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"If a dish is cooked or served ""a La Portuguese"", what is it with?"	Portuguese Chicken Recipe : Rachael Ray : Food Network Chicken Chili Recipes 4.5 35 Delicious! I didn't have chorizo (due to where I live I couldn't get any in a pinch, so I cooked up some bacon and used some of the grease along with olive oil and first sautéed the veggies (sans potatoes. Also, I did not have white wine so I used the water I poached the chicken in and added another cup of water along with a chicken bullion cube, then followed directions. Only regret is that I didn't double this, with a family of five I had no seconds let alone leftovers. Also, I used the cooked bacon in place of the sausage. Regina from Wisconsin 2012-06-01T21:38:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Great new idea for chicken leftovers and easy to thrown in the crockpot instead of stovetop. I tweeked it by rendering some bacon and using the drippings to slightly brown the potatoes before adding them and then I added the lardons to the pot. I also added fire-roasted tomatoes for a bit more depth of flavor. The chorizo I used was very vinagery so I'll need to use a different brand next time or add a bit more sugar to offset all that acid. Rebekah S. 2011-10-29T17:33:53Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Love it! The sausage, tomatoe and white wine makes this dish a winner. I ran out of carrots and I used mushroons - yummy! Melissa C. 2011-09-23T20:47:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this dish years ago from watching the episode and the instructions are different on this site. But overall it's a wonderful and flavorful dish and my family always enjoy it! Katt3121 2011-05-03T22:51:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Simple and easy to make, you can vary the amount of seasoning and flavor by the sausage/chorizo you use. I used mild as my four children won't eat spicey foods. They all gave this one a favorable review, and even happily ate the leftovers for lunch the next day gotschall.griffin 2010-12-18T14:39:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is SO easy! It's incredibly quick to prepare. Even at high altitude (7,000 ft) it cooks up fast (about an hour). I use a real Mexican loose chorizo, cook it in a pan until half done then add cut up chicken thighs to cook with it the rest of the way. I eliminate the wine and use extra broth. If you want you can leave out the additional liquid and have more of a stew. Robyn W. 2010-06-07T19:38:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is not terribly flavorful. Next time, I would try to modify it a bit. Perhaps add some garlic or peppers for heat? It's a healthy, easy one pot meal, though. There's not quite enough liquid to call it a realy soup, but too much for it not to be soup like. Lori C. 2008-01-06T14:44:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Although the individual elements of this dish were each good on their own, they just didn't come together quite right. The chorizo, chicken, broth, and vegetables in the finished product were all very good, but the combination didn't meld right into one cohesive dish. If you decide to make this dish, I would recommend cutting the various ingredients into smaller pieces than those recommended by the recipe. Cari M. 2007-11-25T20:23:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I think the recipe is wrongly named as this is soup with chicken in it. I added cornstarch to make it a bit more hearty. eunice g. 2007-05-01T18:08:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I have made this several times now. If Chorizo is not available or you don't want to use it, any kind of sausage works well. I have used low-fat turkey Kielbasa. The broth with the chicken stock, tomato sauce and especially the dry white wine is really the key. Great made with Trader Joe's inexpensive Charles Shaw Sauvignon Blanc. Pete W. 2006-11-08T23:21:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published A definate keeper, my boyfriend stuffed himself!! I did add some cajun seasoning to spice it up and added a splash more wine after cooking. Also couldn't resist doing 1/2 russets and 1/2 sweetpotato since I love them so much and didn't peel them. Delish and easy! Mona D. 2006-09-21T19:19:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was excellent--I made it along with the Poached Chicken (companion dish from the episode) and froze the Porguese Chicken--it heated up nicely and was a delicious dinner on a night I didn't have energy to cook. My husband loved it! April S. 2006-02-06T16:56:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published JESSICA R. 2006-01-20T19:09:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I have never used wine in my cooking before for fear the taste would be overpowering. This was absolutely WONDERFUL! Ann S. 2005-10-22T11:06:23Z item not reviewed by moderator and published My family and friends love this. Its easy and oh so good. BARBARA B. 2005-09-01T17:55:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is so simple and is a huge hit in my home. My husband raves to everyone about how good this dish is. The hardest part is finding the chorizo sausage. MELANIE V. 2005-05-04T17:08:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The Portuguese Chicken is so delicious my husband wants to adopt Rachel, it don't get any better than that. Thanks ... Liz Blackburn Liz B. 2005-03-23T17:32:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Good for cold winter night meal. Better still the next day. . . MICHELLE H. 2005-03-09T10:05:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The receipe instructions were inconsistent with the way it was prepared on television. Rachel sauted the ingredients before adding the liquids, however, the online recipe has them being added all at once. It was not at all like I expected or anti cipated it being. I would not make it again. LISA S. 2005-02-21T18:20:06Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is totally AWESOME!! I love the flavor -- and it's so easy to make too! This is definitely one of my very favorites -- and quickly became a favorite of my friends and family who've tasted it! MARGY D. 2005-02-20T15:58:52Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I LOVE this chicken--it's so flavorful, and even better reheated for leftovers. Also a good way to get non-veggie fans to eat up. KARIN N. 2005-02-11T10:44:33Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The broth is SO GOOD with crusty bread! We use the fresh chorizo opposed to the dried and like it better that way. Have also used Italian sausage and that works,too. Leesher 2005-01-29T12:00:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published great falvor LORRI K. 2005-01-09T12:59:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published tasty and hearty to warm the bone after coming out from the cold, and so quick to make people will think it took hours to make. PAUL P. 2005-01-02T13:07:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Good and dippable RACHEL P. 2004-12-21T14:56:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this for dinner and surprised everyone at how easy and how much flavor was in it. It was a big hit! BECKY R. 