation of China but never truly allied against the Japanese. Conflict between Nationalist and Communist forces emerged long before the war; it continued after and, to an extent, even during the war, though more implicitly. The Japanese and its auxiliary Indian National Army had captured most of Burma, severing the Burma Road by which the Western Allies had been supplying the Chinese Nationalists. This forced the Allies to create a large sustained airlift, known as "flying the Hump." U.S.-led and trained Chinese divisions, a British division and a few thousand U.S. ground troops cleared the Japanese forces from northern Burma so that the Ledo Road could be built to replace the Burma Road. Beginning of the end: 1944 European theater Soviet winter and spring offensives Soviet advances from August 1943 to December 1944. In the north, a Soviet offensive in January 1944, had relieved the siege of Leningrad. The Germans conducted an orderly retreat from the Leningrad area to a shorter line based on the lakes to the south. In the south, in March, two Soviet fronts encircled Generaloberst Hans-Valentin Hube's German First Panzer Army north of the Dniestr river. The Germans escaped the pocket in April, saving most of their men but losing their heavy equipment. In early May, the Red Army's 3rd Ukrainian Front engaged German Seventeenth Army of Army Group South which had been left behind after the German retreat from the Ukraine. The battle was a complete victory for the Red Army, and a botched evacuation effort across the Black Sea led to over 250,000 German and Romanian casualties. During April 1944, a series of attacks by the Red Army near the city of Iaşi, Romania was aiming at capturing the strategically important sector. The German-Romanian forces successfully defended the sector throughout the month of April. The attack aiming at Târgul Frumos was the final attempt by the Red Army to achieve its goal of having a spring-board into Romania for a summer offensive. With Soviet forces approaching, German troops occupied Hungary on March 20, as Hitler thought that the Hungarian leader, Admiral Miklós Horthy, might no longer be a reliable ally. Finland sought a separate peace with Stalin in February 1944, but the terms offered were unacceptable. On June 9, the Soviet Union began the Fourth strategic offensive on the Karelian Isthmus that after three months would force Finland to accept an armistice. Soviet summer offensive One of the Armia Krajowa soldiers defending a barricade during the Warsaw Uprising. Operation Bagration, a Soviet offensive involving 2.5 million men and 6,000 tanks, was launched on June 22, and was intended to clear German troops from Belarus. The subsequent battle resulted in the destruction of German Army Group Center and over 800,000 German casualties, the greatest defeat for the Wehrmacht during the war. The Soviets swept forward, reaching the outskirts of Warsaw on July 31. Soviet fall and winter offensives After the destruction of Army Group Center, the Soviets attacked German forces in the South in mid-July 1944 and in a month's time cleared the Ukraine of German presence. The Red Army's 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts engaged German Heeresgruppe Südukraine, which consisted of German and Romanian formations, in an operation to occupy Romania and destroy the German formations in the sector. The result of the battle was complete victory for the Red Army, and a switch of Romania from the Axis to the Allied camp. In October 1944 General der Artillerie Maximilian Fretter-Pico's Sixth Army encircled and destroyed three corps of Marshal Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky's Group Pliyev near Debrecen, Hungary. This was to be the last German victory in the Eastern front. The Red Army's 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Baltic Fronts engaged German Army Group Center and Army Group North to capture the Baltic region from the Germans. The result of the series of battles was a permanent loss of contact between Army Groups North and Center, and the creation of the Courland Pocket in Latvia. From December 29, 1944, to February 13, 1945, Soviet forces laid siege to Budapest, which was defended by German Waffen-SS and Hungarian forces. It was one of the bloodiest sieges of the war. Warsaw uprising American troops disembark in the surf at Omaha Beach on D-Day, 6 June 1944. The proximity of the Red Army led the Poles in Warsaw to believe they would soon be liberated. On August 1, they rose in revolt as part of the wider Operation Tempest. Nearly 40,000 Polish resistance fighters seized control of the city. The Soviets however stopped outside the city and gave the Poles no assistance, as German army units moved into the city to put down the revolt. The resistance ended on October 2. German units then destroyed most of what was left of the city. Allied invasion of Western Europe On "D-Day" (June 6, 1944) the western Allies of mainly Britain , Canada and America invaded German-held Normandy. German resistance was stubborn and during the first month, the Allies measured progress in hundreds of yards and bloody rifle fights in the Bocage. An Allied breakout was effected at St.-Lô, and German forces were almost completely destroyed in the Falaise pocket while counter-attacking. Allied forces stationed in Italy invaded the French Riviera on August 15, and linked up with forces from Normandy. The clandestine French Resistance in Paris rose against the Germans on August 19, and a French division under General Jacques Leclerc, pressing forward from Normandy, received the surrender of the German forces there and liberated the city on August 25. Operation Market Garden Four British paratroopers moving through a shell-damaged house in Oosterbeek during Operation Market Garden. American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge Allied paratroopers attempted a fast advance into the Netherlands with Operation Market Garden in September but were repulsed. Logistical problems were starting to plague the Allies' advance west as the supply lines still ran back to the beaches of Normandy. A decisive victory by the Canadian First Army in the Battle of the Scheldt secured the entrance to the port of Antwerp, freeing it to receive supplies by late November 1944. German winter offensive In December 1944, the German Army made its last major offensive in the West, known as the Battle of the Bulge. Hitler sought to drive a wedge between the western Allies, causing them to agree to a favorable armistice, after which Germany could concentrate all its efforts on the Eastern front and have a chance to defeat the Soviets. The mission was doomed to failure, since the Allies had no intention of granting an armistice under any conditions. At first, the Germans scored successes against the unprepared Allied forces. Poor weather during the initial days of the offensive favored the Germans because it grounded Allied aircraft. However, with clearing skies allowing Allied air supremacy to resume, the German failure to capture Bastogne, and with the arrival of the United States Third Army, the Germans were forced to retreat back into Germany. The offensive was defeated but was the bloodiest battle in U.S. military history. Italy and the Balkans During the winter the Allies tried to force the Gustav line on the southern Apennines of Italy but they could not break enemy lines until the landing of Anzio on January 22, 1944, on the southern coast of Latium, named Operation Shingle. Only after some months was the Gustav line broken and the Allies marched towards the north of the peninsula. On June 4, Rome fell to Allies, and the Allied army reached Florence in August, then stopped along the Gothic Line on the Tuscan Apennines during the winter. Germany withdrew from the Balkans and held Hungary until February 1945. Romania turned against Germany in August 1944 and Bulgaria surrendered in September. Pacific theater Central and South West Pacific USS Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, October 24, 1944 after being hit with a Japanese armor piercing bomb. The American advance continued in the southwest Pacific with the capture of the Marshall Islands before the end of February. 42,000 U.S. Army soldiers and Marines landed on Kwajalein atoll on January 31. Fierce fighting occurred and the island was taken on February 6. U.S. Marines next defeated the Japanese in the Battle of Eniwetok. The main objective was the Marianas, especially Saipan and to a lessor extent, Guam . The Japanese in both places were strongly entrenched. On June 11, Saipan was bombarded from the sea and a landing made four days later; it was captured by July 9. The Japanese committed much of their declining naval strength in the Battle of the Philippine Sea but suffered severe losses in both ships and aircraft and after the battle the Japanese aircraft carrier force was no longer militarily effective. With the capture of Saipan, Japan was finally within range of B-29 bombers. Guam was invaded on July 21, and taken on August 10, but Japanese fought fanatically and mopping up operations continued long after the Battle of Guam was officially over. The island of Tinian was invaded on July 24, and saw the first usage of napalm . The island fell on August 1. General MacArthur's troops invaded the Philippines, landing on the island of Leyte on October 20. The Japanese had prepared a rigorous defense and then used the last of their naval forces in an attempt to destroy the invasion force in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , October 23 through October 26, 1944, arguably the largest naval battle in history. The battle saw the first use of kamikaze (suicide) attacks. Throughout 1944 American submarines and aircraft attacked Japanese merchant shipping, depriving Japan's industry of the raw materials it had gone to war to obtain. The effectiveness of this stranglehold increased as U.S. Marines captured islands closer to the Japanese mainland. In 1944 submarines sank three million tons of shipping while the Japanese were only able to replace less than one million tons. Sino-Japanese War Japanese advances in Operation Ichigo during 1944 in China In April 1944, the Japanese launched Operation Ichigo whose aim was to secure the railway route across Japanese occupied territories of North East China and Korea and those in South East Asia and to destroy airbases in the area which serviced USAAF aircraft. In June 1944, the Japanese deployed 360,000 troops to invade Changsha for the fourth time. The Operation involved more Japanese troops than any other campaign in the Sino-Japanese war and after 47 days of bitter fighting, the city was taken but at a very high cost. By November, the Japanese had taken the cities of Guilin and Liuzhou which served as USAAF airbases from which it conducted bombing raids on Japan. However, despite having destroyed the airbases in this region, the USAAF could still strike at the Japanese main islands from newly acquired bases in the Pacific. By December, the Japanese forces reached French Indochina and achieved the purpose of the operation but only after incurring heavy losses. South East Asia In March 1944, the Japanese began their "march to Delhi" by crossing the border from Burma into India. On March 30, they attacked the town of Imphal which involved some of the most ferocious fighting of the war. The Japanese soon ran out of supplies and withdrew resulting in a loss of 85,000 men, one of the largest Japanese defeats of the war. The Anglo-Indian forces were constantly re-supplied by the RAF. End of the war: 1945 European theater Soviet winter offensive Berlin and Prague offensive on the Eastern Front 1945. On January 12, the Red Army was ready for its next big offensive. Konev's armies attacked the Germans in southern Poland, expanding out from their Vistula River bridgehead near Sandomierz. January 14, Rokossovsky's armies attacked from the Narew River north of Warsaw. They broke the defenses covering East Prussia. Zhukov's armies in the center attacked from their bridgeheads near Warsaw. The German front was now in shambles. Zhukov took Zhukov took Warsaw on January 17, and Lódz on the 19th. The same day, his forces reached the German pre-war border. At the end of the first week of the offensive the Soviets had penetrated 100 miles deep on a front that was 400 miles wide. By February 13, the Soviets took Budapest. The Soviet onslaught finally halted at the end of January only 40 miles from Berlin, on the Oder river. Yalta Conference Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin at Yalta in 1945. At the Yalta Conference (February 1945), Churchill , Stalin , and Roosevelt made arrangements for post-war Europe. Many important resolutions were made: An April meeting would be held to form the United Nations ; Poland would have free elections (though in fact they were heavily rigged by Soviets); Soviet nationals were to be repatriated; The Soviet Union was to attack Japan within three months of Germany's surrender. Soviet spring offensive The Red Army (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army) began its final assault on Berlin on April 16. By this point, the German Army was in full retreat and Berlin had already been battered due to preliminary air bombings. By April 24, the three Soviet army groups had completed the encirclement of the city. Hitler had sent the main German forces which were supposed to defend the city to the south as he believed that was the region where the Soviets would launch their spring offensive and not in Berlin. As a final resistance effort, Hitler called for civilians, including teenagers, to fight the oncoming Red Army in the Volkssturm militia. Those forces were augmented by the battered German remnants that had fought the Soviets in Seelow Heights. But even then the fighting was heavy, with house-to-house and hand-to-hand combat. The Soviets sustained 305,000 dead; the Germans sustained as many as 325,000, including civilians. Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker, a concrete bunker beneath the Chancellery, where on April 30, 1945, he committed suicide, along with his bride, Eva Braun . Western Europe The endless procession of German prisoners captured with the fall of Aachen marching through the ruined city streets to captivity The Allies resumed their advance into Germany once the Battle of the Bulge officially ended on January 27, 1945. The final obstacle to the Allies was the river Rhine which was crossed in late March 1945. Once the Allies had crossed the Rhine, the British fanned out northeast towards Hamburg crossing the river Elbe and on towards Denmark and the Baltic. The U.S. Ninth Army went south as the northern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement and the U.S. First Army went north as the southern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement. On April 4 the encirclement was completed and the German Army Group B commanded by Field Marshal Walther Model was trapped in the Ruhr Pocket and 300,000 soldiers became POWs. The Ninth and First U.S. armies then turned east and then halted their advance at the Elbe river where they met up with the Soviet forces in mid-April, letting them take Berlin. Italy Allied advances in the winter of 1944-45 up the Italian peninsula had been slow due the troop re-deployments to France. But by April 9, the British/American 15th Army Group which was composed of the U.S. Fifth Army and the British Eighth Army broke through the Gothic Line and attacked the Po Valley, gradually enclosing the main German forces. Milan was taken by the end of April and the U.S. 5th Army continued to move west and linked up with French units while the British 8th Army advanced towards Trieste and made contact with the Yugoslav partisans. A few days before the surrender of German troops in Italy, Italian partisans intercepted a party of Fascists trying to make their escape to Switzerland. Hiding underneath a pile of coats was Mussolini. The whole party, including Mussolini's mistress, Clara Petacci, were summarily shot on April 28, 1945. Their bodies were taken to Milan and hung up on public display, upside down. Germany surrenders Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the Reichstag in Berlin, Germany Admiral Karl Dönitz became leader of the German government after the death of Hitler, but the German war effort quickly disintegrated. German forces in Berlin surrendered the city to the Soviet troops on May 2, 1945. German forces in Italy surrendered May 2, 1945 at General Alexander's headquarters and German forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrendered on May 4; and the German High Command under Generaloberst Alfred Jodl surrendered unconditionally all remaining German forces on May 7 in Reims, France. The western Allies celebrated "V-E Day" on May 8. The Soviet Union celebrated "Victory Day" on May 9. Some remnants of German Army Group Center continued resistance until May 11 or 12. Potsdam The last Allied conference of World War II was held at the suburb of Potsdam, outside Berlin, from July 17 to August 2. The Potsdam Conference saw agreements reached between the Allies on policies for occupied Germany. An ultimatum was issued calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan. Pacific theater Central and South West Pacific In January the U.S. Sixth Army landed on Luzon, the main island of the Philippines . Manila was re-captured by March. U.S. capture of islands such as Iwo Jima in February and Okinawa (April through June) brought the Japanese homeland within easier range of naval and air attack. Amongst dozens of other cities, Tokyo was firebombed, and about 90,000 people died from the initial attack. The dense living conditions around production centers and the wooden residential constructions contributed to the large loss of life. In addition, the ports and major waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air in Operation Starvation which seriously disrupted the logistics of the island nation. The last major offensive in the South West Pacific Area was the Borneo campaign of mid-1945, which was aimed at further isolating the remaining Japanese forces in South East Asia and securing the release of Allied prisoners of war. South East Asia In South-East Asia, from August 1944, to November 1944, British 14th Army pursued the Japanese to the Chindwin River in Burma after their failed attack on India. The British Commonwealth forces launched a series of offensive operations back into Burma during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. On May 2, 1945, Rangoon, the capital city of Myanmar (Burma) was taken in Operation Dracula. The planned amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya was canceled after the dropping of the atomic bombs and Japanese forces in South-East Asia surrendered soon afterwards. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air from the hypocenter. The U.S. military and political chiefs had decided to use their new super-weapon to bring the war to a speedy end. The battle for Okinawa had shown that an invasion of the Japanese mainland (planned for November), seen as an Okinawa type operation on a far larger scale, would result in more casualties than the United States had suffered so far in all theaters since the war began. On August 6, 1945, the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, dropped a nuclear weapon named "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, destroying the city. After the destruction of Hiroshima, the United States again called upon Japan to surrender. No response was made, and accordingly on August 9, the B-29 BOCKS CAR, piloted by Maj. Charles Sweeney, dropped a second atomic bomb named "Fat Man" on Nagasaki. Soviet invasion of Manchuria On August 8, two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union, having renounced its nonaggression pact with Japan, attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks the Japanese army in Manchuria consisting of over a million men had been destroyed by the Soviets. The Red Army moved into North Korea on August 18. Korea was subsequently divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet and U.S. zones. Japan Surrenders The American use of atomic weapons against Japan prompted Emperor Hirohito to bypass the existing government and intervene to end the war. The entry of the Soviet Union to the war may have also played a part, but in his radio address to the nation Emperor Hirohito did not mention it as a major reason for his country's surrender. The Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945 (V-J day), signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri (BB-63) anchored in Tokyo Bay. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on September 9, 1945. This did not fully end the war, however, as Japan and the Soviet Union never signed a peace agreement. In the last days of the war, the Soviet Union occupied the southern Kuril Islands, an area claimed by the Soviets and still contested by Japan. World War Two: Religious Aspects World War II was declared to be a just war by many church leaders in the Allied nations. Support for the just cause of the war, though, was famously withdrawn by Church of England Bishop George Bell of Chichester following the mass bombing of Dresen . This is said to have cost him the most senior appointment in the Anglican Church, as Archbishop of Canterbury. It has even been suggested that World War II is the definitive example of a just war. In Germany, Hitler attempted to bring state and church policy together with his German Christian church, combining religious and Teutonic symbolism and deifying his concept of the superiority of the German race. Many supported this arguing that God spoke through Hitler and nature just as God speaks though scripture. A minority, the Confessing Church, led by Martin Niemoeller, opposed Hitler. Bishop Bell was very close to the Confessing Church and met with Dietrich Bonhoeffer one of its leading members, who was executed for plotting against Hitler. While the Confessing Church denounced what they saw as Hitler-worship they failed to condemn the "Final Solution" although they did protest against Hitler's Jewish policy. For many theologians, issues raised by some of the atrocities of World War II remain a matter of profound concern, since they illustrate the human potential for utter evil. The scale of involvement in mass murder begs the question whether many felt that they had no choice but to comply with orders, or whether they really believed that Jews should be exterminated. Jewish thought especially would be transformed in the post- Holocaust world, in which the questions "why" and "where was God" loom large. Aftermath German occupation zones in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East. The Saarland (in the French zone) shown with stripes as it was not removed from Germany until 1947 Europe in ruins At the end of the war, millions of refugees were homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and 70 percent of the European industrial infrastructure was destroyed. Partitioning of Germany and Austria Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation. An Allied Control Council was created to co-ordinate the zones. The original divide of Germany was between America, Soviet Union, and Britain. Stalin agreed to give France a zone but it had to come from the American or British zones and not the Soviet zone. The American, British, and French zones joined in 1949 as the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic. Austria was once again separated from Germany and it, too, was divided into four zones of occupation, which eventually reunited and became the Republic of Austria. Reparations Germany paid reparations to France, Britain and Russia, in the form of dismantled factories, forced labor, and shipments of coal. The U.S. settled for confiscating German patents and German owned property in the U.S., mainly subsidiaries of German companies. In accordance with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, payment of war reparations was assessed from the countries of Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland. Morgenthau Plan The initial occupation plans proposed by the United States were harsh. The Morgenthau Plan of 1944 called for dividing Germany into two independent nations and stripping her of the industrial resources required for war. All heavy industry was to be dismantled or destroyed, the main industrial areas (Upper Silesia, Saar, Ruhr, and the German speaking parts of Alsace-Lorraine), were to be annexed. While the Morgenthau Plan itself was never implemented per se, its general economic philosophy did end up greatly influencing events. Most notable were the toned-down offshoots, including the Potsdam Conference, Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 (April 1945-July 1947), and the industrial plans for Germany. Marshall Plan Germany had long been the industrial giant of Europe, and its poverty held back the general European recovery. The continued scarcity in Germany also led to considerable expenses for the occupying powers, which were obligated to try and make up the most important shortfalls. Learning a lesson from the aftermath of World War I when no effort was made to systematically rebuild Europe, and when Germany was treated as a pariah, the United States made a bold decision to help reconstruct Europe. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the "European Recovery Program," better known as the Marshall Plan, which called for the U.S. Congress to allocate billions of dollars for the reconstruction of Europe. Also as part of the effort to rebuild global capitalism and spur post-war reconstruction, the Bretton Woods system for international money management was put into effect after the war. Border revisions and population shifts As a result of the new borders drawn by the victorious nations, large populations suddenly found themselves in hostile territory. The main benefactor of these border revisions was the Soviet Union, which expanded its borders at the expense of Germany, Finland, Poland, and Japan. Poland was compensated for its losses to the Soviet Union by receiving most of Germany east of the Oder-Neisse line, including the industrial regions of Silesia. The German state of the Saar temporarily became a protectorate of France but it later returned to German administration. The number of Germans expelled totaled roughly 15 million, including 11 million from Germany proper and 3,500,000 from the Sudetenland. Germany officially states that 2,100,000 of these expelled lost their lives due to violence on the part of the Russians, Polish, and Czech, though Polish and Czech historians dispute this figure. United Nations The headquarters of the United Nations , located in New York City . The United Nations was founded as a direct result of World War II. Because the League of Nations had failed to actively prevent the war, in 1945 a new international body was considered and then created: The United Nations . The UN operates within the parameters of the United Nations Charter, and the reason for the UN’s formation is outlined in the Preamble to the United Nations Charter. Unlike its predecessor, the United Nations has taken a more active role in the world, such as fighting diseases and providing humanitarian aid to nations in distress. The UN also served as the diplomatic front line during the Cold War. The UN also was responsible for the initial creation of the modern state of Israel in 1948, in part as a response to the Holocaust. Casualties, civilian impact, and atrocities Casualties Diorama of the Siege of Leningrad. At least 641,000 Soviet citizens died during the 900 day siege. Possibly 62 million people lost their lives in World War II—about 25 million soldiers and 37 million civilians, with estimates varying widely. This total includes the estimated 12 million lives lost due to The Holocaust . Of the total deaths in World War II, approximately 80 percent were on the Allied side and 20 percent on the Axis side. Allied forces suffered approximately 17 million military deaths, of which about 10 million were Soviet and 4 million Chinese. Axis forces suffered about 8 million, of which more than 5 million were German. The Soviet Union suffered by far the largest death toll of any nation in the war; perhaps 23 million Soviets died in total, of which more than 12 million were civilians. The figures include deaths due to internal Soviet actions against its own people. The statistics available for Soviet and Chinese casualties are only rough guesses, as they are poorly documented. Some modern estimates double the amount of Chinese casualties. Genocide The Holocaust was the organized murder of at least nine million people, about two-thirds of whom were Jewish. Originally, the Nazis used killing squads, Einsatzgruppen, to conduct massive open-air killings, shooting as many as 33,000 people in a single massacre, as in the case of Babi Yar. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution (Endlösung), the genocide of all Jews in Europe, and increase the pace of the Holocaust. The Nazis built six extermination camps specifically to kill Jews. Millions of Jews who had been confined to massively overcrowded Ghettos were transported to these "Death-camps" where they were gassed or shot, usually immediately after arriving. Concentration camps, labor camps and internment Mistreated, starved prisoners in the Ebensee concentration camps, Austria . In addition to the Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet Gulag or labor camps, led to the death of many citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war and even Soviet citizens themselves: opponents of Stalin's regime and large proportions of some ethnic groups (particularly Chechens). Japanese POW camps also had high death rates; many were used as labor camps, and starvation conditions among the mainly U.S. and Commonwealth prisoners were little better than many German concentration camps. Sixty percent (1,238,000) of Soviet POWs died during the war. Vadim Erlikman puts it at 2.6 million Soviet POWs that died in German Captivity. Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of Japanese North Americans were interned by the U.S. and Canadian governments. Though these camps did not involve heavy labor, forced isolation and sub-standard living conditions were the norm. War crimes and attacks on civilians From 1945 to 1951, German and Japanese officials and personnel were prosecuted for war crimes. Top German officials were tried at the Nuremberg Trials and many Japanese officials at the Tokyo War Crime Trial and other war crimes trials in the Asia-Pacific region. None of the alleged Allied war crimes such as the bombing of Dresden, the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or the alleged Red Army atrocities on the Eastern front were ever prosecuted. Resistance and collaboration Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation, and propaganda to outright warfare. Among the most notable resistance movements were the Polish Home Army, the French Maquis, and the Yugoslav Partisans. Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. The Communist resistance was among the fiercest since they were already organized and militant even before the war and they were ideologically opposed to the Nazis. Before D-Day there were also many operations performed by the French Resistance to help with the forthcoming invasion. Communications lines were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers, and ammunition depots were destroyed and some German garrisons were attacked. Although Great Britain did not suffer invasion in World War II, the British made preparations for a British resistance movement, called the Auxiliary Units. Various organizations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British SOE and the American OSS. The home fronts During the war, women worked in factories throughout much of the West and East. "Home front" is the name given to the activities of the civilians of a nation that is in a state of total war. In the United Kingdom, women joined the work force doing jobs that were typically reserved for men. Food, clothing, petrol, and other items were rationed. Access to luxuries was severely restricted, though there was also a significant black market . Families grew small home vegetable gardens to supply themselves with food, and the Women's Land Army recruited or conscripted over 80,000 women to work on farms. Civilians also served as Air Raid Wardens, volunteer emergency services, and other critical functions. Schools and organizations held scrap drives and money collections to help the war effort. Many things were conserved to turn into weapons later, such as fat to turn into nitroglycerin. In the United States and Canada women also joined the workforce. In the United States these women were called "Rosies" for Rosie the Riveter. President Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice were as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves. In Canada, the government established three military compartments for women: the CWAAF (Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force), CWAC (Canadian Women's Army Corps) and WRCNS (Women's Royal Canadian Naval Services). In Germany, until 1943 there were few restrictions on civilian activities. Most goods were freely available. This was due in large part to the reduced access to certain luxuries already experienced by German civilians prior to the beginning of hostilities; the war made some less available, but many were in short supply to begin with. It was not until comparatively late in the war that the civilian population was effectively organized to support the war effort. For example, women's labor was not mobilized as thoroughly as in the United Kingdom or the United States. Foreign slave labor substituted for the men who served in the armed forces. American production was the major factor in keeping the Allies better supplied than the Axis. For example, in 1943 the United States produced 369 warships (1.01/day). In comparison, Japan produced 122 warships, and Germany only built three. The United States also succeeded in rebuilding the Merchant Marine, reducing the build time of a Liberty or Victory ship from 105 days to 56 days. Much of this improved efficiency came from technological advances in shipbuilding. Hull plates were being welded rather than bolted, plastics were beginning to take the place of certain metals, and modular construction was being used. Technologies German Enigma machine for encryption. Weapons and technology improved rapidly during World War II and played a crucial role in determining the outcome of the war. Many major technologies were used for the first time, including nuclear weapons, radar , jet engines, and electronic computers. Enormous advances were made in aircraft, and tank design such that models coming into use at the beginning of the war were long obsolete by its end. More new inventions, as measured in the U.S. by numbers of patent applications and weapon contracts issued to private contractors, were deployed to the task of killing humans more effectively and to a lesser degree, avoiding being killed, than ever before. The massive research and development demands of the war had a great impact on the growth of the scientific community. After the war ended, these developments led to new sciences like cybernetics and computer science , and created entire new institutions of weapons design. References Gilbert, Martin. 1995. Second World War. NY: Phoenix. ISBN 1857993462 Keegan, John. 1989. The Second World War. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0091740118 Liddel, Basil Henry. 1970. History of the Second World War. London: Cassell. ISBN 0304935646 . Murray, Williamson. 2000. A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 067400163X Overy, Richard. 1995 Why the Allies Won. Pimlico. NY: W W Norton. ISBN 0712674535 . Smith, J. Douglas and Richard Jensen. 2003. World War II on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites. Lanham, MD: S R Books. ISBN 0842050205 External links	Oder–Neisse line
Who won a Middleweight Boxing gold medal for Great Britain at the Beijing Olympics?	Nazi Germany \| Communpedia, the communist encyclopedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia You can help Communpedia by adding original content, and removing anarchist bias . Flag of Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of the National Socialist German Workers Party , which established a totalitarian dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945. As in the preceding Weimar Republic era, the state was officially still called the Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ). In 1943, Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) became the official name. The state was a major European power from the 1930s to the mid-1940s. Its historical significance lies mainly in its responsibility for escalating political tensions in Europe by its expansionist foreign policy which resulted in World War II , its occupation of most of Europe during the war, and its commission of large-scale crimes against humanity, such as the persecution and mass-murder of millions of Jews , minorities, and dissidents in the genocide known as the Holocaust . The state came to an end in 1945, after the Allied Powers succeeded in seizing German-occupied territories in Europe and in occupying Germany itself. [1] In 1935, Germany was bounded on the north by the North Sea , Denmark, and the Baltic Sea ; to the east by Lithuania , The Free City of Danzig , Poland and Czechoslovakia ; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg , Belgium, the Netherlands and the Saarland , which joined in 1935. These borders changed after the state annexed Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia and Moravia and Memel, and after subsequent expansion during World War II . The name Third Reich (Drittes Reich in German) invoked a historical reference to the Holy Roman Empire (the First Reich) of the Middle Ages and the German Empire (the Second Reich) (1871–1918). Contents History Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany, January 1933. The Third Reich arose in the wake of the loss of land, the heavy reparations, and the perceived national embarrassment imposed through the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I . Following civil unrest, the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s, the counter-traditionalism of the Weimar period, and the rise of communism in Germany,[ citation needed ] many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party with its promises of strong government, civil peace, radical changes to economic policy and restoration of national pride. The National Socialist party promised cultural renewal based on traditionalism , and it proposed military rearmament in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles; the party claimed that in the Treaty of Versailles and the liberal democracy of the Weimar Republic, Germany's national pride had been lost.[5]. The Nazis also endorsed the Dolchstoßlegende ("Stab in the back legend") which figured prominently in their propaganda as it did in propaganda of most other nationalist-leaning parties in Germany. From 1925 to the 1930s, the German government evolved from a democracy to a de facto conservative-nationalist authoritarian state under President and war hero Paul von Hindenburg . The natural ally of the foundation of an authoritarian state had been the German National People's Party (DNVP or "the Nationalists"), but increasingly, after 1929, more radical and younger-generation nationalists were attracted to the revolutionary nature of the National Socialist party, to challenge the rising support for communism as the German economy floundered. By 1932, the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag . Hindenburg was reluctant to give any substantial power to Hitler, but worked out an alliance between the Nazis and the DNVP which would allow him to develop an authoritarian state. Hitler consistently demanded to be appointed chancellor in order for Hindenburg to receive any Nazi Party support of his administration. On 30 January 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany by Hindenburg after attempts by General Kurt von Schleicher to form a viable government failed (the Machtergreifung ). Von Schleicher was hoping he could control Hitler by becoming vice chancellor and also keeping the Nazis a minority in the cabinet. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son Oskar von Hindenburg , as well as intrigue from former Chancellor Franz von Papen , leader of the Catholic Centre Party following his collection of participating financial interests and his own ambitions to combat communism.[ citation needed ] Even though the Nazis had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist DNVP-NSDAP coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 Weimar constitution. [2] The National Socialist treatment of the Jews in the early months of 1933 marked the first step in a longer-term process of removing them from German society. [3] This plan was at the core of Adolf Hitler 's "cultural revolution". [4] Consolidation of power The new government installed a totalitarian dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see the article on Nazi forced coordination or Gleichschaltung for details). On the night of 27 February 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire and Dutch council communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found inside the building. He was arrested and charged with starting the blaze. The event had an immediate effect on thousands of anarchists, socialists and communists throughout the Reich, many of whom were sent to the Dachau concentration camp . The unnerved public worried that the fire had been a signal meant to initiate the communist revolution, and the Nazis found the event to be of immeasurable value in getting rid of potential insurgents. The event was quickly followed by the Reichstag Fire Decree , rescinding habeas corpus and other civil liberties. The Enabling Act was passed in March 1933, with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution for four years. In effect, Hitler had seized dictatorial powers. Over the next year, the Nazis eliminated all opposition. The Communists had already been banned before the passage of the Enabling Act. The Social Democrats (SPD), despite efforts to appease Hitler,[ citation needed ] were banned in June. In June and July, the Nationalists (DNVP), People's Party (DVP) and State Party (DStP) were forced to disband. The remaining Catholic Centre Party, at Papen's urging, disbanded itself on 5 July 1933 after guarantees over Catholic education and youth groups. On 14 July 1933 Germany was officially declared a one-party state. File:Reichsparteitag 1935.jpg Symbols of the Weimar Republic, including the black-red-gold flag (now the present-day flag of Germany), were abolished by the new regime which adopted both new and old imperial symbolism to represent the dual nature of the imperialist-Nazi regime of 1933. The old imperial black-white-red tricolour, almost completely abandoned during the Weimar Republic, was restored as one of Germany's two officially legal national flags. The other official national flag was the swastika flag of the Nazi party. It became the sole national flag in 1935. The national anthem continued to be " Deutschland über Alles " (also known as the "Deutschlandlied") except that the Nazis customarily used just the first verse and appended to it the " Horst Wessel Lied " accompanied by the so-called Hitler salute . Further consolidation of power was achieved on 30 January 1934 with the Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. This process had actually begun soon after the passage of the Enabling Act, when all state governments were thrown out of office and replaced by Reich governors. Further laws ended any autonomy in local government. Mayors of cities and towns with less than 100,000 people were appointed by the governors, while the Interior Minister appointed the mayors of all cities with more than 100,000 people. In the case of Berlin and Hamburg (and after 1938, Vienna), Hitler reserved the right to personally appoint the mayors. In the spring of 1934 only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been separated from the government and somewhat of an entity of its own. The Nazi paramilitary SA expected top positions in the new power structure and wanted the regime to follow through its promise of enacting socialist legislation for Aryan Germans. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army and the major industries who were weary of more political violence erupting from the SA, on the night of 30 June 1934, Hitler initiated the violent " Night of the Long Knives ", a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as hard-left Nazis ( Strasserists ), and other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the SS . At Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934 the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of Reichspräsident and Reichskanzler and reinstalled Hitler with the new title Führer und Reichskanzler. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler, partly because the paramilitary SA was much larger than the German Army (limited to 100,000 by the Treaty of Versailles) and because the leaders of the SA sought to merge the Army into itself and to launch the socialist "second revolution" to complement the nationalist revolution which had occurred with the ascendance of Hitler. The murder of Ernst Röhm , leader of the SA, in the Night of the Long Knives, the death of Hindenburg, the merger of the SA into the Army and the promise of other expansions of the German military wrought friendlier relations between Hitler and the Army, resulting in a unanimous oath of allegiance by all soldiers to obey Hitler.[ citation needed ] The Nazis proceeded to scrap their official alliance with the conservative nationalists and began to introduce Nazi ideology and Nazi symbolism into all major aspects of life in Germany. Schoolbooks were either rewritten or replaced and schoolteachers who did not support Nazification of the curriculum were fired. The inception of the Gestapo , police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. An army of spies and informants operated throughout Germany and numbering about 100,000, the Gestapo reported to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters.[ citation needed ] Many Germans were enthusiastic supporters of the Nazi regime. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially[ citation needed ] communists and Marxist or international socialists , were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies and put in prison camps where many were tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. "Between 1933 and 1945 more than 3 million Germans had been in concentration camps or prison for political reasons" [5] "Tens of thousands of Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance. Between 1933 and 1945 Special Courts killed 12,000 Germans, courts martial killed 25,000 German soldiers, and 'regular' justice killed 40,000 Germans. Many of these Germans were part of the government civil or military service, a circumstance which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy while involved, marginally or significantly, in the government's policies." [6] World War II Conquest of Europe The " Danzig crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor . After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the United Kingdom and France both declared war on Germany. The Phony War followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against Denmark and Norway, in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from Sweden through Norwegian coastal waters. British and French forces landed in Mid- and North Norway , only to be defeated in the ensuing Norwegian campaign . In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the Low Countries . The Battle of France was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the Battle of Britain , and deliberately bombed civilian areas in London in response to a British bombing of Berlin, which in turn was in response to an accidental bombing of London by German bombers. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to Operation Sea Lion or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Regardless, the United Kingdom refused to capitulate and eventually Sea Lion was indefinitely postponed in favor of Operation Barbarossa . Barbarossa too was briefly postponed while Hitler's attention was diverted to save his failing Italian ally in North Africa and the Balkans . The Afrika Korps arrived in Libya in February 1941. In what was to be one of many advances in the North African Campaign , the Afrika Korps took back much of the territory which the Italian armed forces had recently lost to advancing British Commonwealth forces from British-held Egypt, and then invaded Egypt later in 1941. In April, the Germans then launched an invasion of Yugoslavia . This was followed by the Battle of Greece and the Battle of Crete . But, by the time North Africa and the Balkans were subdued, winter and spring had passed, and the Germans were not able to launch Barbarossa until late in June. Before and after the German attempt to take Britain, Germany's navy, the Kriegsmarine , was raiding Allied convoys in the Atlantic Ocean which were sending Britain needed supplies from the United States, Canada, and British colonies. British forces were forced to spread out to protect their convoys from submarine attacks by German U-Boats , as well as stopping surface raiders. The British successfully repelled a number of German surface raiding attempts during the war, the two most famous battles with surface raiders included one with the pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee and a British cruiser squadron in 1939, which set off a political controversy when the German ship attempted to take refuge in the neutral port of Montevideo , later being forced out and destroyed by her crew to avoid capture. The other was in 1941 with the German battleship Bismarck , Germany's largest and most powerful warship that sunk Britain's largest warship, the battlecruiser Hood . Bismarck was then pursued and sunk by British naval forces shortly afterward. Attacks by U-boats however, proved to be very successful and the most serious in damaging supply lines to Britain. Over time, the Allies developed improved defence tactics and new escorts that managed to reduce the numbers of merchant ships sunk. The German war machine managed to keep up with the steady losses of U-Boats because of their simple designs which allowed the U-Boats to be mass-produced and still remain a threat to the Allies throughout the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, Rudolf Hess , attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. These attempts failed and he was arrested. By late 1941 Germany and her allies controlled almost all of mainland and Baltic Europe with the exception of neutral Switzerland, Sweden, Spain (debated whether it was an Axis ally), Portugal (debated), Liechtenstein , Andorra , Vatican City . On the eastern front, the German Army was at the gates of Moscow and engaged in a long winter war with the Red Army. Eventually the German army was forced out of Moscow, but held much of the Baltic territories spanning to the Black Sea . Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor . This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the United States' aggressive intentions following the leaking of Rainbow Five and hearing of the foreboding content of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of appeasement , taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. Persecution and extermination campaigns The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a yellow badge in public and most were transferred to ghettos , where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the Wannsee Conference and under the supervision of Reinhard Heydrich , who himself was commanded by Heinrich Himmler , a plan for the " Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage) in Europe was designed. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals , Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labour. This genocide is called the Holocaust in English and the Shoah in Hebrew . Thousands were shipped daily to extermination camps and concentration camps . Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured Soviet and Polish territories and their populations as part of their Generalplan Ost . According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million Red Army soldiers died because of the Nazis in what the Russians call the Great Patriotic War . The Nazis' plan was to extend German Lebensraum ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against Bolshevism of subhumans". It is estimated that at least 51 milion Slavic people were to be removed from Central and Eastern Europe in the event of Nazi victory. [7] Because of the many atrocities suffered under Stalin , the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate in parts of Soviet Union. Many Ukrainians, Balts , and other nationalities fought, or at least expected to fight, on the side of the Germans. People in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union that fulfilled the basic racial classifications of the Aryan race or had no Jewish ancestry, were allowed to avoid persecution and allowed to enlist in the Waffen Schutzstaffel (Waffen-SS) divisions. The Nazi regime intended to eventually "Germanize" the racially acceptable peoples of the occupied east. Allied advances As the Soviet war economy recovered despite the loss of industrial territory to the German occupiers, the Red Army put up a strong front against the German army. By 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at Stalingrad and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at Kursk -Orel in July. From 1942 on the Western Allies stepped up bombing raids and began plans to land on German-occupied territory. A great controversy concerning Allied tactics, were the Allied bombings of German cities, which resulted in the complete destruction of the cities of Cologne and Dresden as well as others. These bombings resulted in numerous civilian casualties and severe hardship for the survivors living amid the destroyed infrastructure. The invasion of Italy as well as the collapse of the Fascist regime there, caused German forces to be spread thin to fight the two fronts. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944, following the great success of Operation Bagration . The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at Normandy , a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. With a three front campaign, depleting oil and supply lines, and constant bombing by the Allies, German occupied territory was slowly taken by the Allies. As the Red army neared East Prussia , German civilians began to flee from East Prussia, West Prussia and Silesia en masse westward, fearing persecution by Soviet soldiers. Millions of German soldiers would die over the course of World War II, with current highest estimates at 5.5 million. The corpses of German soldiers became so commonplace that they stopped generating any emotion whatsoever and became an inextricable part of the European landscape, and were often improperly buried or not at all. [8] By early 1945 Soviet forces surrounded Berlin, American and British forces had taken most of western Germany and Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on 26 April 1945 (Cohen). With Berlin under siege, Hitler and other key members of the Nazi regime were forced to live in the armoured underground Führerbunker while the upper terrain of Berlin was constantly shelled by the Red Army. In the underground bunker Hitler grew increasingly isolated and detached from reality and increasingly exhibited signs of mental illness as he would burst into violent rages and temper tantrums when he was informed of the dire situation facing Berlin and the remaining German armed forces there. In one such rage at a meeting with military commanders it was claimed that Hitler began to consider committing suicide should Germany fail to win the war. Berlin was eventually surrounded and outward communications between Berlin and the rest of Germany were cut off. Despite evident total defeat, Hitler refused to relinquish his power or surrender. With no communications coming out of Berlin, Hermann Göring sent an ultimatum to Berlin that he would take over the Nazi regime in April if his ultimatum was not responded to, in which case Hitler would have been deemed to be incapacitated as leader. Upon receiving the message, Hitler angrily ordered Göring's immediate arrest, and had a plane deliver the message to Göring in Bavaria . Later, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in northern Germany began communicating with the western Allies about negotiating peace. Hitler once again reacted violently to Himmler's attempts to seek peace and ordered both his arrest and execution. With no intent by Hitler to surrender, intense street fighting continued in the war-torn ruins of Berlin between remnant German army forces, Hitler Youth , and the Waffen-SS against the Red Army. This battle was known as the Battle of Berlin . The German forces by this time were severely depleted, large numbers of German children and the elderly were forced into conscription by the Nazis to fight against the Red Army in the remaining pockets of territory not controlled by the Red Army in Berlin. Capitulation of German forces On 30 April 1945, as the Battle for Berlin raged and the city was being overrun by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker. Two days later, on 2 May 1945, German General Helmuth Weidling unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov . Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reich President and Dr. Joseph Goebbels as Reich Chancellor. No one was to replace Hitler as the Führer, which Hitler abolished in his will . However, Goebbels committed suicide in the Fuhrerbunker a day after assuming office. The caretaker government Dönitz established near the Danish border unsuccessfully sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On 4-8 May 1945 most of the remaining German armed forces throughout Europe surrendered unconditionally ( German Instrument of Surrender, 1945 ). This was the end of World War II in Europe . With the creation of the Allied Control Council on 5 July 1945, the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ( Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany , US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). The end of the Third Reich The Potsdam Conference in August 1945 officially dismantled the Nazi state and created arrangements and outline for the new postwar government in Germany as well as war reparations and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the Sudetenland , were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the Oder-Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to its 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , Silesia , West Prussia , two-thirds of Pomerania and parts of Brandenburg . Much of these areas were agricultural, with the exception of Upper Silesia , which was the second-largest center of German heavy industry . Many smaller and large cities such as Stettin , Königsberg , Breslau , Elbing , Danzig were cleansed of their population and taken from Germany as well. France took control of a large part of Germany's remaining coal deposits . Virtually all Germans in Central Europe outside of the new eastern borders of Germany and Austria were subsequently, over a period of several years, expelled, affecting about 17 million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between one to two million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the communist East Germany (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive occupation policy in Germany by the Western Allies was reversed after a few years when the Cold War made the Germans important as allies against communism. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the economic miracle (German term Wirtschaftswunder ), mainly due to the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, and also to a major degree helped by economic aid (in the form of loans) through the Marshall Plan which was extended to also include West Germany. West German recovery was upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labour, eventually leading to labour shortages . Allied dismantling of West German industry was finally halted in 1951, and in 1952 West Germany joined the European Coal and Steel Community . In 1955 the military occupation of West Germany was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under communism until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany regained full sovereignty in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at Nuremberg for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid-1950s due to poor health and old age, with the notable exception of Rudolf Hess , who died in Spandau Prison in 1987 while in permanent solitary confinement. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g., Auschwitz trials ). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. The victorious Allies outlawed the Nazi Party, its subsidiary organizations, and most symbols and emblems (including the swastika in most manifestations) throughout Germany and Austria; this prohibition remains in force to the present day. The end of Nazi Germany also saw the rise of unpopularity of related aggressive nationalism in Germany such as Pan-Germanism and the Völkisch movement which had previously been significant political ideas in Germany and in Europe prior to the Second World War, those that remain are largely at present, fringe movements. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. Nuremberg Trials The response to numerous crimes discovered to be committed by Nazi Germany, fostered a revival in both the western and eastern blocs of internationalism resulting in the creation of the United Nations (UN). One of the UN's first objectives was establishing a series of war crimes tribunals to convict Nazi officials, called the Nuremberg Trials , named after where the trials were held, in the Nazis' former political stronghold of Nuremberg , Bavaria . The first major and most well-known Nuremberg trial was officially called the Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). This trial involved twenty-four key Nazi officials including Hermann Göring , Ernst Kaltenbrunner , Rudolf Hess , Albert Speer , Karl Dönitz , Hans Frank , and Julius Streicher . The trial found many of the accused to be guilty and twelve were sentenced to death by hanging. Many people that were hanged praised Hitler in their last seconds of life before being executed. A few officials managed to avoid being executed, including Göring, who committed suicide by ingesting a cyanide tablet before he could be hanged; Hess, a formerly close confidant to Hitler , was sentenced to life in prison and stayed in Spandau prison until his death in 1987; Speer, the state architect and later armaments minister, served twenty years despite his use of slave labour in projects; Konstantin von Neurath , a cabinet minister who was in office prior to the Nazi regime; and another minister who also served in the pre-Nazi government, economist Hjalmar Schacht . Geography Administrative regions Administrative regions of Greater German Reich in 1943. Under the Nazi regime, administrative powers were significantly altered. The German constituent states were replaced in 1935 by local " gaus " (regional districts) led by Nazi officials who obeyed the central government's orders. This change consolidated Hitler's control over Germany and weakened the political weight of Prussia, which in the past dominated German political affairs. The central government and the gaus took over the states' powers, however Nazi officials still held leadership titles over the non-existent states, such as Hermann Göring , who was remained the Reichsstatthalter and Minister-President of Prussia until 1945, and Ludwig Siebert as Minister-President of Bavaria . In addition to Weimar-era Germany proper , the Reich came to include, in the years leading up to the war, areas with ethnic German populations such as Austria, the Sudetenland , and the territory of Memel . Regions acquired after the outbreak of conflict include Eupen -et- Malmédy , Alsace-Lorraine , Danzig and territories of Poland . In addition, from 1939 to 1945, the Reich ruled Bohemia and Moravia as a protectorate , subjugated and annexed prior to the start of the world war. Although under German control and administration, the protectorate had its own currency . Regions and protectorates Czech Silesia was incorporated into the province of Silesia during the same period. In 1942 Luxembourg was directly annexed into Germany. Central Poland and Polish Galicia were run by a protectorate government, called the General Government . Eventually, the Polish people were supposed to be "removed" and Poland itself populated with 5 million Germans. By late 1943, Germany not only seized Bolzano-Bozen (South Tyrol) and Istria , which had been part of Austria-Hungary before 1919, but also seized Venice from its erstwhile ally Italy after it capitulated to the Allies. Idea of the Greater Germany Outside of what was directly annexed into Germany were the regional territories created in occupied lands. In many areas, occupied territories called Reichskommissariat were set up. In the occupied Soviet Union territories, these included the Reichskommissariat Ostland and Reichskommissariat Ukraine . In northern Europe, there was the Reichskommissariat Niederlande (Netherlands) and Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) which were designed to foster German colonization. In 1944, a Reichskommissariat was founded in Belgium and northern France, previously known as the Military Administration of Belgium and North France , where travel restrictions were enforced in order to foster German colonization. The Reich's borders had changed de facto well before its military defeat in May 1945, as parts of the German population fled westward from the advancing Red Army and the Western Allies pressed eastward from France. By the end of the war, a small strip of land stretching from Austria to Bohemia and Moravia — as well as a few other isolated regions — was the only area not under Allied control. Upon its defeat, some have claimed that the Reich was in a state of debellation . Occupation zones were set up and administrated by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The prewar German lands east of the Oder-Neisse line and Stettin and its surrounding area - nearly 25% of pre-war Germany - were set under Polish and Soviet administration but factually sundered from Germany for annexation by Poland and the Soviet Union. The millions of Germans remaining in the areas were expelled by the Allies . These territorial changes resulted in the complete dissolution of Prussia as a German territorial component. Prussia was identified as a region neither of Poland nor of the Soviet Union ( Kaliningrad Oblast ). By signing the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) and the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (1990), Germany finally renounced any claims to territories lost during the Second World War.[ citation needed ] Economy Main article: Economy of Nazi Germany When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an unemployment rate of close to 30%. [9] The economic policies of the Third Reich were in the beginning the brainchildren of Hjalmar Schacht , who assumed office as president of the central bank under Hitler in 1933, and became finance minister in the following year. [9] Schacht was one of the few finance ministers to take advantage of the freedom provided by the end of the gold standard to keep interest rates low and government budget deficits high, with massive public works funded by large budget deficits. [9] The consequence was an extremely rapid decline in unemployment—the most rapid decline in unemployment in any country during the Great Depression. [9] Eventually this Keynesian economic policy was supplemented by the boost to demand provided by rearmament and swelling military spending. Hjalmar Schacht was finally replaced in 1937 by Hitler's lieutenant Hermann Goering when he resigned. Goering introduced the four year plan whose main aim was to make Germany self-sufficient to fight a war within four years. [9] Under Goering imports were slashed. Wages and prices were controlled—under penalty of being sent to a concentration camp. Dividends were restricted to six percent on book capital. And strategic goals to be reached at all costs (much like Soviet planning) were declared: the construction of synthetic rubber plants, more steel plants, automatic textile factories. [9] While the strict state intervention into the economy, and the massive rearmament policy, almost led to full employment during the 1930s (statistics didn't include non-citizens or women), real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938. [10] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike. [11] The right to quit also disappeared: Labour books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [12] In place of ordinary profit incentive to guide investment, investment was guided through regulation to accord with needs of the State. Government financing eventually came to dominate the investment process, which the proportion of private securities issued falling from over half of the total in 1933 and 1934 to approximately 10 percent in 1935-1938. Heavy taxes on profits limited self-financing of firms. The largest firms were mostly exempt from taxes on profits, however government control of these were extensive enough to leave "only the shell of private ownership." [13] Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial Hossbach Memorandum , which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942 the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full war economy under Albert Speer . The war time economy of Nazi Germany can effectively neither be described as a free market economy nor as centrally planned. In the words of Richard Overy : "The Germany economy fell between two stools. It was not enough of a command economy to do what the Soviet system could do; yet it was not capitalist enough to rely, as America did, on the recruitment of private enterprise." [14] Politics Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of Gleichschaltung , local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi Party leaders, known as Gauleiters , who governed Gaue and Reichsgaue . Government Nazi Germany was made up of various competing power structures, all trying to gain favor with the Führer, or Hitler. Thus much of the laws were forgotten and instead replaced with interpretations of what Hitler wanted (however, many times they would be supported by new law.) Any government member could take one of Hitler's comments and turn it into a new law, of which Hitler would casually either approve or disapprove when he finally heard about it. This became known as "working towards the Führer ", as the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of individuals each trying to gain more power and influence over the Führer. This often made government very convoluted and divided, especially with Hitler's vague policy of creating a multitude of often very similar posts. The process allowed more unscrupulous and ambitious Nazis to get away with implementing the more radical and extreme elements of Hitler's ideology, such as anti-Semitism, and in doing so win political favor. Protected by Goebbels' extremely effective propaganda machine, which portrayed the government as a dedicated, dutiful and efficient outfit, the dog-eat-dog competition and chaotic legislation was allowed to escalate out of control. Historical opinion is divided between "intentionalists", who believe that Hitler created this system as the only means of ensuring both the total loyalty and dedication of his supporters and the complete impossibility of a conspiracy; and "structuralists", who believe that the system evolved by itself and was a serious limitation on Hitler's supposedly totalitarian power. State ideology National Socialism had some of the key ideological elements of fascism which originally developed in Italy under Benito Mussolini ; however, the Nazis never officially declared themselves fascists. Both ideologies involved the political use of militarism , nationalism , anti-communism and paramilitary forces, and both intended to create a dictatorial state.[ citation needed ] The Nazis, however, were far more racially oriented than the fascists in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The Nazis were also intent on creating a completely totalitarian state, unlike Italian fascists who while promoting a totalitarian state, allowed a larger degree of private liberties for their citizens. These differences allowed the Italian monarchy to continue to have some official powers. However, the Nazis copied much of their symbolism from the Fascists in Italy, such as copying the Roman salute as the Nazi salute, use of mass rallies, both made use of uniformed paramilitaries devoted to the party (the SA in Germany and the Blackshirts in Italy), both Hitler and Mussolini were called the "Leader" (Führer in German, Duce in Italian), both were anti-Communist, both wanted an ideologically driven state, and both advocated a middle-way between capitalism and communism, commonly known as corporatism . The party itself rejected the fascist label, claiming National Socialism was an ideology unique to Germany. Many analysts, however, classify National Socialism as a racially oriented version of fascism.[ citation needed ] The totalitarian nature of the Nazi party was one of its principal tenets. The Nazis contended that all the great achievements in the past of the German nation and its people were associated with the ideals of National Socialism, even before the ideology officially existed. Propaganda accredited the consolidation of Nazi ideals and successes of the regime to the regime's Führer ("Leader"), Adolf Hitler, who was portrayed as the genius behind the Nazi party's success and Germany's saviour. To secure their ability to create a totalitarian state, the Nazi party's paramilitary force, the Sturmabteilung (SA) or "Storm Unit" used acts of violence against leftists, democrats, Jews, and other opposition or minority groups. The SA's violence created a climate of fear in cities, with people anxious over punishment, or even death, if they displayed opposition to the Nazis. The SA also helped attract large numbers of alienated and unemployed youth to the party. The "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions in Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history. [15] The "logic" of keeping Germany small worked in the favor of its principal economic rivals, and had been a driving force in the recreation of a Polish state.[ citation needed ] The goal was to create numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power". The Nazis endorsed the concept of Großdeutschland, or Greater Germany , and believed that the incorporation of the Germanic people into one nation was a vital step towards their national success.[ citation needed ] It was the Nazis' passionate support of the Volk concept of Greater Germany that led to Germany's expansion, that gave legitimacy and the support needed for the Third Reich to proceed to conquer long-lost territories with overwhelmingly non-German population like former Prussian gains in Poland that it lost to Russia in the 1800s, or to acquire territories with German population like parts of Austria. The German concept of Lebensraum (living space) or more specifically its need for an expanding German population was also claimed by the Nazi regime for territorial expansion. Two important issues were administration of the Polish corridor and Danzig 's incorporation into the Reich. As a further extension of racial policy, the Lebensraum program pertained to similar interests; the Nazis determined that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the Slavic population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standard were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. [16] Racialism and racism were important aspects of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis combined anti-Semitism with anti-Communist ideology, regarding the leftist-internationalist movement — as well as international market capitalism — as the work of "Conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement with terminology such as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans." [17] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment, and systematic extermination of an estimated 11 million to 12 million people in the midst of World War II, roughly half of them being Jews targeted in what is historically remembered as the Holocaust (Shoah), 3 million ethnic Poles ,and another 100,000-1,000,000 being Roma , who were murdered in the Porajmos . Other victims of Nazi persecution included communists, various political opponents, social outcasts, homosexuals , religious dissidents such as Jehovah's Witnesses , Christadelphians , the Confessing Church and Freemasons .[ citation needed ] Foreign relations The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay war reparations that burdened the German economy. It also forbade the construction of aircraft, submarines and large battleships and forced Germany to give up most territories. Furthermore, Germany was not allowed to have any political union with German-populated Austria nor the newly formed Free City of Danzig . From 1933 onward, Hitler and the Nazi regime performed a number of political maneuvers in order to restore German power on an international level, all in violation of the Versailles Treaty. As Germany's agenda became increasingly revisionist, opposition grew. However, the 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement between Great Britain and Germany, allowing Germany to resume formerly illegal naval construction, was seen by both sides as an important overture of peace given a shipbuilding rivalry of the past. That same year Germany endorsed a plebiscite in German-populated Saar , which resulted in it returning to Germany in 1935, after being held by France as a protectorate since 1919. In 1936, with no British or French forces remaining in the Rhineland (which was to be permanently demilitarized of German forces), Germany defied the Versailles Treaty by sending military forces into the Rhineland. From 1936 onward, Germany steadily proceeded on an interventionist foreign policy approach, beginning by supporting the fascist nationalist forces of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War against the republican forces which were supported by the Soviet Union . German aircraft took part in attacks on Spanish republican forces as well as the infamous bombing of civilians in the Basque town of Guernica in 1937. Although Germany's relations with Italy improved with creation of the Rome-Berlin Axis , tensions remained high because the Nazis wanted Austria to be incorporated into Germany. Italy was opposed to this, as were France and Britain. In 1938, an Austrian-led Nazi coup took place in Austria and Germany sent in its troops, annexing the country. Italy and Britain no longer had common interests and, as Germany had stopped supporting the German speaking population under Italy's control in Bolzano-Bozen(South Tyrol), Italy began to gravitate towards Germany. Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in September 1938 came about during talks with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , in which Hitler, backed by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , demanded that the German territories be ceded. Chamberlain and Hitler came to an agreement when Hitler signed a piece of paper which said that with the annexation of the Sudetenland, Germany would proceed with no further territorial aims. Chamberlain took this to be a success in that it avoided a potential war with Germany. However, the Nazis helped to promote Slovakian dissention and declaring that the country was no more, seized control of the Czech part. For quite some time, Germany had engaged in informal negotiations with Poland regarding the issue of territorial revision, but after the Munich Agreement and the reacquisition of Memel, the Nazis became increasingly vocal. Poland refused to allow the annexation of the Free City of Danzig . Germany and the Soviet Union began talks over planning an invasion of Poland. In August 1939, the Molotov Pact was signed and Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Poland along a mutually agreed set boundary. The invasion was put into effect on 1 September 1939. Last-minute Polish-German diplomatic proceedings failed, and Germany invaded Poland as scheduled. Germany alleged that Polish operatives had attacked German positions, but the result was the outbreak of World War II , as Allied forces refused to accept Germany's claims on Poland and blamed Germany for the conflict. From 1939 to 1940, the so-called " Phony War " occurred, as German forces made no further advances but instead, both the Axis and Allies engaged in a propaganda campaign. However, in early 1940, Germany began to concern that the British intended to stop trade between Sweden and Germany by bringing Norway into an alliance against Germany, with Norway in Allied hands, the Allies would be dangerously close to German territory. In response, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway ending the Phony War. After sweeping through the Low Countries and occupying northern France, Germany allowed French nationalist and war hero Philippe Petain to form a fascist regime in southern France known as the "French State" but more commonly referred to as Vichy France named after its capital in Vichy . In 1941 Germany's invasion of Yugoslavia resulted in that state's splintering. In spite of Hitler's earlier view of inferiority of all Slavs , he supported Mussolini's agenda of creating a fascist puppet state of Croatia , called the Independent State of Croatia . Croatia was led by the extreme nationalist Ante Pavelić a long-time Croatian exile in Rome, whose Ustashe movement formed a government in modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Ustashe were allowed to persecute Serbs, while Germany contributed to that goal in German-occupied Serbia. From 1941 to the end of the war, Germany engaged in war with the Soviet Union in its attempt to create the Nazi colonial goal of Lebensraum "living space" for German citizens. The German occupation authorities set up occupation and colonial authorities called Reichskommissariats such as Reichskommissariat Ostland and Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The Slavic populations were to be destroyed along with Jews there to make way for German colonists. As the fortunes of war changed, Germany was forced to occupy Italy when Mussolini was thrown out as Prime Minister by Italy's king in 1943. German forces rescued Mussolini and instructed him to establish a fascist regime in Italy called the Italian Social Republic . This was the last major foreign policy delivered. The remainder of the war saw the decline of German power and desperate attempts by Nazi officials such as Heinrich Himmler to negotiate a peace with the western Allies against the wishes of Hitler. Law Main articles: Reichstag (institution) and Reichsrat (Germany) Most of the judicial structures and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in use during the Third Reich, but significant changes within the judicial codes occurred, as well as significant changes in court rulings. The Nazi party was the only legal political party in Germany; all other political parties were banned. Most human rights of the constitution of the Weimar Republic were disabled by several Reichsgesetze (Reich's laws). Several minorities such as the Jews, opposition politicians and prisoners of war were deprived of most of their rights and responsibilities. The Plan to pass a Volksstrafgesetzbuch (people's code of criminal justice) arose soon after 1933, but didn't come into reality until the end of WWII. As a new type of court, the Volksgerichtshof (people's court) was established in 1934, only dealing with cases of political importance. From 1934 to September 1944, a total of 5,375 death sentences were spoken by the court. Not included in this numbers are the death sentences from 20 July 1944 until April 1945, which are estimated at 2,000. Its most prominent jurist was Roland Freisler , who headed the court from August 1942 to February 1945. Military The military of the Third Reich - the Wehrmacht - was the name of the unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 with Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and a military organization Waffen-SS (National Guard), which was, de facto, a fourth branch of the Wehrmacht . The German Army furthered concepts pioneered during the First World War , combining Ground and Air Force assets into combined arms teams. Coupled with traditional war fighting methods such as encirclements and the "battle of annihilation", the German military managed many lightning quick victories in the first year of the Second World War , prompting foreign journalists to create a new word for what they witnessed: Blitzkrieg . The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht during its existence from 1935 until 1945 is believed to approach 18.2 million. Racial policy The effects of Nazi social policy in Germany was divided between those considered to be "Aryan" and those considered "non-Aryan", Jewish, or part of other minority groups. For "Aryan" Germans, a number of social policies put through by the regime to benefit them were advanced for the time, including state opposition to the use of tobacco, an end to official stigmatization toward Aryan children who were born from parents outside of marriage, as well as giving financial assistance to Aryan German families who bore children. [18] The Nazi Party pursued its racial and social policies through persecution and killing of those considered social undesirables or "enemies of the Reich". Especially targeted were minority groups such as Jews , Romani (also known as Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses , [19] people with mental or physical disabilities and homosexuals . In the 1930s, plans to attempt evacuating Jews from Germany began with the construction of ghettos, and labour camps which began with the 1933 construction of the Dachau concentration camp , which Heinrich Himmler officially described as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners ." [20] In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews were encouraged to leave the country and did so. By the time the Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan , a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a pogrom the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on 9 November 1938, which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the euphemism was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939 more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" people, such as the T-4 Euthanasia Program , killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German Master race " (German: Herrenvolk ) as described by Nazi propagandists . The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in the Holocaust . Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the compulsory sterilization of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from mental illness to alcoholism . Another component of the Nazi programme of creating racial purity was the Lebensborn , or "Fountain of Life" programme founded in 1936. The programme was aimed at encouraging German soldiers — mainly SS — to reproduce. This included offering SS families support services (including the adoption of racially pure children into suitable SS families) and accommodating racially valuable women, pregnant with mainly SS men's children, in care homes in Germany and throughout Occupied Europe. Lebensborn also expanded to encompass the placing of racially pure children forcibly seized from occupied countries — such as Poland — with German families.[ citation needed ] At the outset of World War II , the German authority in the General Government in occupied Poland ordered that all Jews face compulsory labour and that those who were physically incapable such as women and children were to be confined to ghettos. [21] To the Nazis a number of ideas appeared on how to answer the "Jewish Question" . One method was a mass forced deportation of Jews. Adolf Eichmann suggested that Jews be forced to emigrate to Palestine . [22] Franz Rademacher made the proposal that Jews be deported to Madagascar; this proposal was supported by Himmler and was discussed by Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini but was later dismissed as impractical in 1942. [23] The idea of continuing deportations to occupied Poland was rejected by the governor, Hans Frank , of the General Government of occupied Poland as Frank refused to accept any more deportations of Jews to the territory which already had large numbers of Jews. [23] In 1942, at the Wannsee Conference , Nazi officials decided to eliminate the Jews altogether, as discussed the " Final Solution of the Jewish Question". Concentration camps like Auschwitz were converted and used gas chambers to kill as many Jews as possible. By 1945, a number of concentration camps had been liberated by Allied forces and they found the survivors to be severely malnourished. The Allies also found evidence that the Nazis were profiteering from the mass murder of Jews not only by confiscating their property and personal valuables but also by extracting gold fillings from the bodies of some Jews held in concentration camps. Social Policy Education Main articles: National Socialist Teachers League , National Socialist German Students' League , and National Socialist Schoolchildren's League Education under the Nazi regime focused on racial biology, population policy, culture, geography and especially physical fitness . [24] Anti-Semitic policy led to the expulsion of Jewish teachers and professors and officials from the education system. [25] All university professors were required to be a member of the National Socialist Association of University Lecturers in order to be able to be employed as professors. [26] Social Welfare Recent research by academics such as Götz Aly has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi social welfare programs that focused on providing employment for German citizens and insuring a minimal living standard for them. Heavily focused on was the idea of a national German community. To aid the fostering of a feeling of community, the German people's labour and entertainment experiences — from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas — were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" ( Kraft durch Freude , KdF) program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the National Labour Service , the German Labour Front and the Hitler Youth Organization, with compulsory membership. In addition to this, a number of architectural projects were undertaken. KdF created the KdF-wagen, later known as the Volkswagen (People's Car), which was designed to be an automobile that every German citizen would be able to afford. The KdF wagon also was created in the idea that it could be converted to a military vehicle for war. Another national project undertaken, was the construction of the Autobahn , made it the first freeway system in the world. Health According to the research of Robert N. Proctor for his book The Nazi War on Cancer , [27] [28] Nazi Germany had arguably the most powerful anti-tobacco movement in the world. Anti-tobacco research received a strong backing from the government, and German scientists proved that cigarette smoke could cause cancer. German pioneering research on experimental epidemiology lead to the 1939 paper by Franz H. Müller , and the 1943 paper by Eberhard Schairer and Erich Schöniger which convincingly demonstrated that tobacco smoking was a main culprit in lung cancer . The government urged German doctors to counsel patients against tobacco use. German research on the dangers of tobacco was silenced after the war, and the dangers of tobacco had to be rediscovered by American and English scientists in the early 1950s, with a medical consensus arising in the early 1960s. German scientists also proved that asbestos was a health hazard, and in 1943 — as the first nation in the world to offer such a benefit — Germany recognized the diseases caused by asbestos, e.g., lung cancer, as occupational illnesses eligible for compensation. The German asbestos-cancer research was later used by American lawyers doing battle against the Johns-Manville Corporation. As part of the general public-health campaign in Nazi Germany, water supplies were cleaned up, lead and mercury were removed from consumer products, and women were urged to undergo regular screenings for breast cancer . [29] [30] Women's rights The Nazis opposed women's emancipation and the feminist movement, claiming that it was Jewish-led and was bad for both women and men. The Nazi regime advocated a patriarchial society in which the German woman would recognize that the "world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home." [31] Hitler claimed that women taking vital jobs away from men during the Great Depression was economically bad for families in that women were paid only 66 percent of what men earned. [31] This being said, Hitler never considered endorsing the idea of raising women's wages to avoid such a scenario again, but instead called for women to stay at home. Simultaneously with calling for women to leave work outside the home, the regime called for women to be actively supportive of the state regarding women's affairs. In 1933, Hitler appointed Gertrud Scholtz-Klink as the Reich Women's Leader, who instructed women that their primary role in society was to bear children and that women should be subservient to men, once saying "the mission of woman is to minister in the home and in her profession to the needs of life from the first to last moment of man's existence." [31] The expectation even applied to Aryan women married to Jewish men—a necessary ingredient in the 1943 Rosenstrasse protest in which 1800 German women (joined by 4200 relatives) obliged the Nazi state to release their Jewish husbands. The Nazi regime discouraged women from seeking higher education in secondary schools, universities and colleges. [32] The number of women allowed to enroll in universities dropped drastically under the Nazi regime, which shrank from approximately 128,000 women being enrolled in 1933 to 51,000 in 1938. [26] Female enrollment in secondary schools dropped from 437,000 in 1926 to 205,000 in 1937. [26] However with the requirement of men to be enlisted into the German armed forces during the war, women made up half of the enrollment in the education system by 1944. [26] Organizations were made for the indoctrination of Nazi values to German women. Such organizations included the Jungmädel (Young Girls) section of the Hitler Youth for girls from the age 10 to 14, the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM, German Girl's League) for young women from 14 to 18. On the issue of sexual affairs regarding women, the Nazis differed greatly from the restrictive stances on women's role in society. The Nazi regime promoted a liberal code of conduct as regards sexual matters, and were sympathetic to women bearing children out of wedlock. [33] The collapse of 19th century morals in Germany accelerated during the Third Reich, partly due to the Nazis, and partly due to the effects of the war. [33] Promiscuity increased greatly as the war progressed, with unmarried soldiers often involved intimately with several women simultaneously. [33] Married women were often involved in multiple affairs simultaneously, with soldiers, civilians or slave labourers . [33] "Some farm wives in Württemberg had already begun using sex as a commodity, employing carnal favours as a means of getting a full day's work from foreign labourers." [33] Marriage or sexual relations between a person considered “Aryan” and one that was not were classified as Rassenschande (Race dishonor) and were forbidden under penalty (people found guilty could face concentration camp, while non-Aryans death penalty). Despite the somewhat official restrictions, some women forged highly visible, as well as officially praised, achievements. Examples are aviatrix Hanna Reitsch and film director Leni Riefenstahl . An example of the almost cynical Nazi difference between doctrine and practice is that, whilst sexual relationships among campers was explicitly forbidden, boys' and girls' camps of the Hitlerjugend associations were needlessly placed close together as if to make it happen. Pregnancy (including disruptive repercussions on established marriages) often resulted when fetching members of the Bund Deutscher Mädel were assigned to duties which juxtaposed them with easily tempted men. [34] Environmentalism In 1935 the regime enacted the " Reich Nature Protection Act ". While not a purely Nazi piece of legislation since parts of its influences pre-dated the Nazi rise to power, it nevertheless reflected Nazi ideology. The concept of the Dauerwald (best translated as the "perpetual forest") which included concepts such as forest management and protection was promoted and efforts were also made to curb air-pollution. [35] [36] In practice, the enacted laws and policies met resistance from various ministries that sought to undermine them, and from the priority that the war-effort took to environmental protection. Animal protection policy In 1933 the regime enacted a stringent animal-protection law. [37] [38] Culture File:Danzig-Propaganda.jpg The regime sought to restore traditional values in German culture. The art and culture that came to define the Weimar Republic years was repressed. The visual arts were strictly monitored and traditional, focusing on exemplifying Germanic themes, racial purity , militarism , heroism , power, strength, and obedience. Modern abstract art and avant-garde art was removed from museums and put on special display as " degenerate art ", where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example, on 31 March 1937, huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich. Art forms considered to be degenerate included Dada , Cubism , Expressionism , Fauvism , Impressionism , New Objectivity , and Surrealism . Literature written by Jewish, other non-Aryans, or authors opposed to the Nazis was destroyed by the regime. The most infamous destruction of literature was the book burnings by German students in 1933. Despite the official attempt to forge a pure Germanic culture, one major area of the arts, architecture, under Hitler's personal guidance, was neoclassical , a style based on architecture of ancient Rome . [39] This style stood out in stark contrast and opposition to newer, more liberal, and more popular architecture styles of the time such as Art Deco . Various Roman buildings were examined by state architect Albert Speer for architectural designs for state buildings. Speer constructed huge and imposing structures such as in the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg and the new Reich Chancellery building in Berlin. One design that was pursued, but never built, was a gigantic version of the Pantheon in Rome, called the Volkshalle to be the semi-religious centre of Nazism in a renamed Berlin called Germania , which was to be the "world capital" (Welthauptstadt). Also to be constructed was a Triumphal arch several times larger than that found in Paris, which was also based upon a classical styling. Many of the designs for Germania were impractical to construct because of their size and the marshy soil underneath Berlin; materials that were to be used for construction were diverted to the war effort. Cinema and media The majority of German films of the period were intended principally as works of entertainment. The import of foreign films was legally restricted after 1936 and the German industry, which was effectively nationalised in 1937, had to make up for the missing foreign films (above all American productions). Entertainment also became increasingly important in the later years of World War II when the cinema provided a distraction from Allied bombing and a string of German defeats. In both 1943 and 1944 cinema admissions in Germany exceeded a billion , [40] and the biggest box office hits of the war years were Die große Liebe (1942) and Wunschkonzert (1941), which both combine elements of the musical , wartime romance and patriotic propaganda, Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten (1941), a comic musical which was one of the earliest German films in colour, and Wiener Blut (1942), the adaptation of a Johann Strauß comic operetta . The importance of the cinema as a tool of the state, both for its propaganda value and its ability to keep the populace entertained, can be seen in the filming history of Veit Harlan 's Kolberg (1945), the most expensive film of the era, for the shooting of which tens of thousands of soldiers were diverted from their military positions to appear as extras. [41] Despite the emigration of many film-makers and the political restrictions, the German film industry was not without technical and aesthetic innovations, the introduction of Agfacolor film production being a notable example. Technical and aesthetic achievement could also be turned to the specific ends of the Greater German Reich, most spectacularly in the work of Leni Riefenstahl . Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will (1935), documenting the Nuremberg Rally (1934), and Olympia (1938), documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics , pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that have influenced many later films. Both films, particularly Triumph of the Will, remain highly controversial, as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandizing of Nationalsocialism ideals. [41] Sports Established in 1934, the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (NSRL), (sometimes also known under the acronym NSRBL) was the umbrella organization for sports during the Third Reich. Two major displays of Nazi art and culture were at the 1936 Summer Olympics and at the German pavilion at the 1937 International Exposition in Paris. The 1936 Olympics was meant to display to the world the Aryan superiority of Germany to other nations. German athletes were carefully chosen not only for strength but for Aryan appearance. However, one common belief of Hitler snubbing African-American athlete Jesse Owens has recently been discovered to be technically incorrect — it was African-American athlete Cornelius Cooper Johnson who was believed to have been snubbed by Hitler, who left the medal ceremonies after awarding a German and a Finn medals. Hitler claimed it was not a snub, but that he had official business to attend to which caused him to depart. On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens recounted: "When I passed the Chancellor he arose, waved his hand at me, and I waved back at him. I think the writers showed bad taste in criticizing the man of the hour in Germany." He also stated: "Hitler didn't snub me — it was FDR who snubbed me. The president didn't even send me a telegram." Hitler was criticized for this and the Olympic committee officials insisted that he greet each and every medalist. Hitler did not attend any of the medal presentations which followed, including the one after Jesse Owens won his four medals. [42] [43] References	i don't know
