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In which 20th century novel do many of the central characters speak a teenage slang called 'Nadsat'? | Amazon.com: 20th Century Clockwork Orange (Penguin Twentieth Century Classics) (9780140188820): Anthony Burgess: Books
From Booklist
*Starred Review* It may be a sign of a great work that it can be misinterpreted by detractors and proponents alike. Contemporary readers who saw Burgess’ 1962 dystopian novel as a celebration of youth violence were as far off base as the teens since then who have thrilled to the transgressive violence it—or, at least, Stanley Kubrick’s film adaptation—depicts. But paradox is at the heart of this book, as this newly restored, fiftieth-anniversary edition makes more clear than ever. Narrated by Alex, a teenage dandy who revels in language (he speaks a slang called Nadsat), music (especially Bach and Beethoven), and violence, especially violence. When imprisoned for murder, he is offered a chance at reform and leaps at it—but the reform turns out to be brainwashing, an aversion therapy that, alas, leaves him able to enjoy neither beatings nor Beethoven. Upon his release he becomes first a victim of his victims, then a cause célèbre of antigovernment activists before . . . well, publishers offered different endings to British and American audiences, as readers will discover here. What makes A Clockwork Orange so challenging, besides the language (“He looked a malenky bit poogly when he viddied the four of us”), is Burgess’ willingness to use an unsympathetic protagonist to make his point, which is essentially that it may be better to choose evil than to be forced to be good. (For, as it is put by two different characters: “When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man.”) Readers can revisit or discover a classic that, while drawing from Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Graham Greene’s Brighton Rock, has in turn influenced authors from Irvine Welsh to Suzanne Collins. Extras include a thoughtful introduction by editor Andrew Biswell, reproductions of manuscript pages annotated by Burgess, and a previously unpublished chapter of a book that was to have been called The Clockwork Condition, in which Burgess intended to set the record straight about his intentions now that Kubrick’s film adaptation had made him famous. Readers will learn much, including the meaning behind the book’s title. All in all, a fitting publication of a book that remains just as shocking and thought provoking as ever. --Keir Graff --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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Review
"A terrifying and marvellous book." -- Roald Dahl "A brilliant novel ... a tour-de-force in nastiness, an inventive primer in total violence, a savage satire on the distortions of the single and collective minds." -- The New York Times "I do not know of any other writer who has done as much with language as Mr Burgess has done here - the fact that this is also a very funny book may pass unnoticed." William Burroughs "Burgess's dystopian fantasy still fascinates as it clocks up 50 years" The Times "The 50th anniversary of Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange is celebrated this weekend with the publication of a handsome new hardback edition (the edges of its paper are orange!) by Random House (GBP20). It is compiled and edited by Andrew Biswell - Burgess's biographer - and has a foreword by Martin Amis, as well as unpublished material including a 1972 interview with Burgess, the prologue to his 1986 A Clockwork Orange: A Play With Music, and his annotated 1961 typescript of the novel, complete with his doodles in the margins. His picture of an orange with a spring poking out of it is particularly special" Independent --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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Which French Revolutionary leader was assassinated whilst taking a bath in 1793? | Future Slang - All The Tropes
Future Slang
Rimmer: "Holly, put a trace on Paranoia."
Holly (ship's computer): "What's a 'trace' "?
Rimmer: "It's space jargon. It means 'find him'."
— Red Dwarf , Confidence and Paranoia
Slang has changed over time, and undoubtedly will change more in the future. Therefore, in the interests of verisimilitude or just to sound interesting, writers who write stories set in The Future will include their idea of Future Slang as an attempt to (mildly) avert Eternal English . Often these will be drop-in replacements for current phrases, unless they are subject to Bilingual Bonus .
On the other hand, in more traditional Science Fiction , We Will Not Use Slang In The Future, with the characters speaking various degrees of Spock Speak .
Examples of Future Slang include:
Contents
Anime And Manga[ edit | hide | hide all ]
Cyber Team in Akihabara : Suzume Sakurajosui thinks this trope is so very super-electric, that it is.
Macross toys with it with the word "Deculture", originally a Zentradi swear word. By 2059, as shown in Macross Frontier , it's become a common enough slang word that it's even used in advertising, though the meaning has changed, probably by in-universe Memetic Mutation , to be used in positive contexts as well. The most accurate English phrase to "Deculture" would be "Oh God".
Kyoukai Senjou no Horizon uses Judge and Tes, short for Judgement and Testament, as replacements for yes in their homelands, this also doubles as an easy way of knowing who is from where.
Comic Books[ edit | hide ]
Alan Moore 's The Ballad of Halo Jones does this, so much so that it can be tricky to get into at first.
Used in Batman : The Dark Knight Returns , where it didn't shiv, but was instead nasty. Balls nasty.
Mutants make an appearance in the present day in Batman Incorporated ; their vernacular is still impenetrable.
Disney Adventure magazine had comics in it... anyway, an article about Twenty Minutes Into the Future technology (heat sensitive walls, VR videogames, etc) featured a boy from the present and a girl from the future. She uses entirely futuristic slang except for "cool", which will always be cool.
Fray , a possible future of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe, uses this as the logical result of Buffy-Speak plus centuries of linguistic drift. To wit: Fray has an anning hab of abrevving half the words in every sent she speaks. It can be frustring to piece togeth what she's tring to comm. When Buffy gets pulled forward in time in the Season 8 comics, she remarks:
Buffy: A "spin" is a lie. "Toy" is bad, but "spled" is good. Boy, the English language is just losing it. I should have treated it better...
And on top of that are the Firefly coinages, "shiny" and "rutting". Fray's world is such a Crapsack World , you wouldn't blink if Joss Whedon declared it to be Earth-That-Was .
It doubles as Getting Crap Past the Radar since rutting can also mean...
Judge Dredd features a lot of Future Slang—mostly swear words, such as "Drokk" and "Grudd", but other terms have been used. Pat Mills is a great fan of futuristic slang in the stories he writes for 2000AD. Unfortunately, he also feels the need to emphasise every new word he invents, (e.g. "Come on, man, we were just " baggin ' bilboes "). As a result, the slang looks as novel to the characters as it does to the reader.
Legion of Superheroes , when Jim Shooter is writing it. Oh florg, someone zeezee Cos, he'll translate this zizz.
Bart Allen (Impulse) and other future denizens of the DC universe throw around the word "grife", usually as a replacement for family-friendly expletives like "crap." "Oh, grife." Possibly an Interlac word, but Bart has great difficulty replacing it with any acceptable English equivalent.
Jim Shooter also did this when he wrote Magnus, Robot Fighter and Warriors Of Plasm .
"Zeezee" in particular is quite clever, since it's specifically DC Universe future slang (it means to contact via communicator, and is a reference to Jimmy Olsen's signal watch ).
Lampshade Hanging in Legion of Super-Heroes Secret Files and Origins, where a magazine interview with the Legion's financier, R.J. Brande, commented on his frequent use of "By damn". Brande said he was an old fashioned guy and didn't hold with obscenities like "grife".
"Grife" dates back long before Jim Shooter came back to the Legion. The use of future slang varies from writer to writer, with "grife" and "klordney" showing up in the seventies issues.
Lobo : Lobo is prone to calling people "Fraggin' Bastiches," though the reference to actual swearing is decidedly obvious.
Marvel 2099 tends to use "shock" as its all-purpose swear word.
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions and Spider-Man Edge of Time both got a lot of mileage out of this one. Spidey even lampshades it in the latter game.
Used frequently in The Metabarons . The prefixes paleo- and bio- are frequently attached to words without any real rhyme or reason, resulting in absurd terms like "Paleo-Christ!", "bio-crap," "paleo-wedding," and even "bio-infant." Robots Tonto and Lothar attach robo- to the beginning of many words when they're referring to each other.
Brian Azzarello's Spaceman showcases a near-unreadable shorthand speak inspired by chatrooms and textmessages. "I brain i get it, lol lol lol" indeed.
Children of Men had both "fishes" ( La Résistance led by Julian) and "fujis" (refugees).
Featured in the 2015 scenes of Back to The Future Part II. For example, a policewoman mentions that Hilldale is "nothing but a breeding ground for tranks, lobos and zipheads". "Tranks" almost certainly refers to people who abuse tranquilizers, and the other two, while never defined, wouldn't have sounded out-of-place in The Eighties or any decade so far since.
The future denizens also use "low-rez" as a synonym for "stupid".
One of Griff's cronies calls Marty a "bojo", which might be a corruption of bozo.
The Fifth Element has the word 'green' and variations of it being used as a generic positive like awesome. Too bad it caught on as an over used buzz word for environmentalism, which is way less cool. In the scene where the authorities are sweeping Corbin's building, one unfortunate chap flips off the cops and yells "Smoke you!". It does not end well for him.
Gattaca used this primarily as ways to deride people born through natural conception -- "godchild", "faithbirth" and so on.
Like its TV counterpart, Serenity uses future slang. (See Firefly below for examples.)
Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century: Cetus lapetus, guys! The movie is totally lunar! An entire song whose lyrics include nothing but future slang (i.e. a bunch of unrelated scientific terms all jammed together).
Interestingly, the boys on the "space stay" actually don't like Microbe because their lyrics make sense. Apparently, "interplanetary megastellar hydrostatic" makes perfect sense to them.
Demolition Man doesn't have much Future Slang, but Lenina's misunderstanding of late 20th century jargon give her plenty of funny lines. "He matched his meat. You really licked his ass." "That's met his match, and kicked his ass."
She does get better as they spend more time together - Lenina Huxley: Chief, you can take this job, and you can shovel it. John Spartan: Take this job... and shovel it. Lenina Huxley: Yeah? John Spartan: Close enough.
Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey has the word "station", which is both a greeting and a compliment in the vein of "excellent". Later in the film we learn it probably originated from the alien duo named Station, who use Pokémon-Speak .
Literature[ edit | hide ]
Golden age Science fiction is full of Unusual Euphemisms , like 'Space!' or 'Unity!' are kid-friendly curses.
The book The Bar Code Tattoo takes place in a future where people have barcodes tattooed on their bodies and their dialogue peppered with the phrase "final level!" to describe anything remotely awesome.
Lampshaded in Perry Rhodan , most of the main cast being immortal sometime use old terran slang that surprise regular human of said era. The opposite happen also, Crowning Moment of Awesome when a Starship commander use "By Rhodan!" when Rhodan himself is not far.
A Clockwork Orange has some famous futuristic slang is Nadsat. Isn't that just horrorshow , my droogs ? The book [1] contained a complete glossary; with the movie, you figured it out as you went. The glossary was added over the strenuous objections of the author. He wanted you to be lost for a while until you picked it up on your own. The slang, however, is heavily Russian-influenced and speakers of Slavic languages could understand it easily.
As for the Bilingual Bonus , Polish translator of the book, Robert Stiller, prepared two translations—earlier one (titled "Mechaniczna Pomarańcza" - "Mechanical Orange") keeps the Russian words, and the later one (titled "Nakręcana Pomarańcza" - "Clockwork Orange") replaces the Russian loanwords with English ones, kind of reversing Burgess' original concept. And the Russian translation uses English loanwords as slang.
In David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas , of which parts take place in the future, all words that begin with ex- (like expert) are written without an e (like xpert), and most objects are referred to by a known brand instead of their actual name; for example, running shoes are called "nikes".
Ender's Game : The students at the battle school developed their own slang, though most of it doesn't apparently extend beyond its walls.
In the Shadows series, it's remarked upon by one of the characters that battle school slang is slowly moving into common use. Some also appeared in Empire, this being handwaved away by the extensive Arabic education the characters had received.
Supposedly OSC pulled an Anthony Burgess for Shadows: he created the Battle School slang via the transliteration of existing, modern-day slang phrases from cultures all over the world. There used to be a page on his website explaining all the etymology .
Got it archived here
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
That hoopy frood Ford Prefect sure knew where his towel was at!
The franchise sometimes used the swear word "zark" as a replacement for "fuck", as in: "Zarking photons! That hoopy frood sure knows where his towel is!" It is likely this is a corruption of "Zarquon", a famous religious figure who appears briefly at the End of the Universe.
Of course there's the one word that's the most offensive on every planet in the universe, except one. It's only ever uttered by loose tongued people like Zaphod Beeblebrox in dire situations. The word is Belgium.
The In Death series, set Twenty Minutes Into the Future , uses a judicious and mostly unobtrusive amount of Future Slang. Notable examples are "mag" (possibly abbreviated from "magnificent" and roughly synonymous with "great" or "awesome") and various terms such as "iced" which are all clearly derived from "cool." Strangely enough, only the American slang is changed. British and Irish characters still use the same words and phrases.
Larry Niven 's hero Louis Wu often uses "tanj" (There Ain't No Justice) as a swear. Tanj sees widespread use throughout the Known Space stories, as do a few other unique curses; Belters in particular are fond of swearing by Finagle and Murphy, and tend to see the flatlander habit of swearing by deities as rather odd and quaint.
Finagle is a deity, as he is the God of Bad Luck, and his mad prophet Murphy is also part of the pantheon. He's just a joke deity, created just for cursing. "There is no God but Finagle, and Murphy is his Prophet." A logical extension of real world military slang acronyms like "SNAFU" (situation normal; all fucked up) "BOHICA" (bend over, here it comes again) and "FUBAR" (fucked up beyond all recognition.)
In one of the Known Space stories, Louis's father Carlos Wu was musing over two people using the word "censored". Saying "Censored" instead of a Bad Word had originally been a way of protesting and joking about censorship. But after a couple of generations, "censored" had become a bad Word all by itself.
The Lensman series is chock full of both Unusual Euphemisms and Curse of the Ancients style language, but it is unique in that its Future Slang evolves over the course of the series. Things are described as being as ferocious as Radeligian cateagles or lacking the sense of a Zabriskan fontema—but only after they have been introduced already.
Taken to hilarious extremes in Randall Garrett's Affectionate Parody "Backstage Lensmen" to the point where none of the characters actually understand each other. QX, Chief!
Spider Robinson 's novel Lifehouse includes someone exploiting this trope: a conman, attempting to convince his sci-fi fan marks that he's from The Future , says such things as, "It was a total snowcrash -- pardon me, ma'am, a total fuckup." Robinson studs his books with Future Slang and what can only be called Future Swears, such as "kark", or "taken slot" instead of "fucking slut". Perhaps the most hilariously inept instance of Future Slang in his works was in his short story "Serpents' Teeth", which posits that In The Future "a couple of horses" will be the commonly accepted slang for "a Dos Equis beer" (Robinson seems to have been working from the notion that "equis"—the Spanish pronunciation for the letter "X", as anyone knows who's looked at a Dos Equis label—is cognate to the Latin "equus", meaning "horse".)
Make Us Happy: The computer-controlled utopia of Arthur Herzog's novel has "fusb" replacing all swear words. At one point the main character is banished from civilization, and he "regresses" to "polyprofanity", i.e. using more swear words than "fusb".
Robert A. Heinlein , in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , where the hero narrates and speaks in a futuristic accent, something like Hollywood Russian. The reasoning is this is a future that ran headlong into The Great Politics Mess-Up and the USSR was one of the main countries colonizing the moon, so the lunar society inherited a lot of Russian words and syntax. Oddly though, they didn't get any Chinese from the third of the moon that was colonized by the Chinese.
It's presumed that they mostly live in 'Hong Kong Luna', rather than 'Luna City' where most of the plot takes place. Also, a lot of the people sent up by 'Greater China' aren't in fact Chinese so much as Australians, New Zealanders and the like (although there 'are' Chinese people up there as referenced by the 'Chinee' engineer who works on the handheld LASERs).
"Grok" in Stranger in A Strange Land is a word in Martian that means, "to drink", "to live" or "to understand". Colloquially it can be better translated as "To understand something so thoroughly that the observer becomes part of the observed." Just read the book.
Heinlein put the invented word "slipstick" into his characters' mouths so frequently, a whole generation of his fans are growing up with the false idea that people who used slide rules actually called them that. (The accepted idiom, btw, was "guessing stick".)
William Gibson's Neuromancer invented a lot of new words for its cyberpunk culture, and popularized existing terms such as "cyberspace" and "hacker".
Otherland : Tad Williams has invented quite a bit of slang for his SF novel series. He also shows different use of slang in different social classes.
Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash is written in the third person, but the narrative still uses plenty of his made-up slang... making it nearly incomprehensible for about the first fifty pages, until the reader catches onto the meanings. Likewise The Diamond Age, and very little of the slang transfers.
Critic John Clute's SF novel Appleseed (no, nothing to do with that Appleseed ) is so dense with unexplained terminology and slang that the book is mostly known for the amount of work it takes to extract meaning from its text.
Radix by A. A. Attanasio introduces the slang term "jooch" which means to trick, con or deceive.
In Random Acts of Senseless Violence, the central character starts out speaking standard English. As her life (and sanity) declines, her language changes as well.
The Star Wars expanded Universe uses a kriff-load of this karking shavit.
Technically the Star Wars stuff would be Past Slang as its all a long time ago.... Anyway, X-wing pilots have plenty of slang for all manner of fighters. TIE fighters are Eyeballs, Interceptors are Squints, Bombers are Dupes, and so on and so forth.
In addition, Star Wars has actually taken Future Slang from other series: " kark ," " frell ," and " frak " are all canon.
Inverted in Tamora Pierce's Beka Cooper books, where there is all manner of entertaining 'past slang', like 'sarden', 'bardash', 'scummer' and 'gixie'.
This becomes excessively awkward when you use these terms in real life accidently and everyone just sort of goes 'huh?'
Which at least sometimes slides into a strange version of Bilingual Bonus where the other language is simply the same one, but an older version thereof...
The Uglies series has a totally bubbly form of this. It's so happy-making!
Or completely brain-missing, depending on who you talk to.
The same author, in The Last Days, uses "fawesome." Constantly.
The same author also uses a lots of Future-past slang in Leviathan , mostly to cover up swearing by the air force. Words like clart and bum-rag are used often.
The Sten series by Alan Cole and Chris Bunch uses "clot" in almost every sense that we would use "fuck"—except for referring to the actual, literal sex act. This is actually modern-day New Orleans slang.
Timothy Zahn 's Angel Mass uses the verb 'nurk' as the catch-all nurking expletive.
Tanith Lee 's Biting the Sun has a list of about 12 words of slang for the adolescent 'Jang' caste of the dystopian novel.
As mentioned in the entry on Golden Age Science-Fiction, Foundation used curses that were primarily space-based. One character in particular was fond of venting his spleen by shouting "ga-LAX-y!" Later in the series, curses and oaths appeared based on the religion of science created by Salvor Hardin after the first Seldon Crisis.
In Bumped by Megan Mc Cafferty , which takes place in 2036, all of the slang relates to pregnancy or reproduction. In this society, everyone over 18 is infertile, so teens are paid top dollar to be surrogate parents for rich older couples.
The favorite exclamation in Dark Life is "Glacial!", relating to the fact that the story's set in a post-Global-Warming, risen-sea future.
In Storm Thief , the main character says "Frek" or "frekking" to describe something annoying—much like the other word it much resembles.
In Time Scout , this is mostly averted, but at one point Margo comes to Shangri La from a semester at college with a little uptime slang that hasn't filtered through Primary. Also, the series has its own jargon regarding the time portals and time travel.
Also inverted with the downtime destinations. The language barrier doesn't exist in London or Denver, right? Wrong; after more than a century, the language and slang are wildly different. Or show we're told.
The futuristic slang word "kruk" was introduced in the Doctor Who spin-off novels produced by Virgin after the BBC complained of the use of "fuck" in some of the earlier novels. Strangely enough, some people preferred the word, probably due to the presence of another aggressive k .
And of course Ciaphas Cain , HERO OF THE IMPERIUM! , regularly snaps " Frak this !" when things go wrong.
In Duty Calls, Zemelda, a vendor Amberly adds to her retinue, speaks in frequently-grating slang... which is lampshaded in that neither Cain nor Amberly understand half of it.
Zemelda: (on her new job) "It beats flogging gristle pies or fly-posting for slash gigs."
Amberley, via footnote: No, I don't know either.
This is further compound by Amberley's habit of explaining military and Valhallan slang throughout the whole series.
"Feth!" is a favored expletive of the Tanith First and Only. According to the books, Feth was a forest spirit/goddess that the men of Tanith prayed to. Feth appears to have the versatility of our own "fuck". In one particularly humorous example, most of the members of the unit, command staff included, refer to missile launchers as "Tred-fethers." Later, some of the displaced militia of Verunhive join up with the Tanith, favoring their own future slang work "Gak". It seems to have the same connotation as "shit".
Don't forget "cogboys," the Guard's semi-derisive name for their resident Techpriest. If they're a liked cogboy, they'll also get a nickname (i.e. "Sparky." )
Mechanicus-oriented things are full of this. Average citizens refering to Mechanicus, Mechanicus refering to average citizens, and inter-Mechanicus slang are rife within the universe.
"Cog Head" and "Gear Head" are common slang terms for a modified Mechanicus citizen(i.e. all of them).
"Meat-Bags" and "Fleshies" are common slang terms for an unmodified Imperial citizen among the Mechanicus.
In Titanicus, one of the Magos tells off a young adept for using "pissed-off". The Magos then says the term "error-shunt-abort" is more fitting.
i.e.: "to be error-shunt-abort with someone"
Traveller gives several examples of this, sometimes including whole lists. Groundhog, flatlander, and if this troper remembers, dirtsider are terms for non-spacers.
In Adventure Time characters use math phrases in lieu of swears.
"Mathematical! Rhombus!"
Batman Beyond used this trope, and it was schway. (Or schwarbage, depending on the viewer.) "Schway" may be derived from the Mandarin word shuài, meaning "handsome", "graceful", "smart" and generally cool; it's used this way in Firefly . Alternatively, it may come from chouette (pronounced "schwett"), a French word of similar meaning.
Also, "Twip". Its use is kind of broad (Terry's little brother, superheroes said brother doesn't like, the class nerd, etc.) so it's probably synonymous with "wimp" (weak/pathetic person) or something of the like, rather than "twerp" (small, annoying person) as one might first assume.
Beast Wars: has the word slag.
Magic: The Gathering used slag (and other metal related terms) in their Mirrodin expansion, which was based on an artificial plane. "Slag" and other terms (often relating to Oil, Maker, etc.) are often used in robot-related media.
Slag is also a real British slang word for loose woman (synonymous with slut).
Slag was originally used to refer to the "partially vitreous by-product of smelting ore to purify metals."
Also of note is "dreg", used as Nineteen Eighty-Four 's "prole".
Bionic Six had bits of this, and it was "So-lar".
The 2d-animated spinoff Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (spun from Toy Story and Toy Story 2) seemed to include futuristic swearing. Swearing in a Disney title? Aw, craters.
This isn't the only example: Lilo and Stitch has quite a bit of it from Gantoo. "Oh, blitznak..." (though this is more Pardon My Klingon , being not of Earth)
Parodied in Futurama . Old slang words (such as "axe" for ask and "X-Mas" for Christmas ) have become mainstream.
Amy plays the trope straight though, spluh.
Used by Judy Jetson in The Jetsons —where all the future slang was made up of space terminology.
If you mean "Jumping Jupiter", that's almost a universal phrase for almost every future themed HB cartoon.
In Kim Possible Rufus' descendants started using The Tweebs' Catch Phrase "Hicka-bicka-boo" and "Hoo-sha" as a way of communicating.
Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo: "Hey, mom. What's the fizz?"
In one of the many futures shown on The Simpsons , "Smell you later" has replaced "Goodbye" in common usage—to the extent that "Smell you later forever" makes sense.
Parodied on South Park in the "Go God Go" two-parter; in the future, religion has been phased out of human society, leading to turns-of-phrase like "Sciencedammit!" and "Science H Logic!".
It's a plot point in Young Justice . Time-traveler Impulse explains that "crash" is good and "mode" is the absolute worst—it's always better to "crash the mode." He also uses "meat" to refer to people he isn't impressed by. Earlier episodes featured the "Partner" of the bad guys' group using "meat" in the same way. Meanwhile, the Villain of the Week is being monitored by a pair of shadowy aliens, who comment that the exercise is "on-mode" and abort the mission when the mode begins to crash. The Stinger reveals that Impulse is from a Bad Future , and the entire point of his trip was to crash the mode.
Notes
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Which berry is used to make the Italian liqueur Sambuca? | The Most Famous Italian Liquors | Italy
The Most Famous Italian Liquors
List of Major Italian Liqueurs and Spirits
Submitted by admin on Fri, 12/16/2016 - 12:46
List of Major Italian Liqueurs and Spirits
Italy is not only and simply known for her fine wines, but also for a plethora of liqueurs and spirits we enjoy at times as an aperitivo, at times as an after-dinner digestive. Often, they become also important ingredients for some of our favorite desserts.
Amaro Fernet Branca -
Made from the infusion of numerous ingredients, obtained from 4 continents. After the infusion takes place, Fernet rests in wood barrels for at least a year. The name of this liqueur, according to many, originated from the Milanese dialect "fer net", literarily, a clean iron, from the hot metal rod once used to mix the ingredients together. And it is, in fact, in Milan that Fernet acquired its fame, thanks to producer Bernardino Branca who, more than 150 years ago, started up producing the famous amaro.
Fernet is best consumed after a meal, to help digestion, but can also be used as an addition, or "correction" to espresso coffee. An interesting, and true, anecdote about the first imports of Fernet into the USA tells how, when BAFT inspectors first tested Fernet they classified it under "medicinal beverages," for which import duties were much lower than alcoholic drinks. Only several years later was it determined that Fernet was an after-dinner liqueur, hence commanding a higher import duty.
Amaretto - Amaretto is a sweet liqueur made of almonds (Amaretto di Saronno is one of the most famous ). Nowadays, it is prepared using an almond essence, although it was originally produced by macerating apricots kernels. Amber-colored and almond-scented, amaretto can be enjoyed after a meal, as a digestive, or as an ingredient in cakes and cocktails.
Aperitivo - Aperitivo has become a bit of an international phenomenon in recent years, but it is still quintessentially associated with living life Italian Style. Aperol, Biancosarti, Martini Bianco or Rosso are only some of the most popular aperitivo drinks in Italy. These are all aperitif wines and liqueurs consumed prior to the meal, along with various snacks. In Italy the aperitivo is viewed as a moment of cordial companionship prior to a meal with family or friends.
A typical Italian Aperitivo, 1960's style: Biancosarti
Campari - A red, bitter cordial that can be served in many ways, including with grapefruit juice, vodka or Tonic Water and ice. Campari fans drink it undiluted, on the rocks or mixed either with mineral water or, for a more aggressive taste, with white sparkling wine.
Centerba - Centerba is a very strong amaro, with a bitter taste that somewhat masks its high alcoholic content. It is based on an infusion of many herbs (centerba means 100 herbs), and the bottle is presented in an attractive straw basket.
Italian liquors: Cynar
Cynar - This liqueur is made from artichokes - It is bitter-sweet, and mixes well with Tonic water and Ice.
Frangelico - Hazelnut liqueu/cordial, a nice after-dinner choice if you have a sweet tooth and is particularly nice with coffee.
Grappa - Fermented from the peels, seeds and stems of grapes. Grappa is usually clear in color and of high alcoholic gradation.Grappa can be purchased plain or flavored in a variety of ways: with pears, apples, prunes, and can be produced with various types of grapes, berries or herbs. Grappa is very popular in northern Italy, and has gradually gained recognition in many other countries, particularly in the US. It is normally consumed as an after dinner digestive drink or with coffee.
Limoncello - Limoncello is obtained by macerating lemon rinds in alcohol. The best known limoncello-producing area in Italy is probably the Sorrento Coast, in Campania, where lemons are almost as big as grapefruits and their scent mixes with that of the sea and deliciously fill the air. Interestingly, limoncello at its best offers mixtures of lemon, lime and marine scents. Nowadays, limoncello is made in most parts of Italy, but the Sorrento version remains the most exquisite.
Mellone - It is a melon liqueur, made from cantaloupe melons.
Mezzaluna - One of the smoothest Vodkas around, triple distilled and filtered.
Mirto - Mirto is a typical product of the island of Sardinia, where myrtle thrives along with other plants like juniper and arbutus (strawberry-tree), typical shrubs of the Macchia Mediterranea. Myrtle berries, dark in colour, are left to macerate in alcohol and produce this dense, aromatic liqueur, with hints of sage and cocoa and a deep, garnet color.
Nocino - Similar to Amaretto, this liqueur is made with green walnuts (traditionally gathered on the night of the 21st of June, midsummer's night and Saint John's) and their husks, which are placed to macerate in alcohol along with other spices, such as cinnamon and cloves, and sugar for a period in between 40 and 60 days. Originally produced in Emilia, nocino was said to be used as a medicine. Nowadays, it is commonly agreed that, in small quantities, it helps digestion.
Sambuca - The most popular brand of Sambuca, the one that almost stands as a synonym for the product itself, is certainly sambuca Molinari. Sambuca Romana, however, is another popular choice in Italy. This strong, syrupy and aromatic liqueur is made with star anise and white elderflowers. It is served as a digestive or, with the addition of water, as a long (and refreshing) drink. If you order this in a restaurant, you will typically see 3 coffee beans floating in it, (called Sambuca con la mosca - Sambuca with the fly) signifying health, happiness and prosperity. The number three is often considered lucky in Italy, so don't be surprised if you notice it popping out here and there while on holiday in the country!
Amaro Strega : Literally meaning "witch" in Italian, this amaro is a yellow, bitter-sweet liqueur cordial with a unique taste.
Vin Santo : a Port-like wine from Tuscany, vin santo is typically consumed as an after dinner sweet drink, which goes particularly well with cantucci, crisps, aromatic almond biscuits, usually dunked into it.
| Sambucus |
Which famous sculpture, made approximately 150 BC, was found on the Aegean island of Melos in 1820? | Italian Liqueurs - Apertivo and Digestivo
Italian Liqueurs
Aperitif (Apertivo) and Digestif (Digestivo)
A liqueur is a sweet alcoholic beverage, often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds,
roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word liqueur comes from the Latin word liquifacere
which means "to dissolve". This refers to the dissolving of the flavorings used to make the liqueur.
Liqueurs are not usually aged for long periods, but may have resting periods during their production
to allow flavors to marry. There are many categories of liqueurs including: fruit liqueur, cream
liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur,
nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur. At 15-30%, most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content
than spirits, but some liqueurs have an alcohol content as high as 55%. Dessert wine, on the other
hand, may taste like a liqueur, but contains no additional flavoring.
Apéritifs and digestifs are alcoholic drinks that are normally served with meals. An apériitif is usually served before a meal to stimulate the appetite. An aperitif (the
word comes from the Latin aperire, "to open") is a light, most often dry, most often modestly alcoholic beverage meant to spark the appetite without overwhelming the
senses. And while an aperitif may be as simple as a glass of dry white wine or Champagne, a true aperitif has a little more flair, more flavor, more color and a bit
more sophistication. Italians tend to prefer bitter aperitifs like Campari, Aperol, and various herb-based drinks but Spumante is becoming just as popular. Apéritifs
are commonly served with something small to eat, such as crackers, cheese, pâté, or olives.
Digestifs are served at the end of a meal to aid digestion. They typically contain herbs and spices that are believed to have stomach-settling properties. The first
attempts to aid digestion using aromatic herbs and seeds steeped in liquids were made by the Greeks and Romans. In Italy, these digestifs or digestivos are
collectively known as amari. The word refers to the bitterness that is common to this group of liqueurs. Digestifs, which are usually taken straight (neat), generally
contain more alcohol than apéritifs. Some fortified wines such as sherry, port, and Madeira are often served after dinner, but should be classified as dessert wines
and not digestifs. See our recipes for Italian Cocktails.
AMARO
A bitter spirit that ranges in color from gold to dark brown, amaro is likely to appear on the table after a heavy meal. Recipes vary, but all amari essentially consist of an infusion of various herbs, roots, and vegetables in alcohol, and flavors range from earthy and bitter to sickly sweet. Some popular brands of amaro include Amaro del Capo, Ramazzotti, Lucana, Averna, and Fernet Branca.
ANISEED LIQUEURS
Aniseed spread throughout the Italian peninsula after the Arabs brought it to Sicily. Aniseed liqueur is distilled from the fruit of the green aniseed plant along with other aromatic ingredients. It can be clear, milky white, or straw yellow and have a 40 to 60% alcohol content. Aniseed liqueurs may be drunk at room temperature, on ice, or diluted with water. In Italy today there is a huge variety of aniseed liqueurs. Aniciono, Sassolino, Anisetta, and Mistra are a few of the varieties, but Sambuca is probably the best known. Aniseed liqueurs are especially popular in central and southern Italy. Aniseed liqueur is a traditional ammazza caffe, or coffee killer. The liqueur is either poured directly into espresso or drunk after strong coffee to get rid of the coffee’s bitter after taste.
APEROL
Bright orange in color, Aperol has a unique taste, thanks to the secret recipe, which has never been changed, with infusions of selected ingredients including bitter and sweet oranges and many other herbs and roots in perfect proportions. Aperol has a very low-alcohol content of only 11 percent. Because of this, Aperol is probably the lightest spirit in the world. It can be served over ice or in a variety of mixed drinks. Hundreds of thousands of Aperol Spritz are consumed in the Veneto region every day.
CAMPARI
Gaspar Campari opened a café in Milan in 1867 and served his customers a creation of his own. The drink with its marked bitterness and striking red color was known as ‘bitter Campari.’ To this day only a few priviledged employees in Milan know the true secret of Campari ingredients. All the company will divulge is that the production begins with an infusion of herbs, fruits, and various parts of plants; the aromas are extracted by alcohol. This flavor concentrate is mixed with alcohol, sugar, water, and red coloring. Campari is usually served as an aperitif. A number of cocktails also specifically call for Campari, such as a Negroni .
CENTERBA
Centerba is distilled from various plants indigenous to the alpine regions of Abruzzi. The name suggests that a hundred herbs are required to produce this greenish conconction, but the manufacturers keep the ingredients a closely guarded secret. The most powerful of all Italian liqueurs, Centerba was originally made by herbalists as a digestive. True to Abruzzi tastes, “the spicier the better,” Centerba produces such a powerful burning sensation in the throat that you might believe it was spiced with peperoncino. The bottle is presented in an attractive straw basket.
CYNAR
Cynar is an Italian bitter apéritif made from 13 herbs and plants. Predominant and most unusual amongst them is the artichoke (Cynara scolymus), from which the drink derives its name. Cynar is dark brown in color, has a bittersweet flavor, and its strength is 16.5% alcohol. Cynar can be drunk as either an aperitif (generally over ice), or as a cocktail mixed with soda water and lemon or orange slice, or with cola, tonic water, or bitter lemon soda). Europeans often mix it with orange juice. Because of its artichoke component, Cynar is also regarded as a digestive.
FERNET
Fernet is a type of amaro, a bitter, aromatic spirit. Saffron is just one of the over 40 herbs and spices used to make Fernet-Branca, an Italian brand of fernet. The health-enhancing properties of Fernet-Branca (fehr-NEHT BRAHN-kah) have made it the favored "digestivo" at tables across the world. Traditionally served straight up at the end of a meal, it aids in digestion and cleanses the palate. It can also be used to spike espresso to make the famous "caffè corretto" (literally, "spiked coffee") which is served all over the world. In recent years, as a new generation of Americans and Europeans has discovered the invigorating liqueur, many have begun to serve it on the rocks, with cola, fruit juice, Grenadine, or just a splash of mineral water. It contains 40% alcohol. It may be served at room temperature or on the rocks (with ice).
FRANGELICO
Frangelico is produced in the Piedmont region of northern Italy, its origins date back more than 300 years to the presence of early Christian monks living in the hills of the area. The Frangelico bottle is an immediate reminder of this distinctive history; shaped like a monk’s habit, with a traditional rope belt around its waist. To make Frangelico, local Piedmont hazelnuts are roasted and infused in a solution of water and alcohol. A number of natural extracts - including cocoa and vanilla - are blended with the hazelnut infusion and hazelnut distillate to create the Frangelico concentrate. The mixture is then left to
mature in vats for 6 to 8 weeks. The resulting liqueur is pale gold in color, a rich texture, and a pronounced hazelnut flavor with hints of vanilla and dark chocolate. As a classic liqueur, it’s perfect after a meal - either with coffee or in coffee, or pour it over ice in a chunky tumbler.
GALLIANO
Galliano, is a sweet herbal liqueur created in 1896 by Italian distiller and brandy producer Arturo Vaccari of Livorno, Tuscany. Among the many ingredients in Galliano are star anise from China , Mediterranean anise, juniper, musk yarrow, ginger, lavender and peppermint as well as vanilla with its delicate aroma and cinnamon with its spicy touch. Vanilla is the most important ingredient in Galliano. The vanilla top note differentiates Galliano from other anise-flavored liqueurs such as Sambuca, Pernod, or Anisette. Galliano has a similar appearance to Strega, another Italian herbal liqueur. Galliano is sweet and has a complex, vanilla-anise flavor with subtle citrus and woodsy herbal under notes. It is used both as a digestif and as an ingredient for cocktails, most notably the Harvey Wallbanger.
GENEPY
Genepy, a clear herbal schnapps, is possibly the most famous spirit from the Aosta Valley of Italy. It is made according to a strictly guarded recipe, using not only alcohol, sugar, and water but also a great variety of local herbs. The herbs used can be either fresh or dried. If the herbs are fresh, they give Genepy a beautiful green color. If dried herbs are used, the schnapps will be pale yellow. Genepy is about 40% proof. It is a favorite tonic but also serves as a digestive.
GRAPPA
Grappa is a crystal clear sprit that is made from the remains of grapes after pressing. The Italian word grappa literally means ‘grape stalk.’ The original use of grappa was to provide warmth in the chilly climate of northern Italy. The most important areas of grappa production are the Piedmont, Fruili, Lombardy, Val d’Aosta, the Veneto, Trentino, and Alto Adige. Any grappa simply described as ‘Italian’ is probably a blend of spirits from several regions. In Fruili, grappa made using marc from the sweet, low-yeild grape variety Picolit is a specialty. Opinions differ on whether grappa should be aged or not.
A riserva or stravecchia is aged for at least 12 months; 6 of those months are spent in a wooden cask. Oak casks give grappa its typical golden hue. Aged grappa is best drunk from a brandy glass at (61 - 64 degrees F) (16 - 18 degrees C) Young grappa is crystal clear. Cloudiness or impurities are a sign of poor quality. Young grappa is best served slightly chilled (46 - 50 degrees F) (8 - 10 degrees C) in tall stemmed glasses.
LIMONCELLO
Limoncello is a liqueuer flavored with the lemons for which the Amalfi coast is famous. It is just as essential a finishing touch to a Campanian meal as grappa or aniseed liqueur is in other regions of Italy. The lemon liqueur is said to be good for digestion. The Nostrano variety of lemon is considered to be Italy’s best variety of lemon and it provides the flavor for genuine limoncello. The Mediterranean climate of the Sorrento - Amalfi coast produces this lemon with large and perfumed peel. Limoncello is usually served cold. Some prefer it at room temperature, even stirred in tonic water or champagne.
MARASCHINO LIQUEUR
Maraschino is a clear, relatively dry liqueur made from Marasca cherries. Crushed cherry pits give it a subtle bitter almond flavor. The cherries are processed and distilled much like brandy, and later combined with pure cane syrup before it is aged and filtered. There are several distillers of this liqueur, but one of the foremost brands are produced by the Italian company Luxardo. Maraschino liqueur should not be confused with the juice from Maraschino cherries or other cherry liqueurs, that are both much sweeter. It is typically bottled in a straw-coated bottle.
NOCINO
Along with Campania, Emilia-Romagna is the biggest producer of walnuts in Italy. The ripe walnuts are eaten but the young green fruits are made into a highly alcoholic specialty known as Nocino. Nocino is made all over Italy, but in the area around Modena, where this walnut liqueur was apparently invented, the farmers occasionally still make it at home. Traditionally, the walnuts are picked on the eve of the Festa di San Giovanni on June 24th and the Nocino is drunk on All Soul's Day, November 2nd, to honor the dead. To make Nocono, the walnuts are cleaned and quartered, put into round glass bottles with a mixture of alcohol, sugar, cinnamon, and cloves and allowed to rest in a warm sunny place for 40 days.
The liquid seeps into the nuts and turns dark brown. More sugar and spices are added and, if the liquid has become too strong, a little water is added. The result is a delicious drink used as a digestive.
SAMBUCA
Crystal clear, with anisette-like characteristics, Sambuca derives its flavoring from the fruit of the elderberry bush, not aniseed. Sambuca comes in a number of varieties and colors including white sambuca (which is actually clear), black sambuca (which is more like a dark purple) and red sambuca (which is actually red). In Italy it is common to serve neat. Sambuca with some floating coffee beans dropped on it. The beans are there as an ornament, but they can be chewed to increase the taste of anise. It is said that the beans represent health, happiness, and prosperity or the Trinity. Sambuca may also be served in a shot glass and then set on fire for a second or two, in order to increase its flavor.
STREGA
Strega, is an Italian herbal liqueur produced since 1860 in Benevento, Campania, Italy. Strega is the Italian word for "witch" and legends of witchcraft at Benevento date back to the time of the Lombard invasion. Strega is considered a digestif, meant for drinking after meals. Its yellow color comes from the presence of saffron. Strega has a similar appearance to Galliano. It is slightly sweet, semi-viscous, and has a bold, complex flavor. Strega is 80 proof (40%) and among its approximately 70 herbal ingredients are mint and fennel.
TUACA
Tuaca is a striking blend of vanilla, orange essence, and oak-aged Italian brandy. Vanilla is the dominant flavor. The liqueur is sweet and golden amber in color. Tuaca is a brand of liqueur originally produced by the Tuoni and Canepa families of Livorno, Italy, and now produced by the Tuaca Liqueur Company of Louisville, Kentucky. It has a bold yet incredibly smooth taste. Tuaca is most commonly chilled and consumed neat, but can also be mixed with ginger ale, cola, and hot apple cider.
VERMOUTH
In 1786 Antonio Benedetto Carpano presented the customers in his bar in Turin with his own creation, which he called vermouth. The name probably goes back to the old High German word werimonta, which describes a kind of vegetable bitters that stimulated digestion. The drink was not very popular. Carpano created a new enthusiasm for vermouth by taking local white wine and adding a refined and secret mixture of herbs. Other manufacturers, particularly Cinzano, began to produce the aromatic fortified wine. Martini & Rossi came on the market in 1863 with their version. Vermouth comes in both white (dry) and red (sweet) versions. Piedmont is still home to vermouth and Carpano, Cinzano, and Martini & Rossi are still synonymous with this aromatic drink. Today white wines with very little distinctive flavor of their own are used to make vermouth. Sugar, alcohol, and a mixture of various herb extracts are added. The seasoned wine is then heated and distilled. Sweet vermouth is colored with caramel. Dry vermouth has an alcohol content of around 18%.
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What was the name of the terrorist group that murdered eleven Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in 1972? | Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich
Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich
Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich
Who murdered the athletes of the Israeli 1972 Olympic Team in Munich?
A closer look at the history of Israel-Palestine conflict reveals that both the parties have done horrendous acts of terror in order to achieve their political and military goals. On September 5, 1972, five Palestinian Arabs entered the Olympic Village in Munich, Germany and were joined by three others who had gained access to the village through some means. In the 24 hours that followed, a German policeman and eleven Israelis were killed along with five Arabs. The attackers made nine Israelis hostage and demanded the release of 234 Arab prisoners from Israeli jails and two Arabs imprisoned in Frankfurt. Their demands also included giving them a safe passage out of Germany.
The negotiations went on for hours between the German authorities and the Arabs after which a deal was made. The Arabs were taken to the NATO air base in Firstenfeldbruck by bus. Two helicopters were arranged there to take them to the plane which was scheduled to leave for Cairo. However, the deal was a part of rescue operation as German sharpshooters were positioned on the air base with orders to shoot the kidnappers without targeting the hostages. In what turned out to be the most dramatic and shocking act of violence, all of hostages in two helicopters were shot down in an exchange of fire between Arabs and the Germans. German police captured three of the attackers and held them in Germany. These attackers were later released when the Palestinians hijacked a Lufthansa jet on October 29 and demanded the release of prisoners of Munich incident. The attack on the Olympic Village is said to be carried out by Fatah on the orders of PLO’s leader, Yasser Arafat . However, it was later revealed that the attackers actually belonged to a group called Black September which was a faction working independently from PLO. This extremist group was of the view that PLO is not working fast enough to liberate Palestine, so it was showing off its image as a part of PLO only to damage its international standing and political interests. Israel retaliated to this incident on a more massive level. Only three days later, Israel launched an air strike with a launch of around 75 aircraft, the largest one since the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Moreover, fighter bombers targeted Palestinians guerrilla members in Syria and Lebanon which killed nearly 66 while many other were badly injured. Besides this, three Syrian planes were also destroyed over the Golan Heights. All this action was called upon by the Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir who gave the instructions to kill the Palestinians who were involved in the Munich attack. These operations were called Operation Wrath of God and Operation Spring of Youth where the suspected Palestinians were spotted and killed by Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, but historians object that it mainly picked innocent civilians to unleash a new wave on terror in Palestine.
29 thoughts on “Israeli 1972 Olympic Team Murdered in Munich”
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| Black September |
Which popular video game was designed and programmed by Russian computer engineer Alexey Pajitnov in 1985? | Olympics Memorial for 11 Israeli Athletes - Jewish World - News -
Main All News Jewish World Olympics Memorial for 11 Israeli Athletes
Olympics Memorial for 11 Israeli Athletes
A ceremony in memory of the 11 Israeli athletes murdered by PLO terrorists during the 1972 Olympics was held in Beijing's Olympic Village.
Contact Editor
A PLO terrorist at the Munich Olympic Village
Image from the 1972 TV coverage of the Munich Massacre
A ceremony in memory of the 11 Israeli athletes murdered by PLO terrorists during the 1972 Munich Olympics was held Monday evening in Beijing's Olympic Village. As in past years, the Israeli Olympic Committee and the Israeli Foreign Ministry arranged the memorial on their own.
Hundreds of people attended the event, held at the Hilton hotel in Beijing, including foreign diplomats and Olympic representatives. Taking part in the memorial from Israel were Minister of Science, Culture and Sport Ghaleb
Hundreds of people attended the event.
Majadele, members of the current Israeli Olympic delegation and the Israeli Olympic Committee, Israel's representative to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and ambassador to China Amos Nadai.
Among the IOC representatives in attendance were the head of the German Olympic Committee, Thomas Bach, and former IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, as well as a number of Olympic delegates from other nations. Current IOC president Jacques Rogge was in Hong Kong on Monday and unable to attend the Beijing event.
On September 4, 1972, a Fatah terrorist front group going under the name of Black September infiltrated the Olympic Village in Germany and took 11 Israeli athletes hostage. After negotiations, a botched rescue attempt led to the deaths of the bound Israeli captives. The mastermind of the Munich attack, Mohammed Daoud Oudeh, or Abu Daoud, revealed in a 1999 memoir that current Palestinian Authority Chairman and Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas handled the financing for the Munich attack.
Since the 1976 Montreal Olympics, the Israeli delegation to the Games has held a memorial for the fallen athletes. The IOC has yet to take part in sponsoring the event or in officially marking the anniversary of the attacks in any way.
"We should have had this memorial in front of all the athletes, sponsored by the IOC," said Ankie Spitzer, widow of fencing coach Andre Spitzer. "This is not an Israeli issue. This concerns the whole Olympic family."
The widow of weightlifter Yosef Romano, Ilana, called on the IOC to "recognize those murdered as sons of the Olympic movement." Israel's next memorial ceremony for the 1972 Olympic delegation should be held "under the Olympics' five-ring banner," Romano said.
PA Chairman and Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas handled the financing for the Munich attack.
In her words to the assembled IOC delegates, Spitzer commented that "nations that are not willing to condemn terrorism openly or refuse to compete against other nations because of their nationality or race or religion - they should not be part of the Olympics. It's contrary to the Olympic ideal."
In a brief speech, Samaranch called the Munich Massacre, as it came to be known, "the blackest event in the long history of the Olympic Games." The murder of 11 "athletes, coaches and judges of your country who came to the Olympic Games to compete in peace and harmony" was "an event that the world and the Olympic movement will never forget," he said.
"We will not allow terror to triumph," declared Israel Olympic Committee President Zvi Varshaviak, adding that the attack was targeted at Israelis, but all Olympic athletes "continue their path" by continuing to take part in the Games.
One Day in September is the Academy award winning film which documented the Munich Olympic Massacre. The film offers evidence to the allegation that the rescue operation was poorly planned and executed. For example, the snipers at the airport were not prepared and were poorly positioned. The film implies that had the German government prepared better, the athletes might have been saved.
Former Mossad Director Zvi Zamir, who was present at the airport during the final gunfight, is interviewed about his views on the failed rescue and expresses shock at the amateur fashion in which the operation was carried out.
© Arutz Sheva, All Rights Reserved
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With only one chapter, which is the shortest book in the Old Testament? | The 5 Shortest Books of the Bible, in Order
The 5 shortest books of the Bible, in order
by Jeffrey Kranz | Jan 17, 2016 | Bible facts | 8 comments
What’s the shortest book of the Bible? (Spoiler alert: it’s 3 John, and I’ll explain why later.) The Bible is a pretty long book , and that might give the impression that every book of the Bible is long, too.
But good news! Not every book of the Bible is so long. It has some tiny documents in it. In fact, the shortest books of the Bible are shorter than this blog post.
The shortest books of the Bible
Here are the five shortest books of the Bible, beginning with the very shortest. These measurements are by words in the original languages. Each of these books is only one chapter long, and would take you a few minutes to read, tops:
Jude (461 words)
I got these word counts using Word Lists in Logos Bible Software . Again, these aren’t listed by English word count: this is from the underlying Greek and Hebrew.
“That’s a lot of work, dude! Why not just count the verses?”
Because verses vary in length, and with such brief books, it’s best not to risk it. And if we were going by verse count, we’d be dealing with a different ordered list. Philemon has more verses than Obadiah (the shortest book in the Old Testament), but fewer words. Second John has fewer verses than Third John, but more words. If we were going by verse count, we’d still know the shortest books of the Bible, but we’d have them out of order.
Contrast that with the longest books
Here’s an infographic comparing the shortest books of the Bible to the longest books of the Bible .
Read these books front-to-back
One of the best habits to form when studying the Bible is to read the entire book you’re working with in one sitting. It’s certainly helped me with this project .
If you’re setting out to study a book of the Bible, it’s best to try reading the entire book at once. Andy Naselli just wrote a nice bit on this at the Desiring God blog:
Have you ever read the Gospel according the Matthew straight through in one sitting? Or Romans ? Or Job ? Or Revelation ? If not, you’re missing out. That’s the way they’re meant to be read.
He’s right. The Bible’s made up of letters and stories and oracles, but we tend to treat it more like a reference guide. Maybe that’s because the Bible’s so big—really, where are you going to find the time to read 150 Psalms?
Reading entire books of the Bible at once can be a tough habit to get into, but starting with some of the shortest books of the Bible might help you get the hang of it.
And by the way, this blog post is weighing in at around 450 words, so if you can read this sort of stuff, Third John , Second John , and Philemon will be no problem at all!
In fact, here’s a challenge: set a timer for 15 minutes and read all five of these books. Not only will you have read five books in one sitting, but you’ll be able to say you read Obadiah —how many people do you know who can say that? (Probably not many … it’s the least popular book of the Bible .)
Download that chart for yourself
Plug in your email address and I’ll send you a copy on the infographic in this piece. You’ll also be first in line to hear about more cool stuff that happens around here. =)
Email address
What about the other books of the Bible?
So you know the shortest five books of the Bible (and the longest five, from that infographic). But what about the other 59 books in the middle? How do they line up?
Well, here’s every book of the Bible, lined up from shortest to longest, with word counts. I’ve linked each book to a brief summary that I’ve written.
1
| Obadiah |
In which city is the Uffizi Gallery to be found? | Obadiah Summary
Obadiah Summary
by Jay Smith
The book of Obadiah is a book of Prophetic Oracles. The prophet Obadiah wrote it. Its authorship is difficult to date but was possibly written about 853-841 B.C. or 605-586 B.C. The key personalities are the Edomites. The purpose of Obadiah is to show that God will judge all those who are against His children, His chosen people; Edom is used as the example of this truth.
Obadiah is only one chapter (the shortest book in the Old Testament) yet it tells of God’s prophet Obadiah as he announces God’s powerful and authoritative judgment on the nation of Edom. This is the fateful end of the nation of Edom. They had been in conflict with Israel since ancient times, in reality Edom is the descendants of Esau, Jacobs’s brother.
• In verses 1-9, Obadiah declares the wickedness of the Edomites and gives examples of their pride, “In the loftiness of your dwelling place, who say in your heart, ‘Who will bring me down to earth?” He proclaims God’s judgment on Edom, “Will I not on that day,” declares the LORD, “Destroy wise men from Edom and understanding from the mountain of Esau?” (vs 8).
• Verses 10-14 tell of the transgressions and offenses of Edom. Implying that they should have acted like a brother who would stand for them, since they descended from the brothers; Jacob and Esau. “Because of violence to your brother Jacob, You will be covered with shame, And you will be cut off forever” (vs. 10).
• In verses 15-21, we read about the victory of Israel in the end, “Esau’s house will be as stubble” and “The house of Jacob will be afire” (vs. 18). Edom was utterly nonexistent by the 1st century A.D.
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Which group had 90s hits with 'Life Of Riley', 'Perfect' and 'Lucky You'? | The Lightning Seeds – Songs & Albums : Napster
and 1 other album
About The Lightning Seeds
The Lightning Seeds' first album came out when pop music still belonged on pop charts. Their first single "Pure," from Cloudcuckooland (1989), was a bona fide, doe-eyed hit. Then their bittersweet mix of Beatles melodies, Synth Pop, and jangly guitars had to endure the American Grunge and British club movements of the early 1990s before regaining a portion of the popularity they deserved. They received one of the highest honors for any Brit Pop group when their song "Three Lions" represented Britain in the 1996 Europe Football Cup playoffs. Nick Dedina
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| The Lightning Seeds |
During which war was the Battle of Inkerman fought? | The Lightning Seeds — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
liverpool
Lightning Seeds are an alternative / pop band, largely the brainchild of writer, singer and guitarist Ian Broudie (born 4th August 1958 in Liverpool, England). The band currently consists of Ian Broudie (vocals, guitar), Riley Broudie (guitar), Martyn Campbell (bass), Angie Pollock (keyboard) and Jack Prince (drums). Co-founder Simon Rogers, although no longer a member of the band, still works with them during album recordings. They are best known for three songs: 1989's " Pure ", 1992's " The Life of… read more
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In which city do Sampdoria play their home games? | ESPNFC: Soccer Juventus play Fiorentina in opener as new Serie A schedule is released
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Juventus will begin the defence of their Serie A title with a home game against Fiorentina, with that fixture the pick of the opening day games in the 2016-17 season schedule.
The Bianconeri, who lost their opener to Udinese last year and took over a month to get their season up and running, will host the Viola on the weekend of Aug. 20-21.
Seeking a sixth straight Serie A title, Massimiliano Allegri's men will then travel to Lazio before hosting Sassuolo after the first international break of the season at the start of September. A week later, they head to Inter Milan for the Derby d'Italia against Inter Milan before Allegri's former club, Cagliari, pay the Juventus Stadium a visit.
Crotone's first-ever Serie A game will come in Bologna, with the promoted sides first home game against Genoa a week later.
#SerieATIM 2016/17: ecco la 2^, 3^, 4^ e 5^giornata! pic.twitter.com/ZkUnIp0xlH
- Serie A TIM (@SerieA_TIM) July 22, 2016
Vincenzo Montella's debut as AC Milan coach comes at home against Torino, before the San Siro heads to Napoli. Udinese then come to the San Siro before Montella returns to his former club, Sampdoria, in the fourth round of matches.
His first derby in the 13th round of matches is also the first city derby of the season, with the Eternal City derby between Lazio and Roma coming two rounds later. The Turin city derby will take place just prior to Christmas.
The final round of matches will see Juve head to Bologna, and last season's runners-up, Napoli, travel to Sampdoria, while Roma will end their season at home to Genoa.
| Genoa |
Which member of the Cabinet has been MP for Rushcliffe since 1970? | Juventus v Sampdoria: Padoin sends out warning as champions close stunning campaign - Yahoo Sport
Juventus v Sampdoria: Padoin sends out warning as champions close stunning campaign
12 May 2016 15:22
.
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Simone Padoin says Juventus will continue to strive for Serie A dominance as they prepare to finish their campaign against Sampdoria.
Juventus forward Simone Padoin has fired a warning to their rivals as the champions bring their Serie A season to an end against Sampdoria on Saturday.
The Old Lady clinched a fifth successive Scudetto after a remarkable run in which they won 25 out of 26 matches, a sequence which ended with a 2-1 reverse to relegated Verona last week.
A win in the Coppa Italia final against AC Milan next week would give Juve a domestic double for the second year running, while they have already begun to lay the groundwork for next season, with head coach Massimiliano Allegri and veterans Gianluigi Buffon and Andrea Barzagli all signing new contracts.
And Padoin, who has been involved in all five of those Serie A title triumphs since 2012, says the strive to improve upon success year on year is what sets his side apart from their competitors.
"After the defeat to Sassuolo in October we looked ourselves in the mirror and realised that we had to fight for the right to be considered Scudetto contenders. From that moment, everything changed," he told the club's website.
"Knowing the club as well as I do now, all I can say is that this success is richly deserved. Everyone at this club wants to win. But however successful our present is, we are always looking to get one step ahead of the game and plan for the future."
While the home side are poised for a party at Juventus Stadium, 2015-16 is a season which Sampdoria will be glad to see the back of.
Just two wins in their last nine and a crushing 3-0 defeat by rivals Genoa last week have left Vincenzo Montella 's side in 15th place, just five points off the bottom three ahead of Saturday's game.
Samp sporting director Carlo Osti blasted the defeat as "shameful" and apologised to supporters, some of whom staged a protest against Montella - who has been heavily linked with the Italy job - and owner Massimo Ferrero following a dismal season.
"The fault is totally mine," Montella, who later denied he had asked to be sacked, said after the game. "The coach can take credit that's not due sometimes, and the blame when it wasn't his fault.
"When an entire season isn't up to scratch, there are some errors in the squad, but I think in this match the players did what they could and I am the only one to blame."
Juve, unbeaten in their last five league games with Samp, will likely rest a number of players ahead of the Coppa final. Martin Caceres (Achilles) and Claudio Marchisio (knee) are long-term absentees, while Sami Khedira (calf) is unlikely to be risked.
David Ivan (thigh) is a doubt for the visitors, while Carlos Carbonero and Niklas Moisander are still short of full fitness. Antonio Cassano may also miss out after a reported bust-up with a club official.
Key Opta Stats:
- Sampdoria have won only one of their last eight trips to Juventus' ground in Serie A (D4 L3), in January 2013.
- Juventus have won all of their last 15 Serie A matches on home soil and they have not conceded any goals in their last 10 home games.
- The Bianconeri are only one game away from equalling the record for clean sheets in a single Serie A campaign (22, held by AC Milan in 1993-94 and Juventus in 2013-14).
- Among coaches with 25+ appearances in the current Serie A, only Roberto Stellone (0.84) has averaged a lower points per game rate than Vincenzo Montella (0.96).
- Massimiliano Allegri has averaged a 2.33 points per game rate and a 72 per cent win percentage over the course of his two Serie A campaigns at Juventus, better than Antonio Conte 's figures in his first two seasons with the Bianconeri (2.25 points per game, 66 per cent).
Sports & Recreation
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Who wrote the play 'The Doctor's Dilema'? | The Doctor's Dilemma (1958) - IMDb
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Mrs. Dubedat loves and idolizes her artist husband, Louis, but he is dying of tuberculosis. She goes to a doctor and convinces him to save her husband. The doctor can keep only so many ... See full summary »
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Edit
Storyline
Mrs. Dubedat loves and idolizes her artist husband, Louis, but he is dying of tuberculosis. She goes to a doctor and convinces him to save her husband. The doctor can keep only so many patients, and must choose who is worth saving, but is convinced that Louis' artistic talents make him worthy. But when he and several colleague meet Louis, they discover that he is in fact a smooth-talking money-grabbing scoundrel. They also learn that he has another wife, whom he has abandoned. So, the doctor has a problem: should he let Louis die, leaving Mrs. Dubedat with her idealized image, or save him and his artistic talents, but force her to face his bigamy and other flaws? Written by John Oswalt <[email protected]>
January 1959 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Arzt am Scheideweg See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
It was once rumored, nearly two decades before, that a film version, produced by Gabriel Pascal would have had Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller (the stars of Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion (1938)) playing the lead roles. See more »
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(Naxxar, Malta) – See all my reviews
An interesting but not particularly engaging George Bernard Shaw satirical play is given a serviceable cinematic treatment from director Asquith - who clearly had fared much better with PYGMALION (1938) - but, nonetheless, the film is buoyed by a good cast (Leslie Caron, Dirk Bogarde, Alastair Sim. Robert Morley, Felix Aylmer, Michael Gwynne, Alec McCowen) and production values (cinematographer Robert Krasker, composer Joseph Kosma, costumer Cecil Beaton, production designer Paul Sheriff). As it happens, some performers acquit themselves better than others: Bogarde is fun as an impoverished but Machiavellian painter dying of tuberculosis and Sim and Morley are their usual pompous selves as two renowned "quacks" competing to treat him so to earn favors from his lovely wife (an unfortunately out-of-her-league Caron).
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| George Bernard Shaw |
Whose last film as a director was 'Eyes Wide Shut' in 1999? | The Doctor's Dilemma
Remind Me
The Doctor's Dilemma
Based on George Bernard Shaw's sly 1906 morality play, The Doctor's Dilemma (1958) questions whether a doctor who has the medical means to save one terminally ill person should cure a poor but worthy fellow physician who practices in the slums, or a wealthy artist who is a genius but also a scoundrel. Complicating the equation is the doctor's attraction to the artist's fetching wife, who will do anything to ensure that her beloved husband gets the cure. Shaw subtitled the play "A Tragedy," but it is actually a satire of doctors, medical ethics, and the importance of art.
Director Anthony Asquith had a long history with Shaw. As a young movie fan, Asquith co-founded London's Film Society in 1925 with Shaw, H.G. Wells, and other literary and artistic luminaries. After an apprenticeship in Hollywood, Asquith returned to England and became a director in 1928. He co-directed the first major film adaptation of a Shaw play, Pygmalion (1938), from Shaw's own screenplay. After the success of that film, there had been talk of a screen version of The Doctor's Dilemma with the same producer, Gabriel Pascal, and same stars, Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller. It never happened, but Asquith became known as a director of literate, intelligent film adaptations of well-known plays such as Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), and several works by playwright-screenwriter Terence Rattigan.
By the mid-1950s, Asquith and Rattigan had collaborated on several films. Along with producer Anatole de Grunwald, they were preparing a biographical film about T.E. Lawrence, the British World War I hero known as Lawrence of Arabia, for J. Arthur Rank. Dirk Bogarde, then Britain's top male star and a Rank contract player, was cast as Lawrence. Then Rank executives abruptly pulled the plug just weeks before shooting began when they realized the enormous production costs. De Grunwald and Asquith offered the disappointed Bogarde the part of the reprobate artist in The Doctor's Dilemma as a consolation prize with MGM providing the financing and distribution.
Bogarde was every inch the handsome leading man, but some critics felt that his enormous charm and his integrity as an actor made him a less than credible cad, although they praised his witty performance in his final scene. In fact, Bogarde proved to have an affinity for morally flawed characters, and Louis Dubedat in The Doctor's Dilemma was the first in his rogues gallery of complex or corrupt characters in films such as The Servant (1963), Accident (1967), and Death in Venice (1971).
Leslie Caron, fresh from playing her final gamine in her last MGM musical, Gigi (1958), was married to British stage director Peter Hall and was living in London. She was still under contract to MGM, and eager to take on more mature roles. The part of the adoring wife of a faithless but brilliant husband in The Doctor's Dilemma was a thankless one, but at least she got to play an adult, and to wear Cecil Beaton's ravishing Edwardian costumes (Beaton had recently won a Tony Award for his costumes for My Fair Lady, the 1956 blockbuster Broadway musical version of Pygmalion). The Doctor's Dilemma was Caron's last film under her MGM contract, and in the following decades she would prove her versatility by playing a wide range of characters, earning an Oscar® nomination for her performance in The L-Shaped Room (1963).