2004-12-20T11:40:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published We love this...and a little goes a long way! We got about 8 meals out of the recipe and will make it often! GERI L. 2004-12-17T22:50:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published me and my family just love these recipy FLORA C. 2004-12-14T23:15:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This dish was so easy to make!!!!. I made it the first time for my husband and I, we just loved it! We had enough to freeze for a later time. we used what we freezed and it freezes really well, the potatoes do not get mushy when you reheat it. Keep up the good work with your soups Rachel, and keep them coming. They are great and I have tried all the recipes that you have shown. Everyone, you need to try this recipe!!!! D'skitchen 2004-12-11T11:52:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This my new secret weapon. It tastes like I spent the whole day in the kitchen cooking!! In addition, this dish comes out of the freezer wonderfully. A couple of my friends recently had babies and this is the dish I prepared for them as a quick heat & eat! Yum! J H. 2004-12-07T22:14:17Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This dish was fabulous. i made for me and my wife and i will make a gain and again. fcavataio135 2004-12-02T23:25:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I told my husband it took 60 minutes to make and he still thought it was goood. My 13-year-old daughter also loved it. JULIE P. 2004-12-02T23:08:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Very Simple to cook. The Chirzo and white wine in this receipe gives the broth outstanding zing to it's taste. LEO C. 2004-11-18T14:29:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was a hit with my whole family. My husband is kind of a picky eater and he raved the loudest. You are the best Rach!! KATHY C. 2004-06-01T01:55:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I love this recipe, even when I had to substitute for some of the ingredients because I didn't have them in my pantry. STACEY H. 2004-05-30T19:11:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published On TV	Tomato
Who founded The Promenade Concerts in 1895?	Portuguese Chicken Recipe : Rachael Ray : Food Network Chicken Chili Recipes 4.5 35 Delicious! I didn't have chorizo (due to where I live I couldn't get any in a pinch, so I cooked up some bacon and used some of the grease along with olive oil and first sautéed the veggies (sans potatoes. Also, I did not have white wine so I used the water I poached the chicken in and added another cup of water along with a chicken bullion cube, then followed directions. Only regret is that I didn't double this, with a family of five I had no seconds let alone leftovers. Also, I used the cooked bacon in place of the sausage. Regina from Wisconsin 2012-06-01T21:38:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Great new idea for chicken leftovers and easy to thrown in the crockpot instead of stovetop. I tweeked it by rendering some bacon and using the drippings to slightly brown the potatoes before adding them and then I added the lardons to the pot. I also added fire-roasted tomatoes for a bit more depth of flavor. The chorizo I used was very vinagery so I'll need to use a different brand next time or add a bit more sugar to offset all that acid. Rebekah S. 2011-10-29T17:33:53Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Love it! The sausage, tomatoe and white wine makes this dish a winner. I ran out of carrots and I used mushroons - yummy! Melissa C. 2011-09-23T20:47:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this dish years ago from watching the episode and the instructions are different on this site. But overall it's a wonderful and flavorful dish and my family always enjoy it! Katt3121 2011-05-03T22:51:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Simple and easy to make, you can vary the amount of seasoning and flavor by the sausage/chorizo you use. I used mild as my four children won't eat spicey foods. They all gave this one a favorable review, and even happily ate the leftovers for lunch the next day gotschall.griffin 2010-12-18T14:39:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is SO easy! It's incredibly quick to prepare. Even at high altitude (7,000 ft) it cooks up fast (about an hour). I use a real Mexican loose chorizo, cook it in a pan until half done then add cut up chicken thighs to cook with it the rest of the way. I eliminate the wine and use extra broth. If you want you can leave out the additional liquid and have more of a stew. Robyn W. 2010-06-07T19:38:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is not terribly flavorful. Next time, I would try to modify it a bit. Perhaps add some garlic or peppers for heat? It's a healthy, easy one pot meal, though. There's not quite enough liquid to call it a realy soup, but too much for it not to be soup like. Lori C. 2008-01-06T14:44:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Although the individual elements of this dish were each good on their own, they just didn't come together quite right. The chorizo, chicken, broth, and vegetables in the finished product were all very good, but the combination didn't meld right into one cohesive dish. If you decide to make this dish, I would recommend cutting the various ingredients into smaller pieces than those recommended by the recipe. Cari M. 2007-11-25T20:23:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I think the recipe is wrongly named as this is soup with chicken in it. I added cornstarch to make it a bit more hearty. eunice g. 2007-05-01T18:08:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I have made this several times now. If Chorizo is not available or you don't want to use it, any kind of sausage works well. I have used low-fat turkey Kielbasa. The broth with the chicken stock, tomato sauce and especially the dry white wine is really the key. Great made with Trader Joe's inexpensive Charles Shaw Sauvignon Blanc. Pete W. 2006-11-08T23:21:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published A definate keeper, my boyfriend stuffed himself!! I did add some cajun seasoning to spice it up and added a splash more wine after cooking. Also couldn't resist doing 1/2 russets and 1/2 sweetpotato since I love them so much and didn't peel them. Delish and easy! Mona D. 2006-09-21T19:19:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was excellent--I made it along with the Poached Chicken (companion dish from the episode) and froze the Porguese Chicken--it heated up nicely and was a delicious dinner on a night I didn't have energy to cook. My husband loved it! April S. 2006-02-06T16:56:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published JESSICA R. 2006-01-20T19:09:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I have never used wine in my cooking before for fear the taste would be overpowering. This was absolutely WONDERFUL! Ann S. 2005-10-22T11:06:23Z item not reviewed by moderator and published My family and friends love this. Its easy and oh so good. BARBARA B. 2005-09-01T17:55:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is so simple and is a huge hit in my home. My husband raves to everyone about how good this dish is. The