Who won a gold medal for Great Britain in the Men's 1000k K-1 canoeing event at the Beijing Olympics?	Canoeing at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Kayak Singles, 1,000 metres \| Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Canoeing at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Kayak Singles, 1,000 metres Host City: London, Great Britain Venue(s): Eton Dorney, Windsor Date Started: August 6, 2012 Date Finished: August 8, 2012 Gold: Max Hoff Summary The defending Olympic champion in the men’s K-1 1000 was [Tim Brabants] of Great Britain but, despite the advantage he would gain at a hometown Olympics, he was not considered be a challenger for the podium as he had been injured earlier in the season and had not won a major international medal in the event since the 2010 World Championships. He was also competing against a strong field of kayakers such as Canada’s [Adam van Koeverden], the most recent World Champion, German [Max Hoff], the 2009 and 2010 World Champion, and [Eirik Verås Larsen] of Norway, the 2004 Olympic Champion, the 2008 Olympic runner up, and three-time World Champion. Larsen certainly had the advantage in experience – his first World Championship title in the event had come in 2002 – but If anyone was a slight favorite it was Hoff, who was coming into the event with back-to-back European Championship victories from 2011 and 2012. The Canadian, however, posted the fastest times in both the heats and the semifinals, drawing attention away from Hoff. In the final van Koeverden took an early lead and maintained it for the first 750 metres, but a strong push from Larsen in the closing quarter of the race saw the Norwegian make up nearly an entire length of distance between the two. Leaving the rest of the pack behind them, Larsen and van Koeverden went neck and neck in the final stretch, with the Canadian being just edged out by the Norwegian’s experience and technical prowess in the final metres. Larsen thus reclaimed the title he had lost in 2008 and van Koeverden took home silver, his fourth Olympic medal after having won gold and bronze at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the K-1500 m and K-1000 m respectively, and silver in the K-1500 m in Beijing. Hoff covered the open water between Larsen and van Koeverden and nearly stole second place from the Canadian, but had to settle for bronze after coming up short by just under six-tenths of a second. A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics \| Privacy Statement \| Conditions & Terms of Service \| Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the	Tim Brabants
Which is the heaviest planet in our solar system?	Men’s K1 1000m battle for Olympic place continues following day one of World Cup action in Poznan \| 2 Replies The weather cheered up a little in Poznan today and so did the mood in Great Britain camp as day one of the season’s first Canoe Sprint World Cup got underway on the Malta Lake regatta course. Four boats were in action in two events with the focus on delivering strong results to secure individual places for London 2012, and with a quality field assembled from more than 60 nations, it was the ideal opportunity to assess progress towards Olympic ambitions. First out on the water was Rachel Cawthorn and Louisa Sawers in the heats of the women’s K1 500m event. Rachel sailed through to the semis but sadly Louisa was disqualified following the race due to an underweight boat. Rachel went on to give a confident performance winning her semi final and booking a spot in tomorrow’s final. In the men’s K1 1000m the ongoing battle continued between Olympic champion Tim Brabants and Paul Wycherley to secure the single Olympic place in this blue ribbon event. Tim had taken the honours at the opening regatta of the season in Nottingham last month, and Paul was determined to level the series and take it down to the wire. They both got comfortably through the morning heats, but in the afternoon whilst Paul raced well to finish second in his semi to go into tomorrow’s final, Tim’s fourth place in a tough semi final draw was not enough to take him through. With round two of the contest over a day earlier than anticipated, the Olympic selection agony now goes on for both athletes for another week, when they will reconvene in Duisburg, Germany for what will be the decider on 25 and 26 May. Andy Daniels was the last GB paddler on the water today in the non-Olympic event of men’s K1 500m. He qualified easily through to the semi final and gave a strong performance to finish third just missing out on the final. Commenting on the day’s performances John Anderson, GB Performance Director said: “It was a great performance from Rachel today and I am delighted she has made it through to the final, however I am really disappointed for Louisa. “Paul paddled well to make the final, so the battle between Tim and Paul will now continue to Duisburg next weekend, which will undoubtedly make for an exciting climax to selection.” In addition to the finals for Rachel and Paul, tomorrow it will be the turn of the 200m sprint canoeists to get their World Cup campaign underway in what is the first international regatta of the season. More information, start lists and results from this week’s canoe sprint racing can be found at the official event websites: http://www.kayakpl.com/ GB Canoe Sprint Results World Cup 1 Women’s K1 500m Rachel Cawthorn (Guildford/Maidenhead) – 1st in semi & qualified for final Women’s K1 500m Louisa Sawers (Walton-on-Thames/Marlow) – DSQ heats Men’s K1 1000m Paul Wycherley (Guildford/Elstead) – 2nd in semi & qualified for final Men’s K1 1000m Tim Brabants (Nottingham/Walton-on-Thames) – 4th in semi final Men’s K1 500m Andy Daniels (Henley-on-Thames) – 3rd in semi final Notes to Editors • For further information or to speak to a member of the GB Canoe Sprint squad please contact Katriona Bush, GB Canoeing Media Adviser [email protected] Mobile: 07971 782662 or Helen Reeves, British Canoe Union Media Manager 07730 521644 . • In Canoe Sprint, competitors race head-to-head on a straight flat water course, with each boat in a separate lane over three different Olympic distances: 200m, 500m, and 1000m. There are Kayak events in single (K1), double (K2) and quadruple (K4) boats and Canoe events in single (C1), double (C2) boats. • Canoe Sprint is the ultimate challenge in speed, strength and technique. • Canoe Sprint has been an Olympic discipline since 1936. Since winning its first Olympic medal at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Canoe Sprint has won at least one medal at subsequent Games. • Tim Brabants is Great Britain’s most successful Canoe Sprint athlete winning three Olympic medals across two Games including the sport’s first ever gold at Beijing 2008. 2000 Tim Brabants Men’s K1 1000m – Bronze 2004 Ian Wynne Men’s K1 500m – Bronze 2008 Tim Brabants Men’s K1 1000m – Gold 2008 Tim Brabants Men’s K1 500m – Bronze • In 2012, 12 Olympic medals will be contested in Canoe Sprint 6-11 August at Eton Dorney, Buckinghamshire in the following events: Men’s K1, K2 & K4 over 1000m Men’s K1 & K2 over 200m (replacing the 500m event) Men’s C1 & C2 over 1000m Men’s C1 over 200m Women’s K1, K2 & K4 over 500m Women’s K1 over 200m • The Olympic competition format comprises Heats and Semi-Finals on one day with the Final two days later for the 500m and 1000m events and one day later for the 200m events. • GB can only qualify one boat per event. Based on results at the 2011 World Championships, GB has so far qualified seven athlete places in three boats: Men’s K1 200m, Men’s K2 200m and the Women’s K4 500m. However GB can expect a further three Host Nation places to be awarded. There is also a further opportunity to qualify more athlete quota places at the European 2nd Round Qualification event in Poznan in May 2012. • There is a clear selection process in Sprint that includes two home Regattas in April and June (Women’s K2 & K4) and two World Cup competitions in May to finalize GB Team selections. No athletes have been formally selected yet. • The BCU International Panel will nominate the Olympic Canoe Sprint Team to the British Olympic Association for approval and final selection into Team GB for London 2012. It is anticipated that the Sprint team will be announced by the BOA on 14 June 2012. ______________________	i don't know
In which 1998 film does Ewan McGregor co-star as the fictional rock star 'Curt Wild'?	Velvet Goldmine Movie Review & Film Summary (1998) \| Roger Ebert Tweet "Velvet Goldmine" is a movie made up of beginnings, endings and fresh starts. There isn't enough in between. It wants to be a movie in search of a truth, but it's more like a movie in search of itself. Not everyone who leaves the theater will be able to pass a quiz on exactly what happens. Advertisement Set in the 1970s, it's the story of the life, death and resurrection of a glam-rock idol named Brian Slade, played by Jonathan Rhys-Meyers and probably inspired by David Bowie . After headlining a brief but dazzling era of glitter rock, he fakes his own death onstage. When the hoax is revealed, his cocaine use increases, his sales plummet, and he disappears from view. A decade later, in the fraught year of 1984, a journalist named Arthur Stuart ( Christian Bale ) is assigned to find out what really happened to Brian Slade. Do we care? Not much. Slade is not made into a convincing character in "Velvet Goldmine," although his stage appearances are entertaining enough. But a better reason for our disinterest is that the film bogs down in the apparatus of the search for Slade. Clumsily borrowing moments from " Citizen Kane ," it has its journalist interview Slade's ex-wife and business associates, and there is even a sequence of shots that specifically mirror "Kane"--the first interview with the mogul's former wife, Susan. "Citizen Kane" may just have been voted the greatest of all American films (which it is), but how many people watching "Velvet Goldmine" will appreciate a scene where a former Slade partner is seen in a wheelchair, just like Joseph Cotten ? Many of them will still be puzzling out the opening of the film, which begins in Dublin with the birth of Oscar Wilde , who says at an early age, "I want to be a pop idol." I guess this prologue is intended to establish a link between Wilde and the Bowie generation of crossdressing performance artists who teased audiences with their apparent bisexuality. Brian Slade, in the movie, is married to an American catwoman named Mandy ( Toni Collette ) but has an affair with a rising rock star named Curt Wild ( Ewan McGregor ), who looks like Kurt Cobain, is heedless like Oscar Wilde and is so original onstage that he upstages Slade, who complains, "I just wish it had been me. I wish I'd thought of it." (His wife, as wise as all the wives of brilliant men, tells him, "You will.") The film evokes snatches of the 1970s rock scene (and another of its opening moments evokes early shots from the Beatles' " A Hard Day's Night "). But it doesn't settle for long enough on any one approach to become very interesting. It's not a career film, or a rags-to-riches film, or an expose, or an attack, or a dirge, or a musical, but a little of all of those, chopped up and run through a confusing assortment of flashbacks and memories. Advertisement The lesson seems to be that Brian Slade was an ambitious, semi-talented poseur who cheated his audience once too often, and then fooled them again in a way only the movie and its inquiring reporter fully understand. In the wreckage of his first incarnation are left his wife, lovers, managers and fans. It is a little disconcerting that the last 20 minutes, if not more, consist of a series of scenes that all feel as if they could be the last scene in the movie: "Velvet Goldmine" keeps promising to quit, but doesn't make good. David Bowie (if Slade is indeed meant to be Bowie) deserves better than this. He was more talented and smarter than Slade, reinvented himself in full view, and in the long run can only be said to have triumphed (if being married to Iman, pioneering a multimedia art project and being the richest of all non-Beatle British rock stars is a triumph, and I submit that it is). Bowie is also more interesting than his fictional alter ego in "Velvet Goldmine," and if glam rock was not great music, at least it inaugurated the era of concerts as theatrical spectacles and inspired its audiences to dress in something other than the hippie uniform. Todd Haynes , the director and writer, is an American whose first two films ("Poison" and " Safe ") were tightly focused, spare and bleak. "Safe" starred Julianne Moore as a woman allergic to very nearly everything--or was she only allergic to herself? These films were perceptive character studies. In "Velvet Goldmine," there is the sense that the film's arms were spread too wide, gathered in all of the possible approaches to the material and couldn't decide on just one. Advertisement	Velvet Goldmine
Which religious founder rode a horse called 'Kantaka'?	Amazon.co.uk:Customer Reviews: Velvet Goldmine [DVD] [1998] Velvet Goldmine [DVD] [1998] 4.2 out of 5 stars 68 Price:£6.97+ Free shipping with Amazon Prime Your rating( Clear )Rate this item 28 people found this helpful 5.0 out of 5 starsWhere to begin? ByA customeron 26 March 2002 The acting is fantastic - Jonathan Rhys Meyers looking very young lends himself wonderfully to the asexual Brian Slade, and there's the odd naked shot (not enough of him though girls!) to keep you interested. Ewan McGregor is dashingly good and the supporting cast including Toni Collette, Eddie Izzard and Placebo do their parts full justice. The hair and makeup on Toni Collette is especially effective at charting the passage of time. And of course Christian Bale captures the essence of fandom perfectly in his role as Arthur Stuart. The music is fantastic with Rhys Meyers performing many of his songs (and he's a pretty good singer!) as well as a couple by Ewan, more recently known for his contribution to Moulin Rouge!'s music. Also present are a selection of other songs such as "Make Me Smile" and "20th Century Boy" (ah, we love Placebo!) fitting the era and atmosphere - though I wasn't even born then so perhaps I am less critical than someone who remembers Bowie's greatness! I also loved the way the film was put together. The jolting touches of memory and somewhat irregular presentation as Arthur digs out the truth lead the viewer to conclusions and provide for an intriguing storyline (ripped straight out of Citizen Kane). The music videos are great to watch and revisit via the chapter selection and the documentary on the DVD is also pretty good although in my opinion was too much about the era and not enough about the film! All in all, get this film if you're into slightly alternative cinema, glam rock or just gay issues :) There are some wonderful lines from Brian on bisexuality but you'll have to wait and see them for yourself :) One person found this helpful 3.0 out of 5 starsMore tinmine than goldmine - but not all bad... ByJulie Don 16 December 2015 I came at this film as a long-standing fan of Bowie, Bolan, Roxy, Eno, Lou Reed and Iggy Pop. The finished piece inevitably falls short given Bowie's refusal to licence his excellent track 'Velvet Goldmine' as its theme tune or indeed to allow any of his music on the film. Was he right? I think so. Brian Slade is not so much a version of Bowie but a parody of his creation, Ziggy Stardust. If you'd conceived of a motif that would define an era, and yourself, as much as Ziggy, perhaps you'd be similarly keen to protect it - particularly if the vehicle using it was a lot less impressive than the original creation? It's okay to praise Brian Eno for supplying parts of the soundtrack and all, but Eno and the other performers are several steps removed from the character at the core of the film, so clearly Bowie-based and so much the intellectual property of DB. This film clearly is not perfect - but it's not a total turkey either. What it succeeds at best is in giving a sense of how it felt to be exposed to the new exoticism that was glam rock in a country that, at the time, was peculiarly grey, gritty and set in its ways. I thought the Oscar Wilde thing running through the film from start to finish anchored it and worked pretty well. Velvet Goldmine reminded me how it felt to teeter on the brink of a world that was beginning to change in fundamental ways, the legacy of which is still with us. Glam rock was never a volte face and the film underlines this - women are people firmly on the periphery. Nonetheless, once you introduce the notion of gender and sexual fluidity to a generation - well, it's hard to see misogyny and so much else in quite the same way again. I wasn't particularly taken by the appearance of the lead actors - not insignificant in a film that is making composite characters from some of the, to me, most attractive individuals ever to have acquired the mantle of fame. But I'm old and biaised. I do think the central theme of Velvet Goldmine is a little muddied. I was left a bit confused as to what had happened to Brian Slade after his 'assassination', which is a pity. Ultimately i was left thinking Velvet Goldmine must be to Bowie what '24 Hour Party People' must have been to Tony Wilson - parts are interesting, parts are toe-curlingly embarrassing. I think this could be the main reason why Bowie threatened to sue and prompted script rewrites. In all my years of adulation and admiration, Bowie is one pop star who's never really let me down. There is a great film that's not a documentary still to be made about this period; in the meantime the DA Pennebaker film of Ziggy Stardust's final stage appearance is the place to go. Format: DVD The acting is fantastic - Jonathan Rhys Meyers looking very young lends himself wonderfully to the asexual Brian Slade, and there's the odd naked shot (not enough of him though girls!) to keep you interested. Ewan McGregor is dashingly good and the supporting cast including Toni Collette, Eddie Izzard and Placebo do their parts full justice. The hair and makeup on Toni Collette is especially effective at charting the passage of time. And of course Christian Bale captures the essence of fandom perfectly in his role as Arthur Stuart. The music is fantastic with Rhys Meyers performing many of his songs (and he's a pretty good singer!) as well as a couple by Ewan, more recently known for his contribution to Moulin Rouge!'s music. Also present are a selection of other songs such as "Make Me Smile" and "20th Century Boy" (ah, we love Placebo!) fitting the era and atmosphere - though I wasn't even born then so perhaps I am less critical than someone who remembers Bowie's greatness! I also loved the way the film was put together. The jolting touches of memory and somewhat irregular presentation as Arthur digs out the truth lead the viewer to conclusions and provide for an intriguing storyline (ripped straight out of Citizen Kane). The music videos are great to watch and revisit via the chapter selection and the documentary on the DVD is also pretty good although in my opinion was too much about the era and not enough about the film! All in all, get this film if you're into slightly alternative cinema, glam rock or just gay issues :) There are some wonderful lines from Brian on bisexuality but you'll have to wait and see them for yourself :) 0Comment \| 28 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD As I have exhausted my video version I am going to buy it on dvd. I can not understand the bad reviews this gets. It is a fantastic view of underground and glam rock loosely based on famous figures but having its own identity. The music is good, the fantasy is good and the actors are good. Yes, the story is unbelievable but so what? All in all this film is good fun and one that can be watched again and again. 0Comment \| 12 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD I cannot comprehend the confusion that this quirky and unconventional movie provokes in the minds of some people. I love this film, it's sexy, fun, aesthetically pleasing, and deliciously over the top. The connection with Oscar Wilde and his childhood ambition to become a 'pop idol' spawns the idea that the classic poets were the originators of the artistic sex, drugs, rock n' roll lifestyle that is explored in the movie. The plot concerning the brooch is not intended to be historically accurate, but instead adds a beauty to the story, and acts as a motif that connects past and present events. The film uses fantastical imagery (including a flying saucer), which adds a surreal edge. The film doesn't imply that homosexuals are the spawn of aliens (as another reviewer suggested!)...this indeed would be extremely far-fetched. There are lots of references to heaven and the stars, which is an idea employed by poets during the enlightenment, implying that the characters have stumbled upon their own divine movement, adding to the idea of revolution and freedom. They are loosely based on real rock stars, but concentrates more on the musical love affair with America and England. Love the faux seventies music and glamerous costumes, I can't understand the bad reviews. 0Comment \| 14 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD It's 1984 and newspaper reporter Arthur Stuart is assigned to writing a piece about the disappearance of legendary Brit Glam Rocker, Brian Slade. Who after rising to the very top of the super stardom tree, chose to kill off his stage alter ego, Maxwell Demon, and subsequently killed off his career in the process. The Glam Rock era is one that Arthur knows well, in fact back at the time of the genre explosion he was very much on the scene, his life, Brian Slade's and wild American rocker, Curt Wild, are all linked by decadence and outrageous fulfilment! There is no getting away from it, Velvet Goldmine divides film lovers across the spectrum, some folk are genuinely baffled by it, others (such as myself) think it's close to being genius, while some cinematic observers want to throw up at the mere mention of the film! I once engaged in a conversation with a fellow cinephile who positively hated the film with a passion, it was clear that we both watched a very different movie, nothing he said sounded remotely like the film I had watched and adored. Here I am after my third viewing thinking that I'm still right and that Velvet Goldmine demands repeat viewings to fully comprehend director Todd Haynes outlandish homages. This is not remotely close to being a true story of the era, but it certainly has its finger on the pulse as regards how the genre evolved and lit up so many a dull dole day for many many people. Some instances and characters are based around factual things, I mean you would have to seriously know nothing about music to not see the David Bowie and Iggy Pop structured core on show here. But it's what Haynes surrounds these decadent icons with that really keeps you on your toes, when a film delivers the infant Oscar Wilde to a Victorian doorstep via an Unidentified Flying Object, then surely you know that all that is going to follow is not totally what it seems. Haynes sticks his tongue in his cheek and doffs his cap to Citizen Kane, cloaking it in a whirl of luscious identities and sexual explorations, the campy veneer lurching forward at every opportunity, with all of it strummed out to a soundtrack of glittering urgency. It's a splendid cast list containing Ewan McGregor, Christian Bale, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Toni Collette, Eddie Izzard (of course), Michael Feast and Emily Woof, with Meyers outrageously believable and McGregor having the time of his life. But really it's the writing, the costumes and the art direction that glue it all together, Sandy Powell was rightly academy award nominated for her costumes whilst both Andrew Munro (art) and Todd Haynes (writer/director) can consider themselves astutely smart for knowing exactly how to make this picture work. 9.5/10 0Comment \| 5 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: VHS Tape This film absolutely glitters. Literally. It can be enjoyed on so many levels: the twisting, turning plot; the scrumptiousness of Ewan McGregor (looking eerily KurtCobain-esque) and Jonathan Rhys Meyers; the jump-up-and-down-on-your-bed-and-annoy-the-hell-out-of-your-parents music (the whole soundtrack is excellent); or just for the sheer adrenaline (and coke) fuelled rush through glam, which is so FUN. I'm far too young to remember glam in all its glory, but this film makes me want to travel back in time and share in a bit of the glitterlove. The cast is excellent. Jonathan Rhys Meyers glitters prettily as Brian, Ewan McGregor rocks as Curt (who 'goes bonkers every time he hears an electric guitar), Christian Bale is so real and tangible as Arthur (the glitterfan exploring his sexuality), and Toni Collette sparkles as the wonderful Mandy (glittering wife of the star). Placebo also star as The Flaming Creatures, and any Placebo fan should watch this film for Brian Molko alone. Achingly angsty, touchingly romantic, sufficiently twisted, and unashamed of exploring and exploiting sexuality, this film simply sparkles. Only to be watched if you're prepared to get into the spirit of things and embrace the glitter. Most definately to be played at maximum volume. 0Comment \| 13 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: VHS Tape Unlike, apparently, a lot of the other reviewers on this page I AM old enough to remember Glam Rock, and I still think it was one of the most colourful, over-the-top era's in music. This film, bizarre though it is, fully does it justice. Arthur Stuart is a Brit working on a New York newspaper, who is told to find out what happened to Brian Slade, a phenomenally successful Bowie-esque rock star whose career plummetted after he faked his own assassination on stage 10 years before, and hasn't been heard of since. It turns out that Arthur (a very good Christian Bale) had something of a crush on Slade when he was a teenybopper himself. His investigation takes on a very Citizen Kane-ish turn, as he interviews people who were important in Slade's life (his ex-manager, his ex-wife etc). Everywhere he goes though he meets a dead end as to what has happened to Slade since. The twist when it comes at the end is worth the wait. The early 1970s is done brilliantly here, and is a wonderful nostalgia-fest for some of us. An age when everyone happily dressed like circus clowns, and hair straighteners and pallid complexions were unheard of. Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, who I think is a ridiculously under-rated actor, does a sublime performance as Slade, and Ewan McGregor gives a full-throttle turn as the tortured, heavy rocker, Curt Wild. Eddie Izzard is allowed, for once, to step away from his cross-dressing comedian persona, to play Slade's hard-nosed manager with great relish. Toni Collette is also superb as Slade's ex-wife, Mandy, used and cheated by Slade's celebrity bandwagon. The soundtrack is an absolute dream, and the whole early 1970s obsession with the Roaring Twenties and how it influenced the Glam Rock phenomenon is spot-on. Perhaps if you want a more realistic slant on 1970s celebrity you should try David Essex's "Stardust", (very bleak though that is at times), but this is good if you just want an OTT tribute to the era that style (allegedly) forgot. 0Comment \| 6 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD I came at this film as a long-standing fan of Bowie, Bolan, Roxy, Eno, Lou Reed and Iggy Pop. The finished piece inevitably falls short given Bowie's refusal to licence his excellent track 'Velvet Goldmine' as its theme tune or indeed to allow any of his music on the film. Was he right? I think so. Brian Slade is not so much a version of Bowie but a parody of his creation, Ziggy Stardust. If you'd conceived of a motif that would define an era, and yourself, as much as Ziggy, perhaps you'd be similarly keen to protect it - particularly if the vehicle using it was a lot less impressive than the original creation? It's okay to praise Brian Eno for supplying parts of the soundtrack and all, but Eno and the other performers are several steps removed from the character at the core of the film, so clearly Bowie-based and so much the intellectual property of DB. This film clearly is not perfect - but it's not a total turkey either. What it succeeds at best is in giving a sense of how it felt to be exposed to the new exoticism that was glam rock in a country that, at the time, was peculiarly grey, gritty and set in its ways. I thought the Oscar Wilde thing running through the film from start to finish anchored it and worked pretty well. Velvet Goldmine reminded me how it felt to teeter on the brink of a world that was beginning to change in fundamental ways, the legacy of which is still with us. Glam rock was never a volte face and the film underlines this - women are people firmly on the periphery. Nonetheless, once you introduce the notion of gender and sexual fluidity to a generation - well, it's hard to see misogyny and so much else in quite the same way again. I wasn't particularly taken by the appearance of the lead actors - not insignificant in a film that is making composite characters from some of the, to me, most attractive individuals ever to have acquired the mantle of fame. But I'm old and biaised. I do think the central theme of Velvet Goldmine is a little muddied. I was left a bit confused as to what had happened to Brian Slade after his 'assassination', which is a pity. Ultimately i was left thinking Velvet Goldmine must be to Bowie what '24 Hour Party People' must have been to Tony Wilson - parts are interesting, parts are toe-curlingly embarrassing. I think this could be the main reason why Bowie threatened to sue and prompted script rewrites. In all my years of adulation and admiration, Bowie is one pop star who's never really let me down. There is a great film that's not a documentary still to be made about this period; in the meantime the DA Pennebaker film of Ziggy Stardust's final stage appearance is the place to go. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Showing 0 of 0 comments Sort by: Format: DVD First time that I saw Velvet Goldmine, I was about 16 years old and going through a much obsessed Placebo stage, which in fact, besides my fascination with glam-rock, was the whole reason I hired the film (the lovely Brian Molko making an appearance toward the end) and to be quite honest, after falling asleep at 2 am watching it, I wasn't totally thrilled out of my skin. I just recently watched it again and after finally understanding it (note, watch it when you're not a zombie) I think it's quite a beautiful film, if you don't expect too much to happen in dramatic plot change. Jonathan Rhys Meyers does a really believable portrayal of the positively beautiful and angelic Brian Slade, a Bowie-esque glam-star trying to be the next Jesus Christ, and Ewan McGregor was pretty much born for the role of punk-rocker Curt Wild, and proves he can perfectly fit the role of totally insane rocker, and can belt also out a tune or two. (Note: See Moulin Rouge for further evidence of this.) Christian Bale was also really impressive as journalist and glam-fan Arthur Stuart, but then again, having seen Bale's work in American Psycho, I'm quite sure he's a very talented young dude indeed. Anyway, back to my point... Buy Velvet Goldmine and make sure you crank up the volume, because Gary Glitter is too cool for this world. 0Comment \| 7 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD Todd Haynes is one of the most consistently interesting filmmakers working today, ranging from the Genet-inspired visions of Poison to the antiseptic preoccupations of Safe and the colour-saturated if restrained style of Far From Heaven, the latter two both with Julianne Moore raising them further still ... Here he seems to change tack again, but it has a lot in common with these other films, most of all a desire to use the medium to the full. In the opening five minutes we not only fly between centuries from the birth of Oscar Wilde to the present, but more literally down to earth as a flying saucer descends through the clouds, and the stage is set for a fantasy which never lets up. Julianne Moore is not in it, but a performance by Toni Colette confirms his skill with actresses, in that she gives a fantastic performance both as the glamorous wife when Brian Slade is at the pinnacle of his fame, and the sad figure she cuts once the glitter ball has stopped turning. I was amazed by the nuances she got into every line - truly astonishing. The film is dominated by doubles, in a sense - this 'before and after' effect, the two rock stars, and the journalist who finds some reflection of his own inner self in Slade, and desire for love projected onto Wild. There is also a scene near the beginning where a boy previously seen hanging around against a railing is lying face down on a bed showing - to Jonathan Rhys Meyers - the most gravity-defying bottom ever seen in a horizontal position. It is one (or two) of the myriad pleasures this film has to offer, dizzying in number as it proceeds with the utmost stylistic assurance. The costumes are superb, fantasy creations, Rhys Meyer is spot-on as the somewhat petulant, rather opaque but gorgeous glam rocker, strutting his stuff with real flair, while Christian Bale keeps the helium-filed balloon grounded enough for us to be able to enjoy it fully, bringing a more intimate scale to the emotions. He is also very facially appealing ... But the biggest 'star' of them all is possibly Ewan McGregor's Curt Wild, a galvanizing performance of unbelievable style, showcasing the actor's extraordinary allure and energy. The clothes, the look, the face - it is an amazing screen creation to which is added the knowledge that McGregor in real life is not like this ... The addition of so much gayness made it work as a film for me, even though I understand viewers who love glam rock not being necessarily keen, seeing it as a distortion. It seems to me that with something like this you don't have to be so faithful to the facts of the glam rock phenomenon, but can harness them to your own concerns, which is what Haynes has done so brilliantly. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: VHS Tape A lot of people can argue but, I thought the movie was great. It showed the rise and fall of glam rock, exploring a behind the scenes look at being a rock star in the 70's. It was artistic and in good taste throughout the whole movie. It even puts out a great music video in the middle of the film. Also, being a Placebo fan, I enjoyed their small cameo's 0Comment \| 5 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later.	i don't know
Who wrote the music for the ballet 'The Three-Cornered Hat'?	Lopez-Cobos/Cincinnati SO - Falla: The Three Cornered Hat (and oTher Spanish works) - Amazon.com Music Falla: The Three Cornered Hat (and oTher Spanish works) Audio CD, July 9, 2006 "Please retry" Falla: The Three Cornered Hat (and oTher Spanish works) $8.86 Free Shipping for Prime Members \| Fast, FREE Shipping with Amazon Prime Only 2 left in stock. Sold by IMS Distribution and Fulfilled by Amazon . Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . Special Offers and Product Promotions Sample this album Artist (Sample) 1 30 2 30 Listen Now $0.99 Sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. Additional taxes may apply. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use . Product Details Audio CD (July 9, 2006) Number of Discs: 1 By Ronald D. Pemstein on March 4, 2010 Format: Audio CD The Three-Cornered Hat is a ballet that captures Spanish folk music with all its rhythms. Do not be put off by the sharp drum beats and soprano verses that start the ballet because it soon develops into lively dances. Jesus Lopez-Cobos understands Spanish music and this album also includes deFalla's Homage to to Debussy and Dukas as well as parts of La Vida Breve(the Brief Life). If you appreciate Spanish music, this mid-price album by the Cincinatti Symphony is hard to beat. By NUC MED TECH on November 20, 2013 Format: Audio CD 11-20-2013 I suppose thwre are three types of ballet musicscores. Notin order of importance, mind you, but rather ofdiscsussion. They are #1) RAVEL AND DEBUSSY, ETAL, #20 "50/50" BALLET MUSICAND GRAND BALETT. RAVEL AND DEBUSSY BOTH WROTE ORCHESTRAL BALLET MUSIC THAT REALLYIS MORE SYMPGHONIC AND INTENDED FOR THE CONCERT HALL, RATHER THAN THE THEATER. INCLUDED ARE STRAVINSKY And others, notably Russians. the "ballets of Raveland Debussy are so instrumentally interesting, we wouldrather listen to the orchestran follow the choreography, which usually pales in comparison. When was the last time, for thise of you in and around the big cities of the globe,say or heard of a fully staged Daphnis, or "Ma Merel'Oye?" I aghree, It has been too long and I wouldloveto travel to Seattle to see a staged Ravel or Debussy work. What a treat that would be. The "50/50" category is my idea for, well, the 2 big scores I just mentioned. While these twore nor really 50% each stage and orchestralperfomances, at least they DO get somedancing in for the audience. Perhaps they are the better of the first two types. But, THE best ballets are the fully staged ones, often with Choreography 100 years old or greater. Included are Prokofiev's and Tchaikovsky's biggies---"Romeo, etc., Cinderella, "swan Lake," "Sleeping beauty ," and "Nutcracker". These are the top of the heap ballets according to audience popularity. My 24 year old baby-girl and I will always emember,the night I took her to the San Francisco Ballet's full production of "Swan Lake," myall timefavorite. At the 1st intermission, I took her, hand-in-hand down to peer into the orchestra pit and see someinstrumentsupclose. She was about 9 years old and was wearing her pure whiteHoly Communion dress, complete with a white veil, sort of like a white mantilla and, naturaly, she had white gloves. I had my best suit on and as we turned to walk back to our seats, I noticed an elderly lady starring at us with the warmest smile of the day, as if to say, How sweet, Daddy and his little girl." She just beamed at my little girl,. The next time I will be that pleased will be on her wedding day. Sorry for the tripdown emeory lane, (L. O. L. ) Back to the music. Jesus Lopexz Cobos is a one cd composer, uin my library, but with a Chicagosym. and a Berlin Phil. recording of this musicas well. They all have a good feel for Manuel de Falla, but Lopez is perhaps the closer of the trio to the particular rhythmsand accents. However, I haven't sampledmen like Navarro, de Burgos, or even Ansermet of Giulini in detail. A nice winter project for meand could lead to an exspanded study of the 20th Century Spanard in general. Lopez-Cobos runs off the Balletin 36+minutes with an alert and efferfesant Cincinnati Sym. Orch., the one Paavo Jarvi would inherit and drive to further aclaim in the recording stuio as well in live, hallperformances, some on sensational Super Audio sound. One of THE best being his exciting and driven Sibelius Sym. #2Critic David Hurwitz loved it, and sodo I. Everyone MUST own a copy as an example of terrific and early SACD technology. I use it as a sort of benchmark, particularly in comparison to other Sibelius coming out in Sa. LIKE ANY REASLLY GOOD BALLET SCAORE "EL SOMBRERO" CONTAINS VERY GOOD "FILLER" SEGMENTS IN THE MUSIC, LITTLE SECTIONS TO FILL IN THE GAPS BETWEEN FEATURED DANCE SETS,LIKE RECTATIVE OR DIALOG BETWEEN ARIAS OR SCENES IN OPERA. STILL, WE GO OR LISTEN TO THE CD'S FOR THE BIG NUMBERS, THE ARIA'S. Falla knew how to write very nice filler music, and it is some of the theater'sbest stuff. Still, the 4 dances of Part I, totaling just under 7 1/2 minutes are splendid, but the whole of Part II is a combination of six dances and each of them. ******* I have just noticed that this recording is done in a manner that I am unable to followenough to analyze and so, I'll have to break off my review. I amvery sorry,but I had acoupleofstrokes,bigtime, between 2006and the end of 2012,but I don't know when. I didn't notice anything and my Neurologist said I wouldnot have,anyway. So, gradually, I'vebeen loosing some of compreshension abilities since about 2005 and I'm currently retireed/disabled and trying to get by on what I do have left in my "marble Inventory." (L. O. L. ) So,in summation, this is a good de Falla disc, but one needs to sampleother one's out there. However, good luck, and once again I apologize for my limitations. happy Listeningand, as always best wishes, God Bless You, Tony.	Manuel de Falla
What papal name was taken by Nicholas Breakspear, the only English Pope?	Manuel de Falla- Bio, Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music. Classical Music Home > Manuel de Falla MANUEL DE FALLA (1876 - 1946) The music of Spain has exercised an exotic fascination, but often in forms adapted by foreign composers. Manuel de Falla is representative of a group of Spanish composers who won international recognition. He was born in 1876 in Cádiz, where he first studied, moving later to Madrid and then to Paris, returning to Madrid when war broke out in 1914. Strongly influenced by the traditional Andalusian cante jondo, he settled in Granada, where his friends included the poet Federico García Lorca. The Civil War of 1936 found de Falla neutral in the struggle, but in 1939 he moved to Buenos Aires. There, he continued work on his ambitious stage work Atlántida, which remained unfinished at the time of his death in 1946. Stage Works Manuel de Falla helped to support his family in Madrid after a change in their fortunes by composing zarzuelas, typically Spanish musical comedies. His first substantial stage work was the lyric drama La vida breve (‘The Short Life’), completed in 1905 and first staged in Nice in 1913. The ballet El amor brujo (‘Love the Magician’), with its ghostly story of gypsy jealousy, was first staged in Madrid two years later. The ballet El sombrero de tres picos (‘The Three-Cornered Hat’) reached its final form for its London production under the impresario Diaghilev in 1919. The puppet opera El retablo de maese Pedro (‘Master Peter’s Puppet Show’), based on an episode in the classical Cervantes novel Don Quixote, was completed in 1922. There are popular orchestral suites from the first three of these four works. Orchestral Music In addition to the concert version of El amor brujo and two suites from El sombrero de tres picos made by the composer, Manuel de Falla wrote an evocatively beautiful work for solo piano and orchestra under the title Noches en los jardines de España (‘Nights in the Gardens of Spain’), completed in 1915. Vocal Music In 1915 de Falla also completed his arrangement of seven Spanish folk songs, Siete canciones populares españolas, now familiar not only in the original vocal version but in other arrangements (particularly an effective arrangement for violin and piano). Chamber Music Among chamber works by de Falla may be included the Concerto for Harpsichord, Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Violin and Cello, which makes use of the early keyboard instrument that had played an important part in his puppet opera El retablo de Maese Pedro. Piano Music Piano works occupy a less important element among the compositions of Manuel de Falla, although the four Spanish Pieces and the early Serenata Andaluza offer pieces in characteristically Spanish musical idiom. Box Set Release	i don't know
Which opera by Sergei Prokofiev is based on a novel by Leo Tolstoy?	War and Peace (by Sergei Prokofiev) - Synopsis and Study Notes Opera in two parts and five acts. Composed in 1941-43. Libretto by Sergei Prokofiev and Myra Mendelson, afer the 19th century novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy. Premiere: 7 June 1945 in the Conservatory, Moscow, USSR. Natasha Rostova from War and Peace. Image: Postcard by Elizaveta Bem (18431914). Part One "Peace" The scene is Russia in 1810. Prince Andrei Bulkonsky is happy to hear Natasha Rostova, the daughter of a poor landowner, sing of the joys of spring. A few months later Andrei and Natasha meet again at a New Years Eve ball and fall in love. Two years later they become engaged. Andreis father disapproves of the match and he sends his son away, hoping that the latter thereby will forget Natasha. At a ball in Count Pierres house, Natasha meets Prince Anatol who woos her. Despite warnings from her friends about Anatols bad reputation, Anatol wins her heart and the two plan to elope. Count Pierre warns Natasha that Anatol is already married and then Pierre confesses that he too loves her. Natasha suddenly feels remorse. Pierre demands that Anatol give up Natasha. News comes that Napoleon and his army are marching into Russia. Prokofiev's opera was based on Leo Tolstoy's classic novel War and Peace. The above photo is of a 1942 edition of the novel. Part Two "War" Russia, August 1812. Russias army is about to face Napoleons forces in the Battle of Borodino. Andrei joins the army in an attempt to forget Natasha. He rejects the offer of a desk job and leaves for the battle front. Napoleon is surprised at the steadfast Russian resistance. At the same time Kutuzov, the Russian field marshall, reluctantly decides to abandon Moscow (as it cannot be defended successfully) and regroup his forces elsewhere. As Napoleon occupies Moscow, the capitals citizens burn it to the ground. Elsewhere in French-occupied Moscow, Pierre discovers that Natasha and her family have fled, taking with them some wounded soldiers including Andrei. Pierre sets out to assassinate Napoleon but is arrested. Natasha comes across Andrei and begs his forgiveness. But it is too late: Andrei dies. November 1812. The French forces are retreating through the fierce Russian winter. They take Russian prisoners with them, some of whom (including Pierre) are liberated when Russian partisans attack the column. Pierre learns that Andrei is dead and that Natasha is sick. He hopes that she will be able to love him when she is better again. Field Marshall Kutuzov is cheered by the Russian people, whom he congratulates for their great victory. Share this page:	War and Peace
Which county shares borders with Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire?	War and Peace - TheaterMania.com Send Email War and Peace The Metropolitan Opera's production of Prokofiev's lavish opera is the most thrillingly theatrical spectacle of the season. Alexej Markov and Marina Poplavskaya in War and Peace (© Ken Howard/Metropolitan Opera) Metropolitan Opera general manager Peter Gelb has been doing his well-publicized utmost to instill his schedule with aspects of what are more regularly considered the legitimate theater's domain. But ironically, he didn't have to venture farther than the company storage spaces to present the most thrillingly theatrical spectacle of the current opera or Broadway season: the revival of the company's lavish 2002 production of Sergei Prokofiev's War and Peace , based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy, and one of the genre's grandest 20th-century works. Once again, conductor Valery Gergiev is imbuing the sprawling and stirring four-hour score with lilt and muscularity. George Tyspin's poetic (read abstract) sets are once again on breathtaking view. Tatiana Noginova's costumes for Russians from all societal strata -- not to mention invading French soldiers led by Napoleon in his famous military chapeau -- are impressively arrayed. Most amazingly, director Andrei Konchalovsky pulls off the near miracle of making a cast of 68 soloists and some 300-plus others (plus a white horse and a barnyard animal or two) disperse themselves on the stage as if their teeming arrivals and departures are the most natural thing in the theater world. Indeed, there aren't many places outside of movie palaces where 40 dancers are able to waltz in Empire gowns or white tie and tails as backdrop for an unfolding ballroom romance and related interpersonal intrigue. There aren't many venues where the depiction of Moscow burning at the hands of fleeing citizens can materialize as such a startling image of gleaming, doomed minarets. There aren't many theaters where so many marching bands can snappily pass through, and where the French army's retreat from Moscow in the winter of 1812 would be so convincing. Who cares if cast members might sometimes be exiting one side and running around to reenter on the other to build the astonishing effect? This is still opera, though, and while the physical mounting may be unassailable, singers with beautiful voices and, ideally, matching acting talents, are needed to make the work connect properly. This War and Peace reincarnation has them -- especially in the debuting Marina Poplavskaya as Natasha Rostova, the woman in the central love triangle completed by the moody Prince Andrei Bolkonsky (the also debuting Alexej Markov) and the bumbling, thoroughly decent Count Pierre Bezukhov (Kim Begley). Progressing from a Juliet-like 15-year-old -- with her own opening balcony scene -- to mature young lady, the delicate featured Poplavskaya has a lovely soprano. However, her voice darkens when Natasha's fortunes turn grimmer during the crushing war that unfolds in the long piece's second act. What distinguishes Poplavskaya's performance is that were she not developing an impressive singing career, she could go far as a dancer. Her lithe movements when twirling with Prince Andrei during a second-act ball are the chief reason for the sequence's enchantment. As the contemplative man of action, Markov is also touching. He reaches a heartbreak peak when he reconciles with Natasha just before his death, when the ill-fated lovers take a few halting steps to a somber reprise of Prokofiev's second-scene waltz. Begley, who played Pierre back in 2002, is up to the demands of his role, and many others in the ginormous cast -- including Ekaterina Semenchuk, the debuting Ekaterina Gubanova, Vassily Gerello, and Elizabeth Bishop -- give good vocal accounts of themselves. Samuel Ramey, long a house favorite, repeats his role as harrowed Russian Field Officer Kutuzov. He's imposing as ever, but there's a hard-to-overlook wobble in his determined declaiming. As for the five-or-eight-deep chorus; they're charged with the chauvinistic anthems Prokofiev inserted for his own political reasons. While flags wave in the artificially-fashioned breeze, the well-rehearsed contingent gets the point across. The anthems eventuated because Prokofiev and Mira Mendelson (his wife and co-librettist) were preparing the opera in difficult World War II circumstances; a second retreat from Moscow occurred for the world to watch in newsreels. Tolstoy's war reportage couldn't have been more relevant to the evolving enterprise. Whether that particular message is equally meaningful today is probably not an issue. This sort of mammoth success must be appreciated at any time. X	i don't know