The problem with The Doctor's Dilemma, as some critics noted, is that it's stagebound and talky. That's also its strength. Roger Manvell wrote in Films and Filming, "Anatole de Grunwald, who both produces and scripts this film, and Anthony Asquith, who directs, have kept faith with the play by not trying to obliterate it with film-makers tricks...And they have brought together a formidable cast of doctors, each contributing his own established actors personality to the rhythms of Shaw's most biting wit." That formidable cast included wonderful British character actors like Robert Morley (The African Queen, 1951), Alastair Sim (Hitchcock's Stage Fright, 1950), and Felix Aylmer (Ivanhoe 1952), and the less familiar but equally skilled John Robinson as the doctor who must decide who lives and who dies. Bosley Crowther wrote in the New York Times, "Mr. Morley is bouncy and breathless as the stuffed shirt...Mr. Aylmer is sober and sententious as the senior of the lot and Mr. Sim is delightfully fatuous...When these gentlemen are airing their theories and tossing around the dialogues that Mr. Shaw meant to rip the pretense off medical morality, this beautifully dressed color picture has humor as well as grace."
The Doctor's Dilemma did well at the box office in America, but not in England. In his autobiography, Dirk Bogarde had an interesting theory about why British filmgoers stayed away. He had starred in a series of popular British comedies about a young doctor, beginning with Doctor in the House (1954), and followed by three sequels. The films were enormously successful and had made him a star. Bogarde believed that when British audiences saw the title The Doctor's Dilemma, they assumed it was another film about the charming Dr. Simon Sparrow. They felt cheated when they found out it was about an immoral artist who's dying of consumption, so they stayed away. The film's success in America, however, proved to be a mixed blessing for Bogarde. Hollywood beckoned, but the films he made there were not very good. It was not until he returned to England that he moved from being a matinee idol to a long and lauded career as one of Britain's most respected character actors.
Director: Anthony Asquith
Screenplay: Anatole de Grunwald, based on the play by George Bernard Shaw
Cinematography: Robert Krasker
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.ac is the top level internet domain name for which island in the South Atlantic? | .AC Domains • Domain for Acscension Island and Academia
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Why choose a .ac domain extension?
Ascension Island is part of the British Overseas Territory. It is located in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 1,000 miles from the coast of Africa.
Consider domain hacks like zodia.AC or alman.AC.
There are no restrictions on .AC domain name registrations.
Why should I register a .AC domain?
Although there are many domains registered by entities associated with Ascension Island, it is becoming popularized in other facets. People within the academic community are beginning to use .AC as a shortened version of academia.
Protecting yourself and your identity is all too important in today's world. The same standards apply to protecting your business and personal identity online. Protecting your brand is an important reason to register ccTLDs. Being the initial purchaser of your brand in a TLD is a much wiser idea than attempting to acquire names after someone else has registered them.
Additionally, it is much easier to purchase a common word or short domain name in a ccTLD than in the more popular and heavily populated TLDs like .COM. Country code TLDs also present the opportunity to register domain hacks such as zodi.AC, mani.AC, or alman.AC.
Are there any restriction for registering a .AC?
There are no restrictions for registering a top level .AC domain. Registration for these domain names is open to anyone, similar to .COM, .NET, or .ORG. However, there are restrictions for second and third level .AC domains.
To register a second-level domain, the registrant must have professional or academic qualifications. Alternately, they may hold a valid membership of an Institute or Trade Association.
To register a third-level .AC domain, you must be a resident of Ascension Island.
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Which mammal has three species - 'Mountain', 'Plains' and 'Grevy's'? | Ascension Island - Wikidata
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Who duetted with Robbie Williams on the 2001 number one 'Somethin' Stupid'? | Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman - Somethin' Stupid - YouTube
Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman - Somethin' Stupid
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| Nicole Kidman |
John Taylor and Roger Taylor are members of which band, which at times has also included Andy Taylor, although none of them are related? | Robbie Williams - Biography - IMDb
Robbie Williams
Biography
Showing all 86 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (60) | Personal Quotes (17)
Overview (4)
6' (1.83 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Robbie Williams was born in Stoke On Trent, England on February 13th, 1974. Having played in school productions of "Oliver" and, obviously showing a flair for entertaining, Williams' mother saw an advert for auditions to be in a new boy band which he applied for and, at age 16, was a member of Take That . After the incredible success of Take That and countless number one hits, Robbie Williams departed from the band in July, 1995. He started his solo career slowly with modest sales for his debut album "Life Thru A Lens" on Chrysalis Records. Record sales exploded after the single "Angels" was released for Christmas 1997 - a beautiful ballad, written within 20 minutes, which recently got voted the second best song of all times by British voters. Since then, Robbie has released 4 more original albums: "I've Been Expecting You", containing the hit singles "Millennium", "Strong", "No Regrets" and "She's the One", the follow up "Sing When Your Winning", where he dueted with Kylie Minogue , the million seller "Escapology" and the live album "What We Did Last Summer", which was recorded in front of 375,000 people at his legendary Knebworth performances. Additionally to his original albums, Williams also released an extremely successful cover album of classic swing songs ("Swing When Your Winning"), on which he dueted with actress Nicole Kidman on the Frank Sinatra cover "Something Stupid", which charted in at Number 1 in the UK, and with digitally added Frank Sinatra himself doing a duet. In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a new contract with EMI worth £80 Million. His "Greatest Hits" album was released in 2004 and his 6th album titled "Intensive Care" was released in 2005, which attracted healthy sales and good reception. His 7th album, "Rudebox", was released in 2006 receiving mixed reviews and average sales but was still Number 1 in 14 countries. He released the single "She's Madonna" in 2007. Williams spent 2008 and 2009 writing his next album, working with producer Trevor Horn . In October, 2009, his latest single "Bodies" was released, receiving positive reviews and good sales. The much expected comeback album "Reality Killed the Video Star" was released in November, 2009.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: aleisterw
Spouse (1)
( 7 August 2010 - present) (2 children)
Trade Mark (3)
Was engaged to Nicole Appleton
Singer
Exited Take That in 1995 due to his struggle with drugs. The band broke-up in 1996, but reunited in 2005, with Williams joining them in 2010. The band's first album after reuniting with Williams, Progress, became the fastest-selling album of the century on its first day of release, selling 235,000 copies in just one day, and the second fastest-selling album in history with 520,000 copies sold in its first week.
Had a UK #1 at the end of 2001 with "Somethin' Stupid" recorded as a duet with Nicole Kidman .
He recorded duets with Jane Horrocks ('That Old Black Magic', 'Things'), Rupert Everett ('They Can't Take That Away From Me'), Jonathan Wilkes ('Me And My Shadow'), Nicole Kidman ('Somethin' Stupid'), Kylie Minogue ( Rose Stone ('Revolution') and Jon Lovitz (Well Did You Evah?).
Voted the 17th worst Briton in Channel Four's poll of the 100 Worst Britons. [May 2003]
He is a fan of the rock band Queen . He worked with the band in 2001, when they re-recorded "We Are The Champions" for A Knight's Tale (2001). Furthermore, "Let Me Entertain You" was also the title of a Queen song (from their 1978 "Jazz" album), he does gigs in lots of places where Queen also performed (for instance Knebworth, Slane Castle and the Royal Albert Hall) and he performs Queen songs in his own shows.
Has won the award for Best British Male Solo Artist in Britain in 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2003. He has won 13 Brit Awards all together (including three while being member of Take That ).
Doesn't drive.
Parents: Janet and Peter Williams
Took part in the Band Aid 20 re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?". [November 2004]
Studied at Mill Hill Primary School and St Margaret Ward's RC School in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent.
Supporter of Port Vale Football Club.
Has a sister named Sally.
Won five Echo Awards in a row for "Best Male Artist international" from 2002 to 2006.
Lives in Beverly Hills, California and Wiltshire, London, United Kingdom.
Bought an undisclosed number of shares in his favorite football club Port Vale (February 2006).
Winner of four MTV European Music Awards for "Best Solo Artist" in 1998, 2001 and 2005 and "Best Song" in 2000 ("Rock DJ").
Godfather to his best mate's, Jonathan Wilkes , baby.
Good friends with sisters Kylie Minogue and Dannii Minogue . After a successful duet with Kylie, he wanted to do a duet also with Dannii.
His latest album "Rudebox" was chosen "Worst Album" in 2006 by the readers of "NME" magazine with the highest number of voters ever reached in that category (March 2007).
His cousin's brother-in-law is Simon Cowell .
First wanted to be an actor but saw a newspaper ad for a band member and was accepted into Take That .
Has won the award for Best British Male Solo Artist in Britain in 2003, 2002, 2001 and 1999. He has won 13 BRIT awards all together (including three while he was in Take That ).
Inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. [November 2004]
In February 2007, he was admitted to a US clinic for treatment for prescription drugs.
His last album "Rudebox" was number-one in fourteen countries including Argentina, Australia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain & Switzerland, and reaching number-two in the United World Chart selling 378,000 copies in its first week.
He has the distinction of having more number one albums than any other male, barring Elvis Presley.
He is one of the few pop acts to have been nominated for the Mercury Prize.
Made it to The Guinness Book of World Records when 1.6 million tickets were sold in a single day shortly after he announced his World Tour in 2006.
He appears in the list of the all-time Top 100 best albums in the United Kingdom six times, more than any other person or group and has been the recipient of many awards - including more BRIT and ECHO Awards than any other artist in history the Brit Awards 2005. He is the most successful male artist in the world, for the period 1998-2007, according to the United World Chart.
Founded L.A. Vale soccer team in 2005. with other celebrity friends after building his own soccer pitch at his home in Los Angeles. Now they play in LA Premier League.
Created a charity with the aid of Comic Relief that is set up in his home town entitled "Give It Sum", with its goal being to "improve local conditions and strengthen community life by giving money to those who are disadvantaged.".
British public voted his hit song "Angels" as the 'Best Single of the past Twenty Five Years' at the 2005 BRIT Awards.
In 2004 he was named the third most played artist on British radio over the past 20 years behind Elton John at number two and George Michael at number one.
Released his first live album 'Live at Knebworth' in 2003. The three shows attracted a total of 375,000 fans. It became the fastest and biggest selling live album ever in the United Kingdom. It has been certified 3x Platinum by the IFPI for shipments over 3 million copies, altogether, the album has sold over 3.5 million copies worldwide.
In September 2007, he recorded a cover of Lola (hit song of The Kinks ) to celebrate the 40th birthday of BBC Radio 1.
In his song "The Actor" from his album "Rudebox" he mentions actress like Marilyn Monroe , Katharine Hepburn , Jayne Mansfield , Judi Dench , Meryl Streep , Glenn Close , Brigitte Bardot , Hilary Swank and actors like David Niven , Ted Danson , Burt Reynolds and Joaquin Phoenix .
On August 13, 2007, a Dean Martin duets album was released, on which Williams sings "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone".
Is the artist that is featured the most times in the UK 'Now That's What I Call Music!' series. In the first 68 'Now!'s' he has appeared 29 times (including 4 times with Take That).
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Which computer-animated film series features the 'Kingdom of Far Far Away'? | Rumpelstiltskin (Shrek) | Villains Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Deal Maker, Power Hungry, Master Manipulator
“
Oh, I don't know. Any day. A day from your past. Like the day you had the flu. The day you lost a pet. The day some meddling oaf comes in STICKING THEIR NOSE WHERE IT DOESN'T BELONG, DESTROYING YOUR BUSINESS, AND RUINING YOUR LIFE! Just for an example.
„
~ Rumpelstiltskin to Shrek.
Rumpelstiltskin is a minor antagonist in DreamWorks's 14th full-length animated feature film, Shrek The Third, and the main antagonist of it's sequel and DreamWorks's 20th full-length animated feature film, Shrek Forever After.
He is completely different from the fairy tale character of the same name . His actual name seems to be "Rumpel Stiltskin", as he was often called "Rumpel" and "Mr. Stiltskin" throughout the film.
He was voiced by Walt Dohrn .
Contents
[ show ]
Shrek The Third
Rumpel was first seen in Shrek The Third where he was one of the villains that Prince Charming enlisted to help him get revenge on Shrek for the death of the Fairy Godmother in Shrek 2.
Shrek Forever After
Rumpel returns in Shrek Forever After, where he is the main antagonist and the owner of a giant goose named Fifi . In the opening scene of the film, he is about to get the King and Queen sign away the kingdom of Far Far Away to him to free Princess Fiona (despite their deal with Prince Charming and Fairy Godmother), but at the last minute they are informed that she has already been saved by Shrek (in accordance with his and Donkey's own deal with Lord Farquaad ). Because of this, Rumpelstiltskin hates and envies Shrek and wishes he was never born.
Later, after seeing all the respect Shrek has gotten after the events of the first three films, Rumpel sees has Shrek is feeling frustrated that he has gone soft on his kids' birthday. Rumpel later gives Shrek a ride and then tricks him into signing a paper that will let him be a real ogre like he used to be for a day in exchange for one other day from his past being erased, specifically a day he doesn't remember. However, the day in question was actually the day Shrek was born, meaning he never existed and Rumpelstiltskin became the ruler of Far Far Away and terrorizes the people with an army of witches that hunt ogres. He has also enslaved some of Shrek's friends. When Shrek is brought to the castle, he demands that Rumpel explain what he has done. Rumpel tells Shrek that he needed to give up a the day day from his past being erased, specifically a day he doesn't remember. Shrek realizes that the day he gave up the day he was born and Rumpel tricked him into erasing his own existence. Rumpel then reveals that when the 24 hours are up, the results will become permanent and Shrek will fade into non-existence forever. Shrek then escapes with Donkey, who is one of Rumpel's slaves, and escape the castle.
Later Shrek and Donkey learn that the contract will become void and Shrek will be saved if he and Fiona kiss before it's too late and later find Fiona with an ogre resistance, Rumpel tells his witches that they must bring Shrek back soon he can't get his life back.
He hires the Pied Piper to bring Shrek back to the castle with the other ogres.
After Piper tells Rumpel that he failed to bring Shrek back, but captured all the other ogres, As a last resort, Rumple offers a new deal, the "Deal of a Lifetime" as he calls it to whoever turns Shrek in.
After a warrior Gingy tells Shrek about this, Shrek turns himself in to get this deal, and in return, Shrek has Rumple free all the other ogres.
Rumple then has Shrek locked in a dungeon. Shrek is surprised to see Fiona locked up there too, however Rumpel explains that Fiona is a princess by day, and therefore not completely an ogre.
It is revealed that Rumpel will have Shrek and Fiona fed to Dragon (whom has never met Shrek and is now a villain like in the original film), but Donkey, a fat Puss In Boots, and the ogres arrive and fight Rumpelstiltskin and his witches, Rumple tries to escape on Fifi but Shrek and Fiona, having defeated Dragon, pull her down and defeat Rumple By this time, the 24 hours are up and Shrek is starting to disappear. Fiona, who now loves Shrek, kisses him before he vanishes completely. Thus, Rumpelstiltskin's world falls apart, and everything is restored to normal.
Rumple is last seen being held prisoner at the aftermath party before the credits, and Fiona kills Fifi by making her explode by singing a high note (similar to the blue bird scene in the first Shrek film). Rumpelstiltskin is also being tormented by the Pied Piper, being forced to dance in his cage.
Donkey's Caroling Christmas-tacular
In Donkey's Caroling Christmas-tacular , Rumpelstiltskin is shown to still be imprisoned in a cage at the swamp, receiving coal for Christmas .
Thriller Night
Despite the fact that he didn't die in Shrek 4, he appears as a zombie in the short Thriller Night.
Personality
Rumpelstiltskin can be easily described as a cantankerous, ill-tempered, manipulative, traitorous, and power-hungry con artist. He will do anything to gain power, as he would even lie to Fiona's parents to get to their throne. He also throws a fit of rage after learning that Shrek rescued the Princess and the King ripped up the contract. Rumplestiltskin also shows little compassion for those even considered his "friends" mainly the witches. However, he does treat his large goose rather well as he even has his servants give his goose the "royal treatment".
Gallery
Paul McCartney , David Morrissey , and Tom Cruise were all rumored to voice Rumpelstiltskin many times.
Rumpelstiltskin shares similarities with each one of the main villains of the first three Shrek movies.
He is short and rules an empire with an iron fist (in an alternate universe) like Lord Farquaad , the main antagonist of the first movie.
Rumpelstiltskin has magical powers and had a business that helped characters alter their fates like the Fairy Godmother , the main antagonist of the second movie.
Rumpelstiltskin had his life ruined by Shrek through the rescue of Princess Fiona, like Prince Charming , the main antagonist of the third film and his (former) boss.
Oddly enough, another similarity they share is that they were the minor antagonists in their first movie appearances and later the main antagonists of their second movie appearances.
Rumpelstiltskin is the only main Shrek villain not to die, although it's unknown if Prince Charming is still alive or not.
He is the only of the four main villains to appear as a villain in a fairy tale. Prince Charming and the Fairy Godmother are usually good in fairy tales (which precisely explains why all the fairy tale villains deemed Prince Charming unacceptable to their Poison Apple Club before he managed to rally them), and Lord Farquaad is an original character to Shrek.
Rumpelstiltskin's original design was a man with a rat face and tail.
It is possible that Rumpelstiltskin's name is actually two words; Rumpel Stiltskin. This is supported by many characters abbreviating his name "Rumpel" or "Stiltskin".
In the Shrek Forever After soundtrack, which apparently takes place after the movie, it is revealed that Rumplestiltskin now hosts a popular radio show.
Rumpelstiltskin is the first main antagonist of the fourth movie of the computer-animated film series, followed by Captain Gutt in 20th Century Fox's 2012 computer-animated feature film, Ice Age: Continental Drift.
DreamWorks Villains
Animated Features
| Shrek |
Which planet has a mass which is over three hundred times that of the Earth? | MovieMantz Review: ‘Shrek Forever After’ | Access Hollywood
MovieMantz Review: ‘Shrek Forever After’
May 19, 2010 10:38 AM PDT
“Game Ogre”
Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy
Directed by Mike Mitchell
Once upon a time, in the land of make-believe, there was a popular film series about a big green ogre that took one too many trips to the well. That, of course, would be the “Shrek” series, which should have thrown in the towel after the third chapter, 2007’s uninspired “Shrek the Third,” got savaged by critics. But after it made a nice chunk of change at the box office, nearly $800 million worldwide, a fourth trip to that proverbial well was a foregone conclusion.
That brings us to “Shrek Forever After,” which, according to all the pre-release advertising, really, really is the last film in the series. That will probably change faster than you can say “another $800 million worldwide,” which it should easily top, since it’s being released in 3-D, where ticket prices are a few dollars more expensive than they are for conventional 2-D releases.
In this case, it’s worth it, which is more than I could say about the last movie. It definitely represents something of a creative rebound, albeit a small one, since it’s still a long way off from the smart, clever and quick-witted brilliance of 2001’s fractured fairy tale, “Shrek,” and it’s worthy follow-up from 2004, “Shrek 2.”
The latest outing finds Shrek (Mike Myers), Fiona (Cameron Diaz) and their three bundles of joy in the throes of domestic bliss in the magical land of Far Far Away. At least, that’s what it should be, but Shrek is too overwhelmed by the demands of family life to realize how good he has it. He misses the good old — or rather, good ogre — days, when he had all the time in the world to take long mud baths and scare trespassers away from his swamp.
So when a mysterious stranger named Rumpelstiltskin (Walt Dohrn) dangles a contract in front of him that will restore his independence, he jumps at the chance to sign it without thinking twice about the consequences. Within seconds, Shrek is transported to an alternate universe where he never existed, and he finds that Fiona and the rest of his friends aren’t doing so well without him.
The kingdom of Far Far Away is now in tatters under the ruthless control of King Rumpelstiltskin. Donkey (Eddie Murphy) is a slave to two witches, Puss (Antonio Banderas) has become too fat to fit into his own boots and Fiona is about to lead a band of rebel ogres in a fight against the king. Shrek can reverse the process by getting a kiss from his “one true love,” but he has just one day to do so, or he will disappear forever.
So basically, it’s “Shrek” meets “It’s a Wonderful Life.” At least, that’s what screenwriters Josh Klausner and Darren Lemke had in mind, even if it ultimately lacks the sharp intellect and imaginative spirit that defined the first two movies. It’s also noticeably darker and more violent than the previous entries, but director Mike Mitchell keeps the 90-minute romp moving along at a lively pace, and kids will be entertained by all the slapstick and colorful highjinks (especially in 3-D).
The novelty may have worn off, but “Shrek Forever After” gets better as it goes along, and it has its moments. Most of those come from Antonio Banderas, who steals the show as the swashbuckling Puss in Boots. So if this is indeed the last chapter, at least the “Shrek” series will go out with enough of a bang rather than a whimper, and everyone can finally live happily ever after.
Verdict: SEE IT!
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Jazz musician Julian Edwin Adderley was usually known as '........... (what) Adderley'? | Cannonball Adderley - Saxophonist - Biography.com
Cannonball Adderley
Jazz musician Cannonball Adderley was an alto saxophonist renowned for performances with his own band as well as with Miles Davis and John Coltrane.
IN THESE GROUPS
Famous People Born in Tampa
Synopsis
Jazz musician Cannonball Adderley was born Julian Edwin Adderley in Tampa, Florida, on September 15, 1928. He attended the U.S. Navy School of Music before moving to New York City in the 1950s. He eventually played alto sax with John Coltrane and Miles Davis , drawing comparisons to his idol, Charlie Parker . Critics and audiences alike adored Adderley’s upbeat, quicksilver-fast sounds, and his plethora of albums included Know What I Mean? (1961) and The Soul Zodiac (1972). He died on August 8, 1975.
Background and Early Years
Julian Edwin “Cannonball” Adderley was born on September 15, 1928, in Tampa, Florida. He was the oldest of two boys and his father, Julian C. Adderley, a cornet player and respected musician encouraged Cannonball and his brother, Nat, to explore their own musical interests.
While Nat followed in his father’s footsteps and took up the cornet, Adderley migrated to the alto saxophone. He later learned to play tenor and soprano sax as well as the flute.
At high school in Tallahassee, where his parents had moved the family when they landed teaching jobs at Florida A&M University, Adderley earned the nickname Cannonball.
“When I was going to school I used to eat anything,” he later explained. “So the kids called me Cannibal. Older people didn’t get the connection so they called me Cannonball.”
In 1955, when an old friend saw him perform in New York City, he called him by his hometown nickname and it remained with the saxophonist the rest of his life.
Life in Jazz
After high school, Adderley enrolled at Florida A&M University, where he studied brass and reed instruments. He graduated in 1948 and then remained in his home state for several years, taking a position as band director at Dillard High School in Fort Lauderdale.
But by the early 1950s Adderley had outgrown the local music scene, and in 1955 he moved to New York City with brother Nat. There, the two brothers formed the Cannonball Adderley Quintet.
The same year he moved to New York City, Adderley made a splash with a cameo at a nightclub. Praise was heaped upon him for his fast-paced, upbeat style, and it wasn’t long before some of the giants of jazz came calling.
Landmark Albums With Miles Davis
In 1957, after the dissolution of his band, Adderley joined Miles Davis's group. Playing alongside John Coltrane, Bill Evans and others, Adderley was part of two landmark Davis albums, Milestones (1958) and Kind of Blue (1959). Adderley later collaborated with song stylist Nancy Wilson on an esteemed 1962 record.
Adderley was not only one of jazz’s biggest talents, but he was also one of its fiercest defenders. The target of his ire was sometimes fellow African-Americans, who he felt too easily dismissed its importance.
“Black music has been neglected by black leaders who were striving for bourgeois values,” he once said. “Many black school officials frown on jazz. We play at 40 or 50 colleges a year where black kids dance to James Brown or Otis Redding but they don’t know what this music is.”
Later Years and Death
Adderley continued to release studio albums throughout the '60s and '70s. In 1975, he released his last two recordings: Phenix and Big Man: The Legend of John Henry, a grand orchestral work. He suffered a stroke on July 13, 1975, entering a coma, and died weeks later on August 8 in Gary, Indiana. He was survived by his wife, Olga James Adderley, among other family members.
Having a deep love for his art, Adderley left behind a treasure trove of recordings; compilation albums of his work include Ultimate Cannonball Adderley (1999) from Verve and Ballads (2002) on Blue Note/EMI.
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Citation Information
| Cannonball |
In which country does the city of Nelson lie on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay? | Cannonball Adderley - Music on Google Play
Cannonball Adderley
About the artist
Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley was a jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s.
Adderley is remembered for his 1966 single "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy", a crossover hit on the pop charts, and for his work with trumpeter Miles Davis, including on the epochal album Kind of Blue. He was the brother of jazz cornetist Nat Adderley, a longtime member of his band.
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$7.92
Pyramid is an album by jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California in 1974 featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Nat Adderley, Hal Galper, W...
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Inside Straight is a live album by jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded at the Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California in 1973 featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Nat Adderle...
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Mercy, Mercy, Mercy! Live at 'The Club' is a 1966 album by jazz musician Julian "Cannonball" Adderley. It received the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance – Group or Soloist with Gr...
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Nippon Soul is a live album by jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded at the Sankei Hall in Tokyo during his 1963 Japanese tour and released on the Riverside label featuring performances by ...
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Nancy Wilson/Cannonball Adderley is a 1961 studio album by Nancy Wilson with Cannonball Adderley and his quintet. Wilson considered her vocals on the album "as a sort of easy-going third horn". All...
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Know What I Mean? is a 1962 album by jazz musician Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, accompanied by Bill Evans and the rhythm section of the Modern Jazz Quartet. It was released on Riverside label as R...
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$9.49
Know What I Mean? is a 1962 album by jazz musician Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, accompanied by Bill Evans and the rhythm section of the Modern Jazz Quartet. It was released on Riverside label as R...
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$9.49
Know What I Mean? is a 1962 album by jazz musician Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, accompanied by Bill Evans and the rhythm section of the Modern Jazz Quartet. It was released on Riverside label as R...
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| i don't know |
In humans how many teeth are incisors? | Types of Teeth - Human Teeth
Types of Teeth - Human Teeth
The 4 Types of Human Teeth
Humans, same as the rest of the mammals, are heterodont animals, meaning that they have several different forms of teeth. Human teeth differentiate in shape, while more primitive animals are homodont and all their teeth have the same shape possibly differing only on size.
Permanent human teeth come in four different types: incisors , canines , premolars , and molars .
Types of teeth
Human teeth belong to four distinct types each having a typical appearance and performing a certain function. The shape and morphology of each human tooth type depends on the function that it is assigned to perform.
As a species, humans are omnivorous eating both meats and plants, so they need different types of teeth to handle both types of food. Generally, carnivorous animals need sharp teeth to pierce and tear meat, while herbivorous animals need flat teeth to crush and grind plants. Humans, as omnivorous, must have at least these 2 types of teeth.
Through evolution humans have developed 4 different main teeth types:
1. Incisors
Incisors (Cutting teeth) are the teeth at the center of the dental arch. There are eight incisors in total in the permanent (and primary) dentition, two on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. The middle four of them (one at each quadrant) are called central incisors, while the other four next to them are named lateral incisors.
Incisors are flat and board, shaped like a shovel with a narrow straight cutting edge that enables them to cut food. The main functions of an incisor in the mastication process are biting, cutting of food into chewable pieces and moving it inwards the mouth.
All eight incisors have a single root and almost the same shape, but their size may differ slightly with the upper incisors usually larger, and especially the central ones.
2. Canines (cuspids)
Canines (also called eye teeth or cuspids) are the teeth located next to the incisors towards the edge of the mouth. There are 4 canines in both primary and permanent human dentitions, one at each quadrant of the mouth. They are the third teeth from the center.
They have a sharp pointed edge that is used to rip and tear tough foods such as meat. In humans canine teeth have the same height as the rest of the teeth but in other animals they are longer and used to bite and kill prey. Canines have a single but long root that can reach up to 3 cm providing the stability required for their function. They are the longest and most stable human teeth.
3. Premolars (bicuspids)
Premolars (also called bicuspids) are the teeth located after the canines towards the back of the mouth. There are eight premolars in the permanent dentition, two on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. The front four of them (one at each quadrant) are called first premolars, while the other four on the back are called second premolars. The premolars are the fourth and fifth teeth from the midline. Premolars are only present in the permanent dentition; there are no premolars in the primary human dentition. When they erupt, they replace the primary molars.
The morphology of premolars is a combination between canines and molars. They are also known as bicuspids, because usually they have at least two cusps on their upper side. Premolars have a broader surface for chewing and grinding, but they also have some sharp points for piercing and ripping at the edge of the cusps. Their major role is to begin the crushing of foods before they are transferred to the molars for the final grinding. The upper jaw first premolars have two roots, while the upper second ones and all the lower jaw premolars have only one root.
4. Molars
Molars are the teeth located at the back of the dental arch. Adult humans have twelve molars, three on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. There are only 8 molars in the primary dentition which are replaced by the permanent premolars. Permanent molars are named as first, second, and third starting from the front to the back. The third molars are also known as wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth are the last teeth to erupt behind all other teeth at the age of 17-25 years, much later than the rest. The molars are the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the midline.
Molars perform most of the chewing, by crushing and finalizing grinding before swallowing the food.
The first and second molars have a similar shape with premolars, but they are larger (with the first molar larger than the second one). The mandibular first molars (the one at the lower jaw) are usually the largest teeth of the human mouth. They have a more flattened surface with four to five cusps, and two to three roots.
The morphology and size of third molars (wisdom teeth) may vary significantly but they are usually smaller than the other molars. In some cases they fail to erupt properly in the mouth, either remaining trapped inside the jaw bone (impacted wisdom teeth), or erupting partially causing a painful condition known as pericoronitis .
| 8 (disambiguation) |
Whose autobiography, completed by his wife after his death in 2004, was entitled 'Margrave of the Marshes'? | Rat Teeth
Rat Teeth
Rat molars
Introduction to rat teeth
Mammals have four kinds of teeth, that differ in shape, function, position in the mouth, and whether or not they are replaced. The four types are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Figure 1. Drawing of a rat skull, showing the placement of the molars, incisors and diastema. © anne_rats
Rats have incisors and molars (Fig 1). Incisors are the frontmost teeth in mammals. In rats, these are the four, long, sharp front teeth, two on top and two on the bottom. Rat incisors are highly specialized for gnawing. They are open-rooted, which means they grow throughout life. Molars are the rearmost teeth in the mouth, used for grinding food prior to swallowing it. Rats have 12 molars, six on the top and six on the bottom (and three on each side of each jaw). Molars are never replaced. Rats have only one set of teeth during their life (called monophyodont).
Rats do not have canines (the conical, pointed teeth used for holding prey, defense, and combat), or premolars (grinding teeth behind the canines and in front of the molars). The rats have a long, toothless space in their mouth where the second incisors, canines and premolars would be. This space is called the diastema.
The number of different types of teeth in a species is described with a dental formula, which is written as: I n/n C n/n P n/n M n/n where I, C, P and M refer to the incisors, canines, premolars and molars respectively, and n/n refers to the number of upper and lower teeth of each type found on one side of the mouth. So, the rat's dental formula is: I 1-1, C 0-0, P 0-0, M 3-3. Rats have 8 teeth on the lower jaw and 8 on the upper, a total of sixteen teeth.
Anatomy of a tooth
Figure 2. Cross section of a mammalian molar. © anne_rats
Teeth have the same composition as bone. A tooth consists of three layers of mineralized tissues: a hard external layer of enamel forms the crown of the tooth, a hard layer of cementum covers the root. The enamel and cementum surround a layer of softer, living dentin which makes up the bulk of the tooth. Dentin surrounds a soft core of pulp which contains blood vessels and nerves. The periodontal ligament (also called the periodontal membrane) is a fleshy layer that lies between the tooth and the tooth socket. It holds the tooth in place, attaches it to its neighbors, and enables the tooth to resist the stress of chewing (Fig 2).
Rat molars are similar to the molar depicted in Figure 2. Rat incisors, however, have a single, open, root that continues to grow throughout the rat's life.
Rat incisors
Figure 3. A rat's incisors
The rat's incisors are the four long frontmost teeth in the rat's mouth (Fig 3). The upper incisors are shorter and yellower than the lower ones. The upper incisors are about 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, the lower ones are about 7 mm long and 1.2 mm wide (Weijs 1975).
Incisors are specialized for gnawing . The rat's incisors are open-rooted (Fig 4), which means they grow throughout life (Addison and Appleton 1915). If allowed to grow without restraint, the rat's incisors would grow in a spiral with an angle of 86º (Herzberg and Schour 1941). Rats spend their lives gnawing and wearing their teeth down, so the constant growth of their incisors prevents them from wearing their teeth away.
Figure 4. Diagram of a rat skull with part of the bony alveoli removed to show the entire length of the incisors (adapted from Addison and Appleton 1915).
Rat incisors erupt out of the gum 8-10 days after birth (Addison and Appleton 1915, Schour and Massler 1949). The eruption rate (the rate of growth) of the rat's incisors is very high: the adult rat's upper incisors grow on average about 2.2 mm per week (0.31-0.32 mm per day), and the lower incisors grow about 2.8 mm per week (0.4 mm per day) (Addison and Appleton 1915). It takes about 40-50 days for new tooth generated at the base to reach the tip. The entire tooth is therefore never more than 40-50 days old (Schour and Massler 1942). This rapid growth also keeps the rats' incisors from getting cavities: any cavity would rapidly grow out and be worn away.
The rate of incisor growth varies under different circumstances. If the incisors are trimmed, they grow faster, 1.0 mm per day (+/- 0.1 mm) (Law et al. 2003), so if a rat tends to gnaw on hard substances and thus wear its incisors away quickly, the incisors will grow faster to compensate. Individual incisors can grow at different rates depending on its length and that of its neighbor: if one incisor is shortened, it will grow back faster than the others (Burn-Murdoch 1999). If the upper and lower incisors do not meet properly (called a malocclusion), they cannot be worn away normally and become overgrown.
Figure 5. Cross section of a rat's incisor halfway between the gum and the tip of the tooth. Adapted from Addison and Appleton 1915.
The incisors are colored with a yellowish pigment. The incisors start out white in the young rat, but by age 21 days the uppers have a slight yellow tinge. By 25 days the uppers are distinctly yellow and the lower incisors have acquired a little yellow. By 38 days these colors are more intense, with the uppers having more color than the lowers. The relationship between more pigmented upper incisors and less pigmented lower incisors remains true throughout the rat's life. In adult rats, the uppers are dark yellow-orange and the lowers are yellow (Addison and Appleton 1915).
A cross-section of a rat's incisor shows three layers: An inner core of pulp, a surrounding layer of soft dentin, and a layer of hard enamel that covers only the front surface of the tooth (Fig 5, 6). The pulp cavity in the center of the tooth becomes narrower and narrower toward the tip of the incisor (Fig 5). The pulp cavity reaches nearly to the end of the tooth, but at the very end it is filled in with hard material (granular osteodentine), so the sensitive pulp cavity is never actually exposed (Addison and Appleton 1915).
Incisors are kept sharp by gnawing and bruxing , also called thegosis. Because rat incisors have hard enamel only on the front surface, the incisors wear at an angle, with the soft dentin in the back back wearing off before the enamel in the front. This guarantees a sharp, bevel-shaped cutting edge (Fig 6). Rats can actually move their lower jaw so far foward that their lower incisors are in front in front of their upper incisors. When a rat bruxes, its jaw is pulled forward, and its lower incisors sometimes grind behind the upper incisors (wearing down the uppers) and sometimes in front of them (wearing down the lowers) (Fig 7).
Figure 6. Incisors have hard enamel on the front and soft dentin on the back. The dentin wears away first, leaving a sharp edge.
Figure 7. The lower incisors positioned behind (left) and in front of the upper incisors (right). Adapted from Schour and Massler 1942.
Rats can gnaw powerfully, because the attachment points of the muscles that move the lower jaw up and down are far forward on the nose (Fig 8). This arrangement enables the rat to gnaw very effectively and forcefully. (One of these jaw muscles runs through the eye socket, behind the eyeball. This is why a rat's eyes vibrate in and out, called " eye-boggling ," when he bruxes enthusiastically).
Figure 8. Rat skull, showing the forward placement of the attachment points of the masseter muscle on the upper jap. The medial masseter muscle passes through the eye socket, right next to the eye, and attaches on the muzzle. This is the muscle that "boggles" the eye when the rat bruxes. The lateral masseter muscle attaches just below and in front of the zygomatic arch. This muscle arrangement enables the rat to pull its lower jaw forward powerfully during gnawing.
When a rat gnaws, its lower jaw shifts forward, bringing the incisors into contact with each other and the molars out of contact with each other. The upper incisors hold the object, and the lower incisors cut against it. Hence, only the incisors are involved in gnawing -- molars do not touch each other when a rat gnaws.
The enamel of rat incisors is hard, harder than iron, platinum and copper. Specifically, measured on Mohs hardness scale , the rat's lower incisors rank 5.5 (diamond is a 10). Human enemel is not quite this hard, measuring 5 on the Mohs hardness scale ( ref ).
Figure 9. Photo showing skin flap and separation of the rat's lower incisors
The rat has small flaps of cheek tissue on either side of the inside of the mouth that close behind the incisors, protruding into the gap between the incisors and the molars (the diastema) (Fig 9). These flaps are believed to form a plug that keeps unwanted debris from entering the mouth (Addison and Appleton 1915, Olds and Olds, 1979; Bivin et al. 1979).
Figure 10. Front of the lower jaw and incisors, showing the incisors closed (left) and open (right).
The joint between the two halves of the lower jaw (mandibular symphysis, or symphysis mentis) is not fused, but is formed of fibrous tissue -- fibrocartilage and intercrossing ligaments. This fibrous tissue allows each side of the lower jaw to rotate slightly along its long axis, thus separating the lower incisors (Fig 9, 10). The widest angle obtainable is about 40º. The ability to separate the lower incisors is important in mastication: as a rat gnaws and bites, it adjusts the separation of its lower incisors (Weijs 1975, Jolyet and Chaker 1875 as reported in Addison and Appleton 1915).
Rat molars
The rat's molars are the 12 grinding teeth located at the back of the mouth. They are broad, flat, unpigmented teeth that grind food into a pulp prior to ingestion. When a rat chews , the jaw moves back such that the molars are in contact with each other but the incisors are not. Hence, only the molars are involved in chewing -- the incisors do not touch each other when a rat chews.
Rats have three sets of molars (first, second and third molars). The first molar erupts on the 19th day after birth, the second on the 21st. After the second molar erupts, rats can be weaned. The third molar comes in two weeks later, at around 35-40th day. By age 6 weeks the rat has its complete set of teeth, and by 125 days molar growth slows greatly. After this the molars continue to grow and wear away, but at such a slow rate as to be almost indiscernable (Schour and Massler 1949).
Further reading:
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Which jockey won the 2010 Aintree Grand National on 'Don't Push It', at his fifteenth attempt? | Grand National 2010: Don't Push It is lucky 15 for Tony McCoy at Aintree - Telegraph
Horse Racing
Grand National 2010: Don't Push It is lucky 15 for Tony McCoy at Aintree
AP McCoy, the 14-times champion jockey, finally won the John Smith's Grand National at his 15th attempt on Saturday when Don't Push It, trained by Jonjo O'Neill and owned by legendary gambler JP McManus, put in a faultless round to come home five lengths clear of Black Apalachi.
Mine's a pint: Tony McCoy celebrates after winning the John Smith's Grand National at Aintree Photo: GETTY IMAGES
By Marcus Armytage
8:57PM BST 10 Apr 2010
No winner of a modern Grand National has ever had quite the reception that the popular McCoy received from a packed grandstand as he and the 10-year-old Don’t Push It, who spends most of his life in a field with some Jacob sheep for company, paraded down in front of the packed grandstands afterwards.
Champions: Tony McCoy is handed the Grand National winner's trophy by Peter Kay
The horse was backed into 10-1 joint-favouritism on the day purely on the grounds that McCoy, 35 and in the twilight of his extraordinary career which has yielded over 3,200 winners, is the one jockey that once-a-year punters have heard of and not because McManus had invested large amounts. “I just had a few quid on Big Fella Thanks,” said McManus afterwards, “and I’m happy I was wrong.”
If winning a National can ever be plain sailing it was on this occasion but McCoy has endured such bad luck in previous efforts – he has twice been carried out by loose horses when in with a winning chance – he had reached the stage of accepting that he would never win it and had been low-key about his chances beforehand. ‘Champion jockey doesn’t win Grand National again’ had become such an old story that McCoy had almost slipped into this year’s race unnoticed under the radar.
It was a different story in the race, however. “After a mile I turned to Davy Russell and wanted to tell him that I thought I’d win at that stage,” he said. “I wouldn’t have swapped him for anything.”
An end-to-end gallop, set on the first circuit by Conna Castle, ensured that by the time they field reached Valentine’s (fence 25) on the second circuit there were only four horses in with a chance of winning, Don’t Push It, Big Fella Thanks, the other joint-favourite, Hello Bud, ridden by schoolboy Sam Twiston-Davies – his essay ‘what I did in the holidays’ should make good reading – and the bold-jumping Black Apalachi.
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Chips are on Black Apalachi
09 Apr 2010
Between the last two fences Hello Bud began to tire and the trip began to take its toll on Big Fella Thanks. In front, however, McCoy’s mount was travelling much sweeter than Black Apalachi and though the game runner-up was still only a length down at the elbow, it was Don’t Push It who galloped home the stronger under the Champion’s driving.
“He’s always had a few mental problems which makes two of us,” said McCoy, one of the most driven sportsmen in the world. “That’s probably why we get on so well. I had a choice of two horses today and the trainer put me on the right one, he steered me towards Don’t Push It. But I’m delighted for JP McManus because he is the best supporter this game has ever had and ever will have. I am very, very privileged that I rode a Grand National winner in these colours.”
He added: “I had to keep consoling myself that Peter Scudamore and John Francome were great champions who never won the race and that I was, at least, in good company.”
O’Neill, was likewise a popular champion jockey who never won the race as a rider. In fact he never completed the course in seven attempts. “I was walking round with my boys today and when we got to the Canal Turn I said ‘this is where we stop, I don’t know what goes on beyond this point.’ We have had a bit of bad luck in the past, particularly with Clan Royal, and I thought it would never happen to me.”
His association with McManus, who owns the yard where he trains near Stow-on-the-Wold, began five decades ago when he rode Jack of Trumps for him. “Really Alan Berry [the stable amateur] does everything with Don’t Push It. He lives in a field - but don’t tell JP that because I charge him full training fees, and Alan takes him out on his own most days. He’s had plenty of physical problems but when the right horse turns up he’s good.”
He was found as a three-year-old store horse in a field where he was bred by McManus’s racing manager, Frank Berry. “I thought his time had passed him by,” said Berry. “He’s always been a nearly horse.”
Behind the first two State Of Play, last year’s fourth stayed on to go one better this time, with Big Fella Thanks fourth. Hello Bud was fifth. Nina Carberry, the only female rider, was seventh of the 14 finishers which also included previous winner Comply Or Die in 12th.
Can’t Buy Time, McCoy’s other possible ride, unseated at the eighth. Mon Mome, last year’s winner, fell at the 26th soon after Dream Alliance, the fairytale horse bred on a Welsh allotment, had pulled up at the 24th while King Johns Castle, another of McManus’s quartet of runners, refused to start. All 40 horses returned unscathed while Wayne Hutchinson, the only faller at the first on Eric’s Charm, was the only human casualty, going home for an X-ray on his hand.
| Tony McCoy |
Three British athletes have been nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year - Paula Radcliffe (3 times), Kelly Holmes (who won in 2005) and which Heptathlete in 2011? | Grand National Connections Preview: Fifteenth time lucky for AP McCoy? : : Grand National
Free Bet
Mike Vince considers a clutch of intriguing National runners and wonders if a certain Irish jockey can put right the misfortunes he has suffered over the years at Aintree.
It says much for the quality of this year's National that the field contains two previous winners, an Irish National winner, a Welsh National winner, a Hennessy winner and another former National winner failed to make the cut.
But while almost everyone thinks they have a chance, there's a conspicuous lack of the usual adjectives 'big', 'major' and the like as the protagonists weigh up their chances.
Start at the top, and Madison du Berlais [80.0], three pounds clear at the top of the handicap and carrying top weight doesn't seem to worry jockey Tom Scudamore.
"He's only eight pounds higher than when he won the Hennessy. The handicapper has given him a chance. I schooled him over David Pipe's National fences at home and he was superb and he will like the ground."
So too will State of Play [21.0], fourth last year and targeted at this race all year, believes his trainer Evan Williams.
He says: "The weather is going to help us and he is fresh having been trained for this. The rest is in the lap of the Gods. Hopefully he will have the luck."
Luck is something to have deserted Champion Jockey AP McCoy in the National, a race he is trying to win at the 15th attempt on board Don't Push It- and trainer Jonjo O'Neill admits to no real surprise McCoy decided on him, rather than stablemate Can't Buy Time.
"On his good form he's a very good horse on his day." he says. "He does get very excited in the parade ring and I think he has a better chance of getting the trip than Can't Buy Time."
Despite the disappointments of Thursday, this has still been a vintage season for Paddy Brennan who believes Irish Raptor [40.0], trying to win a third National for trainer Nigel Twiston-Davies, will come alive around the famous fences.
"He will love the ground but my concern is the trip.Over those fences, and we saw it in last year's Topham you think he is an amazing racehorse. I am happy to have chosen him, as there did not seem to be one absolute standout amongst Nigel's team."
Many of the Irish connections were not due to arrive at Aintree until Friday but they will not be short of confidence if the views of Denis O'Regan, who rides Black Appalachi [18.0] for trainer Dessie Hughes is anything to go by.
"I am really looking forward to it." he says. "I won a Becher Chase on him two years ago and it was bad luck when he came down at the second Bechers when going so well last year. He's a year older, which is my concern, but he's only a pound higher."
There are chances a plenty in the 2010 National but food for thought, too, in that the legendary training centre at Lambourn, which has supplied a conveyor belt of winners through the years, has but one representative in the shape of Oliver Sherwood's Eric's Charm [60.0] and senior jockeys like Richard Johnson and Choc Thornton are without rides.
For 40 of their colleagues, race time can hardly come soon enough.
Read More Grand National
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In which ITV comedy drama which ran for five series did James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale play one of three couples? | ITV confirms Cold Feet to return next year - Telegraph
ITV confirms Cold Feet to return next year
After months of rumours, the broadcaster announces new eight-part series of the Bafta-winning comedy drama
James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale Photo: ITV
By Patrick Foster , Media Correspondent
8:00PM GMT 19 Nov 2015
Follow
Cold Feet will return to ITV next year, after the broadcaster announced it had signed up core cast members such as James Nesbitt and Hermione Norris for a new eight-part series.
Confirming months of rumours , the channel said that filming on the show - often referred to as the British answer to Friends - would begin early next year. It will be directed by Terry McDonough, whose previous projects include the hit American drama Breaking Bad.
Nesbitt and Norris are on board, alongside key cast members Robert Bathurst, John Thomson, and Fay Ripley. Of the original gang of characters, only Helen Baxendale, whose character Rachel was killed off in a car crash, will not return.
Cold Feet was ITV's most popular drama of the Nineties , attracting an average of 8million viewers. It followed the lives of three thirtysomething couples living in Manchester and was created by Mike Bullen, who will also work on the new project.
Photo: REX FEATURES
ITV said the new series would be set in the present day, 13 years after Rachel's untimely death. Whereas previous series followed the characters as they struggled to embrace adulthood and settle down, they will now be show in the early stages of middle age .
An ITV spokesman said: "They’d hoped that by the time they were approaching 50, life would be simpler. Well, now they’re there, to discover that it isn’t. The issues they face are different but just as challenging. They still have many years to live, but can’t escape the niggling fear that their futures are behind them."
• TV dramas that tried to emulate Cold Feet - but failed
L-R HELEN BAXENDALE, ROBERT BATHURST, HERMIONE NORRIS, JOHN THOMSON, FAY RIPLEY and JAMES NESBITT.
Creator of Cold Feet, Mike Bullen, said:“This feels like the right time to revisit these characters, as they tip-toe through the minefield of middle age. They’re 50, but still feel 30, apart from on the morning after the night before, when they really feel their age.
"They’ve still got lots of life to look forward to, though they’re not necessarily the years one looks forward to!”
| Cold feet |
Who wrote the music for 'Billy Elliot, The Musical'? | Cold Feet 'set to return for reunion series' | Irish Examiner
Cold Feet 'set to return for reunion series'
Tuesday, August 25, 2015 - 09:23 am
The stars of Cold Feet have reportedly signed up to appear in a revival of the hit comedy drama.
The massively successful ITV show ran for five series between 1998 and 2003.
It followed three 30-something couples living in Manchester as they settled down, and followed them through the ups and downs of their relationships, from marriage and affairs, to redundancy and starting a family.
Original cast members James Nesbitt, Hermione Norris, Fay Ripley, John Thomson and Robert Bathurst are all thought to be on board for the new series, catching up with the friends 12 years on, according to The Sun.
Helen Baxendale’s character Rachel was killed off in a car crash in a shock plot twist in 2003.
A source told the newspaper, “the deal is very nearly done”.
Filming would begin next year, with plans for the series to fill the Sunday night autumn drama slot left by Downton Abbey, which is about to air its final series.
All the Cold Feet cast were relatively unknown before starring in the show, but have gone on to have long and successful careers in TV.
James, 50, landed a major role in Peter Jackson’s three-part film adaptation of The Hobbit and recently starred in award-winning drama The Missing.
Helen crossed the Atlantic to appear in US sitcom Friends as Ross Geller’s British love interest and Hermione went on to star in hit BBC drama Spooks.
Fast Show funnyman John had a role in Coronation Street and Robert appeared in Downton Abbey.
Fay has had a successful career as a food writer and last year starred in Channel 5 cop show Suspects.
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Which of the three Graces of Greek myth is also the name of one of the Muses? | The Graces
The Graces
See More The Graces Pictures >
The Charites (singular Charis) or Graces were three or more minor deities in Greek mythology, daughters of Zeus and Eurynome according to the prevalent belief; sometimes, they were considered daughters of Dionysus and Aphrodite ; or Helios and Aegle. They were Aglaea (splendor), Euphrosyne (mirth) and Thalia (good cheer), and they were also linked to the Underworld.
In some parts of Ancient Greece, the number of the Graces differed; for example, other names have been included such as Hegemone, Peitho, Pasithea and Cale. In Sparta , Thalia was not considered to be a Grace , and Cleta was included instead. They all were patrons of various pleasures in life, such as play, amusement, rest, happiness and relaxation. In classical art, the Charites were often represented as three naked women dancing in a circle.
The Graces Is also called Gratiae, Charites, Charis, Grace, Kharites, Charitae.
| Thalia |
Who was the UK Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982, resigning following the Argentinean invasion of the Falklands? | ARTSEDGE: Inspired by Muses, Graces and Fates
Media
Inspired by Muses, Graces and Fates
How did the Muses, Graces and Fates influence the arts beginning in the ancient world and continuing through the post-modern era?
Social Studies, Theater, Art or Music teacher with opportunities for collaboration
Key Skills
Making Art: Performance Skills and Techniques, Producing, Executing and Performing, Composing and Planning
Global Connections: Connecting to History and Culture
Creative Thinking: Creativity and Innovation
Summary
The Muses of ancient Greece inspired poets, playwrights, dancers, actors, musicians, and scientists. The Graces added life to a party and the Fates determined a life’s destiny. In this lesson, students identify the character traits of each Muse, Grace, or Fate. They study some writings of ancient Greek literature. They discover how artists throughout the ages have used the Muses in literature, music, dance, theatre, and the visual arts. Students then create a line or two of literature, as well as dance, music, and choral speaking performance based on a specific Muse, Grace, or Fate.
Learning Objectives
Identify the nine Greek Muses, three Graces, and three Fates and the attributes of each
Associate ancient Greek literature with a Greek Muse, Grace, or Fate
Examine how artists have expressed the Muses through the arts
Interpret a piece of ancient Greek literature and a Muse, Grace, or Fate through dance, music, and choral speaking
Practice and perform the piece for others
Teaching Approach
Engage
1. Ask students what inspires them to create. Record all responses on the board.
2. Distribute the Classical Greek Poetry handout located within the Resource Carousel. Explain to students that the ancient Greeks entertained themselves with epic poems which told stories from history and mythology.
For example, Homer begins his epic, The Odyssey:
"Tell me, O Muse, of that man,
so in need of help, who wandered far and wide,
after he had sacked the sacred city of
Troy."
In another section of The Odyssey, the blind poet wrote:
"The herald came near, bringing with him the
excellent singer
Whom the Muse had loved greatly…
She had deprived him of his sight, but she gave him
the sweet singing art...
The herald hung the clear lyre on a peg placed over
His head, and showed him how to reach up with his
hands to take it down."
3. Tell students that lyric poetry was often accompanied by a lyre. The early poet, Hesiod, wrote about the history of the gods in The Theogony. He writes:
"One day the Muses taught me glorious song...
They plucked and gave to me a laurel rod,
A sturdy shoot, a truly wondrous thing,
And into me they breathed a voice divine
To celebrate the future and the past.
My orders were to celebrate the gods who live
Eternally, but most of all to sing
Of them themselves, the Muses, first and last."
A female lyric poet and teacher, Sappho, was inspired to write about her daughter, Cleis in a poem entitled, "A Girl." She also broke traditions by having one speaker, herself, instead of a chorus speak to her audience. The poem is simple:
"I have a child; so fair
As golden flowers is she,
I'd give her not away
For Lydia's wide sway
Nor lands men long to see."
4. Explain to students that plays were often presented in festivals and contests were held to select the best ones. Greek drama developed from worship; from improvised dancing and singing to the god Dionysus, to organized choruses of two groups presenting plays that were choreographed and practiced. One actor, two, and finally three individual actors were slowly introduced by playwrights, as competitions grew more intense. The poems and plays of Sophocles and Aristophanes were partly sung to make them easier to remember. The chorus danced, sang, and commented on the play. They helped the audience understand transitions of time and place. They also explained a character's motivations and actions. The chorus stood in a circular area called an orchestra. The chorus and the actors wore masks. Every actor, dancer, and chorus member was male.
5. Ask students how this compares to the way plays are presented today.
Build Knowledge
1. Distribute the Muses, Graces, and Fates Information Chart to students located within the Resource Carousel.
2. Tell students that in ancient Greece, the Muses (mousai), nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (memory) were said to give inspiration to poets and artists. They are:
Calliope (epic poetry)
Thalia (comedy)
Urania (astronomy)
They are closely associated with Apollo and Dionysus. Apollo and Dionysus were brothers and sons of Zeus. Dionysus invented the lyre and gave it to Apollo who loved playing it. Apollo was the god of music and is often shown with the Muses. Dionysus enjoyed good times, music, and theatre.
Mortals inspired by Muses include Homer (poet), Socrates (philosopher), and Aristophanes (playwright). Vase painters and sculptors decorated pieces with the Muses as a central theme. It is believed that there were originally three muses, but the number increased to nine. The Romans gave the Muses names and attributes. The word "music" has its origin in the word "muse."
The Muses continued to inspire painters, like the Dutch master, Vermeer, the German painter Hans Rottenhammer, and Simon Vouet, a French artist in the 16th and 17th Centuries.
3. Visit the following Web sites for multimedia works with the theme of the Muses.
Minerva (Pallas Athena) was the patron goddess of Athens and the patroness of the arts; as such, played a significant role in Greek mythology and culture. Ovid wrote that she visited the Muses on Mt. Helicon which is depicted in Jacques Stella’s oil painting Minerva and the Muses .
Artist Peter Paul Rubens depicted The Three Graces in the Baroque style to which he was accustomed. Although Rubens had depicted the Graces a number of times, it is in this, one of his final works, that he rendered them as they had been shown in antiquity: with one’s back to the viewer.
In Parnassus by Andrea Mantegna, the Muses are depicted with a Renaissance flair.
In The Muses Clio, Euterpe and Thalia , by Eustache Le Sueur, the Muses are not all depicted together.
Go to the American Memory site to see sheet music for Julius Bernstein's "Nine Muse Waltz" (1879) . (Select the Performing Arts section and type in his name.)
The 20th Century composer, Igor Stravinsky, who was fascinated by the ancient Greeks, wrote Apollon Musagete.
Choreographer George Balanchine visualized the music and created movement for the god Apollo and the Muses Terpsichore, Polyhymna, and Calliope to create the ballet, Apollo. In 1928, this ballet made George Balanchine famous and it remains in dance repertoires throughout the world. Visit the New York City Ballet website to hear a piece of the score and a photo of Apollo .
4. Explain that the graces and the Fates also play an important part in ancient Greek life and mythology. Like the Muses, they were daughters of Zeus. The Graces' mother, Eurynome, was the daughter of the Titan Oceanus. They are known as
Aglaia (Spendor)
Euphrosyne (Joy)
Thalia (Rejoicing)
They brought beauty and charm to everything they touched. They liked poetry, singing, and dancing. The Graces were also called Charities (Kharities) and were closely associated with Aphrodite. Poems, plays, music, visual arts, and dance were created to honor them. They, too, inspired composers in the 1800s. For The Three Graces; Tone Picture by Erwin Schneider in 1881 or Julia Rive-King's Mazurka des Graces go to American Memory . Select Performing Arts and type in each composer's name. A list of titles will include the pieces listed above.
5. Inform students that the Fates (Moirai) were the daughters of Themis (Night).
Clotho was the spinner and twister.
Lachesis was the lot caster.
Atropos cut the thread to end a person's life.
They spun the course of every human life. It is even said that the gods themselves were powerless against the power of the Fates. They are mentioned in Homer's poetry and throughout history people have said that fate has led them to where they end up in life.
Apply
1. Have the students examine the chart, look at the visual art, and listen to the music inspired by these goddesses. Download the sheet music and images appropriate for the students to examine. Direct them to the following Web sites:
The images of Muses should provide a variety of ways to see how the Muses were portrayed. Questions you may ask include:
What seems to be similar in these art works?
Are all of the Muses always together?
What props are with them? Do the props help to identify who is who?
What gods are often seen with them?
What is their attire like? Does the attire change according to the time the art was produced? Why do you think the attire changes?
What actions are they doing?
Do the Muses, Graces or Fates look different from each other as portrayed in the art works?
2. Distribute the ancient Famous Greeks and Their Quotes worksheet located within the Resource Carousel. Choose a quote to analyze. For example, "Life is short to the fortunate, long for the unfortunate." (Apollonius Rhodius) Ask which goddess the students would choose for this statement. Suggest that the Fate, Lachesis, would be a good choice because it has to do with a life's course.
3. Break the class into groups. Divide the list evenly so that the groups look at three to five quotes. Ask them to assign a quote to a Muse, Grace, or Fate by looking at the descriptions and attributes. The groups then read the quote to the class as a Greek chorus and justify the selection of the goddess to the quote.
4. Have the students move desks and chairs to the sides of the room. Have students warm up their bodies and voices to help them do their best work. (Go to The Improv Encyclopedia for a variety of exercises and games to get students warmed up. Drama Themes by Larry Swartz and Viola Spolin's Theatre Games for the Classroom are books that are useful references for drama games and were used for this lesson.)
5. Pair students up for "Mirrors." They face each other silently. One person is the leader, making movements that the partner will follow. Any part of the body can move - a finger, mouth, arm, leg, or rib cage. Shift weight or levels in space for added challenges. After a minute, positions are switched. Have slow calm music playing. Do this for about two minutes.
6. Build on this idea with "Fill Ins." Pairs again work together but this time, a movement is made and frozen by one person. The partner looks for open areas to move into, like a bent arm or leg, to fill in the space. They may not touch or talk. Once the space is filled in, the first person unfreezes and fills in the space around his/her partner. After two minutes, combine groups to make groups of four. Again allow two minutes for this activity.
7. As a final piece, "Diamonds," have the students stand in a diamond shape. Choose one person at the tip of each point as a leader. The first leader does a series of slow movements and the class follows. As he/she turns, to the left, right, or back, the class follows and the next person chosen to lead at that point leads for the class. Do this for two minutes.
8. Warm up the voices by having the class, as a chorus, say the names of the Muses Calliope, Clio, and Thalia (substitute Apollo, Dionysus, and Nike if they are easier to say) in a variety of ways:
Whispering
As if meeting a long lost friend
As if an opera singer
As if a robot
9. Now add actions to each. For example, lift an eyebrow for 'mysterious' or hold hands out for 'meeting a long lost friend.'
10. Finally, find a rhythm for each name by clapping out the syllables. Have a volunteer suggest movements to go with each name's syllables. Have the class do the movements while saying the names in unison.
Reflect
1. Students will simulate an ancient Greek procession and performances. In ancient Greek religious festivals, known in Athens as the City Dionysia, in honor of Dionysus, contests were held annually to determine the winning play, poet, and actor. A lively procession was part of the festivities, which lasted several days. For the purposes of this lesson, the theme of this procession is the Muses, the Graces, and the Fates. The gods Apollo, for music, Dionysus, for entertainment, and Nike, for victory, can be added to the celebrations. Have the class vote, as the ancient Greeks did, for the best presentation within the procession.
2. Alternate groups of students to come up and read as a chorus, "Life is short to the fortunate, long for the unfortunate." Have them think of the Fate, Lachesis, and how she determines a person's lot in life. Ask students how they would speak and move the words. Have a long piece of material or crepe paper to work with. The material or crepe paper can be used as a 'chiton' (tunic made of two pieces of rectangular material and fastened with pins and belts) or a 'himation' (cloak that is draped across one shoulder and falls over the opposite arm). The material or crepe will give the appearance of elegance or connect the figures, as seen in works of art. Give them a few minutes to come up with movement for the sentence and have them perform it for the class.
3. Break the class up into groups. Assign each group a Muse, Grace, or Fate. Remind the groups that the class will vote on their presentations as described above. The pieces will be graded: on cooperation; presentation using voice and movement; and justification of assigned goddess and the quote.
4. Have groups choose a quote to move and speak or sing for the assigned goddess. Let the groups practice for ten to fifteen minutes. Have them present the piece to the class twice in succession. Have the class guess the Muse, Grace, or Fate that the group is presenting. Have the group justify its choice of quote for its goddess. To close the lesson, have students vote on their favorite presentation, just like the ancient Greeks did. Present a 'Certificate' with olive branches located within the Resource Carousel to each group member.
Assessment
1. Use the following guidelines to assess the student's work.
A. Each group selected and justified a quote to present for their assigned Muse, Grace, or Fate.
Selection of quote supported by definition of Muse, Grace, or Fate
Selection of quote partially supported by definition of Muse, Grace, or Fate
Selection of quote not supported by definition of Muse, Grace, or Fate
B. Each group used movement, choral speaking, and music to present piece.
Movement, choral speaking, and music were used
Two out of three present in presentation
One out of three present in presentation
C. Each group had cooperative participants.
All members of the group participated fully
Most members of the group participated
A few members of the group participated
Extending the Learning
Add a visual arts element to the lesson by drawing, painting, or sculpting the Muses, Grace, and Fates.
Record the presentations on VHS or DVD. Show the performance on the school’s TV show.
Create props like a lyre for Terpsichore or a comedy mask for Thalia for the presentations.
Original Writer
Sources
Baker, Rosalie F. and Christopher F. Baker, III. Ancient Greeks, Creating the Classical Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Blackwell, Dr. Christopher and Amy Hackney Blackwell. Mythology for Dummies. New York: Hungry Minds, Inc., 2002.
Hart, Avery and Paul Mantell. Ancient Greece! 40 Hands-On Activities to Experience This Wondrous Age. Charlotte, VT: Williamson Publishing, 1999.
Roberts, Jennifer T. and Tracy Barret. The Ancient Greek World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Ross, Stewart. Greek Theatre. Lincolnwood, IL: Peter Bedrick Books, 1996.
Spolin, Viola. Theater Games for the Classroom. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1986.
Swartz, Larry. Drama Themes. Markham, ON, Canada: Pembroke Publishers, 1995.
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Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons make up which musical duo? | Interview: Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons' chemical attraction | The Independent
Features
Interview: Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons' chemical attraction
As their latest album, We Are The Night, tops the charts the duo reveal the secret to their long-lasting music career and friendship.
Thursday 18 October 2007 23:00 BST
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Interview: Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons' chemical attraction
1/3
Still block-rocking after all these years: Ed Simons (left) and Tom Rowlands
3/3
What with Klaxons winning the Mercury Prize last month, and young pretenders such as New Young Pony Club, Shitdisco and Hadouken! all storming the charts, it seems that dance music is not as dead as everyone had thought it was. The Chemical Brothers don't seem much bothered either way. Earlier this month they won the award for Best Electronic Artist or DJ at the BT Digital Music Awards and their latest album, We Are the Night, recently topped the chart – the fifth time in a row they have accomplished the feat.