hardest part is finding the chorizo sausage. MELANIE V. 2005-05-04T17:08:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The Portuguese Chicken is so delicious my husband wants to adopt Rachel, it don't get any better than that. Thanks ... Liz Blackburn Liz B. 2005-03-23T17:32:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Good for cold winter night meal. Better still the next day. . . MICHELLE H. 2005-03-09T10:05:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The receipe instructions were inconsistent with the way it was prepared on television. Rachel sauted the ingredients before adding the liquids, however, the online recipe has them being added all at once. It was not at all like I expected or anti cipated it being. I would not make it again. LISA S. 2005-02-21T18:20:06Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is totally AWESOME!! I love the flavor -- and it's so easy to make too! This is definitely one of my very favorites -- and quickly became a favorite of my friends and family who've tasted it! MARGY D. 2005-02-20T15:58:52Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I LOVE this chicken--it's so flavorful, and even better reheated for leftovers. Also a good way to get non-veggie fans to eat up. KARIN N. 2005-02-11T10:44:33Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The broth is SO GOOD with crusty bread! We use the fresh chorizo opposed to the dried and like it better that way. Have also used Italian sausage and that works,too. Leesher 2005-01-29T12:00:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published great falvor LORRI K. 2005-01-09T12:59:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published tasty and hearty to warm the bone after coming out from the cold, and so quick to make people will think it took hours to make. PAUL P. 2005-01-02T13:07:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Good and dippable RACHEL P. 2004-12-21T14:56:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this for dinner and surprised everyone at how easy and how much flavor was in it. It was a big hit! BECKY R. 2004-12-20T11:40:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published We love this...and a little goes a long way! We got about 8 meals out of the recipe and will make it often! GERI L. 2004-12-17T22:50:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published me and my family just love these recipy FLORA C. 2004-12-14T23:15:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This dish was so easy to make!!!!. I made it the first time for my husband and I, we just loved it! We had enough to freeze for a later time. we used what we freezed and it freezes really well, the potatoes do not get mushy when you reheat it. Keep up the good work with your soups Rachel, and keep them coming. They are great and I have tried all the recipes that you have shown. Everyone, you need to try this recipe!!!! D'skitchen 2004-12-11T11:52:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This my new secret weapon. It tastes like I spent the whole day in the kitchen cooking!! In addition, this dish comes out of the freezer wonderfully. A couple of my friends recently had babies and this is the dish I prepared for them as a quick heat & eat! Yum! J H. 2004-12-07T22:14:17Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This dish was fabulous. i made for me and my wife and i will make a gain and again. fcavataio135 2004-12-02T23:25:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I told my husband it took 60 minutes to make and he still thought it was goood. My 13-year-old daughter also loved it. JULIE P. 2004-12-02T23:08:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Very Simple to cook. The Chirzo and white wine in this receipe gives the broth outstanding zing to it's taste. LEO C. 2004-11-18T14:29:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was a hit with my whole family. My husband is kind of a picky eater and he raved the loudest. You are the best Rach!! KATHY C. 2004-06-01T01:55:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I love this recipe, even when I had to substitute for some of the ingredients because I didn't have them in my pantry. STACEY H. 2004-05-30T19:11:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published On TV	i don't know
Rg is the chemical symbol for which element, named after a Nobel Prize winner for Physics?	Chemical Element: roentgenium - Word Information Chemical Element: roentgenium (Named for German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen) Chemical-Element Information Atomic number: 111 Year discovered: 1994 Discovered by: S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H. J. Schott, A. G. Popeko, A. V. Yeremin, A. N. Andreyev, S. Saro, R. Janik, M. Lein, and others at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. Röntgen, or Roentgen, was born on March 27, 1845, in Lennkep, Prussia (now Remscheid, Germany) and died on February 10, 1923 in Munich, Germany. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, as a German physicist, discovered X-rays on 8 November 1895, a new type of rays to which he gave this name in view of their uncertain nature. Their use has subsequently revolutionized medicine, found wide application in technology, and heralded the age of modern physics, which is based on atomic and nuclear properties. In 1901, six years after their discovery, the benefit of X-rays to mankind was so evident that Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics. His discovery of "x-rays" significantly contributed to modern physics and revolutionized diagnostic medicine. Röntgen studied at the Polytechnic in ZŸrich and then was professor of physics at the universities of Strasbourg (1876-79), Giessen (1879-88), Würzburg (1888-1900), and Munich (1900-20). His research also included work on elasticity, capillary action of fluids, specific heats of gases, conduction of heat in crystals, absorption of heat by gases, and piezoelectricity. Röntgen determined that because the X-rays were not deflected by a magnet, they could not be a form of cathode rays. He speculated that instead the X-rays might be longitudinal electromagnetic waves. The possible medical use of X-rays was realized almost immediately. Unlike other discoveries where the practical applications follow only after decades, physicians were using X-rays within months to inspect internal damage without surgery. Today we know that X-rays are high energy, transverse electromagnetic waves similar to other forms of light. Electromagnetic radiation ranges from high energy, short wave-length gamma and X-rays, through ultraviolet light, visible light, and infrared, to low energy, and long wave-length radio waves. Despite the fact that Röntgen discovered nearly all the properties of X-rays within the first few weeks of investigation, the temporary name he used (X-rays) for the sake of brevity remains the name that is still generally used today (except in Germany where they usually refer to a "Röntgen" examination or report). Element 111 was synthesized exactly 100 years after Roentgen's discovery. To honor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the name, roentgenium, was proposed for the element with atomic number 111. The name roentgenium for the element of atomic number 111 (with symbol Rg) was officially approved as of November 1, 2004. Name in other languages:	Roentgenium