Which hit for 'The Fugees' was the biggest-selling single in Britain in 1996?	Fugees - Killing Me Softly (Radio Edit) HQ - YouTube Fugees - Killing Me Softly (Radio Edit) HQ Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 9, 2014 *All of my videos feature the best sound quality you'll find anywhere! Thanks for checking out my 90's channel. (Very rare Radio Edit) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" is a song composed by Charles Fox with lyrics by Norman Gimbel. The song was written in collaboration with Lori Lieberman, who recorded the song in late 1971. It was a number-one hit in 1973 for Roberta Flack. The song has since been covered by numerous artists. Hip hop group the Fugees covered the song on their 1996 album The Score, with Lauryn Hill singing the lead vocals. Their version, titled "Killing Me Softly," became a hit, reaching number two on the U.S. airplay chart. The song went to number one in the United Kingdom, where it became the country's biggest-selling single of 1996. It has since sold 1.36 million copies in Britain. The version sampled the 1990 song "Bonita Applebum" by A Tribe Called Quest from their debut album People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm. ATCQ themselves had sampled the riff from the song "Memory Band" found on the self-titled album of 1960s psychedelic soul Chicago band called Rotary Connection. The Fugees single was so successful that the track was 'deleted' and thus no longer supplied to retailers whilst the track was still in the Top 20 so that attention could be drawn to the next single, "Ready or Not." Propelled by the success of the Fugees track, the 1972 recording by Roberta Flack was remixed in 1996 with the vocalist adding some new vocal flourishes: this version topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart. In 2008, "Killing Me Softly With His Song" was ranked number 25 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and #44 on its list of the "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s Category	Killing Me Softly
Drawing on the story of the meeting between the baby Jesus and John the Baptist on the flight into Egypt, what name is given to either of two almost identical paintings by Leonardo da Vinci housed in the Louvre and the National Gallery in London?	The Fugees - Killing Me Softly (ORadio) The Fugees - Killing Me Softly (ORadio) The Fugees - Killing Me Softly (ORadio) Share: *All of my videos feature the best sound quality you'll find anywhere! Thanks for checking out my 90's channel. (Very rare Radio Edit) "Killing Me Softly with His Song" is a song composed by Charles Fox with lyrics by Norman Gimbel. The song was written in collaboration with Lori Lieberman, who recorded the song in late 1971. It was a number-one hit in 1973 for Roberta Flack. The song has since been covered by numerous artists. Hip hop group the Fugees covered the song on their 1996 album The Score, with Lauryn Hill singing the lead vocals. Their version, titled "Killing Me Softly," became a hit, reaching number two on the U.S. airplay chart. The song went to number one in the United Kingdom, where it became the country's biggest-selling single of 1996. It has since sold 1.36 million copies in Britain. The version sampled the 1990 song "Bonita Applebum" by A Tribe Called Quest from their debut album People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm. ATCQ themselves had sampled the riff from the song "Memory Band" found on the self-titled album of 1960s psychedelic soul Chicago band called Rotary Connection. The Fugees single was so successful that the track was 'deleted' and thus no longer supplied to retailers whilst the track was still in the Top 20 so that attention could be drawn to the next single, "Ready or Not." Propelled by the success of the Fugees track, the 1972 recording by Roberta Flack was remixed in 1996 with the vocalist adding some new vocal flourishes: this version topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart. In 2008, "Killing Me Softly With His Song" was ranked number 25 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and #44 on its list of the "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s Show more	i don't know
Which team defeated the Indianapolis Colts to win the 2010 Super Bowl?	Super Bowl: New Orleans Saints Defeat Indianapolis Colts to Win Super Bowl - ABC News ABC News Super Bowl 2010 Champions New Orleans Saints March Home By SABRINA PARISE The New Orleans Saints headed home today after defeating the Indianapolis Colts 31-17 to win their first Super Bowl championship . It was an emotional victory Sunday for a city still struggling to recover from Hurricane Katrina. "We gained so much strength from our fans, from the people of New Orleans, just knowing how much they care about us," Saints quarterback Drew Brees said on " Good Morning America " today. "And we take that as a sense of responsibility just to be able to give New Orleans the championship they deserve." Play null Fans streamed onto New Orleans' Bourbon Street Sunday night for a French Quarter celebration. "All we've wanted to do is win a championship for them just because we know what it means for those people, those people who have been through so many hardships," said Brees, the game's most valuable player. The Colts dominated the first quarter of the game, leading by 10 points after Colts quarterback Peyton Manning led a 96-yard touchdown drive. But the Saints battled back. They had two field goals in the second quarter. They began the second half of the game with a successful onside kick that ended in a touchdown. "We knew we were going to have to pull out all the stops to beat those guys. ... It was up and down, we had a slow start but we were able to pick up that momentum going into halftime with that two-minute drive and then just start the second half, the onside kick, that just goes to show you that, listen, we were there to turn it loose, leave it all out on the field," Brees said. Brees tied the Super Bowl record for completed passes, completing 32 of 39. He now belongs to a very exclusive club of quarterbacks. "If you make a list of the top quarterbacks in the NFL right now and you don't include Drew Brees, then you simply don't know what you're talking about," said Mike Greenberg, host of " Mike and Mike in the Morning" on ESPN . Drew Brees' Launch to Stardom Brees described the victory as surreal. "You play your whole life for a moment like that and it is something we have dreamed about ever since coming to New Orleans four years ago and to now be sitting here as Super Bowl champs, there is no feeling like it," Brees said. 'Who Dat' Nation Rejoices No one celebrated the Saints' victory more than the fans known as "Who Dat" Nation. The phrase "who dat" was first coined more than a 100 years ago with roots in New Orleans' multicultural society. "It started in minstrel shows at the beginning of the 20th century," one Tulane University historian said. "They were the precursors to blues and jazz and years later was picked up by sports fans as a way to cheer on fans in the later part of the century." The chant, "Who dat say they gonna beat dem Saints? Who dat? Who dat?" was adopted by the team in 1983, and made popular by the New-Orleans-born R&B singer Aaron Neville. As the team's fortune's improved this season, so did the popularity of the chant.	New Orleans Saints
Which French physicist gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as his namesake cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics?	Super Bowl XLIV: the New Orleans Saints beat the Indianapolis Colts - Big Shots - Boston.com Super Bowl XLIV: the New Orleans Saints beat the Indianapolis Colts Fans of the New Orleans Saints have been asking the same question all week leading up to Super Bowl XLIV in South Florida: "'Who Dat' gonna beat dem Saints?" They got their answer Sunday night. Nobody. The team battled back from an early deficit and punctuated their victory with an interception return for a touchdown off the usually steady hand of Colts quarterback Peyton Manning. Manning's counterpart on the Saints, Drew Brees, played flawlessly in delivering the first title to the beleaguered city. And the eternal party on Bourbon Street could now add the word "victory" to the celebration. ( 28 photos total ) New Orleans Saints fans kiss after the NFL Super Bowl XLIV football game against the Indianapolis Colts in Miami February 7. The Saints won 31-17. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel) 2 Glenn Hanson sews together the official game balls at the Wilson Sporting Goods football factory in Ada, Ohio January 25. The factory began making the game balls immediately after the conclusion of the NFC and AFC championship games. Hanson has been doing the stitching of the official balls for 37 years and is planning on retiring before next year's Super Bowl is played. (AP Photo/Amy Sancetta) # Saints quarterback Drew Brees kisses his son Baylen after the Saints defeated the Colts. (REUTERS/Hans Deryk) # More links and information last picture was the best Posted by tig-ol-bitties February 9, 10 07:14 AM . Posted by Chris February 9, 10 09:04 AM . THANK YOU FOR THE BEST PICTURES EVER !!! Posted by KarenT February 9, 10 11:51 AM . I'm from just outside New Orleans, and I've been waiting for this for 43 years! Great job boys, and great photos! The one of Manning leaving the field is PRICELESS! Posted by The Wookie February 9, 10 07:06 PM . I am a saints season ticket holder for last 5 years, I have shed tears very few times kids being born, getting married and sean payton throwing the trophy in the air. This city will be crazy party for weeks!!! To prove we know how to party we had 800,000 people on a 3 mile parade route and zero crime or reports. For the people stuck in nasty weather up north, we are know for our hospitality come visit you will not be disappointed. Posted by Nicholas February 10, 10 03:09 PM . I was rooting for the underdog Saints, and they came through! Your pick of photos captured the game-they were awesome! Beth Posted by Beth Pepin February 10, 10 07:39 PM . Posted by pHILIP February 11, 10 09:19 AM . Posted by LORI SANBORN February 11, 10 10:57 AM . Being from the "Who Dat" nation, you can't begin to imagine the joy being felt by every one of us! Thank you for capturing that moment in these pics. Posted by Karen B. February 11, 10 11:14 AM . Papa had Saints season tickets from day one until the day he died some years back. He had to be watching every moment of every play from above the stadium, enjoying every moment. The family all thought of him and it made victory even sweeter. Posted by HJB February 11, 10 11:30 AM . I loved it. I am from N.O., Louisiana and have been waiting for this moment for over 40 years. Go Saints. Posted by Lynn Bryant February 11, 10 12:00 PM . Beautiful pictures. Thanks for capturing this historical event!!! Of course, I'm from New Orleans and very proud of our team and city. BLESS YOU BOYS! Posted by Neen55 February 11, 10 12:09 PM . Some of the best sports pix I''ve ever seen. Being a native Cajun temporarily misplaced in Texas, I wish I could have been part of the celebration. It kinda dwarfs the one I had in my living room. Thanks many millions!! Posted by EDDIE HIDALGO February 11, 10 01:21 PM . the pictures were awesome,and yes the last was the best,,,,THANKS Posted by NCS OF BSL,MS. February 11, 10 01:36 PM . Fantastic set, and I even have friends in Photo #26. No one can imagine the impact this game has had on New Orleans, and I am deeply grateful for photo journalists who capture and record moments which transcend a moment in time. Well done! Posted by David Risinger February 11, 10 02:18 PM . I like drew brees. and hate peyton manning Posted by christopher Cummings February 11, 10 03:33 PM . I like drew brees. and hate peyton manning Posted by christopher February 11, 10 03:33 PM . WHO DAT SAY DEY GONNA BEAT DEM SAINTS!!! These pictures are awesome! I'm gonna forward them RIGHT NOW! Posted by Mirabella Miller February 11, 10 06:45 PM . These pictures are the very best I have seen. It tells it all. Posted by Maggie Ingersoll February 11, 10 07:14 PM . Thank you for a great compilation of wonderful photos... Posted by Alex February 11, 10 07:58 PM . I'm also a lifelong Saints fan and I can attest to the pure joy and happiness the Saints have brought to so many people. Many years of painful losses were paid of with that Super Bowl victory. Just as with the Red Sox winning it all a few years ago, Saints fans feel a curse has been lifted. However I don't take pleasure in the sadness or defeat of Manning. The guy is a professional and I feel bad for any professional that works hard and that comes up short. Take joy in the Saints not the misfortune of another. Posted by Jack February 11, 10 08:08 PM . DISCUSS THAT...SORE FREAKIN LOOOOOZER..DIDNT HAVE THE BALLS TO SHAKE DREW AND COACH PAYTON HAND AFTER THEWHO NEEDS THE "MANNING FAMILY" ? ARCHIE SUX...WHAT DID HE EVER DO FOR NEW ORELANS??? HIS SON`S BOTH PRO FOOTBALL QB`S,,,WHY DIDNT THEY TRY TO PLAY FOR THE SAINTS?? IF THEY WANTED TO,,,THEY WOULD HAVE...REMEMBER HOW ELI MADE IT TO NEW YORK...AS FAR AS ARCHIE GOES...IF HE HAD BEEN ONE PIECE OF A LEADER AS DREW BREES IS...WELL,,,HE`S NOT SO WHY GAME?? THE WINNER....?? I SAY....BYE TO THE MANNING FAMILY...MOVE...GO AWAY...NEW YORK,,,MAYBE INDY...JUST GO..... Posted by BIG EARL February 11, 10 08:08 PM . =)THATS SOME GOOD SHOTS!!!! =)THE SAINTS ARE THE BEST!!=) Posted by Nicole Peterson February 11, 10 08:43 PM . Beautiful pictures!!! Brought tears to my eyes all over again! Posted by jmsNO February 11, 10 09:24 PM . Great pictures of the game. I'm from Miramichi New Brunswick Canada. I'm not into football but have a friend from Louisianna who is footbal crazy :-) Posted by Joan Cripps February 11, 10 09:37 PM . Drew Brees thinking of his son first shows what a fine person he is. Way to go Drew and Saints. Posted by Irene Gray February 11, 10 09:50 PM . Wish the photo of Coach Peyton hugging his dad after the win would have been included Posted by Jay February 12, 10 08:56 AM . From the Who Dat Nation. Today's weather is brought to you for hell has finally frozen over. The Saints have won the Superbowl. Who Dat Baby. Posted by Ed Tresch February 12, 10 09:08 AM . Posted by Tracee Beach February 12, 10 09:51 AM . Thanks for sending the best pics I have seen. I hope to receive some like these of the New Orleans Super Bowl Parade. Posted by Alice Cloutet February 12, 10 09:59 AM . I flew the Saints to all of their away games for 3 1/2 yrs. back in the '80s and kept hoping they would do it then. I'm so pride of this bunch I can't express it. WHO DAT! Posted by Swampgas February 12, 10 11:00 AM . These photos are fantastic. It is amazing what people can do when they co-create with God. No doubt, the Master had his hand in all of this. Bless you boys and thank you God. Posted by Donna February 12, 10 11:05 AM . Love these pics! Love all the pics of Drew and Baylen! Awesome! WHO DAT NATION loves the SAINTS!! Posted by Connie February 12, 10 11:41 AM . PIC OF OUR DREW BREES QB WITH HIS SON AT THE END, SAYS IT ALL, THE PERFECT END TO A PERFECT GAME....ALL GOOD THINGS TAKE TIME...MAY HAVE TAKEN A WHILE TO FIND THE PERFECT MEN, (TALENT, MIND, SOUL) BUT WE HAVE IT NOW...THE TEAM HAS IT ALL ....WATCH OUT FOR THIS TEAM NEXT SEASON....BLESS YOU BOYS, Roger & Michelle, Slidell, La Posted by MICHELLE ADKINS February 12, 10 11:58 AM . Posted by Louisianagal February 12, 10 12:00 PM . Posted by Ben February 12, 10 01:41 PM . Great pics. Super game. Awesome win. Wonderful halftime show with no crotch-grabbing, like most performances--thank you very much. Bless you Boys! Posted by Jan February 12, 10 03:54 PM . These photographs are the very best I've seen. Such clarity! Such game action! Such fan reaction; I mean such "Who Dat" reaction!!! Fantastic! The one of Drew and his son, Baylen, tells it all!! My sincere compliments to the photographers. Very professional, indeed!! GEAUX SAINTS!!!!! Posted by Nolin J. Briley February 12, 10 05:02 PM . these are some great pictures. great keepsake Posted by pat welch February 12, 10 05:21 PM . These are some AWESOME pictures!! I have been a Saints fan since I could speak......this is a DREAM COME TRUE for the Who Dat Nation. The picture of Drew kissing Baylen is PRICELESS!! Posted by Tiffany in NOLA February 12, 10 05:28 PM . These are great !!! They help to relive such a great time. Posted by Mary February 12, 10 07:14 PM . Picture # 28, Brees with his son, is the BEST picture of all!!! Posted by Colette February 12, 10 11:54 PM . Drew Brees kissing his son, Baylen, is the most touching picture I've seen in a very long time. It says it all. That is, sometimes there are things more important than life itself. Posted by Wayne February 13, 10 07:50 AM . Of course there are no words. As much as I am proud of our New Orleans Saints I am that much more dissapointed in Peyton Manning. Brett Favre limped across that field to congratulate our guys after the NFC Championship Game and this guy walked off the field??? Are you kidding me?!?!?! What a spoiled brat!!! Get over yourself! You self-imposed, ego-maniac! No, you didn't lose that game.....the New Orleans Saints won it!!!! We are New Orleans!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Posted by luvdemsaints February 13, 10 09:08 AM . Of course there are no words. As much as I am proud of our New Orleans Saints I am that much more dissapointed in Peyton Manning. Brett Favre limped across that field to congratulate our guys after the NFC Championship Game and this guy walked off the field??? Are you kidding me?!?!?! What a spoiled brat!!! Get over yourself! You self-imposed, ego-maniac! No, you didn't lose that game.....the New Orleans Saints won it!!!! We are New Orleans!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Posted by luvdemsaints February 13, 10 09:12 AM . I think they are all priceless. GREAT SHOT OF MANNING. Posted by JANELLE February 13, 10 10:09 AM . Thank y'all for sharing our joy and exuberance with the world. Great photos. The Who Dat Nation was never camera shy. Posted by Dat Bayou Boy February 13, 10 11:03 AM . Great pics, LOVE THE LAST ONE Posted by bonnie l.trupiano February 13, 10 11:44 AM . Best, clear, pictures ever and priceless. I might be alone in this but Drew and his son are the most spectular of all. WHAT A DAD, WHAT A BABY! Posted by Jan February 13, 10 12:01 PM . I love Drew Brees and his son Posted by Isabella Harlan February 13, 10 01:02 PM . My two favorites are: the last one--Drew and Baylen and the one of Sean Payton getting his "christening". Priceless!!!!!! I am from New Orleans and all I can say is "Who Dat" and "Bless you boys!" Posted by Anne February 13, 10 02:17 PM . Great pictures, but where are the ones of the field-goal kicker? Posted by Lib Scheuermann February 13, 10 02:31 PM . I have had season tickets for 43 years. I was so thrilled to be at the game. It was one of the most awesome experiences of my life. I prayed so hard for them to win. I am so thankful I lived long enough to watch our team win the world championship. They did themselves and all of the Who Dats proud. Thanks guys. You are the best. Posted by Herbert Jolly February 13, 10 04:13 PM . THANKS SO MUCH FOR SHARING THESE AWESOME PICTURES !!! A DAY THAT WE "WHO DAT" FANS HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR !!! Posted by TRACIE MCCRORY February 13, 10 06:18 PM . Posted by keno February 14, 10 08:00 AM . I'm sorry it happened because we will never hear the end of it. Manning is still the best quarterback in the league, it just confirms that he is human. Posted by Don Roe February 14, 10 03:16 PM . LAST PICTURE IS PRICE LESS THANK YOU BOY'S FOR THE BEST YEAR IN SAINTS HISTORY/ SAINTS WORLD CHAMPS \ CAN EVERYONE SAY REPEAT , REPEAT Posted by irvin breaud jr. February 14, 10 03:46 PM . LAST PICTURE IS PRICE LESS THANK YOU BOY'S FOR THE BEST YEAR IN SAINTS HISTORY/ SAINTS WORLD CHAMPS \ CAN EVERYONE SAY REPEAT , REPEAT Posted by irvin breaud jr. February 14, 10 03:49 PM . I have been a Saints fan since they came into the NFL. There have been some long seasons, so am proud of the Players, the staff, and the City. It was long over due, I can now wear my Saint shirts with pride. Thanks you, and lets never return to the bag days. I live in Ca. but the Saints are Amerisas' team, Geaux Saints Geaux. Posted by Frank Albano February 14, 10 09:10 PM . My computer will probably crash on me with all the wonderful pics I've received and want to keep. Being a dinosaur, I've got to get someone to help me save all these wonderful scenes and front pages from newspapers all over the US. Maybe some genius out there can compile all this wonderful stuff and make a killing... I know for sure it'll sell in New Orleans! Thanks to all you who "know how to do it" and did it! And thanks to 'dem boys' of ours. Not many good memories are made these days, but this one'll last a LIFETIME! Posted by Kathleen Shields February 15, 10 02:14 AM . Posted by Aida February 15, 10 04:15 AM . Posted by NPenny, OHIO February 15, 10 08:46 AM . This is GREAT! Thank you for sharing. As you know, I am from Louisiana and it makes a heart feel good to see the Saints win. Posted by Kaye E Wade February 15, 10 11:08 AM . Pictures are awesome. Proud of our humble and classy quarterback, team & Coach. After all you're all Saints!!! You deserved to win!!! Posted by Kathy February 15, 10 11:59 AM . Thank you, thank you ,thank you, this has made my day. The pictures are wonderful. My husband played football and loved the Saints. He is in heaven now and I am positive he helped see to it that God heard his prayers. We knew Joe Namath and Pete Perrault and they all made me love football. God bless you all. My husband was from Shrewsbury.Who Dat, Saints I love you Posted by B.J.Johnson February 15, 10 11:59 AM . As a Saints Fan and proud citizen of the Who Dat Nation, I would like to thank all involved for capturing these memories and you guys for putting them together. They are truly appreciated and I will remember this game forever! Posted by I Like Dat! February 15, 10 05:01 PM . As a Saints Fan and proud citizen of the Who Dat Nation, I would like to thank all involved for capturing these memories and you guys for putting them together. They are truly appreciated and I will remember this game forever! Posted by I Like Dat! February 15, 10 05:02 PM . I live in Atlanta now, but was cheering on the Saints through every play, since I am from New Orleans. They were fantastic! Drew Brees and his son are adorable! Posted by Carolyn Weldon February 15, 10 07:47 PM . I HAVE BEEN A DIE HARD FAN FOR SO MANY YEARS....IT FEELS SO INCREDIBLE TO BE A PROUD MEMBER OF THE WHO DAT NATION!!!!!! HOPING AND BELIEVING THE AWESOME SAINTS CAN AND WILL DO IT AGAIN IN 2010/2011!!!!!!!!!!! THANK YOU FOR THE AWESOME PHOTOS AND CAPTURING THE MOMENTS OF VICTORY AND THE DEFEAT!!!! Posted by MICHELLE BOALES February 16, 10 04:12 AM . The Saints fans who have alrerady passed the pearly gates are still smiling this Mardi Gras Day. Geaux Saints!!! Posted by Tom Becnel February 16, 10 08:50 AM . I lived in the New Orleans area when the Saints first started, and remember the days when they were the "Aint's", fans going to games w/ paper bags over their heads. What a long wonderful trip it's been! How could you NOT root for them???? Posted by Karen February 16, 10 10:57 AM . Saints finally is the champion......God still remember that New Orleans exist........and have the chance to be happy again.D.S.Carazo,New orleans Posted by D S Carazo February 16, 10 12:22 PM . I LOVED THE PICTURE OF HIM KISSING HIS SON. THE GAME WAS THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT. WAY TO GO Posted by DONNA ARMARO February 16, 10 02:17 PM . Posted by Marie Kurtz February 16, 10 02:35 PM . Cute commentary about "Who Dat gonna beat dem Saints?" having "nobody" as the answer. As a lifelong Cowboy fan, I have to disagree. The Cowboys thrashing of the Saints (followed by Tampa Bay's) did the Saints a favor, and woke them up when they needed it most, instead of in the playoffs. My second favorite team is the Saints...having grown up on the TX-LA border...I'm still a fan. Congratulations, New Orleans! Posted by Lance February 16, 10 03:06 PM . This was an Awesome job by Louisiana's team.They have brought a swagger back in the step of many people in the greatest State in the Union Posted by Jarrell McKeithen February 16, 10 03:38 PM . Posted by DICK MAZIARZ February 16, 10 03:44 PM . Thanks for these awesome pictures ! I live in Southwest Louisiana and wasn't able to be in Miami or the "Quarters" but your pics helped me feel like I was right there front and center ! Our Saints winning Superbowl XLIV superceded the grandest of our expectations and celebrations ! Posted by jo ann dupre February 17, 10 10:34 AM . Last picture was the best. I hope Drew and his wife saw it and I agree the picture of Peyton Manning walking off the field after he caused the loss by throwing the ball to our Saint was priceless. Posted by Suzanne B February 17, 10 02:36 PM . Reminds me of how we South Africans felt when Nelson Mandela donned the #6 rugby shirt and we won the World Cup. Great evocative pictures of memories that will last a lifetime ... Well done to the team, the fans, the photographers and everyone who got into the spirit. Keep the faith! Posted by Colleen Ingram Durban South Africa February 17, 10 03:28 PM . IT'S NO LONGER NECESSARY TO EXPLAIN "WHO DAT" IN AUSTIN' TEXAS AFTER THE SAINTS CLOBBERED INDIANAPOLIS Posted by JAN PEDERSEN February 17, 10 04:27 PM . The Saints showed the world they could win a Super Bowl by more than a field goal. It was a fabulous game. I am so sorry Payton Manning was such a poor sport about it. I think both teams did great. Posted by Lin February 18, 10 01:59 PM . Posted by Susan February 19, 10 03:16 PM . I love the one with the disappointed Colts fans with the beer and Advil on the table in front of them Posted by Dave February 20, 10 06:03 AM . That picture of Drew Brees and his son Baylen should be the poster used for promoting the love between a father and his children - I'd vote Drew Brees for Father of the Year - not because of winning the Super Bowl but for the love he expresses and not afraid to show. To Mr. and Mrs. Brees, you have a beautiful child and a lucky child to be loved so much. God bless you both and Baylen. Posted by Elizbeth Diaz February 20, 10 09:29 AM . I was born and raised in New Orleans. HOW ABOUT THOSE SAINTS! I just knew we were going to win! The two pictures I like the best are the coach receiving his shower and the picture of Drew Brees and his little boy. I started crying when he started crying with tears of joy! WE, the city, love our boys. I wish I could afford to go to the games, but I still enjoy watching them on t.v. I wish I knew how to make those two pictures my screen saver. I'm going to ask a friend, that is, the friend who sent me the pictures. Posted by Verus 2/20/10 Posted by Verus B. Pearson February 20, 10 11:49 AM . so adorable that is so my home team! Posted by maddie hughes February 21, 10 07:30 PM . AMEN, WHAT AN ENDING TO A FABULOUS SEASON.....SEE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THEY LET THE DOGS OUT!!!!!!!! Posted by PEGGY MAJORIA February 22, 10 10:46 AM . Posted by Kathy February 22, 10 07:48 PM . THE PICTURES ARE AWESOME. THIS IS THE BEST THING THAT COULD HAVE HAPPEN FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. THANK YOU & BLESS THE SAINTS.YOU JUST GOTTA LOVE THEM. Posted by Terry comardelle February 22, 10 11:20 PM . Im a born New Orleanian now live in Slidell LA Im a female, I watched every game this year with a group of friends it was an awsome year and you have done it justice with these pictures P.S. im still crying whenever I see them!!! Posted by Lucille Bienvenu February 23, 10 08:50 PM . I love the exquisite detail in these photos. Great collection to reflect on the most-watched TV program ever in the US! God bless our Saints and may they have continued success. And God bless Peyton, too. Unfortunately for him God decided it was our turn to win the Super Bowl. Posted by karen February 24, 10 12:22 AM . Posted by noona February 24, 10 09:37 AM . Has anyone else seen the commercials proclaiming Manning as a winner on TV as he is throwing footballs. Hello. He lost the Super Bowl. Where is the real winner Brees and his spot on TV commercials. This commercial was just on last week. Was so mad I don't know what they were advertizing. Posted by Jerry February 24, 10 11:49 AM . An overtime win over the Viks with 42 yard field goal 44th year that the Saints have been around The day of the superbowl is exactly 44 days to Christmas Tracey Porters interception in the 4th quarter that put thegame away while wearing 22 on the front and 22 on the back equaled 44. Wow, i should have played the lottery. Oh yeh the Saints beat the Colts by 14 points. Four is now my favorite number. Who Dat! Posted by Glenn Madison Sr. February 26, 10 01:23 AM . I am an implant from Florida, and I have never felt the emotion as I did when the Saints won (even when Tampa Bay won a few years back). One of my best friends that was a season ticket holder died on July 4th weekend, I know he was watching from up above and couldn't be more proud. God bless you Saints and Doug Livermore. Posted by Karen Morgan February 26, 10 08:13 AM . I,ve always prayed, "Please God let me live to see the Saints win the superbowl"., now that they done it , I have to pray for something else. Who Dat !!!!!!!!!! Posted by Diane Lannes February 28, 10 11:05 AM . I loved the last picture!:) Posted by Kim Breaux March 2, 10 04:10 PM . Great pictures......my favorite was the last one with Brees and his son! God has blessed the Saints with an outstanding Christian on and off the field in Drew Brees. Bless his family as I know they are very proud of him and what he has accomplished together with all the Saints players and Sean Peyton. They are a team to reckon with! Posted by Anna Sanders, Baton Rouge, la March 4, 10 10:01 PM .	i don't know
Which thermodynamic concept, defined as the unavailability of a system's energy to do work, or more crudely, the measure of disorder within a system, was introduced by the German physicist Rudolf Clausius?	Entropy Entropy 2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection . Related subjects: General Physics Ice melting - classic example of entropy increasing described in 1862 by Rudolf Clausius as an increase in the disgregation of the molecules of the body of ice. The concept of entropy in thermodynamics is central to the second law of thermodynamics, which deals with physical processes and whether they occur spontaneously. Spontaneous changes occur with an increase in entropy. In contrast the first law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of energy, which is conserved. Entropy change has often been defined as a change to a more disordered state at a microscopic level. In recent years, entropy has been interpreted in terms of the " dispersal" of energy. Entropy is an extensive state function that accounts for the effects of irreversibility in thermodynamic systems. Quantitatively, entropy, symbolized by S, is defined by the differential quantity dS = δQ / T, where δQ is the amount of heat absorbed in a reversible process in which the system goes from one state to another, and T is the absolute temperature. Entropy is one of the factors that determines the free energy of the system. When a system's energy is defined as the sum of its "useful" energy, (e.g. that used to push a piston), and its "useless energy", i.e. that energy which cannot be used for external work, then entropy may be (most concretely) visualized as the "scrap" or "useless" energy whose energetic prevalence over the total energy of a system is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the considered system, as is the case with the Gibbs free energy or Helmholtz free energy relations. In terms of statistical mechanics, the entropy describes the number of the possible microscopic configurations of the system. The statistical definition of entropy is generally thought to be the more fundamental definition, from which all other important properties of entropy follow. Although the concept of entropy was originally a thermodynamic construct, it has been adapted in other fields of study, including information theory, psychodynamics, thermoeconomics, and evolution . History Rudolf Clausius - originator of the concept of "entropy" S The short history of entropy begins with the work of mathematician Lazare Carnot who in his 1803 work Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium and Movement postulated that in any machine the accelerations and shocks of the moving parts all represent losses of moment of activity. In other words, in any natural process there exists an inherent tendency towards the dissipation of useful energy. Building on this work, in 1824 Lazare's son Sadi Carnot published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire in which he set forth the view that in all heat-engines whenever " caloric", or what is now known as heat , falls through a temperature difference, that work or motive power can be produced from the actions of the "fall of caloric" between a hot and cold body. This was an early insight into the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot based his views of heat partially on the early 18th century "Newtonian hypothesis" that both heat and light were types of indestructible forms of matter, which are attracted and repelled by other matter, and partially on recent 1789 views of Count Rumford who showed that heat could be created by friction as when cannons bored. Accordingly, Carnot reasoned that if the body of the working substance, such as a body of steam, is brought back to its original state (temperature and pressure) at the end of a complete engine cycle, that "no change occurs in the condition of the working body." This latter comment was amended in his foot notes, and it was this comment that led to the development of entropy. In the 1850s and 60s, German physicist Rudolf Clausius gravely objected to this latter supposition, i.e. that no change occurs in the working body, and gave this "change" a mathematical interpretation by questioning the nature of the inherent loss of usable heat when work is done, e.g., heat produced by friction. This was in contrast to earlier views, based on the theories of Isaac Newton , that heat was an indestructible particle that had mass. Later, scientists such as Ludwig Boltzmann, Willard Gibbs, and James Clerk Maxwell gave entropy a statistical basis. Carathéodory linked entropy with a mathematical definition of irreversibility, in terms of trajectories and integrability. Definitions and descriptions In science, the term "entropy" is generally interpreted in three distinct, but semi-related, ways, i.e. from macroscopic viewpoint ( classical thermodynamics), a microscopic viewpoint ( statistical thermodynamics), and an information viewpoint ( information theory). Entropy in information theory is a fundamentally different concept from thermodynamic entropy. However, at a philosophical level, some argue that thermodynamic entropy can be interpreted as an application of the information entropy concept to a very particular set of physical questions. Macroscopic viewpoint (classical thermodynamics) Chem. potential Particle no. In a thermodynamic system, a "universe" consisting of "surroundings" and "systems" and made up of quantities of matter, its pressure differences, density differences, and temperature differences all tend to equalize over time. In the ice melting example , the difference in temperature between a warm room (the surroundings) and cold glass of ice and water (the system and not part of the room), begins to be equalized as portions of the heat energy from the warm surroundings become spread out to the cooler system of ice and water. Thermodynamic System Over time the temperature of the glass and its contents and the temperature of the room become equal. The entropy of the room has decreased and some of its energy has been dispersed to the ice and water. However, as calculated in the example, the entropy of the system of ice and water has increased more than the entropy of the surrounding room has decreased. In an isolated system such as the room and ice water taken together, the dispersal of energy from warmer to cooler always results in a net increase in entropy. Thus, when the 'universe' of the room and ice water system has reached a temperature equilibrium, the entropy change from the initial state is at a maximum. The entropy of the thermodynamic system is a measure of how far the equalization has progressed. A special case of entropy increase, the entropy of mixing, occurs when two or more different substances are mixed. If the substances are at the same temperature and pressure, there will be no net exchange of heat or work - the entropy increase will be entirely due to the mixing of the different substances. From a macroscopic perspective, in classical thermodynamics the entropy is interpreted simply as a state function of a thermodynamic system: that is, a property depending only on the current state of the system, independent of how that state came to be achieved. The state function has the important property that, when multiplied by a reference temperature, it can be understood as a measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to do thermodynamic work ; i.e., work mediated by thermal energy. More precisely, in any process where the system gives up energy ΔE, and its entropy falls by ΔS, a quantity at least TR ΔS of that energy must be given up to the system's surroundings as unusable heat (TR is the temperature of the system's external surroundings). Otherwise the process will not go forward. In 1862, Clausius stated what he calls the “theorem respecting the equivalence-values of the transformations” or what is now known as the second law of thermodynamics, as such: The algebraic sum of all the transformations occurring in a cyclical process can only be positive, or, as an extreme case, equal to nothing. Quantitatively, Clausius states the mathematical expression for this theorem is as follows. Let δQ be an element of the heat given up by the body to any reservoir of heat during its own changes, heat which it may absorb from a reservoir being here reckoned as negative, and T the absolute temperature of the body at the moment of giving up this heat, then the equation: must be true for every reversible cyclical process, and the relation: must hold good for every cyclical process which is in any way possible. This is the essential formulation of the second law and one of the original forms of the concept of entropy. It can be seen that the dimensions of entropy are energy divided by temperature, which is the same as the dimensions of Boltzmann's constant (k_B) and heat capacity. The SI unit of entropy is " joule per kelvin" (J•K−1). In this manner, the quantity "ΔS" is utilized as a type of internal ordering energy, which accounts for the effects of irreversibility, in the energy balance equation for any given system. In the Gibbs free energy equation, i.e. ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, for example, which is a formula commonly utilized to determine if chemical reactions will occur, the energy related to entropy changes TΔS is subtracted from the "total" system energy ΔH to give the "free" energy ΔG of the system, as during a chemical process or as when a system changes state. Microscopic viewpoint (statistical mechanics) From a microscopic perspective, in statistical thermodynamics the entropy is a measure of the number of microscopic configurations that are capable of yielding the observed macroscopic description of the thermodynamic system: where Ω is the number of microscopic configurations, and kB is Boltzmann's constant. In Boltzmann's 1896 Lectures on Gas Theory, he showed that this expression gives a measure of entropy for systems of atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus providing a measure for the entropy of classical thermodynamics. In 1877, thermodynamicist Ludwig Boltzmann visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles, in which he defined entropy to be proportional to the logarithm of the number of microstates such a gas could occupy. Henceforth, the essential problem in statistical thermodynamics, i.e. according to Erwin Schrödinger, has been to determine the distribution of a given amount of energy E over N identical systems. Statistical mechanics explains entropy as the amount of uncertainty (or "mixedupness" in the phrase of Gibbs) which remains about a system, after its observable macroscopic properties have been taken into account. For a given set of macroscopic quantities, like temperature and volume, the entropy measures the degree to which the probability of the system is spread out over different possible quantum states. The more states available to the system with higher probability, and thus the greater the entropy. In essence, the most general interpretation of entropy is as a measure of our ignorance about a system. The equilibrium state of a system maximizes the entropy because we have lost all information about the initial conditions except for the conserved quantities; maximizing the entropy maximizes our ignorance about the details of the system. On the molecular scale, the two definitions match up because adding heat to a system, which increases its classical thermodynamic entropy, also increases the system's thermal fluctuations, so giving an increased lack of information about the exact microscopic state of the system, i.e. an increased statistical mechanical entropy. Entropy in chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamic entropy is central in chemical thermodynamics, enabling changes to be quantified and the outcome of reactions predicted. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy in the combination of a system and its surroundings (or in an isolated system by itself) increases during all spontaneous chemical and physical processes. Spontaneity in chemistry means “by itself, or without any outside influence”, and has nothing to do with speed. The Clausius equation of δqrev/T = ΔS introduces the the measurement of entropy change, ΔS. Entropy change describes the direction and quantitates the magnitude of simple changes such as heat transfer between systems – always from hotter to cooler spontaneously. Thus, when a mole of substance at 0 K is warmed by its surroundings to 298 K, the sum of the incremental values of qrev/T constitute each element's or compound's standard molar entropy, a fundamental physical property and an indicator of the amount of energy stored by a substance at 298 K. Entropy change also measures the mixing of substances as a summation of their relative quantities in the final mixture. Entropy is equally essential in predicting the extent of complex chemical reactions, i.e. whether a process will go as written or proceed in the opposite direction. For such applications, ΔS must be incorporated in an expression that includes both the system and its surroundings, Δ Suniverse = ΔSsurroundings + Δ S system. This expression becomes, via some steps, the Gibbs free energy equation for reactants and products in the system: Δ G [the Gibbs free energy change of the system] = Δ H [the enthalpy change] – T Δ S [the entropy change]. The second law An important law of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, states that the total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value; and so, by implication, the entropy of the universe (i.e. the system and its surroundings), assumed as an isolated system, tends to increase. Two important consequences are that heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body: i.e., it is impossible to transfer heat from a cold to a hot reservoir without at the same time converting a certain amount of work to heat. It is also impossible for any device that can operate on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work; it can only get useful work out of the heat if heat is at the same time transferred from a hot to a cold reservoir. This means that there is no possibility of a " perpetual motion" which is isolated. Also, from this it follows that a reduction in the increase of entropy in a specified process, such as a chemical reaction, means that it is energetically more efficient. In general, according to the second law, the entropy of a system that is not isolated may decrease. An air conditioner, for example, cools the air in a room, thus reducing the entropy of the air. The heat, however, involved in operating the air conditioner always makes a bigger contribution to the entropy of the environment than the decrease of the entropy of the air. Thus the total entropy of the room and the environment increases, in agreement with the second law. Entropy balance equation for open systems In chemical engineering, the principles of thermodynamics are commonly applied to " open systems", i.e. those in which heat , work, and mass flow across the system boundary. In a system in which there are flows of both heat ( ) and work, i.e. (shaft work) and P(dV/dt) (pressure-volume work), across the system boundaries, the heat flow, but not the work flow, causes a change in the entropy of the system. This rate of entropy change is , where T is the absolute thermodynamic temperature of the system at the point of the heat flow. If, in addition, there are mass flows across the system boundaries, the total entropy of the system will also change due to this convected flow. During steady-state continuous operation, an entropy balance applied to an open system accounts for system entropy changes related to heat flow and mass flow across the system boundary. To derive a generalized entropy balanced equation, we start with the general balance equation for the change in any extensive quantity Θ in a thermodynamic system, a quantity that may be either conserved, such as energy, or non-conserved, such as entropy. The basic generic balance expression states that dΘ/dt, i.e. the rate of change of Θ in the system, equals the rate at which Θ enters the system at the boundaries, minus the rate at which Θ leaves the system across the system boundaries, plus the rate at which Θ is generated within the system. Using this generic balance equation, with respect to the rate of change with time of the extensive quantity entropy S, the entropy balance equation for an open thermodynamic system is: where = the net rate of entropy flow due to the flows of mass into and out of the system (where = entropy per unit mass). = the rate of entropy flow due to the flow of heat across the system boundary. = the rate of internal generation of entropy within the system. Note, also, that if there are multiple heat flows, the term is to be replaced by , where is the heat flow and Tj is the temperature at the jth heat flow port into the system. Standard textbook definitions Entropy – energy broken down in irretrievable heat . – Boltzmann's constant times the logarithm of a multiplicity; where the multiplicity of a macrostate is the number of microstates that correspond to the macrostate. – the number of ways of arranging things in a system (times the Boltzmann's constant). – a non-conserved thermodynamic state function, measured in terms of the number of microstates a system can assume, which corresponds to a degradation in usable energy . – a direct measure of the randomness of a system. – a measure of energy dispersal at a specific temperature. – a measure of the partial loss of the ability of a system to perform work due to the effects of irreversibility. – an index of the tendency of a system towards spontaneous change. – a measure of the unavailability of a system’s energy to do work; also a measure of disorder; the higher the entropy the greater the disorder. – a parameter representing the state of disorder of a system at the atomic, ionic, or molecular level. – a measure of disorder in the universe or of the availability of the energy in a system to do work. Approaches to understanding entropy Order and disorder Entropy, historically, has often been associated with the amount of order, disorder, and or chaos in a thermodynamic system. The traditional definition of entropy is that it refers to changes in the status quo of the system and is a measure of "molecular disorder" and the amount of wasted energy in a dynamical energy transformation from one state or form to another. In this direction, a number of authors, in recent years, have derived exact entropy formulas to account for and measure disorder and order in atomic and molecular assemblies. One of the simpler entropy order/disorder formulas is that derived in 1984 by thermodynamic physicist Peter Landsberg, which is based on a combination of thermodynamics and information theory arguments. Landsberg argues that when constraints operate on a system, such that it is prevented from entering one or more of its possible or permitted states, as contrasted with its forbidden states, the measure of the total amount of “disorder” in the system is given by the following expression: Similarly, the total amount of "order" in the system is given by: In which CD is the "disorder" capacity of the system, which is the entropy of the parts contained in the permitted ensemble, CI is the "information" capacity of the system, an expression similar to Shannon's channel capacity, and CO is the "order" capacity of the system. Energy dispersal The concept of entropy can be described qualitatively as a measure of energy dispersal at a specific temperature. Similar terms have been in use from early in the history of classical thermodynamics, and with the development of statistical thermodynamics and quantum theory, entropy changes have been described in terms of the mixing or "spreading" of the total energy of each constituent of a system over its particular quantized energy levels. Ambiguities in the terms disorder and chaos, which usually have meanings directly opposed to equilibrium, contribute to widespread confusion and hamper comprehension of entropy for most students. As the second law of thermodynamics shows, in an isolated system internal portions at different temperatures will tend to adjust to a single uniform temperature and thus produce equilibrium. A recently developed educational approach avoids ambiguous terms and describes