And with a nice touch of scene-making serendipity, Jamie Reynolds and James Righton of Klaxons are among the many guest acts featured on the album, lending a touch of spiky nu-rave dynamics to the track "All Rights Reversed".
"Whether it is a time of boom or famine for dance music has never made any difference to us," says Tom Rowlands.
"We never saw ourselves responsible for a scene or anything. For us it was always all about making a record that would excite people and show them that we had something interesting to offer."
Thanks in part to this philosophy, the duo now find themselves cast in the not-altogether-welcome role of last men standing. None of their contemporaries from the 1990s is still in quite such rude health either creatively or commercially as the Chemical Brothers. But Ed Simons doesn't feel that longevity for the sake of it is a particularly worthy aim.
"Some people would see it more as a curse," he says. "We didn't set out to last a long time. It's more about making music that's exciting, particularly on stage, where we're playing these festivals all round the world and people seem to be excited when we come on. It's gratifying."
Rowlands and Simons are sitting in the bar of The Social, a club in the West End of London. This is not the same Social where the pair famously enjoyed a DJ residency in 1994 when they were still known as The Dust Brothers, an engagement that resulted in the album Live at the Social Volume 1 (eventually released in 1996).
"That was the Sunday Social in the Albany at the top of Great Portland Street," Simons says. "It only ran for about 14 weeks and then they had to find somewhere else."
Rowlands picks up a copy of the Live at the Social CD, which I have brought along to jog a few memories. "I haven't even got a copy of this myself," he says, looking at the picture of his younger self, long blond hair dangling all over the decks. "That's all gone," he says, ruefully. "It does feel a long time ago. But it's all part of the same thing, really."
Maybe so. But a Sunday-night residency mixing and matching a string of obscure tracks to a bunch of James Brown beats in front of 150 people seems a long way removed from the kind of shows that Rowlands and Simons have been playing this year. These have included festival headlining appearances at Creamfields, Glastonbury and the Electric Picnic in Ireland, and a special one-off spectacular in Trafalgar Square. They have more shows coming up all over Eastern and Western Europe, South America, Australasia and a tour of the UK, including a three-night stand at Brixton Academy, the venue where they hold the record for the most gigs played in a single year ("we've got a special plaque for it, somewhere").
It is, perhaps, ironic that a 1990s dance act should have become such a huge and respected live attraction in the 21st century. Neither of them sings or plays an instrument on stage (Rowlands can play keyboards and "bad guitar"; Simons doesn't play an instrument at all). So what exactly do they do when they "play live"?
"We always think we should maybe put on a little film before we start, to explain the process of what is happening," Rowlands says before embarking on a lengthy explanation of how it is all about manipulating an electronic brain to determine exactly which combination of musical information stored on synthesisers, sequencers and samplers is deployed at any given moment of the performance.
"A very early cliché established that electronic music was just two guys twiddling knobs on stage," Simons says.
"We never found that intrinsically boring, but when we play live, we've always carried around our huge speakers and the visuals. We want people to experience the music in a really exciting environment, and the visuals are part of that, to absorb people in it so that you get disorientated, you get completely intoxicated by the music. That's always been the point of making it an experience. That goes back to Pink Floyd, and the Velvet Underground...
"It might be unfashionable to say, but that's the kind of experience that we've been trying to create when we've played from pretty much day one."
So are they happy for people to remember their light-show, but not them? "Yes. That's fine," Rowlands insists. "Neither of us started making music out of a desire to have a foot up on the monitor at the front of the stage telling you, 'this is how it's gonna be'. I like to see people do that as well. But it's not what we want to do."
The man responsible for the stunning visuals at the Chemical Brothers shows is Adam Smith, who used to run a company called Vegetable Vision.
"Adam was doing the visuals at the very first gig we did, at Andy Weatherall's club," Rowlands says.
"And we're still together. When we're writing music we play it to him. As we're making the album, he's getting ideas and stuff. We may have a specific idea for a song, but generally we just let him run riot."
Is he the third Chemical Brother? "Definitely," Rowlands admits. "Especially when we play live."
"We have three or four very longstanding collaborators," Simons says. "Our engineer, Steve Dub, for example. If there is one secret to our success it could be that when we find someone we enjoy working with, we keep working with that person. That's my advice."
While keeping an unusually stable team of core personnel in the background, the Chemicals have maintained a contrastingly rapid, revolving-door policy when it comes to their featured collaborators. In the past these have included Noel Gallagher, Bernard Sumner, Bobby Gillespie, Richard Ashcroft and Beth Orton. The guest performers on We Are the Night are a typically motley crew, including the folk singer Willy Mason, the rapper Fat Lip, from the Pharcyde, and Tim Smith, the singer with the up and coming Texan indie-rock band Midlake.
So are the Chemical Brothers an A&R team as much as a pair of DJs and producers? "Hopefully not," says Rowlands, clearly not very impressed with this suggestion.
"Obviously we gravitate towards things that we like. We hear something in their voice that connects with something we're doing. But it always comes out of us writing music. That's the first thing that we do. Then we start imagining a voice. We've never tried to do it the other way round."
"Before we made music together, when we were students in Manchester, our friendship was based on playing each other music," Simons says. "We used to go to clubs together. We used to go record-shopping together. So finding people to work with is really an extension of that. We have endless discussions about who we might work with." Rowlands adds: "It's usually the most traumatic part of making records."
Meeting the Brothers for an hour or so, you get a sense of the tremendous rapport that has bound them together for so many years. But relationships change, and the two of them now lead widely divergent lives away from their work. Rowlands, 36, is married with three kids and lives in Lewes in the rural south of England, while Simons, 35, remains single, and lives in Notting Hill, West London.
"The 1990s was spent in each other's pockets and in the studio the whole time," Simons says. "We were either on tour or we used to go on holiday together and that resulted in certain records and a certain working relationship, but now we have a different arrangement. But I actually think the music we've made in the last five years is the best we've made."
"The key is that we're still friends," Rowlands adds. "Sometimes it's fraught, as it was when we were students in a house together, arguing about what to watch on telly."
At the end of the interview, Simons nips out for a cigarette, while Rowlands, a confirmed non-smoker, hangs around chatting in the bar. He looks wistfully once again at my copy of the Live at the Social CD.
"I'll have to go on eBay and get myself a copy of this album," he says. "It's always the ones that you play at a party that disappear. I've been through about five copies of this already."
The Chemical Brothers play Koko, London NW1 (www.koko.uk.com) on 25 October; their UK tour runs from 6 to 15 December (www.thechemicalbrothers.com)
| The Chemical Brothers |
What is the surname of the character played by Joanna Lumley in 'Absolutely Fabulous'? | The Chemical Brothers | Insomniac
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The Chemical Brothers are the UK-based Grammy Award winning electronic music duo comprised of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons.
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Which jockey won the 2007 Derby at Epsom on 'Authorized', at his fifteenth attempt? | Horse racing: Classic first for Dettori on brilliant Authorised | Sport | The Guardian
Classic first for Dettori on brilliant Authorised
Sunday 3 June 2007 12.53 EDT
First published on Sunday 3 June 2007 12.53 EDT
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Authorized gave Frankie Dettori an armchair ride to outclass his 16 rivals in the Derby, coming from tenth place on the home turn with a withering run down the outside of the field to win by five lengths, at last giving his jockey the win in the race that matters so much to him.
Dettori has yearned - how he has yearned - for this first Derby success and most headlines will concern the vibrant Italian, but Authorized's trainer, Peter Chapple-Hyam, has done it before when winning in 1992 with Dr Devious.
The winning trainer, who returned to England after a largely unsuccessful spell in Hong Kong three years ago, compared this day favourably with that first experience of triumph in racing's greatest Classic: 'I don't take drugs. I drink, I smoke. This is better than anything. Last time was a haze. I decided I was going to enjoy it and not worry. But I worried.'
Some of that concern was in the build-up to the big day. With these huge thoroughbreds, things can so easily go wrong. But having brought Authorized safely through his preparation, Chapple-Hyam must have felt the odd flutter during the race, particularly when Dettori settled his mount well back in the field. 'Frankie was a little bit further back than I think he wanted to be,' he said. 'He was certainly further back than I wanted him to be. I told him to ride him as though he owned him.'
Dettori, let off by his boss, Sheikh Mohammed, to ride the colt, was showing his confidence in his mount by having the 5-4 favourite quite so far back. However, as the front-running outsider Kid Mambo set sail for unlikely glory early in the straight, the Italian began his huge move. As Authorized ate up the ground, he devoured the opposition with Dettori having to do little more than push along with hands and heels.
Soon there was half-an-acre between his mount and his toiling opponents, led home by Eagle Mountain, first of an extraordinary eight saddled by Aidan O'Brien, and Aqaleem, from the Marcus Tregoning yard who won the race last year with Sir Percy.
Most of the field had looked sweaty in the roasting heat of the parade. Although it was supposed to be 23C according to the weathermen, it felt more like 33. Aqaleem, saddled very early, seemed to be perspiring more than any other so it was a fine effort from him. But the placed horses were mere bit players as Authorized lolled his tongue out, almost in contempt for them.
Dettori, whose preparation for the race has gone far less smoothly than his mount's, had been showing visible signs of wear over the past few days. 'I have been under some pressure before but nothing like this,' he said. 'I gave him a couple smacks for safety, but he didn't deserve them really. I had to pinch myself crossing the line to make sure it was real not a dream.'
Things had most definitely not been going so swimmingly in the run-up. He suffered a fall at Goodwood eight days before the Derby and missed three days after it, complaining of bruising and a painful knee. After his return, the horses he was riding, even the well-fancied ones, were not winning. And so such fortune continued for the jockey into Derby Day.
There were early signs that things might not be going to go his way as Dettori, riding Bespoke Boy, was caught near the finish by Declaration of War in the Woodcote Stakes. Chapple-Hyam trains the winner, but you would guess he will almost have forgotten about this win in the aftermath of the Derby. Next, many expected Dettori to turn things around on odds-on Blue Ksar in the Diomed Stakes. Yet, after a kerfuffle with a rival's discarded blindfold shortly after the start, Blue Ksar looked rather reluctant to exert himself when produced at the right time, just under two furlongs out, on the outside of the small field.
Blythe Knight used to be a horse who was easy to pass once in the lead, but now, made hardier by a move to the excellent John Quinn, he is enjoying his racing and is a tough customer. Much too tough for Blue Ksar, who hung across the course and appeared quite happy to finish second, unlike his poor pilot.
One punter at the side of the winners' enclosure, clearly unaware of the blindfold episode, said: 'He'll have to sharpen up, Dettori, otherwise he will win nothing.' Sharpen up he did, and how.
Chapple-Hyam, too, has been under pressure. His four years in Hong Kong were not the best. This was a man who had scaled the heights in Britain very early, winning the 2,000 Guineas with Rodrigo De Triano and the Derby in his first season. 'Those days were great but this was better,' he said. No doubt a few pints will be sunk in his favourite pub in Newmarket, The Yard, when he goes back.
On his return to these shores, he had to build from scratch at St Gatien Stables, starting with six horses and it cannot have helped when he split from his wife, Jane, who now trains in her own right. Yet it has not taken him long to re-establish himself right up where he used to be.
Things did not go his way when Dutch Art was third in the 2,000 Guineas, possibly drawn on the wrong side of the course, but that will have been largely forgotten, as will the defeat of Chapple-Hyam's beloved West Brom in the Championship play-off final a week ago.
For most though, it was Dettori who was the centre of attention. This was his fifteenth attempt to win the race. As the old saying goes, you cannot go without the horse and, in Authorized, he finally found the animal who was good enough to take him there.
Looking relieved as well as tired, he said: 'It was my childhood dream to win the King George, the Arc and the Derby. Now I can relax and look forward to doing it again, but when I retire in eight or 10 years, I will be happy. I have done it, but having the best horse helped.'
| Frankie Dettori |
Which resort was advertised in a travel poster as '............ is so bracing'? | Frankie Dettori - WikiHorseWorld Horse Articles
Frankie Dettori
File:Frankie.jpg
Frankie Dettori in the parade ring at Newmarket after riding in the 2000 Guineas 2005
Lanfranco "Frankie" Dettori, MBE (born December 15, 1970 in Milan) is an Italian horse racing jockey and celebrity. He is the son of Sardinian jockey Gianfranco Dettori , who was a prolific winner in Italy. Also known as real name Lanfranco Dettori in non-English speaking countries.
Contents
6 External links
Career
Dettori's first experience with horses was at the age of twelve and his father bought him a Palomino pony. This had some impact on him, as he rode the horse often. When he was 13 Dettori left school to become a stable boy and apprentice jockey. The following year he went to Great Britain where he apprenticed with trainer Luca Cumani at Newmarket in 1985 and became a stable jockey soon after. [1]
In 1990 Dettori became the first teenager since Lester Piggott to ride 100 winners in one season. His first win came at the age of 16 in Turin in November 1986, while his first victory in Britain was the following June. Further success followed, with numerous winners in Group 1 races. On September 28, 1996 he achieved the feat of winning all seven races on a single day at Ascot Racecourse .
In an interview with the BBC's Newsnight, he admitted that he used to take diuretic drugs to keep his weight down. Dettori said he had used a wide range of substances before the Jockey Club banned them in June 1998 after a spate of positive drug tests revealed how prevalent their use was becoming: "I took Lasix, pee pills, diuretics, laxatives; all sorts." [2]
On December 29, 2000 he received an honorary MBE.
Dettori is the retained jockey for the Godolphin racing stables, and is well-known for his distinctive "flying dismounts".
He quit his position as a team captain on the BBC quiz A Question Of Sport in 2003, when he was apparently stung by a question from a participant as to when he retired from riding. Since that time he has completely rededicated himself to riding. He was rewarded for his new found dedication by becoming the British Champion Jockey in 2004.
The Epsom Derby was the only British Classic Race Dettori had not won in his career, until his fifteenth attempt on June 2, 2007 on the Peter Chapple-Hyam trained Authorized. [3] The following day he won the Prix du Jockey Club on Lawman, notching up a derby double. [4]
In 2007 Dettori became the face of "Jockey" yoghurt, sold across Europe, but especially popular in France. Controversial at first for its sweet flavour, Dettori's advertising campaign: "Frankie know whatta you alike!" – has seen sales rise slightly.
Personal life
Dettori has stated "I am 5 ft 4 inches and weigh 9st 9lb but I have to sometimes go down to 8st 6lb." [5]
Like many other jockeys and trainers Dettori lives near the Home of Racing in Stetchworth near to Newmarket , Suffolk with his wife Catherine and their five children Leo, Ella, Mia, Tallulah and Rocco.
An ardent Anglophile, he thrives on English culture: Dettori is an avid Arsenal F.C. supporter [6] . He has a line of frozen Italian food. In 2004, he opened a restaurant Frankie's Bar and Grill in Putney, London with renowned chef Marco Pierre White.
In 2000, Dettori and Ray Cochrane were aboard a Piper Seneca plane which crashed on take off at Newmarket on its way to Goodwood in Sussex, killing the pilot. Dettori escaped with a fractured right ankle and an injured thumb, [7] and spent some weeks in Addenbrooke's Hospital. [8]
Thieves stole many of his medals from his home on the evening of August 25, 2006. Items missing include three Gold Cups awarded in Japan, and his MBE. [9]
Major wins
Retrieved from " http://www.wikihorseworld.com/wiki/Frankie_Dettori "
The above article was imported from Wikipedia.org on 08/24/2010 and may be a modified version of the Original Wikipedia article . See this article's history page for a list of revisions which may have occurred after import. This article is displayed here courtesy of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, and its authors/contributors in compliance with the Wikimedia Terms of Use Agreement. This article was imported and is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (CC-BY-SA) . Clicking on photos, videos, or drawings in this article will display copyright and license information for that non-text media where available.
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In which BBC crime drama which ran for six series, did clinical psychologist 'Dr. Tony Hill' work first with 'DI Carol Jordan' and then with 'DI Alex Fielding'? | Wire in the Blood (TV Series 2002– ) - IMDb
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A psychologist gets inside of the minds of both killers and victims to aid the police in solving gruesome serial killings in Northern England.
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When the woman area mental health commissioner is murdered - with Bryant the culprit - Tony is given police protection and sergeant Kevin Jeffries moves in with him. At the same time he is trying to ...
8.4
Another victim disappears and a severed finger is sent to constable Chris Collins in an envelope, suggesting that the killer is into playing cat and mouse games with him. Chris, a new young constable...
8.4
When an 11-year old girl is seen being dragged into a car kicking and screaming, the police issue an Amber alert. As the minutes and hours pass by, they know their chances of rescuing the girl ...
8.3
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Dark and twisting mystery series based on the characters created by Scottish crime writer Val McDermid. Set in the fictional English city of Bradfield, clinical psychologist Dr. Tony Hill is recruited as a criminal profiler for the police department. Aiding DCI Carol Jordan (and DI Alex Fielding in later episodes), the doctor's eccentric methods and deep understanding of the criminal mind help track down vicious serial killers and solve the most gruesome of crimes. Written by L. Hamre
Enter the mind of a serial killer. See more »
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14 November 2002 (UK) See more »
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La fureur dans le sang See more »
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The plastic "blue bag" that Tony Hill is often seen with was gleaned from Robson Green's research for Wire in the Blood, which involved spending time with revered criminal psychologist Julian Boon, who Green describes in part as an "extraordinary, intelligent, nice guy who carried his life in a blue bag and travelled on a double-decker bus. No-one looked at him twice." See more »
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I first discovered "Wire in the Blood" by happy accident, I was watching Agatha Christie's Miss Marple on Amazon prime and "Wire in the Blood" popped up in my recommended list. I became hooked from the first episode "Mermaids Singing" which is done in 2 parts, with each episode my enthusiasm for the show also grew. Wire in the blood is now one of my favorite crime/Mystery/Drama shows for T.V. I'm a big fan of good,clever mystery. There are many crime/mystery books and shows out there but few are done this well with excellent character development, believable plots and story lines that are on one hand complex, terrifying, fully engrossing and on the other hand funny, thoughtful and informative. The show and books are dark and twisted. If your a fan of the genre and have not yet discovered Dr.Tony Hill I recommend that you do.
Wire in the blood was created and produced by Coastal Productions for the ITV network, it ran from 2002 to 2008 comprising of six seasons. Wire in the Blood was ITV's top rated show, was syndicated to 30 countries and won multiple awards. So when ITV did not pick up Wire in the blood for another season there was widespread disbelief and major disappointment for the millions of devoted fans.
Coastal Productions was created by Robson Green and Sandra Jobling in 1997. Their main objective was to create and produce quality shows in east Britain, creating jobs and giving voice to that area of the country. It blows every CSI, cop procedural made in the US totally out of the water. Wire in the Blood is based on the books of noted and award winning Scottish crime writer Val McDermid.
Dr.Tony Hill played by Robson Green is our main character, he is a clinical psychologist who works as a profiler for the Bradfield police; he specialises in repeat violent offenders, and has come into contact with a number of serial killers throughout his career. D.C.I. Carol Jordan played by Hermione Norris is a hard working officer and head of the Major Incident Team (MIT) of Bradfield Metropolitan Police's CID. Season 4 introduces us to a new lead character - DI Alex Fielding she is a senior detective at Bradfield CID and is a dedicated professional, always willing to put in the hours to get the case solved. Her warmth and down-to-earth style have gained her the respect of her police colleagues and Dr Tony Hill. There are many very well developed characters in this series i recommend you visit Wikipedia to get the full description of the show and it's wonderful characters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_in_the_Blood
I also recommend that once you finish watching the series you read Val Mcdermid's books on Tony Hill & Carol Jordan. After the last episode of season 6 I felt left just hanging there - I wanted more more more and to know what happened next?!! As tribute to the shows success and devoted fans there is even a fan site where fans of both the TV show and books have written some pretty good Fan Fiction from chapters to full short stories. http://www.fanfiction.net/TV/Wire-in-the-Blood/
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| Wire in the Blood |
Jaroslav Drobny who won the Gentlemen's Singles at Wimbledon in 1954 won a Silver Medal for Czechoslovakia at the 1948 Winter Olympics in which sport? | "Wire in the Blood" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
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57 out of 62 people found the following review useful:
Suspenseful British Drama at its Best
from Seattle, Washington
15 January 2003
I was lucky enough to have a copy taped from BBC America (cheers, Mom!) -- if you're a Robson Green fan, it's a fantastic showcase for his acting. Not as cavalier as his "Touching Evil" series; his "Wire in the Blood" character of Tony Hill is much more reserved, quirky, and, being a criminal profiler, is more internalized with his processing of information. Even if you're not a Robson Green fan, this will surely garner him new followers. There were three full-length movies: "The Mermaid's Singing", "Shadows Rising", and "Justice Painted Blind". The first two, "Singing" and "Shadows" are adaptations of author Val McDermid's books;
"Justice" is an original script based off of McDermid's work, but closely follows her style and she was directly involved with its creation, so I think it's a respectful homage to her work as a whole, so I don't think her fans will be disappointed. All three deal with strange and grisly serial killings, the profiling of possible suspects, and the drama involved with tracking down the unique killers. Set against the backdrop of the bleak, lonely hills of the north of England, the movies are all gritty and disturbing (but not overly-so), and they really show the darker side of human nature and the lengths at which a profiler like Tony Hill is willing to venture to capture the killer. The supporting cast is brilliant; Hermione Norris as D.I. Carol Jordan is just wonderful to watch. Intelligent, sincere, and admirably professional, it's as much her story as it is Tony Hill's. The chemistry they have is marvellous to watch and not at all contrived. Personally, I think "Mermaids" was the best; it was the first, it clearly had the most detailed characterizations and plot complexity, and was definitely the most vicious -- some scenes definitely not for the faint of heart. But still compelling and highly recommended. The other two are still great, well-plotted and suspenseful, but slightly less edgy as the first. I recommend seeing the series in its proper order, to catch little references to past storylines.
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48 out of 51 people found the following review useful:
Pure, dark, fun.
from Florida, USA
8 November 2004
I found Wire in the Blood purely by accident and I am now a die-hard fan. It's quite dark, with just enough wit to keep you from falling over the edge into the great abyss. The intelligent and complex story line demands focus to follow clearly, and make you think. Sometimes the jumps in logic can seem a bit far fetched, but that is what makes it interesting and fun, without having to be a series of mindless chase scenes and explosions. Robson Green is incredibly impressive (and maybe a little bit scary) as eccentric psychological profiler Dr. Tony Hill, and Hermione Morris does a great job as tough DI Carol Jordan, a woman in what is still very much a man's world. All the characters have distinct and believable personalities. All in all, this series is great fun.
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52 out of 63 people found the following review useful:
Taut, suspenseful drama.
from Deep in the Heart of Texas
30 December 2002
This is a taut British crime drama very much in the "Cracker" mould. In this case, our lead character is Dr. Tony Hill. It features a crime-weary psychotherapist who is part profiler, part detective, part forensics expert. (Think "Cracker" meets "Inspector Morse" meets "CSI").There is a bookish, academic quality to Doctor Hill, without him being tweedy and standoffish (he's more human, and less lofty than Morse).
Dr. Hill is well played by actor Robson Green, who played another complex Detective in the British miniseries "Touching Evil."
In "Wire in the Blood" the stories and the crimes often unfold slowly, with just enough bits of clues and hints to make the slow development seem satisfying.
WARNING: The crime scenes can get a bit grisly, but are never gratuitous.
If you like the aforementioned "Morse" series, and enjoy the psychological gymnastics by Robbie Coltrane's "Cracker" then you will not want to miss "Wire in the Blood."
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31 out of 36 people found the following review useful:
Is there more to come?
from California, USA
25 June 2004
I watched all 3 in order and enjoyed this series. I am anxious to find out if there is a follow up to Painted? I have an unanswered question about the ending and it appears as though there is (or should be) a sequel to this? If you have not watched any of these, please go for it and watch them in order. The character development is quite entertaining. The chemistry between Hill and D.I. Jordan is done in a tasteful way. The creative and honest mind of the writers is put on the screen with a quality job of directing. I am a detective investigator and I am very critical with "who done it" crime solving type movies. These I would use to show my students when teaching a crime profiling class.
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27 out of 34 people found the following review useful:
An incredible show
from United States
30 November 2006
I started watching this show in series 1. It was edgy and gritty, with strong performances from everyone. It still is. "Wire in the Blood" is the story of Dr.Tony Hill (Robson Green), a slightly eccentric clinical psychologist who works part time with the police force of Bradford, England. He has a reputation of taking small seemingly unconnected facts puzzling them together and providing a profile for the police to follow. The show is bases on the books written by crime novelist Val McDiarmid. In series 1-3, Hermione Norris played Detective Inspecter/Chief Inspecter Carol Jordan of Bradford CID, who managed to rein Tony's scattered abilities and make sense of them. In series 4, Ms Norris has left the show and Simone Lahbib as Inspecter Alex Fielding has the dubious job of reining in Hill. Green is, of course, the lead of the show and he is brilliant. He mixes in just enough idiosyncrasies to make Hill human, endearing and sometimes down right aggravating. Norris brought an adult, feminine, vulnerability to her role as Carol Jordan. Brought up to believe in hard case police work, her world was turned upside down by Tony's presence. In the end, she asks for a transfer. Enter DI Alex Fielding, Simone Lahbib. Ms. Lahbib is an unknown entity to me, but as I finished watching series 4, I felt a bit queasy. When one actor leaves a show and is replaced. It is important to give the newcomer a distinctive identity. Fielding is a single mother with a son and a cat, yet in the second episode of s4, "Torment", the writers were able to slide her easily into the role that would have been Norris'. The "Jordan" character was specific to the McDiarmid book "Torment of Others", of which the episode was derived. The Jordan/Fielding character played a large part. The writing is exceptional, especially for the episode, "Torment". The acting is exceptional. This statement is meant to include: Mark Letheren(DI Kevin Jeffries); Emma Handy (DC Paula McIntyre) and Peter Sullivan (ACC Paul Eden). When there is an ensemble cast and crew that work their hardest to put out the best product possible, it makes viewing a very satisfying activity. Note: this show is designated TV-MA, because of some intense or violent scenes. I would not recommend this show for anyone under the age of 16.
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21 out of 28 people found the following review useful:
Ghost of Mr Thaw
from Ashland, Oregon
9 December 2002
Green's vulnerability, intensity and flexibilty in his craft is a complete pleasure. He displays tremendous potential; one can hope that he will continue to create performances that are filled with the humanity, compassion and insight that "Tony Hill" shows us. Brilliant!
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16 out of 20 people found the following review useful:
10 Stars!!!
from United States
21 August 2005
Brilliant series. The third episode not quite as strong a story as the first two, perhaps has something to do with the fact that it was not based directly on the books of V. McD. Robson Green is a great talent, in spite of what his fellow Newcastleian had to say above. I've enjoyed his first rate performances in two other series I've seen, and can't wait to see how his character's flirtation with D.I. Jobson develops in future episodes. Comparisons with "Cracker" seem off the mark to me. Although its one of my favorites, the only things in common with "Wire..." are forensic psychologists profiling murderous sickos, and helping the police catch 'em. Note to the producers: Have Robbie Coltraine guest as "Cracker" character in a future episode assisting Hill and Jobson! Imagine all the fun they could have conflicting professionally, not to mention romantically, vying for Jobson's attention and favors! Brilliant!
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12 out of 16 people found the following review useful:
Vivid, believable shows with a charismatic psychologist solving intriguing crimes
from United States
16 February 2012
Wire in the Blood, is first of all a showcase for the excellent acting skills of the charismatic Robson Green. For a mystery/suspense,thriller this show easily surpasses virtually all shows in the genre. The shows all involve murder and this is the focus of the plots. The plots, moreover, are taut and well-written. The setting and actors are British. For non-British viewers the British actors provide something faintly exotic and alluring, which works fine to subtly draw the viewer into the action of this suspense show. It is our not insignificant loss that more shows weren't filmed
The acting overall is fine; Green's outstanding acting seemingly makes all of his fellow actors elevate their performances. The stories are quite compelling, but the real interest is in the way Green solves the murders, using his training as a psychologist who teaches at a university and in at least one episode is seen acting as a therapist. His credentials are present just to make him initially credible. He has the intelligence, training, and experience to solve complex crimes.
For a t.v. show, there an unusually high level of tension and suspense, often only seen in movies. All in all, this show rewards close viewing, while the violent/gruesome scenes are few, they are minimally sanitized, and are contextually justified. In fact the reality of violence and destructive sexuality reflect quite accurately what homicide detectives see in the real world on a regular basis. This is a show about evil--so don't expect extenuating circumstances, except for brief views in some of the shows of the past of the criminals, usually childhood, that help explain why they commit their heinous crimes.
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15 out of 22 people found the following review useful:
Entertaining
from Stockholm, Sweden
10 September 2005
I have been seeing quite a lot of this show on TV lately and i find it surprisingly entertaining. Surprisingly because i'm usually no fan at all of the serial-killer genre nor the kind of grisly imagery that this show always provides. But the gratuitous images and the worn-out theme aside this show has a lot to offer.
My favorite aspect is without a doubt Robson Green as the forensic psychologist Tony Hill. His weary and distraught appearance is enough for this to be worth watching. Also his interaction with Hermione Norris as the steely CID Carol Jordan is entertaining as well as many times touching.
The scriptwriting doesn't really live up to the characters in my opinion, but it's decent enough. Considering that i have read several of Val McDermids novels and liked none of them the writing in this series far exceeded my expectations. McDermids writing is simplistic and unimaginative in my opinion and the only real aspects from the novels that has been transferred to this show is the gratuitous nature of the crimes.
All in all i would say that this is a very entertaining show, at least for those who can stomach the gritty themes. I feel it far supersedes other shows in the same vein like for instance the quite dull "Messiah". Recommended.
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8 out of 9 people found the following review useful:
One of the best Crime drama/ Mystery Thriller TV shows ever made
Author: Robin Thompson Duehring
1 June 2013
I first discovered "Wire in the Blood" by happy accident, I was watching Agatha Christie's Miss Marple on Amazon prime and "Wire in the Blood" popped up in my recommended list. I became hooked from the first episode "Mermaids Singing" which is done in 2 parts, with each episode my enthusiasm for the show also grew. Wire in the blood is now one of my favorite crime/Mystery/Drama shows for T.V. I'm a big fan of good,clever mystery. There are many crime/mystery books and shows out there but few are done this well with excellent character development, believable plots and story lines that are on one hand complex, terrifying, fully engrossing and on the other hand funny, thoughtful and informative. The show and books are dark and twisted. If your a fan of the genre and have not yet discovered Dr.Tony Hill I recommend that you do.
Wire in the blood was created and produced by Coastal Productions for the ITV network, it ran from 2002 to 2008 comprising of six seasons. Wire in the Blood was ITV's top rated show, was syndicated to 30 countries and won multiple awards. So when ITV did not pick up Wire in the blood for another season there was widespread disbelief and major disappointment for the millions of devoted fans.
Coastal Productions was created by Robson Green and Sandra Jobling in 1997. Their main objective was to create and produce quality shows in east Britain, creating jobs and giving voice to that area of the country. It blows every CSI, cop procedural made in the US totally out of the water. Wire in the Blood is based on the books of noted and award winning Scottish crime writer Val McDermid.
Dr.Tony Hill played by Robson Green is our main character, he is a clinical psychologist who works as a profiler for the Bradfield police; he specialises in repeat violent offenders, and has come into contact with a number of serial killers throughout his career. D.C.I. Carol Jordan played by Hermione Norris is a hard working officer and head of the Major Incident Team (MIT) of Bradfield Metropolitan Police's CID. Season 4 introduces us to a new lead character - DI Alex Fielding she is a senior detective at Bradfield CID and is a dedicated professional, always willing to put in the hours to get the case solved. Her warmth and down-to-earth style have gained her the respect of her police colleagues and Dr Tony Hill. There are many very well developed characters in this series i recommend you visit Wikipedia to get the full description of the show and it's wonderful characters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_in_the_Blood
I also recommend that once you finish watching the series you read Val Mcdermid's books on Tony Hill & Carol Jordan. After the last episode of season 6 I felt left just hanging there - I wanted more more more and to know what happened next?!! As tribute to the shows success and devoted fans there is even a fan site where fans of both the TV show and books have written some pretty good Fan Fiction from chapters to full short stories. http://www.fanfiction.net/TV/Wire-in-the-Blood/
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How are the TS Eliot poems 'Burnt Norton', 'East Coker', 'The Dry Salvages' and 'Little Giddings' known collectively? | SparkNotes: Eliot’s Poetry: Four Quartets: “Little Gidding”
Four Quartets: “The Dry Salvages”
Study Questions
Summary
“Little Gidding” was the last of the Quartets to be written. It appeared in print in 1942; in 1943, the four pieces were collected and published together. “Little Gidding,” named after a 17th-century Anglican monastery renowned for its devotion, is the place where the problems of time and human fallibility are more or less resolved. The first section describes a sunny winter’s day, where everything is dead yet blazing with the sun’s fire. The poem considers those who have come to the monastery, who come only “to kneel / Where prayer has been valid.” It is here that man can encounter the “intersection of the timeless” with the present moment, often by heeding the words of the dead, whose speech is given a vitality by a burning fire. The second section opens with a lyric on the death of the four elements (air, earth, water, and fire) that have figured so prominently in the previous quartets. The scene then shifts to the poet walking at dawn. He meets the ghost of some former master, whom he does not quite recognize. The two speak, and the ghost gives the poet the burdens of wisdom: awareness of folly, a loss of perception of beauty, and shame at one’s past deeds. The spirit tells him that only if he is “restored by ...refining fire” will he escape these curses. The spirit then leaves him with a benediction, and a horn blows, which may be an air-raid siren. The third section is more propositional in nature. The poet declares that attachment, detachment, and indifference are all related; all three look alike but indifference comes only through the exercise of memory to create abstractions. The second part of this section asserts that, despite this, “all shall be well.” As the poet thinks on the people who have come to Little Gidding seeking spiritual renewal and peace, he realizes that the dead have left us only “a symbol,” one that has been perfected but is nevertheless still only a representation or an abstraction. The fourth section is a formal two-stanza piece describing first a dove with a tongue of fire, which both purifies and destroys; the second stanza then considers love as the chief torment of man, which can redeem as well as torture. Either way, we are caught between two kinds of fire. The final section of the poem, and of the whole of the Quartets, brings the spiritual and the aesthetic together in a final reconciliation. Perfect language results in poetry in which every word and every phrase is “an end and a beginning.” The timeless and the time-bound are interchangeable and in the moment, if one is in the right place, like the chapel at Little Gidding. All will be well when the fires that both destroy and redeem come together to form a knot and “the fire and the rose”—divine wrath and mercy—become one.
Form
This is the most dramatic of the Four Quartets, in that it is here that the language most closely approaches the rhythms of everyday speech. The diction is measured, intellectual, but always self-conscious in its repetitiveness and in the palpable presence of the speaker. Certain sections of “Little Gidding” (“And all shall be well and / All manner of thing shall be well”) borrow from liturgical language to create the effect of attending an ideal religious service. The fourth section, like the fourth sections of the other quartets, is a sustained formal piece that serves as a sort of contrapuntal melody to the rest of the poem. Although not as elegant as “Burnt Norton” or as musical as “East Coker,” “Little Gidding” is perhaps the most balanced of the quartets in its attention to imagery and language.
Commentary
Fire and roses are the main images of this poem. Both have a double meaning. Roses, a traditional symbol of English royalty, represent all of England, but they also are made to stand for divine love, mercy, and the garden where the children in “Burnt Norton” hide (they reappear at the end of this poem). Fire is both the flame of divine harshness and the spiritual ether capable of purifying the human soul and bringing understanding. The series of double images creates a strong sense of paradox: Just as one seemingly cannot exist both in and out of time, one cannot be simultaneously both purified and destroyed.
This sense of paradox leads to the creation of an alternative world, rendered through spiritual retreat and supernatural figures. The dead, with their words “tongued with fire,” offer an alternative set of possibilities for the poet seeking to escape the fetters of reality. By going to a place “where prayer has been valid,” Eliot proposes that imagination and a little faith can conquer the strictures placed upon man by time and history; as the ghost in the third section reminds the poet, escape is always possible. This is particularly significant when we notice that the ghost’s words are actually generated by the speaker (who “assumed a double part”), actually engaged in a dialogue with himself. While the dead can offer us only a “symbol,” symbols nevertheless give us an opportunity for interpretation and exercise of the imagination. By allowing us a way to bypass the realities of our world, they open up a spiritual freedom.
This poem, finally, celebrates the ability of human vision to transcend the apparent limitations of human mortality. In a place set away from the world, one can hear, if one chooses, the children laughing in the garden. War, suffering, and the modern condition have provided Eliot with an opportunity for spiritual reflection that ultimately transcends external events and the burden of history. While not an overtly optimistic work, “Little Gidding” and Four Quartets as a whole offer a reasoned sense of hope. Poetry may suffer from language’s inherent lack of precision, but it provides the aesthetic faculty with an opportunity to disregard human limitations, if only for a moment.
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In the 'Toy Story' series of animated films, which character is voiced by Don Rickles? | SparkNotes: Eliot’s Poetry: Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Themes, Motifs & Symbols
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”
Themes
The Damaged Psyche of Humanity
Like many modernist writers, Eliot wanted his poetry to express the fragile psychological state of humanity in the twentieth century. The passing of Victorian ideals and the trauma of World War I challenged cultural notions of masculine identity, causing artists to question the romantic literary ideal of a visionary-poet capable of changing the world through verse. Modernist writers wanted to capture their transformed world, which they perceived as fractured, alienated, and denigrated. Europe lost an entire generation of young men to the horrors of the so-called Great War, causing a general crisis of masculinity as survivors struggled to find their place in a radically altered society. As for England, the aftershocks of World War I directly contributed to the dissolution of the British Empire. Eliot saw society as paralyzed and wounded, and he imagined that culture was crumbling and dissolving. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917) demonstrates this sense of indecisive paralysis as the titular speaker wonders whether he should eat a piece of fruit, make a radical change, or if he has the fortitude to keep living. Humanity’s collectively damaged psyche prevented people from communicating with one another, an idea that Eliot explored in many works, including “A Game of Chess” (the second part of The Waste Land) and “The Hollow Men.”
The Power of Literary History
Eliot maintained great reverence for myth and the Western literary canon, and he packed his work full of allusions, quotations, footnotes, and scholarly exegeses. In “The Tradition and the Individual Talent,” an essay first published in 1919, Eliot praises the literary tradition and states that the best writers are those who write with a sense of continuity with those writers who came before, as if all of literature constituted a stream in which each new writer must enter and swim. Only the very best new work will subtly shift the stream’s current and thus improve the literary tradition. Eliot also argued that the literary past must be integrated into contemporary poetry. But the poet must guard against excessive academic knowledge and distill only the most essential bits of the past into a poem, thereby enlightening readers. The Waste Land juxtaposes fragments of various elements of literary and mythic traditions with scenes and sounds from modern life. The effect of this poetic collage is both a reinterpretation of canonical texts and a historical context for his examination of society and humanity.
The Changing Nature of Gender Roles
Over the course of Eliot’s life, gender roles and sexuality became increasingly flexible, and Eliot reflected those changes in his work. In the repressive Victorian era of the nineteenth century, women were confined to the domestic sphere, sexuality was not discussed or publicly explored, and a puritanical atmosphere dictated most social interactions. Queen Victoria’s death in 1901 helped usher in a new era of excess and forthrightness, now called the Edwardian Age, which lasted until 1910. World War I, from 1914 to 1918, further transformed society, as people felt both increasingly alienated from one another and empowered to break social mores. English women began agitating in earnest for the right to vote in 1918, and the flappers of the Jazz Age began smoking and drinking alcohol in public. Women were allowed to attend school, and women who could afford it continued their education at those universities that began accepting women in the early twentieth century. Modernist writers created gay and lesbian characters and re-imagined masculinity and femininity as characteristics people could assume or shrug off rather than as absolute identities dictated by society.
Eliot simultaneously lauded the end of the Victorian era and expressed concern about the freedoms inherent in the modern age. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” reflects the feelings of emasculation experienced by many men as they returned home from World War I to find women empowered by their new role as wage earners. Prufrock, unable to make a decision, watches women wander in and out of a room, “talking of Michelangelo” (14), and elsewhere admires their downy, bare arms. A disdain for unchecked sexuality appears in both “Sweeney Among the Nightingales” (1918) and The Waste Land. The latter portrays rape, prostitution, a conversation about abortion, and other incidences of nonreproductive sexuality. Nevertheless, the poem’s central character, Tiresias, is a hermaphrodite—and his powers of prophesy and transformation are, in some sense, due to his male and female genitalia. With Tiresias, Eliot creates a character that embodies wholeness, represented by the two genders coming together in one body.
Motifs
Fragmentation
Eliot used fragmentation in his poetry both to demonstrate the chaotic state of modern existence and to juxtapose literary texts against one another. In Eliot’s view, humanity’s psyche had been shattered by World War I and by the collapse of the British Empire. Collaging bits and pieces of dialogue, images, scholarly ideas, foreign words, formal styles, and tones within one poetic work was a way for Eliot to represent humanity’s damaged psyche and the modern world, with its barrage of sensory perceptions. Critics read the following line from The Waste Land as a statement of Eliot’s poetic project: “These fragments I have shored against my ruins” (431). Practically every line in The Waste Land echoes an academic work or canonical literary text, and many lines also have long footnotes written by Eliot as an attempt to explain his references and to encourage his readers to educate themselves by delving deeper into his sources. These echoes and references are fragments themselves, since Eliot includes only parts, rather than whole texts from the canon. Using these fragments, Eliot tries to highlight recurrent themes and images in the literary tradition, as well as to place his ideas about the contemporary state of humanity along the spectrum of history.
Mythic and Religious Ritual
Eliot’s tremendous knowledge of myth, religious ritual, academic works, and key books in the literary tradition informs every aspect of his poetry. He filled his poems with references to both the obscure and the well known, thereby teaching his readers as he writes. In his notes to The Waste Land, Eliot explains the crucial role played by religious symbols and myths. He drew heavily from ancient fertility rituals, in which the fertility of the land was linked to the health of the Fisher King, a wounded figure who could be healed through the sacrifice of an effigy. The Fisher King is, in turn, linked to the Holy Grail legends, in which a knight quests to find the grail, the only object capable of healing the land. Ultimately, ritual fails as the tool for healing the wasteland, even as Eliot presents alternative religious possibilities, including Hindu chants, Buddhist speeches, and pagan ceremonies. Later poems take their images almost exclusively from Christianity, such as the echoes of the Lord’s Prayer in “The Hollow Men” and the retelling of the story of the wise men in “Journey of the Magi” (1927).
Infertility
Eliot envisioned the modern world as a wasteland, in which neither the land nor the people could conceive. In The Waste Land, various characters are sexually frustrated or dysfunctional, unable to cope with either reproductive or nonreproductive sexuality: the Fisher King represents damaged sexuality (according to myth, his impotence causes the land to wither and dry up), Tiresias represents confused or ambiguous sexuality, and the women chattering in “A Game of Chess” represent an out-of-control sexuality. World War I not only eradicated an entire generation of young men in Europe but also ruined the land. Trench warfare and chemical weapons, the two primary methods by which the war was fought, decimated plant life, leaving behind detritus and carnage. In “The Hollow Men,” the speaker discusses the dead land, now filled with stone and cacti. Corpses salute the stars with their upraised hands, stiffened from rigor mortis. Trying to process the destruction has caused the speaker’s mind to become infertile: his head has been filled with straw, and he is now unable to think properly, to perceive accurately, or to conceive of images or thoughts.
Symbols
Water
In Eliot’s poetry, water symbolizes both life and death. Eliot’s characters wait for water to quench their thirst, watch rivers overflow their banks, cry for rain to quench the dry earth, and pass by fetid pools of standing water. Although water has the regenerative possibility of restoring life and fertility, it can also lead to drowning and death, as in the case of Phlebas the sailor from The Waste Land. Traditionally, water can imply baptism, Christianity, and the figure of Jesus Christ, and Eliot draws upon these traditional meanings: water cleanses, water provides solace, and water brings relief elsewhere in The Waste Land and in “Little Gidding,” the fourth part of Four Quartets. Prufrock hears the seductive calls of mermaids as he walks along the shore in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” but, like Odysseus in Homer’s Odyssey (ca. 800 b.c.e.), he realizes that a malicious intent lies behind the sweet voices: the poem concludes “we drown” (131). Eliot thus cautions us to beware of simple solutions or cures, for what looks innocuous might turn out to be very dangerous.
The Fisher King
The Fisher King is the central character in The Waste Land. While writing his long poem, Eliot drew on From Ritual to Romance, a 1920 book about the legend of the Holy Grail by Miss Jessie L. Weston, for many of his symbols and images. Weston’s book examined the connections between ancient fertility rites and Christianity, including following the evolution of the Fisher King into early representations of Jesus Christ as a fish. Traditionally, the impotence or death of the Fisher King brought unhappiness and famine. Eliot saw the Fisher King as symbolic of humanity, robbed of its sexual potency in the modern world and connected to the meaninglessness of urban existence. But the Fisher King also stands in for Christ and other religious figures associated with divine resurrection and rebirth. The speaker of “What the Thunder Said” fishes from the banks of the Thames toward the end of the poem as the thunder sounds Hindu chants into the air. Eliot’s scene echoes the scene in the Bible in which Christ performs one of his miracles: Christ manages to feed his multitude of followers by the Sea of Galilee with just a small amount of fish.
Music and Singing
Like most modernist writers, Eliot was interested in the divide between high and low culture, which he symbolized using music. He believed that high culture, including art, opera, and drama, was in decline while popular culture was on the rise. In The Waste Land, Eliot blended high culture with low culture by juxtaposing lyrics from an opera by Richard Wagner with songs from pubs, American ragtime, and Australian troops. Eliot splices nursery rhymes with phrases from the Lord’s Prayer in “The Hollow Men,” and “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” is, as the title, implies a song, with various lines repeated as refrains. That poem ends with the song of mermaids luring humans to their deaths by drowning—a scene that echoes Odysseus’s interactions with the Sirens in the Odyssey. Music thus becomes another way in which Eliot collages and references books from past literary traditions. Elsewhere Eliot uses lyrics as a kind of chorus, seconding and echoing the action of the poem, much as the chorus functions in Greek tragedies.
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Following the French defeat who was the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944? | French State, Vichy government (1940-1944)
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French State, Vichy government (1940-1944)
État français, gouvernement de Vichy
France: Anti-German resistance groups (1940-1944)
Historical background
État français (French State) was the legal successor of the Third Republic . After the defeat of the French army in June 1940, the MPs massively (all but 80) voted full powers to Philippe Pétain. The French State was under total German control but attempted to maintain the fiction of an independent state, with a French administration, especially for police and justice.
État français was also called, unofficially, État de Vichy or gouvernement de Vichy, the MPs and the government moved from Paris to he spa town of Vichy . Located at a distance from the front and from possible civil unrest, Vichy was a convenient place to establish thenew regime. The empty hotels could easily cater the administration.
France libre (Free France), created by General de Gaulle in London after his radio call on 18 June 1940 (Appel du 18 juin), was an illegal state, and was presented as terrorist by the official propaganda of État français. To clearly distinguish France libre from État français, De Gaulle added a red Cross of Lorraine in the white stripe of the France libre flag.
While continental France was under the German boot, pretending to be independent, parts of the French colonial empire such as French Equatorial Africa, New Caledonia , French Polynesia and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon soon rallied de Gaulle. France libre got a territory, which help de Gaulle to claim recognition of the active participation of France to the Allied war effort.
At the end of war, national reconciliation and international recognition of France as a winner was needed to decrease Communist pressure and to prevent occupation or even partition of the country. To achieve these goals, de Gaulle pushed the concept of "illegitimacy" of the Vichy regime. The historical facts were officially re-established only in 1997 by President Chirac, who recognized the responsability of the French government, whatever its official name was, in the events of this period.
IVan Sache & Pierre Gay, 6 May 1999
Flag of État français
The Vichy regime did continue to use the Tricolore flag but dropped the well known French motto Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. They changed it to Travail, Famille, Patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland).
All other flags, the naval rank ensigns included, remained (nominally) unchanged. The only change was in the standard of the head of the state .
Roy Stilling & Harald Müller, 9 April 1996
Standard of the Head of État français
Flag of the Head of State - Image by Ivan Sache, 6 May 1999
The standard of the head of État français, Marshal Philippe Pétain, was a tricolore flag, whose white stripe was charged with seven golden stars below a double-headed axe with the blades coloured concentrically (from centre outward) blue, white and red (Correction #14 (dated April 1942) of Album des Pavillons 1923 [f9r23] , Flaggenbuch [neu92] , Smith [smi75c] ).
The axe is a francisque, spuriously modelled on the Franks' francisca, the Franks' being considered as the founders of an alleged, ethnically pure, French nation.
Ivan Sache & Pierre Gay, 6 May 1999
The flag is prescribed by the Decree of 19 March 1942, stating that "the personal flag of the Head of State [shall have] seven stars embroidered in gold". A marine scout book published c. 1941, however, shows the flag with blue stars ( image ), indicating that the flag was possibly not fully yet defined at the time, or had changed since.
Armand Noël du Payrat & Joan-Francés Blanc, 14 January 1999
Propaganda pennant of État français
The Army Museum in Paris has a triangular pennant ( photo ), probably used for propaganda purposes. The flag is white with a blue border at the top and a red border at the bottom, charged with the axe and a yellow ribbon inscribed with the state motto "TRAVAIL / FAMILLE / PATRIE".
Jan Mertens, 7 April 2011
Milice française
Flag of the Milice - Image by Marc Pasquin, 20 December 2015
The Milice française (French Militia), generally called simply Milice, was a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy Regime, with German aid, to help fight the French Resistance. The Milice's formal leader was Prime Minister Pierre Laval, though its chief of operations, and actual leader, was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. It participated in summary executions, assassinations and helped round up the Jews and résistants in France for deportation. It was the successor to Joseph Darnand's Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL) militia.
The Milice often resorted to torture to extract information or confessions from those they rounded up. They were often considered more dangerous to the French Resistance than the Gestapo and SS since they were Frenchmen who spoke the language, had a full knowledge of the towns and land, and knew people and informers.
The actual strength of the organization is a matter of some debate, but was likely between 25,000-35,000 (including part-time members and non-combatants) by the time of the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. It began melting away rapidly thereafter, however. Following the Liberation of France, those of its members who failed to complete their escape to Germany (where they were impressed into the Charlemagne Division of the Waffen-SS) or elsewhere abroad generally faced either being imprisoned for treason, executed following summary courts-martial, or were simply shot out of hand by vengeful résistants and enraged civilians.
Since the Second World War, the term milice has acquired a derogatory meaning in French.
[ Wikipedia ]
The flag of Milice Française ( photo ) is shown by Liliane and Fred Funcken (Arms and Uniforms of World War Two; image ), as squarish version of the national flag with the words "Milice Française" in gold around a black stylized greek letter γ (G), the symbol of the milice.
The choice of the letter γ was supposedly due to its association with the zodiacal symbol of Aries (in French, Bélier, "ram") meant to represent strength and renewal. Aries is the first sign after the beginning of spring.
Santiago Dotor, Esteban Rivera & Marc Pasquin, 20 December 2015
Unit pennant of the Milice - Image by Marc Pasquin, 21 December 2015, after a photo
The Franc-garde, the paramilitary arm of the Milice, was organized in main ("hand", 5 men), dizaine (ten, 2 mains), trentaine ("thirty", 3 dizaines), centaine ("hundred", 3 trentaines and a departemental HQ), cohorte ("cohort", 3-4 centaines and a regional HQ), and centre ("center", 4 cohortes).
Marc Pasquin, 21 December 2015
Parti Populaire Français
Flag of Parti Populaire Français (left), and of Gardes Françaises (right) - Images by Jan Oskar Engene, 20 November 1996
Parti Populaire Français (French People's Party) was founded in 1934. According to David Littlejohn (Foreign Legions of the Third Reich, Vol. 1: Norway, Denmark, France [ltj79]) , the PPF had two emblems. First a red octagon bordered in blue with the party initials (interlaced) in white on the red field. This was used on the party flag, which consisted of a white saltire, upper and lower fields in red, hoist and fly parts in blue, and with the octagon shaped emblem in the intersection of the arms of the saltire.
This emblem was replaced by an emblem consisting of a stylized francisque (sometimes surrounded by a cog wheel). It was used on the flag of the Gardes Françaises (French Guards), the paramilitary wing of the PPF, identical to the party flag except for the emblem in the centre. Both flags had gold fringes.
Jan Oskar Engene, 20 November 1996
Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchevisme
Standard of the École des Cadres of the LVF, obverse and reverse - Images by Marc Pasquin, 18 June 2016
The Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchevisme, known more commonly as the Légion des volontairesfFrançais or simply the LVF, was a collaborationist group that existed between 1941-1944. Its purpose was to encourage frenchmen to volunteer and fight within the German army.
Officially, units emanating from the LVF were meant to fight only against the Soviet Union (hence its full name) but in practice they were used in various capacity, even eventually taking part in the defence of Berlin after the soldiers were integrated into the 33rd Waffen-Grenadier-Division of the SS "Charlemagne".
École des Cadres was the college charged with training potential officers for LVF-created units. The standard of the LVF was pale blue with a gold outline, charged on the obverse with the arms of Joan of Arc (a sword pointing upwards through a crown surrounded two fleurs-de-lis) and on the reverse with the emblem of the LVF, a golden eagle holding lighting bolts behind a shield bearing the word "France" and the national colours.
Marc Pasquin, 18 June 2016
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This article is about World War II France. For other uses, see Vichy (disambiguation) .
État français
Capital Vichy Capital-in-exile Sigmaringen
(1944-1945)
France
Vichy [2] France, Vichy regime, or Vichy government, are common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944. This government, which succeeded the Third Republic , officially called itself the French State (État Français), in contrast with the previous designation, "French Republic." Marshal Philippe Pétain proclaimed the government following the military defeat of France by Nazi Germany during World War II and the vote by the National Assembly on 10 July 1940. This vote granted extraordinary powers to Pétain, the last Président du Conseil (Prime Minister) of the Third Republic, who then took the additional title Chef de l'État Français ("Chief of the French State"). Pétain headed the reactionary program of the so-called " Révolution nationale ", aimed at "regenerating the Nation."
The Vichy Regime maintained some legal authority in the northern zone of France , which was occupied by the German Wehrmacht . However, its laws only applied where they did not contradict German ones. This meant that where the regime was most powerful was the unoccupied southern " free zone ", where its administrative centre of Vichy was located.
Pétain and the Vichy regime willfully collaborated with the German occupation to a high degree. The French police and the state Milice (militia) organised raids to capture Jews and others considered "undesirables" by the Germans in both the northern and southern zones.
The legitimacy of Vichy France and Pétain's leadership was challenged by General Charles de Gaulle , who claimed instead to represent the legitimacy and continuity of the French government. Following the Allies' invasion of France in Operation Overlord , de Gaulle proclaimed the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) in June, 1944. After the Liberation of Paris in August, the GPRF installed itself in Paris on 31 August. The GPRF was recognized as the legitimate government of France by the Allies on 23 October 1944.
With the liberation of France in August and September, Vichy's officials and supporters moved to Sigmaringen in Germany and there established a government in exile , headed by Fernand de Brinon , until April 1945. Many of the Vichy regime's prominent figures were subsequently tried by the GPRF and a number were executed. Pétain himself was sentenced to death for treason, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
Contents
18 External links
Overview
Further information: World War II , Events preceding World War II in Europe , and Causes of World War II
Vichy France was established after France surrendered to Germany on 22 June 1940 and took its name from the government's administrative centre in Vichy, central France. Paris remained the official capital, to which Pétain always intended to return the government when this became possible.
In 1940 Marshal Pétain was known mainly as a World War I hero, the victor of Verdun . As last Prime Minister of the Third Republic, Pétain, a reactionary by inclination, blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's quick defeat. He set up a paternalistic, semi-fascist regime that actively collaborated with Germany, its official neutrality notwithstanding. Vichy even cooperated, to some degree, with the Nazis' racial policies .
France under German occupation (Nazis occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 — Operation Case Anton ). The green zone was under Italian administration.
Personal flag of Philippe Pétain , Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français)
It is a common misconception that the Vichy regime administered only the unoccupied zone of southern France (named "free zone" (zone libre) by Vichy), while the Germans directly administered the occupied zone. In fact, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over the whole of metropolitan France , except for Alsace-Lorraine , a disputed territory which was placed under German administration (though not formally annexed). French civil servants in Bordeaux , such as Maurice Papon , or Nantes were under the authority of French ministers in Vichy. René Bousquet , head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power directly in Paris through his second-in-command, Jean Leguay , who coordinated raids with the Nazis. It should be noted, however, that German laws took precedence over French ones in the occupied territories and the Germans would often ride roughshod over the sensibility of Vichy administrators.
On 11 November 1942, the Germans launched Operation Case Anton , occupying southern France, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa ( Operation Torch ). Although Vichy's "Armistice Army" was disbanded, thus diminishing Vichy's independence, the abolition of the line of demarcation in March 1943 made civil administration easier. Vichy continued to exercise jurisdiction over almost all of France until the collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944.
Until 23 October 1944 the Vichy regime was acknowledged as the official government of France by the United States and other countries, including Canada, which were at the same time at war with Germany. The United Kingdom maintained unofficial contacts with Vichy, at least until it became apparent that the Vichy Prime Minister, Pierre Laval , intended full collaboration with the Germans. Even after that it maintained an ambivalent attitude towards the alternative Free French movement and future government.
The Vichy government's claim that it was the de jure French government was challenged by the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle (based first in London and later in Algiers ) and subsequent French governments. They have continuously held that the Vichy regime was an illegal government run by traitors . Historians in particular have debated the circumstances of the vote of full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Laval on deputies in Vichy, and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship Massilia and could thus not take part in the vote.
Internal strife
Within Vichy France there was a low-intensity civil war between the French Resistance drawn mainly, though not exclusively, from the Communist and Republican elements of society against the reactionary elements who desired a fascist or similar regime as in Francisco Franco 's Spain . This civil war can be seen as the continuation of a division existing within French society since the 1789 French Revolution , illustrated by events such as:
France Portal
v • d • e
France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 following the German invasion of Poland. After the eight-month Phoney War , the Germans launched their offensive in the west on 10 May 1940. Within days it became clear that French forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the debacle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including the Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud , wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa , and continue the war with the French navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly the vice-premier Philippe Pétain and the commander-in-chief, General Maxime Weygand , insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people. The latter view called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.
While this debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times, finally reaching Bordeaux, in order to avoid capture by advancing German forces. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In these chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany, with the understanding that, should Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General Huntziger , who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all metropolitan France, the French fleet or any of the French overseas territories. They did not.
France's armistice with Germany
Further information: German occupation of France during World War II and Foreign relations of Vichy France
Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was in favour of continuing the war, from North Africa if necessary. However, he was soon outvoted by those who advocated surrender. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President Albert Lebrun appointed the 84-year-old Pétain to replace him on June 16. The Armistice with France (Second Compiègne) agreement was signed on 22 June. A separate agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle was beyond doubt, and whose forces had been easily pushed back by the French.
Hitler was motivated by a number of reasons to agree to the armistice. He feared that France would continue to fight from North Africa, and he wanted to ensure that the French navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering French territory. Finally, he hoped to direct his attentions toward Britain, where he anticipated another quick victory.
Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers
Further information: Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)
The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France including the entire Atlantic coast were occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country were governed by the French government with the capital at Vichy under Pétain. Ostensibly, the French government administered the entire territory.
Army of the Armistice
The Germans preferred to occupy northern France themselves. For the most part, the 1.6 million French prisoners of war who were transferred to Germany at the end of 1940 would remain in captivity during the German occupation. In addition, the French had to pay the occupation costs for the 300,000 strong German occupation army. The costs amounted to 20 million Reichmarks per day. The French had to pay at the artificial rate of twenty francs to the Mark. This was 50 times the actual costs of the occupation garrison. The French government also had the responsibility for preventing any French people from going into exile.
In southern France, the French were allowed an army. Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army to be kept in the unoccupied zone, the Army of the Armistice (Armée de l'Armistice). The article also allowed for the military provision of the French colonial empire overseas. The function of these forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from Allied assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.
The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All Vichy French forces had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the Gendarmerie was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the Armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the "class of 1939" were retained to fill the quota. At the beginning of 1942, these conscripts were released, but there still was an insufficient number of men. This shortage was to remain until the dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription.
The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armored vehicles. The army was also desperately short of motorized transport. This was a special problem in the cavalry units which were supposed to be motorized. Surviving recruiting posters for the Army of the Armistice stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship. This partially reflects the general emphasis placed by the Vichy regime on rural virtues and outdoor activities, and partially the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as kepis and heavy capotes (buttoned back greatcoats), were replaced by berets and simplified uniforms.
The Army of the Armistice was not used against Resistance groups active in the south of France, leaving this role to the Vichy Milice (militia). Members of the regular army were therefore able to defect in significant numbers to the Maquis , following the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast the Milice continued to collaborate and were subject to reprisals after the Liberation .
The Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the Armistice. Still, in the Mediterranean area alone, the Vichy French had nearly 150,000 men in arms. There were approximately 55,000 men in the Protectorate of Morocco , approximately 50,000 men in French Algeria , and almost 40,000 men in the " Army of the Levant " (Armée du Levant) in the Mandate of Lebanon and the Mandate of Syria . The colonial forces were allowed some armored vehicles. However, these tended to be "vintage" tanks as old as the World War I-era Renault FT-17 .
German custody
France was also required to turn over to German custody anyone within the country whom the Germans demanded. The French thought this to be a "dishonourable" term, since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany were unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice, though they may have hoped to ameliorate the requirement in future negotiations with Germany after the signing.
Vichy government
On 1 July 1940, the Parliament and the government gathered themselves in Vichy, a city in the centre of France, which was used as a provisional capital. Laval and Raphaël Alibert started convincing the representatives of the French people , both Senators and Deputies, to vote full powers to Pétain. They used every means available: promising some ministerial posts, threatening and intimidating others. The charismatic figures who could have opposed Laval, Georges Mandel , Edouard Daladier , etc., were on board the ship Massilia, headed for North Africa. On 10 July 1940 the National Assembly, composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80 (known as the Vichy 80 , including 62 Radicals and Socialists ), and 30 voluntary abstentions , to grant full and extraordinary powers to Marshal Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new Constitution. [4]
The legality of this vote has been contested by the majority of French historians and by all French governments after the war. Three main arguments are put forward:
abrogation of legal procedure
the impossibility for the Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling its use a posteriori
the 1884 constitutional amendment making it impossible to put into question the "republican form" of the regime
Partisans of the Vichy claim, on the contrary, point out that the revision was voted by the two Chambers (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies), in conformity with the law. Deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain on this day were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation.
The argument concerning the abrogation of procedure is grounded on the absence and on the non-voluntary abstentions of 176 representatives of the people (the 27 on board the Massilia, and additional 92 deputies and 57 senators some of whom were in Vichy, but not present for the vote). In total, the Parliament was composed of 846 members, 544 deputies and 302 senators. One senator and 26 deputies were on the Massilia. One senator did not vote. 8 senators and 12 MPs voluntarily abstained. 57 senators and 92 MPs abstained involuntarily. Thus, out of a total of 544 deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. 357 deputies voted in favor of Pétain, and 57 refused to grant him full powers. 212 senators also voted for Pétain, while 23 voted against. The dubious conditions of this vote thus explain why a majority of French historians refuse to consider Vichy as a complete continuity of the French state, notwithstanding the fact that although Pétain could claim for himself legality (and a dubious legitimacy), de Gaulle, as the Gaullist myth would later make clear, incarnated the real legitimacy. The debate is thus not only of legitimacy versus legality (indeed, by this fact alone, Charles de Gaulle's claim to hold legitimacy ignores the interior Resistance). But it rather concerns the illegal circumstances of this vote. [5]
The text voted by the Congress stated:
"The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshall Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new Constitution of the French state. This Constitution must guarantee the rights of labor, of family and of the fatherland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the Assemblies which it has created. [6]
1943 "French State" 1 Franc coin
The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940 [7] granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive - and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (chef de l'Etat français), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July Pétain designated Pierre Laval as Vice-President and his designated successor, and appointed Fernand de Brinon as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto, Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood), was replaced by Travail, Famille, Patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland); it was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of "travaux forcés à perpetuité" ("forced labor in perpetuity"). [8] Paul Reynaud, who had not officially resigned as Prime Minister, was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941 before the opening of the Riom Trial .
Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended (administrative internments , censorship , re-establishment of the felony of opinion (délit d'opinion, i.e. repeal of freedom of thought and of expression ), etc.) Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the departmental commissions were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the prefects (nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941 the National Council (Conseil National), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Both the United States and the Soviet Union recognized the new regime, despite Charles de Gaulle's attempts, in London, to oppose this decision.
State collaboration with Nazi Germany
Pétain (left) shaking hands with Hitler.
Historians distinguish between a state collaboration followed by the regime of Vichy, and "collaborationists", which usually refer to the French citizens eager to collaborate with Nazi Germany and who pushed towards a radicalization of the regime. "Pétainistes", on the other hand, refers to French people who supported Marshal Pétain, without being too keen on collaboration with Nazi Germany (although accepting Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was illustrated by the Montoire ( Loir-et-Cher ) interview in Hitler's train on October 24, 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on this cooperation between the two states. Organized by Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed, and Nazi propaganda made strong use of this photo to gain support from the civilian population. On October 30, 1940 Pétain officialized state collaboration, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration...." [9] On 22 June 1942 Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany." The sincere desire to collaborate did not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone, as Simon Kitson 's recent research has demonstrated [10] .
The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionaries who considered that France's unfortunate fate was a kind of divine punishment for its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the Popular Front (1936-1938) led by Léon Blum . Charles Maurras , a monarchist writer and founder of the Action française movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise"; and many people of the same political persuasion judged that it was preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of Francisco Franco 's Spain, albeit under Germany's yoke, than have a republican government. Others, like Joseph Darnand , were strong anti-Semites and overt Nazi sympathizers. A number of these joined the Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme (Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism ) units fighting on the Eastern Front , which later became the SS Charlemagne Division .
Fifth Republic
On the other hand, technocrats such as Jean Bichelonne or engineers from the Groupe X-Crise used their position to push various state, administrative and economic reforms. These reforms would be one of the strongest element arguing in favor of the thesis of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants remained in function after the war, or were quickly reestablished in their functions after a short-term moment during which they were set aside, while much of these reforms were retained and reinforced after the war. In the same way as the necessities of war economy during the first World War I had pushed toward state measures which organized the economy of France against the prevailing classical liberal theories, an organization which was retained after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the March 15, 1944 Charter of the Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), which gathered all Resistant movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a main instrument in the establishment of post-war dirigisme , a kind of semi-planned economy which made of France the modern social democracy it is now. Examples of such continuities include the creation of the "French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems" by Alexis Carrel , a renowned physician who also supported eugenics . This institution would be renamed after the war National Institute of Demographic Studies (INED) and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed INSEE after the Liberation. The reorganization and unification of the French police by René Bousquet , who created the groupes mobiles de réserve (GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), a police force charged with striking fear amid the civilian population is another example of a policy of reform and restructuring deployed to poor purpose under the Vichy administration. Starting in the autumn of 1943, the GMR were used in lower-intensity (if still vicious) actions against the Resistants in the maquis , though the primary forces for major fighting missions were the German military and, secondarily and ahead of the GMR, the Franc-garde branch of the Milice . After the war the GMR would be integrated into the French army and police forces, like other remaining army and police forces (except those that actively fought the Free French Army ). As such elements were merged with the Free French Forces , jointly renamed Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS, Republican Security Companies) in 1944, and became part of the largest anti-riot force in France.
Created in 1941, the Drancy internment camp , on the outskirts of Paris, was under control of the French police until July 3, 1943. The Nazis then took day-to-day control as part of the major stepping up at all facilities for the mass exterminations. SS - Hauptsturmführer Alois Brunner directed it until August 1944. He was condemned in absentia in France in 2001 on charges of crimes against humanity, and is believed to be the world's highest-ranking Nazi fugitive still alive. [11]
Vichy's racial policies and collaboration
French Police checking new inmates in the camp Pithiviers
French Milice checking resistants
Further information: Révolution nationale
As soon as it had been established, Pétain's government took measures against the so-called "undesirables": Jews, métèques (immigrants), Freemasons , Communists - inspired by Charles Maurras ' conception of the "Anti-France", or "internal foreigners", which Maurras defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" — but also Gypsies , homosexuals , and, in a general way, any left-wing activist. Vichy imitated the racial policies of the Third Reich and also engaged in natalist policies aimed at reviving the "French race", although these policies never went as far as the eugenics program implemented by the Nazis .
As soon as July 1940, Vichy set up a special Commission charged of reviewing the naturalizations granted since the 1927 reform of the nationality law . Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalized [12] . This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment.
The internment camps already opened by the Third Republic were immediately put to a new use, before ultimately inserting themselves as necessary transit camps for the implementation of the Holocaust and the extermination of all "undesirables", including the Roma people who refer to the extermination of Gypsies as Porrajmos . An October 1940 decree authorized internments of Jews on the sole basis of a prefectoral order , and the first raids took place in May 1941. [13]
The Third Republic had opened various concentration camps, first used during World War I to intern enemy aliens . Camp Gurs , for example, had been set up in the south-western part of France after the fall of Catalonia , in the first months of 1939, during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), to receive the Republican refugees , including Brigadists from all nations, fleeing the Francists . But as soon as Edouard Daladier 's government (April 1938-March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the French Communist Party (PCF) following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact (aka Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) signed in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists. Drancy internment camp was founded in 1939 for this use. It later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed before heading to the concentration and extermination camps in the Third Reich and in Eastern Europe. Furthermore, when the Phoney War started with France's declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939 these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and anti-fascists , but any German citizen (or Italian, Austrian, Polish, etc.) would also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. Common-law prisoners were also evacuated from the prisons in the north of France, before the advance of the Wehrmacht, and interned in these camps. Camp Gurs then received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940, which included left-wing activists (communists, anarchists , trade-unionists, anti-militarists , etc.), pacifists , but also French fascists who supported the victory of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French state" and the beginning of the implementation of the " Révolution nationale " ("National Revolution"), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that historian Maurice Rajsfus wrote: "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the Gendarmerie never ceased to hire during this period." [14]
Besides the Spaniards and political prisoners already detained there, Camp Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews, stateless persons, Gypsies, homosexuals, people involved in prostitution, indigents... Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on October 5, 1940, in Aincourt , in the Seine-et-Oise department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. [15] The Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans , in the Doubs , was used to intern Gypsies. [16] The Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France. 2,500 Jews were deported from there following the August 1942 raids [17] Spaniards were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in Mauthausen concentration camp . [13] In contrast, the French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans on French territory instead of being deported. [13]
Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened on French territory some Ilags (Internierungslager) to detain enemy aliens, and in Alsace, which had been annexed by the Reich, they opened the camp of Natzweiler , which is the only concentration camp created by Nazis on French territory (annexed by the Third Reich). Natzweiler included a gas chamber which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons (as this mode of execution did no damage to the skeletons themselves) for the use of Nazi professor August Hirt .
Furthermore, Vichy enacted a number of racist laws. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the Marchandeau Act) were repealed, while the decree n°1775 of September 5, 1943 denaturalized a number of French citizens , in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. [13] Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers Groups" (groupements de travailleurs étrangers) and, as the colonial troops, were used by the Germans as manpower. [13] The Statute on Jews then forced Jews to wear a yellow badge and excluded them from the civil administration.
Vichy also enacted a number of racist laws in its French territories in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). “The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period.” [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
With regard to economic contribution to the German economy it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid. [23]
Eugenics policies
In 1941 Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel , who had been an early proponent of eugenics and euthanasia and was a member of Jacques Doriot 's French Popular Party (PPF), went on to advocate for the creation of the Fondation Française pour l’Etude des Problèmes Humains (French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems), using connections to the Pétain cabinet (specifically, French industrial physicians André Gros and Jacques Ménétrier). Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel appointed as 'regent'. [24] The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary François Perroux .
The Foundation was behind the origin of the December 16, 1942 Act inventing the "prenuptial certificate", which had to precede any marriage and was supposed, after a biological examination, to insure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular in regard to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and "life hygiene" (sic). Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar book" ("livret scolaire"), which could be used to record students' grades in the French secondary schools , and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Beside these eugenics activities aimed at classifying the population and "improving" its "health", the Foundation also supported the October 11, 1946 law instituting occupational medicine , enacted by the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) after the Liberation.
The Foundation also initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), lodging (Jean Merlet) as well as the first polls (Jean Stoetzel). The foundation, which after the war became the INED demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. [25] "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation’s resources. By way of comparison, the whole Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs." [24]
Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book titled L'Homme, cet inconnu ("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Alexis Carrel advocated the use of gas chambers to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", endorsing the scientific racism discourse. One of the founder of these pseudoscientifical theories had been Arthur de Gobineau in his 1853-1855 essay titled An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races . In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing that:
(t)he German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous. [26]
Carrel also wrote in his book that:
(t)he conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to insure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts. [27]
Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organized by Jean Coutrot, the "Entretiens de Pontigny". Scholars such as Lucien Bonnafé, Patrick Tort and Max Lafont have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.
Statute on Jews
Anti-Semitic propaganda poster, Paris, September 1941
A Nazi ordinance dated September 21, 1940 forced Jews of the "occupied zone" to declare themselves as such in police office or sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures). Under the responsibility of André Tulard , head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the Communist Party (PCF). In the sole department of the Seine , encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the French police , presented themselves to the police offices, in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralized by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the Dannecker report , "this filing system is subdivided into files alphabetically classed, Jewish with French nationality and foreign Jewish having files of different colours, and the files were also classed, according to profession, nationality and street" (of residency [28] ). These files were then handed over to Theodor Dannecker , head of the Gestapo in France and under the orders of Adolf Eichmann , head of the RSHA IV-D. They were then used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, during which 3,200 foreign Jews and 1,000 French Jews were interned in various camps, including Drancy . Furthermore, the French police noted on this occasion, on each identity documents of the Jewish people, their registration as Jews. As Italian political philosopher Giorgio Agamben has pointed out, this racial profiling was an important step in the organization of the police raids against the French Jewish community. [29]
On October 3, 1940, the Vichy government voluntarily promulgated the first Statute on Jews , which created a special, underclass of French Jewish citizens, and enforced, for the first time ever in France, racial segregation . The Statute first made mandatory the yellow badges , a reminiscence of old Christian anti-semitism . Police inspector André Tulard participated in the logistics concerning the attribution of these badges. [30] The October 1940 Statute also excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professional roles (teachers, lawyers, doctors of medicine, etc.). A Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs (CGQJ, Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives), was created on March 29, 1941. It was first directed by Xavier Vallat , until May 1942, and then by Darquier de Pellepoix until February 1944. Mirroring the Reich Association of Jews , the Union Générale des Israélites de France was founded.
The police also oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting from February 1942. It attentively monitored the Jews who did not respect the prohibition, according to which they were not supposed to appear in public places and had to travel in the last car of the Parisian metro.
Along with many French police officers, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before heading to Auschwitz and other camps .
July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
Main article: Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
In July 1942 the French police organized the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris, Jean Leguay with cooperation from authorities of the SNCF , the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children - which the Gestapo had not asked for - and 5,082 women on July 16 and 17, and imprisoned them in the Winter Velodrome in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi Alois Brunner , who is still wanted for crimes against humanity, and French constabulary police), then crammed into box car transports and shipped by rail to Auschwitz . Most of the victims died enroute due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of which only 811 would return after the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT ( Verfügungstruppe ) had initially directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. On July 16, 1995, president Jacques Chirac officially apologized for the participation of French police forces in the July 1942 raid. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians Jean-Luc Einaudi and Maurice Rajsfus [31]
In total, the Vichy government participated in the deportation of 76,000 Jews to German extermination camps, although this number varies depending on the account; only 2,500 survived the war. [32]
August 1942 and January 1943 raids
Further information: Battle of Marseilles
The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the Camp des Milles near Aix-en-Provence before joining Drancy. Then, on 22, 23 and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organized a raid in Marseilles. During the Battle of Marseilles , the French police checked the identity documents of 40,000 people, and the operation succeeded in sending 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the extermination camps . The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighborhood (30,000 persons) in the Old Port before its destruction. For this occasion, SS-Gruppenführer Karl Oberg , in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris, and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from Himmler . It is another notable case of the French police's willful collaboration with the Nazis. [33]
French collaborationnistes and collaborators
Stanley Hoffmann in 1974, [34] and after him, other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean-Pierre Azéma have used the term collaborationnistes to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathizers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples of these are Parti Populaire Français (PPF) leader Jacques Doriot , writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel Déat . A principal motivation and ideological foundation among collaborationnistes was anticommunism and the desire to see the defeat of the Bolsheviks . [34]
A number of the French advocated fascist philosophies even before the occupation. Organizations such as La Cagoule , had contributed to the destabilization of the Third Republic, particularly when the left-wing Popular Front was in power. A prime example is the founder of L'Oréal cosmetics, Eugène Schueller , and his associate Jacques Corrèze .
Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944. [35]
In order to enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organizations with a fascist leaning were created. A notable example was the "Légion Française des Combattants" (LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants, but quickly adding "Amis de la Légion" and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle, but were supporters of Pétain's dictatorial regime. The name was then quickly changed to "Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale" (French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution). Then, Joseph Darnand created a " Service d'Ordre Légionnaire " (SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis, of which Pétain fully approved.
Relationships with the Allied powers
Main article: Foreign relations of Vichy France
The United States granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition , sending Admiral William D. Leahy to France as American ambassador . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull hoped to use American influence to encourage those elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. The Americans also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or to move war supplies through French territories in North Africa. The essential American position was that France should take no action not explicitly required by the armistice terms that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.
The USSR maintained, until June 30, 1941, full diplomatic relations with the Vichy Regime, broken after Vichy supported Operation Barbarossa .
Due to British requests and the sensibilities of its French Canadian population, Canada maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy Regime until the beginning of November 1942 and the Case Anton . [36]
Australia maintained, until the end of the war, full diplomatic relations with the Vichy Regime and entered also into full diplomatic relations with the Free French. [37]
The United Kingdom, shortly after the Armistice (June 22, 1940), attacked a large French naval contingent in Mers-el-Kebir , killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations. Britain feared that the French naval fleet could wind up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining worldwide shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the French Navy , the Marine Nationale, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into the hands of Germany, but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach, either by sending it to Britain, or even to far away territories of the French empire, such as the West Indies. This was not enough security for Winston Churchill. French ships in British ports were seized by the Royal Navy. The French squadron at Alexandria , under Admiral René-Emile Godfroy , was effectively interned until 1943 after an agreement was reached with Admiral Andrew Browne Cunningham , commander of the Mediterranean Fleet.
President Roosevelt disliked Charles de Gaulle, whom he regarded as an "apprentice dictator." [38] Robert Murphy , Roosevelt's representative in North Africa, prepared starting in December 1940 (a year before the United States' entrance into the war) the landing in Morocco and Algeria. The US first tried to support General Maxime Weygand , general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. This first choice having failed, they turned to Henri Giraud a short time before the landing in North Africa on November 8, 1942. Finally, after François Darlan 's turn towards the Free Forces - Darlan had been president of Council of Vichy from February 1941 to April 1942 -, they played him against de Gaulle. US General Mark W. Clark of the combined Allied command made Admiral Darlan sign on November 22, 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa to the disposition of the Americans" and making of France "a vassal country." [38] Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, who would be submitted after the Liberation to an Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories (AMGOT) as Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on December 24, 1942, Washington turned again towards Henri Giraud, to whom had rallied Maurice Couve de Murville , who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and Lemaigre-Dubreuil, a former member of La Cagoule and entrepreneur, as well as Alfred Pose, general director of the Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie (National Bank for Trade and Industry). [38]
Creation of Free French Forces
Poster of the Révolution nationale on which a Resistant has tagged the Free Republic of Vercors emblem featuring the V of Victory and the Cross of Lorraine .
To counter the Vichy regime, General Charles de Gaulle created the Free French Forces (FFL) after his Appeal of 18 June , 1940 radio speech. Initially, Winston Churchill was ambivalent about de Gaulle and he dropped ties with Vichy only when it became clear they would not fight. Even so, the Free France headquarters in London was riven with internal divisions and jealousies.
The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally, it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military circles, and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless, de Gaulle convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although de Gaulle was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war.
However, there were still French naval ships under French control. A large squadron was in port at Mers El Kébir harbor near Oran . Vice Admiral Somerville, with Force H under his command, was instructed to deal with the situation in July 1940. Various terms were offered to the French squadron, but all were rejected. Consequently, Force H opened fire on the French ships . Nearly 1,000 French sailors died when the Bretagne blew up in the attack. Less than two weeks after the armistice, Britain had fired upon forces of its former ally. The result was shock and resentment towards the UK within the French Navy, and to a lesser extent in the general French public.
Vichy French colonies
While the colonies in French Equatorial Africa , namely Chad , French Congo , and eventually Gabon went over to the Free French almost immediately, many remained loyal to Vichy France. In time, the majority of the colonies tended to switch to the Allied side peacefully in response to persuasion and to changing events. But this took time. Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies , as well as French Guiana on the northern coast of South America, did not join the Free French until 1943.
Conflicts with Britain in Mers-el-Kebir, Dakar, Gibraltar, Syria, and Madagascar
Main articles: Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir , Battle of Dakar , Military history of Gibraltar during World War II , Syria-Lebanon campaign , and Battle of Madagascar
Relations between the United Kingdom and the Vichy government were difficult. The Vichy government broke off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on July 5, 1940 after the Royal Navy sank the French ships in port at Mers-el-Kebir , Algeria . The destruction of the fleet followed a standoff during which the British insisted that the French either scuttle their vessels, sail to a neutral port or join them in the war against Germany. These options were refused and the fleet was destroyed. This move by Britain hardened relations between the two former allies and caused more of the French population to side with Vichy against the British-supported Free French. [39]
On September 23, 1940 the British launched the Battle of Dakar , also known as Operation Menace. The Battle of Dakar was part of the West Africa Campaign . Operation Menace was a plan to capture the strategic port of Dakar in French West Africa . The port was under the control of the Vichy French. The plan called for installing Free French forces under General Charles de Gaulle in Dakar. By September 25, the battle was over, the plan was unsuccessful, and Dakar remained under Vichy French control.
Overall, the Battle of Dakar did not go well for the Allies. The Vichy French did not back down. HMS Resolution was so heavily damaged that it had to be towed to Cape Town . Worse, during most of this conflict, bombers of the Vichy French Air Force ( Armée de l'Air de Vichy ) based in North Africa bombed the British base at Gibraltar . The bombing started on the September 24 in response to the first engagement in Dakar on September 23. The bombing ended on September 25. This was after the facilities at Gibraltar suffered heavy damages.
In June 1941 the next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a revolt in Iraq was put down by British forces. German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) and Italian Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) aircraft, staging through the French possession of Syria , intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on June 8, British and Commonwealth forces invaded Syria and Lebanon . This was known as the Syria-Lebanon Campaign or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital, Damascus , was captured on June 17 and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of Beirut and the Convention of Acre ( Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre ) on July 14, 1941.
From May 5 to November 6, 1942, Operation Ironclad, another major operation by British forces against Vichy French territory, was launched. This operation was known as the Battle of Madagascar . The British feared that Japanese forces might use Madagascar as a base and thus cripple British trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. As a result, Madagascar was invaded by British and Commonwealth forces. The island fell relatively quickly and the operation ended in victory for the British. But the operation is often viewed as an unnecessary diversion of British naval resources away from more vital theatres of operation.
French Indochina
Main articles: Invasion of French Indochina , French-Thai War , and Second French Indochina Campaign
In June 1940 the Fall of France obviously made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina. [40]
This seemingly subservient behavior convinced the regime of Major-General Plaek Pibulsonggram , the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand , that Vichy France would not seriously resist a confrontation with Thailand. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with Indochina and launched the French-Thai War . Though the French won an important naval victory over the Thais, the Japanese forced the French to accept their mediation of a peace treaty that returned parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand around the turn of the century to Thai control. This territorial loss was a major blow to French pride, especially since the ruins of Angkor Wat , of which the French were especially proud, were located in the region of Cambodia returned to Thailand.
The French were left in place to administer the colony until March 9, 1945, when the Japanese staged a coup d'état in French Indochina and took control of Indochina establishing their own colony, Empire of Vietnam , as a double puppet state .
French Somaliland
During the Italian invasion and occupation of Ethiopia in the mid-1930s and during the early stages of World War II, constant border skirmishes occurred between the forces in French Somaliland and the forces in Italian East Africa . After the fall of France in 1940, French Somaliland declared loyalty to Vichy France. The colony remained loyal to Vichy France during the East African Campaign but stayed out of that conflict. This lasted until December 1942. By that time, the Italians had been defeated and the French colony was isolated by a British blockade. Free French and the Allied forces recaptured the colony's capital of Djibouti at the end of 1942. A local battalion from Djibouti participated in the liberation of France in 1944.
French North Africa
Main article: Operation Torch
The Allied invasion of French North Africa, Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , started on November 8, 1942 with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The invasion, known as Operation Torch, was launched because the Soviet Union had pressed the United States and Britain to start operations in Europe, and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Russian troops . While the American commanders favored landing in occupied Europe as soon as possible ( Operation Sledgehammer ), the British commanders believed that such a move would end in disaster. An attack on French North Africa was proposed instead. This would clear the Axis Powers from North Africa, improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea , and prepare an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt suspected the operation in North Africa would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
By the time the Tunisia Campaign was fought, the Vichy French forces in North Africa were on the Allied side.
German invasion, November 1942 and decline of the Vichy regime
See also: Provisional Government of the French Republic
Hitler ordered Case Anton , to occupy Corsica and then the rest of unoccupied southern zone, in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa ( Operation Torch ) on November 8, 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on November 12, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On September 7, 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a puppet government in exile at Sigmaringen . That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945.
Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and British leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General Henri Giraud as a preferable alternative to de Gaulle, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa - Admiral François Darlan had landed in Algiers the day before Operation Torch . Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French XIXth Army Corps, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralized within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than de Gaulle, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa. [41] The United States also resented the Free French taking control of St Pierre and Miquelon on December 24, 1941 because, Secretary of State Hull believed, it interfered with a U.S.-Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere.
Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence ( Operation Overlord and Operation Dragoon ) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union finally recognized the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), headed by de Gaulle, as the legitimate government of France on October 23, 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to mainland France since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the Free Republic of Vercors on July 3, 1944 at the behest of the Free French government — but that act of resistance was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July.
North Africa
Henri Giraud and de Gaulle during the Casablanca Conference in January 1943.
In North Africa, after the November 8, 1942 putsch by the French resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested (including General Alphonse Juin , chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral Darlan). However, Darlan was released and U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower finally accepted his self-nomination as high commissioner of North Africa and French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, AOF), a move that enraged de Gaulle, who refused to recognize Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice and invaded Vichy France on November 10, 1942 (operation code-named Case Anton ), triggering the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon .
Giraud arrived in Algiers on November 10, and agreed to subordinate himself to Darlan as the French African army commander. Even though he was now in the Allied camp, Darlan maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including concentration camps in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the Transsaharien railroad. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (i.e., stolen), and a special Jewish Affair service was created, directed by Pierre Gazagne. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, something which not even Vichy had implemented in metropolitan France. [41] The admiral was killed on December 24, 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist Bonnier de La Chapelle . Although de la Chapelle had been a member of the resistance group led by Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie , it is believed he was acting as an individual.
After Admiral Darlan's assassination, Giraud became his de facto successor in French Africa with Allied support. This occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and de Gaulle. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander in chief, as the more qualified military person of the two. It is questionable that he ordered that many French resistance leaders who had helped Eisenhower's troops be arrested, without any protest by Roosevelt's representative, Robert Murphy . Later, the Americans sent Jean Monnet to counsel Giraud and to press him into repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws, and to liberate Vichy prisoners of the South Algerian concentration camps. The Cremieux decree , which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and which had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by General De Gaulle.
Giraud took part in the Casablanca conference , with Roosevelt, Churchill and de Gaulle, in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war, and recognized joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and de Gaulle. Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle then became co-presidents of the Comité français de la Libération Nationale, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded at the end of 1943. Democratic rule was restored in French Algeria , and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. [41]
At the end of April 1945 Pierre Gazagne, secretary of the general government headed by Yves Chataigneau, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader Messali Hadj and arrest the leaders of his party, the Algerian People's Party (PPA). [41] On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the Sétif massacre of May 8, 1945, which has been qualified by some historians as the "real beginning of the Algerian War ". [41]
Independence of the SOL
In 1943 the Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by Joseph Darnand , became independent and was transformed into the " Milice française " (French Militia). Officially directed by Pierre Laval himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an SS rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to Hitler . Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as Paul Touvier and Jacques de Bernonville , the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the French Resistance and Maquis .
A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says " Against Communism / French Militia / Secretary-General Joseph Darnand ".
In addition, the Milice participated with area Gestapo head Klaus Barbie in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres, such as the Drancy deportation camp , en route to Auschwitz , and other German concentration camps, including Dachau and Buchenwald .
Jewish death toll
There were, in 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews in metropolitan France , less than half of them with French citizenship (and the others foreigners, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s). [42] About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, lived in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe , had been naturalized French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximatively 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. [43] According to historian Robert Paxton , 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in concentration camps in France , this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). [44] Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps. However, the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under Serge Klarsfeld concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). [45]
Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered). [44] This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy. However, according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had not willfully collaborated with Nazi Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of the children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the Resistance of the civilian population and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy). [44]
Liberation of France and aftermath
Following the Liberation of Paris on August 25, 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to Germany by the German forces. There, Fernand de Brinon established a government in exile at Sigmaringen - in which Pétain refused to participate - until April 22, 1945. Sigmaringen had its own radio (Radio-patrie), press (La France, Le Petit Parisien ) [46] and hosted the embassies of the Axis powers, Germany, Italy and Japan. The population of the Vichy French enclave was about 6,000 citizens including known collaborationist journalists, writers ( Louis-Ferdinand Céline , Lucien Rebatet ), actors (Le Vigan) and their families plus 500 soldiers and 700 French SS.
The Sigmaringen government was based in the city's ancient castle.
Actions of the French provisional government
The Free French, fearing that the Allies could decide to put France under the rule of AMGOT , strove to establish quickly the Provisional Government of the French Republic . The first action of that government was to re-establish republican legality throughout metropolitan France.
The provisional government considered that the Vichy government had been unconstitutional and thus that all its actions had been illegal. All statutes, laws, regulations and decisions by the Vichy government were thus made null and devoid of effects. However, since mass cancellation of all decisions taken by Vichy, including many that could have been taken as well by Republican governments, was impractical, it was decided that cancellation was to be expressly acknowledged by the government. A number of laws and acts were however explicitly cancelled, including all constitutional acts, all laws discriminating against Jews, all acts against "secret societies" (e.g. Freemasons ), and all acts creating special tribunals. [47]
Collaborationist paramilitary and political organizations, such as the Milice and the Service d'ordre légionnaire , were also disbanded. [47]
The provisional government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime, through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected no later than 1939. [48]
Épuration légale
Further information: Pursuit of Nazi collaborators and Épuration légale
After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of Collaborationists. Collaborationists were brought to the Vélodrome d'hiver , Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp . Women who were suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans, or more often of being prostitutes who had entertained German customers, were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the black market were also stigmatized as "war profiteers" (profiteurs de guerre), and popularly called "BOF" (Beurre Oeuf Fromage, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). However, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF, 1944-46) quickly reestablished order, and brought Collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then amnestied under the Fourth Republic (1946-54).
Four different periods are distinguished by historians:
the first phase of popular convictions (épuration sauvage - wild purge): executions without judgments and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by police prefects made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation, and 4,000 afterward.
the second phase ( épuration légale or legal purge), which began with Charles de Gaulle's June 26 and 27 1944 ordonnances on epuration (de Gaulle's first ordonnance instituting Commissions of epuration was enacted on August 18, 1943) : judgments of Collaborationists by the Commissions d'épuration, who condemned approximatively 120,000 persons (e.g. Charles Maurras , leader of the royalist Action française , was thus condemned to a life sentence on January 25, 1945), including 1,500 death sentences ( Joseph Darnand , head of the Milice , and Pierre Laval , head of the French state, were executed after trial on October 4, 1945, Robert Brasillach , executed on February 6, 1945, etc.) — many of those who survived this phase were later amnestied .
the third phase, more lenient towards Collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline ).
finally came the period for amnesty and graces (e.g. Jean-Pierre Esteva, Xavier Vallat , creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet , head of French police, etc.)
Other historians have distinguished epuration against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrials, fighters (LVF, etc.) and civil servants (Papon, etc.).
Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police , some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out,[citation needed] in particular concerning the events of the Paris massacre of 1961 , executed under the orders of head of the Parisian police Maurice Papon when Charles de Gaulle was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
The French members of the Waffen-SS Charlemagne Division who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms; some of them were given the option of doing time in Indochina (1946-54) with the Foreign Legion instead of prison.[citation needed]
Among artists, singer Tino Rossi was detained in Fresnes prison , where, according to Combat newspaper, prison guards asked him for autographs. Pierre Benoit and Arletty were also detained.
Executions without trials and other forms of "popular justice" were harshly criticized immediately after the war, with circles close to Pétainists advancing the figures of 100,000, and denouncing the " Red Terror ", " anarchy ", or "blind vengeance". The writer and Jewish internee Robert Aron estimated the popular executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised de Gaulle, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximatively 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to summary executions in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.[citation needed] Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage, by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbor Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands.[citation needed] However, the situation in Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession: The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Nazis or volunteering to fight alongside them; [49] [50] the Walloon population in turn led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse , remained controversial. [51] The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders) based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and Netherlands, meanwhile, were highly temporary and were rather indiscriminatory; there was a brief internment peak in these countries as internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from non-collaborationists. [52] Norway ended up executing only 37 collaborationists .
1980s trials
Some accused war criminals were judged, some again, from the 1980s onwards: Paul Touvier , Klaus Barbie , Maurice Papon , René Bousquet , head of French police during the war, and his deputy Jean Leguay (the last two were both convicted for their responsibilities in the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942). Among others, Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld spent part of their post-war effort trying to bring them before the courts. A fair number of collaborationists then joined the OAS terrorist movement during the Algerian War (1954-62). Jacques de Bernonville escaped to Québec, then Brazil. Jacques Ploncard d'Assac became counsellor to the dictator Salazar in Portugal.
In 1993 former Vichy official René Bousquet was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for crimes against humanity ; he had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. [53] In 1994 former Vichy official Paul Touvier (1915-1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. Maurice Papon was likewise convicted in 1998, released three years later due to ill health, and died in 2007 [54] .
Historiographical debates and responsibility of France: the "Vichy Syndrome"
Up to Jacques Chirac 's presidency, the official point of view of the French government was that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic, established by traitors under foreign influence. Indeed, Vichy France eschewed the formal name of France ("French Republic") and styled itself the "French State", replacing the Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité Republican motto, inherited from the 1789 French Revolution , with the reactionary Travail, Famille, Patrie motto.
While the criminal behavior of Vichy France is acknowledged, this point of view denies any responsibility of the state of France, alleging that acts committed between 1940 and 1944 were unconstitutional acts devoid of legitimacy. [55] The main proponent of this view was Charles de Gaulle himself, who insisted, as did other historians afterwards, on the unclear conditions of the June 1940 vote granting full powers to Pétain, which was refused by the minority of Vichy 80 . In particular, coercive measures used by Pierre Laval have been denounced by those historians who hold that the vote did not, therefore, have Constitutional legality ( See subsection: Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers ).
Nevertheless, on July 16, 1995 president Jacques Chirac , in a speech, recognized the responsibility of the French State for seconding the "criminal folly of the occupying country", in particular the help of the French police , headed by René Bousquet , which assisted the Nazis in the enactment of the so-called "Final Solution". The July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup is a tragic example of how the French police did the Nazi work, going even further than what military orders demanded (by sending children to Drancy internment camp, last stop before the extermination camps). [56]
As historian Henry Rousso has put it in The Vichy Syndrome (1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a “past that doesn’t pass.” Historiographical debates are still, today, passionate, opposing conflictual views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy’s collaborationism with Nazi Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy: first the Gaullist period, which aimed at national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles de Gaulle, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions; then the 1960s, with Marcel Ophüls 's film The Sorrow and the Pity (1971); finally the 1990s, with the trial of Maurice Papon , civil servant in Bordeaux in charge of the “Jewish Questions” during the war, who was convicted after a very long trial (1981-1998) for crimes against humanity. The trial of Papon did not only concern an individual itinerary, but the French administration’s collective responsibility in the deportation of the Jews. Furthermore, his career after the war, which led him to be successively prefect of the Paris police during the Algerian War (1954-1962) and then treasurer of the Gaullist UDR party from 1968 to 1971, and finally Budget Minister under president Valéry Giscard d’Estaing and prime minister Raymond Barre from 1978 to 1981, was symptomatic of the quick rehabilitation of former Collaborationists after the war. Critics contend that this itinerary, shared by others (although few had such public roles), demonstrates France’s collective amnesia, while others point out that the perception of the war and of the state collaboration has evolved during these years. Papon’s career was considered more scandalous as he had been responsible, during his function as prefect of police of Paris, for the 1961 Paris massacre of Algerians during the war, and was forced to resign from this position after the “disappearance”, in Paris in 1965, of the Moroccan anti-colonialist leader Mehdi Ben Barka .
While it is certain that the Vichy government and a large number of its high administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such cooperation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Nazi Germany, French Jews suffered proportionately lighter losses (see Jewish death toll section above); although, starting in 1942, repression and deportations struck French Jews as well as foreign Jews. [13] Former Vichy officials later claimed that they did as much as they could to minimize the impact of the Nazi policies, although mainstream French historians contend that the Vichy regime went beyond the Nazi expectations.
The regional newspaper Nice Matin revealed on February 28, 2007 that in more than 1,000 condominium properties on the Côte d'Azur , rules dating to Vichy were still "in force", or at least existed on paper. One of these rules, for example, stated that:
The contractors shall make the following statements: they are of French nationality, are not Jewish, nor married to Jewish in the sense of the laws and ordinances in force [under Vichy, NDLR]
The president of the CRIF -Côte d'Azur, a Jewish association group, issued a strong condemnation labeling it "the utmost horror" when one of the inhabitants of such a condominium qualified this as an "anachronism" with "no consequences." [57] Jewish inhabitants were able and willing to live in the buildings, and to explain this the Nice Matin reporter surmised that some tenants may have not read the condominium contracts in detail, while others deemed the rules obsolete. [58] A reason for the latter is that any racially discriminatory condominium or other local rule that may have existed "on paper", Vichy-era or otherwise, was invalidated by the constitutions of the French Fourth Republic (1946) and French Fifth Republic (1958) and was inapplicable under French antidiscrimination law . Thus, even if the tenants or coowners had signed or otherwise agreed to these rules after 1946, any such agreement would be null and void (caduque) under French law, as were the rules. Rewriting or eliminating the obsolete rules would have had to be done at inhabitants' expenses, including notary fees of 900 to 7000 EUR per building. [58]
"Sword and shield" argument
Today, the few Vichy supporters continue to maintain the official argument advanced by Pétain and Laval: the state collaboration was supposed to protect the French civilian population from the hardships of the Occupation. After the war, former Collaborationists and "pétainistes" (supporters of Pétain) claimed that while Charles de Gaulle had represented the “sword” of France, Pétain had been the "shield" which protected France.
The common “sword vs. shield” thesis is contradicted by mainstream historical argument. First, it bypasses the French Resistance, questionably claiming that the alternative was “collaboration in France” and “resistance in London”. This is a denial of the engagement of civilians, in particular foreign Jews, who took an active part in the Resistance in France. Far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen , founder of the National Front in 1972 and several times accused of Holocaust denial , racial hatred , and negationism , declared in the 1960s, when he was engaged in the rehabilitation of Collaborationists:
Was General de Gaulle more brave than Marshal [ Pétain ] in the occupied zone? This isn't sure. It was much easier to resist in London than to resist in France.
— Radio France Internationale , September 1, 2006 [59]
"French Jews vs. foreign Jews": myth or reality?
Although this claim is rejected by the rest of the French population and by the state itself, another myth remains more widespread than this one. This other myth refers to the alleged “protection” by Vichy of French Jews by “accepting” to collaborate in the deportation – and, ultimately, in the extermination – of foreign Jews.
However, this argument has been rejected by several historians who are specialists of the subject, among them US historian Robert Paxton , who is widely recognized and whose foreign origin permits a more distant and objective judgment on the matter, and historian of the French police Maurice Rajsfus. Both were called on as experts during the Papon trial in the 1990s.
Robert Paxton thus declared, before the court, on October 31, 1997, that "Vichy took initiatives... The armistice let it a breathing space." [60] Henceforth, on its own Vichy decided, on the domestic plan, to implement the “National Revolution” (“Révolution nationale”). After having designated the alleged responsibles of the defeat (“democracy, parliamentarism, cosmopolitanism, left-wing, foreigners, Jews...”) Vichy put in place, as soon as October 3, 1940, the first “Statute on Jews.” From then on, Jewish people were considered “second-zone citizens [60] ”.
On the international plan, France "believed the war to be finished". Thus, as soon as July 1940, Vichy eagerly negotiated with the German authorities in an attempt to gain a place for France in the Third Reich’s “New Order”. But “Hitler never forgot the 1918 defeat. He always said no.” Vichy’s ambition was doomed from the start. [60]
"Antisemitism was a constant theme," recalled Robert Paxton. It even opposed itself, at first, to German plans. “At this period, the Nazis had not yet decided to exterminate the Jews, but to expel them. Their idea was not to make of France an antisemitic country. To the contrary, they wanted to send there the Jews that they expelled” from the Reich. [60]
The historical turn took place in 1941-1942, with the pending German defeat on the Eastern Front . The war then became “total”, and in August 1941, Hitler decided on the “global extermination of all European Jews.” This new policy was officially formulated during the January 1942 Wannsee Conference , and implemented in all European occupied countries as soon as spring 1942. France, which praised itself for having remained an independent state (as opposed to other occupied countries) “decided to cooperate. This is the second Vichy." [60] The first train of deportees left Drancy on March 27, 1942 for Poland—the first in a long series.
“The Nazis needed the French administration... They always complained about the lack of staff." recalled Paxton, [60] something which Maurice Rajsfus has also underlined. Although the American historian recognized during the trial that the "civil behavior of certain individuals" had permitted many Jews to escape deportation, he stated that:
The French state, itself, has participated to the policy of extermination of the Jews... How can one pretend the reverse when such technical and administrative means have been put to this aim? [60]
Evoking the French police’s registering of the Jews, as well as Laval’s decision, taken in August 1942 in all independence, to deport children along with their parents, Paxton added:
Contrary to preconceived ideas, Vichy did not sacrifice foreign jews in the hope of protecting French Jews. At the summit of the hierarchy, it knew, from the start, that the departure of these last ones was unavoidable. [60]
The "from the start" in this quote is not avered as pertains to the Vichy regime as a whole. Deportations from France did not start until summer 1942, several months after mass deportation from other countries started. Part of the population housed at the Dachau concentration camp , which had been opened since 1933, was Jewish, and major death camps in Poland and Germany were opened in 1941 and early 1942.
Paxton then evoked the case of Italy, where deportation of Jewish people had only started after the German occupation — Italy surrendered to the Allies in mid-1943 but was then invaded by Germany and fighting there continued through 1944. In particular, in Nice, "Italians had protected the Jews. And the French authorities complained about it to the Germans." [60] In this instance, deportations from Italy started immediately upon its invasion by Germany. In fact, the rise of Benito Mussolini and Italian fascism had drastically curtailed Jewish immigration during the inter-war period, and Italy had passed drastic anti-Semitic laws in 1938 that stripped Jews of their citizenship. Ultimately, a similar proportion of Jews from Italy as from France were deported.
More recent work by the historian Susan Zuccotti finds that the Vichy government facilitated the deportation of foreign Jews rather than French ones, all else equal, until at least 1943:
Vichy officials [had] hoped to deport foreign Jews throughout France in order to ease pressure on native Jews. Pierre Laval himself expressed the official Vichy position... In the early months of 1943, the terror [Adam] Munz and [Alfred] Feldman described in German-occupied France still was experienced by foreign Jews like themselves. It is difficult to know exactly how many French Jews were arrested, usually for specific or alleged offenses, but on January 21, 1943, Helmut Knochen informed Eichmann in Berlin that there were 2,159 French citizens among the 3,811 prisoners at Drancy. Many had been at Drancy for several months. They had not been deported because, until January 1943, there had usually been enough foreigners and their children to fill the forty-three trains that had carried about 41,591 people to the east... By January 1943, however, foreign Jews were increasingly aware of the danger and difficult to find. Nazi pressure for the arrest of French Jews and the deportation of those already at Drancy increased accordingly. Thus, when Knochen reported that there were 2,159 French citizens among the 3,811 prisoners at Drancy on January 21, 1943, he also asked Eichmann for permission to deport them. There had been no convoy from Drancy in December and January, and [SS Lieutenant Heinz] Röthke was pressuring Knochen to resume them. Röthke also wanted to empty Drancy in order to refill it. Despite Vichy officials' past disapproval and Eichmann's own prior discouragement of such a step, permission for the deportation of the French Jews at Drancy, except for those in mixed marriages , was granted from Berlin on January 25. [61]
Whatever the Vichy government's intent initially or subsequently, the numerical outcome was that less than 15% of French Jews, vs. nearly twice that proportion of non-citizen Jews residing in France, died. More Jews lived in France at the end of the Vichy regime than had approximately ten years earlier. [62]
Notable figures in the Vichy regime
Louis Darquier de Pellepoix , Commissionner for Jewish Affairs of the Vichy government
Philippe Henriot , State Secretary of Information and Propaganda of Vichy
Maurice Papon , head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux (condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998)
Simon Sabiani , head of Doriot's PPF in Marseille
Paul Touvier , condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the Milice in Lyon
Xavier Vallat , Commissionner General for Jewish Questions
Marcel Déat , founder of the Rassemblement national populaire (RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation.
Notable collaborationists or pétainists not linked to the Vichy regime
^ Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews. University of Nebraska Press, 1999, pp. 168-169. ISBN 0-8032-9914-1
^ See Francois Delpech, Historiens et Géographes, no 273, mai - juin 1979, issn 00 46 75 x
Bibliography
Nicholas Atkin , Pétain, Longman, 1997
Carmen Callil Bad Faith. A Forgotten History Of Family, Fatherland And Vichy France. New York: Knopf. 2006. ISBN 0-375-41131-3. [Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix].
Charles Glass , Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation, Harper Collins, U.K. ISBN: 978-0-00-722853-9.
Julian T. Jackson . France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-820706-9.
Simon Kitson , The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-43893-1.
Megan Koreman. The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944-1946. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1999.
William Langer , Our Vichy gamble, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1947.
Isaac Levendel. Not the Germans alone: A son's search for the truth of Vichy. North Western University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-8101-1843-2
Michael R. Marrus and Robert Paxton. Vichy France and the Jews. Basic Books: New York. 1981. ISBN 0-465-09005-2
George E. Melton. Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881-1942. Westport, CT: Praeger. 1998. ISBN 0-275-95973-2.
Henri Michel , Vichy, année 40, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1967.
Robert O. Paxton , Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (London, 1972) [new edition, 2000: ISBN 0-231-12469-4]
Henry Rousso , (preface by Stanley Hoffmann ). The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944. Harvard University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-674-93539-X (Original first ed. 1987)
Colin Smith, England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940-1942, London, Weidenfeld, 2009. ISBN 978-0-297-85218-6
John F. Sweets , "Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation" (New York, 1986), translated into French as, "Clermont-Ferrand à l’heure allemande" (Paris, 1996)
Martin Thomas , The French Empire at War, 1940-45, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007.
Richard H. Weisberg . Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France. New York University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-8147-9336-3
French
Henri Amouroux , La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976
Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bedarida,Vichy et les Français, Paris, Fayard, 1996.
Le régime de Vichy et les Français (dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992, ISBN 2-213-02683-1
Michèle Cointet. L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940-1945. La repentance en question., Perrin, Paris, 1998. ISBN 2-262-01231-8
Eric Conan et Henry Rousso . Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas, Fayard, Paris, 1994, ISBN 2-213-59237-3
Yves Maxime Danan, La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963.
André Kaspi. Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, Seuil, Paris, 1991, ISBN 2-02-013509-4
Simon Kitson , Vichy et la chasse aux espions nazis, Autrement, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-7467-0588-5
Serge Klarsfeld . Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943-1944., Fayard, Paris, 1985, ISBN 2-213-01573-2
Herbert R. Lottman. Pétain. Seuil, 1984, ISBN 2-02-006763-3
Films
Claude Chabrol , 1993. Eye of Vichy
External links
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Which European country consists of a peninsula and many islands including Funen and Zealand? | Denmark – apexvisas.com
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Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian sovereign state in Northern Europe, with two additional overseas constituent countries also forming integral parts of the kingdom: Greenland and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic. Continental Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden, with which it is connected by the Oresund Bridge and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland, and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
Denmark has a modern, prosperous and developed mixed market economy, ranking 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and 10th in nominal GDP per capita. Denmark’s economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World. The economy has high levels of international trade and Denmark is known as a free trade advocate in the European Union. Denmark is one of the most competitive economies in the world according to World Economic Forum 2008 report, IMD and The Economist.
Support for free trade is high – in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing. 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. Denmark has the 9th highest export per capita in the world. Denmark’s main exports are: industrial production/manufactured goods 73.3% (of which machinery and instruments were 21.4%, and fuels, chemicals, etc. 26%); agricultural products and others for consumption 18.7% (in 2009 meat and meat products were 5.5% of total export; fish and fish products 2.9%).Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP foreign debtor more than 300 billion DKK.
Denmark is considered as the World’s happiest country. What’s more, the Net wages rate offered in Denmark are much higher than other European countries and unemployment is at a low 3.5%. While Danish is the official Language, a majority of the people speak English.
The country offers free education for children & has low housing cost as well as a low crime rate.
| Denmark |
The human heart has four chambers - two auricles (or atria) and two ............ what? | Islands for Sale in Denmark
Map View | Slide Show
Islands for Sale in Denmark
Situated in Northern Europe, Denmark is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries; well known for a high quality of life and frequently voted as one of the happiest and best countries to live in, Denmark is also home to a host of islands. The autonomous provinces of the Faroe Islands and Greenland notwithstanding, Denmark's coastline is dotted with hundreds of islands.
The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many large islands of note including Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as over 400 minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
In addition to its islands, Denmark is famous for numerous tourist attractions, picturesque cities, fascinating Viking ruins, statuesque medieval castles and expansive rural country sides.
Denmark Foreign Ownership Info
There are a number of restrictions for foreigners purchasing property in Denmark. While it can be difficult for foreigners to purchase land it is far from impossible. Foreigners may not purchase property in Denmark unless they have previously lived in Denmark for a period of at least 5 years; they are an EU national legally working in Denmark; or they are a non-EU national who has a valid business or residence permit.
Further, there are areas of Denmark - especially in coastal and holiday home areas - that have special restrictions against foreign ownership. Properties that are not in popular coastal areas are available to foreign buyers as long as they satisfy the requirements stated above.
Prospective buyers may also choose to form a private company (known as an Anpartsselskab or Aps in Denmark) if the requirements for individual purchase seem difficult to meet.
While the procedure to purchase can seem daunting, the beauty of Denmark makes the effort well worth it. For the majority of purchase, buyers can expect to have the entire procedure completed within a half year. Hiring an attorney familiar with Danish real estate law (especially coastal restrictions) is highly recommended.
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Who duetted with Marc Almond on the 1989 number one 'Something's Gotten Hold Of My Heart'? | Marc Almond & Gene Pitney - Something`s Gotten Hold Of My Heart - YouTube
Marc Almond & Gene Pitney - Something`s Gotten Hold Of My Heart
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Uploaded on Nov 4, 2010
Marc Almond & Gene Pitney - Something`s Gotten Hold Of My Heart (Music Video)
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In which play by George Bernard Shaw is the daughter of 'Lady Britomart Undershaft' an Officer of the Salvation Army? | Marc Almond & Gene Pitney — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
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"Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" is a popular song written by Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook. Originally recorded by Gene Pitney in 1967 the song reached #5 on the UK singles chart but failed to chart in the USA. The song was subsequently covered by a number of other acts including Cilla Black, Terry Reid and Nick Cave on his 1986 album of cover's Kicking Against the Pricks.
It achieved its greatest success in 1989 when it was covered… read more
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Whose only 'Oscar' for Best Director was for 'Annie Hall' in 1978? | Academy Awards, USA (1978)
Academy Awards, USA
Date: April 3 1978 Location: Los Angeles, California, USA
Awards for 1978
Best Actor in a Leading Role
WINNER
Best Actress in a Leading Role
WINNER
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
WINNER
Jason Robards was not present at the ceremony. Presenters Maggie Smith and Michael Caine accepted the award on his behalf.
NOMINEES
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
WINNER
Woody Allen was not present at the awards ceremony. Co-presenter King Vidor accepted the award on his behalf.
NOMINEES
Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
WINNER
Woody Allen was not present at the awards ceremony.
NOMINEES
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium
WINNER
Derek Ball was not present at the awards ceremony.
NOMINEES
Best Effects, Visual Effects
WINNER
For the song "You Light Up My Life".
NOMINEES
For the song "Someone's Waiting For You".
Best Music, Original Score
Best Music, Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score
WINNER
Best Short Film, Live Action
WINNER
Best Documentary, Features
WINNER
For sound effects. (For the creation of the alien, creature and robot voices.)
Honorary Award
For her exceptional contribution to the art of film editing in the motion picture industry.
Medal of Commendation
In appreciation for outstanding service and dedication in upholding the high standards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
WINNER
Garrett Brown (The Cinema Products Corp. Engineering Staff under the supervision of John Jurgens)
For the invention and development of Steadicam.
The award was presented outside the technical awards ceremony as part of the main ceremony on 3 April.
Scientific and Engineering Award
WINNERS
Joseph D. Kelley (Glen Glenn Sound), Emory M. Cohen (Glen Glenn Sound), Barry K. Henley (Glen Glenn Sound), Hammond H. Holt (Glen Glenn Sound), John Agalsoff Sr. (Glen Glenn Sound)
For the concept and development of a post-production audio processing system for motion picture films.
(Panavision, Inc.)
For the development of the Dykstraflex Camera (Dykstra) and the engineering of the Electronic Motion Control System (Miller/Jeffress used in concert for multiple exposure visual effects motion picture photography.
(Eastman Kodak Co.)
For the development and introduction of a new duplicating film for motion pictures.
Stefan Kudelski (Nagra Magnetic Recorders, Inc.)
For the engineering of the improvements incorporated in the Nagra 4.2L sound recorder for motion picture production.
Technical Achievement Award
Ernst F. Nettman (Astrovision Division of Continental Camera Systems, Inc.)
For the engineering of its Snorkel Aerial Camera System.
(EECO (Electronic Engineering Co. of California))
For developing a method for interlocking non-sprocketed film and tape media used in motion picture production.
Bernhard Kuhl (OSRAM GmbH), Werner Block (OSRAM GmbH)
For the development of the HMI high-efficiency discharge lamp for motion picture lighting.
(Panavision, Inc.)
For the design of Panalite, a camera-mounted controllable light for motion picture photography.
(Panavision, Inc.)
For the engineering of the Panahead gearhead for motion picture cameras.
(Piclear, Inc.)
| Woody Allen |
There are fifteen Parliamentary constituencies in South Yorkshire. Only one is not represented by a Labour MP. Who is he? | Woody Allen: his 40 best one-liners - Comedy
Woody Allen: his 40 best one-liners
Woody Allen is a film-maker, writer, comedian and part-time musician. He has won four Oscars, three for best original screenplay and a best director Academy Award for Annie Hall. Here, Martin Chilton picks Allen's 40 best one-liners and jokes.
Credit: Rex Features/Reuters
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In which Pacific island nation was Hull Rugby League player Sam Moa born? | Rugby League World Cup 2013
RLWC2013 Opponents: Italy, Scotland and Ireland
Tournament best: Two wins (2008)
Ones to Watch: Epalahame Lauaki, Sam Moa and Lopini Paea
Read more about these great players and why they are ones to watch during RLWC2013.
Epalahame Lauaki
A committed player, Lauaki is a hard-working and powerful second row or prop forward. He is good on his feet and has a great ability to successfully offload which has led him to be feared amongst many in the opposing teams.
In an appearance against Salford in 2010 where he held off four men to touch down, his fierce warrior-like attitude is almost as notable as his wild hair.
Lauaki was named in the Tongan training squad for 2008 Rugby League World Cup and played in three games at the tournament as well as a warm up game against the New Zealand Kiwis.
Sam Moa
The Roosters prop forward started his career at NRL side Wests Tigers before signing with the Cronulla-Sutherland sharks in 2008. Having spent three years as a successful player representing Hull FC, Moa was part of what fans called ‘The Tongan Mafia’ as he played alongside fellow Tongan’s Willie Manu and Epalahame Lauaki (now at Wigan.)
Moa has recently made the move back down under to appear for the Sydney Roosters but is looking to continue representing Tonga for RLWC2013. Moa was picked for the Tongan squad in 2008 for Rugby League World Cup and featured in all three games during the tournament.
Lopini Paea
Nicknamed Bini, the second row forward currently plays for Super Leagues Catalan Dragons. Australian born but of Tongan decen, Paea has represented Tonga on several occasions, his most recent game during the 2007 Junior Kangaroos tour, in which Paea also captained the Tongan side.
In August 2008, Lopini Paea was named in the Tonga training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and in October 2008 he was named in the final 24-man Tonga squad.
A Bit of History
The South Pacific archipelago of Tonga, known as the ‘Friendly Islands’ after the reception given to Captain James Cook in 1773, took up the sport of Rugby League in 1986.
Within two years a domestic competition had been formed which now boasts seventeen clubs and over 2,000 players across the three main islands of Tongatapu, Vava’u and Ha’apai.
With a helpful proximity to Australia and New Zealand, and an increased Tongan presence in the world’s major domestic competitions, Rugby League in Tonga developed rapidly.
The 1988 Pacific Cup was Tonga's first taste of international Rugby League and in 1992 they actually made the final of the same competition.
In 1995 Tonga took part in the Rugby League World Cup for the first time. Before an enthralled crowd at Warrington’s Wilderspool Stadium, the Tongans came within a whisper of knocking New Zealand out of the tournament, losing by a single point in one of the best games in World Cup history.
Tonga also participated in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, where they performed poorly in pool games against France and Papua New Guinea and again missed out on a quarter final place.
At the 2008 World Cup, Tonga were favourites to reach the semi-final and started well enough by beating Ireland in their first pool game. The second match, against Samoa, was one of the matches of the tournament, but that was no consolation to the Tongans whose defeat ultimately proved costly.
Tongan Flag
| Tonga |
Who was the last king of the Hanoverian dynasty? | Rugby League eligibility rules are a farce | The Roar
Rugby League news
In the lead up to the Four Nations, a lot has been made out of some of the controversial selections made by England coach Steve McNamara, namely Jack Reed, Chris Heighington and Rangi Chase.
I’ve been left bewildered by the reactions of the likes of Garry Schofield, who has labelled the selections of Heighington and Chase a farce, when really, these selections would be considered legitimate under the international eligibility rules of most sports.
What puzzles me so much is that nothing has been said about the selections of Akuila Uate and Tony Williams for Australia, neither of which would be allowed in any other sport.
Now, people try to defend rugby league’s ‘nation-hopping’ policy by saying that it happens in all sports.
It’s true that people change their international eligibility all the time in all sports. But no one ever plays for one country and then plays for another. It cheapens the value of the jersey.
For me, it’s not about who you play for. I don’t care if someone claims eligibility for a country, because they had a two-week holiday there once.
Just, as long as they play for that country and for no other country.
Aku Uate cheapens the Kangaroos jersey, because he played for Fiji (including in the game against Australia). Tony Williams cheapens the Kangaroos jersey because he has played for Tonga.
I have nothing against either player. Both are great players and I’m sure they’re great people.
Uate will be the best winger in the world (if he isn’t already). But God forbid, the world’s best winger should play for someone other than Australia, New Zealand or England.
Don’t get me wrong, I’m not picking on Uate and Williams.
Fui Fui Moi Moi played for Tonga before he played for New Zealand. He should never have been allowed to play for the Kiwis.
Same goes for Lote Tuqiri, who played for Fiji before Australia – he should never have been allowed to play for the Kangaroos.
Michael Jennings played for Tonga before Australia. He’s actually played more games for Tonga than he has for Australia.
If these players had stuck with their first international team, rugby league would be far more competitive at an international level.
For example, this is Tonga’s team if they have all the players who have played for them and for Australia/New Zealand:
1. Etu Uaisele
That team could easily upset Australia, New Zealand or England on their day.
The minnows also do the ‘nation swap’.
Frank Pritchard switching to Samoa, Jarryd Hayne switching to Fiji and Nigel Vagana switching to Samoa for the World Cup. None of these swaps should have been allowed.
It’s not the lack of competitiveness that makes international rugby league a farce. It’s the nation-swapping.
The RLIF need to adopt a policy that once you play for an international team, you can never play for another.
Maybe that policy will make international rugby league more competitive. Maybe, it will just make everyone switch to Australia so that they can play Origin.
But it will end the nation-swapping, which is what makes international rugby league a farce.
So, for the Four Nations, I, as a proud Australian, refuse to support the Kangaroos because it’s un-Australian to have a Fijian and Tongan representative wearing the Australian jersey.
| i don't know |
Which British aircraft company produced the 'Tiger Moth', 'Mosquito' and 'Comet'? | De Havilland | Aircraft Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
de Havilland was a British aircraft designer and manufacturer.
It was based in Hatfields, Hertfordshire in England.
de Havillands early planes were single and two seater bi-planes. They were responsible for the Tiger Moth and Gipsy.
de Havilland was also responsible for the most successful fighter bomber of World War Two, the Mosquito. The Mosquito was primarily made out of wood and glue which made it light and the two Rolls Royce V12 Melin engines made it quick.
The Comet was produced by de Havilland. The Comet was the first passenger jet in the world.
In 1960 de Havilland was bought by Hawker-Siddley Aviation.
Here are some the more notiable de Havilland aircraft:
Mosquito
| De Havilland |
Give a year in the life of Henry Purcell? | de Havilland Aircraft Museum
The de Havilland Aircraft Museum From the Air
The de Havilland Comet 4 Simulator
The cockpit of the de Havilland Trident
The de Havilland Aircraft Museum From the Air
The Museum is now closed for the Winter and will reopen on Sunday 5th March 2017
Welcome
Welcome to the oldest aviation museum in the UK dedicated to the preservation and display of de Havilland Aircraft. The de Havilland Aircraft Company played an important role in the history of aircraft development in 20th century Britain. The de Havilland company created world beating aeronautical innovations including many iconic aircraft such as the de Havilland Mosquito – “The Wooden Wonder”, the Comet – the world’s first jet airliner, the Tiger Moth – the “backbone “of the RAF’s training aircraft in WWII and the Airspeed Horsa Glider – used extensively by our airborne troops in 1944 during D-Day, Arnhem and the Rhine crossing.
We are a “working museum” where we actively restore de Havilland Aircraft so you are likely to see our volunteers at work, who are always willing to answer your questions.
The de Havilland Aircraft Museum is staffed entirely by unpaid volunteers who perform a wide range of tasks according to their skills.
We need your support in our quest to build a new hangar.
Many of our aircraft are on display outside and exposed to the weather including the last example of the Comet 1A-the world’s first Jet Airliner. To ensure their survival we need to protect these aircraft and the construction of a new large hangar is essential if we are to continue the restoration process.
The Museum has been granted planning permission to build a large Hangar that will replace a smaller building and it will enable us to protect more of our aircraft that are currently displayed outside. We have applied to the Heritage Lottery Fund for a grant of £1.5Million-the hangar will cost over £2.2million.
We have already used our own funds to prepare the foundations.
However we need your help to raise a further £700,000 that will enable the museum to secure funding which will enable complete the hangar.
You can make a donation to the Hangar fund by clicking here
See the Mosquito Prototype
DH98 Mosquito Prototype at The de Havilland Museum, London Colney, UK. #DH98 #Mosquito #prototype #ww2 #history #restoration #theta360 – Spherical Image – RICOH THETA
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NH3 is the chemical formula for which gaseous base? | Chemical formula for ammonia
Home | Common chemical formula
Ammonia
Ammonia is a colorless gas which has a strong irritating and very alkaline in nature. Ammonia is used in industry as a refrigerant and in the manufacture of fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Domestically, ammonia is widely used as a cleaning agent.
| Ammonia |
Israel has two official languages. One is Hebrew. What is the other? | Ammonia Molecular Formula
Ammonia Molecular Formula
Chemical or Molecular Formula for Ammonia
This is the space-filling model of ammonia. Ben Mills
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Updated February 16, 2016.
Ammonia is a gas at ordinary room temperature and pressure. The chemical or molecular formula for ammonia is NH3.
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In which year did Jimmy Carter win the Nobel Peace Prize? | The Nobel Peace Prize 2002
The Nobel Peace Prize 2002
Jimmy Carter
The Nobel Peace Prize 2002
Jimmy Carter
Prize share: 1/1
The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 was awarded to Jimmy Carter "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development".
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation
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To cite this page
MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2002". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/>
| two thousand and two |
Famous for Oysters, Whitstable is in which English county? | CNN.com - Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize - Dec. 8, 2002
Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize
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Interactive: Jimmy Carter: A life in pictures
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CNN's Larry King talks to Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter about winning the Nobel Peace Prize (October 11)
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OSLO, Norway (CNN) -- Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter has won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for his worldwide peace and human rights work in an award seen as criticising Washington's drive to oust Iraq's Saddam Hussein.
Carter, Democratic president from 1977 to 1981, has won praise for his tireless work as a president and after leaving office in trying to bring peace to places from Haiti to North Korea.
Announcing the winner on Friday, the five-member Norwegian Nobel Committee praised Carter's decades of "untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development."
The committee made reference in its citation to current world events that may see the United States take military action against Iraq.
The announcement of the award came only hours after the U.S. House and Senate gave President George W. Bush authorisation to use military force against Iraq in order to enforce U.N. Security Council resolutions requiring that Baghdad give up weapons of mass destruction.
Asked if the selection of the former president was a criticism of Bush, Gunnar Berge, head of the Nobel committee, said: "With the position Carter has taken on this, it can and must also be seen as criticism of the line the current U.S. administration has taken on Iraq.
"In a situation currently marked by threats of the use of power, Carter has stood by the principles that conflicts must as far as possible be resolved through mediation and international cooperation based on international law, respect for human rights and economic development," Berge said.
"It's a kick in the leg to all that follow the same line as the United States."
However, other Nobel committee members distanced themselves from Berge's criticism of Bush, saying he was expressing a personal opinion and that such criticism was not part of the discussions leading to the prize.
"In the committee, we didn't discuss what sort of interpretation of the grounds there should be. It wasn't a topic," committee member Hanna Kvanmo was quoted as telling the Norwegian news agency NTB.
In an interview on Friday with CNN's Larry King, Carter said he would have voted against the Senate resolution authorising force but that he thinks Bush will handle the situation the right way.
Carter said he recognizes that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein poses a real threat to the world, and some action must be taken.
"I would have voted no had I been in the Senate," he said. "I think it should all be done through the U.N. and not unilaterally by the United States."
But the 101st recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize -- and the third U.S. president to be so honoured -- said he trusts that Bush will do just that.
"The administration has come a long way in the last few weeks," he said.
Carter, 78, told CNN he was called by the committee at 4:30 a.m., about 30 minutes before he normally gets up. He said he did not mind getting the early wake-up call.
"Obviously, I'm very grateful to the Nobel Committee for choosing me. I think they've announced very clearly that the work of the Carter Center has been a wonderful contribution to the world for the last 20 years."
He has been repeatedly nominated for the prize, worth $1 million, and came close to winning in 1978 when he brought Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat together to sign the Camp David peace accord, but his presidency faltered under the weight of the Iran hostage crisis.
Carter told a news conference on Friday that he would give most of the $1 million prize to the Carter Center, which he founded after losing his 1980 re-election bid to Ronald Reagan.
He said he shared the honour with his wife, Rosalynn, and the staff at the Carter Center.