Name the American Political Movement which began in 2009 after Barack Obama's inauguration, it called for a reduction in the National Debt, lower taxes and opposes healthcare?	The Parts of the Periodic Table Elements named after countries, states, or other geographical features: Californium: state (and University) of California Francium: France Gallium: Latin word for France, Gallia Germanium: Latin word for Germany, Germania Hassium: German state of Hesse, where the GSI is located Magnesium: named after Magnesia, a district in Thessaly in central Greece Polonium: named for Marie Curie's native country of Poland Rhenium: named after the Latin word for the Rhine River, Rhenus Ruthenium: named after the Latin word for Russia, Ruthenia Scandium: named after the Latin word for Scandinavia, Scandia Thulium: named after the ancient word for Scandinavia, Thule Elements named after cities: Berkelium: Berkeley, California, home of the University of California, where a number of synthetic elements have been produced Darmstadtium: Darmstadt, Germany, home of the Laboratory for Heavy Ion Research (GSI, Gesellschaft fï¿½r Schwerionenforschung) where a number of synthetic elements have been produced Dubnium: Dubna, Russia, home of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ), where a number of synthetic elements have been produced Erbium, Terbium, Ytterbium, Yttrium: all named after the Swedish village of Ytterby (near Vaxholm), where these elements were first isolated (as well as Holmium, Scandium, and Tantalum) Hafnium: Copenhagen (Hafnia), Denmark Fermium: Enrico Fermi, the inventor of the first nuclear reactor Lawrencium: Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron Meitnerium: Lise Meitner, one of the first scientists to recognize that uranium could undergo nuclear fission Mendelevium: Dimitri Mendelev, the deviser of the Periodic Table of the Elements Nobelium: Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prize Roentgenium: Wilhelm Rï¿½ntgen, the discoverer of X-rays Rutherfordium: Ernest Rutherford, discoverer of the atomic nucleus, and a pioneer in the study of nuclear physics Seaborgium: Glenn T. Seaborg, who discovered/synthesized a number of transuranium elements Most of the rest of the names of the elements are derived from various chemical or physical properties: Actinium: Greek: aktinos, "ray" (because it glows with a blue light in the dark) Antimony: Greek: anti + monos, "not alone" (because it was never found uncombined with another element) Argon: Greek: argos, "idle" (because of its unreactivity) Astatine: Greek: astatos, "unstable" (because it is) Barium: Greek: barys, "heavy" (in reference to the high density of some barium minerals) Bromine: Greek: bromos, "stench" (elemental bromine has a terrible smell) Cobalt: German: kobold, "goblin" (because of the toxic fumes of arsenic that were produced when silver miners heated the arsenic-containing ore smaltite, mistaking it for silver ore) Dysprosium: Greek: dysprositos, "hard to get at" (because the first isolation of the element required a tedious separation sequence) Fluorine: Latin: fluere, "to flow" Hydrogen" Greek: hydro + genes, "water forming" Krypton: Greek: kryptos, "hidden" (since it had been "hidden" in a sample of argon) Lanthanum: Greek: lanthanein, "to be hidden" (because the element was discovered "hidden" as an impurity in ores of cerium) Manganese: Latin: magnes, "magnet" (because it can be made to be ferromagnetic with the right treatment) Neodymium: Greek: neos + didymos, "new twin" Neon" Greek: neos, "new" Nickel: German: kupfernickel, "Old Nick's copper" (i.e., copper of the devil, or false copper, because it was frequently mistaken for copper) Nitrogen: Latin: nitron + genes, "nitre [potassium nitrate] forming" Osmium: Greek: osme, "odor" (because of its nasty smell, which is actually caused by osmium tetroxide) Oxygen: Latin: oxy + genes, "acid forming" Phosphorus: Greek: phos + phoros, "light bringing" (because it glows in the dark, and spontaneously burst into flame in air) Radium: Latin: radius, "ray" (because of its ability to glow in the dark with a faint blue light) Technetium: Greek: technetos, "artificial" Tungsten: Swedish: tung sten, "heavy stone" (because of the elements high density) Xenon: Greek: xenos, "stranger" (because at the time, it did not form compounds with other elements References John Emsley, The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. John Emsley, Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.	i don't know
Algophobia is the fear of what?	What is agoraphobia? What causes agoraphobia? - Medical News Today What is agoraphobia? What causes agoraphobia? 4 83 The word agoraphobia means "a fear of wide, open spaces." The word originates from the ancient Greek word "agora," referring to a place of assembly or market place. Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder involving anxiety and intense fear of any situation where escape may be difficult, or where help may not be available. It often involves a fear of crowds, bridges or of being outside alone.1 About 1.8 million American adults aged over 18 (about 0.8% of adults) have agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder.2 This is about 0.8 % of people in this age group in a given year. The average age of onset is 20 years.3 Contents of this article: You will also see introductions at the end of some sections to any recent developments that have been covered by MNT's news stories. Also look out for links to information about related conditions. Fast facts on agoraphobia Here are some key points about agoraphobia. More detail and supporting information is in the main article. It is not known precisely what causes agoraphobia. Agoraphobia often develops after having one or more panic attacks . Agoraphobia can make it extremely difficult for a person to leave their house. Agoraphobia can lead to various fears, such as the fear of open spaces and the fear of places where escape is difficult, such as elevators. People with agoraphobia can experience feelings of helplessness and loss of control. People with agoraphobia may experience physical symptoms of a panic attack such as chest pains, dizziness and shortness of breath. Agoraphobia is usually diagnosed following an interview with a health care provider. Agoraphobia is often treated medically with antidepressants or anxiety-reducing medicine. Agoraphobia is also commonly treated with psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy . Most people with agoraphobia can get better through treatment. What is agoraphobia? An anxiety disorder is when a feeling of anxiety does not go away and tends to grow worse over time.4 One type of anxiety disorder is a panic disorder, where panic attacks and sudden feelings of terror can occur without warning.5 Agoraphobia can lead to a feeling of detachment from others, as well as fear of open spaces. Agoraphobia is one such panic disorder. Agoraphobia panic attacks are linked with a fear of places where it is hard to escape or where help may not be available. Places that can induce agoraphobia include those that can make a person feel embarrassed, helpless or trapped, such as crowded areas, bridges, public transport and remote