such spreading out of energy as dispersal, which leads to loss of the differentials required for work even though the total energy remains constant in accordance with the first law of thermodynamics. Physical chemist Peter Atkins, for example, who previously wrote of dispersal leading to a disordered state, now writes that "spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy", and has discarded 'disorder' as a description. Entropy and Information theory In information theory, entropy is the measure of the amount of information that is missing before reception and is sometimes referred to as Shannon entropy.. Shannon entropy is a very general concept which finds applications in information theory as well as thermodynamics. It was originally devised by Claude Shannon in 1948 to study the amount of information in a transmitted message. The definition of the information entropy is, however, very general, and is expressed in terms of a discrete set of probabilities pi. In the case of transmitted messages, these probabilities were the probabilities that a particular message was actually transmitted, and the entropy of the message system was a measure of how much information was in the message. For the case of equal probabilities (i.e. each message is equally probable), the Shannon entropy (in bits) is just the number of yes/no questions needed to determine the content of the message. The question of the link between information entropy and thermodynamic entropy is a hotly debated topic. Many authors argue that there is a link between the two, while others will argue that they have absolutely nothing to do with each other. The expressions for the two entropies are very similar. The information entropy H for equal probabilities pi is: where K is a constant which determines the units of entropy. For example, if the units are bits, then K=1/\ln(2). The thermodynamic entropy S , from a statistical mechanical point of view was first expressed by Boltzmann: where p is the probability of a system being in a particular microstate, given that it is in a particular macrostate, and k is Boltzmann's constant. It can be seen that one may think of the thermodynamic entropy as Boltzmann's constant, divided by ln(2), times the number of yes/no questions that must be asked in order to determine the microstate of the system, given that we know the macrostate. The link between thermodynamic and information entropy was developed in a series of papers by Edwin Jaynes beginning in 1957. The problem with linking thermodynamic entropy to information entropy is that the entire body of thermodynamics which deals with the physical nature of entropy is missing. The second law of thermodynamics which governs the behaviour of thermodynamic systems in equilibrium, and the first law which expresses heat energy as the product of temperature and entropy are physical concepts rather than informational concepts. If thermodynamic entropy is seen as including all of the physical dynamics of entropy as well as the equilibrium statistical aspects, then information entropy gives only part of the description of thermodynamic entropy. Some authors, like Tom Schneider, argue for dropping the word entropy for the H function of information theory and using Shannon's other term "uncertainty" instead. Ice melting example The illustration for this article is a classic example in which entropy increases in a small 'universe', a thermodynamic system consisting of the 'surroundings' (the warm room) and 'system' (glass, ice, cold water). In this universe, some heat energy δQ from the warmer room surroundings (at 298 K or 25 C) will spread out to the cooler system of ice and water at its constant temperature T of 273 K (0 C), the melting temperature of ice. The entropy of the system will change by the amount dS = δQ/T, in this example δQ/273 K. (The heat δQ for this process is the energy required to change water from the solid state to the liquid state, and is called the enthalpy of fusion, i.e. the ΔH for ice fusion.) The entropy of the surroundings will change by an amount dS = -δQ/298 K. So in this example, the entropy of the system increases, whereas the entropy of the surroundings decreases. It is important to realize that the decrease in the entropy of the surrounding room is less than the increase in the entropy of the ice and water: the room temperature of 298 K is larger than 273 K and therefore the ratio, (entropy change), of δQ/298 K for the surroundings is smaller than the ratio (entropy change), of δQ/273 K for the ice+water system. To find the entropy change of our 'universe', we add up the entropy changes for its constituents: the surrounding room, and the ice+water. The total entropy change is positive; this is always true in spontaneous events in a thermodynamic system and it shows the predictive importance of entropy: the final net entropy after such an event is always greater than was the initial entropy. As the temperature of the cool water rises to that of the room and the room further cools imperceptibly, the sum of the δQ/T over the continuous range, at many increments, in the initially cool to finally warm water can be found by calculus. The entire miniature "universe", i.e. this thermodynamic system, has increased in entropy. Energy has spontaneously become more dispersed and spread out in that "universe" than when the glass of ice water was introduced and became a "system" within it. Topics in entropy Entropy and life For over a century and a half, beginning with Clausius' 1863 memoir "On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of its Action", much writing and research has been devoted to the relationship between thermodynamic entropy and the evolution of life . The argument that that life feeds on negative entropy or negentropy as put forth in the 1944 book What is Life? by physicist Erwin Schrödinger served as a further stimulus to this research. Recent writings have utilized the concept of Gibbs free energy to elaborate on this issue. In other cases, some creationists have argued that entropy rules out evolution . In the popular textbook 1982 textbook Principles of Biochemistry by noted American biochemist Albert Lehninger, for example, it is argued that the order produced within cells as they grow and divide is more than compensated for by the disorder they create in their surroundings in the course of growth and division. In short, according to Lehninger, "living organisms preserve their internal order by taking from their surroundings free energy, in the form of nutrients or sunlight, and returning to their surroundings an equal amount of energy as heat and entropy." Evolution related definitions: Negentropy - a shorthand colloquial phrase for negative entropy. Ectropy - a measure of the tendency of a dynamical system to do useful work and grow more organized. Syntropy - a tendency towards order and symmetrical combinations and designs of ever more advantageous and orderly patterns. Extropy – a metaphorical term defining the extent of a living or organizational system's intelligence, functional order, vitality, energy, life, experience, and capacity and drive for improvement and growth. Ecological entropy - a measure of biodiversity in the study of biological ecology . The arrow of time Entropy is the only quantity in the physical sciences that "picks" a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As we go "forward" in time, the Second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase or remain the same; it cannot decrease. Hence, from one perspective, entropy measurement is thought of as a kind of clock. Entropy and cosmology We have previously mentioned that a finite universe may be considered an isolated system. As such, it may be subject to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, so that its total entropy is constantly increasing. It has been speculated that the universe is fated to a heat death in which all the energy ends up as a homogeneous distribution of thermal energy, so that no more work can be extracted from any source. If the universe can be considered to have generally increasing entropy, then - as Roger Penrose has pointed out - gravity plays an important role in the increase because gravity causes dispersed matter to accumulate into stars, which collapse eventually into black holes. Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking have shown that black holes have the maximum possible entropy of any object of equal size. This makes them likely end points of all entropy-increasing processes, if they are totally effective matter and energy traps. Hawking has, however, recently changed his stance on this aspect. The role of entropy in cosmology remains a controversial subject. Recent work has cast extensive doubt on the heat death hypothesis and the applicability of any simple thermodynamic model to the universe in general. Although entropy does increase in the model of an expanding universe, the maximum possible entropy rises much more rapidly and leads to an "entropy gap", thus pushing the system further away from equilibrium with each time increment. Other complicating factors, such as the energy density of the vacuum and macroscopic quantum effects, are difficult to reconcile with thermodynamical models, making any predictions of large-scale thermodynamics extremely difficult. Other relations Generalized entropy Many generalizations of entropy have been studied, two of which, Tsallis and Rényi entropies, are widely used and the focus of active research. The Rényi entropy is an information measure for fractal systems. . where α > 0 is the 'order' of the entropy, pi are the probabilities of {x1, x2 ... xn}. For α = 1 we recover the standard entropy form. The Tsallis entropy is employed in Tsallis statistics to study nonextensive thermodynamics. where p denotes the probability distribution of interest, and q is a real parameter that measures the non- extensitivity of the system of interest. In the limit as q → 1, we again recover the standard entropy. Other mathematical definitions Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy - a mathematical type of entropy in dynamical systems related to measures of partitions. Topological entropy - a way of defining entropy in an iterated function map in ergodic theory. Relative entropy - is a natural distance measure from a "true" probability distribution P to an arbitrary probability distribution Q. Sociological definitions The concept of entropy has also entered the domain of sociology , generally as a metaphor for chaos, disorder or dissipation of energy, rather than as a direct measure of thermodynamic or information entropy: Entropology – the study or discussion of entropy or the name sometimes given to thermodynamics without differential equations . Psychological entropy - the distribution of energy in the psyche, which tends to seek equilibrium or balance among all the structures of the psyche. Economic entropy – a quantitative measure of the irrevocable dissipation and degradation of natural materials and available energy with respect to economic activity. Social entropy – a measure of social system structure, having both theoretical and statistical interpretations, i.e. society (macrosocietal variables) measured in terms of how the individual functions in society (microsocietal variables); also related to social equilibrium. Corporate entropy - energy waste as red tape and business team inefficiency, i.e. energy lost to waste. Quotes & humor	Entropy
Housed in the Louvre in Paris, which enormous oil on canvas painted by Paolo Veronese depicts the moment when Jesus turned the water into wine?	Project MUSE - Information Entropy in Pynchon's Fiction Lance Schachterle (bio) Under “Courses in Radio and Communications” the 1953–54 catalog of the Cornell College of Engineering described an advanced topic, “Transmission of Information,” that might have interested a bright engineering physics student matriculating that autumn named Thomas Pynchon. “Transmission of Information,” course 4564 in the electrical engineering department, anticipated concerns about communications raised by the kind of fiction that Pynchon began to write before he graduated from Cornell, as an English major, in 1959. The course description contains a word much examined in Pynchon studies, “entropy,” but not used here in the more familiar context of thermodynamics: This course [4564] deals with the general aspects of a transmission system, which consist of the source of information, the transmitter, the channel, the receiver, and the final destination of the message. The definition of information and a quantitative measure of information are given. The statistical properties of the source, its entropy, and the rate at which information is produced by the source are discussed. The transmission of primary signal functions into secondary signal functions at the transmitter, the capacity of the channel to transmit the secondary signal function in the presence of channel noise, and the possibilities of recovering the primary signal function at the receiver are studied. The over-all performance of transmission is discussed as to fidelity considerations and the effective rate of transmission. These principles are applied [End Page 185] to pulse-code modulation as an example of modern transmission of information. 1 In this essay I shall argue that “the general aspects of a transmission system” apply to our reading of Pynchon as well as to our listening to an electronic system like a radio. Central to designing a transmission system to communicate information efficiently is the concept of entropy as developed in information theory, especially by Claude Shannon. Entropy, as defined by Shannon, is connected closely to many issues about the communication of information—especially “fidelity considerations and the effective rate of transmission”—raised both by trying to understand information theory and by trying to read Pynchon. 2 It is most unlikely that Pynchon actually took course 4564, “Transmission of Information.” As a first-year student, he had a tightly prescribed curriculum in physics, mathematics, English, and drafting, and his one elective was in astronomy. A four-thousand-level course would have been reserved for advanced students, and Pynchon switched majors from engineering physics to literature after his first year. 3 [End Page 186] Clearly it would be perilous to argue that taking such a course as “Transmission of Information” was the only possible mode of learning about entropy available to Pynchon. His own omnivorous curiosity and reading, as well as his sense of play in using recondite concepts, doubtless provided ample stimulation for the exploration of entropy in the various guises discernible in his texts. My analysis in this paper attempts to point to similitudes and congruities between entropy as used in communications theory, and narrative lines and devices in Pynchon’s fictions that explicitly draw attention to the act of communicating. Whether Pynchon’s impetus for adumbrating concepts about information entropy derived from recalling formal sources like Shannon, from just having fun, or from a combination of both, Pynchon’s readers will doubtless agree that his years at Cornell (including the composition of his first stories) prepared him well to succeed in the “modern transmission of information.” I The program that attracted the sixteen-year-old scholarship student to Cornell was in a new topic, “Engineering Physics.” This conjunction of physics with engineering responded to the post-World War II recognition that progress in engineering depended on fundamental research in physics and the sophisticated mathematical treatment of such results, as contrasted to building empirically on conventional rule-of-thumb practice. One of the new sciences born of the rich research funding of the war was cybernetics, a discipline heralded by Norbert Wiener (who recoined the name) to designate a field soon in turn to split into a myriad of new applications and specialties in the postwar science boom. From the work of Wiener, Claude Shannon, John von Neumann, and others came the development of modern information theory, which co-opted the term “entropy” from the second law of thermodynamics. 4 [End Page 187] Unlike some other major ideas in modern science, understanding entropy is not made easy by using physical models. Like many other concepts from engineering physics and cybernetics, entropy is an abstraction based on mathematical analysis of the activity of indeterminate microstates comprehended only in terms of the probabilities associated with large ensembles of separate constituents (molecules in thermodynamics, bits of information in communications). Some grounding in the mathematical concepts of statistical thermodynamics is doubtless required in order to feel secure in understanding entropy. In his “Introduction” to the well-known story “Entropy” in Slow Learner, Pynchon deprecated his own comprehension of the concept: Since I wrote this story I have kept trying to understand entropy, but my grasp becomes less sure the more I read. I’ve been able to follow the OED definitions, and the way Isaac Asimov explains it, and even some of the math. But the qualities and quantities will not come together to form a united notion in my head. 5 Following Pynchon’s lead in trying to grasp entropy, we can turn first to the original OED, which begins with an unilluminating definition: “the name given to one of the quantitative elements which determine the thermodynamic condition of a portion of matter.” The OED, however, pins down this generality with nineteen lines of small type tracing the history of the word, from its introduction by the German physicist Rudolf Clausius in 1850 through its adoption by English physicists including James Clerk Maxwell. This historical definition—presumably the one conned by the inquisitive Pynchon—clearly stated the significance in thermodynamics of the term: “In Clausius’ sense, the entropy of a system is the measure of [End Page 188] the unavailability of its thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work.” 6 As formulated by the second law of thermodynamics, in any interaction exchanging energy, the amount of thermal energy convertible to mechanical energy is diminished. In such interactions, entropy—a measure of unusable energy—increases. Thus in any interaction exchanging heat, thermodynamic entropy increases, and the energy available to do mechanical work to serve human purposes decreases. From this inevitable degradation of usable energy comes the late-nineteenth-century melancholia of a heat-death awaiting the universe, as all the available useful energy levels out into a cosmic stasis of inert equilibration. So inescapable did this frigid end of the cosmos appear that the chemist-turned-novelist H. G. Wells depicted the oblivion of all thermodynamic motion (in the revised conclusion to The Time Machine) as a universal cessation of physical activity. 7 The OED definition from the first edition further registers why entropy, as Pynchon notes, is a difficult concept to grasp and hold intuitively—for “entropy” measures the unusable energy of a system, with higher numerical values being associated with decreased order and increased stasis (even paralysis, figuratively). This valuing of disorder apparently so offended the common sense of early English users of the term that they tended to reverse the original sense, to use “entropy” as a measure of the energy available for work. (Thus, in its historical discussion, the OED notes that the earliest English users of the term, Peter Guthrie Tait and Maxwell, domesticated it to signify a positive state that reversed what Clausius intended, using entropy as a measure of the energy available for work.) [End Page 189] Asimov’s brief description of entropy in The New Intelligent Man’s Guide to Science—perhaps the Asimov source mentioned by Pynchon—places entropy in the development of concepts about heat and temperature: “The portion of the energy that is unavoidably lost as nonuseful heat is reflected in the measurement of the ‘entropy.’” 8 Asimov stresses “entropy” as a term coined by Rudolf Clausius to measure the amount of usable energy lost in any heat transfer, again stressing the conjoining of entropy with degradation and loss. As a measure of the energy escaping into forms of heat unusable for mechanical purposes, entropy proved to be a powerful concept for developing modern thermodynamics. As an index to the ineluctable increase of useless disorder in any thermodynamic exchange, entropy offered a model for conceptualizing irreversible processes, which came to be linked to time’s arrow. Pynchon notes, for example, in Slow Learner, that entropy now means most to him as the linking of thermodynamics with the “human one-way time we’re all stuck with locally here,” which “terminates in death.” 9 Ii My argument here, however, is that as an author Pynchon is less interested in entropy in its thermodynamic manifestation, than in the form developed in twentieth-century information theory. Indeed, as noted in his fiction, the information theory taught in Cornell’s course 4564 described above originated from the second law of thermodynamics and the theory of entropy. In The Crying of Lot 49, John Nefastis lectures Oedipa on “two distinct kinds of this entropy. One having to do with heat-engines, the other to do with communication. The equation for one, back in the ‘30’s, has looked very like the equation for the other. It was a coincidence.” 10 Nefastis to the contrary, the connection between entropy in thermodynamics and in communications theory is more than a coincidence. Rudolf Clausius intended his neologism “entropy” to signify “transformation-contents” as a parallel to “energy” as “work-contents.” But transformation could be applied as readily to information as to heat. 11 Indeed, Ludwig Boltzmann, the originator of statistical thermodynamics, had noticed a similarity between heat [End Page 190] and information in the 1890s. Leo Szilard’s resolution of the apparent paradox of Maxwell’s Demon—which so obsesses Nefastis—explicitly invokes the linkage. 12 Information theorists, from Harry Nyquist and R. V. L. Hartley in the 1920s through the culminating genius, Claude Shannon, in the 1940s and 1950s, employed mathematical theorems resembling some of the basic equations of Boltzmann to establish modern communications theory. Shannon’s work framed the fundamental relationships among such elements of communications systems as length and complexity of message, volume of information transmitted in a given time period, capacity of the communication channel, and strategy for encoding messages to maintain fidelity by reducing the distortions introduced through various forms of noise. 13 In thermodynamics, in low-entropy systems, molecules—the basic entities whose motion we call “heat”—are highly differentiated, with discernibly different velocities. This differentiation can be used to perform work, as in the system of a steam boiler and condenser where the heated steam expands, drives a piston, and then cools down. However, in information theory, entropy does not signify thermal motion directed toward running steam engines. Instead, as employed by Shannon, entropy measures how much information may be communicated, and with what degree of fidelity, within certain constraints such as the amount of energy available in the communications system and the strength of any intrusive undesired signal (“noise”). The entities subjected to statistical study in information entropy are not molecules but whatever units figure in the communications system. Such information units may be dots and dashes in Morse code, letters in the alphabet, presences or absences of electromagnetic [End Page 191] stimulation in the binary digits “one” “zero” (or “bits”) of the computer, or, by extension, genes that communicate information in replication. But both for molecules and for units of information, entropy concerns the statistical behavior of very large numbers of separate entities. Entropy characterizes the extent to which these large numbers of units display basically similar or different behaviors, and thus it measures what degree of certainty we can attain about the likely history of a single given molecule or bit of information. The larger the number of different information units—and the more equal the probability of encountering any one unit relative to the others—the less certainty we can have about receiving any one specific unit. 14 In contemporary usage, increasing the uncertainty we have about receiving any given unit increases the entropy of the system. Thus, as with heat engines in thermodynamics, entropy in information theory counterintuitively quantifies (and thus confers value upon) the randomness—not the order—of the closed system. Entropy signifies and prizes our lack of knowledge about any specific unit. 15 Shannon and his colleagues went one step further in explicitly denying that information was by definition meaningful. Warren Weaver makes this point emphatically in his introduction to Shannon’s book: The word information, in this theory, is used in a special sense that must not be confused with its ordinary usage. In particular, information must not be confused with meaning. . . . [T]his word information in communication theory relates not so much to what you do say, as to what you could say. That is, information is a measure of one’s freedom of choice when one selects a message. 16 The greater the entropy, the greater the freedom of choice and the greater the overall information that may be communicated. But it follows that greater [End Page 192] freedom to choose among the various units conveying information presupposes greater uncertainty at the receiving end of which units may in fact be selected for transmission. If we know before a given message is selected for transmission from an ensemble of possibilities, that the probability of receiving one message is much greater than another, we reduce the range of what “news” we ultimately receive. Information is, we must steadily remember, a measure of one’s freedom of choice in selecting a message. The greater this freedom of choice, and hence the greater the information, the greater is the uncertainty that the message actually selected is some particular one. Thus greater freedom of choice, greater uncertainty and greater information all go hand in hand. 17 At high entropy, then, the possible message units that can bear information are as close to being equally likely of occurrence as possible. And the higher the possible number of choices among initial messages—the fewer restrictions imposed on choice—the less likely it is that any one message will receive preference over another. We have less knowledge about any specific message being favored over any other. Such a system, with many possible messages, provides the potential for high information flow. High entropy accompanies this greater freedom of choice and greater uncertainty. Conversely, since “information is associated with the amount of freedom of choice we have in constructing messages,” for “a communication source,” if the “situation is highly organized,” then “it is not characterized by a large degree of randomness or of choice—that is to say, the information (or the entropy) is low.” 18 Information theory, then, is concerned with the consequences in communications of increasing or decreasing the ensemble of different message units of known probability available for transmission (as well as with encoding and decoding those units to minimize the effect from noise). The units in themselves may be arbitrary and may mean nothing at all: the measure of success in an information system has nothing to do with the subjective value of the messages communicated to a human audience. In this formulation, “information is a measure of your freedom of choice when you select a message.” Therefore, “two messages, one of which is heavily loaded with meaning and the other of which is pure nonsense, can be exactly equivalent, from the present viewpoint, as regards information.” 19 For example, consider an imaginary message system made up of a single sentence, of any length or degree of complexity you like. In [End Page 193] this information system the only choice is whether or not to communicate the sentence. The degree of freedom is minimal: either the sentence is sent, or it is not. Differentiation, choice, and entropy are low. Then consider an information system constituted of all the words in the sentence, which can be arranged in any fashion, language, or code. “Greater freedom of choice, greater uncertainty and greater information” become available to our imaginary system: not only may the original sentence be or not be sent, but other meanings may be crafted from the words as well. And of course if we make the basic units the letters of the words rather than the words themselves, the freedom, uncertainty, and information increase again. 20 Pynchon’s fictions may be viewed as systems of information struggling more and more to maximize freedom of choice, uncertainty, and therefore information flow. Reading, or even rereading them, does not make us feel that the “situation is highly organized.” In such a system, rich in possibilities but fraught with uncertainties, the potential for meaningful communication is richer—ironically—than in a simpler and more ordered system where fewer choices are available. Correspondingly, the demands on the reader to sort out the information—to filter the intended message from the unintended noise (however introduced)—is all the greater. The progress of Pynchon’s fiction is to enlarge this entropic freedom and uncertainty of the “modern transmission of information.” As his writing developed from short stories through Gravity’s Rainbow, the fundamental narrative strategies grow more complex as disorder and randomness are increasingly confronted and involved. (Vineland is an interesting counterexample to this thesis, as argued below.) In Pynchon, and in other energetic information systems, the reader literally must be prepared for anything. In such high-entropy information environments, the equal probabilities for a large number of messages means that the uncertainty of what comes next is maximal. Or, as Weaver states the case: “Uncertainty which arises by virtue of freedom of choice on the part of the sender is desirable uncertainty.” 21 Readers reading Pynchon for the first or nth time are familiar [End Page 194] with a sense of great freedom, coupled with this large uncertainty: What is the relationship between the message sent by the transmitter and my interpretation as a receiver? Iii The title of Pynchon’s 1960 short story “Entropy” has usually been taken to refer to thermodynamic entropy, and indeed, the narrative—divided as it is between two chambers very differently populated—does bring to mind textbook definitions of molecules separated by an impermeable barrier. But information entropy, in the framework of concerns discussed above, proves to be as important as the entropy of thermodynamics, though the allusions to “entropy” carry different weights in thermodynamics and communications. Thermodynamic entropy always either remains the same or increases in an interaction; high thermodynamic entropy is associated with equilibrium and stasis. In contrast, high information entropy connotes maximum freedom to choose from among many different units of information. In both cases, larger numerical values for entropy indicate greater uncertainty about the microstates of the constituents of the macrostate, but the consequences are different: for thermodynamics, higher values suggests stasis and inactivity, while for information, higher values promise greater potential for information transmission. “Entropy” takes place in two apartments, suggestive of the two chambers of a piston used in the classical illustration of the thermodynamic operation of a steam engine. In one apartment, Callisto’s, thermodynamic entropy is high, figured by a decadently ordered environment containing an androgynously undifferentiated pair of characters. In their insulated apartment, Callisto dictates his memoirs registering his despair over the universal heat-death ordained by the second law, while the neurasthenic Aubade minds her feeble energy. So successful are they at preserving their isolation and forming a closed system that they exchange no energy—Callisto cannot save the dying bird he cradles because he cannot give of his own warmth to save its life. They literally do no work, having no available energy to expend. Callisto and Aubade communicate little, and are approaching emotional as well as physical death. Their narrative and dialogue excites little reader interest or surprise—no “news” of human value passes between them. The repertoire of their communication is narrow, [End Page 195] their expression feeble, and (until Aubade’s desperate gesture of escape in the end) the compass of their lives is highly predictable. The three factors that Weaver cites as signs of high information entropy—freedom, uncertainty, and information—all register low. Thus, in terms of information, their source entropy is low. Meanwhile, downstairs in the complementary chamber, Meatball Mulligan’s raucous lease-breaking party is entering its third day, with a large cast of Pynchonesque originals drinking, playing games, listening to music (including one dumb-session of a jazz quartet playing on imaginary instruments), making love, and sleeping. In terms of information entropy, this ensemble is at a high level: the microstates defining the individuals are numerous and unpredictable. Compared to Callisto and Aubade, Mulligan’s crew is far less predictable, more surprising, more random—and more free. They have available the potential to party, to communicate, and, for Mulligan himself, to reflect on the randomness he has created and how he might best serve himself and the others by making some use of it. In contrast to their high information entropy, the thermodynamic entropy of the crew “downstairs” is low. Thus they have the capacity to do work, because they are far distant from stasis or equilibrium. Despite—or one might argue because of—his chaos, Mulligan thus is able to perform useful work, and in the third-to-last paragraph of the story he appears like a deus ex machina to do so: So he decided to try and keep his lease-breaking party from deteriorating into total chaos: he gave wine to the sailors and separated the morra players; he introduced the fat government girl to Sandor Rojas, who would keep her out of trouble; he helped the girl in the shower to dry off and get into bed; he had another talk with Saul; he called the repairman for the refrigerator, which someone had discovered was on the blink. This is what he did until nightfall, when most of the revellers had passed out and the party trembled on the threshold of its third day. 22 Unlike Callisto’s, Meatball’s apartment is open to the outside world. One visitor is Saul, apparently an engineer familiar with information theory. Saul’s function in the story is to draw our attention to “entropy” in the form of information theory, on a real and human level. Disagreements about cybernetics in Wiener’s sense, about whether computer programs can replicate and control human thought, have led to a final breakdown in communications between Saul and his wife Miriam. Their communication has been swamped by noise; indeed, their normal channels have become choked by [End Page 196] Saul’s slugging Miriam and her responding by flinging the hefty Handbook of Chemistry and Physics at him. The end of their communication is sadly predictable. Even while grieving at Miriam’s permanent departure, Saul cannot comprehend their problem in terms other than those from information theory. “Love,” for him, in the simple statement “I love you,” is hopelessly inadequate: “Ambiguity. Redundance. Irrelevance, even. Leakage. All this is noise. Noise screws up your signal, makes for disorganization in the circuit.” 23 An ambiguity more difficult to resolve between him and Miriam, as Meatball helpfully suggests, is “human being”: for Saul, the term can refer to a computer by domesticating it to help him “think better on the job or something”; for Miriam, “talk[ing] about human behavior like a program fed into an IBM machine” is the ultimate horror. 24 Saul himself recognizes that their marriage has slid into a low-information-entropy arrangement of exchanging clichés rather than communicating what really bothers them. To him, their relationship is typical of “most ‘successful’ marriages,” which “are sort of founded on compromises. You never run at top efficiency, usually all you have is a minimum basis for a workable thing.” 25 In a thermodynamic sense, their marriage has suffered a heat-death slide into lukewarm complacency, which cannot withstand the high energy jolts of intense new thought, such as the meaning of computer programs or information theory. By accepting that his marriage is unable to run “at top efficiency,” Saul forgoes the possible freedom needed for complex communications. Words have given way to violence; fists and flung books become bits of information lacking all meaning. We last see Saul grasping for the monster tequila sour that Meatball has just mixed. Soon his world will be nothing but meaningless noise. Pynchon’s cleverness in juggling these scientific references does not make “Entropy,” for many readers, more than a clever story, as the author dismissively conceded in his commentary in Slow Learner. Weaving such a fabric together by allusions to thermodynamic and information entropy is at best an exercise in metaphysical wit. The playing on low/high entropy reversals of thermodynamic and information [End Page 197] entropy provides a kind of warp and woof for the referential substratum of the narrative. But in the end, the theories from science serve merely as clever intellectual allusions. This learned scientific display resembles Pynchon’s parallel use of literary allusions, like those to T. S. Eliot that in his Introduction to Slow Learner he laments having injected into other early stories. Contrasts between thermodynamic and information entropy occupy a much more significant role in Pynchon’s most recent fiction, Vineland (1990). Vineland resembles “Entropy” in at least one important way: both works powerfully characterize low-energy communities with weak communication levels. The absence of Pynchon’s demonic energy from much of Vineland, as well as from Callisto and Aubade’s chamber, may be construed as a calculated inversion of the elements of Weaver’s coupling of “greater freedom of choice, greater uncertainty and greater information all go[ing] hand in hand.” Readers anticipating the high entropy of the three novels that separate Vineland from the body of early stories may well be surprised by Pynchon’s most recent fiction, precisely because he presents a reality with much less “freedom of choice” than his previous work disclosed. Vineland presents a low-entropy environment inhabited by people very like each other. They are little differentiated in their energy levels, and thus have little that is novel or arresting to say or do. Indeed, the easy triumph of Reagan-era bureaucratic oppression, Pynchon suggests, results from Vineland’s denizens’ secretly yearning for a loss of distinctiveness. Willingly they submerge their differences in a TV-dominated culture in which their mental energies sink to a lowest common denominator of sitcom reruns. As the young rebel Isaiah Two Four tells the aging rebel Zoyd Wheeler: Whole problem ‘th you folks’s generation . . . nothing personal, is you believed in your Revolution, put your lives right out there for it—but you sure didn’t understand much about the Tube. Minute the Tube got hold of you folks that was it, that whole alternative America, el deado meato, just like th’ Indians, sold it all to your real enemies, and even in 1970 dollars—it was way too cheap. 26 In Vineland, even the crucial energy distinction between life and death is reduced to the point where whole colonies of the living-dead (the Thanatoids) spring up around the countryside. Pynchon again points to television for providing a medium and mediator that robs Vineland’s denizens of the will to direct their lives. One character [End Page 198] speculates openly that the soul “finds no difference between the weirdness of life and the weirdness of death, an enhancing factor in [his] opinion being television, which with its history of picking away at the topic with doctor shows, war shows, cop shows, murder shows, had trivialized the Big D itself. If mediated lives, he figured, why not mediated deaths?” 27 Brock Vond, the high-energy manipulator of the novel, uses his insight into the unconscious desire of self-declared rebels to lose their differentiation to manipulate all around him: Brock Vond’s genius was to have seen in the activities of the sixties left not threats to order but unacknowledged desires for it. While the Tube was proclaiming youth revolution against parents of all kinds and most viewers accepted this story, Brock saw the deep—if he’d allow himself to feel it, the sometimes touching—need only to stay children forever, safe inside some extended national Family. 28 The “extended national Family” contains entropically the spent energy of a whole once-promising counterculture (glimpsed hopefully by Oedipa Maas in The Crying of Lot 49), now reduced to the ambient temperature and unable to do any new work. Drawing again upon William Weaver’s formulation of communications entropy, Vineland is about the absence of “greater freedom of choice [as seen in the characters], greater uncertainty [as seen in the often-clichéd plot] and greater information [as seen in overall sense of flatness of the book] all go[ing] hand in hand.” Pynchon’s first novel, V., provides a more complicated view of information theory in at least one important sequence, which plays with Weaver’s distinction between information and meaning. Kurt Mondaugen’s attempt to comprehend atmospheric radio noise or “sferics” raises, with parodic reversals, questions about the relationship between intended signal and received message addressed by the syllabus of the Cornell course quoted at the beginning of this essay. Mondaugen’s problem is to gather and interpret data on a radio phenomenon discovered during World War I: strange whistles and eerie noises appearing at random (later identified as generated by atmospheric electromagnetic disturbances, but to Mondaugen and his colleagues, still a mystery). To Mondaugen the question is the source and meaning of these sferics, a riddle in terms of the totality of a communications system. The essential parts of such a system were formulated by Claude Shannon [End Page 199] as a relationship between transmitter, channel, and receiver (his structure became a model for later texts, including Cornell course 4564). Weaver’s introductory essay to The Mathematical Theory of Communication summarizes Shannon’s notion of a communications system (comprised of an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination) as follows: The information source selects a desired message out of a set of possible messages. . . . The transmitter changes this message into a signal which is actually sent over the communication channel from the transmitter to the receiver. . . . The receiver is a sort of inverse transmitter, changing the transmitted signal back into a message, and handing this message on to the destination. . . . In the process of transmitting the signal, it is unfortunately characteristic that certain things are added to the signal which were not intended by the information source. These unwanted additions may be distortions of sound (in telephony, for example) or static (in radio). . . . All these changes in the signal may be called noise. 29 What later scientists discovered to be literally noise in the everyday sense, Mondaugen must consider as possibly meaningful messages transmitted by some as-yet-unknown message source. Like other characters in the novel (principally Herbert Stencil), he searches for order where none exists. He pursues his research by mounting his antennas on the roof of a wealthy South African landowner’s mansion. The young German Lieutenant Weissmann (later the sinister but tragic Captain Blicero of Gravity’s Rainbow) befriends Mondaugen and offers to assist in his research, especially the knotty problem of trying to decode what the noisy signals mean. At the climax of chapter 9, a disheveled Weissmann awakens Mondaugen with the claim that he has cracked the code of the sferics: “Look, look,” he cried, waving a sheet of paper under Mondaugen’s slowly blinking eyes. Mondaugen read: DIGEWOELDTIMSTEALALENSWTASNDEURFUALRLISKT “So,” he yawned. “It’s your code. I’ve broken it. See: I remove every third letter and obtain: GODMEANTNUURK. This rearranged spells Kurt Mondaugen.” “Well, then,” Mondaugen snarled. “And who the hell told you you could read my mail?” “The remainder of the message,” Weissmann continued, “now reads: DIEWELTISTALLESWASDERFALLIST.” [End Page 200] “The world is all that the case is,” Mondaugen said. “I’ve heard that somewhere before.” 30 Though Mondaugen accuses Weissmann of finagling to get these “results,” Weissmann’s conjuring up of the opening lines of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus logico-philosophicus can be viewed as a wry travesty of information theory. Weissman has wrenched the famous key sentence of a seminal work of modern philosophy of communications out of sheer noise: meaningless noise yields meaning, information appears to confer value where randomness prevails. The dilemma presented here is central to the problem of information versus meaning. The sferics, with their extraordinary range of sounds, are high in entropy; the receiving destination or audience has no certainty at all what will come next. But are the sferics, for all their information, conveying meaning? Or is it the case that the information received is nothing but noise, totally random signals conveying no message? Mondaugen, like the reader, has no way of knowing whether the apparently random sferics encode a meaning, or are noise accompanying a message source, or (as it turned out) simply random natural disturbances affecting a receiver designed by human technology. The reader is no better off than Mondaugen in fixing the status of the sferics. For the reader, assessing the meaning of the information the text provides about the Wittgenstein “message” poses a dilemma that becomes increasingly common in Pynchon’s work. Has Weissmann decoded the message accurately, assuming that the message he presents Mondaugen is genuine? Or has Weissmann concocted the message to satisfy Mondaugen’s naive need to find order? Perhaps the most important question is: To what extent is Pynchon simply teasing the reader for wanting meaning to descend from the heavens? Nothing in the text allows the reader to decide with absolute certainty, though most readers probably would concede that the three possibilities are not equally likely. As random noise, with each possible message equal in likelihood to every other, Mondaugen’s sferics have extremely high entropy. Thus if the sferics really did encode “The world is all that the case is,” the significance of the message would be enormous. Communicated with intent by the atmosphere, this would be “news” indeed. But the likelihood of the message’s being genuine is of the same order of probability as that of monkeys’ typing out the complete text of, say, Aristotle’s lost theory of comedy. The reader is thus left to question [End Page 201] the value of Weissmann’s decoding, as a probable communication of meaning. The atmospheric disturbances are, we know now, purely random noise, with exceedingly little likelihood of producing meaningful messages—much less the opening line of the Tractatus with Mondaugen’s name embedded in it as an anagram. By pursuing the hints about the sferics through the literature on communications theory exogenous to the novel, we can gain a position from which to interpret the value of Weissmann’s claims for decoding the “message.” Whether such a position opens to rich knowledge or a big joke depends largely on the reader’s own views. Iv In Pynchon’s next novel, The Crying of Lot 49, readers face even more difficult problems in deciding what meaning to attach to information communicated in the text. From the first page, with references to postage stamps and “sorting out” information (in this case, Pierce Inverarity’s legacy), the issue for the receiver of assessing the meaning of what is communicated is central. In short compass, Pynchon deluges the heroine, and indirectly the reader, with an extraordinary amount of information (in the sense proposed by Shannon and Weaver) that challenges both character and reader to discriminate between meaningful and meaningless. Again, we are in the difficult position of being at the receiving end of a communications system where the entropy is high. “Thus greater freedom of choice, greater uncertainty and greater information all go hand in hand,” to repeat Warren Weaver’s useful formulation. High entropy in communications means that the ensemble of possible messages is numerous, and that we know little about the likelihood of reception of any one message relative to the others. This high degree of freedom of choice means that all messages are equally likely; nothing weights or favors one set of messages relative to another. This is the state of affairs in which we as readers find ourselves, with Oedipa, in the novel. The world may be “the totality of facts” (as Wittgenstein states right after the message found in V.), but we are awash in so many “facts” in The Crying of Lot 49 that we swirl with Oedipa in trying to decipher their value and establish some meaning. Nor do the countless plots of the novel help us in the quest to find order. From the plot of Metzger’s attempted seduction of Oedipa through scrambled movie reels, to the plot Oedipa thinks Pierce Inverarity may have mounted against her, we are confounded within the text by plots clamoring to offer help in sorting out all this information. We even encounter in The Courier’s Tragedy a marvel of complexity [End Page 202] close enough to the demonic plots of real Jacobean revenge tragedy to serve both as a travesty of the genre and as a warning to those seeking communicable order. Yet as we follow Oedipa through the novel, we realize that to seize any one of these plot summaries as offering the true meaning of the book diminishes the text. We are forced to suspend judgment, to reject Oedipa’s desire to solve the plot, and thus to keep unresolved the high-entropy ensemble of the equally weighted but mysterious finalizing meanings that always hover just beyond our grasp. For Oedipa, these meanings congeal as the well-known four options she wants to choose among (numbers are added here to clarify the sequence): [1] Either you have stumbled indeed, without the aid of LSD or other indole alkaloids, onto a secret richness and concealed density of dream; onto a network by which X number of Americans are truly communicating whilst reserving their lies, recitations of routine, arid betrayals of spiritual poverty, for the official government delivery system; maybe even onto a real alternative to the exitlessness, to the absence of surprise to life, that harrows the head of everybody American you know, and you too, sweetie. [2] Or you are hallucinating it. [3] Or a plot has been mounted against you, so expensive and elaborate, involving items like the forging of stamps and ancient books, constant surveillance of your movements, planting of post horn images all over San Francisco, bribing of librarians, hiring of professional actors and Pierce Inverarity only knows what-all besides, all financed out of the estate in a way either too secret or too involved for your non-legal mind to know about even though you are co-executor, so labyrinthine that it must have meaning beyond such a practical joke. [4] Or you are fantasying some such plot, in which case you are a nut, Oedipa, out of your skull. 