"When I left the White House I was a fairly young man and I realised I maybe have 25 more years of active life," Carter said, "so we capitalised on the influence that I had as a former president of the greatest nation in the world and decided to fill vacuums."
Carter, who has four children, has spent the last two decades travelling around the globe monitoring elections, promoting human rights, and helping provide health care and food to the world's poor.
He won the 2002 peace prize from a record field of 156 candidates -- 117 individuals and 39 groups -- vying for the honour named after Alfred Nobel, a Swedish philanthropist and inventor of dynamite. The list of nominees remains secret for 50 years, but those who nominate sometimes announce their choice.
Afghan President Hamid Karzai, also a candidate for the prize, was one of the first to congratulate Carter saying he was happy to be among the candidates.
"After the 23 years of war and disaster in Afghanistan, to be known for peace is really nice and enjoyable, but I believe President Carter deserved it," Karzai said, minutes after the official announcement.
"[Carter] had many, many years of work for peace in a very concerted way, in a very human way, and I congratulate him, he deserved it better than I. I'll try for next year," Karzai added.
The peace prize announcement caps a week of awards, with prizes for literature, medicine, physics, chemistry and economics already announced in Sweden's capital, Stockholm.
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| i don't know |
Miracle, Kelvedon Wonder, and Meteor are all types of which vegetable? | Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: 1 April Questions
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
1 April Questions
Specialist set by TheLamb
(please note that although these are all the questions, the subjects are not in the order in which they were asked)
SPORT
01. Q. Which Irn-Bru Scottish League team recently became the first British football team
to be promoted in the current 2007/2008 season ?
A. EAST FIFE (Division 3 Champions)
02. Q. On what date is the opening ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games ?
A. 8th AUGUST (08.08.08)
03. Q. At which course will the 2008 (British) Open Golf Championship take place ?
A. ROYAL BIRKDALE
04. Q. Who trained the first, second and third placed horses in the 2008 Cheltenham Gold
Cup ?
05. Q. At which weight is boxer Joe Calzaghe considered to be the undisputed World
Champion ?
06. Q. In which park is the Melbourne Australian Formula 1 motor racing circuit situated ?
A. ALBERT PARK
07. Q. Dwain Chambers was banned by UK Athletics in 2004 for the mis-use of which
anabolic steroid ?
08. Q. England fly-half Johnny Wilkinson was replaced in the starting line-up for the final
2008 Rugby 6 Nations test against Ireland by whom ?
A. DANNY CIPRIANI
(a) Q. What colour jacket is worn by the No. 1 dog in greyhound racing ?
A. RED
(b) Q. Which British girl gymnast became European and World Champion on Bars in 2006?
A. BETH TWEDDLE
(c) Q. In the recent Test Cricket series in New Zealand who was the first England batsman
to score a century ?
A. TIM AMBROSE
QUOTATIONS
01. Q. Which author said “In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king” ?
A. H. G. WELLS
02. Q. Who said of Lord Byron “He is mad, bad and dangerous to know” ?
A. LADY CAROLINE LAMB
03. Q. Which American poet, famous for her wisecracks, said “Men seldom make
passes at girls who wear glasses” ?
A. DOROTHY PARKER
04. Q. Which former Prime Minister said, in 1921 “Love your neighbour is not
merely sound Christianity, it’s good business” ?
A. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
05. Q. Which Conservative politician said, in 1974 “Harold Wilson is going around
the country stirring up apathy” ?
A. WILLIAM WHITELAW
06. Q. Which inventor said “Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per
cent perspiration” ?
07. Q. Which early American politician and author said “In this world nothing can
be said to be certain, except death and taxes” ?
A. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
08. Q. Which former US President said “I have left orders to be awakened at any
time in case of national emergency, even if I’m in a cabinet meeting” ?
A. RONALD REAGAN
(a) Q. Who or what did Oscar Wilde describe as “The unspeakable in full pursuit
of the uneatable” ?
A. FOX HUNTERS
(b) Q. Who said “I never forget a face, but in your case I’ll make an exception” ?
A. GROUCHO MARX
(c) Q. Who said “This case has had full analyzation and has been looked at a lot” ?
A. GEORGE W. BUSH
THE MUSIC ROUND
For all you lovers of pop, this one’s about classical music ! But cheer up, there are plenty of clues.
01. Q. Which anthem by Handel, also used for the UEFA Champions League and P&O cruise adverts, has been sung at every coronation since that of George II in 1727 ?
A. ZADOK THE PRIEST
02. Q. From which composition was the music for the Rugby World Cup’s ‘World in union’ taken. It is also sung as an alternative national anthem entitled ‘I vow to thee my country’
A. JUPITER (From the Planets Suite by Gustav Holst)
03. Q. The first four notes from which world famous symphony were used by the BBC during WWII to introduce their radio broadcasts, because they evoked the Morse code for V, symbolising victory ?
A. BEETHOVEN’S 5TH
04. Q. To who’s wedding march, from his music to A Midsummer Night’s Dream, have more brides walked down the aisle since 1842, than any other composition ?
A. FELIX MENDELSSOHN
05. Q. Music to the films ‘Out of Africa’, ‘Dances with Wolves’ and arrangement of the James Bond theme have one thing in common. Name it.
A. JOHN BARRY (He wrote the first two and arranged Monty Norman’s
original Bond theme)
06. Q. Augustus Jaeger was Edward Elgar’s best friend. Jaeger being German for ‘hunter’ inspired Elgar to write which of his Enigma Variations named after a patriarch in the Old Testament called The Mighty Hunter ?
A. NIMROD
07. Q. To which music did many a little boy or girl in the 1950’s thrill as they saw Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels ride onto the screen as The Lone Ranger and Tonto ?
A. THE WILLIAM TELL OVERTURE (Gioachino Rossini)
08. Q. Which piece of music by Gabriel Faure was used by the BBC as the title music to it’s coverage of the 1998 World Cup ?
A. PAVANE (pronounced PAVANN) (A dance popular in sixteenth century Europe)
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Q. Who wrote the music to the following films : Star Wars, Schindler’s List
and Jurassic Park ?
A. JOHN WILLIAMS
(b) Q. Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto No. 2 was used to great effect in which 1945 film starring Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard and written and produced by Noel Coward ?
A. BRIEF ENCOUNTER
(c) Q. In which country is Puccini’s opera Turandot set ?
A. CHINA
SCIENCE
01. Q. Name the watchmaker who invented an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold, used for cheap jewellery. The alloy bears his name.
A. (Christopher) PINCHBECK
02. Q. How is the larvae of the insect ‘bombyx mori’ better known ?
A. SILKWORM
03. Q. Which rapidly depleting metallic element, used in the manufacture of flat screen TVs, is named after the colour which appears twice in the element’s spectrum ?
A. INDIUM
04. Q. Which trademark name is given to the synthetic fibre of high tensile strength used mainly in rubber products, notably tyres and bullet-proof vests ?
A. KEVLAR
05. Q. What is the variety of fluorite found only in Derbyshire ?
A. BLUE JOHN
06. Q. Which metallic element is named after the Scottish village where it was first discovered ?
A. STRONTIUM (from the village Strontian)
07. Q. What is the name given to a quadrilateral with all sides equal but with
no right angles ?
08. Q. The elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 are grouped as lanthacides.
How are they also known ?
A. RARE EARTHS
(a) Q. What class of animal is the woodlouse ?
A. CRUSTACEAN
(b) Q. In physics and astronomy, what is defined as the apparent difference in
position of an object when viewed from a different position ?
A. PARALLAX
(c) Q. The boll weevil is a pest in cotton growing. What is the boll ?
A. THE COTTON SEED CAPSULE
HISTORY – Your dad’s old car
The answer to each question is a motor car which is no longer manufactured.
1. Q. The state capitol of Texas.
A. AUSTIN.
2. Q. Complete the first line of the hymn ‘Jesus wants me for a ___________
A. SUNBEAM
3. Q. Another word for win, overcome, success, victory.
A. TRIUMPH
4. Q. It’s only future was in ‘Back to the future’.
A. DE LOREAN
5. Q. Sharing a name with the Irish washer-woman portrayed in music-hall and film by Arthur Lucan in the 1930’s to ‘50s.
A. RILEY (Old Mother Riley)
6. Q. English country dancers.
A. MORRIS
7. Q. Another name for a Viking.
A. ROVER
8. Q. Executive transport of Trotters Independent Traders.
A. RELIANT (Robin)
(a) Q. First name of a current British formula one driver.
A. JENSEN (Button)
(b) Q. Underwear for a cardinal, possibly.
A. WOLSELEY
(c) Q. Maker of Mercedes motor cars before 1926
A. DAIMLER (Benz did not have a ‘Mercedes’ model until the merger with
Daimler)
01. Q. Which is the largest land-locked country in Europe ?
A. HUNGARY
02. Q. In which country are the Dolomite Alps ?
A. ITALY
03. Q. How is Lake Tiberius also known ?
A. SEA OF GALILEE
04. Q. In which US state is Omaha ?
A. NEBRASKA
05. Q. Which is the largest city within the Arctic Circle ?
A. MURMANSK
06. Q. The line of which river, rising near Sainte-Quentin and flowing into the
English Channel, was of great strategic importance during WW1 ?
A. SOMME
07. Q. On which river does Balmoral Castle stand ?
A. DEE
08. Q. What is the name of the whirlpool in the Lofoten Islands off Norway ?
A. MAELSTROM
(a) Q. In which English county is Brown Willy the highest point ?
A. CORNWALL
(b) Q. Which country has its north west coast on the Ligurian Sea ?
A. ITALY
(c) Q. The name of which Japanese city is an anagram of the capitol ?
A. KYOTO
1. Q. Which British bird was declared extinct in 1844 ?
A. THE GREAT AUK (Accept Auk)
2. Q. Which British mammal has species called Daubenton’s, Natterer’s, and Whiskered ?
A. BATS
3. Q. What is the scientific name for ‘Mare’s tail’ clouds ?
A. CIRRUS
4. Q. The Red Backed and Great Grey Shrikes impale their prey on thorns. What nick-name have they earned ?
A. BUTCHER BIRD
5. Q. The Ambrosia beetle lays it’s eggs under the bark of certain trees. What is its claim to fame or infamy ?
A. IT CAUSES DUTCH ELM DISEASE
6. Q. Which insect nymph produces ‘cuckoo spit’ ?
A. THE FROG HOPPER
7. Q. What is the purpose of the hooks on Burdock and other plant seed-heads?
A. SEED DISPERSAL (To catch onto animal fur, etc.)
8. Q. Which pre-industrial revolution mechanism had three common forms named, over-shot, under-shot, and breast-shot ?
A. WATER WHEELS
(a) Q. Of which organism are Devil’s Boletus, Destroying Angel, and
Fly Agaric all types ?
(b) Q. Which is Britain’s smallest bird ?
A. GOLDCREST (Accept also subspecies FIRECREST)
(c) Q. Which is the third British snake after the Adder and Grass Snake ?
A. THE SMOOTH SNAKE (Not Slow Worm which is a legless lizard)
ART & ENTERTAINMENT
01. Q. Which Parisian artist died of syphilis in French Polynesia in 1903 ?
A. PAUL GAUGIN
02. Q. Which 18th century artist’s works included ‘The Harvest Wagon’ ; ‘Portrait of a Lady in Blue’ and ‘The Watering Place’ ?
A. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH
03. Q. Who played Annie in Woody Allen’s classic film ‘Annie Hall’ ?
A. DIANE KEATON
04. Q. ‘The Driving Instructor’ and ‘Walter Raleigh’ are famous comedy pieces by which American entertainer ?
A. BOB NEWHART
05. Q. Who designed the celebrated cover of The Beatles ‘Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band’ album ?
A. PETER BLAKE
06. Q. The novel and film ‘Seabiscuit’ tell the true story of what kind of animal ?
A. RACEHORSE (accept horse)
07. Q. The song ‘You’ll Never Walk Alone’ became the anthem of Liverpool FC, but from which Rodgers & Hammerstein musical was it taken ?
A. CAROUSEL
08. Q. Name the disk jockey who introduced the first edition of The BBC’s ‘Top of the Pops’ in January 1964 ?
A. JIMMY SAVILLE
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Q. Which epic film, starring Omar Shariff, was based on a novel of the same name by Boris Pasternak ?
A. DR. ZHIVAGO
(b) Q. Which piece of music was first presented on a Thames barge in 1717 with King George I as guest of honour ?
A. WATER MUSIC by George Frederick Handel
(c) Q. In which novel would you find the characters Yossarian, Milo Minderbinder, and Doc Daneeka ?
A. CATCH 22
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Set by The Waters Green Rams (Correct order now)
1. Alfred Nobel, the man after whom the Nobel Prizes are named, was originally well known for inventing what?
A. Dynamite
2. Before Ringway Aerodrome became Manchester Airport, where did the City of Manchester build its first airport?
A. Barton Aerodrome, (built 1929 and which has recently been re-named “City Airport, Manchester”)
3. Who holds a trumpet on the album cover of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" by The Beatles?
A. Ringo Starr
4. Which is the only X rated film to win an Oscar for Best Picture?
A. Midnight Cowboy
5. Which English city stands on the river Nene?
A. Peterborough
6. Which type of food is named after the French for "twice cooked"?
A. Biscuit
7. Alicante, Cardinal, Cassidy, Niagara and Palamino are all varieties of which fruit?
A. Grape
8. London, Edinburgh and Manchester are three of the four British cities to have hosted the Commonwealth Games. Name the other.
A. Cardiff
9. In what branch of science would a unit of distance called a "Parsec" be used?
A. Astronomy
10. What nationality was Robert Bunsen, after whom the Bunsen burner was named ?
A. German
11. Which Carry On star died on the stage of the Sunderland Empire in 1976?
A. Sid James
12. Which rugby union team won the 2007 EDF energy cup?
A. Leicester tigers (full name required)
13. Name either of the two South American countries that are landlocked?
A. Bolivia and Paraguay
14. Which country contains the largest number of active volcanoes?
A. Indonesia
15. Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola are all part of which island group in the West Indies?
A. The Greater Antilles
16. Which actor played the title role in `Oh no! It’s Selwyn Froggatt? `
A. Bill Maynard
17. Two English football clubs play at St James Park, Newcastle United is one. Name the other?
A. Exeter City
18. May Day first became a bank holiday in which year?
A. 1978 (Accept 1977 to 1979)
19. What is the more common name for the medical condition `epistaxis`?
A. Nosebleed
20. Turin in Italy stands on which river?
A. The Po
21. Which London football team’s ground is on South Africa Road?
A. Queens Park Rangers
22. What did Henry Beck famously map out in 1932?
A. The London Underground
23. In which decade was insulin first used to treat Diabetes?
A. 1920s
24. Rn is the chemical symbol for which element?
A. Radon
25. What is a Flemish giant?
A. rabbit
26. In which sport is there a York round?
A. Archery
27. What was the name of the character in `Wacky Races` who drove the ‘Turbo Terrific`?
A. Peter Perfect
28. Who married Timothy Lawrence in 1992?
A. Princess Anne
29. What did Mario do for a living in the video game `Super Mario Brothers`?
A. Plumbing
30. In which American state is Harvard University?
A. Massachusetts
31. Name one of the only two countries in the world that have a square, not rectangular, flag ?
A. Switzerland or the Vatican
32. Name the female backing group to Bob Marley (not the wailers)?
A. The I Threes,
33. Where did this year’s world indoor athletics take place?
A. Valencia
34. In the film ‘Notting Hill’, where did Hugh Grant work when he first met Julia Roberts?
A. In a book shop.
35. What did Paddington bear eat instead of marmalade sandwiches in a recent TV advert?
A. Marmite sandwiches
36. Which singer was chasing pavements?
A. Adele.
37. In which city did the spice girls begin their world tour in 2007?
A. Vancouver
38. What is the name of the European re-supply space ship launched in March 2008 ?
A. Jules Verne.
39. Which group of 10 islands lie 300 miles of the coast of Senegal Africa?
A. Cape Verdi Islands.
40. From where in Macclesfield does ‘Silk fm’ broadcast ?
A. Bridge street
41. Who is the current manager of Macclesfield Town FC?
A. Keith Alexander.
42. In which city did the spice girls finish their world tour in 2008?
A. Toronto
43. Which Shakespeare play begins with the line “Now, is the winter of our discontent, made glorious summer by this son of York. ?
A. Richard the Third
44. What is the name of Paddington Bear’s aunt?
A. Lucy
45. Which king of England was known as the “Hammer of the Scots“ and brought the Coronation Stone to Westminster ?
A. Edward 1st
46. Royston Vasey is the fictional town in ‘The League of Gentlemen’ but is the real name of which comedian?
A Roy “Chubby “Brown, (Accept Chubby Brown)
47. Which musical film takes place in Denton, Ohio?
A. The rocky horror picture show
48. What is the name of the Orang-utan king in the 1967 film of The Jungle Book?
A. King Louis
49. An ORCHIDECTOMY is the surgical removal of what?
A. Testicles.
50. In what athletics event do you have to go backwards to win?
A. Tug of war
51. Whose autobiography in 1993 was entitled “Taken on Trust”
A. Terry Waite
52. Which airline operated the first A380 “super jumbo” flight into Heathrow on 20th March 2008.
A. Singapore Airlines
53. Which motor manufacturer gives it’s name to the iconic stainless steel clad skyscraper in New York.
A. (The) Chrysler (Building)
54. Published after her death, whose moving story was entitled “The Diary of a young girl”
A. Anne Frank
55. Which property empire owns The Trafford Centre.
A. Peel Holdings
56. The New York skyline is dominated by famous skyscrapers named after the Company which built them, but which 1963 built tower is now occupied by MetLife Insurance, but still referred to affectionately by it’s now defunct former owners, whose famous blue logo once adorned the façade ?
A. PanAm (Pan American Airlines)
57. Which motor car manufacturer tells us their car is “full of lovely stuff”
A. Skoda
58. In the plane crash, which killed Buddy Holly, were also his two touring acts, both of whom also died. Ricky Valence was one, who was the other ?
A. Big Bopper Richardson (accept ‘The Big Bopper’)
59. Who is the Governor of Florida (both names required)
A. Jeb Bush
60. April 2009 sees the creation of a new Unitary Authority for East Cheshire, but in which year was Macclesfield last involved in Local Government reorganisation.
A. 1974 (accept 1973 to 1975)
61. On which motorway are you now required to drive on the hard shoulder at times of heavy traffic.
A. M42
62. Who is the female singer on the American Idol judging panel.
A. Paula Abdull
63. Which medical textbook shares it’s name with a Channel 5 drama series
A. Gray’s Anatomy
64. Which motorway links the M6 with The Fylde Coast.
A. M55
65. Which is the National Airline of Oman
A. Gulf Air
66. Part of the rebuilding of Manchester following the IRA bombing, what is the futuristic looking exhibition centre behind The Arndale Centre.
A. Urbis
67. A new indoor ski village now dominates the skyline between the Trafford Centre and the Manchester Ship Canal, what is it called ?
A. Chill Factor-e.
68. Who wrote the Thomas the Tank Engine series of children’s books.
A. Reverend (Wilbert) Awdry
69. And who wrote many illustrated storybooks for children, including The Snowman
A. Raymond Briggs
70. Derby County have only beaten one other team in the premier league this season as of 22nd March. Which team did they beat?
A. Newcastle United
71. How many dots are there in total on a pair of dice?
A. 42
72. Which South American capital city has a name that means `our lady of peace`?
A. La Paz (the capital of Bolivia)
73. Who sang Walking In The Air in the original version of the Snowman?
A. Peter Auty
74. What do Germans do with a `handy`?
A. Make a phone call with it (it is the German name for a mobile phone)
75. The Savoy Grill; Boxwood Café at the Berkeley Hotel; and Maze are all restaurants owned by which famous chef?
A. Gordon Ramsay
76. Which actor played `the Ugly` in The Good, The Bad And The Ugly?
A. Eli Wallach
77. Henry VIII is buried alongside which of his wives?
A. Jane Seymour
78. Who won ITV’s “Dancing on Ice” in March this year?
A. Suzanne Shaw
79. According to the lyrics of the song by the Weather Girls, it will start raining men at just about what time?
A. Half past ten
80. Phasmaphobia is the fear of what?
A. Ghosts
81. Which is the oldest of the royal parks in London?
A. St James`s Park
82. Maddox, Zahara and Shiloh are the names of which famous actress’s three children?
A. Angelina Jolie
83. From the Marvel Comics, who is missing from the following names of the Fantastic Four? Mr Fantastic, Invisible Woman, and The Thing?
A. The Human Torch
84. What was the name of Tonto`s horse in `The Lone Ranger`?
A. Scout
85. By what name was Henry McCarty better known?
A. Billy the Kid
86. What are angels on horseback?
A. Oysters wrapped in bacon
87. What is the hard tag at the end of a shoe lace called?
A. Aglet
88. What is the capital of Sudan?
A. Khartoum
89. What is the correct way to address a Duke?
A. Your Grace
90. From the bible story of David and Goliath, what was Goliath`s race?
A. Philistine
91. Which author`s first works were published under the name Currer Bell?
A. Charlotte Bronte
92. What was the name of the cabin boy in `Captain Pugwash`?
A. Tom
93. Which breed of dog was the first to win Best In Show at Crufts?
A. Greyhound
94. What name is given to a matador on horseback?
A. Picador
95. In which American State did the battle of Gettysburgh take place?
A. Pennsylvania
96. As at 2005, who was the United States last Democrat President?
A. Bill Clinton
SUPLEMENTARIES
1. According to Edward Lear`s poem, how long was the sailing trip undertaken by the Owl and the Pussycat?
A. A year and a day
2. How many points are needed to win a game of Cribbage?
A. 121
3. What form of sentence was introduced to the UK by the 1972 Criminal Justice Act?
A. Community Service
4. Which company brews Harp lager?
A. Guinness
5. Miracle, Kelvedon Wonder, and Meteor are all types of which vegetable?
A. Pea
6. What name is given to the cabin below an Airship?
A. A Gondola
7. Since its inception during World War II, the Dicken Medal, which is the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross has been won by which creature the most times?
A. Pigeons
8. How old does a road vehicle need to be to be described as a classic?
A. 25 years old
9. Which society has its headquarters at The Lodge, Sandy in Bedfordshire
A. RSPB
10. `Share Moments. Share Life` is the slogan to which worldwide brand?
A. Kodak
| PEA |
"Who played a stuntman and getaway driver in the 2012 film ""Drive""?" | Growing Peas and Mangetout from Seeds in the UK
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The garden podded or shelling pea [ Pisum sativum ] is a favorite in the vegetable garden, and growing peas is recommended even for the novice gardener. There are only a few vegetables quite like freshly shelled peas. Included in this family are mangetout and sugar or snow peas, these varieties are grown for their edible pods which are eaten whole. Marrowfat a variety is grown to produce mature seeds for drying. This veg is quite easy to grow and if the right varieties are selected, fresh peas can be harvested from June to October outdoors as the use of cloches, greenhouses or polytunnels can extend the season so you can grow peas for a longer period.
Preparation
For the best crops, the plants need an open sunny site, with good drainage. They like their roots cool and moist, so a soil rich in organic matter will give the best results. If your soil is acidic, you will need to lime. Don’t sow the seed into cold wet soil as it will most likely rot. Sowing early can be done under the protection of cloches or fleece. Peas are grouped by harvesting time and the shape of the seeds.
They are either round or wrinkled, round seeds tend to be hardier. The varieties are grouped as early, second early and maincrop. The first earlies are generally sown from March to early June and are ready to pick in 11 – 13 weeks from sowing. Second earlies are sown from March to June and are ready in about 14 – 15 weeks. Maincrop varieties are sown from April to June and should be ready to harvest from 16 weeks. By making several sowings from each of the groups, you should have fresh peas all summer.
Sowing
Make a flat bottomed trench about 2 inches deep and 5 – 6 inches wide. Sow evenly along the trench, about 2 – 3 inches apart in all directions. Cover with soil and firm lightly. If you want to sow a second row, the spacing between rows should be the mature height of the variety grown. If the weather conditions don’t allow for direct outdoor sowing, you can start them off in pots or modules of multi purpose compost. I do this as mice always eat my direct sown peas and I do love growing peas and picking the fresh pods in the summer months. I sow between 3 – 4 pea seeds per large module [ 4 for earlies, 3 for maincrops ].
When the seedlings are 3 – 4 inches high, I plant the groups of seedlings without splitting in a staggered row with 3 inches between each group. Another way to sow is in guttering, fill a length of plastic guttering with compost, sow seeds staggered along the guttering at about 2 inch spacings. When the seedlings are about 3 – 4 inches high, make a shallow trench the width of the guttering, then slide the whole row of seedlings into the trench. Water in. Sow mangetout and sugar types in exactly the same way as ordinary peas.
Growing peas by starting them in the Greenhouse in the Autumn
I do this for an early summer planting of peas and also for my winter crop this year. This winter crop will only be ready in Spring/Early Summer probably giving me early peas about a month before the normal Spring sowing would be ready. So if a harsh winter hammers them I can still get in and do another sowing in early Spring..
I use the variety Douce Provence for the winter sowing and also for an early Spring sowing.
Both the above sowing will be done in my greenhouse and sowed in lengths of guttering.
(My second early will be Kelvedon Wonder, and thereafter a few other varieties staggered from April to May)
The method I use for the guttering is as follows:
I get guttering (from building sites and skips) and cut it into 1 mt lengths so I can handle and transport them easily. I tape up the ends with gaffer tape or fit end caps if I have some.
Fill with compost and pat the compost down – then lay them in the greenhouse on the table.
Then I place the them in a diagonal pattern to get the spacing – not critical but I’m a fussy geek. They normally end up about 2″ apart in 2 staggered rows. This is about 12 per foot of gutter which is the ideal seed count.
Then I make small holes about an 1″ deep and plonk a seed in each. Cover with new fine compost and give a watering.
The winter peas will now sit in the greenhouse till they are about 4-6″ high and have a good root system then get planted out. This is simply by digging a small trench the size of the guttering and sliding sections of the plants complete in their soil into the trench.
I may hold them over in the greenhouse till early early spring before I plant out. Just depends on the weather!! The Winter sowing ideally should be about mid November and can be done directly in the bed but I’d rather coddle them a bit then plant out without affecting the roots. Growing peas this way give the plants a head start so I can harvest the pods earlier in the season.
My early Spring sowing will be done the same way around beginning of March and planted out a few weeks later. The variety Douce Provence is frost hardy so no problem planting out early.. I’ll probably give them some protection if the weather is really bad.
Supporting
The growing peas, with the exception of very dwarf or self – supporting varieties, will need some form of support to climb up. Short varieties can be supported with shrubby ‘pea sticks’ these are short twiggy branches or pruning and are the traditional way of supporting peas. I myself can’t often get sticks so I use netting and canes or string. You can use anything as support, trellis, wire or plastic mesh. Bean poles or canes tied in a tee – pee are good for the tall climbing varieties. Just remember that mature maincrop plants will require good strong support and don’t forget that the growing peas have plenty of tender tendrils which are actually a modified leaf to help the plants to support themselves as they climb up on the supports you provided for them.
Watering
Keep your plants well watered during flowering, a mulch around the base of the peas will help to retain moisture. Make sure that your plants get lots of water when the pods are swelling.
Harvesting
The pods are ready to harvest when they are plump and well filled, if you are growing peas regularly you will get a feel of it when exactly to harvest your pods. Pick them regularly to keep the plants producing more flowers and pods. When all the crop has been picked and the plants have finished cropping, cut down the foliage leaving the roots in the soil. As peas fix their own nitrogen on their roots, leave the roots in the soil to benefit the next crop sown.
If you are growing peas for drying, leave the pea pods on the plants till the foliage starts to yellow. cut the whole plant and hang up to dry. If this is not possible, pick mature pods and place in an airy place to dry before shelling. Start harvesting mangetout pods from 2 inches as the main crop of pods come quickly. Sugar types can be eaten when young and flat or when the pods are swollen a bit. These can also be used like shelling peas when mature.
A Selection of Varieties
| i don't know |
Which female artist recorded the album “No Angel” in 2001? | No Angel - Dido — Listen and discover music at Last.fm
No Angel
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No Angel is Dido's debut album. Originally released in 1999, it found a mass audience in 2001, and according to her official web site it went on to achieve sales in excess of over fifteen million copies worldwide.
The success of No Angel was spurred on by Eminem sampling Dido's track, "Thank You" on "Stan", a track from his The Marshall Mathers LP album, released in 2000. The Marshall Mathers LP reached #1 on the US and Canadian charts, and… read more
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| Dido |
"Who played the young CIA agent Matt Weston in the 2012 film ""Safe House""?" | Dido — Listen for free on Spotify
Dido
Play on Spotify
The electronic pop chanteuse Dido entered London's Guildhall School of Music at age six; by the time she reached her teens, the budding musician had already mastered piano, violin, and recorder.
After touring with a British classical ensemble, she accepted a publishing job. Meanwhile, she sang with a series of local groups before joining the trip-hop outfit Faithless -- helmed by her older brother, the noted DJ and producer Rollo -- in 1995. The group released its debut album, Reverence, the following year. It went on to sell over five million copies worldwide, and Dido parlayed her newfound success into a solo deal with Arista Records.
Dido's ethereal solo material combined elements of acoustic pop and electronica. She released her debut LP, No Angel, in mid-1999, and supported the release by joining the Lilith Fair tour that summer. However, her biggest break arrived in 2000, when rap superstar Eminem sampled one of her tracks, "Thank You," for the chorus of his hit single "Stan." The result was a surprisingly touching song, and demand for the Dido original quickly escalated. "Thank You" became a Top Five smash in early 2001, as did the accompanying No Angel, whose album sales topped 12 million copies worldwide by the time Dido returned to the spotlight two years later.
In September 2003, she released her long-awaited follow-up, Life for Rent. This sophomore effort was layered with personal hardship and heartbreak, marking some of Dido's more honest material yet. An eagerly anticipated record, it became one of the fastest-selling albums in U.K. history, quickly going multi-platinum at home while also moving several million copies in America. Following a world tour, Dido once again retreated from the public eye in 2005 to work on her third solo release. Safe Trip Home arrived in 2008, featuring collaborations with Brian Eno , Mick Fleetwood , and Citizen Cope . Shortly after this, she recorded the single "Everything to Lose," which subsequently appeared on the Sex and the City 2 soundtrack. In 2011, she worked with producer A.R Rahman on the single "If I Rise" and began work on her fourth studio album, Girl Who Got Away, with producers Rollo Armstrong and Jeff Bhasker, as well as guest producer Brian Eno on the track "Day Before We Went to War." Described by herself as a "big, fun electronic extravaganza," the album was scheduled for release in early 2013 ~ Jason Ankeny
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| i don't know |
Marmande, Tiny Tim, Harbinger and Delicante are all varieties of what fruit? | Products: Herbs — Malta Seeds Ltd.
Solanum Pseudocapsicum
Lycopersicon Lycopersicum (Tomato)
Typically reaching to 1 to 3 m high and has a weak, woody stem that often vines over other plants. The leaves are 10 to 25 cm long, odd pinnate, with 5 to 9 leaflets on petioles, each leaflet up to 8 cm long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy. The yellow flowers are 1 to 2 cm across, with five pointed lobes on the corolla.
New varieties and heirloom varieties are grown such as: Ace, Ailsa Craig, Alicante, Amateur, Banana Legs, Beefsteak, Cal J, Caraibo, Carters Fruit, Cerise, Cherry Chadwick, First in the Field, Gardener�s Delight, Golden Sunrise, Green Grape, Harbinger, Lime Green, Marglobe, Marmande, Minibel, Money Maker, Outdoor Girl, Piersel, Pink Brandywine, Red Alert, Saint Pierre, Tiger Tom, Tigerella, Tiny Tim, Ventura, White Cherry
Harvesting
| Tomato |
Of which African country is Maseru the capital? | Bush Tomatoes - Grow Bush Tomatoes
Bush Tomatoes
Just wanted to let you know that I have tried your Stop Gro G8 . It seems to have done the trick, will certainly recommend you to all my friends.Looking forward to placing orders for plants ...many thanks. S McGill Edinburgh
sandra mcgill, EDINBURGH
Just wanted to let you know that I have tried your Stop Gro G8 . It seems to have done the trick, will certainly recommend you to all my friends.Looking forward to placing orders for plants ...many thanks. S McGill Edinburgh
sandra mcgill, EDINBURGH
Bush Tomato Plants For Protected Growing
Bush Tomatoes
Our bush tomatoes can be bought as viable tomato seed - hand-harvested and packed here at our nursery - or alternatively, as young tomato plants, delivered directly from the nursery to your door.
Bush tomatoes provide a fuss-free tomato plant option, whether you're a novice or veteran fruit and veg grower! Bush tomatoes require little maintenance - no need to pinch out side shoots! And if you have a sunny, sheltered spot with fertile but free-draining soil, they'll be just as happy to grow outdoors as those planted in greenhouses or polytunnels. More...
Bush tomatoes are a great option if you'd like to grow tomatoes at home, but don't have the time or inclination to tend to fussy plants. Because of their bush-like growing characteristics, they're happy enough to be left to grow indoors or outdoors without the need for pinching out side shoots, as is the case with cordon tomatoes.
If grown outside, bush tomatoes favour a sunny but sheltered spot, with fertile but well-draining soil. Digging a trench and adding in organic matter such as newspaper, Comfrey leaves or well-rooted manure up to a month before planting can help to improve soil conditions for the bush tomatoes, and once the plants are established, regular deep watering and feeding with tomato fertiliser once the first fruits have begun to set will help the plants to flourish and fruit well. Keep the soil around the bush tomatoes well weeded to avoid hiding places for slugs and to allow the tomato plant to absorb as much water as possible.
We provide a selection of bush tomatoes that are available to buy as tomato seed (hand packed in our DEFRA-approved packing station right here at Victoriana), or alternatively you can opt to buy young tomato plants directly. Generally our tomato seeds can be purchased all year round, and our bush tomato plants are delivered in season, with fast UK shipping on all orders.
For more information about any of our bush tomatoes, check out individual product descriptions, or for advice or to place an order over the telephone, feel free to call Victoriana Nursery Gardens on 01233 740529 and our staff will be more than happy to help.
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Which Dutch car /truck manufacturer was taken over in the 1970's by Volvo? | List of Dutch cars
List of Dutch cars
List of all Dutch Car Brands
The Dutch have been manufacturing trucks since 1928. Some of their auto parts are produced and assembled in Belgium and others are built and designed in England.
Since autos were scarce after World War II, DAF, Dutch's auto manufacturer, had a great opportunity to introduce their trucks. DAF made the following variety of cars: trucks, trailers and buses. DAF A30 was their first model truck.
The Dutch started out manufacturing seat belt drive autos and expanded development into cars that seated four passengers. They sold 4,000 cars at their first car show. In 1959 DAF started selling the DAF 600, the world's first car with a variable transmission. Years thereafter, the Dutch released the following models of cars: DAF 33, 44, 55 and 66.
In 1967, a new car production plant was opened by DAF in Born. The first model to be produced in the new Born plant was the 44.
In 1972, DAF merged with the International Harvester of Chicago.
DAF produced many various prototypes for such a small company at the time, and many other well known car manufacturers produced cars using DAF's strategy.
In 1975, DAF sold its car division to the Swedish company, Volvo, in order to concentrate on its more successful truck line.
In 1988, DAF introduced their 95 truck series. This bought them their first International Truck of the Year title. The 95 model offered driver comfort. It had high-roof space and spacious cabs. The cab design of the 95 model remains in production today as the 95XF and XF105.
DAF went bankrupt in 1993 due to difficult British markets. However, DAF Trucks was formed thereafter. DAF Trucks was taken over by PACCAR in 1996.
DAF manufactured trucks from 1980-2006. Their current truck models are: the CF series, XF series and the LF series.
Brand
| DAF |
Which fictional hero was created by Alex Raymond and widely syndicated in 1934? | British Leyland - Wikicars
British Leyland
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Defunct
The British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC), was a vehicle manufacturing company formed in the United Kingdom in 1968. Ultimately it would become nationalised as British Leyland, often referred to as just BL. In 1986 it was renamed to Rover Group .
History
BLMC was created in 1968 by the merger of British Motor Holdings (BMH) and Leyland Motor Corporation (LMC), encouraged by the Wilson Labour Government (1964–1970). The merger combined most of the remaining independent British car manufacturing companies and included car, bus and truck manufacturers and more diverse enterprises including construction equipment, refrigerators, metal casting companies, road surface manufacturers; in all, nearly 100 different companies. The new corporation was arranged into seven divisions under its new chairman, Sir Donald Stokes (formerly the chairman of LMC).
The company became an infamous monument to the industrial turmoil that plagued Britain in the 1970s. At its peak, BLMC owned nearly 40 different manufacturing plants across the country. Even before the merger BMH had included theoretically competing marques which were in fact selling substantially similar " badge engineered " cars. To this was added the competition from yet more, previously LMC marques. Rover competed with Jaguar at the expensive end of the market, and Triumph with its family cars and sports cars against Austin, Morris and MG. The result was a product range which was incoherent and full of duplication. This, combined with serious industrial relations problems (principally, the company's relations with hard-line trade unions of the time); the 1973 oil crisis ; the three-day week; high inflation; and ineffectual management meant that BL became an unmanageable and financially crippled behemoth whose bankruptcy in 1975 was assured.
Sir Don Ryder was asked to undertake an enquiry into the position of the company, and his report, The Ryder Report , was presented to the government in April 1975. Following the report's recommendations, the organisation was drastically restructured and the Labour Government (1974–1979) took control by creating a new holding company British Leyland Limited (BL) of which the government was the major shareholder. The company was now organised into the following four divisions<ref>BL Booklet - Graduate opportunities with British Leyland</ref>:
Leyland Cars – the largest car manufacturer in the UK, employing some 128,000 people at 36 locations, and with a production capacity of one million vehicles per year
Leyland Truck and Bus – the largest commercial and passenger vehicle manufacturer in the UK, employing 31,000 people at 12 locations, producing 38,000 trucks, 8,000 buses and 19,000 tractors per year
Leyland Special Products – the miscellaneous collection of other acquired businesses, itself structured into five sub-divisions:
Print – Nuffield Press (which printed the company's publications) and Lyne & Son
Leyland International – responsible for the export of cars, trucks and buses, and responsible for manufacturing plants in Africa, India and Australia, employing 18,000 people
In 1978 the company formed a new group for its commercial vehicle interests, BL Commercial Vehicles (BLCV) under managing director David Abell . The following companies moved under this new umbrella:
Leyland Vehicles Limited (trucks, tractors and buses)
Alvis Limited (military vehicles)
Coventry Climax Limited (fork lift trucks and specialist engines)
Self-Changing Gears Limited (heavy-duty transmissions)
In 1984 Jaguar Cars became independent once more, through a public sale of its shares. In 1986 BL changed its name to Rover Group and in 1987 the Trucks Division merged with the Dutch DAF company to form DAF NV, trading as Leyland DAF in the UK and as DAF in the Netherlands. In 1987 the bus business was spun-off into a new company called Leyland Bus . This was the result of a management buyout who decided to sell the company to the Bus & Truck division of Volvo in 1988.
In 1988 the remaining Rover Group business was sold by the British Government to British Aerospace (BAe).
Many of the brands were divested over time and continue to exist to this day. The heir to most of the volume car business was MG Rover which went bankrupt in April 2005 , although at least some of the range is expected to be relaunched in 2007.
Timelines
Notes for the timeline table
The car brands of BSA were divested, BSA was not merged into Jaguar .
Mini was not originally a marque in its own right. See Mini and MINI (BMW) for more detail.
The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been re-assigned as of 17 July 2006 .
The Wolseley trademark is registered (UK 1490228) to MG Rover Group Ltd for automobiles only. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been -reassigned as of July 2006 to a different company. The UK building materials supplier Wolseley plc owns the rights to the Wolseley name for all other purposes. Wolseley plc is a descendant of the original Wolseley company.
The Vanden Plas trademark is owned by Ford (through Jaguar) for use within the USA and Canada, and as (UK 1133528, E2654481) to MG Rover Group Ltd for use in the rest of the world. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the trademark has not been recorded as reassigned as of 17 July 2006 . This is why Jaguar XJ Vanden Plas models are branded as Daimlers in Britain. The last Rover to use the Vanden Plas name was the Rover 75 Vanden Plas, a long wheelbase limousine model.
The Rover trademark was owned by BMW and was only licenced to MG Rover Group Ltd. BMW sold the brand to Ford in September 2006.
Alvis was purchased from British Leyland by United Scientific Holdings plc in 1981, in 2002 Alvis merged with part of Vickers Defence Systems to form Alvis Vickers which was purchased by BAE Systems in 2004. BAE Systems did not acquire Alvis through their ownership of Austin Rover Group / Rover Group in the early 1990s. Production of Alvis branded cars ceased in 1967. The trademark is owned by Alvis Vehicles Ltd
The use of the Triumph name as a trademark for vehicles is shared between BMW and Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. The former for automobiles and the latter for motorcycles. The motorcycle and car business separated in the 1930s.
</small>
Merged companies
The car firms (and car brands) which eventually merged to form the company are as follows.
The dates given are those of the first car of each name, but these are often debatable as each car may be several years in development.
1979 Collaboration with Honda begins, sacking of Derek Robinson ("Red Robbo")
1978 Closure of Triumph assembly plant in Speke - production moved to Canley
1980 Closure of MG and Triumph assembly plants in Abingdon and Canley
1981 Closure of Rover-Triumph plant in Solihull
1981 Alvis sold to United Scientific Holdings
1982 Michael Edwardes steps down as Chairman, BL Cars Ltd renamed Austin Rover Group (ARG)
1984 Morris Ital goes out of production, signalling the end of the Morris badge
1984 Jaguar floated off (including Daimler and the US rights to Vanden Plas); bought by Ford in 1989
1986 BL plc renamed Rover Group , Austin badges disappear the following year
1986 Leyland Bus floated off; bought by Volvo in 1988
1987 Leyland Trucks division (including Freight Rover vans) merged with DAF to form DAF NV/Leyland DAF . Vans became independent as LDV in 1993, as did Trucks as Leyland Trucks . Leyland Trucks was taken over by US giant PACCAR in 1998 and integrated with Foden .
1987 Unipart, BL's spare parts division acquired by management buy-out
1988 Rover Group privatised; sold to British Aerospace
1994 Rover Group sold to BMW ; collaboration with Honda ends
2000 BMW decides to break up and sell the Rover empire; Land Rover sold to Ford
2000 BMW MINI , Triumph, and Riley trademarks retained by BMW, but BMW's other interests sold off
2000 Remainder of company became independent as the MG Rover Group
2005 MG Rover goes into administration with huge debts, and is taken over by Nanjing Automobile .
2006 Ford acquires the rights to the Rover brand name from BMW, though without any immediate plans for using it on production cars.<ref>{{#if: Rover brand name passes to Ford
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List of notable BL and BMC and related models (up to 1986)
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Who along with Norman Foster designed the Millennium Bridge? | Millennium Bridge | Foster + Partners
Foster + Partners
London, UK 1996 - 2000
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The Millennium Bridge springs from a creative collaboration between architecture, art and engineering. Developed with sculptor Anthony Caro and engineers Arup, the commission resulted from an international competition. London's only pedestrian bridge and the first new crossing on this part of the Thames in more than a century, it links the City and St Paul's Cathedral to the north with the Globe Theatre and Tate Modern on Bankside. A key element in London's pedestrian infrastructure, it has created new routes into Southwark and encouraged new life on the embankment alongside St Paul's.
Structurally, the bridge pushes the boundaries of technology. Spanning 320 metres, it is a very shallow suspension bridge. Two Y-shaped armatures support eight cables that run along the sides of the 4-metre-wide deck, while steel transverse arms clamp on to the cables at 8-metre intervals to support the deck itself. This groundbreaking structure means that the cables never rise more than 2.3 metres above the deck, allowing those crossing the bridge to enjoy uninterrupted panoramic views and preserving sight lines from the surrounding buildings. As a result, the bridge has a uniquely thin profile, forming a slender arc across the water. A slender ribbon of steel by day, it is illuminated to form a glowing blade of light at night.
The bridge opened in June 2000 and an astonishing 100,000 people crossed it during the first weekend. However, under this heavy traffic the bridge exhibited greater than expected lateral movement, and as a result it was temporarily closed. Extensive research revealed that this movement was caused by synchronised pedestrian footfall − a phenomenon of which little was previously known in the engineering world. The solution was to fit dampers discreetly beneath the deck to mitigate movement. This proved highly successful and the research undertaken by the engineers has resulted in changes to the codes for bridge building worldwide.
Sketches + Drawings
| Anthony Caro |
Which brewery, based in Bedford, produces Bombardier bitter? | Millennium Bridge over the River Thames, joining the Tate Modern and St Paul's London - photos, history and background
Millennium Bridge, London
A new River Thames crossing for the new millennium
Firmly positioned in the 'A list' of London attractions, the Millennium Bridge is a 330m steel bridge linking the City of London at St. Paul's Cathedral with the Tate Modern Gallery at Bankside.
Millennium Bridge at night, looking at St Paul's from the south bank, 2003.
In 1996, the Financial Times held an international competition in conjunction with the London Borough of Southwark and the Royal Institute of British Architects to design a new footbridge crossing the Thames between Southwark and Blackfriars bridges.
It would be the first pedestrian river crossing over the Thames in central London for more than a century, opening in time for the first year of the new Millennium.
Well, that was the plan anyhow.
The bridge cables dip below the deck at midspan enabling unimpeded views of London
The winners of the competition, Foster and Partners/Sir Anthony Caro/Ove Aru & Partners, proposed an innovative and complex structure, featuring a 4m wide aluminium deck flanked by stainless steel balustrades, supported by cables to each side.
Using cutting edge design, the new bridge would have a profile 6 times shallower than a conventional suspension bridge, with the bridge being supported by eight highly tensioned cables on each side of the deck, anchored at each abutment and propped by two river supports.
One of the tapering elliptical piers under construction
Work started in February 1999 as the old jetty for Bankside power station was removed to make room for the bridge.
With the bridge crossing such an old part of London, archaeological excavations were undertaken on both banks before construction started, with remains of structures from the Middle Ages being uncovered.
In May 1999, piling began on the South bank with the middle sections joining in April 2000.
Autumn sunset, looking west
Such was the interest in the new bridge that when it opened to the public on 10 June 2000, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 people crossed it.
And then the problems began.
Although the Millennium Bridge, like all bridges, was designed to cope with a degree of movement it soon became clear that things were going seriously awry as the deck swayed about like a drunken sailor.
Elderly walkers clung on to the side of the bridge. People reported feeling seasick. The swaying bridge was looking like an expensive fairground ride.
Looking east, with the unfinished 'Erotic Gherkin' tower in the distance.
So the bridge was instantly renamed as 'The Wobbly Bridge', and after two days of random swaying, swinging and oscillating wildly, the bridge was closed down by embarrassed engineers.
Naturally, the press had a field day (in Britain we love failure!), questions were asked in Parliament and the pubic began to sense that perhaps another large white elephant had just landed on the shoreline of the Thames (the fiasco of the Dome was only a few miles downstream).
Things didn't get much clearer when the engineers decided that the problem was apparently due to people walking the wrong way! claiming that the infamous wobble (or 'synchronous lateral excitation', as they put it) was due to the 'chance correlation of footsteps when we walk in a crowd'.
This - apparently - 'generated slight sideways movements of the bridge which made it more comfortable for people to walk in synchronization with the bridge movement'. In other words, once it started to sway people tried to counteract it, en masse, making the problem worse.
The south end of the bridge, where pedestrians double back to the stairs.
After a prolonged series of tests, it was decided to adopt passive damping system which would harness the movements of the structure to absorb energy.
Two forms of passive damping were deployed: Viscous dampers and Tuned Mass Dampers.
Viscous dampers are located under the deck, around the piers and the south landing to control the lateral motions and act much like shock absorbers.
The tuned mass dampers are also located beneath the deck and reduce vertical movements. Acting like weights on strings, these inertial devices are tuned to a specific frequency and attached to discrete points on the structure.
Londoners and tourists trudge across the bridge in a winter storm
While work continued on the bridge, visitors were treated to the occasional sight of hundreds of paid volunteers walking over the bridge in army-type formations as the engineers battled to correct the swaying.
After nearly two years of testing, the alterations were deemed a success and the bridge finally reopened to the public in February 2002 - and the swaying was banished forever!
Like many others, I couldn't wait to finally cross the new bridge and so joined the bizarre throng aimlessly wandering up and down the bridge in an horrendous February storm!
After all the excitement of its rocky birth, the bridge has now settled down to prove itself a valuable asset to London, appreciated by both tourists and the throngs of tourists who flock across it every summer.
Linking the two major tourist attractions of St Paul's Cathedral and the fabulous Tate Modern, the Millennium Bridge is a worthy addition to London's riverside and well worth a visit.
The twin ramps at the south end of the bridge, outside the Tate Modern.
MILLENNIUM BRIDGE FACTFILE:
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What Suffolk town sits at the most easterly point of England? | Ness Point in Lowestoft, the Most Easterly Place in the UK
Ness Point in Lowestoft, officially the most easterly place in the UK
Ness Point in Lowestoft, the Most Easterly Place in the UK
Welcome to Ness-Point.co.uk, the official Ness Point Website. Ness Point is the most easterly point in the United Kingdom and is located in the historic and cultural town of Lowestoft in Suffolk.
These are very exiting times for both Lowestoft and Ness Point, as Suffolk County Council and Waveney District Council aim to make Lowestoft one of the leading areas in the UK for the renewable energy industry. This renewable energy boom started with the completion and installation of the UK's Largest Wind Turbine [Gulliver] in 2005, and Lowestoft now has a wonderfully designed and constructed OrbisEnergy Centre, which is close to completion and will soon be host to up to 30 businesess who are involved in the renewable energy sector. This interesting building is situated right next to Ness Point and will help for further bolster the economy of this sacred area.
The local council has come under scrutiny over recent years for its perceived lack of tourist development at Ness Point and it is no surprise that many visitors often feel disappointed when they come to see Ness Point. Currently all there is for a tourist to see apart from the wonderful sea views is the Euroscope {pictured above] which some people have called a 'thing on the floor'.
Ness-Point.co.uk would like assist the local councils in making Ness Point a tourist attraction that is worthy of its status as the most easterly place in the UK. We will be talking with officials over the coming months and seeing how we can assist with future developments of Ness Point and we also have a Ness Point Suggestions Page, where you can let people know your thoughts on what should be done with Ness Point.
The official Ness Point website aims to inform people about Ness Point, the history of Ness Point, display images of Ness Point, what to do at Ness Point, as well provide information about the Gulliver Wind Turbine and the OrbisEnergy Centre . You can also find some useful tourist information about Lowestoft and Suffolk as well as a helpful page for places to stay in Lowestoft .
The two best websites to seek further information about Lowestoft are Love Lowestoft , which provides all the information a tourist to the town could require and Lowestoft Pages , which has all contact details for every business in Lowestoft as well as local news and events.
Find places to stay in Lowestoft, Suffolk
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Want to come and see Ness Point and visit Lowestoft the most easterly place and town in the UK?
Click here to book a hotel room in Lowestoft .
Suggest ideas for the develpoment of Ness Point
Let people know about your thoughts on the current state of Ness Point, what would you like to see happen at Ness Point?
Read other people's suggestions and make your own Ness Point comments on our Ness Point Suggestions page
| Lowestoft |
In which country is there a volcano called Hecla? | Camping in Suffolk - A List of Suffolk Campsites
Map view
Campsites in Suffolk
Suffolk is situated in East Anglia. It is a rural county, with a beautiful coastline. It is an area of outstanding natural beauty as shown in the famous painting by Constable, \'The Hay Wain\'. Ipswich is the county town, located on the estuary of the river Orwell. Ipswich is steeped in history. Cardinal Wolsey was born here, and Wolsey\'s Gate can be seen near the waterfront. Christchurch mansion, a Tudor manor house, is home to a collection of works by Constable and Gainsborough. Bury St.Edmunds is an historic market town and formerly the county town of West Suffolk. West Stow, has a unique reconstructed Anglo-Saxon village, built on an original settlement site. Visitors experience how life would have been over 1500 years ago. There are many objects on display, excavated from the site. In the north of Suffolk is known as the Sunrise coast, a mixture of beaches and expansive coastline. Lowestoft lies between the Broads. Ness Point is the most easterly location in UK. A large compass set in the ground gives the direction and distance to various cities in Europe. The East Anglia transport museum is an open air museum with many historic public transport vehicles. It is the only museum in the country where visitors can ride on the trolley buses and trams. Felixstowe is a seaside town on the North sea. The port of Felixstowe is the busiest container port in the UK. The port has two main container terminals. The Landguard Peninsula has a nature reserve and is a popular viewpoint for visitors to watch container ships and cruise liners going in and out of the port. Lavenham is a village near to the American air bases of Lakenheath and Mildenhall. The Guildhall stands in the centre of the village and the timber framed building is not maintained by the National Trust. Newmarket is a market town and has the largest racehorse training centre in Britain. Flat races are held here on the two racetracks. Bungay is a small town within the Broads national park. The Buttercross in the centre was a place where local farmers displayed and sold their butter and produce. A market still exists today.
Read more about Suffolk
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What is the State Capital of Arkansas? | Arkansas: Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag, Tree, Geography, Symbols
Map of Arkansas
Spaniard Hernando de Soto was among the early European explorers to visit the territory in the mid-16th century, but it was a Frenchman, Henri de Tonti , who in 1686 founded the first permanent white settlement—the Arkansas Post . In 1803 the area was acquired by the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase .
Part of the Territory of Missouri from 1812, the area became a separate entity in 1819 after the first large wave of settlers arrived. The next several decades were marked by the development of the cotton industry and the spread of the Southern plantation system west into Arkansas. Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861, but from 1863 the northern part of the state was occupied by Union troops.
Food products are the state's largest employing sector, with lumber and wood products a close second. Arkansas is also a leader in the production of cotton, rice, and soybeans. It also has the country's only active diamond mine; located near Murfreesboro, it is operated as a tourist attraction.
Hot Springs National Park and Buffalo National River in the Ozarks are major state attractions. Blanchard Springs Caverns, the Historic Arkansas Museum at Little Rock, the William J. Clinton Birthplace in Hope , and the Arkansas Folk Center in Mountain View are also of interest. New in 2011 is the Crystal Bridges Museum for American Art, designed by Moshe Safdie, which houses the collection of Walmart heiress Alice Walton.
In 2008, Arkansas joined the unfortunate list of states that have suffered school shootings: four men were charged with capital murder and other felonies for the fatal shootings of two students and wounding of a third near a University of Central Arkansas dormitory.
Flash floods swept through Albert Pike Recreation Area, killing 19 in 2010. One year later, the Mississippi River flooded more than 1 million acres and 63 counties were declared disaster areas.
See more on Arkansas:
Selected famous natives and residents:
G. M. “Broncho Billy” Anderson actor;
| Little Rock, Arkansas |
In the Bible, who was the son of Elizabeth and Zacharias? | Arkansas State Capitol, Little Rock - TripAdvisor
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Arkansas State Capitol, Little Rock
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Address: Woodlane & Capitol Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72201
Phone Number:
Mon - Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm
Sat - Sun 10:00 am - 5:00 pm
Description:
Visitors can tour this government building that sits on a knoll,...
Visitors can tour this government building that sits on a knoll, overlooking downtown to the east and the Arkansas river to the north, and bears a striking resemblance to the U.S. Capitol building.
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“Great photo op”
It was closed so I did not go inside but wow those shiny brass doors - and just the entire grand scene was a positive experience! Go by there and see it.
Reviewed 1 week ago
314 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community
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All reviews self guided tour beautiful building white marble bronze doors liberty bell house and senate chambers christmas decorations million dollars supreme court information desk louisiana purchase lots of history nice visit worth a visit north side nice walk capital dome office memorials
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“Great photo op”
Reviewed 1 week ago
It was closed so I did not go inside but wow those shiny brass doors - and just the entire grand scene was a positive experience! Go by there and see it.
Helpful?
“A great capitol, very classic look”
Reviewed 2 weeks ago
We had the opportunity to see the capitol with the Christmas decorations on display, which really complement the white marble interior of this classic building. I was surprised by just how beautiful the capitol was once I was standing in front of it. We did a tour, which we do at every capitol building we visit. Our tour guide was... More
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“Beautiful, Classic Capitol Building”
Reviewed 3 weeks ago
We have made it a point to visit state capitol buildings since we live a half mile from one. This one did not disappoint. Beautiful features and construction. We were there on choir day not long before Christmas so did not get a tour, but the security guard was a wealth of information and we did the self guided tour.... More
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“Pretty Historic Property.”
Reviewed 4 weeks ago
Very Pretty building. Grounds are kept superb! Nice site to walk around. Take the time to check out this site.
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“Beautiful Building, very friendly staff.”
Reviewed 4 weeks ago
We really enjoyed our visit to the Capitol. We did not do an organized tour, but self-guided. All of the people who worked there were so welcoming and friendly and happy to visit and educate you. We really enjoyed the hospitality and history of the building!
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“Beautiful Building and Grounds!”
Reviewed 4 weeks ago
This is a great place to visit with your camera! The grounds are very beautiful in the summer and spring. There are a lot of opportunities to snap a really good photo. The inside is very nice also. Only one drawback and that would be the parking.
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“Beautiful Building and Grounds”
Reviewed December 14, 2016
Did a self-guided tour of this architecturally beautiful building. The skylights soften the marble and limestone making the building even more attractive. Don't miss visiting the Treasurer's office where you can hold over $300,000 in your hands and the State Land Commissioner's office to see the original plats of the state. This is the first state capitol I have seen... More
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“Missed the Tour but Still Got a Great View of History”
Reviewed December 7, 2016
It's being renovated but you can still see a lot. It's not the biggest Capitol Building but it's pretty spectacular. We wandered around for about 30 minutes and felt we'd seen it all. Then we found the Sec. of State's office where they have original documents of The Louisiana Purchase, which brought Arkansas into the United States. Very cool.
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Which 18th-19th Century English artist painted 'Hannibal Crossing The Alps' and 'Dido Building Carthage'? | 10 Artworks By JMW Turner You Should Know
10 Artworks By JMW Turner You Should Know
Courtney Stanley
Updated:
22 November 2016
Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775 – 1851) was an English painter whose Romantic works featured some of the best landscapes of the 19th century. Turner painted from a young age, and he found inspiration for his works through travels around the UK and abroad. An expert at producing riveting atmospheric artwork, Turner lived a rather secretive life. Get to know the man behind some of the most quintessential landscape paintings of all time through these ten artworks.
Fishermen at Sea
Fishermen at Sea was Turner’s first oil painting exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1796. Drawing inspiration from famous English painters before him, Turner created this moonlit scene with the pure force of nature at the forefront. The small fishing boat, with the subtle light of the lantern, is at the mercy of the oppressively dark waves of the sea. The rocky silhouettes on the left of the painting are The Needles, a row of rocks off the Isle of Wight. At the time of its exhibition, critics said the painting was the work “of an original mind.”
Fishermen At Sea | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
The Shipwreck
Like other Romantic painters, Turner loved to portray natural catastrophes. This work was exhibited in 1805, and it is now held in the Tate Britain. This painting again portrays the sea as an elemental force not to be reckoned with. It is not known whether this painting is based on a real shipwreck or the fictitious one of an 1804 poem by the same name, penned by William Falconer:
Again she plunges! hark! a second shock
Bilges the splitting vessel on the rock—
Down on the vale of death, with dismal cries
The fated victims cast their shuddering eyes
In wile despair; while yet another stroke
With strong convulsions rends the solid oak.
The Shipwreck | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Frosty Morning
This painting, created in 1813, portrays the stark winter landscape of a scene Turner saw while traveling to Yorkshire, and it is said Turner’s daughter Evelina is present in the painting as well as his “crop-eared bay” horse, who is pulling the cart. Turner never sold the painting; possibly the work had sentimental value to him because of the personal elements included. Claude Monet said Frosty Morning was painted with “wide-open eyes.”
Frosty Morning | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Dido Building Carthage, or The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire
Turner referred to this painting, exhibited in 1815, as his chef d’œuvre, or masterpiece. The oil on canvas painting portrays Dido (in blue and white on the left) directing the builders of Carthage, a classical image from Virgil’s Aeneid. Its companion piece, The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire, was produced by Turner and exhibited two years later. Claude Lorraine was a large influence in Turner’s work on these classical landscapes. In one of his last ever exhibitions, Turner included four works on the theme of Carthaginian subjects.
Dido Building Carthage, or The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Snowstorm: Hannibal Crossing the Alps
Dramatizing historic events became a new theme for Turner to work with. This painting, exhibited in 1812, shows Hannibal’s soldiers crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. Nature is an indomitable force again: a black storm cloud is descending on the troops while a white avalanche tumbles down the mountain on the right. A faintly lit sun struggles to break through these unlucky forces, and in the far-off distance is an image of sunny Italy. Hannibal is not clearly shown in the work, bringing more attention to the struggling soldiers than the leader.
Snowstorm: Hannibal and his Men crossing the Alps | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Rain Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
After a tribute to the dying industry of sailing ships in The ‘Fighting Téméraire’ Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken Up, Turner made this painting in 1844 to show his great interest in changes made by the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The Great Western Railway was a private British railway company that was working to develop a more efficient mode of transportation. The location of this painting is believed to be Maidenhead Railway Bridge across the river Thames. In the bottom right of the painting, a hare runs along the track, a hint of the natural element of Turner’s former works.
Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Norham Castle Sunrise
In his later life, Turner lost his interest in recreating the details of cresting waves and ships. Instead he focused on color, atmosphere, and light, as seen clearly in this painting. These paintings, produced later in his life, show a fluid movement of abstract color. Turner was interested in capturing the atmosphere of a moment, in this case a sunrise, rather than the physical objects. Turner painted this scene of Norham Castle many times throughout his life, clearly showing his transformations in style. He visited it on his one of his early trips to the north English countryside in 1797. View his other paintings of Norham Castle here and here .
Norham Castle Sunrise | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
The Slave Ship
Turner exhibited this painting of a slave ship in 1840, and he showed it with an extract of an unpublished poem of his, Fallacies of Hope (1812):
“Aloft all hands, strike the top-masts and belay;
Yon angry setting sun and fierce-edged clouds
Declare the Typhon’s coming.
Before it sweeps your decks, throw overboard
The dead and dying – ne’er heed their chains
Hope, Hope, fallacious Hope!
Where is thy market now?”
This work shows one of the best representations of Turner’s fascination with the violence of humans and nature. The work was based off of his poem and the true story recounted in Thomas Clarkson’s book The History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade , in which a slave ship’s captain threw sick and dying slaves overboard to collect extra insurance money. The painting is hot with reds and yellows, and the sea is violently churning with faint depictions of the chained limbs of slaves thrown overboard. The dramatic emotions portrayed and perceived by this painting make it a great example of a romantic landscape painting. The art critic John Ruskin wrote of this painting, “If I were reduced to rest Turner’s immortality upon any single work, I should choose this.”
The Slave Ship | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
Peace – Burial at Sea
Another of Turner’s more personal paintings, Peace depicts the burial at sea of Turner’s friend, artist David Wilkie. The painting was exhibited with its pair, War , together making War and Peace. War shows Napoleon exiled on an island against a striking background of reds and yellows, which Turner referred to as a “sea of blood.” Peace alternately was painted with a cool palette, portraying a calm, dignified death of a peaceful man. The pair of paintings were criticized at the time of their exhibition for their lack of finishing, and Peace in particular was condemned for its use of black.