areas. Most people develop agoraphobia after having had one or more panic attacks, causing them to fear further attacks and avoid the situation in which the attack occurred.6 People with agoraphobia may need help from a companion in order to go to public places, and may at times feel unable to leave home. What causes agoraphobia? The cause or causes of agoraphobia and other panic disorders remain unknown, but it is thought that areas of the brain that control the fear response may play a role, as could environmental factors. As there is evidence that anxiety disorders run within families, it also seems likely that genetic factors play a role in agoraphobia and other panic disorders.7 Agoraphobia also sometimes occurs after a person has had one or more panic attacks and begins to fear situations that could potentially lead to panic attacks in the future. Other panic disorders or phobias can play a developmental role.8 Recent developments on agoraphobia causes from MNT news Researchers from the University of Missouri and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln discovered that people with the genotype 5-HTTLPR - linked to higher social anxiety - were less likely to engage in prosocial behavior, compared with those missing this genotype. Signs and symptoms15910 Agoraphobia can manifest itself as a combination of fears, feelings and bodily symptoms. People with agoraphobia can become housebound for long periods of time. Common fears associated with agoraphobia are: Fear of spending time alone Fear of being in crowded places Fear of open spaces Flushing and chills Choking. People who experience panic attacks may change their behavior and how they function at home, school or work. They may try to avoid situations that could trigger off further attacks. They may become sad, depressed or suicidal, and in some cases may abuse alcohol and other drugs. A Swiss study recently found that compared to similar people without agoraphobia, people with agoraphobia had significantly higher levels of markers for inflammation (including C-reactive protein and tumor-necrosis-factor-α), and lower levels of adiponectin (a marker for cardioprotection).16 Levels of low-grade inflammation also appeared to increase over time in people with agoraphobia, suggesting that those suffering from the condition may have a higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease . Tests and diagnosis111 Agoraphobia is usually diagnosed following an interview with a health care provider, who assesses signs and symptoms. Descriptions of behavior may be requested from family or friends. In addition, a physical exam may be suggested to rule out other conditions that could potentially be causing the symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association is used to diagnose agoraphobia and other mental health conditions in the US. It is used by health care providers for this purpose, as well as by insurance companies to reimburse any treatment. Extreme fear regarding being on public transport is one of the diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia. The diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia within DSM-5 include anxiety or extreme fear regarding being in at least two of the following situations, characterized by being difficult to escape from or find help in: On public transport Additional diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia include the following: Fear or anxiety caused almost always by exposure to a particular situation Fear or anxiety out of proportion to the actual danger of a particular situation Avoidance of a particular situation or requiring a companion in order to deal with it Endurance of a situation with extreme distress Distress or problems in areas of life caused by fear, anxiety or avoidance Long-term persistent phobia and avoidance. Treatment options512 Agoraphobia is usually treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Most people with agoraphobia can get better through treatment, though it can become more difficult to treat if people do not get early, effective help. Medication Health care providers can prescribe either one or both of the following types of medication. A group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can be prescribed to treat panic disorder with agoraphobia. Other types of antidepressants can also be prescribed, but they have a greater risk of side effects than SSRIs. Anti-anxiety medications, also known as benzodiazepines, are sedatives that can relieve the symptoms of anxiety on a short-term basis. Benzodiazepines are a habit-forming medication. A health care provider is likely to increase the dosage of prescribed antidepressants when treatment begins, and slowly decrease the dosage when the treatment is ready to finish. This caution is because starting and ending a course of antidepressants can sometimes lead to side effects that are similar to a panic attack. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy involves working with a therapist in order to reduce symptoms of anxiety and make a person with agoraphobia feel and function better. One of the most common and effective forms of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders, including agoraphobia, is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It focuses on changing the thoughts that cause the condition. It can involve learning the following: Psychotherapy is often used to treat agoraphobia. Sessions can sometimes be carried out at the patient's home to help. That it is unlikely that fears will come true That anxiety decreases over time and that symptoms can be managed until it does How to cope with the symptoms of agoraphobia How to understand and control a distorted view of stress-inducing situations How to recognize and replace thoughts that cause panic How to manage stress How to imagine the situations that cause anxiety, working from the least to the most fearful (referred to as systematic desensitization and exposure therapy). Therapists who treat agoraphobia are often able to offer initial treatment without the need for the person with agoraphobia to visit the therapist's office. Therapy may be provided over the phone or via email, the therapist may conduct a home visit, or treatment sessions may be arranged in a place that the patient considers safe. Research has also found that family support can aid the treatment of agoraphobia.13 Hostility towards agoraphobic family members increases the risk of them not completing their prescribed treatment plan. Equally, relatives that are too overbearing can also hinder therapy. In addition to these treatment methods, there are several steps of self-care that can be utilized by a person with agoraphobia in order to help care for themselves and to cope with their condition:14 Sticking to a plan of treatment Learning relaxation skills and how to achieve and maintain a sense of calm Trying not to avoid feared situations, making them less frightening Avoiding alcohol and illegal drugs Staying healthy with physical activity, a healthy balanced diet and getting enough sleep. Due to the effect that agoraphobia can have on a person's ability to function day to day, it is recommended that anyone experiencing symptoms of agoraphobia contacts their health care provider. Treatment of the condition is easier the earlier that it begins. Unfortunately, changes in the DSM-V definition of agoraphobia as distinct from panic disorder may affect the likelihood of some people obtaining a diagnosis of agoraphobia, which would then limit their ability to access treatment. In particular, researchers found that in an analysis of 151 anxious youth seeking treatment for their anxiety, 25% of those who met the criteria for agoraphobia in the DSM-IV no longer met the criteria for agoraphobia in the DSM-V, despite the severity and impairment being the same for those youth who did meet the new criteria for diagnosis.17 Recent research suggests that a combination of medication, psychodynamic therapy and virtual reality may help people with agoraphobia to confront phobic stimuli.15 Recent developments on agoraphobia treatment from MNT news	Pain