31 Oedipa’s own drive to find a solution must not drive us to accept one of these four possibilities as the novel’s resolution. If her first alternative were the case—that the W.A.S.T.E. system of communication really exists as a mode of exchanging information among a variety of countercultures—then we must nod sadly at the quality of meaning exchanged in the one note we encounter communicated through W.A.S.T.E. (“Dear Mike . . . how are you? Just thought I’d drop you a note. How’s your book coming? Guess that’s all for now. See you at The Scope.”). 32 If we accept the second alternative, that she is hallucinating, we must virtually reconstruct the book to devise a [End Page 203] plot that her shrink Hilarius, or some other agent, is feeding her hallucinogenics against her will. The third possibility, that Pierce is mounting the whole plot against her, requires us to assign him superhuman powers from beyond the grave—while the fourth, that she is mad, undercuts our sense acquired through the book that she is an intelligent and reasonably reliable narrator. In short, none of these solutions accounts for the whole of our experience with the book. The Crying of Lot 49 has claimed a place in many contemporary literature syllabi because of its brevity, its characteristic Pynchonesque density, and its apparent readability. First-time readers find that its plots draw them in. Yet, as we have seen, the plots fail to close in: the novel literally runs out of words before the “crying of lot 49” offers possible resolution of the alternatives above. More so than early examples of Pynchon’s work, the novel is centrally concerned with the uncertainty inherent in any transmission of information. As we have seen, this uncertainty increases with the entropy and freedom of the system. Precisely because there are many more possible messages in a high-entropy system, the receiving audience is less certain about whether what they “hear” is the message that was sent. Moreover, other kinds of information, unintended by the sender, inevitably intrude into the communication channel. Technically, anything added to the message is noise. Shannon was much concerned to reduce the effects of noise by coding the message, to enable the receiver to suppress noise and recover the message with the greatest possible fidelity. Coding involves repeating all or part of the message. Simply sending the same message twice enhances the chance of detecting an error (though this approach is inefficient in time usage and does not correct the error). Since Shannon’s theory presciently couched the fundamental message units in the form of binary digits (ones and zeros—the “bits” soon to be used widely by computers), he and others quickly devised mathematical formulas to protect “bit” messages from noise degradation. Such error-correcting codes efficiently repeat parts of the bit messages that enable the receiver to identify noisy intrusions. In the information system called the novel, the analogue of the repetitive code is the articulated plot turning upon recognized fictional conventions that depict cause and effect. The repetition of cohering patterns of action that close in on a resolution enables the reader to reduce the uncertainty as to what message the author wishes to communicate. (The detective novel is a good example of such a code worked up to a high degree of convention.) Repeated or incremental narrative details, along with strategically reinforced points of characterization, help the reader to discern patterns within [End Page 204] the fictional welter of the contingent. Such repetitive encoding promotes the transmission of fictional messages that stand out against the background detail of the cluttered text. The Crying of Lot 49 thus tantalizes us by purposely failing to provide a degree of certitude—information conforming to any one pattern—to enable us to resolve the tensions that the text (or “communication channel”) arouses. To put the problem another way, in The Crying of Lot 49 the noise level remains high enough to prevent us from settling comfortably into a single meaning such as a conventional novel would permit. Like Oedipa, we are never sure which detail is mere contingency, and which is laden in meaning (if we could only secure it to the pattern it ostensibly supports). Like Oedipa, we are very much at the mercy of that masterful but inscrutable demonic presence whose service both protagonist and readers struggle to command—Maxwell’s information-sorting Demon. The author’s vision and the way he communicates it are high in entropy, rich in freedom and unresolved possibilities. To suggest that Pynchon intended us to pick one of these endings as the “meaning” of the novel trivializes our experience of the text, and us as readers. In The Crying of Lot 49, through these tropes and structural analogues, Pynchon integrates allusions to information theory (as in “Entropy”) with his handling of fundamental concepts structured into the local narrative flow (as in the message of the sferics in V.). But in The Crying of Lot 49, the sportive allusiveness of “Entropy” becomes the central trope of “sorting,” and the local play on information versus meaning of “The world is all that is the case” of V. is embedded as the governing myth of the novel. Here, more than in the early work, Pynchon has accommodated the finite structure of the novel to the open-endedness and freedom of uncertainty in high-entropy communications. The reader must grasp that, as with Ariel, wisdom resides in finally releasing the free spirit of Maxwell’s Demon, in the sense of relinquishing the demand for a unitary resolution to sort out the complex “legacy America.” 33 V Gravity’s Rainbow embodies, at manifold levels of greater complexity, all the attributes of the “modern transmission of information” that we have encountered so far. The vision of reality that Pynchon [End Page 205] captures is both dense and perplexing, and hence the entropy of information is inordinately high. Further, to return again to the language of Cornell course 4564, the “rate at which information is produced” at times exhausts the ability of the audience to keep pace. Consequently, “the possibility of recovering the primary signal function” is more remote and tenuous—both for characters in the text and for the reading audience. “Recovering the primary signal function” is problematic in part because the channels of communication in Gravity’s Rainbow are so outrageously varied. Virtually the first action in the novel is the sighting of an incoming V-2 from Holland, bringing mail from Katje to Pirate Prentice. 34 (Later we discover that the message is inscribed in Jamf’s “Kryptosam,” which requires the recipient to apply semen to render it legible [p. 71].) A brief list of other forms of communication includes Slothrop’s desk (p. 18), and his map (p. 19) with colored stars commemorating amorous encounters (the possibility of a linkage between these encounters and Slothrop’s apparent anticipations of V-2 hits remains unresolved); a series of séances in Germany and England with denizens of the Other World, beginning with the one presided over by the “sensitive flame” (p. 31) of Peter Sachsa; the Christmas Eve choir of “men fattening despite their hunger, flatulent because of it, pre-ulcerous, hoarse, runny-nosed, red-eyed, sore-throated, piss-swollen,” who move Roger and Jessica so unexpectedly (p. 136); the Angel over Lubeck in whose presence the usual noise on the airmen’s earphones disappears (p. 151); the files linking Lyle Bland to Jamf and his Harvard education that Slothrop purchases in Zurich (p. 284); the alphabet contrived by the New Turkish Alphabet committee to impose Russian dominance on the Kirghiz (p. 352); Frau Gnahb’s Morse code “OTTO,” which is first misread as “SEES” (p. 515); the film left for Katje, which she interprets as a visual code to warn of Pointsman’s intentions (p. 535); and a homicidal private named Eddie Pensiero, who reads shivers “like Saure Bummer reads reefers, like Miklos Thanatz reads whip-scars” (p. 641). Late in the novel, a personification, Mister Information, informs us about the real war (pp. 645ff). Indeed, in this novel, to be without means of communication, like the unfortunate dodoes that Katje’s ancestor Frans van der Grov abominates, is fatal: “Alas, their tragedy is to be the dominant form of Life on Mauritius, but incapable of speech” (p. 110). Thus privileged, the value and dominance of information itself become central [End Page 206] to the novel. Early on, Katje recognizes the connection between information and lives. Seeking for information on Jamf and the mysterious Schwartzgerat, Slothrop acknowledges that information has replaced dope and women as “the only real medium of exchange” (p. 258). Like Oedipa Maas, Slothrop functions within the novel as a seeker after information—though unlike Oedipa, he never finds a pattern clear enough to produce even the four alternatives she considers. From the first, his role as lieutenant appears to be to gather technical information about the V-2, in the course of which he learns of a special rocket, designated “00000” and equipped mysteriously with the Schwartzgerat (black apparatus or box). Much of the action associated with him is in the comic spy genre, as in the chase scene through the underground V-2 works at Nordhausen. Yet, for all the information Slothrop acquires (and thus makes available to the reader), no message is yielded, not even a Wittgensteinian epigram. Weissmann launches the “00000” with Gottfried inside, despite Slothrop’s detective work. Not only does Slothrop break down in the face of more information than he can handle, he fails to understand any information bearing on how others are using him. While he suspects that he and others around him (Katje, Tantivy) may be being manipulated by shadowy larger forces—ultimately the “Firm,” or just “Them”—he appears to miss entirely Their purpose. For British intelligence, he is an instrument to gather information, not on the Schwarzgerat, but on the Schwarzkommandos, the German Hereros led by Enzian as rocket troops. His early drug-induced fantasy about being pursued by Blacks down a toilet in the Roseland Ballroom (p. 62) proves of sufficient interest to British intelligence (“Pisces”) that they track him through the Zone before losing him. Only at the end of the long section “In the Zone” (p. 615) does the reader learn what Slothrop never knows: the conversation between Sir Marcus and Mossman reveals that British intelligence wanted to learn from Slothrop’s racial attitudes how to deal with the postwar problems anticipated among Blacks in their own Empire. Slothrop’s inability to extract meaning from all the information surrounding and swamping him results not only from the high entropy of his environment, but from his own inability to decode what he does see. Appropriately, we first see Slothrop in the text when he tries unsuccessfully to gather any information about the rocket strike that we know to be Prentice’s mail delivery from Katje. He is war-weary. “Once upon a time Slothrop cared. No kidding. He thinks he did, anyway. A lot of stuff prior to 1944 is getting blurry now.” The [End Page 207] reason for his loss of the ability to care is clear, the V-2’s: “But then last September the rockets came. Them fucking rockets. You couldn’t adjust to the bastards. No way” (p. 21). Through the novel Slothrop’s blurriness grows. As audience, we find it increasingly difficult to “read” him. Indeed, Pynchon inscribes Slothrop’s increasing blurriness to encourage us to think of him more as message itself, not as messenger or information-seeker. The author here uses the metaphor from communications of “bandwidth,” which defines the range of signals that can be transmitted such that the wider the bandwidth, the more varied the signals and hence the higher the entropy. Thus bandwidth and entropy both measure the quality of communication, with higher values of each associated with enhanced quality of possible communication. But as Slothrop’s blurriness grows, his bandwidth decreases: Slothrop, as noted, at least as early as the Anubis era, has begun to thin, to scatter. “Personal density,” Kurt Mondaugen in his Peenemunde office not too many steps away from here, enunciating the Law which will one day bear his name, “is directly proportional to temporal bandwidth.” “Temporal bandwidth” is the width of your present, your now. It is the familiar “ T” considered as a dependent variable. The more you dwell in the past and in the future, the thicker your bandwidth, the more solid your persona. 35 Conversely, Slothrop dwells less in the past and future as he ceases in his last scene to care about anything at all: He’s kept alone. . . . He’s letting hair and beard grow, wearing a dungaree shirt and trousers. . . . But he likes to spend whole days naked, ants crawling up his legs, butterflies lighting on his shoulders, watching the life on the mountains, getting to know shrikes and capercaillie, badgers and marmots. Any number of directions he ought to be moving in, but he’d rather stay here for now. (p. 623) As the “T” of his bandwidth shrinks, we see him in the last lines intended to describe his immediate presence, “crying, not a thing in his head, just feeling natural” (p. 626). This “feeling natural” ends the first part of the final section, “The Counterforce.” But it is not the last time in the novel that we hear of Slothrop, as his message echoes and scatters through the remaining roughly 150 pages of text. As “the Counterforce” team proceeds to search for Slothrop—who, ironically, has disappeared from the text in the opening pages of this section—we encounter flashbacks, reminiscences, [End Page 208] and opinions about Slothrop as well as “fragments of Slothrop [that] have grown into consistent personae of their own” (p. 742). Vi In the preceding paragraphs I have argued that Pynchon first presents Slothrop as a seeker of information about the war, and then reshapes him to be a message—meaningful information—about the consequences the war has for him. In arguing this point, I have tried to extract from the high-entropy environment of the text a sequence of related points leading to an interpretation of Slothrop’s role. In terms of the entropy of information, I have selected from among many possible passages (ensembles of information) in the text, to isolate from the superabundance of information a single line of meaning about Slothrop represented in the opening sentence of this paragraph. In this final section, I want to raise some of the issues associated with attempting to elicit meaning about Slothrop from the text. First, any reader coping with the entropy of Gravity’s Rainbow must select—or filter, to use the term from communications theory—from the text in order to construct a message. And the text of Gravity’s Rainbow makes this selection particularly difficult. The first-edition hardcover text runs to 760 pages, a simple fact that makes grasping and holding any coherent view of this work difficult. Conventional long novels (such as the Victorian masterpieces) are designed to cohere: every detail and clue (as in, say, Bleak House) is intended to fit together in the end to enforce a vision of stable reality. But unlike Dickens, where similarly large casts of characters are mounted, the different strands of action in Gravity’s Rainbow do not alternate predictably in separate chapters, but instead often cut in and out without formal announcement through chapter breaks. 36 Further, even after several readings many passages in the novel are simply quite difficult to grasp. For example, the opening scene (we realize eventually) is a dream of Londoners evacuating during the [End Page 209] Blitz; like many other passages it hovers between naturalism and fantasy so delicately as to elude the first-time reader’s easy categorization within any hierarchy of fictional reality. Only later do we see the possibility of accounting for the scene by assigning it to Pirate Prentiss as an example of his special talent for getting into the fantasies of others—in this case, ours. But if we read the passage exclusively as Prentiss’s dream, we risk assigning too narrow a designation, reducing the always-present high entropy to a level that is comfortable but reductive. Other passages do not admit of any classification or naturalizing; their entropy remains high, and their import tantalizingly suggestive. Consider the passage beginning on page 735, with a long vision of an imaginary Rocket-City. While the futuristic city is based loosely on earlier references to Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, it is not possible, in my view, to assign a consciousness within the novel that entertains this vision. As we read through this section (separated by the customary small rectangles from the previous section and from the succeeding “Occupation of Mingeborough,” with its final references to the Slothrop family), we encounter several diverse and obscurely pregnant descriptions—analogues in fiction to the high-energy microstates whose numerous presence constitutes a high-entropy macrostate. In dreamlike succession, Mindy Bloth of Carbon City, Illinois, takes a party of sightseers on a tour (via elevator) of the Rocket-City; the Lubeck Hitler Youth Glee Club performs (in the Rocket-City? somewhere else before the War, since the sentence goes on to tell us that “nowadays” the boys perform in “officers’ clubs all across the Zone”?); Miklos Thanatz lectures Ludwig on sadomasochism as an escape from Their dominance; a story about a mother’s inflicting of kreplach on her child exemplifies the Power of Mothers; the breaking down of Slothrop is described again, with opinions delivered by “world-renowned analyst Mickey Wuxtry-Wuxtry” on Slothrop’s attitude toward Jamf, as well as by an interview with a spokesman for the Counterforce in the Wall Street Journal; Seaman Bodine tries to recall Slothrop’s face; and John Dillinger’s death as folk hero is related, not for the first time. Amidst these unrelated incidents, random information indeed, is the much-noted passage in square brackets referring to the time period between 1966 and 1971, “[when] I tasted my first blood. Do you want to put this part in?” (p. 739). Who is the “I” here? Does the time period with its references to blood refer to the war in Vietnam? Why the final question about “putting this part in”? Even the time period referenced here seems out of place in a book about World War II. [End Page 210] Yet by the time the reader encounters this collage of passages—so like snatches of information gleaned by flipping across many channels of information on a radio or TV—we are grounded enough in eliciting meaning from what has been communicated before that even these high-entropy passages can yield some meaning. To this information we can attach significations that permit a naturalization or message-formation aligning sufficiently with our overall response to the novel to prevent us from rejecting all these “bits” as meaningless noise. The “Rocket-City” passage above, for example, suggests the following: The scattered references to Slothrop show him existing, in some form, in the consciousness of his friends for whom—like Dillinger—he is becoming a folk-hero rebel against Them. The Rocket-City is another form of utopia, like the colony of men on the moon that Weissmann dreams of. Even the Vietnam war with its intensely personal note—was I, or were you, in that war?—reminds the reader of Weissmann’s prophesy of the new postwar empire that America will seek to fashion out of the ruins of Europe: “Now we are in the last phase. American Death has come to occupy Europe” (p. 722). Thus as in Ulysses, where the Circe episode with its phantasmagoria occurs well into the text so the reader has some chance of identifying the fragments of consciousness floating through the minds of characters we have come to know, the passages with the greatest energy, the highest freedom, and therefore the largest entropy occur near the end of the book. Our natural inclination to bring the book to closure is balanced by a “Counterforce,” as it were, of high-entropy passages that resist that closure. To quote a final time from William Weaver, “thus greater freedom of choice, greater uncertainty and greater information all go hand in hand.” We may not be able, on first or even subsequent readings, to domesticate every shade of meaning in the section referred to above; indeed, we may decide that not every passage must be subjected to a personal overarching vision of the text’s meaning. But increasingly we can exercise our interpretative freedom to elicit meaningful messages from the information that in this section surges in powerfully. While not every unit of information may yield a message, by late in the novel we have learned enough about the codes of Gravity’s Rainbow that we can filter the high uncertainty of such entropy into a form that privileges some meaning over an ever-resistant background of contingent information. Thus this greater freedom of choice among a wider range of possible messages to be elicited from the information of the text brings greater uncertainty for “you” the reader. In any novel, the reader [End Page 211] plays a game of anticipating what will come next; formulaic fiction like mystery stories functions almost entirely within the conventions of playing upon and fulfilling such anticipations. What I have argued about Pynchon’s fiction, Gravity’s Rainbow foremost, is that the author creates high-entropy texts that, by maximizing the possible number of messages, create a communications system that is richer, denser, more suggestive than conventional fiction with more constricted, lower source entropy. To refer again to Cornell course 4564 on “Transmission of Information,” for Gravity’s Rainbow the “statistical properties of the source, [known as] its entropy, and the rate at which information is produced” are all uncommonly high. In creating a high-entropy system, however, the author places on the reader a greater burden of selecting what information really matters in discerning messages: as readers, we must filter over an exceptionally large bandwidth to extract meaning, and must struggle to resist meaningless noise. High entropy makes predicting what comes next difficult or impossible. Section follows section, but new characters confront us constantly—and we have no idea whether a new character will appear only once (like Mindy Bloth) or, like Enzian, Tchichterine, and Lyle Bland (all introduced three hundred pages into the text), become a major player. We are confronted as readers (like the Kirghiz) with an alien alphabet, in that we know uncommonly little about the frequency distribution of the separate information bits in the system. 37 Nor indeed can we ever be certain what in the text is potentially meaningful information, and what is forever meaningless noise. Is the view of “world-renowned analyst Mickey Wuxtry-Wuxtry” that Slothrop’s alleged fantasy over Jamf was “only a fiction, to help him deny what he could not possibly admit, that he might be in love, in sexual love, with his, and his race’s, death” (p. 738) a profound contribution to our understanding of the book, or (as I believe it to be) a particularly sonorous but irrelevant bit of noise? Can we attribute the reappearance on page 271 of Mrs. Quoad (the ancient relict on p. 115 who is fond of bizarre British sweets) as a “flashy young divorcee” to authorial nodding, to a fillip for our search for consistency, or to [End Page 212] static in the communications system? And do the frequent songs amplify information or raise the noise level? Our position as audience, as final destination of whatever we deem to be the meaningful messages that get through, is framed by our independence as readers freer than in most fiction to respond to what comes next with less conditioning from what has occurred before. Pynchon acknowledges our role through his frequent addresses to his readers as “you.” As “you,” readers are berated, embarrassed, made accomplices, dragged into the action. Our very concern to find order, to locate patterns, is mocked: “after you get a little time in—whatever that means over here—one of these archetypes gets to look pretty much like any other” (p. 411); “you will want cause and effect. All right” (p. 663); “Between . . . 1966 and 1971, I tasted my first blood. Do you want to put this part in?” (p. 739). In the end, what message, if any, does get through? Do “you,” as readers, end up naked and scattered all over the Zone, like Slothrop, by book’s end? Indeed, if we count on resolving any of the many apparent plots of the story to lead us to a final meaning, we will be as frustrated in the end as the unfortunate Major Marvy. As Cornell course 4564 reminds us, the central problem of information theory is “the possibility of recovering the primary signal function at the receiver.” More so than in most fiction, the high-entropy flow of information in Gravity’s Rainbow means that different readers will respond differently to the question of meaning, recovering different signals and attaching different meanings. Not surprisingly, little consensus about some basic points in the work (like the value of Slothrop’s “feeling natural” when we last see him) has cohered in the decades since the novel appeared. Shannon reminds us that a communications system begins with a source, and—as with all writers—Pynchon’s source is his view of the world. That view unrelentingly discloses the unyieldingness of contingency and chaos. Thus the narrative strategies he adopts (analogous to the encoding of information for the transmission system) are high in entropy, so that a large measure of the intrinsic indeterminacy he finds in facing reality comes through the communication channel. When the vision pursued by Pynchon suggests at least some possibilities of freedom’s being within our grasp, as in Gravity’s Rainbow, the information system is high in entropy; when the opposite is the case, as in Vineland, then entropy is low. 38 [End Page 213] For many readers, Pynchon’s most characteristic works are those high in entropy: in reading especially Gravity’s Rainbow we are far less certain than in more conventional writing what will come next across the channel from his transmitter. Thus we are more than commonly vulnerable to uncertainties about the “fidelity” of the match between Pynchon’s “signal” and what we hear. And since order is hard to distinguish from disorder in a high-information-entropy system, the peculiar predicament in reading Pynchon is sorting out what meaning is invited by the author from what noise is inherent in the quotidian realities of the communication channel. Said redundantly, interpreting that channel of information is especially problematic because of the unusual anxiety generated as readers try to match their expectations for some order with the world embodied in Pynchon’s texts. Lance Schachterle	i don't know
Which 1991 Disney movie was the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture?	1991 Academy Awards® Winners and History The Prince of Tides (1991) Actor: ANTHONY HOPKINS in "The Silence of the Lambs" , Warren Beatty in "Bugsy", Robert De Niro in "Cape Fear", Nick Nolte in "The Prince of Tides", Robin Williams in "The Fisher King" Actress: JODIE FOSTER in "The Silence of the Lambs" , Geena Davis in "Thelma & Louise", Laura Dern in "Rambling Rose", Bette Midler in "For the Boys", Susan Sarandon in "Thelma & Louise" Supporting Actor: JACK PALANCE in "City Slickers", Tommy Lee Jones in "JFK", Harvey Keitel in "Bugsy", Ben Kingsley in "Bugsy", Michael Lerner in "Barton Fink" Supporting Actress: MERCEDES RUEHL in "The Fisher King", Diane Ladd in "Rambling Rose", Juliette Lewis in "Cape Fear", Kate Nelligan in "The Prince of Tides", Jessica Tandy in "Fried Green Tomatoes" Director: JONATHAN DEMME for "The Silence of the Lambs" , Barry Levinson for "Bugsy", Ridley Scott for "Thelma & Louise", John Singleton for "Boyz N the Hood", Oliver Stone for "JFK" The five films nominated for Best Picture for 1991 were a very distinctive mix of different types of films: a musical animation, a horror/thriller, a gangster bio, a political conspiracy thriller, and a romantic melodrama. The big winner was director Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs (with seven nominations and five wins). Its surprise win came for many reasons: it was a 'horror' film - the first of its genre to be named Best Picture it was the first Best Picture nominee to have been commercially-available on videotape before its win it was released in late January of 1991, many months before most Best Picture nominees were released (to keep them fresh in Academy voters' minds) and most importantly, it was the third film to win the top five awards (Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, and Best Writer/Screenplay - Ted Tally) since two other films had accomplished the same feat: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and It Happened One Night (1934) - it was the last Best Picture winner, to date, to win both Best Actor and Best Actress The top-notch film, a shocking psychological horror picture about a cannibalistic killer and his strange relationship with a newbie FBI agent, was based on Thomas Harris's 1988 best-selling novel of the same name. It was a sequel to an earlier film Manhunter (1986) (aka Red Dragon: The Pursuit of Hannibal Lecter), also based on a Thomas Harris novel titled Red Dragon published in 1981. The two nominations without wins were for Best Sound and Best Film Editing. Jonathan Demme (with his first directorial nomination) won the Best Director award for The Silence of the Lambs , a film with uncharacteristic subject matter that was not usually the recipient of so many Oscar awards. The other four Best Picture nominees that spread the nominations fairly evenly were: Walt Disney's feature-length animated musical cartoon Beauty and the Beast (with six nominations and two wins - Best Song "Beauty and the Beast" and Best Original Score) - it was the first hand-drawn animated feature to be nominated for Best Picture. [It would be another ten years before a special Oscar category for animated films would be created - Best Animated Feature Film.] Three of the film's nominations were for Best Song - its other two nominated songs were "Be Our Guest" and "Belle." It was the first film to have three nominated songs in one year, a feat duplicated by The Lion King (1994) director Barry Levinson's Vegas gangster movie Bugsy (with ten nominations and two wins - Best Art/Set Direction and Best Costume Design) director Oliver Stone's controversial three-hour long examination of President Kennedy's assassination and conspiracy theory in JFK (with eight nominations and two wins - Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing); Stone was nominated for three Oscars - producing, directing, and writing star/co-producer/director Barbra Streisand's second directorial effort The Prince of Tides (with seven nominations and no wins), a melodramatic adaptation of Pat Conroy's novel about a psychiatrist's curing of the traumas of a patient's family Two of the directors of Best Picture nominees were not nominated for Best Director: Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise for Beauty and the Beast, and Barbra Streisand for The Prince of Tides. [Streisand was the third female director who failed to receive a nomination for a Best Picture-nominated film. The other two were Randa Haines for Children of a Lesser God (1986), and Penny Marshall for Awakenings (1990). Part of the controversy over the nominations for director was because Streisand had been overlooked one other time as director - for Yentl (1983).] Their two directors' places were taken by Ridley Scott (with his first directorial nomination) for his stridently feminist buddy/road film Thelma & Louise (with six nominations and one win - Callie Khouri's Best Original Screenplay), and 24 year-old black director/writer John Singleton (with his directorial debut) for his tragic film about South Central Los Angeles gang violence in the ghetto drama Boyz N the Hood (with two nominations and no wins). [Singleton became the youngest nominee for Best Director in Academy history, and the first African-American to be nominated as Best Director. He was also the third non-white director ever nominated - the first was Hiroshi Teshigahara for Woman in the Dunes (1965), and the second was Akira Kurosawa for Ran (1985). Singleton was also cited with a nomination for Best Original Screenplay - but surprisingly, no Best Picture nod for Boyz N the Hood. Interestingly, Laurence Fishburne and Angela Bassett played a divorced couple in this film, and would become Oscar nominees for What's Love Got to Do With It (1993) two years later as the real-life battling couple Ike and Tina Turner.] The Best Actor winner was Anthony Hopkins (with his first nomination and first Oscar) for his chilling portrayal as cannibalistic, menacing, psychopathic serial psychiatrist/killer Dr. Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs . Hopkins' performance - supposedly comprised of about 16 minutes of screen time, was purported to be one of the shortest Best Actor performance ever, up to this time. David Niven also had an extremely short role in Separate Tables (1958). (Hopkins was on-screen less than the Best Supporting Actor winner, Jack Palance, for City Slickers.) The competing Best Actor nominees were: Warren Beatty (with his fourth unsuccessful acting nomination) as womanizing, glamorous East Coast Jewish gangster and 40s Las Vegas dreamer/developer Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel in Bugsy Robert De Niro (with his sixth nomination, and his second consecutive nomination in the 90s) as vengeful, demented ex-convict Max Cady in director Martin Scorsese's remake of the earlier 1962 thriller Cape Fear (with two nominations and no wins) Nick Nolte (with his first nomination) as Streisand's emotionally crippled patient Tom Wingo in The Prince of Tides Robin Williams (with his third nomination) as Parry - a New York City street person in search of the mystical Holy Grail in director Terry Gilliam's fantasy/comedy The Fisher King (with five nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress) The Best Actress Oscar was presented to Jodie Foster (with her third nomination and second Oscar) for her performance as strong-willed, brainy, yet vulnerable FBI agent trainee Clarice Starling searching for a brutal serial killer in The Silence of the Lambs . [She had previously won a Best Actress Oscar for The Accused (1988), three years earlier.] Two other Best Actress nominees were the co-stars in Thelma & Louise, two gutsy, pistol-wielding female outlaws who raise hell and joyride until they have nowhere left to escape from surrounding FBI agents: Geena Davis (with her second nomination) as bored housewife Thelma Susan Sarandon (with her second nomination) as Louise Sawyer The remaining two Best Actress nominees were: Bette Midler (with her second nomination) as USO entertainer Dixie Leonard, wife of showbiz partner James Caan in director Mark Rydell's musical For the Boys Laura Dern (with her first nomination) as oversexed, uninhibited 19 year-old Rose in director Martha Coolidge's tale of sexual repression and coming-of-age in a film adaptation of Calder Willingham's semi-autobiographic book Rambling Rose (with two nominations and no wins). [Laura Dern's nomination was in the same year as her own mother's (Diane Ladd's) supporting nomination for the same film. They were the first and only real-life mother-daughter pair to receive Oscar nominations in the same year and for the same film.] The Best Supporting Actor Oscar was a surprise win for seventy-two year-old Jack Palance (with his third nomination and first Oscar - it was thirty-nine years since his last nomination for Sudden Fear (1952)), for his role as trail boss Curly in director Ron Underwood's adventure/comedy City Slickers (the film's sole nomination and win). This was the award for which Palance performed one-arm pushups. [Palance tied the existing record of thirty-nine years between nominations and victory with Helen Hayes - her span of films existed between The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931-2) and Airport (1970). The record holder of the longest span between acting nominations was Henry Fonda, with forty-one years between The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and On Golden Pond (1981).] Two competing Best Supporting Actor nominees were co-stars in Bugsy: Ben Kingsley (with his second nomination) as Bugsy's long-time mobster mentor Meyer Lansky Harvey Keitel (with his first nomination) as Bugsy's foul-mouthed gangster associate Mickey Cohen [Keitel has repeatedly been overlooked by the Academy, although he has consistently given original and strong Oscar-worthy performances, including these roles: Charlie Cappa in Mean Streets (1973), "Sport" Matthew in Taxi Driver (1976) , Judas Iscariot in The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Jake Berman in The Two Jakes (1990), Hal Slocumb in Thelma & Louise (1991), Mr. Larry White in Reservoir Dogs (1992), George Baines in The Piano (1993), Winston Wolf in Pulp Fiction (1994) , and more!] The remaining two Best Supporting Actor nominees were: Tommy Lee Jones (with his first nomination) as New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw, accused of complicity in Kennedy's murder in JFK Michael Lerner (with his first nomination) as Louis B. Mayer-like studio boss Jack Lipnick in the quirky Barton Fink (with three nominations and no wins) from the writer/director team of Joel and Ethan Coen Mercedes Ruehl (with her first nomination) won the Best Supporting Actress award for her performance as video store owner Anne Napolitano and girlfriend of burned-out radio talk-show host (Jeff Bridges) in The Fisher King - it was the film's sole Oscar win. The remaining Best Supporting Actress nominees were: Diane Ladd (Laura Dern's co-star and real-life mother) (with her third unsuccessful nomination) as genteel Southern matron Mother Hillyer in Rambling Rose 17 year old Juliette Lewis (with her first nomination) as young rebellious teenager Danielle Bowden who nearly succumbs to Robert DeNiro's psychotic assaults in Cape Fear Kate Nelligan (with her first nomination) as co-star Nick Nolte's mother Lila Wingo Newbury in The Prince of Tides Jessica Tandy (with her second and last nomination) as eccentric 80 year-old nursing home resident and storyteller Ninny Threadgoode in director Jon Avnet's adaptation of Fannie Flagg's novel Fried Green Tomatoes (at the Whistle Stop Cafe) (with two nominations and no wins) It should be noted that Terminator 2: Judgment Day with Arnold Schwarzenegger won four technical Oscars (out of its six nominations): Best Makeup, Best Sound, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Visual Effects. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Ray Harryhausen, the special-effects genius of notable films during the 50s-80s, including It Came From Beneath The Sea (1955), Jason and the Argonauts (1963), One Million Years, BC (1966), The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), and Clash of the Titans (1981) -- but who never received even a single Oscar nomination -- was awarded the Gordon E. Sawyer honorary Academy Award this year. Ridley Scott's Thelma & Louise should have been nominated for Best Picture. Coming before Jane Campion's The Piano (1993) was the New Zealand director's second feature film in this year - the un-nominated, autobiographical An Angel at My Table with Kerry Fox as novelist/poet Janet Frame. Director/writer/actor Albert Brooks' existential fantasy comedy about heaven, Defending Your Life lacked nominations, and recognition for Brooks as recently-deceased Daniel Miller on trial in the afterlife, for Meryl Streep as his love interest Julia, for Rip Torn as Daniel's reassuring defense attorney Bob Diamond, and for Lee Grant as prosecutor Lena Foster. As mentioned earlier, there was no Best Picture nod for John Singleton's Boyz N the Hood, and Laurence Fishburne was denied a nomination for his role as strict, tough-love South LA father Jason "Furious" Styles. There were also many acting performances that deserved some sort of recognition by the Academy: Wesley Snipes as the targeted, wealthy Harlem ganglord Nino Brown in director Mario Van Peebles' violent New Jack City also Wesley Snipes as married, slick black architect Flipper Purify, engaged in an inter-racial love affair with Italian-American secretary Angela (Annabella Sciorra) in writer/director Spike Lee's Jungle Fever Samuel L. Jackson as Flipper's violent, crack-addicted brother Gator Purify in the inner-city melodrama Jungle Fever Lili Taylor as aspiring but plain San Francisco folk-singer and poet named Rose (opposite River Phoenix as a young GI) in the heartbreaking Dogfight River Phoenix as Seattle narcoleptic hustler Mike Waters in Gus Van Sant's My Own Private Idaho Reese Witherspoon (in her film debut) as a 14-year old with a crush on an older boy in The Man in the Moon Steve Martin (the film's screenwriter) as wacky TV weatherman Harris K. Telemacher and Sarah Jessica Parker as liberated Valley Girl SanDeE* in Mick Jackson's L.A. Story (with no nominations) Annette Bening as sassy, slinky, and leggy B-movie starlet Virginia "Flamingo" Hill, Bugsy's hard-boiled gangster moll and namesake for his visionary casino/resort in the Nevada desert in Bugsy Anjelica Huston as Morticia Addams in Barry Sonnenfeld's The Addams Family Harvey Keitel as sympathetic police officer Hal Slocumb in Thelma & Louise Gary Oldman as presumed assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, Donald Sutherland as Mr. X, and Joe Pesci as conspirator David Ferrie in Oliver Stone's JFK (only Tommy Lee Jones was recognized for his acting performance, among the film's eight nominations) Macaulay Culkin as friendly neighbor Thomas J. Sennett to Vada Sultenfuss (Anna Chlumsky) in Howard Zieff's My Girl Mary Stuart Masterson as Alabama cafe operator Idgie Threadgoode - one character in the life stories of Jessica Tandy's Ninny in Fried Green Tomatoes Mimi Rogers as a spiritually-converted Los Angeles telephone operator in writer/director Michael Tolkin's The Rapture (with no nominations) Lili Taylor as shy waitress and aspiring folk singer Rose - chosen as River Phoenix's 'ugly date' in Nancy Savoca's Dogfight Alison Steadman as Wendy - the nurturing mother of a lower middle-class London family in British filmmaker Mike Leigh's second film Life is Sweet Timothy Dalton as screen star and Nazi spy Neville Sinclair in the comic-book spy film The Rocketeer Val Kilmer as Doors' lead singer Jim Morrison in Oliver Stone's biopic of the 60's rock group The Doors (with no nominations)	Beauty and the Beast
Which year saw the end of the Korean War, the death of Josef Stalin and the first televised Academy Awards Ceremony?	Oscar Vault Monday – Beauty and the Beast, 1991 (dir. Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise) \| the diary of a film history fanatic the diary of a film history fanatic Posted by cinemafanatic Beauty and the Beast is the first Disney movie I 100% remember watching in theaters. I was probably about five years old at the time and I loved it to death. It was also the first year I can remember watching the Academy Awards. I wanted it to win Best Picture SO BADLY. At the time, I had no idea that it was the first animated film to be nominated for the award, nor did I really understand what an honor an Academy Award was for a film. My mom had the sad job of informing me that it was most likely going to lose to The Silence of the Lambs, a film that I most definitely had not seen at the time. Now, however, it’s the only other film nominated that year that I’ve seen. I can see why it won, such strong performances, a perfect genre flick (and a history maker in itself, only one of three films ever to win Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress), but I still wanted, and to some extent, still wish that Beauty and the Beast had won the award. It was joined earlier this year by Up as an animated film competing for the top prize. Hopefully, as this awards season comes to a close, those films will be joined by Toy Story 3 (and as one of the best reviewed films of the year, it has a fighting chance of actually winning). Also nominated in 1991 were Bugsy, Jfk, The Prince of Tides and winner The Silence of the Lambs. On top of being nominated for Best Picture, the film was up for five more, bringing the total to six Academy Award nominations, winning two: Best Sound, Best Song – Belle, Best Song – Be Our Guest, Best Song – Beauty and the Beast (won) and Best Score (won). I rewatched the film yesterday in preparation to write about it and I can safely say that it has held up its charm these 19 years since I first saw it (and the many, many, many times I’ve watched it since). I still love all the characters (including the villains, that you love to hate), I still love all the songs, the animation is still breathtaking. I think it most definitely deserved its Oscar nomination for Best Picture, it just saddens me that no other animated film (and there have been a few deserving films for sure) was able to do it again until they expanded the category to ten films. I mean, I know that part of that has to do with the Best Animated Feature category the Academy created, but you know they just created it because there were so many great Pixar films coming out, that the only way they could get around not nominating them for Best Picture was to give them their own category. Looks like Pixar upped that ante by making films that transcend the animated mold. I hope they keep it up. From the very beginning of the film, you could tell Beauty and the Beast was going to be something special. I think there are a few animated films prior to and since this film’s release that are as well planned out and executed as this film is, or that have as beautiful an animation style. I always really related to Belle, being a bookish brunette myself. She’s such a strong heroine, smart and sassy and willing to sacrifice her own happiness for the good of others. The voice performance by Paige O’Hara is really wonderful and completely reinforces the character’s strong personality. I love the Beast. I love how he starts out big and mean and then later, very naturally, becomes sweet and even a bit silly. My only complaint about the character is they made the Beast so perfect, I’m almost disappointed when (SPOILER ALERT) he gets turned back into your average, run of the mill prince at the end. I’m pretty sure every time I eat eggs I think about Gaston and how he used to eat four dozen eggs so he’d grow large and now he eats five dozen so he’s roughly the size of a barge. He’s one of my favorite love-to-hate-him Disney villains. He’s just such an obnoxious jerk, but you almost feel like the writers based him on a real person, you know? My favorite musical number in the film is the Be Our Guest sequence. It is just so magical. I actually watched it twice last night because I love it so much. There’s so much going on, it boggles my mind that the animation was all drawn by hand. It also showcases Jerry Orbach as Lumière, which is perhaps my favorite voice performance in any animated film ever. His impersonation of Maurice Chevalier is so uncanny. It’s amazing. But I also love David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts. Really, this film has one of the all-time greatest voice casts in animated film history (the best in my mind being 1982’s The Last Unicorn) I can’t talk about this movie without talking about the library scene. THE. LIBRARY. SCENE. Look at that library! Can you even imagine if that was real? I just, I just want it so badly. And in terms of the plot of the film, the Beast giving this marvelous trove of books to Belle is maybe one of the sweetest gestures in all of cinema history. It was such a perfect scene. The romance that blooms between Belle and the Beast is just so beautiful (say what you will about Stockholm Syndrome or whatever). I love how natural it arises between the two of them. I also love this scene, wherein the couple (in beautifully matched outfits) dance to the tune of the theme song – Beauty and the Beast – as song by Angela Lansbury’s Mrs. Potts. I believe they used state-of-the-art computer animation during the ballroom scene, which in 1991 is noting compared to what they can do now. That being said, I think they integrated the computer animation with the hand-drawn animation seamlessly and that it still looks as magical today as it did 19 years ago. Lastly, I wanted to talk about how the ending perfectly mirrors the beginning, only it’s a happy ending as opposed to the ominous and sad beginning. I love the stained glass animation. I love the ending of this film and I’m still just as upset at 24 that it didn’t win Best Picture as I was at the age of 5. If you’re interested in purchasing the film, you can do so here . 41.487115 -120.542456	i don't know