Peace – Burial at Sea | © JMW Turner/WikiCommons
The Grand Canal – Venice
Turner was greatly inspired by his travels through continental Europe, and he especially loved Venice. This painting, exhibited in 1835 to much acclaim, shows off Turner’s appreciation for marine subjects and shows a brilliant use of watercolors. The painting is based on a pencil drawing Turner made during his first trip to Venice in 1819, and it is one of his many Venetian paintings. This work is currently held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City .
| J. M. W. Turner |
By what other name is the bird the apteryx known? | Exhibition Images | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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About 1800, shipwreck imagery figured prominently in both art and literature, often serving as a metaphor for human vulnerability before the forces of nature. With this painting, Turner, whose early reputation was made largely through marine pictures, was likely recalling the recent sinking of the Earl of Abergavenny off the coast of Weymouth in 1805. The painting's topicality, then, might have led to Turner's decision to have it engraved—his first oil to be reproduced in this fashion.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Shipwreck, exhibited 1805
Oil on canvas; 67 1/8 x 95 1/8 in. (170.5 x 241.5 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
The Tenth Plague of Egypt
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Turner's biblical subject, the death of all first-born sons in Egypt as punishment for the enslavement of the Israelites, represents his essay into the Sublime mode of historical landscape, as embodied in the work of Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665). An engraving of this composition later served to illustrate the category of "Historical Sublime" in Turner's Liber Studiorum (1807–19), a compendium of landscape imagery.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Tenth Plague of Egypt, exhibited 1802
Oil on canvas; 56 1/2 x 93 in. (142 x 236 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
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In this ambitious work, ancient and modern history converge in the context of the Sublime landscape. Turner depicted the Carthaginian general Hannibal and his army in a skirmish with local tribesmen in 218 B.C., as recorded by Livy. This image of Hannibal's Alpine crossing would have resonated in the context of recent events, as Napoleon had crossed the Alps when he invaded Italy in 1800; when the painting was exhibited in 1812, England was at war with Napoleonic France. Critics praised the work's naturalism as well as its intellectual underpinning: "The moral and physical elements are here in powerful unison blended by a most masterly hand, awakening emotions of awe and grandeur."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, exhibited 1812
Oil on canvas; 57 1/2 x 93 1/2 in. (146 x 237.5 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory
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This painting commemorates the death of Lord Nelson on the deck of his flagship HMS Victory, during the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805. Nelson's body lies to the left of center, and the smoking gun of the French sniper is visible in the rigging at the upper right. The work is based on sketches that Turner made on board Nelson's ship, which returned with the admiral's body to England in December 1805. Critics praised the originality of Turner's depiction of the naval battle, which secured Britain's dominance of the seas for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars: "Mr. Turner f has detailed the death of his hero, while he has suggested the whole of a great naval victory, which we believe has never before been successfully accomplished, if it has been before attempted, in a single picture."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory, exhibited 1806, reworked and exhibited 1808
Oil on canvas; 67 1/4 x 94 in. (171 x 239 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
The Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805
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Turner's largest painting, this work was commissioned by King George IV about eighteen years after the event it depicts—the British defeat under Admiral Nelson of a combined French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The conflation of different moments in the battle—the peak of the fighting alongside the sinking of the French ship Redoutable, which happened the next day—was controversial. A captain who witnessed Nelson's death aboard the HMS Victory, shown at the center of the composition, found Turner's painting to be "more like a street scene than a battle."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805, 1823–4
Oil on canvas; 102 x 144 in. (259 x 365.8 cm)
National Maritime Museum, London, Greenwich Hospital Collection
The Field of Waterloo
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The defeat of Napoleon by Allied armies at Waterloo on June 18, 1815, ended more than two decades of conflict. Turner, who visited the battle site in 1817, imagines its bloody aftermath in this image, inspired by a passage on Waterloo from Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18) that concludes, "Friend, foe, in one red burial blent!" The painting elicited a mixed response from critics when it was shown at the Royal Academy in 1818: one reviewer compared the scene to "the representation of a drunken hubbub on illumination night" while another praised it as "a terrific representation of the effects of war."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Field of Waterloo, exhibited 1818
Oil on canvas; 58 x 94 in. (147.3 x 239 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington
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Turner visited Raby Castle in autumn 1817, having received a commission from the third Earl of Darlington to paint a view of his country home. He based this painting on one of his sketches from this visit. The work was not well received by the critics when Turner exhibited it at the Royal Academy the following year along with The Field of Waterloo—"the still more detestable fox hunting picture, which we consider a disgrace to his talents," wrote one. X-radiographs of this painting reveal that the foreground was dominated by a large fox-hunting scene, which Turner painted over at the earl's request.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington, exhibited 1818
Oil on canvas; 46 7/8 x 71 1/8 in. (119 x 180.6 cm)
The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore
The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire
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Turner repeatedly drew on the history of the ancient state of Carthage, in North Africa, for pictorial motifs. This work, a pendant to Dido Building Carthage; or, the Rise of the Carthaginian Empire (National Gallery, London), depicts an episode from the Punic Wars in which the Carthaginians bid farewell to their sons as the departing Roman fleet carries them into slavery. The conflict between Rome and Carthage would have resonated in Turner's day in the context of the struggle between England and France during the Napoleonic Wars. The compositional dominance of the sun reflects Turner's emulation of the harbor scenes of Claude Lorrain (ca. 1604–1682).
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Decline of the Carthaginian Empire, exhibited 1817
Oil on canvas; 67 x 94 in. (170 x 238.5 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl
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Turner had sketched the Bay of Baie, west of Naples, during his 1819 tour of Italy. This painting, though, represents an idealized view of the site, owing more to the landscapes of Claude Lorrain than to nature as directly observed—a fact that was not lost on Turner's contemporaries. When the painting was first exhibited in 1823, Turner's friend the artist George Jones (1786–1869) playfully wrote on the frame, SPLENDIDE MENDAX ("splendid lie")—allegedly, Turner never removed it.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Bay of Baiae, with Apollo and the Sibyl, exhibited 1823
Oil on canvas; 57 1/4 x 94 in. (145.5 x 239 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Mortlake Terrace, the Seat of William Moffatt, Esq.; Summer's Evening
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Turner painted two complementary views of the estate of William Moffatt (ca. 1754–1831) at Mortlake, west of London. One, exhibited in 1826, looks downriver toward Moffatt's Neoclassical residence; the painting shown here, exhibited in 1827, is based on a vantage point from within the house, looking in the opposite direction toward Kew. Both works share a yellow tonality, which prompted a contemporary critic to suggest that Turner was "desperately afflicted" with "what we may call a yellow fever." The black dog, silhouetted on the terrace, was painted on a sheet of paper that had been affixed to the canvas—an intervention variously ascribed to Turner and to the artist Edwin Landseer, who was said to have acted during Turner's absence on Varnishing Day.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Mortlake Terrace, the Seat of William Moffatt, Esq.; Summer's Evening, exhibited 1827 Oil on canvas; 36 1/4 x 48 1/8 in. (92 x 122 cm)
Oil on canvas; 36 1/4 x 48 1/8 in. (92 x 122 cm)
National Gallery of Art, Washington, Andrew W. Mellon Collection, 1937
Regulus
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In this work, begun in Rome in 1828, Turner returns to the theme of Carthage. Here, he recounts the fate of Marcus Atilius Regulus (d. 250 B.C.), the Roman general whose eyelids were cut off by his captors before he was exposed to the blinding rays of the sun (Regulus is the man in white in the lower right corner). Turner emphasized the narrative significance of light while reworking the canvas on the eve of the opening of the 1837 British Institution exhibition. A witness described its transformation: "The picture gradually became wonderfully effective, just the effect of brilliant sunshine absorbing everything and throwing a misty haze over every object. Standing sideways of the canvas, I saw that the sun was a lump of white standing out like the boss of a shield."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Regulus, exhibited 1828, reworked and exhibited 1837
Oil on canvas; 35 1/4 x 48 3/4 in. (89.5 x 123.8 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus—Homer's Odyssey
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John Ruskin, Turner's great champion, called this work "the central picture in Turner's career." Turner based this image on Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Odyssey; his portrayal of the one-eyed Cyclops Polyphemus alludes to Pope's description of the giant as "the lone mountain's monstrous growth." Beyond its narrative content, the painting reveals Turner's preoccupation with light—from the smoking glow of the volcanic fire to the marine phosphorescence at the prow of Ulysses' ship and the celestial light of the sun, as symbolized by Apollo's chariot. Turner's critics, though, found his use of color excessive—"colouring run mad," complained one—though Ruskin thought the sky "beyond comparison the finest that exists in Turner's oil-paintings."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus—Homer's Odyssey, exhibited 1829
Oil on canvas; 52 1/4 x 80 in. (132.5 x 203 cm)
National Gallery, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Crichton Castle
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Crichton Castle, begun in the late fourteenth century, inspired the setting of Sir Walter Scott's poem Marmion (1808). This watercolor is one of ten that Turner produced to illustrate Scott's Provincial Antiquities of Scotland (1818–26); the watercolor was published as an engraving in 1819. Turner executed two preparatory studies for this watercolor, one of which is displayed in the exhibition.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Crichton Castle, 1818
Watercolor and pencil on paper; 6 1/4 x 9 1/2 in. (16.1 x 24 cm)
The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, Purchased on the Sunny Crawford von Bülow Fund, 1978, in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Morgan Library and the 50th anniversary of the Association of Fellows
Dartmouth Cove, with Sailor's Wedding,
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This view of the Dart River, in southwestern England, is based on sketches that Turner made during his travels in this region in 1811 and 1813. It served as the basis for a line engraving published in the first installment of the series Picturesque Views in England and Wales (1827–38).
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Dartmouth Cove, with Sailor's Wedding, ca. 1825
Watercolor on paper; 11 x 15 3/4 in. (28 x 40 cm)
The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, Purchased on the Sunny Crawford von Bülow Fund, 1978, in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Morgan Library and the 50th anniversary of the Association of Fellows
Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight
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The industrial city of Newcastle was the center of Britain's coal trade in the nineteenth century. Turner elevates this image of its commercial wharf to the realm of history painting by modeling his composition on that of a Claudian seaport. His nocturnal light effects struck one contemporary critic as "neither night nor day." He painted this scene as a pendant to Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore (on view in the exhibition); the pair has been read as a commentary on the ascendancy of Britain and the corresponding decline of Venice.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight, exhibited 1835
Oil on canvas; 36 3/8 x 48 3/8 in. (92.3 x 128.8 cm)
National Gallery of Art, Washington, Widener Collection, 1942
Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute
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Turner included subtle references to the city's glorious past in his scenes of modern Venice. He also deliberately evoked artistic tradition, especially Canaletto's views of Venice in the eighteenth century, which appealed to British collectors. On the whole, critics responded favorably to his Venetian pictures. When this painting was sold in 1860, an effort was made to purchase it for the Louvre, which did not acquire its first oil by Turner until 1967.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute, exhibited 1835
Oil on canvas; 36 x 48 1/8 in. (91.4 x 122.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bequest of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1899 (99.31)
Staffa, Fingal's Cave
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Following its rediscovery in 1772 by Sir Joseph Banks (1744–1820), Fingal's Cave, on the remote island of Staffa, became a pilgrimage destination for Romantic tourists. This geological curiosity featured in Sir Walter Scott's 1815 poem The Lord of the Isles and inspired Felix Mendelssohn's Hebridean overture of 1830. This canvas records Turner's journey via steamboat to this island off the western coast of Scotland; the artist recalled: "The sun getting towards the horizon, burst through the rain cloud, angry, and for wind."Staffa, Fingal's Cave was the first painting by Turner to enter an American collection, though its owner, New Yorker James Lenox (1800–1880), initially was dismayed by the "indistinctness" of the artist's style.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Staffa, Fingal's Cave, exhibited 1832
Oil on canvas; 36 x 48 in. (91.5 x 122 cm)
Yale Center for British Art, New Haven
Disaster at Sea
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This unfinished canvas, which Turner never exhibited, has recently been convincingly identified as Turner's response to the destruction of the female convict ship Amphitrite off the coast of France in 1833, which resulted in the deaths of more than one hundred women and children. The topicality of Turner's subject recalls Géricault's Raft of the Medusa, which similarly records a contemporary atrocity. Turner likely saw Géricault's painting in London, where its exhibition in 1820 created a sensation.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Disaster at Sea (also known as The Wreck of the Amphitrite), ca. 1833–35
Oil on canvas; 67 1/2 x 86 3/4 in. (171.5 x 220.5 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834
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This work is the first of two oils that Turner painted of the catastrophic fire that destroyed the Houses of Parliament on the night of October 16, 1834. Although Turner witnessed the event and filled two sketchbooks in response, he possibly based this composition on the account published in the Times the following day: "The light reflected from the flames of the fire f and every place in the neighborhood was visible." This description might have influenced Turner's rendering of the sky, which prompted the critics' complaint that it was too light a blue for a nocturnal scene. A fellow artist described the picture as "a mere dab of several colours," which Turner, working almost entirely with a palette knife, transformed over the course of a morning on one of the Varnishing Days at the British Institution, where it was first exhibited in 1835.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834, exhibited 1835
Oil on canvas; 36 1/2 x 48 1/2 in. (92 x 123 cm)
Philadelphia Museum of Art, The John Howard McFadden Collection, 1928
Peace—Burial at Sea
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In 1842 Turner exhibited this painting at the Royal Academy as a pendant to War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet (Tate, London), which shows Napoleon in captivity. Critics scorned the pair as "two round blotches of rouge et noire"—the latter referring to this canvas, which commemorates the burial off Gibraltar of Turner's friend and occasional rival the Scottish painter Sir David Wilkie (1785–1841). Although the critic John Ruskin would regret the "funereal and unnatural blackness" of the ship's sails, Turner reportedly expressed his desire "to make them blacker," attesting to the expressive role of color.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Peace—Burial at Sea, exhibited 1842
Oil on canvas; 34 1/4 x 34 1/8 in. (87 x 86.7 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Snow Storm—Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth Making Signals in Shallow Water, and Going by the Lead. The Author Was in this Storm on the Night the Ariel Left Harwich
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John Ruskin proclaimed this work to be "one of the very grandest statements of sea-motion, mist and light, that has ever been put on canvas, even by Turner." Turner's enigmatic title, which confers a documentary quality on the painting, has led scholars to search for a steamboat called Ariel and to consider whether the artist could have witnessed such a storm, as he claims. Turner, stung by the criticism the work received at the 1842 Royal Academy exhibition, allegedly responded, "I did not paint it to be understood, but I wished to show what such a scene was like."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Snow Storm—Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth Making Signals in Shallow Water, and Going by the Lead. The Author Was in this Storm on the Night the Ariel Left Harwich, exhibited 1842
Oil on canvas; 36 x 48 in. (91.4 x 121.9 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Luxembourg: The Citadel of St.-Esprit, with the Louis and Beck Bastions, ca. 1839
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Following Turner's 1839 visit to the newly independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, he made thirty pages of sketches that resulted in a series of about twenty gouaches on blue paper. Turner may have recorded this view of the skyline, dominated by the Citadel of the Holy Spirit, with an eye toward future commissions.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Luxembourg: The Citadel of St.-Esprit, with the Louis and Beck Bastions, ca. 1839
Watercolor on gouache on paper; 5 1/2 x 7 5/8 in. (14 x 19.4 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Arth on the Lake of Zug. Early Morning: Sample Study
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Turner visited the Swiss village of Arth, near Lucerne, in the summers of 1841 and 1842. The pencil outlines in this study likely were made on site, while the watercolor was applied later. Turner may have conceived this view as a pendant to Goldau, its cool tonality contrasting with the vivid red hues of the sky in that image.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Arth on the Lake of Zug. Early Morning: Sample Study, ca. 1842–43
Watercolor and pencil, with pen, on paper; 9 x 11 3/8 in. (22.8 x 29 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Lake of Zug: Early Morning
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This work belongs to a set of six Swiss views from 1843. A comparison with its preliminary study (see previous image) reveals greater emphasis on the shadows, which Turner consolidated with tiny flecks of his brush. The critic John Ruskin long coveted this work, which he eventually acquired from its original owner, the Scotsman Munro of Novar (1797–1864), who found it "too blue."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Lake of Zug: Early Morning, 1843
Watercolor on paper; 11 3/4 x 18 3/8 in. (29.8 x 46.6 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Marquand Fund, 1959 (59.120)
Goldau
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The boulders in the foreground and the vivid hues of the sky, whose "scarlet" clouds symbolized destruction, according to John Ruskin, allude to the landslide that devastated the Swiss village of Goldau in 1806. This watercolor is one of seven that Ruskin and his father commissioned from Turner between 1842 and 1845. Assessing Turner's late Swiss and German watercolors, Ruskin considered this work "on the whole the mightiest drawing of his final time."
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Goldau, 1843
Watercolor and pencil, with scratching-out, on paper; 12 x 18 1/2 in. (30.5 x 47 cm)
Private collection
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This work has been associated with Turner's whaling scenes of about 1845–46. The putative sea monsters of its title, which is a twentieth-century invention, are likely a stylized amalgam of two or three fish—possibly gurnards or mackerel—that Turner had sketched.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Sunrise with Sea Monsters, ca. 1840–45
Oil on canvas; 36 x 48 in. (91.4 x 121.9 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Norham Castle, Sunrise
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Like Europa and the Bull (on view in the exhibition), this unfinished view of Norham Castle represents a reworking of an earlier mezzotint published in Turner's Liber Studiorum in 1816. Over nearly fifty years, Turner produced six finished watercolors of this castle along the Scottish border, attesting to the endurance of the motif. In 1906, when this painting was first exhibited along with Turner's other late unfinished oils, critics were struck by what they perceived as their precocious abstraction: "We have never seen Turner before!"
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Norham Castle, Sunrise, ca. 1845
Oil on canvas; 90.8 x 121 in. (35 3/4 x 47 5/8 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
Fishermen at Sea, exhibited 1796. Oil on canvas; 36 x 48 1/8 in. (91.4 x 122.2 cm). Tate, London, Purchased 1972
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"Which explorer sailed on the ""Endurance""?" | Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure
Already a celebrated polar explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton coordinated the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition with the goal of accomplishing the first crossing of the Antarctic continent, a feat he considered to be the last great polar journey of the "Heroic Age of Exploration."
In December 1914, Shackleton set sail with his 27-man crew, many of whom, it is said, had responded to the following recruitment notice: "Men wanted for hazardous journey. Small wages. Bitter cold. Long months of complete darkness. Constant danger. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in case of success. Ernest Shackleton."
Ice conditions were unusually harsh, and the wooden ship, which Shackleton had renamed Endurance after his family motto, Fortitudine Vincimus"by endurance we conquer," became trapped in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea. For 10 months, the Endurance drifted, locked within the ice, until the pressure crushed the ship. With meager food, clothing and shelter, Shackleton and his men were stranded on the ice floes, where they camped for five months.
When they had drifted to the northern edge of the pack, encountering open leads of water, the men sailed the three small lifeboats they'd salvaged to a bleak crag called Elephant Island. They were on land for the first time in 497 days; however, it was uninhabited and, due to its distance from shipping lanes, provided no hope for rescue.
Recognizing the severity of the physical and mental strains on his men, Shackleton and five others immediately set out to take the crew's rescue into their own hands. In a 22-foot lifeboat named the James Caird, they accomplished the impossible, surviving a 17-day, 800-mile journey through the world's worst seas to South Georgia Island, where a whaling station was located.
The six men landed on an uninhabited part of the island, however, so their last hope was to cross 26 miles of mountains and glaciers, considered impassable, to reach the whaling station on the other side. Starved, frostbitten and wearing rags, Shackleton and two others made the trek and, in August 1916, 21 months after the initial departure of the Endurance, Shackleton himself returned to rescue the men on Elephant Island. Although they'd withstood the most incredible hardship and privation, not one member of the 28-man crew was lost.
To learn more about the Endurance expedition, visit the NOVA/PBS Online Adventure site by clicking the logo below.
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Frederico Franco became President of which South American country in 2012? | Endurance Model Ship | Exclusive | For the Discerning Collector
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SHIP DESCRIPTION
About the Endurance wooden scale Model Ship
This wooden scale model ship of the Endurance was custom built from the following information:
Copies of the original ships plans of the Endurance (ex Polaris).
Photographs of the Endurance taken by Frank Hurley during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The book “Seamanship in the age of Sail” by John Harland
About the construction of the Endurance wooden scale Model Ship
The hull is built using the Double Plank-on-Bulkhead construction method
The bulkheads and keel are cut from marine grade pine plywood
The first layer of planking is done plank by plank using Mahogany planks
The second layer of planking is done using Mahogany Veneer strips
The deck is made of Anagre , a light brown timber from the Amazon
The gunwale and stringers are made of American Walnut
The fife rails and pinracks are made of American Walnut
The deckhouses and gangways are made of Teak
The masts and yards are made of Mahogany dowels
The sails and ropes are made of linen
The model is painted with acrylic paint
The ornaments are cold cast in bronze and painted.
History of the Endurance
The Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. She was launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway and was crushed by ice, causing her to sink, three years later in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica.
Design and construction
Designed by Ole Aanderud Larsen, the Endurance was built at the Framnæs shipyard in Sandefjord, Norway and launched on December 17, 1912. She was built under the supervision of master wood shipbuilder Christian Jacobsen, who was renowned for insisting that his employees be experienced seafarers as well as skilled shipwrights.
Initially christened the Polaris (eponymous with Polaris, the North Star), Endurance was launched on December 17, 1912, 144 feet (43.9 m) long, with a 25 foot (7.6 m) beam and weight of 350 tons (356 metric tons). Though her black hull appeared similar to other vessels of a comparable size, her construction was designed for durability in polar conditions. Each joint and fitting cross-braced each other for maximum strength. Her keel members were four pieces of solid oak, one above the other, adding up to a thickness of 7 feet, 1 inch, while her sides were between 2 1/2 feet and 18 inches thick, with twice as many frames as normal and the frames being of double thickness. She was built of planks of oak and Norwegian fir up to two and one half feet thick, sheathed in greenheart, a notably strong and heavy wood. Her bow, where she would meet the ice head-on, had been given special attention. Each timber had been made from a single oak tree chosen for its shape so that its natural shape followed the curve of her design. When put together, these pieces had a thickness of 4 feet, 4 inches.
Shackleton looking overboard at the Endurance being crushed by the ice
Endurance final sinking November 1915Of her three masts, the forward one was square-rigged, while the after two carried fore and aft sails, like a schooner. As well as sails, Endurance had a 350 hp (260 kW) coal-fired steam engine capable of driving her at speeds up to 10.2 knots (19 km/h).
At her launch, Endurance was perhaps the strongest wooden ship ever built, with the possible exception of the Fram, the vessel used by Fridtjof Nansen and later by Roald Amundsen. The Fram was bowl-bottomed, which meant that if the ice closed in against her she would be squeezed up and out and not be subject to the pressure of the ice compressing around her. But since the Endurance was designed to operate in relatively loose pack ice, she was not constructed to rise out of pressure to any great extent. Ownership
Endurance was built for Adrien de Gerlache and Lars Christensen, who intended to use her to take tourists on polar cruises to hunt polar bears. Financial problems led to de Gerlache pulling out of the venture; Christensen sold the boat to Ernest Shackleton for GB£11,600 (approx US,000), less than cost. He is reported to have been happy to take the loss to further the plans of an explorer of Shackleton’s stature.[1] Shackleton re-christened the ship Endurance after his family motto, “Fortitudine vincimus” (By endurance we conquer).
Final voyage
Endurance left Plymouth, England on August 6, 1914, when it set course for Buenos Aires, Argentina, under the command of Captain Frank Worsley. Shackleton joined the ship later in Buenos Aires, with other crew members. The ocean crossing was Endurance’s first major cruising since her completion and amounted to a shakedown cruise. The difficult trip across the Atlantic took more than two months. Built for the ice, her hull was considered by many of its crew too rounded for the open ocean.
On October 26, 1914 Endurance sailed from Buenos Aires to her last port of call, the Grytviken whaling station on the island of South Georgia off the southern tip of South America, where she arrived on November 5. She departed from Grytviken for her final voyage on December 5 towards the southern regions of the Weddell Sea.
Two days after leaving from South Georgia, Endurance encountered polar pack ice and progress slowed down. For weeks Endurance twisted and squirmed her way through the pack, averaging less than 30 miles per day. By January 15, 1915, Endurance was within 200 miles of its destination, Vahsel Bay. The following day, heavy pack ice was sighted in the morning and in the afternoon a blowing gale developed. Progress could not be made under these conditions, and Endurance took shelter under the lee of a large grounded berg. For the next two days, Endurance dodged back and forth under the sheltering protection of the berg.
On January 18, the gale began to moderate and Endurance, one day’s sail from her destination, set the topsail with the engine at slow. The ice pack had blown away, and progress was made slowly until Endurance encountered the pack once more. Shackleton decided to move forward and work through the pack, and the Endurance entered the ice pack at 5:00 P.M.
The crew soon noted that this ice was different. The ship was soon beset by thick but soft ice floes, a soupy sea of mushy, brash ice. The gale regained intensity and blew for another six days from a northerly direction towards land. By January 24, the wind had completely compressed the ice in the whole Weddell Sea against the land – and around Endurance. All that could be done was to wait for a southerly gale that would decompress and open the ice in the other direction. Time passed, yet the ice remained unchanged.
Trapped in the ice, Endurance drifted in the Weddell Sea until her hull succumbed to the ice pack’s relentless pressure on October 27, 1915. She finally sank bow first on November 21, 1915, the last ship of her kind.
Izak J H Hough
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What instrument did jazz musician, Chet Baker play? | Chet Baker | Biography & History | AllMusic
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Artist Biography by William Ruhlmann
Chet Baker was a primary exponent of the West Coast school of cool jazz in the early and mid-'50s. As a trumpeter, he had a generally restrained, intimate playing style and he attracted attention beyond jazz for his photogenic looks and singing. But his career was marred by drug addiction.
Baker 's father, Chesney Henry Baker,Sr., was a guitarist who was forced to turn to other work during the Depression; his mother, Vera (Moser) Baker, worked in a perfumery. The family moved from Oklahoma to Glendale, CA, in 1940. As a child, Baker sang at amateur competitions and in a church choir. Before his adolescence, his father brought home a trombone for him, then replaced it with a trumpet when the larger instrument proved too much for him. He had his first formal training in music in junior high and later at Glendale High School, but would play largely by ear for the rest of his life. In 1946, when he was only 16 years old, he dropped out of high school and his parents signed papers allowing him to enlist in the army; he was sent to Berlin, Germany, where he played in the 298th Army Band. After his discharge in 1948, he enrolled at El Camino College in Los Angeles, where he studied theory and harmony while playing in jazz clubs, but he quit college in the middle of his second year. He re-enlisted in the army in 1950 and became a member of the Sixth Army Band at the Presidio in San Francisco. But he also began sitting in at clubs in the city and he finally obtained a second discharge to become a professional jazz musician.
Baker initially played in Vido Musso 's band, then with Stan Getz . (The first recording featuring Baker is a performance of "Out of Nowhere" that comes from a tape of a jam session made on March 24, 1952, and was released on the Fresh Sound Records LP Live at the Trade Winds .) His break came quickly, when, in the spring of 1952, he was chosen at an audition to play a series of West Coast dates with Charlie Parker , making his debut with the famed saxophonist at the Tiffany Club in Los Angeles on May 29, 1952. That summer, he began playing in the Gerry Mulligan Quartet , a group featuring only baritone sax, trumpet, bass, and drums -- no piano -- that attracted attention during an engagement at the Haig nightclub and through recordings on the newly formed Pacific Jazz Records (later known as World Pacific Records), beginning with the 10" LP Gerry Mulligan Quartet , which featured Baker 's famous rendition of "My Funny Valentine."
The Gerry Mulligan Quartet lasted for less than a year, folding when its leader went to jail on a drug charge in June 1953. Baker went solo, forming his own quartet, which initially featured Russ Freeman on piano, Red Mitchell on bass, and Bobby White on drums, and making his first recording as leader for Pacific Jazz on July 24, 1953. Baker was hailed by fans and critics and he won a number of polls in the next few years. In 1954, Pacific Jazz released Chet Baker Sings , an album that increased his popularity but alienated traditional jazz fans; he would continue to sing for the rest of his career. Acknowledging his chiseled good looks, nearby Hollywood came calling and he made his acting debut in the film Hell's Horizon, released in the fall of 1955. But he declined an offer of a studio contract and toured Europe from September 1955 to April 1956. When he returned to the U.S., he formed a quintet that featured saxophonist Phil Urso and pianist Bobby Timmons . Contrary to his reputation for relaxed, laid-back playing, Baker turned to more of a bop style with this group, which recorded the album Chet Baker & Crew for Pacific Jazz in July 1956.
Baker toured the U.S. in February 1957 with the Birdland All-Stars and took a group to Europe later that year. He returned to Europe to stay in 1959, settling in Italy, where he acted in the film Urlatori Alla Sbarra. Hollywood, meanwhile, had not entirely given up on him, at least as a source of inspiration, and in 1960, a fictionalized film biography of his life, All the Fine Young Cannibals, appeared with Robert Wagner in the starring role of Chad Bixby.
Baker had become addicted to heroin in the 1950s and had been incarcerated briefly on several occasions, but his drug habit only began to interfere with his career significantly in the 1960s. He was arrested in Italy in the summer of 1960 and spent almost a year and a half in jail. He celebrated his release by recording Chet Is Back! for RCA in February 1962. (It has since been reissued as The Italian Sessions and as Somewhere Over the Rainbow .) Later in the year, he was arrested in West Germany and expelled to Switzerland, then France, later moving to England in August 1962 to appear as himself in the film The Stolen Hours, which was released in 1963. He was deported from England to France because of a drug offense in March 1963. He lived in Paris and performed there and in Spain over the next year, but after being arrested again in West Germany, he was deported back to the U.S. He returned to America after five years in Europe on March 3, 1964, and played primarily in New York and Los Angeles during the mid-'60s, having switched temporarily from trumpet to flügelhorn. In the summer of 1966, he suffered a severe beating in San Francisco that was related to his drug addiction. The incident is usually misdated and frequently exaggerated in accounts of his life, often due to his own unreliable testimony. It is said, for example, that all his teeth were knocked out, which is not the case, though one tooth was broken and the general deterioration of his teeth led to his being fitted with dentures in the late '60s, forcing him to retrain his embouchure. The beating was not the cause of the decline in his career during this period, but it is emblematic of that decline. By the end of the '60s, he was recording and performing only infrequently and he stopped playing completely in the early '70s.
Regaining some control over his life by taking methadone to control his heroin addiction (though he remained an addict), Baker eventually mounted a comeback that culminated in a prominent New York club engagement in November 1973 and a reunion concert with Gerry Mulligan at Carnegie Hall in November 1974 that was recorded and released by Epic Records. By the mid-'70s, Baker was able to return to Europe and he spent the rest of his life performing there primarily, with occasional trips to Japan and periods back in the U.S., though he had no permanent residence. He attracted the attention of rock musicians, with whom he occasionally performed, for example adding trumpet to Elvis Costello 's recording of his anti-Falklands War song "Shipbuilding" in 1983. In 1987, photographer and filmmaker Bruce Weber undertook a documentary film about Baker . The following year, Baker died in a fall from a hotel window in Amsterdam after taking heroin and cocaine. Weber 's film, Let's Get Lost, premiered in September 1988 to critical acclaim and earned an Academy Award nomination. In 1997, Baker 's unfinished autobiography was published under the title As Though I Had Wings: The Lost Memoir and the book was optioned by Miramax for a film adaptation.
Baker 's drug addiction caused him to lead a disorganized and peripatetic life, his constant need for cash requiring him to accept many ill-advised recording offers, while his undependability prevented him from making long-term commitments to record labels. As a result, his discography is extensive and wildly uneven.
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Who was the Roman goddess of the Sea? | Chet Baker - Chet - Amazon.com Music
Chet Baker
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5.0 out of 5 stars Fallen Angel - Chet
By Dino Fantegrossi on May 27, 2001
I own 20 Chet Baker CDs, and I play them virtually every day. As a "50 something" jazz fan with over 250 jazz CDs I can honestly say that the only time my wife will join me in the music room is when I have a Chet Baker Cd playing. I think that this is significant...Chet Baker's appeal seems to cross over more lines than that of any other jazz performer. I used to think that it was the VOICE that grabbed my wife's attention, but her favorite Chet Baker album is this one..."CHET". This album has no singing. It does have 9 extended cuts of standards played perfectly by Chet Baker and a sextet of brilliantly accomplished musicians. Some of the personnel matchups are (for me) like a dream come true: Chet Baker and Bill Evans; Chet Baker and the great Kenny Burrell; Chet and Herbie Mann.
I think the keys to this albums great success are easy to define: 1. A lucid and motivated Chet Baker on trumpet 2. A tremendous group of "name" musicians 3. A great grouping of excellent jazz standards. 4. An adequate amount of playing time to develop and explore each piece completely.
I do admit that I love ballads and never find an album completely composed of "mood" songs or "slow" songs boring. This is an album totally devoted to the ballad, so if you are looking for bop or up tempo stuff I suggest that you look elsewhere. But if you know Mr. Baker's lyrical approach to jazz or if you appreciate the almost zen like quality of Miles Davis'"Kind of Blue" album, then I am sure you will appreciate "Chet".
I think that this CD is timeless and of the highest quality available. There are times on this album (You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To" is one) when Chet Baker is off in a world of beauty of his own. The rest of the band tries to play with him, but Chet has moved to another plane leaving the listener to sit in almost stunned amazement, and plan the next Chet Baker Cd purchase.
I hope that you will try this CD. I am very sure that you will find it to be one of the permanent jazz classics if you do. Cheers!
By Jack Dempsey on May 11, 2000
Format: Audio CD
Such a beautiful, beautiful recording from a life fraught with tragedy.
I guess I pretty much sum it up with the caption above. This is my favorite Chet Baker recording ever. I own approximately 12 other Chet cd's, yet this is the one I play over and over and over.
This is Chet at his best. A, fairly, young Chet, still in his prime. It's very smooth, soft, and laid back. Pefect Chet. No singing Chet here though. In order to hear the naivete at it's best, you'll just have to pick up "Chet sings."
In short, I love this recording. It's one of the best out there. And lastly, Chet's version of "September Song" is one of the best you will EVER hear.
By richard monk on March 3, 2000
Format: Audio CD
Of the dozenn or so Chet Baker recordings I own, "Chet" is my favorite. You will have to look elsewhere for Mr. Baker's vocal stylings, but for an overview of his unique technique on the trumpet, look no further. These are the songs Mr. Baker plays best: romantic ballads, and slow tempo standards. His cool, laid back, restricted octave interpretations of "You and the Night and the Music" and "It never entered my Mind" are definitive "Cool Jazz" recordings of these standards. The back up musicians, noteably Bill Evans on Piano, provide the perfect backdrop to Mr. Baker's one-of-a-kind trumpet playing. You can feel the melancholy emotion in Baker's playing in "September Song". Baker's trumpet playing from approximatly this time forward loses some of its unique tone and timbre for me. Just as his voice lost some of its "pureness" as Mr. Baker aged, so does his trumpet playing lose some of its wonderful softness and lack of any edginess in later recordings. Perhaps that is related to his losing all his teeth and relearning to play the trumpet from scratch. In any event, I like the sound of Mr. Baker's trupet playing the best on "Chet". In sum, exquisite trumpet playing, great backup players, shrewd choice of material, and state of the art recording (for the time), yields the definitive Chet Baker CD for me. If I had to throw away or sell all my Chet Baker CDs and keep one, "Chet" would be the one I kept. It also is in the top ten jazz CD's I would want to have on a desert island (along with a sound system), out of about 175 discs I own.
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In which African capital city are the headquarters of the Organisation of African Unity? | Organisation of African Unity financial definition of Organisation of African Unity
Organisation of African Unity financial definition of Organisation of African Unity
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Organization of African Unity
A defunct international organization that promoted economic and political cooperation among African states. Its goals included eliminating colonialism and achieving greater independence from former imperial powers. It was established in 1963 and disbanded in 2002. Its successor organization is the African Union.
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Africa Day is celebrated annually to mark the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, and the African Union (AU) in 2002.
Africans honour women's empowerment
This global observance day was initiated in 1989 at the 25th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) with the aim of drawing attention to the ongoing issues and challenges of industry in Africa.
UN Africa Industrialization Day - Mobile Payments Pave the Way
In line with Pan-Africanism and the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Organisation of African Unity, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Pan African Centre of Namibia (PACON) hosted the mini-conference on the topic "Women, Agriculture and Food Security".
Conference on women, agriculture and food security
However, with the transition of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU), the continent gained a politically significant organisation prepared to take on the numerous issues to be dealt with in the field of peace and security.
AU, UNAMID sign $3m funding agreement for Darfur peace projects
Africans from the five regions of the continent and the Diaspora as well as guests from around the world on Saturday, May 25 converged at the headquarters of the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) now the African Union (AU), established in the same city on May 25, 1963.
This is Africas time, Dr. Dlamini-Zuma Says as OAU-AU Celebrates 50 Years of Existence
Participants will review in the celebration of the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity, which is now called the African Union, their contributions to achieve unity and comprehensive African renaissance as well as their struggle for freedom of the continent.
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What instrument did jazz musician, Woody Herman play? | The African Union Organization
By Katherine Schulz Richard
Updated July 25, 2016.
The African Union is one of the world's most important intergovernmental organizations. It is composed of 53 countries in Africa and is loosely based on the European Union . These African countries work diplomatically with each other despite differences in geography, history, race, language, and religion to try to improve the political, economic, and social situations for the approximately one billion people that live on the African continent. The African Union promises to protect Africa's rich cultures, some of which have existed for thousands of years.
African Union Membership
The African Union , or AU, includes every independent African country except Morocco . Additionally, the African Union recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , which is a portion of Western Sahara; this recognition by the AU caused Morocco to resign. South Sudan is the newest member of the African Union, joining on July 28, 2011, less than three weeks after it became an independent country .
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The OAU - The Precursor to the African Union
The African Union was formed after the dissolution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. The OAU was formed in 1963 when many African leaders wanted to accelerate the process of European decolonization and gain independence for a number of new nations. It also wanted to promote peaceful solutions to conflicts, ensure sovereignty forever, and raise living standards. However, the OAU was largely criticized from the beginning. Some countries still had deep ties to its colonial masters. Many countries associated themselves with the ideologies of either the United States or the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War .
Although the OAU gave weapons to rebels and was successful in eliminating colonization, it could not eliminate the massive poverty problem. Its leaders were seen as corrupt and unconcerned for the welfare of the common people. Many civil wars occurred and the OAU could not intervene. In 1984, Morocco left the OAU because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara. In 1994, South Africa joined the OAU after the fall of apartheid.
The African Union is Founded
Years later, Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi, a strong proponent of African unity, encouraged the revival and improvement of the organization. After several conventions, the African Union was formed in 2002. The headquarters of the African Union are in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia. Its official languages are English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, but many documents are also printed in Swahili and local languages. The leaders of the African Union work together to promote health, education, peace, democracy, human rights , and economic success.
Three AU Administrative Bodies
The heads of state of each member country form the AU Assembly. These leaders meet semi-annually to discuss the budget and major goals of peace and development. The current leader of the African Union Assembly is Bingu Wa Mutharika, the President of Malawi. The AU Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union and is composed of 265 officials who represent the common people of Africa. Its seat is in Midrand, South Africa . The African Court of Justice works to ensure that human rights for all Africans are respected.
The Improvement of Human Life in Africa
The African Union strives to improve every aspect of government and human life on the continent. Its leaders try to improve educational and career opportunities for ordinary citizens. It works to get healthy food, safe water, and adequate housing to the poor, especially in times of disaster. It studies the causes of these problems, like famine, drought, crime, and war. Africa has a high population that suffers from diseases like HIV, AIDS, and malaria, so the African Union tries to give treatment to the afflicted and provide education to prevent the spread of these diseases.
The Improvement of Government, Finances, and Infrastructure
The African Union supports agricultural projects. It works to improve transportation and communication and promotes scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advancement. Financial practices like free trade, customs unions, and central banks are planned. Tourism and immigration are promoted, as well as better uses of energy and the protection of Africa's precious natural resources such as gold. Environmental problems like desertification are studied, and Africa's livestock resources are given aid.
The Improvement of Security
A major goal of the African Union is to encourage the collective defense, security, and stability of its members. The African Union's democratic principles have gradually reduced corruption and unfair elections. It tries to prevent conflicts between member nations and solve any disputes that do arise quickly and peacefully. The African Union can grant sanctions on disobedient states and withhold economic and social benefits. It does not tolerate inhumane acts such as genocide, war crimes, and terrorism.
The African Union can intervene militarily and has sent peacekeeping troops to alleviate political and social disorder in places like Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Burundi, and Comoros. However, some of these missions have been criticized as being too underfunded, undermanned, and untrained. A few nations, like Niger, Mauritania, and Madagascar have been suspended from the organization after political events like cout d'etats.
Foreign Relations of the African Union
The African Union works closely with diplomats from the United States, European Union, and United Nations . It receives aid from countries around the world to deliver on its promises of peace and health for all Africans. The African Union realizes that its member nations must unite and cooperate to compete in the world's increasingly globalized economy and foreign relations . It hopes to have a single currency , like the euro , by 2023. An African Union passport may exist one day. In the future, the African Union hopes to benefit people of African origin living throughout the world.
African Union Struggles Linger
The African Union has improved stability and welfare, but it does have its challenges. Poverty is still a tremendous problem. The organization is deeply in debt and many consider some of its leaders to still be corrupt. Morocco's tension with Western Sahara continues to strain the entire organization. However, several smaller multi-state organizations exist in Africa, like the East African Community and the Economic Community of West African States , so the African Union can study how successful these smaller regional organizations have been in combating poverty and political strife.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the African Union comprises all but one of Africa's countries. Its goal of integration has fostered one identity and has enhanced the political, economic, and social climate of the continent, thereby giving hundreds of millions of people a healthier and more successful future.
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In 2012 womens’ rights activist Joyce Banda became the first female president of which African Country? | Malawi's Joyce Banda puts women's rights at centre of new presidency | World news | The Guardian
Malawi
Malawi's Joyce Banda puts women's rights at centre of new presidency
'I'm carrying this heavy load on behalf of all women,' says first female president in southern Africa after foiling coup
Joyce Banda during her inauguration as Malawi's president. Photograph: Stephane De Sakutin/AFP/Getty Images
Sunday 29 April 2012 14.14 EDT
First published on Sunday 29 April 2012 14.14 EDT
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For 48 turbulent hours she was the victim of a conspiracy that left the future of Malawi hanging in the balance. Then Joyce Banda made a critical phone call to the head of the army, asking if she could rely on his support. He said yes. And at that moment her place in history was assured.
"You ask how I feel to be the first female president in southern Africa ?" she said in an interview. "It's heavy for me. Heavy in the sense that I feel that I'm carrying this heavy load on behalf of all women. If I fail, I will have failed all the women of the region. But for me to succeed, they all must rally around."
Banda's dramatic rise came when President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule was cut short by a fatal heart attack earlier this month. As vice-president, it was her constitutional right to replace him. After overcoming resistance from Mutharika's powerful allies, she has now set about rebuilding the country's shattered economy and pursuing a cause close to her heart: women's rights.
The 61-year-old first rose to prominence as a champion of female empowerment , founding organisations including a microfinancing network for thousands of women in rural areas. She says her own experiences of marriage have driven her crusade.
"I got married at 22 and remained in an abusive marriage for 10 years," she told the Guardian during a visit to Pretoria, South Africa. "I made up my mind that that was never going to happen to me again. I made a brave step to walk out in a society when you didn't walk out of an abusive marriage.It was mental and physical abuse.
"Two years later I got married again to my husband who was a high court judge in Malawi. For the next two, three years I moved from zero to hero: I was running the largest business owned by a woman in Malawi, in industrial garment manufacturing. But when I looked back his fingerprint was all over: if I wanted training, he paid; if I wanted a loan, he came with me. Because of his status in society everything was easy for me, so I had succeeded but I had succeeded because I was privileged.
"And that's when it began to worry me. I began to think about those that were in my situation that were not able to walk out of an abusive marriage, or maybe those that did not know where to go, that were in a single headed marriage, or widows. I was thinking what it was I could do to reach out to them."
Pointing to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia, Africa's first elected female head of state, Banda added: "Africa is changing in that regard and I hope you know that we are doing better than most countries. America is still struggling to put a woman in the White House but we have two, so we're doing fine. This is what people did not expect us to achieve but we have."
Compared to her strait-laced predecessor , Banda dresses colourfully – her spectacles have sparkly Dolce & Gabbana designer frames.
In the interview, she revealed the inside story of how Mutharika's sudden death pushed Malawi to the precipice of a coup. By 6 April, the news had spread worldwide yet there was still no official confirmation inside Malawi itself. The cabinet met secretly in an attempt to thwart Banda and install Mutharika's brother, Peter, as acting president.
Ministers held a press conference "in the middle of the night" on state television, she recalled, "telling the nation that I had no authority to act as president, that they were making arrangements to take over, that after all the president was OK and recovering. And all the while he was dead the previous day at 12 o'clock."
On 7 April, South Africa confirmed Mutharika's death and Malawi's cabinet sought a court order to block Banda. It was then she phoned the army commander, General Henry Odillo, who sided with her and stationed troops around her house. This was the pivotal moment.
"By that time the chief justice and some judges were sitting at Peter Mutharika's house waiting for the court order in order to swear him in," Banda continued. "All cabinet ministers were there too and all members of parliament were there as well. But somebody called one minister to say, 'We don't know whether you know what's going on but Joyce Banda is here and now it's looking real, so whatever you are doing elsewhere will be looked upon as treason.' At that point 15 ministers abandoned that place and came running to my house."
Ministers and MPs bowed to the inevitable and rallied around Banda. But she could not be sworn in without the chief justice, a Mutharika loyalist who protested that he did not have his robes and wig. A car was sent to fetch them.
Banda observed: "The fact that the army stood up and restored order is a sign that we have matured. The army had an opportunity to take over – in fact, I am told some of them were being persuaded to say, 'If we can't have it, she can't have it – just take over.' But they resisted that temptation and to me that is the sign of maturity and a maturing democracy."
Banda has wasted no time in appointing a new cabinet , sacking the central bank governor and police chief and reversing her predecessor's most unpopular decisions. She has pledged to follow IMF advice by devaluing the national currency by 40%. "We brought this upon ourselves because of our carelessness and arrogance."
This included falling out with a leading donor, Britain, whose high commissioner was expelled by Mutharika . We have assured the UK that what the high commissioner went through will not happen againand he will be respected , she said.
Banda sounds less enthusiastic, however, about singer Madonna, who has adopted two Malawian children but scrapped the building of an elite academy for girls, announcing plans for 10 schools instead .
"Madonna came to Malawi and Madonna came to build a school, an academy like the one Oprah [Winfrey] built here [in South Africa], but she changed her mind so I have a problem with a lot of things around the adoption of the children and the changing of the mind and then coming back to build community schools.
"She's not interested in investing any more – she has closed her offices in Malawi. We have accepted her position and we respect her decision and I personally don't have any further comment about that."
Victor Sithole is the second government employee to be sent to prison as Germany funds audit of Malawi finances to discover how much cash has been lost
Published: 11 Nov 2014
Resumption of diplomatic ties with Britain signals progress in quest to distance new regime from that of late predecessor
Published: 1 May 2012
Corruption fallout forces president to devise zero-aid budget, but deficit looms with no tax rises and ministers demanding pay hike, reports Jimmy Kainja
Published: 10 Sep 2014
Mutharika declared 'president-elect' after vote that outgoing-president had claimed was marred by 'serious irregularities'
Published: 30 May 2014
| Malawi |
"Which French painter, a customs official, painted ""The Sleeping Gypsy"", and ""The Hungry Lion""?" | Africa: Southern Africa - Welcoming Our First Female President - allAfrica.com
Africa: Southern Africa - Welcoming Our First Female President
Civil society demonstrations on July 20, 2011, in Blantyre.
opinion
By Gregory Gondwe
Lilongwe — Joyce Banda, has become Southern Africa's first, and Africa's second female president following the death of President Bingu wa Mutharika on April 5, 2012.
A vote of confidence saw the former Deputy President taking over the reigns in Malawi over Easter. The first female African president is Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia.
It is not surprising that the passionate gender activist who became the country's second citizen in 2009, after serving in different cabinet portfolios, is now President. Her appointment brings Malawi one step closer to the ideal of gender parity in decision-making in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Declaration on Gender and Development. The Protocol has 28 targets to be achieved by 2015, also the target date for the Millennium Development Goals.
Before her active political career, the President founded the Joyce Banda Foundation, as well as the National Association of Business Women (NABW) and Young Women Leaders Network.
International awards won by Banda include the 1997 Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger together with President Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique from a New York-based non-governmental organization, the Hunger Project. Nine years later in 2006, she received an International Award for the Health and Dignity of Women for her dedication to the rights of the women of Malawi by the United States for United Nations Population Fund. Forbes Magazine listed her in 2011 as the third most powerful woman in Africa.
Banda's political career has not been an easy one. She found herself at loggerheads with the late Mutharika who booted her out of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and declared that no woman will ever rule Malawi.
Malawians expected Banda to go flat out on a revenge mission. In her inaugural speech at the swearing in ceremony, she said that there is no room for revenge.
Many Malawians believe that she will use her position to uplift the lives of women who are still marginalised. Section 13 of the Malawi Constitution requires that the state "achieve and promote gender equality by, among other things, passing policies and legislation to ensure full participation of women in all spheres of life of Malawian society on the basis of equality with men."
Based on the Malawi Demographic and Household Survey of 2000, 30 out of 100 married women had unmet need for family planning services. Just last year Parliament shifted marriage age for girls from 15 to 16 years of age. After public outcry, the former president never signed the bill into law and it still remains at 15.
Young girls get married to older men, creating a huge power imbalance between husband and wife. This is also recipe for health hazards such as early pregnancies.
President Banda has to make progressive decisions on reproductive health. As things stand, it is apparent that early marriages are an obstacle to the progressive development of women and full attainment of gender equality.
Banda became a member of the Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health, which is a group of sixteen sitting and former heads of state, high-level policymakers and other leaders committed to advancing reproductive health for lasting development and prosperity.
These leaders mobilise the political will and financial resources necessary to achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015 which is a key target of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
Malawian women, who constitute 52% of the population, do not have access to land and the Constitution does not guarantee this productive resource. Although Malawi's economy is agri-dependent and women comprise the largest labour force, they have no say on matters of land ownership. She has to ensure that she spearheads the repealing of laws around access to women to reduce poverty in Malawi.
Banda's unexpected rise to power gives new hope to African women. She should spread her influence outside Malawi where women are also trying to take influential positions, regionally as well as internationally. For instance, she can put her weight behind Nigeria's Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala who is vying to become he World Bank's next President.
With Malawi hosting the African Union summit in July this year, she can influence the election of former South Africa Foreign Affairs Minister Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma as new African Union chief after the first polls ended in deadlock.
Already some men are predicting that they will be sidelined. I say: "congratulations President Banda! Malawian women are looking up to you to ensure that current gender disparities are addressed through development."
Gregory Gondwe is a freelance journalist based in Malawi. This article is part of the Gender Links Opinion and Commentary Service, bringing you fresh views on everyday news.
Copyright © 2012 Gender Links. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.
AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
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Who was the famous comic book creation of Frank Hampson? | The Red Moon Mystery (Dan Dare): Frank Hampson: 9781840236668: Amazon.com: Books
The Red Moon Mystery (Dan Dare)
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" ... a wonderfully exciting collection of stories, escapism for boys in short trousers stuffed full of catapults and cigarette cards." -- BBC Cult online, review by Nev Fountain, 14 December 2004
" This is brilliant, original science fiction, paving the way for such projects as Star trek and Star Wars..." -- Gatewaymonthly.com October 2004
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About the Author
Frank Hampson is perhaps best known as the creator and original artist for Dan Dare, but he also illustrated a number of children's books. Dan Dare was first published in the British comic The Eagle in April 1950 and was last published as an ongoing series in 1996 - although Dan had undergone more than a few changes by then.
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Product Details
Series: Dan Dare (Book 3)
Hardcover: 96 pages
Publisher: Titan Books (January 1, 2005)
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 9 x 0.6 x 12 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.5 pounds
By Gord Wilson on September 22, 2005
Format: Hardcover
"The dream of space travel is glorious, the contemporary reality is dismal," remarked William Sims Bainbridge in 1976. But nowhere was it more glorious than on the front page of The Eagle, a weekly British boys' paper, in Frank Hampson's visionary comic serial, Dan Dare. The Eagle was published from 1950 through 1969 by the Christian Publicity Society and Hampson also drew a never-rivaled story comic of the life of Jesus of Nazareth called "The Road of Courage." As he says in an interview in this volume, Hampson wasn't religious, but he felt that "young people were getting a rough deal in those years so soon after the end of the war...I wanted to give them something that made the future more hopeful, in human terms."
Hampson gave unstintingly, creating one of the most visually arresting comics ever, until the Eagle was taken over by corporate raiders, and the job fell to his friend, an equally fine artist, Frank Bellamy. As with Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers, Dan Dare spun off numerous toys highly valued by collectors (Young, Duin and Richardson devote an entire chapter to Dan Dare in their book, Blast Off!: Rockets, Robots, Ray Guns, and Rarities from the Golden Age of Space Toys, Dark Horse Books), and in its heyday, 60,000 junior spacemen pledged their loyalty in the Eagle Club.
Titan Books, UK, has launched an ambitious publishing project to reprint all the color, two-page Dan Dare cliff-hanger strips in beautiful 9" X 12" hard cover, coffee table hardbacks. "The Red Moon Mystery" was the second Eagle serial, after "Pilot of the Future," and was originally published from vol. 2 #26 - vol. 3 #11 of the Eagle. Read more ›
| Dan Dare |
Finland has two official languages. Finnish is one. What is the other? | Frank Bellamy | Lambiek Comiclopedia
Frank Bellamy
(21 May 1917 - 5 July 1976, UK)
Frank Bellamy was a self-taught artist, best known for his adventure comics. He began his artistic career working for an art agency in Kettering, where he made paintings for a local cinema. After serving in the Royal Artillery during World War II, he returned to the agency until 1948, when he left for London, becoming a freelance illustrator for several magazines. For Eagle magazine, he created the comic 'Commando Gibbs', an advertising comic for Gibbs toothpaste, which marked the start of his career in comics. Often collaborating with writer Clifford Makins, he created a considerable number of comics for several magazines during the 1950s and 1960s.
His work for Mickey Mouse Weekly includes 'Monty Carstairs', 'Secret in the Sands' and 'Walt Disney's Living Desert'. For Hulton Press' Swift, he made a series of historical adventure strips, 'Swiss Family Robinson', 'King Arthur' and 'Robin Hood'. In 1957, he drew a biography of Winston Churchill for Eagle, called 'The Happy Warrior'. In 1960, he took over the famous series 'Dan Dare' from its creator, Frank Hampson .
Thunderbirds
During the sixties, he created several comic adaptations of great books, and he also published in The Sunday Extra, Boy's World, Look and Learn, Joe 90 and T.V. Century 21. He also drew the 'Thunderbirds' in a dramatic two-page format for the weekly comic TV Century 21. His last important work was on the series 'Garth', that he drew in The Daily Mirror from 1971 until his death in 1976.
Garth, by Frank Bellamy (1972)
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Complete the name of the following American baseball team 'San Diego.......'? | 2016 Draft Order | MLB.com
23 St. Louis Cardinals
$2,222,500
24 San Diego Padres (Compensation for Justin Upton, who signed with the Tigers. Detroit forfeited its third-round pick.)
$2,191,200
25 San Diego Padres (Compensation for Ian Kennedy, who signed with the Royals. Kansas City forfeited its first-round pick.)
$2,159,900
26 Chicago White Sox (Compensation for Jeff Samardzija, who signed with the Giants. San Francisco forfeited its first-round pick.)
$2,128,500
27 Baltimore Orioles (Compensation for Wei-Yin Chen, who signed with the Marlins. Miami forfeited its second-round pick.)
$2,097,200
28 Washington Nationals (Compensation for Jordan Zimmermann, who signed with the Tigers. Detroit forfeited its second-round pick.)
$2,065,900
29 Washington Nationals (Compensation for Ian Desmond, who signed with the Rangers. Texas forfeited its first-round pick.)
$2,034,600
30 Texas Rangers (Compensation for Yovani Gallardo, who signed with the Orioles. Baltimore forfeited its first-round pick.)
$2,003,400
31 New York Mets (Compensation for Daniel Murphy, who signed with the Nationals. Washington forfeited its first-round pick.)
$1,972,100
32 Los Angeles Dodgers (Compensation for Zack Greinke, who signed with the D-backs. Arizona forfeited its first-round pick.)
$1,940,700
33 St. Louis Cardinals (Compensation for John Lackey, who signed with the Cubs. Chicago forfeited its first-round pick.)
$1,909,500
34 St. Louis Cardinals (Compensation for Jason Heyward, who signed with the Cubs. Chicago forfeited its second pick.)
$1,878,000
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Famous for crabs, the seaside resort of Cromer is in which English county? | 1000+ images about Baseball season on Pinterest | San diego, American flag and Baseball bats
Beautiful PETCO Park in downtown San Diego, California. Home of the San Diego Padres!
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What is the name of the baseball team for Los Angeles? | Official Los Angeles Dodgers Website | MLB.com
The Official Site of the Los Angeles Dodgers
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Which town is the birthplace of Wordsworth and the home of Jennings brewery? | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim getting another name change. - Bless You Boys
Bless You Boys
Angels' owner Arte Moreno will name his team the Los Angeles Angels
USA TODAY Sports
Tiger fans know the problems that can be caused when the owner of your favorite team tears down the stadium where they have played baseball since the 19th century in favor of a brand new ball park named after a big bank. But imagine they wanted to change the actual name of your team, move it around the area, and then change it back again!
On Tuesday, the Anaheim City Council is expected to vote on a bill that would authorize the City to enter into negotiations on a deal to keep the Angels in Anaheim for another fifty years. This is the same City Council that voted to sue the Angels when owner Arte Moreno changed the name of the team from "The Anaheim Angels" to it’s current form "The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ."
The City lost that law suit, then appealed and lost the appeal, costing tax payers millions of dollars in legal fees, and making City politicians look pretty silly.
According to the Los Angeles Times , the team would pay for about $200 million in stadium renovations, and would have the right to call the team whatever they like under the terms being negotiated. They would no doubt then call the team the Los Angeles Angels. Moreno would also have development rights for the land surrounding the stadium, which would be leased from the City for $1.
The Angels have an opt out clause in their current lease after the 2016 season. The City Council vote would extend that through the 2019 season to give the City and the Angels time to negotiate a grand bargain which would extend the lease through 2057. The two sides have reportedly agreed on the major elements of the deal.
The Angels franchise was founded in 1961 as the Los Angeles Angels, when they played in Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. They moved to Anaheim in 1965 and became the California Angels for the next 30 years, starting in 1966. When Disney bought the team in 1996, they negotiated the current lease with the City of Anaheim which called for the City to renovate the stadium and required that the name "Anaheim" remain in the name. So they became the Anaheim Angels.
When Arte Moreno purchased the team in 2003, he wanted to rebrand the team with the name of Los Angeles, the second largest city and second largest media market in America. The Angels agreed to keep the word "Anaheim" in it’s name, so the team was called it’s current name, "The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim".
From my perspective, living here in Orange County, Angel fans don’t much care whether the team is called California, or Anaheim, or Los Angeles, or Los Angeles of Anaheim, so long as they win baseball games. Oh sure, they have their preferences, but the name isn't a game changer. I've referred to them as the "Lost Angels", in affectionate reference to their wandering ways, and they don't seem to mind that, either.
The first baseball game that I ever attended was the California Angels against the Tigers at Tiger Stadium in 1968. I was there when Nolan Ryan pitched a no-hitter in 1973 as well. I've been to at least one game each time that the Tigers have played a series in Anaheim since I moved here in 1984. To me, they're the California Angels, and I haven't much cared for any other name, but then it's not my team.
I didn't care for the tearing down of Tiger Stadium, either, or naming their new park after a bank. But at least they're still the Detroit Tigers , one of only two franchises that has played in the same city under the same team name since the league was founded in 1901.
Just about everyone, but especially Angel fans, thinks that the name "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim" is pretty silly, and the law suit filed by the City of Anaheim was even sillier. Imagine, for example, having a local team called the Detroit Pistons of Pontiac, or the Pontiac Pistons, and then the City of Pontiac sues to keep Pontiac in the name.
The truth is that most Angel fans don't have any loyalty for either Los Angeles or Anaheim. Orange County has a population of over three million. Anaheim is home to about 11% of that population, meaning that fans living in the other 89% of Orange County, not to mention Riverside County or those in Los Angeles, merely drive to Anaheim because that's where the stadium happens to be located.
These are sports fans who are very supportive of their local teams, but especially the Angels. The team has drawn over three million fans in each of the past ten seasons. Not even the Dodgers have done that. But if you ask Angel fans, the vast majority would tell you that they’d prefer the team be called the California Angels. Most folks in Orange County would rather distance themselves from Los Angeles, in particular.
But those are not the fans that Arte Moreno is concerned about. He could call his team the Spiders from Mars and he’d still draw three million fans as long as they put a competitive team on the field. Moreno is concerned about the brand, and about generating revenue from folks that have never been to the stadium in Anaheim.
In a world where everything is up for sale, baseball is one of the institutions where we look for some consistency. Baseball fans don’t particularly like wall to wall advertising around the field, but we live with it. We don’t necessarily like our stadiums being called Edison Field, or Comerica Park, or Enron Minute Maid Park. We’d prefer traditional names like Tiger Stadium, Yankee Stadium, and Dodger Stadium. But we understand that baseball is a business, and we live with it.
What’s in a name, anyway?
The Los Angeles Dodgers came from Brooklyn, New York. The name Dodgers is a reference to the trolley dodgers in Brooklyn. There haven’t been any trolley cars around Los Angeles since General Motors bought up the trolley system and shut it down in the 1940's , long before the Dodgers arrived.
The Los Angeles Lakers came from Minneapolis, named after the 1,000 10,000 lakes in Minnesota. Where are the lakes in L.A.? The Pacific Ocean?
The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim were named after a cheesy Disney film. Now, they're no longer owned by Disney, and no longer called "Mighty". Their arena was called the Arrowhead Pond (get it, Ducks on the pond?), but that was changed to the Honda Center when the Japanese auto maker came along with more money. General Motors wouldn’t like that! I just call it the Ponda Center, to honor the tradition.
The Raiders perhaps had the most appropriate name, since Los Angeles raided Oakland to steal the team, before Oakland raided them back!
The Los Angeles Rams retained their name when they moved from the Coliseum in Los Angeles to the newer stadium in Anaheim, where they played for 15 years, and people didn't seem to have a problem with it.
The main problem with the Rams was that the stadium didn't have enough luxury boxes, which bring large corporate dollars, and Orange County tax payers weren't about to pay for a major renovation. That's why the team left for St. Louis, and that’s the main reason why Arte Moreno will renovate the stadium again. Who knows, maybe Arte can convince the NFL to put a team in his newly leased parking lot? (Saints and Angels go together anyway).
Maybe it’s not the worst thing, calling the team the Los Angeles Angels. The name respects the team’s tradition, and everything about the name "Angels" screams Los Angeles- "City of Angels". Better than being given some Mickey Mouse name.
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Which TV series made Jonathan Routh famous? | Jonathan Routh: Broadcaster responsible for Candid Camera who wrote The Good Loo Guide and painted nuns - Telegraph
Jonathan Routh
Broadcaster responsible for Candid Camera who wrote The Good Loo Guide and painted nuns.
Routh: since he looked 'like Harpo Marx made up to play Dracula', some critics wondered how his incognito pranks worked Photo: REX FEATURES
8:50PM BST 05 Jun 2008
Jonathan Routh, the broadcaster, artist and author who died on Wednesday aged 80, became Britain's first television prankster in 1960 when he co-starred in Candid Camera, the hidden camera show that became an ITV staple for the next seven years; he also wrote The Good Loo Guide (1968) and later became a prolific, albeit eccentric, painter.
In Candid Camera, Routh's hidden lens recorded the chaos resulting from carefully-planned comedy situations – for example, his search for Little Louis, a performing flea accidentally mislaid in a London taxi. Although Routh had imported the Candid Camera format from America, there was something essentially British about it. At its heart lay practical joking which, although often cruel, had been a national sport in the leisured days of the 18th and 19th centuries.
With the comedian Bob Monkhouse as host, Candid Camera made Routh a cult television figure as the deadpan agent provocateur with the hangdog aspect, iron nerve and beetle brows who preyed on the unsuspecting. Viewers sent in up to 1,000 ideas for hoaxes a week, most taken in good part by the unfortunate victims.
But sometimes Routh's hoaxes backfired. A former heavyweight boxer, Sid Richardson, gave him a black eye, and another unappreciative victim chased him with a crowbar. One show proved expensive for Monkhouse when he tried selling £5 notes for £4 10s [£4.50] in Blackpool. "I thought no one would buy them," he said, "they'd think the money was counterfeit.
"The only way I could persuade Candid Camera to try the idea was by offering to use my own money. Unfortunately, I did a roaring trade." In half an hour he was sold out and £50 out of pocket.
Usually, Routh's jokes were simple: a talking postbox, a goldfish apparently plucked from its tank and swallowed whole (it was actually a piece of carrot), a flower on a restaurant table that sucked up a diner's drink, or a woman struggling to handle cakes coming off a factory conveyor belt which, unknown to her, was running at twice – and, later, three times – its normal speed.