What is the brightest star in Ursa Minor?	The Phobia List Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia- Fear of walking. Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia- Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia- Fear of wind. (Anemophobia) Androphobia- Fear of men. Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.(Ancraophobia) Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia- Fear of England or English culture, etc. Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry. Ankylophobia- Fear of immobility of a joint. Anthrophobia or Anthophobia- Fear of flowers. Anthropophobia- Fear of people or society. Antlophobia- Fear of floods. Anuptaphobia- Fear of staying single. Apeirophobia- Fear of infinity. Aphenphosmphobia- Fear of being touched. (Haphephobia) Apiphobia- Fear of bees. Apotemnophobia- Fear of persons with amputations. Arachibutyrophobia- Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia- Fear of spiders. Arithmophobia- Fear of numbers. Cainophobia or Cainotophobia- Fear of newness, novelty. Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia- Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia- Fear of the heart. Carnophobia- Fear of meat. Catagelophobia- Fear of being ridiculed. Catapedaphobia- Fear of jumping from high and low places. Cathisophobia- Fear of sitting. Cenophobia or Centophobia- Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia or Keraunophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.(Astraphobia, Astrapophobia) Chaetophobia- Fear of hair. Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia- Fear of cold.(Frigophobia, Psychophobia) Chemophobia- Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Cherophobia- Fear of gaiety. Chiraptophobia- Fear of being touched. Chirophobia- Fear of hands. Cholerophobia- Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. Chorophobia- Fear of dancing. Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia- Fear of money. Chromophobia or Chromatophobia- Fear of colors. Chronophobia- Fear of time. Cibophobia- Fear of food.(Sitophobia, Sitiophobia) Claustrophobia- Fear of confined spaces. Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia- Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. Cleptophobia- Fear of stealing. Climacophobia- Fear of stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs. Clinophobia- Fear of going to bed. Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia- Fear of being enclosed. Cnidophobia- Fear of stings. Decidophobia- Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiophobia- Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia- Fear of dining or dinner conversations. Dementophobia- Fear of insanity. Demonophobia or Daemonophobia- Fear of demons. Demophobia- Fear of crowds. (Agoraphobia) Dendrophobia- Fear of trees. Dermatophobia- Fear of skin lesions. Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia- Fear of skin disease. Dextrophobia- Fear of objects at the right side of the body. Diabetophobia- Fear of diabetes. Didaskaleinophobia- Fear of going to school. Dikephobia- Fear of justice. Dinophobia- Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. Diplophobia- Fear of double vision. Dipsophobia- Fear of drinking. Dishabiliophobia- Fear of undressing in front of someone. Disposophobia- Fear of throwing stuff out. Hoarding. Domatophobia- Fear of houses or being in a house.(Eicophobia, Oikophobia) Doraphobia- Fear of fur or skins of animals. Doxophobia- Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise. Dromophobia- Fear of crossing streets. Dutchphobia- Fear of the Dutch. Dysmorphophobia- Fear of deformity. Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning. Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia- Fear of being robbed. Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure. Heliophobia- Fear of the sun. Hellenologophobia- Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. Helminthophobia- Fear of being infested with worms. Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia- Fear of blood. Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia- Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. Herpetophobia- Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Sexophobia) Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia- Fear of the number 666. Hierophobia- Fear of priests or sacred things. Hippophobia- Fear of horses. Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia- Fear of long words. Hobophobia- Fear of bums or beggars. Hodophobia- Fear of road travel. Hormephobia- Fear of shock. Homophobia- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms. Hydrargyophobia- Fear of mercurial medicines. Hydrophobia- Fear of water or of rabies. Hydrophobophobia- Fear of rabies. Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia- Fear of glass. Hygrophobia- Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hylephobia- Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy. Hylophobia- Fear of forests. Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia- Fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia- Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypsiphobia- Fear of height. Iatrophobia- Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors. Ichthyophobia- Fear of fish. Illyngophobia- Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. Iophobia- Fear of poison. Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia- Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia- Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis. Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry. Microbiophobia- Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia) Microphobia- Fear of small things. Misophobia or Mysophobia- Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. Mnemophobia- Fear of memories. Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia- Fear of dirt or contamination. Monophobia- Fear of solitude or being alone. Monopathophobia- Fear of definite disease. Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles. Musophobia or Muriphobia- Fear of mice. Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms. Mycrophobia- Fear of small things. Myctophobia- Fear of darkness. Mythophobia- Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia- Fear of slime. (Blennophobia) Nebulaphobia- Fear of fog. (Homichlophobia) Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things. Nelophobia- Fear of glass. Neopharmaphobia- Fear of new drugs. Neophobia- Fear of anything new. Nephophobia- Fear of clouds. Noctiphobia- Fear of the night. Nomatophobia- Fear of names. Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia- Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia- Fear of returning home. Novercaphobia- Fear of your step-mother. Nucleomituphobia- Fear of nuclear weapons. Nudophobia- Fear of nudity. Nyctohylophobia- Fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night Nyctophobia- Fear of the dark or of night. If you appreciate the Phobia List, please help support it. Obesophobia- Fear of gaining weight.(Pocrescophobia) Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles. Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8. Odontophobia- Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynophobia or Odynephobia- Fear of pain. (Algophobia) Oenophobia- Fear of wines. Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings, house.(Domatophobia, Eicophobia) Olfactophobia- Fear of smells. Ombrophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on. Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia- Fear of eyes. Omphalophobia- Fear of belly buttons. Oneirophobia- Fear of dreams. Oneirogmophobia- Fear of wet dreams. Onomatophobia- Fear of hearing a certain word or of names. Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes. (Snakephobia) Ophthalmophobia- Fear of being stared at. Opiophobia- Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients. Optophobia- Fear of opening one's eyes. Ornithophobia- Fear of birds. Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia- Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia- Fear of shellfish. Peladophobia- Fear of bald people. Pellagrophobia- Fear of pellagra. Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law. (Novercaphobia) Phagophobia- Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten. Phalacrophobia- Fear of becoming bald. Phallophobia- Fear of a penis, esp erect. Pharmacophobia- Fear of taking medicine. Phasmophobia- Fear of ghosts. Phengophobia- Fear of daylight or sunshine. Philemaphobia or Philematophobia- Fear of kissing. Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love. Philosophobia- Fear of philosophy. Photoaugliaphobia- Fear of glaring lights. Photophobia- Fear of light. Phonophobia- Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones. Phronemophobia- Fear of thinking. Phthiriophobia- Fear of lice. (Pediculophobia) Phthisiophobia- Fear of tuberculosis. Sarmassophobia- Fear of love play. (Malaxophobia) Satanophobia- Fear of Satan. Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophibia- Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciophobia Sciaphobia- Fear of shadows. Scoleciphobia- Fear of worms. Scopophobia or Scoptophobia- Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia- Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia- Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia) Scriptophobia- Fear of writing in public. Selachophobia- Fear of sharks. Selaphobia- Fear of light flashes. Selenophobia- Fear of the moon. Seplophobia- Fear of decaying matter. Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words. Sexophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Heterophobia) Siderodromophobia- Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. Siderophobia- Fear of stars. Sinistrophobia- Fear of things to the left or left-handed. Sinophobia- Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture. Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia) Snakephobia- Fear of snakes. (Ophidiophobia) Soceraphobia- Fear of parents-in-law. Social Phobia- Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. Sociophobia- Fear of society or people in general. Somniphobia- Fear of sleep. Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others. Spacephobia- Fear of outer space. Spectrophobia- Fear of specters or ghosts. Spermatophobia or Spermophobia- Fear of germs. Spheksophobia- Fear of wasps. Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia- Fear of standing or walking. (Ambulophobia) Staurophobia- Fear of crosses or the crucifix. Stenophobia- Fear of narrow things or places. Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia- Fear of hell. Suriphobia- Fear of mice. Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms. Taphephobia Taphophobia- Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia- Fear of being contagious. Taurophobia- Fear of bulls. Teleophobia- 1) Fear of definite plans. 2) Religious ceremony. Telephonophobia- Fear of telephones. Teratophobia- Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testophobia- Fear of taking tests. Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus. Teutophobia- Fear of German or German things. Textophobia- Fear of certain fabrics. Thaasophobia- Fear of sitting. Thalassophobia- Fear of the sea. Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying. Theatrophobia- Fear of theatres. Theophobia- Fear of gods or religion. Thermophobia- Fear of heat. Tocophobia- Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. Tomophobia- Fear of surgical operations. Tonitrophobia- Fear of thunder. Topophobia- Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia- Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Traumatophobia- Fear of injury.	i don't know
Macadamia trees are indigenous to which country?	NUT TREES \| Small Orchard Tree Pecan, almond, walnut, hazelnut, macadamia and lychee Home Nut Trees Nut trees are grown on millions of acres in over 145 countries creating a nut production industry that grows pecan, almond, walnut, hazelnut, macadamia and lychee nuts to name a few. Nut trees have been grown for thousands of years, providing delicious and nutritious fruits to cultures from around the world. Temperate nuts such as walnuts and hazelnuts are indigenous to Northern Europe and the Americas, Almonds were first grown in Spain, Lychees and Macadamias are indigenous to the Australian continent and Pecans were first grown by the Native peoples of Central America. Unfortuately, the boom years seem to be over as many nut farmers face losing their farms to drought, water shortages, a changing climate and the rapid expansion of corporate agriculture. Fortunately, new growing methods have been developed by Tree Plantation that increase production and save water. Now growers with a small orchard can grow more Walnut, Hazelnut, Almond, Macadamia, Pecan, Pistachio, Lychee, Cashew and Chestnut trees and compete with larger interests. CITRUS TREES - Planting 84 citrus trees produces approximately 100,000 oranges per acre using these alternative growing and pruning methods. Nut Production The secret to growing highly productive nut trees is to select the right type of nut tree for your climate and soil and then apply advanced pruning techniques to increase fruiting, save water, space and lower operating costs. Nut Tree Production Comparisons Per Acre Typically, an orchard comprises between 60 and 80 trees per acre. Average yield may be between 500 and 2,000 nuts per tree depending on nut types, climate, fertilization, soil type and available water resources. High-density plantings can double yields. A new high-density growing method developed by Tree Plantation can double that again. Tree Plantation HIGH YIELD Nut Tree Production Per Acre New high-density