The fashion designer John Galliano was born in which British overseas territory?	John Galliano Biography - life, family, name, school, mother, son, born, college, house - Newsmakers Cumulation John Galliano Biography John Galliano Biography Fashion designer Born Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano-Guillen in 1960 in Gibraltar, Spain. Education: Earned design degree from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, 1984. Addresses: Office —John Galliano, 60 Rue d'Avron, 75020 Paris, France. Career Galliano's 1984 design-school graduation collection, "Les Incroyables," sold to Brown's, a London retailer, in its entirety; established fashion house under his own name in London, 1984; worked with various financial backers to produce collections, 1985-95; haute couture and ready-to-wear designer at the House of Givenchy, Paris, France, 1995-96; haute couture and ready-to-wear designer at Christian Dior, Paris, 1996—; opened own shop in Bergdorf Goodman store, 1997; licensed fur line, 1998; opened shop in Saks Fifth Avenue, 2000; launched watch collection, 2001; a partial career retrospective, "John Galliano at Dior," was staged at the Design Museum of London, 2001-02. Awards: British Designer of Year award 1986, 1994, 1995; International Fashion Group, Master of Fashion, 1997; Designer of the Year, Council of Fashion of America, 1998; Commander of Order of the British Empire, 2001. John Galliano Sidelights British fashion designer John Galliano's intricate and provocative clothes, which sometimes teeter on the edge of absurd, have made him one of the leading names in an industry where very few succeed to the top echelon. Usually referred to as fashion's enfant terrible, the designer's quixotic vision, exuberant sense of style, and iconoclastic personality have earned him a devoted following among the fashionista set, especially after he took over at the House of Dior in 1996. In a lengthy New Yorker profile, journalist Michael Specter noted that some of Galliano's critics claim that "his outfits often seemed more suited to the pageantry of public relations than to profits. Yet his effect on the way women dress is almost impossible to overstate.... More than any other designer working today, Galliano is responsible for the sheer and sexually frank clothing so many women wear." Galliano emerged from a new generation of daring British designers whose visionary styles began stirring up the somewhat-moribund realm of international haute couture in the 1990s. Along with Alexander McQueen, creative director of Gucci, and Stella McCartney of Chloe, Galliano was tapped to take over one of France's more venerable design houses, Dior, in the 1990s. Before this generation, few British names had ever had any lasting impact on the French- and Italian-centric world of fashion. But Galliano has continental roots that helped shape his fabulously eccentric vision: his mother was Spanish, and he was born in Gibraltar, an overseas territory of Britain located on the coast of Spain, in 1960. The family moved to London six years later, but Galliano grew up in a household where his mother taught him to flamenco dance and regularly dressed his two sisters and him in formal outfits for Sundays and special occasions. The Gallianos were working-class, and Galliano's father was a plumber in South London, which is often mentioned in articles about the designer's swift rise in the haute-couture world. "I got so sick of seeing my father called a plumber in every article," he told Specter in the New Yorker article, just before his father passed away. "People are always talking about how I am a plumber's son. I am my father's son primarily. What he chose to do as a career was his choice and he did it very, very well." Galliano was originally drawn to languages, but at school he discovered he had a talent for drawing. His teachers suggested he apply to a fashion college, and he won a slot at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London's top design school. While there, he worked as a dresser at Britain's National Theatre, the eminent theater company in London. As a dresser, it was his job to make sure that the wardrobe worn by some of Britain's most famous thespians was perfect, but Galliano also gained a wealth of experience in the art of spectacle. "That changed my life," he said of the job in the interview with Specter. "I was a good dresser. It helped shape my view of drama, of clothing, of costume--the way people dress." As a design student, Galliano was often seized by fanciful ideas and schemes. While still in school, he began sketching images of bizarrely modern clothing based on the ideals of the French Revolution. True to form, he sketched them on period-style parchment paper and only by candlelight. When one of his teachers saw them, it was suggested that Galliano turn the sketches of quasi-androgynous gear into his graduation collection at St. Martins. He staged an elaborate spectacle that caused a London fashion-world sensation in 1984. Harper's Bazaar writer Colin McDowell was an instructor at the school at the time, and recalled "there was hysteria behind the scenes, with students in tears begging to model for him, and members of the audience, who had already heard the buzz, becoming increasingly excited in anticipation." Galliano sold the entire collection to the one London retailer, Brown's, that offered forward-minded fashion at the time. "I had to literally wheel my collection up the street to their shop," he said in the New Yorker interview. "I couldn't even afford to put the clothes in a cab. And they put one of the coats in the window and it was bought by Diana Ross." Galliano went into business for himself that first year, but struggled financially for the next decade. His clothes remained exuberantly bizarre, often deploying arcane period detail. He liked to visit design museums to examine eighteenth-century frock coats to learn forgotten tailoring secrets, and his collections were staged with increasing theatricality. One 1985 show had a model coming down the runway waving a dead mackerel at the fashion buyers and journalists in the audience. Galliano was recognized as the British Designer of Year in 1986, but the Danish financial backer he had been working with cut him loose that same year. He quickly found another, Aguecheek, which was a company that owned some of London's priciest designer boutiques. "My next collection will be much more disciplined—it has to be," he told WWD journalist James Fallon when Aguecheek agreed to produce his spring 1987 collection. But a year later, Galliano seemed back to his retro-quirk. A WWD report on the spring 1988 fashion collections in London described the novelties in his show as "high waists throughout, some over the bust; skirts that are long in front, short in back," and accessories that included "shoulder-length gloves, Twenties-style button-front shoes [and] snoods." In 1990, Galliano took a leap of faith and moved to Paris. He struggled financially there, too, especially after Aguecheek severed its ties with him. After presenting collections only intermittently for a few years, he was living in reduced circumstances at his tiny atelier. He was known among the fashion-editrix and stylesetter set for his gorgeous and eccentric designs, but was thought to be too outré for the commercial world. That changed when Galliano was befriended by the creative director for the American edition of Vogue, Andre Leon Talley. After Talley convinced Vogue editor Anna Wintour to give Galliano's newest designs a look, it was decided that Galliano needed to stage a show for the fall 1994 Paris collections to secure some serious financial backing. He had no money to put on a show, but Talley asked Paris socialite Saõ Schlumberger to lend her house, and Galliano filled it with thousands of dead leaves and pumped in dry ice. A roster of top models of the day worked for free, and wore Galliano items cut from the sole bolt of fabric he could afford to buy: black satin-backed crepe, which had a shiny side and matte one. The show was a sensation, and brought Galliano another British Designer of Year award. He showed an expanded line at Bergdorf Goodman that same year for his American retail debut, but the true turning point was around the corner: in July of 1995, he was announced as the next haute couture and ready-to-wear designer for Givenchy. The classic French house dated back to 1952 and was indelibly associated with actress Audrey Hepburn, the muse of designer Hubert de Givenchy, but in recent years the clothes had lacked excitement and de Givenchy announced he would retire. The parent company, French luxury-goods conglomerate Louis Vuitton-Moët-Hennessy (LVMH), launched a search to replace de Givenchy, and stunned the fashion world by installing Galliano in the post. He became the first British designer to head a French design house since Charles Frederick Worth dressed the Empress Eugenie and France's wealthiest women in the 1850s. Galliano admitted it caused a bit of a stir. "Understandably, some of the ladies were very loyal to Monsieur de Givenchy," he told WWD writers Janet Ozzard and Katherine Weisman. "But we had a lovely tea party for some of them recently, and it was great. I got to talk to them and find out what their needs are, what they want, and they got to meet me." He also asserted he conducted his own method of market research. He began getting pedicures, complete with polish. "I went down to Revlon and lay on the table next to Mrs. So-and-So and had the whole treatment," he said in the same WWD interview. "I mean, if you're going to get to know your customer, you have to know what she does. So I went through all that." Some media sources made much of Galliano's startling rise, and often invoked the "son of a plumber" phrase. Adding to that, Galliano was known as exuberantly, famously eccentric, often sporting long dreadlocks, a pencil mustache, and a roster of ever-changing get-ups that usually featured somewhat of a pirate theme. After a year on the job, Galliano's star rose even further at LVMH when he was named head of Christian Dior, assuredly the most prestigious and vital property in the LVMH stable. Now Galliano had the financial wherewithal to give his creative vision free rein, and LVMH chair Bernard Arnault seemed to let him do as he pleased. His Dior debut at the Paris haute-couture shows was famous for its train-station setting and the models alighting off an antique steam engine that came thundering down the track. Other Dior shows under Galliano featured models dressed as nuns but also sporting fetish wear, or a theme centered around the idea of Russian aristocrats escaping the 1917 revolution. Critics seemed flummoxed at times to translate Galliano's ideas onto the page and distill what was important and new, but the clothes won their own fans and the Dior name enjoyed an impressive renaissance. The line was suddenly new, sexy, and hip, with its clothes fitting much closer to the body, which Galliano has said he worked diligently to convince its esteemed stable of fitters and seamstresses to do when he took over. Though his runway ideas were sometimes outrageous, in the end they trickled down to the mainstream, and Galliano is credited with bringing dirty denim, camouflage, and even the slip dress to the masses. Although those priciest haute-couture concoctions remained the province of the immensely wealthy, the more accessible Dior ready-to-wear began to thrive. His dresses became the favorite of trendsetting celebrities, from singer Gwen Stefani to actress Nicole Kidman, and between 1997 and 2001, Dior sales doubled to $312 million. In 2004, he was named to Time magazine's 100 list of world trendsetters and visionaries, and while writer Kate Betts hailed him as an immense creative force, she claimed the larger significance of what he introduced was nothing less than "the very proportions of our clothes, cutting dresses and jackets on the bias—against the grain of the fabric—so that they spiral around the body and give women a sinuous, sexier shape." Galliano still makes his own John Galliano line, and opened an expectedly grandiose retail space in Paris on the Rue Saint-Honore in 2003. He lives in the Marais district of Paris, and adheres to a strenuous fitness regime to keep him toned for the sometimes shirtless catwalk struts he likes to take after presenting his collections. His outrageous costumes are a drastic departure from the well-cut suits of Monsieur Dior, who died in 1957 after revolutionizing women's fashion in a mere decade of innovation. "I don't think if Mr. Dior were here today he'd still be doing what he did back then, redoing things from yesteryear," Galliano told W 's Miles Socha in 2002. "Don't forget, he was the first designer to set the standard for the modern fashion show. He was the first to license, the first to look to the United States for sales. He was a leader, and I think the house of Dior should continue to be." Sources Contemporary Fashion, second ed., St. James Press, 2002. Periodicals Harper's Bazaar, March 2004, p. 304. New Yorker, September 22, 2003, p. 161. New York Times, October 11, 2000, p. B11; January 20, 2004, p. B8. Time, April 26, 2004, p. 88. W, April 2002, p. 210. WWD, July 1, 1986, p. 6; October 12, 1987, p. 8; September 9, 1996, p. 8. —Carol Brennan Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: Name:	Gibraltar
Which year saw the resignation of John Profumo, the Great Train Robbery and the assassination of John F. Kennedy?	Kim Kardashian: How do Armenians feel about her fame? - BBC News BBC News Kim Kardashian: How do Armenians feel about her fame? By Vanessa Barford BBC News Magazine 8 January 2013 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Kim Kardashian is one of the world's most famous reality TV stars. The 32-year-old is of Armenian descent. So how do Armenians feel about her fame? Kim Kardashian is a household name in the UK and the US, best known for reality shows and a leaked sex tape. Her recent pregnancy announcement was front page news. Newspapers and news websites like the BBC, Washington Post and Le Figaro reported the event. On sites like Mail Online, TMZ and E Online barely a day goes by without Kardashian featuring. There are many people who follow each twist and turn of her life. There are many more who are either indifferent or are actively hostile to hearing about her activities, regarding her as a sad sign of the times, a reality TV star obsessed with fame. But for some it's impossible not to read her surname and think of her Armenian heritage. Kardashian is distinctively Armenian. The model's father, paternal grandparents and paternal great grandparents were all of Armenian descent. Why is she famous? Socialite Kim Kardashian gained notoriety after leaking of sex tape of her and ex-boyfriend; now star of reality show Keeping Up With The Kardashians Married basketball player Kris Humphries in 2011 in televised ceremony but filed for divorce after 72 days; now going out with rapper Kanye West (pictured), by whom she is pregnant On her fame: "A bear can juggle and stand on a ball and he's talented, but he's not famous. Do you know what I mean?" The Guardian interviews Kim Kardashian So how do people in Armenia - a country with a population of only three million - reading about someone who is one of the world's best-known ethnic Armenians, feel about her fame? Photos of Kim Kardashian are splashed across the front pages of magazines and adorn billboards, the walls of car washes and car parks in Yerevan, the country's capital, according to BBC monitoring journalist Armen Shahbazian, who was based in Armenia between 2007 and 2011. But he says that doesn't mean the nation loves her. "Kim is an Armenian and famous in the world, so this is enough for every Armenian to be proud of Kim. But because of cultural and traditional issues, they do not want to accept that she is an Armenian," he says. Stories about Kardashian are frequently a topic for comedy programmes, he says. "They always compare the Armenian French singer Charles Aznavour, who they are proud of, with Kim Kardashian, who is seen in a more negative light. They don't want her to present their country," he says. Her "open sexual life and video tapes" are the sticking point, he says. Essentially, many Armenians do not want people all over the world to think that all Armenians are like Kim Kardashian. He says there is also a generational divide. She is often seen as "respectable" by those who are in showbusiness, and by the younger generation, who are not as attached to old traditions. But the majority, those who were educated before about 1990, are less enamoured, Shahbazian says. Lucy Harutiunyan, a 22-year-old public relations officer at Armenian and English newspaper Noyan Tapan, in Yerevan, agrees age has a bearing. Famous Armenians Sports stars: Tennis players David Nalbandian and Andre Agassi are of Armenian descent, as is former French international footballer Youri Djorkaeff Entertainers: Singer/actor Cher (Cherilyn Sarkisian) is the daughter of an Armenian trucker; French singer Charles Aznavour had Armenian parents; the rock band System of a Down are all Armenian-Americans Business: The father of US tycoon Kirk Kerkorian - reportedly Los Angeles's richest man - was Armenian; Luther George Simjian (1905-97), inventor of an early cash machine, was an Armenian immigrant to the US "People who have conservative opinions, which tends to be elders, will judge her. But people who are forward thinking are all proud of her. "Girls see her as a fashion icon, guys think she's really hot. We love her because she is Armenian and she represents the nation," she says. However Harutiunyan agrees Kardashian's life is not like that of ordinary Armenian women. "She does what she likes, and dates who she likes. Armenian do date, but mostly guys that they are going to marry, and don't have sex before marriage," she says. But then, Kardashian is hardly your typical American or British woman, points out Dr Armine Ishkanian, a lecturer in social policy and an expert in Armenian studies at LSE. And just because some Armenians - both in Armenia and the further seven to eight million Armenians in the diaspora - are proud of her, it doesn't necessarily mean they all want to be like her, she says. But many admire the way she has used her celebrity status to speak out about issues Armenians care about, such as the killing of Armenians under Turkish rule in WWI, Ishkanian argues. Last year, Kardashian tweeted: "Today lets all stand together & remember the 1.5 million people who were massacred in the Armenian Genocide." Hundreds of thousands of Armenians died in 1915 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Armenians have campaigned for the killings to be recognised internationally as genocide - and some countries have done so. Turkey admits that many Armenians were killed but it denies any genocide, saying the deaths happened during widespread fighting in WWI. Kardashian was quick to explain when photos from a shoot appeared on Cosmopolitan magazine's Turkey edition in the same month as Genocide Remembrance Day. She has also spoken about the current plight of the Syrian Armenian community. The Armenian genocide dispute The defining point in modern Armenian history remains the mass killing of Armenians under Turkish rule in 1915 (memorial in Armenian capital, Yerevan, pictured). Armenia says that 1.5m people were murdered in what they say was an act of genocide. This view is supported by more than 20 countries, including France, which has passed a bill outlawing denial of the atrocity. The UK, US and Israel are among those that use different terminology to describe the events. Turkey fiercely resists calls to recognise the killings as genocide. It disputes the scale of the killings - putting the figure at about 300,000. It also denies there was any systematic attempt to exterminate the Armenian people, and has prosecuted writers - including Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk - who have drawn attention to the massacre. Armenia profile "Of course it would be good if there were also other high-profile Armenians in the US and UK who were as widely recognised for their achievements as Kim is recognised for her celebrity," says Ishkanian. "But in today's celebrity - obsessed and tabloid driven culture, people are much more interested in and fascinated by reality TV stars than doctors, scientists, artists and classical musicians. I don't think this is an Armenian phenomenon - it is a global one," she says. Of course Kim Kardashian is not the only global celebrity to spark mixed feelings in a small country that could lay claim to them. Hundreds of years ago it was emperors or explorers that put villages, towns or countries on the map. Now it is more likely to be an actress or a musician, a politician or a sports star. Gibraltar-born fashion designer John Galliano is one of the tiny British overseas territory's biggest names. But his reputation was tarnished by a conviction for making anti-Semitic remarks in a Paris bar. Former US vice president Dan Quayle was a notable person of Manx descent - the name Quayle originates in the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born. But he was internationally ridiculed when it appeared he could not spell the word "potato". Of course now the Manx have cycling superstar Mark Cavendish. And for Armenians who don't like reality stars, they can always look to Levon Aronian. He's the world's third-best chess player. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook	i don't know
Which fashion designer, known for his space age designs, introduced the 'bubble dress' in 1954?	1000+ images about Pierre Cardin - Fashion Designer on Pinterest \| Wool, Wool suit and Pierre cardin Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Pierre Cardin - Fashion Designer Born Pietro Cardin, Pierre Cardin is an Italian-born French fashion designer who was born on July 2, 1922, at San Biagio di Callalta near Treviso. Cardin is known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. He prefers geometric shapes and motifs, often ignoring the female form. He advanced into unisex fashions, sometimes experimental, and not always practical. He introduced the "bubble dress" in 1954. 258 Pins1.44k Followers	Pierre Cardin
Released in 1995, which was the first fully computer- animated feature film?	Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks - The Antique Jewellery Company Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks Modern (1960s onwards) Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks Modern (1960s onwards) № 670E A good stylish pair of 18ct gold cufflinks by Pierre Cardin. Pierre Cardin (born 1922) is an Italian-born French fashion designer known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. He prefers geometric shapes and motifs, often ignoring the female form. He advanced into unisex fashions, sometimes experimental, and not always practical. He introduced the “bubble dress” in 1954. His jewellery reflects this style. Want to save for later? Print out this item £675 – UK next working day before 1pm – Europe 3-5 working days 'No-Quibble' Returns If you don't like your item, return it to us within 14 days for a full-money refund Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks £675Modern (1960s onwards)№ 670E Please use the form on the right to enquire about this item. Alternatively you can call us directly on +44 (0)20 7206 2477 or email us at [email protected] . Want to reserve this item? Any item may be reserved for up to 72 hours. For longer, let us know and we will try to accommodate your needs. Reserving an item does not occur automatically so there may be a short delay while we recieve your request. Want to view this item in person? You can arrange an appointment at our central London shop by filling in this form . Want to see a video of this item? You can Skype video call us now by clicking here . Ready to buy? To purchase this item click Add to Basket. When you are happy, click Shopping Bag in the top right of the screen and follow our simple and secure checkout. Alternatively you can call us directly on +44 (0)20 7206 2477 to process the payment manually. Re. Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks Your Name* This iframe contains the logic required to handle AJAX powered Gravity Forms. Pierre Cardin 18ct Gold Cufflinks £675Modern (1960s onwards)№ 670E London W1K 5LP View on map Our shop is situated in the world-famous Grays Antiques Centre , home to one of the world’s largest and most diverse collections of fine antiques, jewellery, and vintage fashion. Opening Times: Saturday, 11.00am – 5.00pm Sunday, Closed We are the shop at the bottom of the main stairs to the left, with 'The Antique Jewellery Company' on its fascia To request a viewing please fill in the form below: Re. 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We will mark your purchases as 'antiques' to ensure this is the case. You may be liable to pay local taxes on imported goods. Usually your country will have a website or customs office providing you with the relevant rates. Otherwise get in touch with us and we are happy to look into it for you. Further partial restrictions on importation of items such as ours exist in specific countries. Please contact us to make sure your country does not fit into this bracket. We are unable to ship to the following places: Africa, Brazil, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Israel, Lithuania, Pakistan, Republic of Georgia, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, and have limited shipping to Singapore and UAE Returns At The AJC we stand behind every item we sell with a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee and hope that your jewellery purchase exceeds your expectations. However, if you are not entirely satisfied with your purchase, we offer a no-quibble full money-back guarantee on all purchases. We will accept returned goods for a refund under the following conditions: Please email or telephone us within 14 days of receipt of the item/s to let us know of your intention to return the item Please return the item/s to us within another 48 hours via a secure and insured service, at your expense Items must be returned in the same condition as they were received by you - damaged, broken or altered items will not be accepted for a refund We will refund the full purchase price of the item/s within 48 hours of receiving the item The refund will be in the same form as the original payment. If paid via credit card, please allow a few days once the refund is processed to show on your statement, depending on your issuing bank Please make sure you get in touch with us before returning any purchase For further information on our Returns Policy please read our Terms and Conditions The AJC Guarantee	i don't know
What is the name of the central character, a Harvard professor of religious iconology and symbology, in Dan Brown's novels 'Angels And Demons' and 'The Da Vinci Code'?	Robert Langdon (Character) - Biography biography The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers. Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Character Biography History Discuss Robert Langdon (June 22, 1964 in Exeter, New Hampshire, United States) is a fictional professor of religious iconology and symbology at Harvard University who appeared in the Dan Brown novels Angels & Demons (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2003), The Lost Symbol (2009), and Inferno (2013). Tom Hanks portrayed Robert Langdon in the 2006 film adaptation of The Da Vinci Code, reprised the role in the 2009 film adaptation of Angels & Demons, and will play the role again in the 2016 film adaptation of Inferno. Little background detail is given by Brown about Robert Langdon. In The Da Vinci Code, he is described as looking like "Harrison Ford in Harris tweed". He was a diver at Phillips Exeter in prep school and played water polo collegiately as well. He suffers from claustrophobia, the fear of enclosed spaces. In the film adaptation of The Da Vinci Code, Professor Langdon has nearly an eidetic memory and phenomenal problem-solving talents. Robert Langdon was named after John Langdon, a professor of typography at Drexel University who is known for his creation of ambigrams, typographical designs that can be read in multiple ways; for example, both right side up and upside down. An example of Langdons ambigrams appeared on the cover of the first edition of Browns novel Angels & Demons. On the acknowledgments page, Brown calls Langdon one of the most ingenious and gifted artists alive who rose brilliantly to my impossible challenge and created the ambigrams for this novel. John Langdon also created the logo for the Depository Bank of Zurich, which appears in The Da Vinci Code film. Angels and Demons: Robert Langdon is called to CERN headquarters in Switzerland to find out about the religious symbological implications of the death of CERN's finest and most well known scientist, Leonardo Vetra. When he starts to investigate the murder, his obsession for the subject history comes into play. Langdon is later joined in the investigation by Vittoria Vetra (Leonardo's daughter) and they start their journey to the Vatican to unlock the mystery behind the Illuminati, an anti-Christian secret society which, according to the plot, has deeply infiltrated many global institutions, political, economical and religious. Langdon and Vetra solve the mystery of the Illuminati by following the Path of Illumination and in so doing to explain the disappearances of four Cardinals during a papal conclave, the murder of Leonardo Vetra, and the theft of antimatter (a weapon that can be used for mass destruction). At the end of the novel Langdon ends up having a relationship with Vittoria Vetra. This relationship, however, is only mentioned briefly in the Da Vinci Code, mentioning the fact that Langdon had recently felt as though he was drifting apart from Vittoria. In the last few sentences of Angels and Demons, Vittoria Vetra asks him if he has ever had a divine experience. When he replies in the negative, Vittoria strips and quips, "You've never been to bed with a yoga master, have you?" Their relationship, however, is only referred to in The Da Vinci Code, mentioning the fact that Langdon had last seen Vittoria a year previously. The Da Vinci Code: Langdon is in Paris to give a lecture on his work. Having made an appointment to meet with Jacques Sauniï¿½re, the curator of the Louvre, he is startled to find the French police at his hotel room door. They inform him that Sauniï¿½re has been murdered and they would like his immediate assistance at the Louvre to help them solve the crime. Unknown to Langdon, he is in fact the prime suspect in the murder and has been summoned to the scene of the crime so that the police may extract a confession from him. While he is in the Louvre, he meets Sophie Neveu, a young cryptologist from the DCPJ. When Langdon and Sophie get the chance to talk in private, he finds out that Jacques Sauniï¿½re is her grandfather. Sauniï¿½re instructs Sophie to 'find Robert Langdon', according to the message he left for her in the floor. Hence, Sophie believes he is innocent of her grandfather's murder. He spends the rest of the novel dodging the police and trying to solve the mystery of an ancient secret society, the Priory of Sion, which was once headed by Leonardo da Vinci. At the end of the novel, Langdon uncovers the mystery behind Mary Magdalene and the Holy Grail also called Sangreal, derived from either the Spanish "San Greal" (the Holy Grail), or the French "Sang real"(royal blood). He also seems to fall in love with Sophie Neveu at the end of the book, his "love of bachelorhood (having been) severely shook up". The Lost Symbol: Langdon has an adventure with the concepts of Freemasonry in Washington D.C. Tricked into visiting the nation's Capitol, Robert Langdon spends twelve hours racing through the monuments and buildings of the USA's forefathers, searching for the truth about the secret society of the Masons. Behind new doors lie secrets that promise to change the way people view science and politics, now threatened by Zachary Solomon, the renegade, estranged son of Robert Langdon's friend, Peter Solomon, who has himself been kidnapped by Zachary, now going by the name Mal'akh. Robert Langdon is the last line of defense. With help from Katherine Solomon (Peter's younger sister), Warren Bellamy (the Architect of the Capitol) and Inoue Sato (the director of the CIA). Inferno: Langdon wakes up in an Italian hospital with no memory of the events that led him to be in Italy. Soon he realizes that someone is trying to kill him. Langdon travels to Florence, Venice, and Istanbul with Doctor Sienna Brooks to prevent a biological attack in the form of a new strain of the Bubonic plague that is sought by a rogue former member of a shadowy consulting group called The Consortium. In the course of this, Langdon must decipher clues employing allusions to the works of Sandro Botticelli and Dante Alighieri, the writer of The Divine Comedy, and, more importantly, Dante's Inferno. Page last updated by Zuko-Halliwell , 10 months ago	Robert Langdon
Who was the Commander of the Luftwaffe who avoided execution by committing suicide by cyanide ingestion the night before he was due to be hanged in October 1946?	SparkNotes: The Da Vinci Code: Character List The Da Vinci Code Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Manuel Aringarosa - Bishop of Opus Dei. Aringarosa is conservative in his religious views and longs for the Church to return to strict ways. He has affection for material things that represent the power of his order. He is kind to Silas. Sister Sandrine Bieil - Nun and keeper of the Church of Saint-Sulpice. She favors loosening of church strictures and modernizing of the church, and she objects to Opus Dei’s attitude toward women. She is murdered by Silas while acting as a sentry for the Priory of Sion. Marie Chauvel - Sophie’s grandmother and Saunière’s wife. A kind and smart woman, Mary Chauvel is part of the Priory’s plan to keep the secret. She is a descendent of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Jerome Collet - An agent with the French Judicial Police. In some ways the classic bumbling police officer, Collet commits numerous errors during the pursuit of Sophie and Langdon. His missteps contrast with Fache’s efficiency. He believes in Sophie’s innocence, however, and proves himself to Fache in the end. Simon Edwards - The executive services officer of Biggin Hill Airport south of London. Edwards is accustomed to fulfilling the every desire of the very rich, as the airport serves the private business community. Bezu Fache - The captain of the French Judicial Police. Nicknamed “the Bull,” Fache is strong, strong-willed, and religious. He has great faith in the use of technology in his work, which sometimes leads him down the wrong road. Fache’s policing methods are a bit unorthodox, but he is good at heart. The name Fache is very similar to fâché, which is French for “angry.” Jonas Faukman - Langdon’s editor. He is a classic New York publishing type. Faukman is eager to make money, but he is also a cultured and classy man. Pamela Gettum - The religious librarian at Kings College. A kindly soul, Gettum is willing to help Sophie and Langdon in their search. Claude Grouard - A security warden at the Louvre. Grouard is a good man who was a friend of Saunière’s. Robert Langdon - The male protagonist of the novel. Langdon, a professor of symbology at Harvard, is honest and trustworthy. He is also an extremely successful academic and the author of several books. Although he studies religion, Langdon does not profess any particular religion and prefers to remain an outside observer in matters of faith. He, like Sophie, has a great affection for puzzles of all kinds. Read an in-depth analysis of Robert Langdon. Rémy Legaludec - Manservant to Leigh Teabing and participant in the plot to recover the Grail. Rémy is a mercenary who gets involved in the plot only for the money. Sophie Neveu - A cryptologist with the French Judicial Police, and the female protagonist of the novel. Sophie, who is about thirty years old, is attractive, single, compassionate, and very intelligent. She was raised by her grandfather after her parents, brother, and grandmother died in a car accident, and her grandfather instilled in her a love of puzzles and codes. In her twenties, Sophie trained in Britain in cryptology. In the novel, she is one of the major players who attempt to crack her grandfather’s code. She is also a descendent of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Read an in-depth analysis of Sophie Neveu. Jacques Saunière - The curator at the Louvre, and Sophie’s grandfather. His murder sets off the chain of events that takes place in the novel. Saunière’s scholarly passions include Leonardo Da Vinci, goddess iconography, and puzzles. He is also secretly the head of the Priory of Sion, the secret brotherhood charged with protecting the Grail, and a descendent of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Silas - A monk of Opus Dei, and the murderer of Jacques Saunière. Silas, an albino, is motivated by the rejection and horror he has faced since he was young. When he falls into the orbit of Bishop Aringarosa, he finds religion and devotes himself to the strict Catholic ways of Opus Dei. He is obsessed with self-punishment and celibacy, and his goal in life is to aid the Bishop and Opus Dei. Leigh Teabing - An historian and the antagonist of the novel. Sir Leigh Teabing is a knight, a Royal Historian, and an extremely wealthy man. He is crippled from polio and is not married. The Holy Grail has been his one passion for years, and the search for the Truth, which he believes to be present in the Grail, obsesses him. Eventually, his need to know turns him into a murderer. He creates an alter ego, the Teacher, who carries out his evil plot.	i don't know
What is the name of the capital and largest city in Brunei?	Bandar Seri Begawan, capital city of Brunei All... Bandar Seri Begawan, capital city of Brunei Many visitors come to Bandar Seri Begawan expecting an extravagant mini-Dubai, but the capital city of Brunei is actually quite unassuming. The country's oil riches are certainly evident in many buildings, like the shopping malls and mosques, but outright ostentation is hard to find. The flashiness of the nouveau-riche plays out more in the suburbs, leaving the city quiet, peaceful and quite serene. The most opulent building in the city and perhaps the whole country is the Jame'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque. It is the largest mosque in Brunei and considered one of the region's most grand monuments to Islam. The edifice is certainly stunning, but the interior is downright jaw-dropping. Built in 1992 for the 25th anniversary of the current sultan's reign, the sheer size of the interior is awe-inspiring. Seemingly every inch is covered with artistic details that show the creator's devotion to the faith. The surrounding gardens are equally beautiful, and the whole complex is truly dazzling. In a close second place for most extravagant building comes the Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque. Considerably smaller than the Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque but only slightly less decadent, this mosque was built in 1958 in its own artificial lagoon. It is the tallest building in the central stretch of the capital, and the call to prayer echoes from there throughout the city at dawn and dusk. These and most of the other extravagant buildings in Brunei were built with oil riches. The Oil and Gas Gallery is dedicated to the state's major industry, and interactive exhibits teach visitors about the origins of the country's oil and the process of getting it from the ground to the gas pump. The Brunei Museum expands on the country's oil history and also contains a wonderful Islamic art gallery. Illuminated copies of the Koran are the most interesting part of the museum, but there is also an incredible small-scale model of the Dome of the Rock made from abalone shell and mother of pearl. Behind the Brunei Museum lies the Malay Technology Museum. The small but thought-provoking space features full-size replicas of traditional stilt houses, an exhibit detailing the evolution of village architecture over the last two centuries and a collection of handicrafts and fishing tools made by the people who live in the water villages throughout the country. The sultanate retains a close relationship with Queen Elizabetth II, and the history of the British in Brunei is chronicled at the Twelve Roofs House. British High Commissioners called the residence home for decades before Brunei gained independence in 1984. The nearby Royal Regalia Museum celebrates the sultan and all of Bruneian royalty's trappings. If you missed the sultan's coronation day parade in 1967, no worries -- the museum recreates the entire spectacle for visitors in its huge ground-floor gallery. Nearly all the floats from the parade are on display, and the sultan's own gilded royal cart greets visitors as soon as they pass through the doors. Bandar Seri Begawan is a relatively calm city that lacks the hustle and bustle of other capitals, and the Taman Perangina Tasek is the most serene place in town. The sprawling green zone is dotted with picnic tables, fountains and waterfalls, and the peaceful walking trails take visitors past freshwater swimming holes and lush trees that provide a home to proboscis monkeys. Bandar Seri Begawan Geographical Location Bandar Seri Begawan is located in the northeast of Brunei on the northern bank of the Brunei River. With a population of 280,000 people, Bandar Seri Begawan is the largest city in Brunei. Bandar Seri Begawan Language Malay is the official language of Brunei with English and Chinese being the most common foreign languages. Bandar Seri Begawan Predominant Religion 67% Muslim	Bandar Seri Begawan
Who had a number one hit in June 2010 with 'Dirtee Disco'?	Brunei - Country Profile - Negara Brunei Darussalam - Nations Online Project Flag of Brunei Location map of Brunei A virtual guide to Brunei, a small oil-rich sultanate along the northern coast of the island of Borneo, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia . Brunei consists of two non-contiguous parts divided by a portion of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The country shares maritime borders with China and Malaysia. Brunei has claimed a continental shelf/exclusive economic zone stretching 200 nautical miles from its coast, which extends Brunei territorial waters deep into the middle of the South China Sea. Brunei occupies an area of of 5,765 km², the country is slightly larger than twice the size of Luxembourg , or slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Delaware . The country has a population of of 417,200 people (in 2015). National capital is Bandar Seri Begawan . Spoken languages are Bahasa Melayu (Malay, official), English, Chinese and native languages of Borneo. In 2014 Brunei became the first East Asian country to adopt strict Islamic sharia law. Get an overview of Brunei's art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and its government. Ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, other indigenous groups. Religion: Islam. Languages : Malay, English, Chinese; Iban and other indigenous dialects. Literacy: 94.7%. Natural resources: Oil and natural gas. Agriculture products: Rice, vegetables, fruits; livestock, forestry, fish. Industries: Petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction. Exports - commodities: mineral fuels, organic chemicals Exports partners: Japan 35.9%, South Korea 14.8%, Thailand 10.8%, India 9.8%, NZ 5.6%, Australia 5% (2015) Imports - commodities: machinery and mechanical appliance parts, mineral fuels, motor vehicles, electric machinery Imports partners: Singapore 27.9%, China 25.3%, Malaysia 12.4%, UK 10.6%, South Korea 4.9% (2015) Currency: Bruneian Dollar (BND) More Brunei key statistical data. Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites of Brunei	i don't know
'Operation Anthropoid' was the codename given to the successful plot to assassinate which senior Nazi?	Operation Anthropoid - Assassination of R.Heydrich, Prague, Czech Republic - World War II Sites on Waymarking.com you are not logged in. [log in] Operation Anthropoid - Assassination of R.Heydrich, Prague, Czech Republic - World War II Sites on Waymarking.com Welcome to Waymarking.com! We hope you've been able to find what you are looking for. We would also like to encourage you to take some time to browse some of the other aspects of our site. We recommend viewing our featured waymarks , or perhaps the newest waymarks . You can also create a free membership to track your progress online and share your locations with others. Click here to view the complete waymark directory N 50° 07.078 E 014° 27.898 33U E 461749 N 5551884 Quick Description: Bend where in 1942 happend assassination of SSman Reinhard Heydrich. At coordinates you can find information board. Location: Czech Republic Date Posted: 5/28/2009 10:01:05 AM Waymark Code: WM6FZW .KML File (Google Earth) Long Description: Operation Anthropoid was the code name for the assassination of top German leader Reinhard Heydrich. He was the chief of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA), the acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, and a chief planner of the Final Solution, the Nazi programme for the genocide of the Jews of Europe. Heydrich had been the chief of the RSHA since 1939. This was an organisation that included the Secret Police (Gestapo), the Security Agency (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD), the Criminal Police (Kripo) -- and, in 1942, the President of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). Heydrich was a key planner in eliminating Hitler’s opponents, as well as (later) the key planner of the genocide of the Jews. He was involved in most of Hitler’s intrigues and a valued political ally, adviser, and friend of the dictator. Due to his abilities and power, Heydrich was feared by almost all German generals. In September 1941, Heydrich was appointed acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, replacing Konstantin von Neurath, whom Hitler considered too moderate. During his role as de facto dictator of Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich often drove with his chauffeur in a car with an open roof. This was a show of confidence in the occupation forces and the effectiveness of their repressive measures against the local population. Due to his cruelty, Heydrich was nicknamed the Butcher of Prague, the Blond Beast, and the Hangman. Strategic context Nazi zenith 1941–42 By late 1941, Hitler controlled almost all continental Europe, and German forces were approaching Moscow. The Allies deemed Soviet capitulation likely. The exiled government of Czechoslovakia, under President Edvard Beneš, was under pressure from British intelligence, as there had been very little visible resistance in the Czech lands since the German occupation began by the occupation of the Sudet regions of the country in 1938 (occupation of whole country began in 1939). The takeover of these regions that was enforced by the Munich Agreement and the subsequent terror of the German Reich broke the will of the Czechoslovaks for a period. The Czech lands were producing significant military materiel for the Third Reich. The exiled government felt it had to do something that would inspire the Czechs, as well as show the world the Czechs were allies. The status of Reinhard Heydrich as the Protector of Bohemia and Moravia as well as his reputation for terrorizing local citizens led to him being chosen over Karl Hermann Frank as an assassination target. The assassination was also meant to prove to the Nazis that they were not untouchable. Operation Planning The operation was given the codename ANTHROPOID. With the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), preparation began on 20 October 1941. Warrant Officer Josef Gabcík and Staff Sergeant Karel Svoboda were chosen to carry out the assassination on 28 October 1941 (Czechoslovakia's Independence Day). Svoboda was replaced with Jan Kubiš after a head injury during training, causing delays in the mission, as Kubiš had not completed training nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. Insertion Jozef Gabcík and Jan Kubiš of ANTHROPOID were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 2200 hours on December 28, 1941. Gabcík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation. The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Gabcík and Kubiš initially planned to assassinate Heydrich on a train, but after exploration they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to assassinate him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka, (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to assassinate Heydrich in Prague. Assassination The car in which Heydrich was mortally wounded showing the upholstery fibers credited for causing his death by septicemia. The restored car in which Heydrich was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On May 27, 1942 at 10:30 AM, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commuting journey from his home in Panenské Brežany to Prague Castle. Gabcík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop in the curve near Bulovka hospital. Valcik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabcík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes-Benz neared the pair, Gabcík stepped in front of the vehicle, trying to open fire, but his Sten gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabcík, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade at the vehicle, and its fragments ripped through the car’s right fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel. Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, got out of the car, returned fire, and tried to chase Gabcík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, and Heydrich ordered him to chase Gabcík. Klein was shot twice by Gabcík (who was now using his revolver) and wounded in the pursuit. The assassins were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Heydrich died 8 days later from septicemia (blood poisoning) caused by shrapnel from either the bomb or the car which embedded, along with horsehair and hair from the car upholstery, in his spleen after breaking his eleventh rib and puncturing his stomach lining. Conspiracy theories Heinrich Himmler, Heydrich’s direct superior, took it upon himself to see to the welfare of his subordinate. No Czech or Wehrmacht doctors were allowed to operate on Heydrich — rather, Himmler sent his personal physicians to conduct the surgery themselves. On June 4, Heydrich succumbed to what Himmler’s physicians described as septicemia. Their theory was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection that their medicine could not fight. In light of the rumours that Heydrich was the one man of whom Himmler was both jealous and truly afraid, the validity of this diagnosis, and the intentions of Himmler’s doctors, have been open to much speculation.[who?] According to "A Higher Form of Killing" by Harris and Paxman, Reinhard Heydrich died from botulism. This was attributed to BTX botulinum toxin that was placed in the Type 73 Hand Anti-Armor grenades used in the attack. The story originated with comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. No hard evidence to support this allegation has come to light. However, the records of MI6 and Porton Down for the period have remained sealed. Consequences Reprisals Hitler ordered the SS and Gestapo to “wade in blood” throughout Bohemia to find Heydrich’s killers. Hitler wanted to start with brutal, widespread killing of the Czech people but, after consultations, he reduced his response to only some thousands. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region. More than 13,000 people were ultimately arrested, including the girlfriend of Jan Kubiš, Anna Malinová, who died in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Lidice Main article: Lidice The most notorious incident was in the village of Lidice, which was destroyed on June 9, 1942: 199 male residents were executed, 95 children taken, 8 of which were taken for adoption by German families, and 195 women arrested. The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile or else was deemed an acceptable cost to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader Winston Churchill, infuriated, suggested leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. The Allies instead stopped planning operations to assassinate top Nazis for fear of reprisals. Two years after Heydrich was killed, however, they planned one more attempt, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but failed to obtain approval. Operation Anthropoid remains the only assassination of a top-ranking Nazi, although the Polish underground successfully assassinted two senior SS officers in the Generalgouvernment (occupied Poland). Attempted capture of the assassins Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. The attackers initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Orthodox church dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Gestapo could not find the assassins until Karel Curda (of the group Out Distance, whose objective was sabotage), was arrested and told the Gestapo the names of the team’s local contact persons for the bounty of 1 million Reichsmarks. Curda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 5 a.m. on June 17, the Moravec apartment was raided. The family was made to stand in the corridor while the Gestapo searched their apartment. Mrs. Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, and killed herself with a cyanide capsule. Mr. Moravec, oblivious to his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Pecek Palác together with his son Ata. Ata was tortured throughout the day. Finally, he was stupefied with brandy and shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank. Ata Moravec told the Gestapo all he knew. SS troops laid siege to the church but, despite the best efforts of over 700 Nazi soldiers, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; 3, including Heydrich’s assassin Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (Kubiš was said to have survived the battle, but died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a 2-hour gun battle. The other four, including Gabcík, committed suicide in the crypt after fending off SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out, and fire trucks being brought in to try to flood the crypt. The Germans (SS and Police) also had casualites; SS casualties being 14 killed and 21 wounded. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the Church on himself, even writing letters to the Nazi authorities. On June 27, 1942, he was arrested and tortured. On September 4, 1942, he, the Church priests, and senior lay leaders were executed by firing squad. (For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.) Political consequence and aftermath The success of the operation made Great Britain and France renounce the Munich Agreement. They agreed that after the Nazis were defeated the Sudetenland would be restored to Czechoslovakia. It also led to sympathy for the idea of expelling the German population of Czechoslovakia. As Heydrich was one of the most important Nazi leaders 2 large funeral ceremonies were conducted. One was in Prague, where the way to Prague Castle was lined by thousands of SS-men with torches. The second was in Berlin attended by all leading Nazi figures, including Hitler who placed the German Order and Blood Order Medals on the funeral pillow. Karel Curda, after attempting suicide, was hanged in 1947 for high treason. (wikipedia)	Reinhard Heydrich