One of Routh's most memorable wheezes was aired in his first Candid Camera programme. A car was run down a gently sloping road into a garage where the attendant was asked to change the oil. When he opened the bonnet there was no engine. The bewildered mechanic looked under the car, in the boot, and even in the back seats, all to no avail.
The show became popular with criminals, who posed as Candid Camera staff to mask suspicious behaviour in the course of committing burglaries. On one occasion, Routh and his team were in typically furtive mode when a police car roared up; unknown to them, they had been filming near a bank and an alert onlooker had dialled 999. Routh subsequently took care to notify police when filming his practical jokes.
He was born John Reginald Surdeval Routh on November 24, 1927, in Gosport, Hampshire, the only son of a British Army colonel who could trace the family's origins back to one of William the Conqueror's knights. Brought up in Palestine, John won a scholarship to Uppingham, and in 1945 went up to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he read history, edited Granta and revived the Footlights dramatic society. He left after his first year without taking a degree, dabbled in journalism and became show business editor of Everybody's magazine. His early excursions into hoaxing included inventing a fictitious 18th-century poet, getting him mentioned in the Times Literary Supplement and in a talk on the BBC Third Programme, and trying, in a taxi, to transport a trunk inside which a man lay groaning; for this he was arrested twice.
For two years he presented Candid Microphone on Radio Luxembourg, and in 1957 Routh set up as a professional part-time hoaxer with an advertisement in The Times reading: "Practical joker with wide experience of British public's sad gullibility organises, leads, and guarantees success of large-scale hoaxes." By then he had already caused consternation by leaving a pair of shoes daily in Kensington public library, taking a grand piano for a ride on the Tube, and sending himself through the post to Wandsworth covered in £2-worth of stamps.
When Candid Camera ended in 1967, Routh teamed up with two television newcomers, the disc-jockey Kenny Everett and Germaine Greer, then a university lecturer, in Nice Time, a fast-paced entertainment show produced by John Birt. Candid Camera returned briefly in 1976, but it looked thin and unconvincing. Given Routh's (by now) famous looks ("Harpo Marx made up to play Dracula"), The Sunday Telegraph's television critic wondered why Routh's victims did not recognise their tormentor straight away.
Vexed by his lack of editorial control in his television career, in the Seventies Routh became what he called "an itinerant painter", dividing his time between Sardinia (summer), Rome (autumn), London (Christmas), Jamaica (winter) and Hampshire (spring), living mainly in the houses of wealthy friends and bartering or selling paintings to rich patrons.
Routh began by painting nuns, because he found them easy to draw, but depicted them in incongruous situations or postures – bouncing on trampolines, for example, or driving racing cars and flying balloons.
As his technical competence grew he turned to the Mona Lisa, producing his own variations, showing her with skirt drawn up to her thighs, perched on a stool smoking, or clutching a tin of Heinz spaghetti. Later he branched out into landscapes in a naïve style, often featuring Queen Victoria as a running joke. For the Italian market he substituted the Pope, depicting him water-skiing, wind surfing or even walking across the Spanish Steps on a tightrope.
Routh also produced a successful run of jokey books, starting with The Good Cuppa Guide (1966) and The Good Loo Guide, in which he awarded star ratings to teashops and public lavatories; he also produced versions of the latter for France and America. In The Secret Life of Queen Victoria (1979) he put out a spurious story that the monarch had paid a visit to Jamaica disguised as "Mrs King". Routh's illustrations showed her playing golf, water-skiing, using a hula-hoop ("Learning to Lose Weight with Dignity") and being fired into the sea from a cannon.
Jonathan Routh had two sons with his first wife, Nandi, from whom he had separated, and who died in 1973. From 1969 he lived with Eileen Hamlyn, the former wife of Paul Hamlyn. She committed suicide two years later, after Routh had run off with the Shell oil heiress Olga Deterding, with whom he had a five-year affair. His second wife, Shelagh, survives him.
| Candid Camera |
Give a year in the life of English printer William Caxton? | Jonathan Routh | The Economist
Jonathan Routh
John Reginald Surdeval Routh, prankster, died on June 4th, aged 80
Jun 19th 2008
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HE COULD have gone into the army, like his father. His liking for footnotes might have suited him to be an historian. If his lion's mane of hair had been clipped a bit, and his alarmingly shaggy eyebrows had been half disguised by a bowler, he might have cut a figure in the city; for the accent was right, and he always looked dapper with a brolly. But what Jonathan Routh preferred to do was to dress up as a tree, wait at a bus stop and enquire which bus would take him to Sherwood Forest.
That was one of his easier japes. He also attempted to take a grand piano on the London Underground, and persuaded a crowd of tourists that Nelson's Column needed holding up. He set up pyramids of plates to crash when people passed them, and rigged a mirror in a hat shop so that, when each matron posed simperingly before it, the glass cracked from side to side. His notion of a day's work was to ask a passer-by for tuppence for a cup of tea and, having got the money, produce Thermos, milk and sugar for the astonished benefactor and inquire whether they wanted one lump, or two.
Mr Routh played pranks all his life. Uppingham ejected him for hanging a banner reading “Vote Routh, Communist” in the school chapel, and Cambridge parted company with him after he gathered hundreds of signatures to stop an imaginary motorway across Bletchley Park. In 1957 he put an ad in the Times: “Practical joker with wide experience of British public's sad gullibility organises, leads and guarantees success of large-scale hoaxes.” He hoped never to do anything else.
His career was made with the appearance in 1960 of the TV series “Candid Camera”, in which he starred for seven years. The idea of surreptitiously filming people being tricked had come from Allen Funt in America; but Mr Routh gave it a singularly British twist, and his dark, disturbing features announced the definitive arrival in Britain of the camera as spy. When odd or embarrassing things happened to people after 1960, they would half-expect Mr Routh and his camera to be watching. The modern plague of CCTV devices has grown up in the shadow of his melancholy smile.
He also did much to turn Britons into a nation of voyeurs. On “Candid Camera”, they did not merely twitch the lace curtains; they stared boldly, and laughed cruelly, as unsuspecting people had their cars pranged by Mr Routh attempting to park, or were levitated as they made calls from a public kiosk, or jumped as the post box talked to them. Hiding behind the petrol pumps, viewers could watch the astonishment of a mechanic as he discovered that the car Mr Routh had coasted into the garage contained no engine—neither under the bonnet, nor under the chassis, nor in the boot. “How did you drive in here, sir?” “I just came from Basingstoke.” From a safe but nosy distance, they could watch as a frantic woman attempted to pack cakes on a conveyor belt that had been made to run three times as fast as usual.
Car-racing nuns
British post-war formality was always useful to him. A prank of serving tea in a cup stuck to the saucer was all the better because people—having tried and failed to lever them apart with spoons or brute strength—still attempted to sip nicely. A trick where a pickpocket removed not only wallet, but also braces, was made wonderful by the indifference of everyone standing by; and Mr Routh's journey as registered “livestock” through the post from Sheepwash in Devon to Fleet Street, accompanied, as required, by a postal official, was deeply enhanced by the official's polite silence all the way. As Britons lost their patient obsequiousness, Mr Routh's pranks played less well. He turned to books: “The Good Loo Guide” (with three-star establishments “worth travelling out of your way to experience”), “The Good Cuppa Guide” and “Leonardo's Kitchen Notebooks”, in which every invention was in fact a pasta machine.
Some pundits believed that “Candid Camera” led directly to modern TV reality shows. Certainly Mr Routh, like a demon in a Gothic tale, was after the unexpected, the moment of shock that would reveal the true character of the victim. But his victims were innocent. They had not pushed themselves forward, like the self-promoters of “Big Brother” or “Survivor”, and had no thought of seeking fame through humiliation on the screen. They were simply caught in the act of being themselves.
After the show's demise Mr Routh continued to lead a prankish and other-worldly life, shifting from England to Italy and Jamaica as the sun shone, running through various affairs, and bartering bright primitive paintings to settle his restaurant bills. As a painter, he showed a penchant for formal figures suddenly released from all constraints. He painted nuns driving racing cars and flying balloons, the pope windsurfing, Mona Lisa naked or smoking. His favourite subject was the aged Queen Victoria, on an imaginary trip to Jamaica in 1871, doing the hula-hoop or the limbo dance, riding a zebra and driving dodgem cars. He could have found a more prosaic explanation for the missing three months of her reign. But he preferred, as ever, the shock of the absurd, and the sense of the detached voyeur intruding on private space.
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Which new state was proclaimed at the Gate of Heavenly Peace on 1st October 1949? | Gate of Heavenly Peace in Běijīng, China - Lonely Planet
© Mapbox © OpenStreetMap contributors
Characterised by a giant framed portrait of Mao Zedong, and guarded by two pairs of Ming stone lions, the double-eaved Gate of Heavenly Peace, north of Tiān’ānmén Square , is a potent national symbol. Built in the 15th century and restored in the 17th century, the gate was formerly the largest of the four gates of the Imperial City Wall, and it was from this gate that Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949. Today’s political coterie watches mass troop parades from here.
Climb the gate for excellent views of the square, and peek inside at the impressive beams and overdone paintwork; in all there are 60 gargantuan wooden pillars and 17 vast lamps suspended from the ceiling. Within the gate tower there is also a fascinating photographic history of the gate and Tiān’ānmén Sq, and footage of military parades.
There’s no fee for walking through the gate, en route to the Forbidden City, but if you climb it you’ll have to pay. The ticket office is on the north side of the gate; here you'll need to stow all bags before entering. For Forbidden City tickets, keep walking about 600m further north.
| China |
Which actor has been called the French ‘de Niro’? | Tiananmen Gate - Gate of Heavenly Peace, Beijing, China, 2782 insider tips, photos, reviews & tickets
"Beijing Private Night Walking Tour: Qianmen Street
"Beijing Private Night Walking Tour: Qianmen Street Tian'ammen Square and Wangfujing Street""Meet your English speaking guide in your hotel's lobby (for hotels inside the 3rd ring road of Beijing City) and begin your journey under the cover of darkness.Make your way to Qianmen street which was one of the busiest streets in Beij Qianmen Street has long been seen as a symbol of old Beijing. It has also been a commercial center for nearly seven centuries. After walking around this old street just cross Zhengyang Gate you will get to Tian'anmen Square one of the largest civilian squares in the world. The Tian'anmen Rostrum is the majestic structure that sits at the northern end of the square
"Private Day Tour: Mutianyu Great Wall
"Private Day Tour: Mutianyu Great Wall Tian'anmen Square and Forbidden City""On this private tour get to know the places that interest you the most. Your private tour guide will pick you up from your hotel at 8:30am then begin to head over to the Great Wall at Mutianyu. If time allows while on your way to The Mutianyu Great Wall
Private Beijing Day Trip by Air from Guangzhou
"After pickup from your Guangzhou hotel transfer to the Guangzhou airport for your flight to Beijing. When you land at the Beijing airport your local guide and driver will be waiting for you and will transport you by private air-conditioned vehicle to begin your full-day tour of China’s capital.The first stop on your private tour is the less-crowded Mutianyu section of the Great Wall of China located 56 miles (90 km) from Beijing. Climb the steep steps to the wall for about 30 minutes and walk at your own pace along the ancient stone pathway. (The Great Wall is quite steep in places so be sure to wear appropriate footwear. If you’d prefer an easier climb
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What ingredient gives pasta verde its green colouring? | Green Pasta Glossary | Recipes with Green Pasta | Tarladalal.com
Green Pasta Glossary | Recipes with Green Pasta | Tarladalal.com
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Description
Green Pasta is found on the same aisle as other pasta products. It is dried wide noodle pasta mixed with fresh spinach leaves, which imparts the green colour. This variety of pasta not only enhances the look of the dish but also is of great nutritive significance.
How to Select
Choose from the various brands available at the grocery store. For good quality green pasta, look for creamy green color without signs of any air bubbles or dark specs. The dark specs should only appear if it due to the type of flavoring agent used. The surface should have a slightly rough matte finish, which helps hold the sauce to the pasta. Don't compromise on good brand, manufacturing and expiry date to avail maximum freshness.
Boiling Green Pasta
Boil plenty of water in a large pan with 1 tsp of salt and 1 tsp of oil.
Add the green pasta to the boiling water by adding a few at a time. Cook uncovered, stirring occasionally and gently until the pasta is tender. Cooking times may vary with the size and the thickness of the pasta. Immediately drain the cooked pasta into a sieve or a colander. Transfer to a bowl of cold water to refresh it. Drain again and keep aside.If the pasta is not to be used immediately, add 1 tbsp of oil to it and toss it.
Culinary Uses
" Having Spinach in it, serves as a scrumptious and colorful appealing dish.
" It goes well with all veggies, just experiment with your choice or favorites and cook with minimal spice for best flavour.
" It can be garnished with walnuts or apricots for a crunchy taste.
" Just the plain green pasta tastes immensely wonderful with cheese topped and a little bit of mixed herbs sprinkled.
How to Store
Store it, unopened, in a cool, dry cupboard for six to eight months or as per the expiry date. Dried, fresh, and cooked pasta need to be stored in different ways. Fresh Spinach green pasta will keep for 1-2 days in the refrigerator and can also be frozen. Cooked pasta will keep for 3-5 days in the fridge or freezer. When refrigerating or freezing cooked pasta, be sure it is stored in a well sealed container so that it does not absorb any odors.
Health Benefits
" Having spinach, increases the Iron content making it healthier and appealing for kids too.
" Grain based foods, such as pasta, are a good source of fiber and complex carbohydrates. It provides our bodies with vitamins, minerals and energy.
" A very good choice for athletes and women especially for it has spinach in it.
" Ideal fortified snack for growing kids, for they will love the colour with its nutritive value.
Try Recipes using Green Pasta
| Spinach (moth) |
Which valley in South Australia produces most of that State's wine? | Food-Info.net : How do you make coloured pasta ?
How do you make coloured pasta ?
Pasta is made with a dough that is kneaded and then fashioned into hundreds of different shapes and sizes. The dough normally is made of wheat or other grains. This results in a yellow-white colour. Other colours are obtained by adding natural colour extracts to the dough before drying.
The following colours are generally used:
Black pasta (pasta nera) is coloured with squid or cuttlefish ink, which turns it black.
Green pasta (pasta verde) is coloured with spinach.
Purple pasta (pasta viola) is coloured with tomatoes or beets.
Red pasta (pasta rossa) is coloured with carrots.
Orange pasta (pasta arancione) is coloured with different varieties of squash and pumpkin.
The colours do also provide some flavour to the pasta, but this flavour is normally masked by the sauces used.
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Who wrote the book Tarka The Otter? | Tarka the Otter (Puffin Modern Classics): Amazon.co.uk: Henry Williamson, Annabel Large: 9780140366211: Books
Tarka the Otter (Puffin Modern Classics)
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Age Range: 9 - 11 years
Publisher: Puffin Classics; New Ed edition (29 Jun. 1995)
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 12.9 x 1.7 x 19.8 cm
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About the Author
Henry Williamson is regarded by many as Britain's finest nature writer. He was born in London in 1895 but his work is rooted in the north Devon countryside where he went to live after being deeply affected by his experiences in the First World War. He published some fifty books, a mix of country stories, most famously Tarka the Otter and Salar the Salmon, and autobiographical fiction, including the fifteen-volume novel cycle, A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight. He died in 1977.
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On a French menu what are rognons? | Tarka the Otter as an allegory of war - The British Library
Tarka the Otter as an allegory of war
Theme: Fantasy and fairy tale
Anne Williamson describes how Henry Williamson's experiences in the First World War shaped his work, and in particular his novel Tarka the Otter.
There are two main themes in Henry Williamson’s writing œuvre: nature and war. His depth of feeling for nature is well known; his obsession with war less so.
Henry Williamson was haunted by war: the First World War – or the Great War as it was then known – in which he served throughout. War permeates everything he wrote; very few pages of any of his 50 or so books pass without some reference to it – either directly or indirectly: sound, sight, thought and memory catapult the reader out of present equilibrium back into the maelstrom.
Seven titles deal directly and openly with the war. The first of these was The Wet Flanders Plain (1929), which relates Williamson’s experience of returning to the battlefields on two occasions – with his bride on his honeymoon in May 1925 and a second visit in 1927 (while waiting for Tarka to be printed up) to gather material for articles to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Armistice in 1928, and which are the basic material of this volume. The second was The Patriot’s Progress, Being the Vicissitudes of Pte. John Bullock (1930), an ironic portrait of an ‘Everyman’ soldier, illustrated with starkly dramatic complementary linocuts by William Kermode: ‘ironic’ because, unlike Bunyan’s Pilgrim, John Bullock makes no progress, ending up worse than before he started.
But (despite being envisaged since 1919) his ‘real’ writing about the war did not appear until the mid-1950s when he related the experiences of his chief protagonist, Phillip Maddison (based to great extent on himself) over five volumes of his major 15-volume work A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight. [1]
Born in 1895 in Brockley (south-east London) the son of a bank clerk, Henry Williamson had won a scholarship to Colfe’s Grammar School on the strength of an essay. He was not academic, his main interest being to roam the countryside visiting local estates for which he obtained entry permits, befriending the local gamekeepers from whom he learned a great deal, and collecting birds' eggs. On leaving school (having won the major school Bramley Prize) he became a clerk in the Sun Fire Insurance Office in the City, and there he might well have remained but for the declaration of war on 4 August 1914.
He was already (since January 1914) a territorial soldier in the London Rifle Brigade when war was declared. Enlistment proper and mobilisation came immediately, with intensive training in Ashdown Forest in Sussex. Embarkation to France on 4 November 1914 saw him a private soldier on the front line in Ploegsteert (‘Plugstreet’) Wood where he participated in the famous Christmas truce, an experience which went into the deepest part of his psyche. Williamson served throughout the war: his main experience at the front line being as transport officer with 208 Machine Gun Company in the first half of 1917 until he was caught in a gas attack on 6 June.
From evidence available it would seem that while convalescing from the effects of this at a military hospital in Cornwall – not just from the physical effect but also from shell shock – it was suggested that he wrote as therapy: mention of writing stories stems from this point. (It is clear that he never really recovered from that state of trauma.)
After the war, and while still in the army, he determined to become a writer, and after a period in Fleet Street and with publication of his first book imminent, he left the (restrictive and uncongenial) family home to live in the tiny rented ‘Skirr Cottage’ in Georgeham village in north Devon where he had spent an idyllic holiday in May 1914 just before the outbreak of war.
Williamson's early writing covers two strands: the first comprises the series of four novels relating the life of Willie Maddison known as The Flax of Dream (which skips over the actual war: Williamson’s nerves were still too raw to endure such exposure). These early volumes were interspersed with three collections of short nature stories, many of which had appeared previously as articles in a variety of publications: The Lone Swallows (1922), The Peregrine’s Saga (1923), and The Old Stag (1926).
The stories in these books are vivid and detailed portraits of the natural world and the creatures (including man) and plants that inhabit it. They have a compulsive charm and integrity. However, though not necessarily immediately apparent, nearly every story in these three books is in some way or other about sudden, unexpected and unwarranted death, either by accident or deliberate design, caused by man or by other predators.
By then the book which was to become Tarka the Otter was well under way. Williamson had first seen an otter at the age of 12 when cycling from London to north Norfolk for a camping holiday. Stopping for a rest on a bridge (seemingly over the River Deben) he had a brief glimpse of this elusive creature. But his first real encounter occurred soon after he arrived in Georgeham. The Peregrine’s Saga contains a piece entitled ‘Zoë’ [2] which tells the story of an orphaned otter cub (whose mother has been killed by a farmer) that is rescued by Captain Horton-Wickham, a casualty of the war. Horton-Wickham enlists the help of the writer, who mentions the presence of this tame otter in an article as early as December 1921. [3]
By 1923 Williamson was planning to write a full-length book about an otter, having read The Life Story of an Otter by J.C. Tregarthen (1909) and decided he could do better. In order to gain first-hand material, he followed and joined the local Cheriton Otter Hunt, whose master was William H Rogers – the dedicatee of the published book. [4]
Tarka is an extremely intense book: intensely atmospheric, intensely lyrical, intensely harrowing. It has become increasingly obvious in recent years, as more is learned about the complicated convolutions entwining Henry Williamson’s life and writing, that the book can be seen as an allegory of war. This is not to detract from the beauty of the surface layer of this deeply observed tale about an otter and its whole surrounding habitat of fellow creatures of the river and moorland, but to delve beneath that surface into deeper and darker depths.
Tarka the Otter, with illustrations by C F Tunnicliffe
Title page and frontispiece from the 1932 edition of Henry Williamson’s Tarka the Otter.
View images from this item (12)
The lyrical opening scene describing the river by Canal Bridge can be equated to Henry Williamson’s own early childhood: a time of safety and innocence. One of the most poignant phrases in his huge total archive are the words he wrote (at some point after the war) at the end of his boyhood ‘Nature Diary’ which ends on 30 May 1914 after his first holiday spent in Georgeham.
H.W. was a soldier 2¼ months later; in France 5¼ months later.
And Finish, Finish, Finish the hope & illusion of youth,
For ever and for ever and for ever.
But even in that opening scene is a rumble of danger. The otter hunt is present though muted. There is an enemy disturbing the peace: as rumblings of war surfaced in the national press prior to the event, disturbing that ‘last summer’ (epitomised by Williamson on a happy August Bank Holiday playing tennis on the hill). [5]
The obvious analogy is that the actual hunts (there are three main ones) can be seen to equate to individual fierce war battles or attacks: with ‘out-of-line’ lulls in between when men and animals can relax, have a beer, play with a tin-can in the river, attend to grooming. So the first hunt is Williamson in Plugstreet Wood; the ‘Great Winter’ can be seen as the freezingly sodden trenches; the long last hunt illustrating the relentless never-ending round of skirmish, recce, battle. Various otters and other creatures are killed: in the war Williamson’s friend Baldwin was killed as were several of his close school mates – and comrades known and unknown. Henry Williamson had experienced all the things in battle that he ascribes to the otter hunts. The hounds work the river, with name after name called like some roll-call to arms. They are indeed as a marching army going into battle.
Tarka the Otter, with illustrations by C F Tunnicliffe
‘The otter had been hunted that morning. Deadlock had chipped at her pate, and his teeth had grooved a mark in her fur, as she ran over a stony shallow’: From the first chapter of Tarka the Otter, 1932 edition.
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Both huntsmen and soldiers wear uniforms. At that time individual hunts had their own colours as had individual regiments; the huntsmen used brass buttons and badges with their own cipher embossed, as did regiments. The staves of the otter hunters can be seen as weapons equal to the rifles of the soldiers. To particularise: the old man (who is Williamson’s father-in-law Charles Hibbert, a hunt official) who raises his hand to point out where Tarka is hiding during a lull in the last hunt, is akin to a sniper taking aim ready for the kill.
The master of the hunt can be seen as equal to a general; and both factions had various ranks and titles for officers for various roles: for example, ‘hunt secretary’ to equal adjutant, whipper-in equating with, let’s say, lieutenant. Indeed, hunting in its formal mode arose as a perfect method of training for the cavalry. (How better to learn about ‘dead ground’ or how to head off the enemy?) So the two are, de facto, inextricably joined.
Noise is an all important aspect of Williamson’s writing. Here, the noises of a hunt, the call of the horn, the baying of the hounds giving tongue, the shouts of the hunt officials, the general rush of running feet and excited chatter of followers, all have their counterpart in the noises and confusion of battle.
An allegory, however, implies a deliberate process by its author. There is no tangible evidence that Henry Williamson set out to depict Tarka as an allegory of war. It was perhaps more a subconscious process of therapeutic discharge and healing. However, in A Fox Under My Cloak he very clearly reverses the analogy: Phillip Maddison (whose experiences are based on Williamson’s own) is considered ‘above himself’ when training at Newmarket, and is taught a humiliating lesson by his fellow officers led by Lieutenant Baldersby – a keen Huntsman who chases Maddison using hunting terms; Maddison is grabbed for ‘the kill’ but escapes the ‘worry’. [6] This echoes a very similar scene in Tarka, and would seem to be a very obvious clue laid down by Williamson to show that his allegorical design in Tarka was deliberate.
[The master] was saying that it had been a great day, only lacking in a kill ...
At that moment Tarka is seen and chased, particularly by the terrier Bite’m, who seized Tarka by the rudder in a melee of a ‘worry’ of hounds, all biting and snarling. A huntsman hauls Bite’m into the air still attached to Tarka’s rudder. Tarka twists himself up and bites the huntsman’s hand, and he is dropped:
to squirm between legs and away down the glidder.
But not out of danger as the pack follow:
The pack bore him down to the tide, where the worry broke up ... Tarka was gone. [7]
Most interestingly the recent opera based on Tarka the Otter has a character based on Henry Williamson himself as a traumatised WWI soldier actually writing this book as he observes the various scenes taking place. The libretto follows the storyline of the book but brings to the fore its hidden symbolism of war. [8]
Surely when Henry Williamson first experienced the activity of otter-hunting he must in his own mind have immediately equated it to his recent traumatic experiences of the Great War. Without doubt, he could not have written Tarka with such intensity if he had not endured the experience of attack and counter-attack in battle.
Footnotes
[1] Part of vol. 4, How Dear is Life (1954); vol. 5, A Fox Under My Cloak (1955); Vol. 6, The Golden Virgin (1957); vol. 7, Love and the Loveless (1958); and most of vol. 8, A Test to Destruction (1960).
[2] First published in an American magazine (Pearson’s, March 1923) as ‘The Man Who Did Not Hunt’.
[3] Short series of articles concerning ‘Scarecrow Cottage’ (Skirr Cottage, Georgeham) in the Sunday Express, Dec. 1921–Jan. 1922.
[4] Williamson also used several historical facts from Rogers’ book Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925).
[5] See How Dear is Life, chapter 9, ‘Something in the Air’.
[6] A Fox Under My Cloak (Macdonald, 1955), chapter 12, ‘Life is a Spree’.
[7] Tarka the Otter (Putnam’s, 1927), chapter 12, section marked ‘Spady Gut’.
[8] Tarka the Otter, an opera. Music by Stephen McNeff, Libretto Richard Williams: first performed at the Two Moors Festival 2006.
Full details of Henry Williamson’s life and war service can be found in:
Anne Williamson, Henry Williamson, Tarka and the Last Romantic (Sutton, 1995)
Anne Williamson, Henry Williamson and the First World War (Sutton, 1998)
For further information about his writing see the Henry Williamson Society website where among several buttons (including ‘Sales’) Journal articles can be found under ‘Research’, and a descriptive bibliography under ‘A Life’s Work’.
Banner credit: Getty Images/ Hulton Archive
Written by
Anne Williamson
Anne Williamson has managed the Henry Williamson Literary Estate since the author's death in 1977. She has published a biography Henry Williamson: Tarka and the Last Romantic, and a further volume Henry Williamson and the First World War, and numerous articles in the Henry Williamson Society Journal. She is currently working on 'A Life's Work', a descriptive bibliography detailing the content and background of everything Henry Williamson wrote (over 60 books) which can be found on the Henry Williamson Society website .
The text in this article is available under the Creative Commons License.
See also
| i don't know |
What word is used in the NATO phonetic alphabet to represent the letter I? | NATO phonetic alphabet | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet .
FAA radiotelephony alphabet and Morse code chart
The NATO phonetic alphabet, more accurately known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet and also called the ICAO phonetic or ICAO spelling alphabet, as well as the ITU phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets do not have any association with phonetic transcription systems, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet . Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language or the presence of transmission static.
The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Some of the 26 words have altered pronunciations: Charlie can be either "char-lee" or "shar-lee", and Uniform is either "you-nee-form" or "oo-nee-form", neither of which is the English pronunciation of the word. Oscar is pronounced "oss-cah" and Victor as "vik-tah" without the 'r', even by people who would normally pronounce it. Papa is pronounced "Pa-PAH" with the accent on the second syllable instead of the first. The code word Quebec is pronounced as French "keh-beck". The ICAO and FAA use the standard number words of English (zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine) with four altered pronunciations (tree, fower, fife, niner), whereas the ITU and IMO use ten code words for numbers (nadazero, unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, octoeight, novenine).
Contents
Edit
After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases. [1] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.
NATO
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A common name for this spelling alphabet, "NATO phonetic alphabet," exists because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies of NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code , it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global. [2] However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. [3]
History
Edit
The ICAO developed this system in the 1950s in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. [4]
In the official [5] version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling. [6]
Code words
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The pronunciation of the code words accompanying the ICAO audio recording of 1955 [7]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others. For example, football has a higher chance of being understood than foxtrot in isolation, but foxtrot is superior in extended communication. [8]
The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of the speaker. To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, recordings and posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available. [8] [9] However, there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other agencies, and the ICAO has conflicting Roman-alphabet and IPA transcriptions. Also, although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words, they are not in general given English pronunciations. Assuming that the transcriptions are not intended to be precise, only 11 of the 26—Bravo, Echo, Hotel, Juliet(t), Kilo, Mike, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Whiskey, and Zulu—are given English pronunciations by all these agencies, though not always the same English pronunciations.
Letters
Main article: Voice procedure
Several important short words and responses have set equivalents designed to make them more reliably intelligible, and are used in the same situations as the NATO alphabet.
For "yes" and "no", radio operators say affirmative and negative, though to avoid possible confusion affirm is sometimes used for affirmative
"Help" is mayday – emergency, often shortened to mayday; this "mayday" is based on French m'aidez, meaning 'help me'.
Acknowledgement of a message is expressed with roger message, often shortened to roger; " roger " was the World War II-era word for R (modern 'romeo'), which stood for "received".
Ending a turn is signaled by over, short for over to you; the end of a message is signaled by out.
Telegram style is used, with functions words like the, a/an, and is/are dropped, and contractions are avoided for full forms such as do not (don't). And, as noted above, stop is used to end a sentence, contrasting with decimal for a decimal point in a number.
Pronunciation
Edit
Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies, while ostensibly using the same pronunciations, give different transcriptions, which are often inconsistent from letter to letter. The ICAO gives different pronunciations in IPA transcription than in respelling, and the FAA also gives different pronunciations depending on the publication consulted, the FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (§ 4-2-7), the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5), or the ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ATIS gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English numerals, with stress on one syllable, while the ITU and IMO compound pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English numerals, and with stress on each syllable. Numbers 10–99 are spelled out (that is, 17 is "1–7" and 60 is "6–0"), while for hundreds and thousands the English words hundred and thousand are used. [6] [9] [11] [12] [13] [19]
The pronunciation of the digits 3, 4, 5, and 9 differs from standard English – being pronounced tree, fower, fife, and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it is not pronounced sri; the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with "fire" (a command to shoot); and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from German nein 'no'.
Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA , and then only for letters. [9] Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from their normal English pronunciations: /ˈælfɑ, ˈbrɑːˈvo, ˈʃɑːli, ˈdeltɑ, ˈfɔkstrɔt, ɡʌlf, ˈliːmɑ, ˈɔskɑ, siˈerɑ, ˈtænɡo, ˈuːnifɔrm, ˈviktɑ, ˈjænki/, partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the ah vowel; in addition, the intended distinction between the short vowels /o ɑ ɔ/ and the long vowels /oː ɑː ɔː/ is obscure, and has been ignored in the consolidated transcription above. Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom, [20] so the pronunciations of both General American English and British Received Pronunciation are evident, especially in the rhotic and non-rhotic accents . The respelled version is usually at least consistent with a rhotic accent ('r' pronounced), as in CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NO VEM BER, YOU NEE FORM, and OO NEE FORM, whereas the IPA version usually specifies a non-rhotic accent ('r' pronounced only before a vowel), as in ˈtʃɑːli, ˈʃɑːli, noˈvembə, and ˈjuːnifɔːm. Exceptions are OSS CAH, VIK TAH and ˈuːnifɔrm. The IPA form of Golf implies it is pronounced gulf, which is not either General American English or British Received Pronunciation. Different agencies assign different stress patterns to Bravo, Hotel, Juliett, November, Papa, X-ray; the ICAO has different stresses for Bravo, Juliett, X-ray in its respelled and IPA transcriptions. The mid back [ɔ] vowel transcribed in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low vowel in both Received British and General American, and has been interpreted as such above. Furthermore, the pronunciation prescribed for "whiskey" has no initial [h], although some speakers in both General American and RP pronounce an h here, and an initial [h] is categorical in Scotland and Ireland.
History
Yoke
Zebra
The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO , and was used for civil aviation until World War II. [20] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965:
Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich
British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF phonetic alphabet , which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the American Joint-Army-Navy (JAN) one.
After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military): [20]
Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro Nectar Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee Zulu
Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955. [7] [8] The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956, [20] and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations. [21] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur ( ARRL ). It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.
Usage
Edit
A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion, because many letters sound similar, for instance "n" and "m" or "b" and "d"; the potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98" could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "BH98" and "DH98". The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion.
In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken by telephone (to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has been used often by information technology workers to communicate serial/reference codes (which are often very long) or other specialised information by voice. Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate Passenger Name Records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers. It is often used in a medical context as well, to avoid confusion when transmitting information.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done", [22] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War , Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this force.
Variants
"Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in order to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also Delta's callsign. [23]
Other
Edit
Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including first names , states, or cities. The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names. The German spelling alphabet ("Deutsches Funkalphabet") also uses first names.
Additions in other languages
Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., umlauts ), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters have two-letter ASCII substitutes, the ICAO/NATO code words for the two letters are used.
German and Swedish
In German and Swedish, Alfa-Alfa (aa) is used for ⟨ å ⟩, Alfa-Echo (ae) for ⟨ ä ⟩, Oscar-Echo (oe) for ⟨ ö ⟩, Sierra-Sierra (ss) for ⟨ ß ⟩, and Uniform-Echo (ue) for ⟨ ü ⟩. [24]
Danish and Norwegian
Edit
In Danish and Norwegian the letters ⟨ æ ⟩, ⟨ ø ⟩ and ⟨ å ⟩ have their own code words. In Danish Ægir, Ødis and Åse represent the three letters, [25] while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir, Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig, Østen and Åse for military personnel. [26]
Czech
Czech ⟨ ů ⟩, historically uo, is Uniform-Oscar (uo).
See also
| India |
In which film did Marilyn Monroe sing 'I Wanna Be Loved By You'? | Words for letters of the alphabet as used by telephonists | WordReference Forums
Words for letters of the alphabet as used by telephonists
UK
U.K. (English)
Please, do any of you know the "official" words used by telephonists to represent each letter of the alphabet in Spanish? I suspect this may vary from country to country, and in parts of Latin America the system may be different. The only ones concerning me are those used in Spain and all seem to be names of places. I know some of them, but if anyone could fill in the blanks or correct any that I've got wrong that would be great.
(Also if anyone knows the ones used in the UK it would be helpful if they could post them, too. Thank you!)
Ávila
Irlanda (while we're on this one, what's this "i latina" business?)
J
Irlanda (while we're on this one, what's this "i latina" business?)
Click to expand...
I'm not sure exactly what you're talking about but...
I latina = letter I.
Maybe the glyph "I" is roman, and "Y" is greek? I don't know.
Here are the words used in the UK
Alpha
Here is what I found while googling. Spanish words used by radio operators.
Antonio
I don't know if these are used by telephone operators.
Please excuse missing accents and any spelling errors. Non hablar Español.
LRV
Spanish (Spain)
Guiriundercover said:
Please, do any of you know the "official" words used by telephonists to represent each letter of the alphabet in Spanish?
Click to expand...
I don't think there's anything as an "official list". Usually people say the first word they can think of with each letter, often a city or a country... or they use the international words (Alfa, Bravo, Charlie...).
Personally, I find it funny when people use a word for every letter: "pe de perro, a de Ávila, erre de ratón...". I understand that sometimes it's needed when two letters are similar (b and p), or when the quality of the sound is not good, but sometimes it's overdone: "hache" and "jota" are quite difficult to misunderstand
By the way, does anything similar exist for numbers? I know the ancient Indians (in Sanskrit times) used some "metaphors" for numbers, such as: "eyes" for 2, "seasons" for 4, "fingers" for 5...
Canadian English
Jellby said:
By the way, does anything similar exist for numbers? I know the ancient Indians (in Sanskrit times) used some "metaphors" for numbers, such as: "eyes" for 2, "seasons" for 4, "fingers" for 5...
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We say "niner" instead of "nine", to distinguish it from "five" over a connection full of static. It can depend a bit on the connection, but usually if we're working with numbers we use one at a time (ie, three-five instead of thirty-five).
This is really interesting - I had no idea that the Spanish used a separate phoenetic alphabet. One wonders whether the French also have one... In my naivety I'd thought everyone used the alpha/bravo version.
UK
U.K. (English)
Thank you for your answers. I know there is an "official" system (though where it comes from is anyone's guess) because in Spain I had just gradually picked in up from talking to clients, but would like to have it all written down in its entirity. Most of them probably don't get used all that much. The most commonly used ones tend to be "Barcelona" and "Dinamarca" because the D and B sounds are so easily confused, (likewise S and F) so if you are spelling a word out to someone over the phone they commonly interrupt you and ask, "disculpe, ¿ha dicho B de Barcelona o D de Dinamarca?" But I may be interviewing for a job in a call centre and just wanted to be prepared for the interview and make sure I knew the whole list. As for numbers, over the phone it's also easy to mix up "sesenta" and "setenta" so people often say "seis cero" instead. I did notice that, but I'd never thought about there being a system for numbers too.
Spanish, Spain, Catalan, Mallorca
Guiriundercover said:
Thank you for your answers. I know there is an "official" system (though where it comes from is anyone's guess) because in Spain I had just gradually picked in up from talking to clients, but would like to have it all written down in its entirity. Most of them probably don't get used all that much. The most commonly used ones tend to be "Barcelona" and "Dinamarca" because the D and B sounds are so easily confused, (likewise S and F) so if you are spelling a word out to someone over the phone they commonly interrupt you and ask, "disculpe, ¿ha dicho B de Barcelona o D de Dinamarca?" But I may be interviewing for a job in a call centre and just wanted to be prepared for the interview and make sure I knew the whole list. As for numbers, over the phone it's also easy to mix up "sesenta" and "setenta" so people often say "seis cero" instead. I did notice that, but I'd never thought about there being a system for numbers too.
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I don't think there is an official list..but what happens is that common words get repeated.
We say D de Dinamarca or D de dedo very often. But if you say D de domingo is also fine.
It really called my attention to find out, in one of my first German classes, that the spelling must be always done with the same nouns. It surprised me that children learn that in school. We do not here. We improvise. But after hearing the most frequently used words for certain letters, those are the ones that get used more.
Of course, there is the aeronautical alphabet, but that's the international one.
Belén
Castellano - España
belen said:
Las líneas aéreas, tengo entendido que tienen que usar el mismo en todo el mundo, es decir, no pueden decir "golfo" sino "golf" ya que así les obliga el organismo internacional de aviación (del que ahora mismo no me sale el nombre)
Belén
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Es cierto, las palabras clave para deletrear según el ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) se establecieron para facilitar las comunicaciones tierra-aire vía radio, en los primeros tiempos de la aviación, la calidad de las comunicaciones por radio era un poco peor que ahora
y además, a cada extremo del canal podía haber una persona con una lengua materna tal que fueran diferentes entre sí y diferentes de la empleada en la comunicación a la vez. El juego de palabras clave se definió con una serie de palabras clave en inglés (Charlie, Foxtrot...) y castellano (Bravo, Sierra, Tango...).
By the way, SpiceMan, your suspicions were right: "I" is latin and "Y" is greek. Many spanish words starting with "J" used come from latin where they used to be written with an "I" (i.e. "Julio" and "Iulius"). "J" is an arabic heritage in spanish. "Y" is called "Upsilon/Ypsilon" in some other languages (i.e. german), which sounds quite greek, doesn't it?
Regards.
UK
U.K. (English)
Thank you for all your replies, and thank you, Battle, for your helpful list. 'Sorry for being so vague in my question about the "i latina." What I meant was (but of course nobody can be expected to read my mind and I should have expressed myself better), why is it that for most other letters they use a word, but for "i" they often just say "i latina?" Is it just because it is unmistakable for anything else? I don't often hear people say Irlanda or Italia; they just say I latina, whereas in the UK version there is a definite word for each letter and if you are using the "system" you use it for all letters, not just some. I don't get that.
Spanish, Spain, Catalan, Mallorca
Guiriundercover said:
Thank you for all your replies, and thank you, Battle, for your helpful list. 'Sorry for being so vague in my question about the "i latina." What I meant was (but of course nobody can be expected to read my mind and I should have expressed myself better), why is it that for most other letters they use a word, but for "i" they often just say "i latina?" Is it just because it is unmistakable for anything else? I don't often hear people say Irlanda or Italia; they just say I latina, whereas in the UK version there is a definite word for each letter and if you are using the "system" you use it for all letters, not just some. I don't get that.
Click to expand...
There are two letters called that sound like "i" (pronounced like the English "e"), one is called I latina and it is this one "I" and one is called Y griega and it is this one "Y"
If you say "I latina" you don't need to say "i latina de irlanda" because the surname "latina" already gives you the clue that you are talking about "I"
If you say "Y griega" you know it is "y"
On the other hand you can say "I de Italia" "Y de Yugoslavia", your choice.
Belén
spain
Guiriundercover said:
I know there is an "official" system (though where it comes from is anyone's guess) because in Spain I had just gradually picked in up from talking to clients, but would like to have it all written down in its entirity.
Click to expand...
One "official" system? You gotta be kidding! As they say: "The good thing about having standards is there are so many of them to choose from".
There is no such thing as a universal "official" alphabet but rather standard or official allphabets for specific groups like aircraft communications, nautical, army, navy, ham radio, etc.
The most widely adopted, intact or with slight variations, is the NATO Phonetic Alphabet
h ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nato_phonetic_alphabet
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a common name for the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet which assigns code words to the letters of the English alphabet so that critical combinations of letters (and numbers) can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language, especially when the safety of navigation or persons is essential. It is used by many national and international organizations, including the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases. The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the normal English numeric words (Zero, One), except for 3, 5, and 9, which are pronounced "tree", "fife", and "niner", whereas the IMO uses compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone).
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As far as I have experienced, Spanish phone operators certainly do NOT use this NATO international alphabet and use instead (from memory) América (or is it Ávila), Barcelona, Cáceres, Dinamarca, España, Francia, Gerona, Huesca, Italia, . . . Which makes sense and is more understandable if you are speaking Spanish between Spaniards.
In any case, it is mostly the customer who needs to spell the name of the destination of his call and he is free to use whatever alphabet he chooses. Telefónica are tyrants but they do not require the customers to learn their "official" alphabet (yet). They probably supply their operators with a handy alphabet card but I doubt it is compulsory in any way. Just a memory aid.
All this reminds me of a *very* old joke my dad used to tell. A Cockney wants to place a call to Ealing and the operator asks him to please spell the name to which the man replies (you have to tell the joke with a strong cockney accent, otherwise it makes no sense):
Ealing, E - A - L - I - N - G
E for 'Enry, what's me name,
Hay, what's 'orses eats,
Hell, where's we's all going to,
I for Angel which we ain't,
N for norange which we sucks,
an' G for Gawd-bly-me.
| i don't know |
Who replaced Anneka Rice on TV’s Treasure Hunt? | Treasure Hunt (2) - UKGameshows
Treasure Hunt (2)
Cameraman (on location): Graham Berry
Video recordist (on location): Frank Meyburgh
Broadcast
Chatsworth Television for Channel 4, 28 December 1982 to 18 May 1989 (91 episodes in 7 series + 6 specials)
Chatsworth Television for Thames (regional), 30 October 1985 (as part of Thames Telethon)
Chatsworth Television for ITV, 29 to 30 May 1988 (as part of ITV Telethon)
Chatsworth Television for BBC Two, 16 December 2002 to 2 August 2003 (15 episodes in 2 series)
Synopsis
If someone came up to you and said that Treasure Hunt was an hour of complete arse, not only do they have Tourette's Syndrome, but somewhat ironically they would be almost completely right.
Golden girl Anneka Rice with her lightweight (for 1985) radio pack.
That's because the show is infamous for Graham the Cameraman's need to film Anneka Rice 's bottom. In jump-suit as well! However, it was a groundbreaking game too, and one of Channel 4's most popular shows of the era, regularly clawing in 7-8 million viewers.
A lucky young thing gets to spend quality time with Anneka, thanks to Jim'll Fix It.
The game, then. Former BBC newsreader Kenneth Kendall helps two ordinary rich people (the first two contestants were fish farmers from Cornwall) to solve five devious cryptic clues in order to guide "Skyrunner" Anneka, transported by helicopter, around the five places of interest, usually on a 20x20 km map, within 45 minutes.
Come on Penny. Give me the clue.
Part of the game was that although they could communicate with Anneka via a two-way radio link, they couldn't actually see her. An unintentional difficulty factor was that the radio communications would sometimes break up, completely by accident, at unfortunate times.
In the studio, the players have access to lots of reference works and they'll need them because the clues are somewhat cryptic. For example, one clue once was: "In a Seahawk, in a Seahawk, in a Seahawk." the contestants had to work out that an airbase in the area was known as the HMS Seahawk, and at that place was an actual Seahawk plane and inside that was a small model of a Seahawk plane, and the clue was in that. Often homonyms, anagrams, double meanings and other connotations needed to be solved, with a bit of quick research each time, to solve the clues.
The plans before the show began.
For most of the run of the series, back at the base was TV-AM weather girl and zoologist (a combination you tend to see everyday) Wincey Willis who gave absolutely no help whatsoever save for time checks, giving out the clues in the studio and giving the hint to the Treasure at the top of the show. Part of her job was to track what the helicopter was doing on her big board which seemed fairly pointless, truth be told.
Anneka and her crew.
What made the show entertaining were the things Anneka had to do to earn the clues and the treasure. Most of the time they just had to go to a certain place, but sometimes the clue is on a character on stage at a packed performance, under the water, in the middle of an Army Assault Course obstacle - that kind of malarkey.
We all deserve a well earned break now and then.
Even when the contestants were stuck on clues, there was always plenty to look at. The view from the helicopter was interesting (Graham the cameraman always doing his "low shot" to perk up the proceedings), and Anneka tried her best to chip in with solving the clues wherever possible. Bless her.
The main problem with the format was that if there was only 3 minutes on the clock, and that the next location was miles away, we just knew they weren't going to make it. This was a bug that was solved in the next similar show in the genre, Interceptor . That said, Treasure Hunt got seven series, Interceptor got one. There's no justice.
Skyrunner in the helicopter, Anneka Rice
In the final series of the original run, Anneka Rice was replaced by tennis-player Annabel Croft , who went on to do the afore-mentioned Interceptor with the same production team/helicopter crew combo (Chatsworth Television and Castle Air).
Annabel Croft, with no Interceptors in sight
Bonus clues
It seemed like a few days since Annabel Croft ended the last run of Treasure Hunt by picking a rubber duck out of a reservoir in Derbyshire. After almost fourteen years in abeyance, the format has been revived for the BBC. In a pilot week, the show based itself in a Kent manor house, with five different routes being plotted around that region.
Suzi Perry was the new skyrunner. They can't see her in the studio, but they can hear her, and follow her progress via GPS. Perhaps the most visible change is that there are a lot more shots from the helicopter. Gun cameras to show Suzi and Keith, and new cameraman Guy and soundman Simon get more angles than Frank and Graham got in seven years on C4, though there's still the obligatory following-from-behind shot. There's a funky split screen effect, showing what's happening in the studio, and what's happening in the chopper.
Dermot Murnaghan is the host, furthering his claims to be taken as the new Kenneth Kendall . He's in a studio with lots of reference books and lots of good-looking but useless props but, in the one concession to new technology, there are CD-ROMs and a multimedia computer. As well as trying to help out the contestants, Dermot also confirms the location of the clue - a role Kenneth took in the initial C4 series, which acted without an on-screen adjudicator. And we're assured that, no, Dermot *hasn't* been given the answers beforehand. He does have an earpiece so that the producers can shout out if the contestants are (literally) miles off course, but that's all.
Very usefully, bits of the clue disappear as they're solved, so to admire that handiwork, you've got to be watching carefully. The effect is similar to the way Pete McCarthy explained the clues on radio's X Marks the Spot . And once Suzi has her hands on clues one and three, she gets to shout "Stop The Clock!" and use the break to reposition back at the helicopter.
Clue one is worth £100, clue two another £200. £300 for the third, £400 for the fourth, and £1000 for the last clue. Hmm, that would be exactly double the prizes on the old C4 version.
In many ways, this is perhaps a stronger show than C4's. We tend to forget the long transits and transfers between clues that Anneka suffered. The game is now five minutes shorter, which means five minutes less travelling time, which means less time filling in or looking out of the window, and no chopper work between clues four and five. The clues are also far less absurdly cryptic than on the C4 version.
The good news is that the sound problems between the studios and the skyrunner have mostly been ironed out, though that might be because the studio is within striking distance of the course. The bad news is that Zack Lawrence's memorable "Peak Performance" has vanished down the back of the BBC sofa, to be replaced by something far less memorable.
Dermot is dressed in a black jumper, not quite the learned schoolmaster of Kenneth, but still smart. Suzi is loud and talks a bit too much, but is nowhere near as annoyingly squeaky as Annabel Croft, and we have to remember that it took Anneka two or three years to really get her teeth into the skyrunner role.
There are some cute set-pieces - Dermot leaning out of the window to wave at the passing helicopter wouldn't have happened on C4. There's also indisputable evidence that Suzi does have a brain, and can solve these clues on her own bat. Quite where the obsession with pigs comes from remains to be seen - twice this week, Suzi went in search of some good porkers bearing canisters of fun.
Another good feature is the occasional screen of information on the places they've been, though bbc.co.uk/treasurehunt redirects to Auntie's attempts to recover tapes she wiped in the 70s. Very poor is the signal to indicate time has expired - Dermot counting "three ... two ... one ... oh dear" doesn't have the crashing certainty of the trusty old gong.
Oh, and the role of Wincey Willis? It's been taken by technology in general, and a GPS link to the helicopter (G-ONTV) instead.
While somewhat subdued, the show had a lot of promise, and surely a full series was in order...
An Englishwoman Abroad
And so there we were in the hot Summer of 2003 with some (extremely expensive) international specials hindered by the fact that it was an abnormally warm week for the time of year so nobody was in to watch it. Furthermore, it was Wimbledon and some Tim Henman matches went on so long that the show got jostled around the schedules.
Treasure Hunt in Kent
In one week viewers went to far flung places such as San Francisco on Monday, Mexico City on Tuesday, New Zealand on Wednesday, Alice Springs on Thursday and Melbourne on Friday. All very beautiful to look at and happily, the show's still as much fun as it always was; some felt as if there was too much flying and not enough terra ferma hi-jinks early in the week.
Suzi Perry in the outback.
The single biggest addition the new version of the show has bought along is that of having the treasure in the vicinity of the final clue. One of the biggest problems with the original of course was that if they get the fifth clue with only a few minutes to go you knew there would be no chance of them winning because the helicopter wouldn't get there in time. Now there is always a chance.
Suzi Perry in San Fransisco.
However, whilst in the original pilot week many of these final clues required a short run but needing to know an exact thing in order to win, a few too many of the final clues this time round have revolved around "Is Suzi fit enough to run from point A to point B, up a hill in time?" (the best example of this being on Alcatraz on Monday where she had to run up a large hill but Guy and Simon the technical blokes got to ride in a truck.
Suzi on tour
There is also a rather pointless addition of sound stings for when they light up the map, when they start the clock, when they stop the clock and when time runs out. Fine normally, except they're barely audible (so they're seen as irritants) and generally a bit pathetic. And there's no way the current time's up signal (a sort of wheeeeeeeee-[wind chimes]) conveys the same authority as the gong. Silly silly silly.
Suzi on tour (Part 2)
We like Treasure Hunt. But it never quite got there. And nobody saw it. Why the show never got a try out on Saturday early evening BBC 1 we don't know - it had enough production values for it. It was purely a question that BBC 2's loss of The Simpsons was the overriding factor to find something to plug the gap, and hang the cost.
Suzi in Blue.
In some ways the low-key nature of the failure may see it return again one day. We shall see.
Key moments
The spectacular seasonal specials, set in foreign countries.
Ned Sherrin's 1985 end of series special in which he was the host and Kenneth and Anneka were the contestants. Three special celebrity "Skyrunners" took on Anneka's role in the helicopter. Gemma Craven started off at Chelsea, Wayne Sleep then took over. The final runner was Kenny Lynch and the final clue brought Kenny to the Limehouse Studios where Chatsworth made the show. When Kenny made it to Kenneth and Anneka at the map table, the clock was stopped.
Catchphrases
Based on the French show La Chasse aux Trèsors.
Theme music
The famous theme tune was called Peak Performance, composed by Zack Lawrence.
The original opening titles from all 7 series
The 2002-3 edition was composed by Francis Haines (of Another 9 1/2 Weeks, no less). It was tweaked slightly between the pilot week and the full international series because Lawrence felt that they used a similar riff.
Trivia
The skyrunner's helicopter had the registration G-BHXU (pilot: Keith Thompson). The communications helicopter that flew alongside was G-SPEY (pilots: Geoff Newman and Michael Malric-Smith - see Interceptor ).
The 1984 adjudicator, Annette Lynton, is married to Nick Mason from the group Pink Floyd. She still appears in various film and TV productions as an actress.
A best-of programme in 1983 called Treasure Hunt: A Second Look featured Kenneth (in the chopper) and Anneka (in the studio) presenting highlights from the first series. In 1986, a behind-the-scenes doc The Making of Treasure Hunt was produced.
A Welsh-language pilot, Helfa Drysor , was produced for S4C.
Anneka Rice on the Dermot-era remake: "I only saw a tiny bit of one of them, because it was on at a really random time on BBC - which was confusing. I don't know... it didn't feel messy enough. It looked a bit edited and it had screens within a screen and things going on. I think when they brought it back it should have been as it used to be - wobbly cameras and not any clever editing techniques or presentation techniques. You don't want split-screen. You so don't want that. I think if you bring something back, you've got to be loyal to how it was, otherwise don't bother."
Merchandise
A Treasure Hunt book was published.
A board game was also produced.
There was also a computer game for the ZX Spectrum.
Web links
| Annabel Croft |
Which religious building gave the New Vaudeville Band a Top Five hit In 1966? | Anneka Rice wants Treasure Hunt to return to TV | Radio Times
Anneka Rice wants Treasure Hunt to return to TV
The former "skyrunner" thinks the Channel 4 show should come back with a new host
Comments
Written By
11:41 AM, 13 March 2012
It was the Channel 4 series that won her a Rear of the Year award. Now Anneka Rice has revealed that she thinks Treasure Hunt should return to TV - with a new presenter.
Talking about the game show's success in the 1980s, Rice told Daybreak this morning: "At the time there was nothing on – television was very grown up. My icons were Sue Lawley and the Dimblebys and those sort of people, and there was just nothing spontaneous and mad on television.
"Channel 4 took a big risk the very week it started with this mad show where it was totally unscripted, I was an unknown…and I'd never been in a helicopter, let alone one without doors on. And I think it was just so extraordinarily fresh after years of straight TV."
She added: "I don't know why they don't bring it back with someone else doing it, I think they should. They should bring it back, but make sure it's done in a very real way with none of the trappings that you would have nowadays."
Rice was Treasure Hunt's "skyrunner" between 1982 and 1988. When she left the job to have a baby, her role was taken in the final series by tennis star Annabel Croft. A revival on the BBC in 2002 saw The Gadget Show's Suzi Perry take to the skies, but this new version lasted just one year.
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In mythology who famously competed against Melanion? | Atlanta
Atlanta
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Atlanta 's parentage is uncertain. Her parents may have benn King Iasus and Clymene . She came into the world in the "undesirable state" of being female. As a result, her father had her carried into the woods and left to die. However, a bear found her and adopted her. As she grew older she began to spend time with hunters and was soon the best amongst them. She loved hunting and the outdoors and had no use for a man in her life. She also received an oracle that her marriage would end in disaster. She had no compunction in defending her virginity. When the centaurs Rhoecus and Hylaeus attempted to rape her, she quickly killed them with her arrows.
She wished to join the Argonauts , but Jason thought it was ill-fated to have a woman among the crew, fearing problems might occur, similar to those during the boar hunt.
Her shooting skills allowed her to draw first blood during the Calydonian Boar Hunt . Her contribution to the hunt was marred when a quarrel over giving her a trophy of the hunt resulted in the death of Meleager and his uncles.
At the funeral games honoring Pelias , Atlanta entered the wrestling contests. There, she gained more fame by scoring a victory over Peleus .
She achieved enough that her father forgave her for not being a son and allowed her to return home. Once there, he attempted to fulfill his fatherly obligations by finding her a husband. For her to simply refuse might arouse dangerous resentment. Instead she proposed a test. The successful suitor would have to beat her in a foot race. Losing suitors would be beheaded by her. As Atlanta was one of the fastest mortals this appeared to ensure her maidenhood.
For quite some time this worked. Some say that she evened the odds by wearing armor while she ran. Others say that she gave the suitors a head start of half the distance. In any case the heads stacked up.
Melanion fell in love with her. He knew that he was not fast enough to win the race. So he did what many frustrated lovers had done; he prayed to Aphrodite for help. Aphrodite had a weakness for lovers and a concern about those that rejected romance to the degree that Atlanta did. Aphrodite presented Melanion with three golden apples and a plan. In return, Melanion was to sacrifice to Aphrodite .
Melanion then ran his race with Atlanta carrying the apples with him. When Atlanta caught up to him he tossed the first apple at her feet. The sight of the magic golden apple was irresistible to Atlanta . She stopped to pick it up confident that she could make up the time. Soon enough she was once again passing Melanion. He threw the second apple, this time further to the side. Again, she lost time retrieving the apple. As she again caught up the finish line was near and chasing the third thrown apple cost her the race.
Despite her resistance, marriage seemed to suit Atlanta . Melanion's happiness and joy was so great he completely forgot his obligations to sacrifice to Aphrodite . As usual when messing up with the gods payback was severe.
Aphrodite waited until Melanion and Atlanta were passing a shrine to a god, possibly Zeus . She then hit them with overwhelming desire. Melanion took Atlanta into the shrine and lay with her. At that point, the infuriated god turned them both into lions. This was regarded by the Greeks as particularly poetic as they believed that lions could mate only with leopards.
There is one other mystery concerning Atlanta . Somehow, despite her vaunted virginity, she had a son - Parthenopaeus . The father is uncertain. Melanion and Meleager have both been suggested, but both of them were with Atlanta only briefly. Aris has also been put forward as the father. Out of embarrassment, she left the child exposed on a mountain. He was found and raised, eventually becoming a hero in his own right.
Atlanta Is also called Atalanta.
| Atalanta |
Which coastal Scottish Football League team are known as The Honest Men'? | ATALANTA (Atalante) - Arcadian Heroine of Greek Mythology
Equal in Weight
Atalanta wrestling Peleus, Chalcidian black-figure hydria C6th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen
ATALANTA was an Arkadian heroine--a huntress and a favourite of the goddess Artemis . She was exposed by her father at birth in the wilds but was suckled by a she-bear and afterwards found and raised by hunters.
Atalanta swore to defend her virginity and when two Kentauroi (Centaurs) burst into her grove, she slew them with arrows. She later took part in the voyage of the Argonauts and defeated the hero Peleus in wrestling at the funeral games of King Pelias.
When King Oineus (Oeneus) summoned heroes to destroy the Kalydonian (Calydonian) Boar , Atalanta answered the call and was the first to draw blood. Meleagros (Meleager) awarded her the prize of the skin but his uncles protested and tried to take it from her by force. The hero slew them for the affront.
Atalanta was eventually reunited with her father Skhoineus (Schoeneus) who insisted that she wed. The heroine reluctantly agreed insisting that a suitor must defeat her in a race and that the losers be put to death. Melanion--or Hippomenes--however, sought the help of the goddess Aphrodite who provided him with three golden apples to cast before the girl in the race. When Atalanta stooped to retrieve these, she was slowed enough to allow the hero to emerge victorious. Their marriage was a short-lived one, for Hippomenes neglected to pay Aphrodite her dues. She cursed him and he was compelled to lie with his wife in the sacred precinct of Zeus , Rhea or Artemis where an offended deity transformed them into lions.
Atalanta's name was derived from the Greek word atalantos meaning "equal in weight"--perhaps a reference to her success in various contests with men.
FAMILY OF ATALANTA
PARENTS
[1.1] SKHOINEUS (Hesiod Catalogues Frag 14, Apollodorus 3.9.2 & 1.9.16, Theocritus Idyll 3.40, Pausanias 8.35.10, Diodorus Siculus 4.65.4, Hyginus Fabulae 244, Ovid Metamorphoses 10.565, Ovid Heroides 16.265 & 21.123)
[2.1] IASOS & KLYMENE (Apollodorus 3.9.2)
[2.2] IASIOS (Callimachus 3.215, Hyginus Fabulae 70 & 99)
[2.3] IASION (Aelian Miscellany 13.1)
[3.1] MAINALOS (Euripides Frag, Apollodorus 3.9.2)
OFFSPRING
[1.1] PARTHENOPAIOS (Euripides Phoenissae 145, Diodorus Siculus 4.65.4, Statius Thebaid 4.246)
[1.2] PARTHENOPAIOS (by Melanion or Ares ) (Apollodorus 3.9.2)
[1.2] PARTHENOPAIOS (by Meleagros) (Hyginus Fabulae 70 & 99)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
ATALANTA (Atalantê). In ancient mythology there occur two personages of this name, who have been regarded by some writers as identical, while others distinguish between them. The common accounts distinguish between the Arcadian and the Boeotian Atalanta.
1. The Arcadian Atalanta is described as the daughter of Iasus (Iasion or Iasius) and Clymene. (Aelian, V. H. xiii. 1; Hygin. Fab. 99; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 216.) Her father, who had wished for a son, was disappointed at her birth, and exposed her on the Parthenian (virgin) hill, by the side of a well and at the entrance of a cave. Pausanias (iii. 24. § 2) speaks of a spring near the ruins of Cyphanta, which gushed forth from a rock, and which Atalanta was believed to have called forth by striking the rock with her spear. In her infancy, Atalanta was suckled in the wilderness by a she-bear, the symbol of Artemis, and after she had grown up, she lived in pure maidenhood, slew the centaurs who pursued her, took part in the Calydonian hunt, and in the games which were celebrated in honour of Pelias. Afterwards, her father recognized her as his daughter; and when he desired her to marry, she made it the condition that every suitor who wanted to win her, should first of all contend with her in the foot-race. If he conquered her, he was to be rewarded with her hand, if not, he was to be put to death by her. This she did because she was the most swift-footed among all mortals, and because the Delphic oracle had cautioned her against marriage. Meilanion, one of her suitors, conquered her in this manner. Aphrodite had given him three golden apples, and during the race he dropped them one after the other. Their beauty charmed Atalanta so much, that she could not abstain from gathering them. Thus she was conquered, and became the wife of Meilanion. Once when the two, by their embraces in the sacred grove of Zeus, profaned the sanctity of the place, they were both metamorphosed into lions. Hyginus adds, that Atalanta was by Ares the mother of Parthenopaeus, though, according to others, Parthenopaeus was her son by Meilanion. (Apollod. iii. 9. § 2; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 313; Athen. iii. p. 82.)
2. The Boeotian Atalanta. About her the same stories are related as about the Arcadian Atalanta, except that her parentage and the localities are described differently. Thus she is said to have been a daughter of Schoenus, and to have been married to Hippomenes. Her footrace is transferred to the Boeotian Onchestus, and the sanctuary which the newly married couple profaned by their love, was a temple of Cybele, who metamorphosed them into lions, and yoked them to her chariot. (Ov. Met. x. 565, &c., viii. 318, &c. ; Hygin. Fab. 185.) In both traditions the main cause of the metamorphosis is, that the husband of Atalanta neglected to thank Aphrodite for the gift of the golden apples. Atalanta has in the ancient poets various surnames or epithets, which refer partly to her descent, partly to her occupation (the chase), and partly to her swiftness. She was represented on the chest of Cypselus holding a hind, and by her side stood Meilanion. She also appeared in the pediment of the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea among the Calydonian hunters. (Paus. v. 19. § 1, viii. 45. § 4.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
SUMMARY OF THE STORY OF ATALANTA
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Lykourgos (Lycurgus) [king of Arkadia] had sons, Ankaios (Ancaeus), Epokhos (Epochus), Amphidamas, and Iasos (Iasus), by Kleophyle (Cleophyle) or Eurynome.