Located in Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu, which is Japan's second largest city by population?	Bulovce. photos on Flickr \| Flickr Jan Kubiš Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 10 pm on 28 December 1941. Gabčík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation.[9] The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the targeted kill.[10] Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the logistics, they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to kill him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague. The attack in Prague[edit] Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On 27 May 1942, at 10:30, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Libeň. The spot was chosen because the curve would force the car to slow down. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire, but his Sten submachine gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade[11] (concealed in a briefcase) at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car’s right rear bumper, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.[12] Following the explosion, Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but, shocked by the explosion as well, failed to hit him.[13] Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, who fled the scene by bicycle. Now bleeding profusely, Heydrich ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot.[14] Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with his revolver, severely wounding him in the leg, and then escaped to a local safe house via tram.[15][16] Gabčík and Kubiš were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Medical treatment and death[edit] A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck, placed on his stomach and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[17] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the Sudeten German chief of surgery at the hospital, tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. Professor Hollbaum, a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague, operated on Heydrich with Drs. Diek and Slanina's assistance.[17] The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured eleventh rib, sutured the torn diaphragm, inserted several catheters and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material.[18] Heydrich’s direct superior, Himmler, sent his personal physician, Karl Gebhardt, who arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of morphine. There are contradictory accounts concerning whether sulfanilamides were given, but Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that they were not.[18] The patient developed a high fever of 38–39 °C (100.4–102.2 °F) and wound drainage. After seven days, his condition appeared to be improving when, while sitting up eating a noon meal, he collapsed and went into shock. Spending most of his remaining hours in a coma, he died around 4:30 the next morning.[18] Himmler’s physicians officially described the cause of death as septicemia, meaning infection of the bloodstream.[19] One of the theories was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.[20] It has also been suggested that he died of a massive pulmonary embolism. In support of the latter possibility, at autopsy particles of fat and blood clots were found in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and severe edema was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were collapsed.[18] Botulinum poisoning theory[edit] The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism; i.e. botulinum poisoning.[21] According to this theory, the Type 73 anti-armor hand grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. This story originates from comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. There is only circumstantial evidence to support this allegation[18][22] (the records of the SOE for the period have remained sealed), and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.[18] The general evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the Type 73 grenade: the upper third part of this British anti-tank grenade had been removed, and the open end and sides wrapped up with tape. Such a specially modified weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological payload. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His autopsy showed none of the usual signs of septicemia, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.[18] The authors of a German wartime report on the incident stated, "Death occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital parenchymatous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters ... ". Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive paralytic or other symptoms associated with botulism (which have a gradual, progressive onset). Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade: Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander, but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.[18][23] Given that Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and that the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making it lighter, the validity of the botulinum toxin theory has been disputed.[18] Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.[24] Reprisals[edit] Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the Kobylisy shooting range in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals, suggesting that Himmler send SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to Prague; according to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.[25] Hitler favored killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[26] The Nazi retaliation ordered by Himmler was brutal nonetheless. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942;[27] his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[28] According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals.[29] Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report identified Lidice as the assailants' suspected hiding place since several Czech army officers exiled in England at the time were known to have come from there. In addition, the Gestapo had found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.[30] In the village of Lidice, destroyed on 9 June 1942, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled (razed to the ground).[31][32] The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile, or else was deemed an acceptable price to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, was infuriated enough to suggest leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death a similar assassination attempt was planned, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but not approved. Operation Anthropoid remains the only successful government-organized targeted killing of a top-ranking Nazi. The Polish underground killed two senior SS officers in the General government (see Operation Kutschera and Operation Bürkl); also in Operation Blowup, General-Kommissar of Belarus Wilhelm Kube was killed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik, a Belarussian woman who had managed to find employment in his household in order to assassinate him.[33] Investigation and manhunt[edit] Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. In the days following Lidice, no leads on those responsible for Heydrich's death were found despite the Nazis' zealous impatience to find them. During that time, a deadline set for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942 was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group was arrested by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts[34] for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Mrs. Maria Moravec, after being allowed to go to the toilet, bit into a cyanide capsule and thereby killed herself. Mr. Moravec, unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Peček Palác together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who though interrogated with torture throughout the day, refused to talk. The youth was finally stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank and warned that if he did not reveal the information they were looking for, his father would be next.[35] That finally caused him to crack and tell the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day but, despite the best efforts of over 700 SS soldiers under the command of Generalleutnant Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; three, including Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (although he was said to have survived the battle, he died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a two-hour gun battle.[36] The other four, including Gabčík, committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.[37] The Germans (SS and police) suffered casualties as well, 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded according to one report[38][39] although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers.[40] The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the church and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942 the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Jan Kubiš Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 10 pm on 28 December 1941. Gabčík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation.[9] The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the targeted kill.[10] Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the logistics, they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to kill him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague. The attack in Prague[edit] Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On 27 May 1942, at 10:30, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Libeň. The spot was chosen because the curve would force the car to slow down. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire, but his Sten submachine gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade[11] (concealed in a briefcase) at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car’s right rear bumper, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.[12] Following the explosion, Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but, shocked by the explosion as well, failed to hit him.[13] Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, who fled the scene by bicycle. Now bleeding profusely, Heydrich ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot.[14] Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with his revolver, severely wounding him in the leg, and then escaped to a local safe house via tram.[15][16] Gabčík and Kubiš were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Medical treatment and death[edit] A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck, placed on his stomach and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[17] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the Sudeten German chief of surgery at the hospital, tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. Professor Hollbaum, a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague, operated on Heydrich with Drs. Diek and Slanina's assistance.[17] The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured eleventh rib, sutured the torn diaphragm, inserted several catheters and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material.[18] Heydrich’s direct superior, Himmler, sent his personal physician, Karl Gebhardt, who arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of morphine. There are contradictory accounts concerning whether sulfanilamides were given, but Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that they were not.[18] The patient developed a high fever of 38–39 °C (100.4–102.2 °F) and wound drainage. After seven days, his condition appeared to be improving when, while sitting up eating a noon meal, he collapsed and went into shock. Spending most of his remaining hours in a coma, he died around 4:30 the next morning.[18] Himmler’s physicians officially described the cause of death as septicemia, meaning infection of the bloodstream.[19] One of the theories was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.[20] It has also been suggested that he died of a massive pulmonary embolism. In support of the latter possibility, at autopsy particles of fat and blood clots were found in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and severe edema was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were collapsed.[18] Botulinum poisoning theory[edit] The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism; i.e. botulinum poisoning.[21] According to this theory, the Type 73 anti-armor hand grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. This story originates from comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. There is only circumstantial evidence to support this allegation[18][22] (the records of the SOE for the period have remained sealed), and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.[18] The general evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the Type 73 grenade: the upper third part of this British anti-tank grenade had been removed, and the open end and sides wrapped up with tape. Such a specially modified weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological payload. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His autopsy showed none of the usual signs of septicemia, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.[18] The authors of a German wartime report on the incident stated, "Death occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital parenchymatous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters ... ". Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive paralytic or other symptoms associated with botulism (which have a gradual, progressive onset). Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade: Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander, but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.[18][23] Given that Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and that the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making it lighter, the validity of the botulinum toxin theory has been disputed.[18] Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.[24] Reprisals[edit] Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the Kobylisy shooting range in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals, suggesting that Himmler send SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to Prague; according to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.[25] Hitler favored killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[26] The Nazi retaliation ordered by Himmler was brutal nonetheless. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942;[27] his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[28] According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals.[29] Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report identified Lidice as the assailants' suspected hiding place since several Czech army officers exiled in England at the time were known to have come from there. In addition, the Gestapo had found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.[30] In the village of Lidice, destroyed on 9 June 1942, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled (razed to the ground).[31][32] The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile, or else was deemed an acceptable price to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, was infuriated enough to suggest leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death a similar assassination attempt was planned, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but not approved. Operation Anthropoid remains the only successful government-organized targeted killing of a top-ranking Nazi. The Polish underground killed two senior SS officers in the General government (see Operation Kutschera and Operation Bürkl); also in Operation Blowup, General-Kommissar of Belarus Wilhelm Kube was killed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik, a Belarussian woman who had managed to find employment in his household in order to assassinate him.[33] Investigation and manhunt[edit] Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. In the days following Lidice, no leads on those responsible for Heydrich's death were found despite the Nazis' zealous impatience to find them. During that time, a deadline set for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942 was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group was arrested by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts[34] for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Mrs. Maria Moravec, after being allowed to go to the toilet, bit into a cyanide capsule and thereby killed herself. Mr. Moravec, unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Peček Palác together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who though interrogated with torture throughout the day, refused to talk. The youth was finally stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank and warned that if he did not reveal the information they were looking for, his father would be next.[35] That finally caused him to crack and tell the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day but, despite the best efforts of over 700 SS soldiers under the command of Generalleutnant Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; three, including Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (although he was said to have survived the battle, he died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a two-hour gun battle.[36] The other four, including Gabčík, committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.[37] The Germans (SS and police) suffered casualties as well, 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded according to one report[38][39] although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers.[40] The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the church and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942 the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Jan Kubiš Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 10 pm on 28 December 1941. Gabčík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation.[9] The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the targeted kill.[10] Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the logistics, they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to kill him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague. The attack in Prague[edit] Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On 27 May 1942, at 10:30, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Libeň. The spot was chosen because the curve would force the car to slow down. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire, but his Sten submachine gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade[11] (concealed in a briefcase) at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car’s right rear bumper, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.[12] Following the explosion, Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but, shocked by the explosion as well, failed to hit him.[13] Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, who fled the scene by bicycle. Now bleeding profusely, Heydrich ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot.[14] Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with his revolver, severely wounding him in the leg, and then escaped to a local safe house via tram.[15][16] Gabčík and Kubiš were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Medical treatment and death[edit] A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck, placed on his stomach and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[17] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the Sudeten German chief of surgery at the hospital, tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. Professor Hollbaum, a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague, operated on Heydrich with Drs. Diek and Slanina's assistance.[17] The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured eleventh rib, sutured the torn diaphragm, inserted several catheters and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material.[18] Heydrich’s direct superior, Himmler, sent his personal physician, Karl Gebhardt, who arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of morphine. There are contradictory accounts concerning whether sulfanilamides were given, but Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that they were not.[18] The patient developed a high fever of 38–39 °C (100.4–102.2 °F) and wound drainage. After seven days, his condition appeared to be improving when, while sitting up eating a noon meal, he collapsed and went into shock. Spending most of his remaining hours in a coma, he died around 4:30 the next morning.[18] Himmler’s physicians officially described the cause of death as septicemia, meaning infection of the bloodstream.[19] One of the theories was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.[20] It has also been suggested that he died of a massive pulmonary embolism. In support of the latter possibility, at autopsy particles of fat and blood clots were found in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and severe edema was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were collapsed.[18] Botulinum poisoning theory[edit] The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism; i.e. botulinum poisoning.[21] According to this theory, the Type 73 anti-armor hand grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. This story originates from comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. There is only circumstantial evidence to support this allegation[18][22] (the records of the SOE for the period have remained sealed), and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.[18] The general evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the Type 73 grenade: the upper third part of this British anti-tank grenade had been removed, and the open end and sides wrapped up with tape. Such a specially modified weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological payload. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His autopsy showed none of the usual signs of septicemia, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.[18] The authors of a German wartime report on the incident stated, "Death occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital parenchymatous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters ... ". Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive paralytic or other symptoms associated with botulism (which have a gradual, progressive onset). Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade: Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander, but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.[18][23] Given that Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and that the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making it lighter, the validity of the botulinum toxin theory has been disputed.[18] Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.[24] Reprisals[edit] Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the Kobylisy shooting range in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals, suggesting that Himmler send SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to Prague; according to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.[25] Hitler favored killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[26] The Nazi retaliation ordered by Himmler was brutal nonetheless. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942;[27] his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[28] According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals.[29] Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report identified Lidice as the assailants' suspected hiding place since several Czech army officers exiled in England at the time were known to have come from there. In addition, the Gestapo had found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.[30] In the village of Lidice, destroyed on 9 June 1942, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled (razed to the ground).[31][32] The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile, or else was deemed an acceptable price to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, was infuriated enough to suggest leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death a similar assassination attempt was planned, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but not approved. Operation Anthropoid remains the only successful government-organized targeted killing of a top-ranking Nazi. The Polish underground killed two senior SS officers in the General government (see Operation Kutschera and Operation Bürkl); also in Operation Blowup, General-Kommissar of Belarus Wilhelm Kube was killed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik, a Belarussian woman who had managed to find employment in his household in order to assassinate him.[33] Investigation and manhunt[edit] Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. In the days following Lidice, no leads on those responsible for Heydrich's death were found despite the Nazis' zealous impatience to find them. During that time, a deadline set for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942 was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group was arrested by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts[34] for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Mrs. Maria Moravec, after being allowed to go to the toilet, bit into a cyanide capsule and thereby killed herself. Mr. Moravec, unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Peček Palác together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who though interrogated with torture throughout the day, refused to talk. The youth was finally stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank and warned that if he did not reveal the information they were looking for, his father would be next.[35] That finally caused him to crack and tell the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day but, despite the best efforts of over 700 SS soldiers under the command of Generalleutnant Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; three, including Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (although he was said to have survived the battle, he died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a two-hour gun battle.[36] The other four, including Gabčík, committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.[37] The Germans (SS and police) suffered casualties as well, 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded according to one report[38][39] although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers.[40] The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the church and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942 the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Jan Kubiš Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 10 pm on 28 December 1941. Gabčík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation.[9] The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the targeted kill.[10] Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the logistics, they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to kill him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague. The attack in Prague[edit] Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On 27 May 1942, at 10:30, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Libeň. The spot was chosen because the curve would force the car to slow down. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire, but his Sten submachine gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade[11] (concealed in a briefcase) at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car’s right rear bumper, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.[12] Following the explosion, Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but, shocked by the explosion as well, failed to hit him.[13] Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, who fled the scene by bicycle. Now bleeding profusely, Heydrich ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot.[14] Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with his revolver, severely wounding him in the leg, and then escaped to a local safe house via tram.[15][16] Gabčík and Kubiš were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Medical treatment and death[edit] A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck, placed on his stomach and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[17] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the Sudeten German chief of surgery at the hospital, tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. Professor Hollbaum, a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague, operated on Heydrich with Drs. Diek and Slanina's assistance.[17] The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured eleventh rib, sutured the torn diaphragm, inserted several catheters and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material.[18] Heydrich’s direct superior, Himmler, sent his personal physician, Karl Gebhardt, who arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of morphine. There are contradictory accounts concerning whether sulfanilamides were given, but Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that they were not.[18] The patient developed a high fever of 38–39 °C (100.4–102.2 °F) and wound drainage. After seven days, his condition appeared to be improving when, while sitting up eating a noon meal, he collapsed and went into shock. Spending most of his remaining hours in a coma, he died around 4:30 the next morning.[18] Himmler’s physicians officially described the cause of death as septicemia, meaning infection of the bloodstream.[19] One of the theories was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.[20] It has also been suggested that he died of a massive pulmonary embolism. In support of the latter possibility, at autopsy particles of fat and blood clots were found in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and severe edema was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were collapsed.[18] Botulinum poisoning theory[edit] The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism; i.e. botulinum poisoning.[21] According to this theory, the Type 73 anti-armor hand grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. This story originates from comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. There is only circumstantial evidence to support this allegation[18][22] (the records of the SOE for the period have remained sealed), and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.[18] The general evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the Type 73 grenade: the upper third part of this British anti-tank grenade had been removed, and the open end and sides wrapped up with tape. Such a specially modified weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological payload. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His autopsy showed none of the usual signs of septicemia, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.[18] The authors of a German wartime report on the incident stated, "Death occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital parenchymatous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters ... ". Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive paralytic or other symptoms associated with botulism (which have a gradual, progressive onset). Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade: Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander, but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.[18][23] Given that Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and that the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making it lighter, the validity of the botulinum toxin theory has been disputed.[18] Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.[24] Reprisals[edit] Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the Kobylisy shooting range in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals, suggesting that Himmler send SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to Prague; according to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.[25] Hitler favored killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[26] The Nazi retaliation ordered by Himmler was brutal nonetheless. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942;[27] his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[28] According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals.[29] Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report identified Lidice as the assailants' suspected hiding place since several Czech army officers exiled in England at the time were known to have come from there. In addition, the Gestapo had found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.[30] In the village of Lidice, destroyed on 9 June 1942, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled (razed to the ground).[31][32] The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile, or else was deemed an acceptable price to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, was infuriated enough to suggest leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death a similar assassination attempt was planned, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but not approved. Operation Anthropoid remains the only successful government-organized targeted killing of a top-ranking Nazi. The Polish underground killed two senior SS officers in the General government (see Operation Kutschera and Operation Bürkl); also in Operation Blowup, General-Kommissar of Belarus Wilhelm Kube was killed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik, a Belarussian woman who had managed to find employment in his household in order to assassinate him.[33] Investigation and manhunt[edit] Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. In the days following Lidice, no leads on those responsible for Heydrich's death were found despite the Nazis' zealous impatience to find them. During that time, a deadline set for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942 was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group was arrested by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts[34] for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Mrs. Maria Moravec, after being allowed to go to the toilet, bit into a cyanide capsule and thereby killed herself. Mr. Moravec, unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Peček Palác together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who though interrogated with torture throughout the day, refused to talk. The youth was finally stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank and warned that if he did not reveal the information they were looking for, his father would be next.[35] That finally caused him to crack and tell the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day but, despite the best efforts of over 700 SS soldiers under the command of Generalleutnant Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; three, including Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (although he was said to have survived the battle, he died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a two-hour gun battle.[36] The other four, including Gabčík, committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.[37] The Germans (SS and police) suffered casualties as well, 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded according to one report[38][39] although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers.[40] The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the church and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942 the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Jan Kubiš Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš were airlifted along with seven soldiers from Czechoslovakia’s army-in-exile in the United Kingdom and two other groups named Silver A and Silver B (who had different missions) by a Royal Air Force Halifax of No. 138 Squadron into Czechoslovakia at 10 pm on 28 December 1941. Gabčík and Kubiš landed near Nehvizdy east of Prague; although the plan was to land near Pilsen, the pilots had problems with orientation.[9] The soldiers then moved to Pilsen to contact their allies, and from there on to Prague, where the attack was planned. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organisations who helped them during the preparations for the targeted kill.[10] Gabčík and Kubiš initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the logistics, they realised that this was not possible. The second plan was to kill him on the road in the forest on the way from Heydrich’s seat to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opálka (from the group Out Distance), came to bring them back to Prague. The third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague. The attack in Prague[edit] Another of Heydrich's Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded (currently in the Military History Museum in Prague) On 27 May 1942, at 10:30, Heydrich proceeded on his daily commute from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague Castle. Gabčík and Kubiš waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Libeň. The spot was chosen because the curve would force the car to slow down. Valčik was positioned about 100 metres north of Gabčík and Kubiš as lookout for the approaching car. As Heydrich’s open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire, but his Sten submachine gun jammed. Heydrich ordered his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to stop the car. When Heydrich stood up to try to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol, Kubiš threw a modified anti-tank grenade[11] (concealed in a briefcase) at the vehicle and its fragments ripped through the car’s right rear bumper, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery in Heydrich’s body, even though the grenade failed to enter the car. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.[12] Following the explosion, Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their handguns but, shocked by the explosion as well, failed to hit him.[13] Heydrich, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, staggered out of the car, returned fire and tried to chase Gabčík but soon collapsed. Klein returned from his abortive attempt to chase Kubiš, who fled the scene by bicycle. Now bleeding profusely, Heydrich ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot.[14] Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with his revolver, severely wounding him in the leg, and then escaped to a local safe house via tram.[15][16] Gabčík and Kubiš were initially convinced that the attack had failed. Medical treatment and death[edit] A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. He was then transferred to the back of the truck, placed on his stomach and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[17] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major diaphragm, spleen and lung damage as well as a fractured rib. A Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek, the Sudeten German chief of surgery at the hospital, tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. Professor Hollbaum, a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague, operated on Heydrich with Drs. Diek and Slanina's assistance.[17] The surgeons reinflated the collapsed left lung, removed the tip of the fractured eleventh rib, sutured the torn diaphragm, inserted several catheters and removed the spleen, which contained a grenade fragment and upholstery material.[18] Heydrich’s direct superior, Himmler, sent his personal physician, Karl Gebhardt, who arrived that evening. After 29 May, Heydrich was entirely in the care of SS physicians. Postoperative care included administration of large amounts of morphine. There are contradictory accounts concerning whether sulfanilamides were given, but Gebhardt testified at his 1947 war crimes trial that they were not.[18] The patient developed a high fever of 38–39 °C (100.4–102.2 °F) and wound drainage. After seven days, his condition appeared to be improving when, while sitting up eating a noon meal, he collapsed and went into shock. Spending most of his remaining hours in a coma, he died around 4:30 the next morning.[18] Himmler’s physicians officially described the cause of death as septicemia, meaning infection of the bloodstream.[19] One of the theories was that some of the horsehair used in the upholstery of Heydrich’s car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection.[20] It has also been suggested that he died of a massive pulmonary embolism. In support of the latter possibility, at autopsy particles of fat and blood clots were found in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and severe edema was noted in the upper lobes of the lungs, while the lower lobes were collapsed.[18] Botulinum poisoning theory[edit] The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism; i.e. botulinum poisoning.[21] According to this theory, the Type 73 anti-armor hand grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain botulinum toxin. This story originates from comments made by Paul Fildes, a Porton Down botulism researcher. There is only circumstantial evidence to support this allegation[18][22] (the records of the SOE for the period have remained sealed), and few medical records of Heydrich's condition and treatment have been preserved.[18] The general evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the Type 73 grenade: the upper third part of this British anti-tank grenade had been removed, and the open end and sides wrapped up with tape. Such a specially modified weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological payload. Heydrich received excellent medical care by the standards of the time. His autopsy showed none of the usual signs of septicemia, although infection of the wound and areas surrounding the lungs and heart was reported.[18] The authors of a German wartime report on the incident stated, "Death occurred as a consequence of lesions in the vital parenchymatous organs caused by bacteria and possibly by poisons carried into them by bomb splinters ... ". Heydrich's condition while hospitalized was not documented in detail, but he was not noted to have developed any of the distinctive paralytic or other symptoms associated with botulism (which have a gradual, progressive onset). Two others were also wounded by fragments of the same grenade: Kubiš, the Czech soldier who threw the grenade, and a bystander, but neither was reported to have shown any sign of poisoning.[18][23] Given that Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts", and that the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making it lighter, the validity of the botulinum toxin theory has been disputed.[18] Two of the six original modified grenades are kept by the Military History Institute in Prague.[24] Reprisals[edit] Memorial plaques with names of the victims at the Kobylisy shooting range in Prague, where over 500 Czechs were executed in May and June 1942. On the very day of the assassination attempt Hitler ordered an investigation and reprisals, suggesting that Himmler send SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to Prague; according to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich.[25] Hitler favored killing 10,000 politically unreliable Czechs, but after he consulted Himmler, the idea was dropped because Czech territory was an important industrial zone for the German military and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[26] The Nazi retaliation ordered by Himmler was brutal nonetheless. More than 13,000 were arrested, including Jan Kubiš' girlfriend Anna Malinová, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opálka's aunt, Marie Opálková, was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942;[27] his father, Viktor Jarolím, was also killed.[28] According to one estimate, 5,000 were killed in reprisals.[29] Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report identified Lidice as the assailants' suspected hiding place since several Czech army officers exiled in England at the time were known to have come from there. In addition, the Gestapo had found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.[30] In the village of Lidice, destroyed on 9 June 1942, 199 men were executed, 95 children taken prisoner (81 later killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp; eight others were taken for adoption by German families), and 195 women were immediately deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. All adults, men and women, in the village of Ležáky were murdered. Both towns were burned, and the ruins of Lidice leveled (razed to the ground).[31][32] The possibility that the Germans would apply the principle of "collective responsibility" on this scale in avenging Heydrich's assassination was either not foreseen by the Czech government-in-exile, or else was deemed an acceptable price to pay for eliminating Heydrich and provoking reprisals that would reduce Czech acquiescence to the German administration. Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, was infuriated enough to suggest leveling three German villages for every Czech village the Nazis destroyed. Two years after Heydrich's death a similar assassination attempt was planned, this time targeting Hitler in Operation Foxley, but not approved. Operation Anthropoid remains the only successful government-organized targeted killing of a top-ranking Nazi. The Polish underground killed two senior SS officers in the General government (see Operation Kutschera and Operation Bürkl); also in Operation Blowup, General-Kommissar of Belarus Wilhelm Kube was killed by Soviet partisan Yelena Mazanik, a Belarussian woman who had managed to find employment in his household in order to assassinate him.[33] Investigation and manhunt[edit] Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers were cornered. In the days following Lidice, no leads on those responsible for Heydrich's death were found despite the Nazis' zealous impatience to find them. During that time, a deadline set for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942 was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group was arrested by the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team’s local contacts[34] for the bounty of 500,000 Reichsmarks. Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Mrs. Maria Moravec, after being allowed to go to the toilet, bit into a cyanide capsule and thereby killed herself. Mr. Moravec, unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance, was taken to the Peček Palác together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who though interrogated with torture throughout the day, refused to talk. The youth was finally stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank and warned that if he did not reveal the information they were looking for, his father would be next.[35] That finally caused him to crack and tell the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day but, despite the best efforts of over 700 SS soldiers under the command of Generalleutnant Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, they were unable to take the paratroopers alive; three, including Kubiš, were killed in the prayer loft (although he was said to have survived the battle, he died shortly afterward from his injuries) after a two-hour gun battle.[36] The other four, including Gabčík, committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to smoke them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt.[37] The Germans (SS and police) suffered casualties as well, 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded according to one report[38][39] although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers.[40] The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík. Bishop Gorazd, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, took the blame for the actions in the church and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942 the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.	i don't know

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