And Amphidamas had a son Melanion and a daughter Antimakhe (Antimachus), whom Eurystheus married.
And Iasos had a daughter Atalanta by Klymene (Clymene), daughter of Minyas. This Atalanta was exposed by her father, because he desired male children; and a she-bear came often and gave her suck, till hunters found her and brought her up among themselves. Grown to womanhood, Atalanta kept herself a virgin, and hunting in the wilderness she remained always under arms. The Kentauroi (Centaurs) Rhoikos (Rhoecus) and Hylaios (Hylaeus) tried to force her, but were shot down and killed by her.
She went moreover with the chiefs to hunt the Kalydonian (Calydonian) Boar, and at the games held in honor of Pelias she wrestled with Peleus and won.
Afterwards she discovered her parents, but when her father would have persuaded her to wed, she went away to a place that might serve as a racecourse, and, having planted a stake three cubits high in the middle of it, she caused her wooers to race before her from there, and ran herself in arms; and if the wooer was caught up, his due was death on the spot, and if he was not caught up, his due was marriage. When many had already perished, Melanion came to run for love of her, bringing golden apples from Aphrodite, and being pursued he threw them down, and she, picking up the dropped fruit, was beaten in the race. So Melanion married her. And once on a time it is said that out hunting they entered into the precinct of Zeus, and there taking their fill of love were changed into lions.
But Hesiod [Greek poet C8th-7th B.C.] and some others have said that Atalanta was not a daughter of Iasos, but of Skhoineus (Schoenus); and Euripides [Greek tragedian C5th B.C.] says that she was a daughter of Mainalos (Maenalus), and that her husband was not Melanion but Hippomenes. And by Melanion, or Ares, Atalanta had a son Parthenopaios (Parthenopaeus), who went to the war against Thebes."
Aeschylus, Atalanta (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
Aeschylus' lost play Atalanta told part of the heroine's story. It probably dramatized the story of the famous race but with references to the rest of her history. Lesser known tragedians, such as Aristias of Phlius and Critias of Athens, also produced plays entitled Atalanta.
THE CHILDHOOD & EARLY LIFE OF ATALANTA
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Iasos (Iasus) had a daughter Atalanta by Klymene (Clymene), daughter of Minyas. This Atalanta was exposed by her father, because he desired male children; and a she-bear came often and gave her suck, till hunters found her and brought her up among themselves. Grown to womanhood, Atalanta kept herself a virgin, and hunting in the wilderness she remained always under arms. The Kentauroi (Centaurs) Rhoikos (Rhoecus) and Hylaios (Hylaeus) tried to force her, but were shot down and killed by her."
Callimachus, Hymn 3 to Artemis 206 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"[Comrades of the goddess Artemis :] Yea and Kyrene (Cyrene) thou madest thy comrade . . . And [Prokris] the fair-haired wife of Kephalos (Cephalus) . . . and fair Antikleia (Anticlea) . . . These were the first who wore the gallant bow and arrow-holding quivers on their shoulders; their right shoulders bore the quiver strap, and always the right breast showed bare. Further thou didst greatly commend swift-footed Atalanta, the slayer of boars, daughter of Arkadian Iasios (Iasius), and taught her hunting with dogs and good archery. They that were called to hunt the boar of Kalydon (Calydon) find no fault with her; for the tokens of victory came into Arkadia (Arcadia) which still holds the tusks of the beast. Nor do I deem that Hylaios (Hylaeus) and foolish Rhoikos (Rhoecus), for all their hate, in Haides slight her archery. For the loins, with whose blood the height of Mainalos (Maenalus) flowed, will not abet the falsehood."
Xenophon, On Hunting 13. 18 (trans. Marchant) (Greek C4th B.C.) :
"For all men who have loved hunting have been good: and not men only, but those women also to whom the goddess [Artemis] has given this blessing, Atalanta and Prokris (Procris) and others like them."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 24. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[On the Argolic Gulf coast of Lakedaimonia (Lacedaemonia) :] The road from Zarax follows the coast for about a hundred stades, and there strikes inland. After an ascent of ten stades inland are the ruins of the so-called Kyphanta (Cyphanta) . . . There is a fountain of cold water springing from the rock, where they say that Atalanta, distressed by thirst when hunting, struck the rock with her spear, so that the water gushed forth."
Aelian, Historical Miscellany 13. 1 (trans. Wilson) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to 3rd A.D.) :
"Here is the story from Arkadia (Arcadia) about Atalanta the daughter of Iasion. At birth her father exposed her; he said he wanted sons, not daughters. But the man who took her to be exposed did not kill her, and instead went to Mount Parthenion (Parthenium) and put her down near a spring. At that point there was a cave in the rocks, and close by it a dense wood. The child was under sentence of death, but she was not betrayed by fortune, for shortly afterwards arrived a bear, deprived of her cubs by hunters, her breasts bulging and weighed down with milk. Moved by some divine inspiration she took a fancy to the child and suckled it. In this way the animal simultaneously achieved relief from pain and gave nourishment to the infant. And so, still full of milk and supplying nourishment though she was no longer mother to her cubs, she nursed the child who was not her own. The hunters who had originally attacked her young kept an eye on her. They watched all her movements, and when the bear made her usual journey to hunt and feed, they stole Atalanta, who was not yet so named, for it was they who gave her the name. She was brought up by them in the mountains, and slowly her body grew with age. She was committed to virginity, avoided contact with men, and longed for solitude. She established herself in the highest mountains of Arkadia, where there was a well-watered glen with big oak trees, also pines with their deep shadow.
What harm does it do us to hear of Atalanta's cave, like Kalypso's (Calypso's) in the Odyssey? At the bottom of the defile was a large and very deep cave, at the entrance protected by a sheer drop. Ivy encircled it, the ivy gently twined itself around trees and climbed up them. In the soft deep grass there crocuses grew, accompanied by hyacinths and flowers of many other colours, which can not only create a feast for the eye; in fact their perfume filled the air around. In general the atmosphere was of festival, and one could feast on the scent. There were many laurels, their evergreen leaves so agreeable to look at, and vines with very luxuriant clusters of grapes flourished in front of the cave as proof of Atalanta's industry. A continuous stream of water ran by : pure in appearance and cold, judging by the touch and the effect of drinking it; it flowed in generous and lavish quantity. This very stream served to water the trees already mentioned, with an unfailing current contributing to their vigour. The spot was full of charm, and suggested the dwelling of a dignified and chaste maiden.
Atalanta slept on the skins of animals caught in the hunt, she lived on their meat and drank water. She wore simple clothes, in a style that did not fall short of Artemis' example; she claimed the goddess as her model both in his and in her wish to remain a virgin. She was very fleet of foot, and no wild animal or man with designs on her could have escaped her; and when she wanted to escape, no one could have caught her. It was not just those who saw her that fell in love with her; by now her reputation won her lovers.
Now let us describe her appearance, if that is not unwelcome--and it is not, since form it one might gain experience and skill in writing. While still a girl she was bigger than a full-grown woman, and more beautiful than any young woman from the Peloponnesos in those days. She had a fiery, masculine gaze, partly the result of having been nurtured by an animal, but also because of her exercise in the mountains. But since she was full of spirit, there was nothing girlish or delicate about her; she was not the product of the women's apartments, not one of those brought up by mothers and nurses. Nor was her body overweight, not surprisingly, since she exercised every limb in hunting and physical exercise. Her hair was golden, not due to feminine sophistication, dyes, or applications, but the colour was natural. Exposure to the sun had reddened her face and it looked just as if she was blushing. What flower could be so beautiful as the face of a young woman taught to be modest? She had two astonishing qualities : unrivalled beauty, and with it a capacity to inspire fear. No indolent man would have fallen in love on looking at her, nor would he have had the courage to meet her gaze in the first place; such radiance with beauty shone over those who saw her. To meet her was remarkable, especially since it happened rarely; no one would have easily spotted her. But unexpectedly and unforeseen she would appear, chasing a wild beast or fighting against one; darting like a star she flashed like lightning. Then she raced away, hidden by a wood or thicket or other mountain vegetation.
One day her neighbours, audacious lovers and very tiresome revellers, burst in upon her noisily at midnight; they were two of the Kentauroi (Centaurs), Hylaios (Hylaeus) and Rhoikos (Rhoecus). Their noisy interruption was not done with flute players or in the style of young men from the city; there were pine torches, which they lit and made to burn fiercely; the first sight of fire would have terrified even the population of a city, let alone a solitary young woman. Breaking fresh branches off the pines they wove them together and made garlands for themselves. The incessant, continuous sound of hooves was heard in the mountains; they burned trees and made towards the young woman, evil suitors who in a violent and over-excited state brought gifts for the wedding in advance. But she saw through their plan. From the cave she caught sight of fire and realised who the revellers were; not flinching or cowed by what she saw she bent her bow, shot her weapon, and hit the first of them directly. He lay there, and the other advanced, no longer in the mood of a reveller but with hostile intent, wishing to defend his companion and vent his anger. But he too was punished, by the young woman's other arrow. So much on the subject of Atalanta, daughter of Iasion."
ATALANTA & THE VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 9. 16 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Sent to fetch the fleece, Jason called in the help of Argos, son of Phrixos; and Argos, by Athena's advice, built a ship of fifty oars named Argo after its builder . . . When the ship was built, and he inquired of the oracle, the god gave him leave to assemble the nobles of Greece and sail away. And those who assembled were as follows : Tiphys, son of Hagnias . . . Autolykos (Autolycus), son of Hermes; Atalanta, daughter of Skhoineus (Schoeneus); Menoitios, son of Aktor . . . [from a list of fifty names.]
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 :
"At the games held in honor of Pelias [i.e. by the Argonauts] she [Atalanta] wrestled with Peleus and won."
[N.B. The wrestling match of Peleus and Atalanta is depicted in ancient Athenian black-figure vase paintings.]
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 768 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"And in his right hand Jason held a fardarting spear, which Atalanta gave him once as a gift of hospitality in Mainalos (Maenalus) as she met him gladly; for she eagerly desired to follow on that quest; but he himself of his own accord prevented the maid, for he feared bitter strife on account of her love."
ATALANTA & THE CALYDONIAN BOAR HUNT
Euripides, Meleager (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
Atalanta perhaps had a role in Euripides' lost play Meleager which told the story of his death following the dispute over the skin of the Kalydonian Boar.
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 8. 2 - 3 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"In sacrificing the first fruits of the annual crops of the country to all the gods Oineus (Oeneus) forgot Artemis alone. But she in her wrath sent a boar of extraordinary size and strength, which prevented the land from being sown and destroyed the cattle and the people that fell in with it. To attack this boar Oineus called together all the noblest men of Greece, and promised that to him who should kill the beast he would give the skin as a prize. Now the men who assembled to hunt the boar were these :--Meleagros (Meleager), son of Oineus; Dryas, son of Ares; these came from Kalydon (Calydon); Idas and Lynkeus, sons of Aphareus, from Messene; Kastor (Castor) and Polydeukes (Polydeuces), sons of Zeus and Leda, from Lakedaimon (Lacedaemon); Theseus, son of Aigeus, from Athens; Admetos, son of Pheres, from Pherai; Ankaios (Ancaeus) and Kepheus (Cepheus), sons of Lykourgos (Lycurgus), from Arkadia; Jason, son of Aison, from Iolkos (Iolcus); Iphikles, son of Amphitryon, from Thebes; Peirithous, son of Ixion, from Larissa; Peleus, son of Aiakos, from Phthia; Telamon, son of Aiakos, from Salamis; Eurytion, son of Aktor, from Phthia; Atalanta, daughter of Skhoineus (Schoeneus), from Arkadia; Amphiaraos, son of Oikles, from Argos. With them came also the sons of Thestios (Thestius).
And when they were assembled, Oineus entertained them for nine days; but on the tenth, when Kepheus and Ankaios and some others disdained to go hunting with a woman, Meleagros compelled them to follow the chase with her, for he desired to have a child also by Atalanta, though he had to wife Kleopatra (Cleopatra), daughter of Idas and Marpessa.
When they surrounded the boar, Hyleus and Ankaios were killed by the brute, and Peleus struck down Eurytion undesignedly with a javelin. But Atalanta was the first to shoot the boar in the back with an arrow, and Amphiaraos was the next to shoot it in the eye; but Meleagros killed it by a stab in the flank, and on receiving the skin gave it to Atalanta. Nevertheless the sons of Thestios, thinking scorn that a woman should get the prize in the face of men, took the skin from her, alleging that it belonged to them by right of birth if Meleagros did not choose to take it. But Meleagros in a rage slew the sons of Thestios and gave the skin to Atalanta. However, from grief at the slaughter of her brothers Althaia (Althaea) kindled the brand, and Meleagros immediately expired."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 :
"She [Atalanta] went moreover with the chiefs to hunt the Kalydonian (Calydonian) boar."
Callimachus, Hymn 3 to Artemis 215 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"Swift-footed Atalanta, the slayer of boars, daughter of Arkadian Iasios (Arcadian Iasius), and taught her hunting with dogs and good archery. They that were called to hunt the boar of Kalydon (Calydon) find no fault with her; for the tokens of victory came into Arkadia which still holds the tusks of the beast."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 45. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"The Tegeans have, besides the deeds already mentioned, the following claims of their own to fame. Ankaios (Ancaeus), the son of Lykourgos (Lycurgus), though wounded, stood up to the Kalydonian (Calydonian) boar, which Atalanta shot at, being the first to hit the beast. For this feat she received, as a prize for valor, the head and hide of the boar."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 45. 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[The temple of Athena Alea at Tegea in Arkadia (Arcadia) :] On the front gable is the hunting of the Kalydonian (Calydonian) boar. The boar stands right in the center. On one side are Atalanta, Meleagros (Meleager), Theseus, Telamon, Peleus, Polydeukes (Polydeuces), Iolaos, the partner in most of the labours of Herakles, and also the sons of Thestios, the brothers of Althaia (Althaea), Prothoos (Prothous) and Kometes (Cometes)."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 15 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"[From a description of an ancient Greek painting depicting the Kalydonian (Calydonian) boar hunt :] Are you surprised to see a girl [Atalanta] entering into so great a contest and withstanding the attack of so savage and so huge a boar? For you see how bloodshot is his eye, how his crest bristles, and how abundant is the foam that drips from his long upright tusks, which are unblunted at the point; and you see how the beast's bulk is proportional to his stride, which indeed is indicated by these tracks that are as large as those of a bull. For the painter has not failed to embody any of these points in his painting. But the scene before us is already terrible. For the boar has attacked Ankaios (Ancaeus) here in the thigh, and the youth lies pouring out his blood in streams and with along gaping wound in his thigh; therefore now that the contest is already under way, Atalanta--for we must recognize that the girl is she--having put to the bowstring the arrow she has ready, is about to let it fly. She wears a garment that does not reach the knee and boots fastened on her feet; her arms are bare to the shoulders for freedom of movement, and the garment is fastened there by brooches; her beauty, which is naturally of the masculine type, is made more so by the occasion, since her glance is not alluring, but she strains her eyes to observe what is going on. The youths here are Meleagros (Meleager) and Peleus, for the painting tells us that it is they who have slain the boar; Meleagros in an attitude of defence throws his weight upon his left foot, and watching closely the boar's advance, awaits his onset securely with couched spear."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 174 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"The wrath of Diana [Artemis] sent a boar of huge size to lay waste the district of Calydon, because Oeneus had not made yearly offerings to her. Meleager, with the help of chosen youths of Greece, killed it, and gave the hide to the virgin Atalanta because of her valor. Ideus, Plexippus, Lynceus . . . brothers of Althaea, wished to take if from her. When she asked the help of Meleager, he intervened, and putting love before family relationship, killed his uncles. When Althaea, the mother, heard that her son had dared to commit such a crime, remembering the warning of the Parcae, she brought out the brand from the chest and threw it on the fire. Thus, in desiring to avenge the death of her brothers, she killed her son."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 244 :
"Men who killed their relatives . . . Meleager son of Oeneus killed his uncles Plexippus and Agenor on account of Atalanta, daughter of Schoeneus."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 8. 270 ff (trans. Brookes More) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"The land of Calydon, through Meleager and her native hero . . . [gathered heroes to] destroy a raging boar [the Calydonian Boar], the ravage of her realm. Diana [Artemis] in her wrath had sent the boar to wreak her vengeance . . . And this avenging boar was quite as large as bulls now feeding on the green Epirus, and larger than the bulls of Sicily. A dreadful boar.--His burning, bloodshot eyes seemed coals of living fire, and his rough neck was knotted with stiff muscles, and thick-set with bristles like sharp spikes. A seething froth dripped on his shoulders, and his tusks were like the spoils of Ind. Discordant roars reverberated from his hideous jaws; and lightning--belched forth from his horrid throat--scorched the green fields . . .
What heroes shall immortal song proclaim? Castor and Pollux [Polydeukes], twins of Tyndarus, [and others, amongst a list of heroes.] . . . --And Atalanta, virgin of the groves, of Mount Lycaeus, glory of her sex; a polished buckle fastened her attire; her lustrous hair was fashioned in a knot; her weapons rattled in an ivory case, swung from her white left shoulder, and she held a bow in her left hand. Her face appeared as maidenly for boy, or boyish for girl. When Meleager saw her, he at once longed for her beauty, though some god forbade. The fires of love flamed in him; and he said, ‘Happy the husband who shall win this girl!’ Neither the time nor his own modesty permitted him to say another word. But now the dreadful contest with the boar engaged this hero's energy and thought.
A wood, umbrageous, not impaired with age, slopes from a plain and shadows the wide fields, and there this band of valiant heroes went--eager to slay the dreaded enemy, some spread the nets and some let loose the dogs, some traced the wide spoor of the monster's hoofs. There is a deep gorge where the rivulets that gather from the rain, discharge themselves; and there the bending willow, the smooth sedge, the marsh-rush, ozier and tall tangled reed in wild profusion cover up the marsh. Aroused from this retreat the startled boar, as quick as lightning from the clashing clouds crashed all the trees that cumbered his mad way.--The young men raised a shout, leveled their spears, and brandished their keen weapons; but the boar rushed onward through the yelping dogs, and scattered them with deadly sidelong stroke . . .
The virgin, Atalanta, took her bow and fitting a sharp arrow to the notch, twanged the tight cord. The feathered shaft quivered beneath the monster's ear, the red blood stained his hard bristles. Flushed with her success rejoiced the maid, but not more gladly than the hero Meleager. He it was who first observed the blood, and pointed out the stain to his companions as he cried, ‘Give honor to the courage of a maid!’ Unwilling to be worsted by a maid, the rushing heroes raised a mighty cry and as they shouted in excitement, hurled their weapons in confusion; and so great the multitude their actions interfered.
Behold! Ancaeus wielding his war-axe, and rushing madly to his fate, exclaimed, ‘Witness it! See the weapons of a man excel a woman's! Ho, make way for my achievement! Let Diana [Artemis] shield the brute! Despite her utmost effort my right hand shall slaughter him!’ So mighty in his boast he puffed himself; and, lifting with both hands his double-edged axe, he stood erect, on tiptoe fiercely bold. The savage boar caught him, and ripped his tushes through his groin, a spot where death is sure.--Ancaeus fell; and his torn entrails and his crimson blood stained the fair verdure of the spot with death . . .
So fared those heroes. Better fortune gave success to Meleager; first he threw a spear that missed and quivered in the ground; but next he hurled a spear with certain aim. It pierced the middle of the monster's back; and rushing in upon the dreaded beast, while raging it was whirling round and round, the fearless prince provoked to greater rage the wounded adversary. Bloody froth dripped down his champing jaws--his purple blood poured from a rankling wound. Without delay the mighty Meleager plunged a spear deep in the monster's shoulder. All his friends raised a glad shout, and gathering round him, tried to grasp his hand.--With wonder they beheld the monster's bulk stretched out upon the plain; and fearful still to touch him, they began to stain their weapons in his spouting blood.
At length the hero Meleager pressed his conquering foot upon the monster's head and said, ‘O Atalanta, glorious maid, of Nonacris, to you is yielded spoil, my lawful right, and I rejoice to share the merit of this glorious victory.’ And while he spoke, he gave to her the pelt, covered with horrid bristles, and the head frightful with gory tusks: and she rejoiced in Meleager and his royal gift. But all the others, envious, began to murmur; and the sons of Thestius levelled their pointed spears, and shouted out; ‘Give up the prize! Let not the confidence of your great beauty be a snare to you! A woman should not interfering filch the manly honors of a mighty hunt! Aside! and let your witless lover yield!’
So threatened they and took from her the prize; and forcibly despoiled him of his rights. The warlike prince, indignant and enraged,--rowed with resentment, shouted out. ‘What! Ho! You spoilers of this honor that is ours, brave deeds are different far from craven threats!’ And with his cruel sword he pierced the breast of rash Plexippus, taken unawares, and while his brother, Toxeus, struck with fear, stood hesitating whether to avenge or run to safety, Meleager plunged the hot sword, smoking with a brother's blood, in his breast also. And so perished they."
Ovid, Heroides 4. 99 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Oenides [Meleager, son of Oeneus], too, took fire with love for Maenalian Atalanta; she has the spoil of the wild beast as the pledge of his love."
THE RACE OF ATALANTA & MELANION (OR HIPPOMENES)
Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 14a (from Petrie Papyri) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or 7th B.C.) :
". . of the glorious lord ((lacuna)) . . fair Atalanta, swift of foot, the daughter of Skhoineus (Schoeneus), who had the beaming eyes of the Kharites (Charites, Graces), though she was ripe for wedlock rejected the company of her equals and sought to avoid marriage with men who eat bread."
Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 14b (from Scholiast on Homer's Iliad 23. 683) :
"Hesiod is therefore later in date than Homer since he represents Hippomenes as stripped when contending with Atalanta." [N.B. In earlier times athelets wore a loin-cloth but this was discarded after the 14th Olympiad.]
Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 14c (from Papiri greci e latini, ii. No. 130) :
"Then straightway there rose up against him the trim-ankled maiden [Atalanta], peerless in beauty : a great throng stood round about her as she gazed fiercely, and wonder held all men as they looked upon her. As she moved, the breath of the west wind stirred the shining garment about her tender bosom; but Hippomenes stood where he was : and much people was gathered together. All these kept silence; but Skhoineus (Schoeneus) cried and said : ‘Hear me all, both young and old, while I speak as my spirit within my breast bids me. Hippomenes seeks my coy-eyed daughter to wife; but let him now hear my wholesome speech. He shall not win her without contest; yet, if he be victorious and escape death, and if the deathless gods who dwell on Olympos grant him to win renown, verily he shall return to his dear native land, and I will give him my dear child and strong, swift-footed horses besides which he shall lead home to be cherished possessions; and may he rejoice in heart possessing these, and ever remember with gladness the painful contest. May the father of men and of gods (grant that splendid children may be born to him) ((lacuna)) . . .’
On the right . . and he, rushing upon her . . drawing back slightly towards the left. And on them was laid an unenviable struggle: for she, even fair, swift-footed Atalanta, ran scorning the gifts of golden Aphrodite; but with him the race was for his life, either to find his doom, or to escape it. Therefore with thoughts of guile he said to her : ‘O daughter of Skhoineus, pitiless in heart, receive these glorious gifts of the goddess, golden Aphrodite ((lacuna)) . .’
But he, following lightly on his feet, cast the first apple : and, swiftly as a Harpyia (Harpy), she turned back and snatched it. Then he cast the second to the ground with his hand. And now fair, swift-footed Atalanta had two apples and was near the goal; but Hippomenes cast the third apple to the ground, and therewith escaped death and black fate. And he stood panting and ((lacuna)) . ."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[Atalanta was exposed at birth by her father and raised by hunters.] Afterwards she discovered her parents, but when her father would have persuaded her to wed, she went away to a place that might serve as a racecourse, and, having planted a stake three cubits high in the middle of it, she caused her wooers to race before her from there, and ran herself in arms; and if the wooer was caught up, his due was death on the spot, and if he was not caught up, his due was marriage. When many had already perished, Melanion came to run for love of her, bringing golden apples from Aphrodite, and being pursued he threw them down, and she, picking up the dropped fruit, was beaten in the race. So Melanion married her. And once on a time it is said that out hunting they entered into the precinct of Zeus, and there taking their fill of love were changed into lions."
Theocritus, Idylls 3. 40 ff (trans. Edmonds) (Greek bucolic C3rd B.C.) :
"When Skhoinos' (Schoenus') bride-race [i.e. the race of Atalanta] was begun, apples fell from one that run; she looks, she's lost, and lost doth leap, into love so dark and deep."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 19. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[Amongst the scenes depicted on the chest of Kypselos (Cypselus) dedicated at Olympia :] There is also Melanion by whom is Atalanta holding a young deer."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 35. 10 :
"Beyond this [Mount Phalanthos in Arkadia (Arcadia)] is a plain called the Plain of Polos, and after it Skhoinos (Schoenus), so named from a Boiotian, Skhoineus (Schoeneus). If this Skhoineus emigrated to Arkadia, the race-courses of Atalanta, which are near Skhoinos, probably got their name from his daughter."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 185 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Schoeneus is said to have had a most beautiful daughter, Atalanta, who by her swiftness used to surpass men in the race. She asked her father that she might remain a virgin. And so, since she was sought by many in marriage, her father set up a contest, that her suitors should contend with her first in a foot-race; then a limit being set, that the man, unarmed, should flee, and she should pursue him with a weapon; the one she overtook within the limits of the course, she should kill, and fix his head up in the stadium. When she had overtaken and killed many, she was finally defeated by Hippomenes, son of Megareus and Merope. For he had received from Venus [Aphrodite] three apples of exceptional beauty, and had been instructed how to use them. By throwing them down in the contest. He had slowed up the speed of the girl, for as she picked them up and admired the gold, she lost time, and gave victory to the youth. Schoeneus willingly gave him his daughter because of his ingenuity, but as he was taking her home, forgetting that he had won by the favour of Venus, he did not give thanks to her. While he was sacrifice to Jove Victor [Zeus] on Mount Parnassus, inflamed with passion through the anger of Venus, he lay with Atalanta in the shrine, and Jupiter [Zeus] because of this changed them into lion and lioness, animals to whom the gods deny intercourse of love."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 10. 560 ff (trans. Brookes More) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Perhaps you may have heard of a swift maid, who ran much faster than swift-footed men contesting in the race. What they have told is not an idle tale.--She did excel them all--and you could not have said whether her swift speed or her beauty was more worthy of your praise. When this maid once consulted with an oracle, of her fate after marriage, the god answered her : ‘You, Atalanta, never will have need of husband, who will only be your harm. For your best good you should avoid the tie; but surely you will not avoid your harm; and while yet living you will lose yourself.’ She was so frightened by the oracle, she lived unwedded in far shaded woods; and with harsh terms repulsed insistent throngs of suitors. ‘I will not be won,’ she said, ‘Till I am conquered first in speed. Contest the race with me. A wife and couch shall both be given to reward the swift, but death must recompense the one who lags behind. This must be the condition of a race.’ Indeed she was that pitiless, but such the power of beauty, a rash multitude agreed to her harsh terms.
Hippomenes had come, a stranger, to the cruel race, with condemnation in his heart against the racing young men for their headstrong love; and said, ‘Why seek a wife at such a risk?’ But when he saw her face, and perfect form disrobed for perfect running, such a form as mine [i.e. Aphrodite's] . . . he was so astonished he raised up his hands and said, ‘Oh pardon me brave men whom I was blaming, I could not then realize the value of the prize you strove for.’ And as he is praising her, his own heart leaping with love's fire, he hopes no young man may outstrip her in the race; and, full of envy, fears for the result. ‘But why,’ he cries, ‘is my chance in the race untried? Divinity helps those who dare.’ But while the hero weighed it in his mind the virgin flew as if her feet had wings. Although she seemed to him in flight as swift as any Scythian arrow, he admired her beauty more; and her swift speed appeared in her most beautiful. The breeze bore back the streamers on her flying ankles, while her hair was tossed back over her white shoulders; the bright trimmed ribbons at her knees were fluttering, and over her white girlish body came a pink flush, just as when a purple awning across a marble hall gives it a wealth of borrowed hues. And while Hippomenes in wonder gazed at her, the goal was reached; and Atalanta crowned victorious with festal wreath.--But all the vanquished youths paid the death-penalty with sighs and groans, according to the stipulated bond.
Not frightened by the fate of those young men, he stood up boldly in the midst of all; and fixing his strong eyes upon the maiden, said : ‘Where is the glory in an easy victory over such weaklings? Try your fate with me! If fortune fail to favor you, how could it shame you to be conquered by a man? Megareus of Onchestus is my father, his grandsire, Neptune [Poseidon], god of all the seas. I am descendant of the King of Waves: and add to this, my name for manly worth has not disgraced the fame of my descent. If you should prove victorious against this combination, you will have achieved a great enduring name--the only one who ever bested great Hippomenes.’
While he was speaking, Atalanta's gaze grew softer, in her vacillating hopes to conquer and be conquered; till at last, her heart, unbalanced, argued in this way : ‘It must be some god envious of youth, wishing to spoil this one prompts him to seek wedlock with me and risk his own dear life. I am not worth the price, if I may judge. His beauty does not touch me--but I could be moved by it--I must consider he is but a boy. It is not he himself who moves me, but his youth. Sufficient cause for thought are his great courage and his soul fearless of death. What of his high descent;--great grandson of the King of all the seas? What of his love for me that has such great importance, he would perish if his fate denied my marriage to him? O strange boy, go from me while you can; abandon hope of this alliance stained with blood--A match with me is fatal. Other maids will not refuse to wed you, and a wiser girl will gladly seek your love.--But what concern is it of mine, when I but think of those who have already perished! Let him look to it himself; and let him die. Since he is not warned by his knowledge of the fate of many other suitors, he declares quite plainly, he is weary of his life.--Shall he then die, because it must be his one hope to live with me? And suffer death though undeserved, for me because he loves? My victory will not ward off the hate, the odium of the deed! But it is not a fault of mine.--Oh fond, fond man, I would that you had never seen me! But you are so madly set upon it, I could wish you may prove much the swifter! Oh how dear how lovable is his young girlish face!--ah, doomed Hippomenes, I only wish mischance had never let you see me! You are truly worthy of a life on earth. If I had been more fortunate, and not denied a happy marriage day; I would not share my bed with any man but you.’
All this the virgin Atalanta said; and knowing nothing of the power of love, she is so ignorant of what she does, she loves and does not know she is in love.
Meanwhile her father and the people, all loudly demanded the accustomed race. A suppliant, the young Hippomenes invoked me with his anxious voice, ‘I pray to you, O Venus [Aphrodite], Queen of Love, be near and help my daring--smile upon the love you have inspired!’ The breeze, not envious, wafted this prayer to me; and I confess, it was so tender it did move my heart--I had but little time to give him aid. There is a field there which the natives call the Field Tamasus--the most prized of all the fertile lands of Cyprus. This rich field, in ancient days, was set apart for me, by chosen elders who decreed it should enrich my temples yearly. In this field there grows a tree, with gleaming golden leaves, and all its branches crackle with bright gold. Since I was coming from there, by some chance, I had three golden apples in my hand, which I had plucked. With them I planned to aid Hippomenes. While quite invisible to all but him, I taught him how to use those golden apples for his benefit.
The trumpet soon gave signal for the race and both of them crouching flashed quickly forth and skimmed the surface of the sandy course with flying feet. You might even think those two could graze the sea with unwet feet and pass over the ripened heads of standing grain. Shouts of applause gave courage to the youth : the cheering multitude cried out to him :--‘Now is the time to use your strength. Go on! Hippomenes! Bend to the work! You're sure to win!’ It must be doubted who was most rejoiced by those brave words, Megareus' son, or Schoeneus' daughter. Oh, how often, when she could have passed him, she delayed her speed; and after gazing long upon his face reluctantly again would pass him! Now dry panting breath came from his weary throat--the goal still far away.--Then Neptune's [Poseidon's] scion threw one of three gold apples. Atalanta with wonder saw it--eager to possess the shining fruit, she turned out of her course, picked up the rolling gold. Hippomenes passed by her, while spectators roared applause. Increasing speed, she overcame delay, made up for time lost, and again she left the youth behind. She was delayed again because he tossed another golden apple. She followed him, and passed him in the race. The last part of the course remained. He cried `Be near me, goddess, while I use your gift.' With youthful might he threw the shining gold, in an oblique direction to the side, so that pursuit would mean a slow return. The virgin seemed to hesitate, in doubt whether to follow after this third prize. I forced her to turn for it; take it up; and, adding weight to the gold fruit, she held, impeded her with weight and loss of time. For fear my narrative may stretch beyond the race itself,--the maiden was outstripped; Hippomenes then led his prize away.
Did I [Venus-Aphrodite] not deserve his thanks with tribute of sweet incense? But he [Hippomenes] was ungrateful, and, forgetful of my help, he gave me neither frankincense nor thanks. Such conduct threw me into sudden wrath, and, fretting at the slight, I felt I must not be despised at any future time. I told myself 'twas only right to make a just example of them. They were near a temple, hidden in the forest, which glorious Echion in remembered time had built to Rhea, Mother of the gods, in payment of a vow. So, wearied from the distance traveled, they were glad to have a needed rest. Hippomenes while there, was seized with love his heart could not control.--a passion caused by my divinity. Quite near the temple was a cave-like place, covered with pumice. It was hallowed by religious veneration of the past. Within the shadows of that place, a priest had stationed many wooden images of olden gods. The lovers entered there and desecrated it. The images were scandalized, and turned their eyes away. The tower-crowned Mother, Cybele, at first prepared to plunge the guilty pair beneath the waves of Styx, but such a punishment seemed light. And so their necks, that had been smooth. Were covered instantly with tawny manes; their fingers bent to claws; their arms were changed to fore-legs; and their bosoms held their weight; and with their tails they swept the sandy ground. Their casual glance is anger, and instead of words they utter growls. They haunt the woods, a bridal-room to their ferocious taste. And now fierce lions they are terrible to all of life; except to Cybele; whose harness has subdued their champing jaws."
Ovid, Heroides 16. 263 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Ah, might the gods make you the prize in a mighty contest, and let the victor have you for his couch!--as Hippomenes bore off, the prize of his running, Schoeneus' daughter [Atalanta]."
Ovid, History of Love 6. 1 ff (trans. Hopkins) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Hippomenes alone with hope inspir'd, might well rejoice to find his wishes fir'd, since well assur'd of all his wish desired. His passion was of life, and soul, and flame, he dauntless to the fatal barriers came : with joy his vanquished rivals he beheld, assur'd to win, when all besides had failed. He saw the lovely nymph outfly the wind, and leave her breathless suitors far behind; saw Atalanta swift as lightning pass, yet soft as Zephyrs, sweep along the grass. He knew the law, whose cruelty decreed, that ev'ry youth who lost the race should bleed. Yet if, like them, he could not run so fast, he saw her worth the dying for at last. Her ev'ry charm his praise and wonder mov'd, and still the more he praised, the more he lov'd, now had he viewed the last unhappy strife, and seen the vanquished youth resign his life. When with his love transported, from his place, lest any other first should claim the race, rising he runs, regardless of their fate, and presses where the panting maiden sat, with eyes all sparkling with his hope and love, and such a look, as could not fail to move; ‘Tell me (he cries) why, barb'rous beauty, why are you so pleased to see these wretches die? Why have you with my feeble rivals strove, betray'd to death by their too daring love? With me a less unequal race begin, with me exert your utmost speed to win; by my defeat you will your conquest crown, and in my fall establish your renown : then undisturb'd you may your conquests boast, for none will dare to strive when I have lost.’
Thus while the prince his bold defiance spoke, ahe eyes him with a soft relenting look. Already does his distant fate deplore, concern'd for him, though ne'er concern'd before. Doubtful she stands, and knows not what to choose, and cannot wish to win, nor yet to lose, but murmurs to herself; ‘Ye powers divine, how hard, alas! a destiny is mine! Why must I longer such a law obey, and daily throw so many lives away? Why must I by their deaths my nuptials shun! Or else by marrying be myself undone? Why must I still my cruelty pursue? Why must a prince, so charming, perish too? Such is his youth, his beauty, valour such, e'en to myself I seem not worth so much. Fly, lovely stranger, 'ere 'tis yet too late. Fly from thy too, ah! too, too certain fate. I would not send thee hence, I would not give such a command; couldst thou but stay, and live. Thou with some fairer maid wilt happier be : the fairest maid might be in love with thee. So many suitors have already bled, who rashly ventured for my nuptial bed, I fear lest thou shouldst run like them in vain, shouldst lose like them, and, ah! like them be slain. Yet why should he alone my pity move? It is but pity sure; it is not love. I wish, bold youth, thou wouldst the race decline, or rather wish thy speed could equal mine. Would thou hadst never seen this fatal place, nor I, alas! thy too, too charming face. Were I by rig'rous fate allow'd to wed, thou shouldst alone enjoy, and bless my bed. Were it but left to my own partial choice, of all mankind thou shouldst obtain my voice.’
Twas here she paus'd; when urg'd with long delay, the trumpets sound to hasten them away. Straight at the summons is the race begun, and side by side for some short time they run. While the spectators from the barriers cry, ‘Fly, prosp'rous youth, with all thy vigour fly : Make haste, make haste, thy utmost speed enforce, Love gives the wings to win the noble course. See how unwillingly the virgin flies, pursue, and save thy life, and seize the prize.’
'Tis doubtful yet, whether the general voice made the glad youth or virgin most rejoice. Oft, in the swiftest fury of the race, the nymph would slacken her impetuous pace, and halt, and gaze, and almost fasten on his face. Then fleet away again, as swift as wind, not without sighs to leave him so behind. By this he saw his strength would ne'er prevail, but still he had a charm that could not fail. From his loose robe a golden apple drawn, with force he hurl'd along the flowery lawn. Straight at the sight the virgin could not hold, but starts aside to catch the shining gold. He takes the wished occasion, passes by, while all the field resounded shouts of joy. This she recovers with redoubled haste, till he far off the second apple cast. Again the nymph diverts her near pursuit, and running back secures the tempting fruit : but her strange speed recovers her again, again the foremost in the flowery plain.
Now near the goal he summons all his might, and prays to Venus to direct him right,
With his last apple to retard her flight. Though sure to lose if she the race declin'd, for such a bribe the vict'ry she resigned. Pleas'd that she'd lost, to the glad victor's arms she gives the prize, and yields her dear-bought charms. He by resistless gold the conquest gain'd, in vain he ran, till that the race obtain'd. Possess'd of that, he could not but subdue, for gold, alas! would conquer Delia [Artemis] too. Yet oh ! thou best belov'd, thou loveliest maid, be not by too much avarice betray'd. Prize thyself high, no easy purchase prove, nor let a fool with fortune be thy love. Like Atalanta's conqueror let him be, brave, generous, young. from every failing free, and to complete him let him love like me."
Ovid, Art of Love 2. 188 ff (trans. Mahoney) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Fiercely Atalanta o er the forest rov'd, cruel and wild, and yet at last she lov'd. Melanion long deplor'd his hopeless flame, and weeping, in the woods pursu'd the scornful dame. On his submissive neck her toils he wore, and with his mistress chased the dreadful boar."
Virgil, Georgics 6. 61 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) :
"Then he [the poet Orpheus] sings of the maid [Atalanta] who marvelled at the apples of the Hesperides [i.e. the Golden Apple]."
Propertius, Elegies 1. 1. 1 (trans. Katz) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"Milanion (Melanion) wasn't afraid of anything when he crushed hard Atalanta's savagery. He wandered mad in Parthenian caves, face to face with hairy beasts. Another time, shocked by a wound from [the centaur] Hylaeus' stick, he groaned loudly on the Arcadian cliffs. That's how he was able to dominate that brilliant girl : in love, you've got to pray a lot and do a lot."
Statius, Thebaid 6. 563 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Well know is his [Parthenopaios'] parent for speed of foot; who cannot tell of the peerless renown of Atalanta, and of those footprints that no suitor could o'ertake? ."
Statius, Thebaid 7. 267 ff :
"The proud folk of Schoenos [a town in Boiotia (Boeotia)], Atalanta's home, who till the famous plain her feet imprinted."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 12. 88 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"And after the goal of the stormy marriage-race, after the Paphian's [Aphrodite's] apples, Artemis shall change Atalanta into a lioness and drive her mad."
ATALANTA & HER SON PARTHENOPAEUS
Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 526 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[The Seven Against Thebes :] Next I describe the fifth man [Parthenopaios (Parthenopaeus)] who is stationed at the fifth [gate] . . . He says this, the beautiful child of a mountain-bred mother [i.e. Atalanta]--a warrior, half man, half boy, and his beard's first growth is just now advancing on his cheeks, his youth in first bloom, thick, upspringing hair. But now he makes his advance with a savage heart and a terrifying look, not at all like the maidens he's named for [i.e. parthenos, ‘the maiden’] . . . he is Parthenopaios of Arkadia (Arcadia)."
Euripides, Phoenissae 145 ff (trans. Colleridge) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[A scene from the War of the Seven Against Thebes.]
Antigone : Who is that youth passing by the tomb of Zethos (Zethus), with long flowing hair, fierce to see? . . .
Servant : That is Parthenopaios (Parthenopaeus), Atalanta's son.
Antigone : May Artemis, who rushes over the hills with his mother, lay him low with an arrow, for coming against my city to sack it!"
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"By Melanion, or Ares, Atalanta had a son Parthenopaios (Parthenopaeus), who went to the war against Thebes."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 65. 4 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"[The Seven Against Thebes :] Parthenopaios (Parthenopaeus), the son of Atalanta, the daughter of Skhoineus (Schoeneus)."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 70 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Seven Kings who set out for Thebes . . . Parthenopaeus, son of Meleager by Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, from Mount Parthenius, an Arcadian."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 99 :
"Auge, daughter of Aleus, ravished by Hercules, when her time was near, gave birth to a child on Mount Parthenius, and there exposed him. At the same time Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, exposed a son by Meleager. A doe, however, sucked the child of Hercules. Shepherds found these boys and took them away and reared them, giving the name Telephus to the son of Hercules because a doe had suckled him, and to Atalanta's child the name Parthenopaeus, because she had exposed him on Mount Parthenius."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 270 :
"Those who were most handsome . . . Parthenopaeus, son of Meleager and Atalanta."
Statius, Thebaid 4. 246 & 309 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"[Adrastos musters the army of the Seven Against Thebes :] Thou too, Parthenopaeus, unknown to thy mother [Atalanta]--unschooled alas! in arms, such lure hath young ambition--speedest onward thy Parrhasian cohorts. Thy warlike parent [Atalanta], so it chanced--not otherwise could the boy have left her--was bringing peace with her bow to distant glades, and the farther slopes of cool Lycaeus. No fairer face was there of any marching to the grim hazard of war, none winds such favour for pre-eminent beauty; nor lacks he courage, so he but come to sterner years. What forest-queens and spirits enshrined in rivers, what nymphs of the glade hath he not fired with consuming passion? Diana [Artemis] herself, when she saw the boy beneath the shade of Maenalus steeping youthful o'er the grass, forgave her comrade [Atalanta], so they say, and with her own hand fitted to his shoulders the Dictean shafts and Amyclean quiver. Smitten by dauntless love of war he dashes to the front . . . His innocent shield adorned with his mother's Calydonian battles . . . [and with him Parthenopaeus brought an army of Arcadian warriors.]
And now the tidings had filled the ears of Atalanta, that her son was going a captain to the war, and rousing all Arcadia; her steps faltered and the darts fell by her side; swifter than the winged wind she fled from the woodland, o'er rocks and brimming rivers that would stay her, just as she was, with snatched-up raiment and fair hair streaming behind her on the breeze; even as a tigress, bereft of her cubs, fiercely tracks the horse of him that robbed her. When she halted and pressed her bosom on the reins that met her (he pale, with eyes downcast) : ‘Whence comes this mad desire, my son, whence this reckless valour in thy young breast? Canst thou drill men to war, canst thou bear the burdens of Mars and go among the sword-bearing companies? Yet would that thou wert able! Lately I paled to see thee plying the hunting-lance in close conflict with a struggling boar, forced back upon bent knee and almost fallen, and had I not drawn my bow and sped an arrow, where now would be thy wars? Nought will my shafts avail thee, nor my shapely bows, nor this black-spotted steed in whom thou trustest; mighty are the endeavours to which thou hastenest, and thou a boy scarce ripe for the embraces of Dryades or the passions of Erymanthian Nymphae (Nymphs). Omens tell true : I wondered why Diana's [Artemis'] temple seemed to me of late to tremble, and the goddess herself to frown upon me, and why the votive spoils fell from her roof; this it was that made my archery slack and my hands to falter and never to strike sure. Nay, wait till thy prowess be greater, thy years more firm, till the shadow come upon thy rosy cheeks and my likeness fade from thy face. Then I myself will give thee the battles and the sword for which thou dost burn, and no mother's tears shall call thee back. Now take back thy weapons home! But you, will you suffer him to go to war, ye Arcadians, O born assuredly of rock and oak?’
More would she fain entreat; her son and the chieftains thronging round console her and lessen her fears, and already the bugles' horrid signal blares forth. She cannot loose her son from her loving embrace, and commends him earnestly to his leader Adrastus."
Statius, Thebaid 6. 561 ff :
"[During the contests of the Seven at the first Nemean Games :] For Parthenopaeus the Arcadian they call aloud, and arouse murmurs that roam throughout the close-packed circus. Well know is his [Parthenopaios'] parent for speed of foot; who cannot tell of the peerless renown of Atalanta, and of those footprints that no suitor could o'ertake? The son bears all his mother's glory, and he himself, already known to fame, is said to catch on foot the defenceless hinds in the open glades of Mount Lycaeus, and, as he runs, to o'ertake the flung javelin."
Statius, Thebaid 6. 631 ff :
"[Parthenopaeus prays to Artemis following his ill-omened defeat in a race at the first Nemean Games :] The youth of Tegea with silent prayer humbly entreats the gods : ‘Goddess, queen of the woodlands [Artemis], for to thee and to thine honour these locks of mine are vowed, and from this vow comes my disgrace; if my mother [Atalanta] or I myself have deserved well of thee in hunting, suffer me not, I pray thee, to go ill-omened thus to Thebes, or to have won such bitter shame for Arcadia.’"
Statius, Thebaid 9. 570 ff :
"[During the battle of the war of the Seven Against Thebes :] Meanwhile the stern-eyed mother [Atalanta] of the Tegean archer-lad [Parthenopaeus], troubled in her sleep by gloomy dreams, with flying hair and feet duly unsandalled was going before day-break to Ladon's chilly stream, that she might cleanse her tainted slumbers in its living waters. For throughout many a distracted, care-worn night she would often see spoils that she herself had dedicated fallen from the shrines, and herself, a fugitive from the woodlands and chased away by Dryad folk, wandering by unknown tombs, and often new-won triumphs of her son brought home form the war, his armour, his well-known steed, his comrades, but himself never; or again she would see her quiver fallen from her shoulders, and her own images and familiar likenesses aflame. But that night seemed to the unhappy woman to portend surpassing terrors, and disturbed all her mother's heart. Well-known throughout the forests of Arcadia was an oak of fertile growth, which she herself had chosen from a multitude of groves and made sacred to Diana [Artemis], and by her worship endued with power divine; here she would lay by her bow and weary shafts, and fasten the curved weapons of boars and the flayed skins of lions, and antlers huge as woodland boughs. Scarce have the branches room, so closely set is it with spoils of the country-side, and the sheen of steal mingles with the green shade. This oak-tree, when once she was returning from the uplands tried with long chase, and carrying in proud triumph the head late-severed of an Erymanthian bear, she beheld all hacked and torn with many a wound, its foliage fallen, and its branches dripping blood and dying on the ground; in answer to her question a Nympha told of the violence of cruel Maenads and her foe Lyaeus [Dionysos]. While she moaned and beat her breast with imaginary blows, her eyes cast off their darkness; from her sorrowing couch she leaps, and searches o'er her cheeks for the phantom tears.
So when by dipping thrice her hair in the river she had atoned the sacrilege, and added words that comfort a mother's troubled heart, she hastened to armed Diana's [Artemis'] shrine while the morning dew was falling, and rejoiced to see the familiar woodland and the oak-tree all unharmed. Then standing at the threshold of the goddess she prays thus, to no avail : ‘Maiden Queen of the forests, whose ungentle standards and ruthless warfare I follow, scorning my sex, in no Grecian manner--nor are the barbarous-fashioned Colchians or troops of Amazons more truly thy votaries--if I have never joined revelling bands or the wanton nightly sport, if, although stained by a hated union, I have nevertheless handled not the smooth wands nor the soft skeins, but even after wedlock remained in the rough wilds, a huntress still and in my heart a virgin; if I took no thought to hide my fault in some secret cave, but showed my child and confessed and laid him trembling at thy feet--no puny weakling was he, but straightway crawled to my bow, and as a babe he cried for arrows in his first tearful accents: for him I pray--ah! what mean these nights of terror, these threatening dreams?--for him, who now in confident hope, trusting overmuch, alas, in thee, is gone to battle; grant me to see him victorious in the war, or if I ask too much, grant me but to see him! Here let him labour and bear thy arms. Make the dire signs of ill to cease; what power, O Diana of the woods, have Maenades and Theban deities in our glades? Woe is me!--why in my own heart do I find a dreadful omen in the oak? But if sleep sends true presagings to my unhappy mind, I beseech thee, merciful Dictynna, by thy mother's travail and thy brother's splendour, pierce with all thine arrows this unblest womb! Let him first hear of his wretched mother's death!’
She spoke, and beheld even cold Diana's marble moist with falling tears. The stern goddess leaves her still stretched upon the sacred doorway and brushing the cold altar with her tresses, and with a bound crosses the leafy summit of Maenalos in mid-air and directs her steps to Cadmus' walls, where the inner path of heaven shines for gods alone, and high uplifted views all the earth together. And now, near half-way on her road, she was passing the forest-clad ridges of Parnassus, when in a glittering cloud she saw her brother [Apollon] . . . He first began : ‘I know, my sister, 'tis the Labdacian ranks thou seekest, and the Arcadian who dares to fight too valiant for him. His faithful mother begs thee : would that the Fates might grant her prayer! . . . Nor do thou continue to summon aid that can but fail, nor pursue thy sad task in vain; the youth is near his end, 'tis fate immutable, nor do thy brother's oracles deceive thee on a doubtful matter.’
‘But I may surely obtain glory for him at the last,’ the maiden in dismay replies, ‘and find a solace for his death, if indeed it so must be, nor shall that man escape unpunished, whoever shall impiously stain his guilty hand with the blood of an innocent boy, and may my shafts wreak dire revenge!’ With these words she moved upon her way, and suffering her brother but a scant embrace sought Thebes in hostile mood . . . gliding through the air the swift Latonian takes her stand on the Dircaean height.
But the land, exultant now that the slaughter has begun, was darting between the lines [Parthenopaeus] . . . Tender sorrow steals to the depth of Diana's heart as she beholds this sight, and staining her cheeks with tears she cries : ‘What escape from approaching death can thy faithful goddess find thee now? Was it to battles such as these thou hastenedst, fierce, ill-fated lad? Alas! thy rash and untried spirit drove thee, and the love of fame that prompts to a glorious death. Too scant already, forsooth, was the Maenalian forest for thy impetuous years, and the paths that lay through lairs of beasts, scarce safe for thee, child, without thy mother, to whose bow and woodland spears, impudent boy, thy strength was yet unequal. And she now is making loud and bitter complaint about my altars, and wearies the unhearing doors and thresholds; in the well-loved clarions and the battle's outcry thou art rejoicing, happy thou, and thou shalt die making but thy mother wretched.’
Yet lest as he dies she fail to bring him her last honour, she advances into the midst of the array, hemmed about with dusky mist, and first stealing the light shafts from the back of the bold lad, she fill his quiver with celestial arrows, whereof none falls unstained with blood; then she sprinkles his limbs with ambrosial liquor, and his steed also, lest their bodies be profaned by any wound before his death . . . Then indeed uncovering his bow he darts in fiery course about the field, nor is controlled by caution, forgetful of his native land, his mother and himself, and uses overmuch his heavenly weapons."
Statius, Thebaid 9. 789 ff :
"[Parthenopaeus] the truculent son of Atalanta raged with yet bitterer taunts against him [Amphion, his opponent on the battlefield,], and ere yet the other had ended thus begins : ‘. . . From childhood I learnt to crawl on frozen streams, and to enter the dread lairs of monsters, and--but why should I say more? My mother has ever the sword and bow, your fathers beat hollow drums!’ Amphion brooked this not, but hurled a mighty spear at his face while he spoke; but his charger, affrighted by the terrible gleam of the steel, swung round with his master to one side, and swerving sent the greedy javelin flying wide of the mark. Amphion was attacking the youth with drawn sword the more fiercely, when the Latonian [Artemis] leapt down into mid-plain, and stood clear to see before the eyes of all.
Dorceus of Maenalus, bound by the ties of chaste affection, was keeping close to the lad's side : to him the queen [Atalanta] had entrusted her son's rash youth and her own fears and all the chances of war. Disguised in his features the goddess then addressed the boy : ‘Enough, Parthenopaeus, to have routed the Ogygian bands so far; enough, now spare thy unhappy mother, spare the gods who favour thee.’ . . . [But Ares forces Artemis to withdraw from the battle and Parthenopaeus is struck down by the spear of the Theban hero Dryas.]
The lad is carried from the field in his comrades' arms . . . At last he speaks, with sobs that break his utterance : ‘I am dying, Dorceus : go, solace my poor mother. Already, if care doth bring true presage, she hath seen this calamity in dream or omen. Yet do thou with loyal craft keep her fears in suspense, and long deceive her; nor come upon her of a sudden, nor when she holds a weapon in her hand; and when at last thou art forced to admit the truth, say this to her : Mother, I confess my fault; exact thy unwilling punishment; I rushed to arms, though a mere boy, nor, though thou didst hold me back, would I be still, nor, despite thy trouble, war once begun did I spare thee at the last. Live then thou and be angry rather at my impetuous spirit and now be done with fears. In vain dost thou look forth anxiously from Lycaeus' hill, if perchance sound or dust of my cavalcade rise to thee through the air afar; cold on the bare earth I lie, and thou art nowhere near me, to hold my face and catch my parting breath. Yet take this tress, O mother bereaved,' and with his hand he offered it to be cut, `take this tress in place of my whole body; once thou wert wont to trim it in spite of my vain scorn. To it give burial, and amid the rites remember to let none blunt my weapons with inexperienced hands, or lead my beloved hounds to the hunting-grounds any more. But burn these ill-fated arms of my first warfare, or hand them up as a reproach to ungrateful Diana.’"
THE ISLANDS OF ATALANTA
There were two small islands named Atalanta, one off of the Boiotian-Lokrian coast and the other near the Athenian port of Pieraios (Piraeus). Both were presumably named after the heroine.
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3. 39. 3 (trans. Crawley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) :
"An inundation occurred at Atalanta, the island off the Opountian-Lokrian (Opuntian-Locrian) coast, carrying away part of the Athenian fort."
Strabo, Geography 9. 1 .14 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Psyttalia, a small, deserted, rocky island, which some have called the eyesore of the Peiraios (Piraeus). And near by, too, is Atalanta, which bears the same name as the island near Euboia (Euboea) and the Lokrians."
Strabo, Geography 9. 4. 2 :
"The island Atalanta is also situated opposite Opous (Opus) [town in Lokris], and bears the same name as the island in front of Attika (Attica)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 20. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"The Lokrians (Locrians) over against the island of Atalanta."
ANCIENT GREEK ART
Athenian Black Figure Vase Painting C6th B.C.
K32.8 Eros & the Race of Atalanta
Athenian Red Figure Vase Painting C5th B.C.
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The treaty known at The Peace of Westphalia formally ended which seventeenth-century contact? | Peace of Westphalia | European history | Britannica.com
Peace of Westphalia
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Peace of Westphalia, European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War . The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück . The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III , the other German princes, France , and Sweden . England , Poland , Russia , and the Ottoman Empire were the only European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies. Some scholars of international relations credit the treaties with providing the foundation of the modern state system and articulating the concept of territorial sovereignty .
The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of …
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The delegates
The chief representative of the Holy Roman emperor was Maximilian, Graf (count) von Trauttmansdorff , to whose sagacity the conclusion of peace was largely due. The French envoys were nominally under Henri II d’Orléans, duc de Longueville , but the marquis de Sablé and the comte d’Avaux were the real agents of France. Sweden was represented by John Oxenstierna, son of the chancellor of that name, and by John Adler Salvius, who had previously acted for Sweden in negotiating the Treaty of Hamburg (1641). The papal nuncio was Fabio Chigi, later Pope Alexander VII . Brandenburg , represented by Johann, Graf von Sayn-Wittgenstein, played the foremost part among the Protestant states of the empire. On June 1, 1645, France and Sweden brought forward propositions of peace, which were discussed by the estates of the empire from October 1645 to April 1646. The settlement of religious matters was effected between February 1646 and March 1648. The war continued during the deliberations.
The decisions
Under the terms of the peace settlement, a number of countries received territories or were confirmed in their sovereignty over territories. The territorial clauses all favoured Sweden, France, and their allies. Sweden obtained western Pomerania (with the city of Stettin ), the port of Wismar , the archbishopric of Bremen , and the bishopric of Verden. These gains gave Sweden control of the Baltic Sea and the estuaries of the Oder , Elbe , and Weser rivers. France obtained sovereignty over Alsace and was confirmed in its possession of Metz , Toul , and Verdun , which it had seized a century before; France thus gained a firm frontier west of the Rhine River . Brandenburg obtained eastern Pomerania and several other smaller territories. Bavaria was able to keep the Upper Palatinate , while the Rhenish Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, the son of the elector palatine Frederick V . Two other important results of the territorial settlement were the confirmation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation as independent republics, thus formally recognizing a status which those two states had actually held for many decades. Apart from these territorial changes, a universal and unconditional amnesty to all those who had been deprived of their possessions was declared, and it was decreed that all secular lands (with specified exceptions) should be restored to those who had held them in 1618.
The Thirty Years’ War.
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Even more important than the territorial redistribution was the ecclesiastical settlement. The Peace of Westphalia confirmed the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which had granted Lutherans religious tolerance in the empire and which had been rescinded by the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II in his Edict of Restitution (1629). Moreover, the peace settlement extended the Peace of Augsburg’s provisions for religious toleration to the Reformed ( Calvinist ) church, thus securing toleration for the three great religious communities of the empire— Roman Catholic , Lutheran, and Calvinist. Within these limits the member states of the empire were bound to allow at least private worship, liberty of conscience , and the right of emigration to all religious minorities and dissidents within their domains. These measures of toleration did not extend to non-Catholics in the hereditary lands of the house of Habsburg , however.
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The difficult question of the ownership of spiritual lands was decided by a compromise. The year 1624 was declared the “standard year” according to which territories should be deemed to be in Roman Catholic or Protestant possession. By the important provision that a prince should forfeit his lands if he changed his religion, an obstacle was placed in the way of a further spread of both the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation . The declaration that all protests or vetoes of the Peace of Westphalia by whomsoever pronounced should be null and void dealt a blow at the intervention of the Roman Curia in German affairs.
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The constitutional changes made by the treaty had far-reaching effects. For Germany , the settlement ended the century-long struggle between the monarchical tendencies of the Holy Roman emperors and the federalistic aspirations of the empire’s German princes. The Peace of Westphalia recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of the empire. They were empowered to contract treaties with one another and with foreign powers, provided that the emperor and the empire suffered no prejudice . By this and other changes the princes of the empire became absolute sovereigns in their own dominions. The Holy Roman emperor and the Diet were left with a mere shadow of their former power.
Not only was the central authority of the empire replaced almost entirely by the sovereignty of about 300 princes, but the power of the empire was materially weakened in other ways. It lost about 40,000 square miles (100,000 square km) of territory and obtained a frontier against France that was incapable of defense. Sweden and France as guarantors of the peace acquired the right of interference in the affairs of the empire, and Sweden also gained a voice in its councils (as a member of the Diet). For many years Germany thus became the principal theatre of European diplomacy and war, and the natural development of German national unity was delayed. But if the Treaty of Westphalia pronounced the dissolution of the old order in the empire, it facilitated the growth of new powers in its component parts, especially Austria , Bavaria, and Brandenburg. The treaty was recognized as a fundamental law of the German constitution and formed the basis of all subsequent treaties until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
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Which number on the Beaufort scale denotes a gentle breeze? | Treaty of Rijswijk | Europe [1697] | Britannica.com
Treaty of Rijswijk
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in India: The French
...of the settlements was interrupted by events in Europe. The Dutch captured Pondicherry in 1693; when the French regained it under the Peace of Ryswick (1697), they gained the best fortifications in India but lost their trade. By 1706 the French enterprise seemed moribund. The company’s privileges were let to a group of Saint-Malo...
in Saarland: History
...the Peace of Westphalia (1648). Saar became a French province in 1684 under the Truce of Regensburg, but in 1697 France was forced to surrender all of Saar except the town of Saarlouis under the Treaty of Rijswijk. From 1792 to 1815 France again occupied Saar, together with the entire west bank of the Rhine. With the final defeat of Napoleon I in 1815, France was forced to cede most of Saar...
in Haiti: Plantations and slaves
The Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) formally ceded the western third of Hispaniola from Spain to France, which renamed it Saint-Domingue. The colony’s population and economic output grew rapidly during the 18th century, and it became France’s most prosperous New World possession, exporting sugar and smaller amounts of coffee, cacao, indigo, and cotton. By the 1780s nearly two-thirds of France’s...
in Strasbourg: History
...avoided the religious conflicts of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). In 1681 Louis XIV of France seized the city in peacetime and obtained ratification for his arbitrary action by the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697). The town retained its privileges until the French Revolution (1787–99). In 1792 Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a French poet, musician, and soldier, composed in...
in Protestantism: Catholic recovery of Protestant territories
...population. Louis XIV ruled the Palatinate for nine years and allowed the French Catholics to share the churches with the Protestants; though he was compelled to surrender the country at the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) to the Holy Roman Empire following the War of the Grand Alliance, a clause (the Simultaneum) of the treaty (added at the last moment...
in King William’s War
...attacks on Schenectady, N.Y., Salmon Falls (in present New Hampshire), and Casco Bay (in present Maine) but failed against their main target—Boston. The protracted war ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697). Because of the importance of Indian participation, it is also known as the first of the four French and Indian Wars.
in War of the Grand Alliance
...separate negotiations. Savoy, which had joined the League of Augsburg in 1687, signed a separate peace (Treaty of Turin) with Louis in June 1696. A movement for a general peace culminated in the Treaty of Rijswijk in September-October 1697. The treaty brought no resolution to the conflict between the Bourbon rulers of France and the Habsburgs, or to the English-French conflict; both were...
in James II (king of Great Britain)
...increasingly under the influence of his pietistic wife. He became daily more absorbed in his devotions, and his more aggressive supporters soon came to regard him as something of a liability. The Treaty of Rijswijk between England and France (1697) removed his last hopes of restoration.
in Leopold I (Holy Roman emperor): The struggle with France.
...The Emperor was accused of a wavering attitude and lack of initiative, and these character traits were indeed partly responsible for the failure of his policies. The war ended in the unfavourable Treaty of Rijswijk (1697), under the terms of which Strasbourg had to be ceded to France, a great discredit to Leopold.
in Louis XIV (king of France): Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
...united in the Grand Alliance to resist Louis’s expansionism. The resulting war lasted from 1688 to 1697. Despite many victories, Louis gave up part of his territorial acquisitions when he signed the Treaty of Rijswijk, for which the public judged him harshly. He reconciled himself to another painful sacrifice when he recognized William of Orange as William III of England, in violation of his...
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...for their own economic benefit. Here again was an example of mutual hostility and suspicion in which interpretations of motives in Versailles and in The Hague were diametrically opposed. At the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) the Dutch gained the right to keep a series of Dutch barrier fortresses within the southern Netherlands as a check against French aggression; it was Louis’s seizure of these...
in William III (king of England, Scotland, and Ireland): The Glen Coe massacre
From 1691 William spent much time campaigning on the continent with varying degrees of success, but by 1696 a number of factors made both sides anxious for peace, and the Treaties of Rijswijk were signed in 1697. The question, vital for a European balance of power, of who was to succeed the childless king Charles II of Spain remained unsettled, however, and William had good cause to fear that...
in United Kingdom: The sinews of war
...believe. The ascendancy of the so-called Junto Whigs might have been secured had not European events once again intruded into English affairs. In 1697 the War of the Grand Alliance ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk, in which Louis XIV formally recognized William III as king of England.
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