planting methods developed by Tree Plantation can double production compared to a conventional orchard growing the same number of trees. In addition, new irrigation technology lessens water usage without lowering production. Growing the same with less water is important to farmers losing their nut orchards because of state imposed water rationing. Fruit Tree Production Comparisons Per Acre Nut production also depends on several other factors including stem length, straightness and well-balanced branching. A straight nut tree stem produces more nuts; sometimes as many as three times the overall production of a twisted or crooked stem. To encourage the development of straight nut tree stems, a defined leader should be selected to be nut bearing. Defined leaders are stems that are not only straight but display fast, vigorous growth. They also should be the longest of all the stems growing from the main trunk and secondary branches. Properly pruned trees will grow many well-balanced branches that will become big producers year after year. It is important that secondary and tertiary nut yielding branching grow parallel and level to one another to promote balanced growth and maximize yield. Calculate the number of trees per acre and spacing between trees Types Of Nut Trees Types of nut trees that benefit from our plant propagation and water saving technologies include Walnut, Hazelnut, Almond, Macadamia, Pecan, Pistachio, Lychee, Cashew and Chestnut trees. Pecan Tree - types of nut trees The Pecan tree is a Texas trees. Texas dominates Pecan production in the United States. In Texas, about 80 Pecan trees are planted per acre. Given the right climate and sufficient water, an acre can produce between 60,000 and 80,000 Pecans per acre. Like most areas of the Southwest, Texas is suffering from years of drought, which has had an impact on overall Pecan production - down 50% from just 10 years ago. Tree Plantation has developed an intensive farming technique that grows more pecans using less water. Any type of Pecan tree is suitable for this system include Stuart pecans, Moreland pecans, Desirable pecans, Elloit pecans, Cape Fear pecans and Candy Pecans. Small Orchard Planting The same water saving technology can be used to grow Pecans in a small orchard setting. Almond Tree - types of nut trees Intensive growing techniques have been utilized by Almond growers the past 50 years. The problem isn’t maximized production per acre, its lack of water, particularly in California and Western Australia where thousands of acres have been lost to drought and water shortages. Intensive Almond production requires an inordinate amount of water. At least half of all Almond producers haven left the market. Tree Plantation has developed an intensive farming technique that grows more Almonds with less water. Any type of Almond tree is suitable for this water saving growing system including California almonds, Spanish almonds and Nonpaeil almonds. Small Orchard Planting The same water saving technology can be used to grow Almonds in a small orchard setting. Walnut Tree - types of nut trees Walnuts are grown in in just about every country in the Northern hemisphere including the United States, Canada, China, the UK and parts of continental Europe. A Walnut tree require “cold dormancy” for a period of 90 days or more, so they are classified as a "true" temperate tree. Walnut tree orchards typically feature large canopy trees spaced 50 feet apart, which plants about 20 trees per acre. Each tree can produce up to 5,000 walnuts so 100,000 walnuts per acre is not uncommon. Improved production can be achieved employing new propagation methods developed by Tree Plantation. Any type of walnut tree benefits from this growing system including Black walnut, English walnut and White walnut also known as Butternut. Small Orchard Planting One or two Walnut trees are suitable in a small orchard setting using this technology. Hazelnut Tree - types of nut trees Hazelnuts are a Northern hemisphere tree, found growing as far north as Canada and as far south as Texas. A Hazelnut tree requires a cold dormancy period for at least 60 days to stimulate production. Hazel nut orchards typically have between 80 and 120 trees planted per acre. With each tree producing 2,000 hazelnuts on average, a small orchard will produce somewhere in the neighborhood of 200,000 hazelnuts per acre. Improved production can be achieved employing new propagation methods developed by Tree Plantation. Any type of hazelnut tree benefits from this growing system including, American hazelnuts, European hazelnuts and Round hazelnuts. Small Orchard Planting One small orchard hazelnut grove produces approximately 600 hazelnuts from 2 trees. Orchardists typically do not graft different varieties of hazelnuts to one another. Macadamia Tree - types of nut trees Typical plantings of 80 Macadamia trees per acre is pretty much standard. Some Macadamia tree orchardists have experimented with higher density plantings without success, however Tree Plantation has perfected a new way of propagation that significantly improves yield. Both types of Macadamia tree are suitable for these new growing methods, namely the tetraphylla that prefers cooler climates and Macadamia integrifolia, which prefers warmer climates. Small Orchard Planting Two Macadamia trees are required for a small orchard. Trees are grown opposite one another at an acute angle between 10 and 20 degrees. Macadamia, a tropical/sub-tropical tree is grown in many areas of the world, but California has the lions share of the market. Lychee Tree Lychee trees produce about 600 Lychee nuts when the tree reaches 20 years of age. Typical orchard plantings space Lychee trees 30 feet apart to produce 18,000 Lychee nuts per acre. High-density plantings have been tried unsuccessfully. Tree Plantation has developed a unique pruning method to double Lychee tree nut yields. Any type of Lychee tree can be grown using this system including Bengal, Ohia, Sweet Cliff, Ha-Kip and Emperor. Lychees are extensively grown in China, Vietnam and the rest of tropical Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and more recently in South Africa, Brazil, parts of the Caribbean, Queensland in Australia, Southern California and Florida. Small Orchard Planting At least two Lychee trees are grown at an angle opposite one another in a small orchard. Intensive pruning combined with branch training increases Lychee production. Cashew Tree A Cashew tree produces around 3,000 Cashew nuts when mature. Typical orchard plantings spaced 30 feet apart produce 90,000 Cashew nuts per acre. High-density plantings have been tried without much success. Tree Plantation uses proprietary pruning methods to increase Cashewtree yields. Most varieties of Cashew trees improve yields using this pruning method including Kanaka, Dhana, Anakkayam and Vridhachalam. The main producers of Cashew nuts are Brazil, India, Vietnam, Africa (Tanzania and Mozambique) and South East Asia. Small Orchard Planting At least two Cashew trees are grown in a small orchard setting at an angle opposite one another. Intensive pruning combined with branch training increases Cashew production. Chestnut Tree A mature Chestnut tree produces approximately 2,000 chestnuts. Typical orchard plantings spaced 40 feet apart produce 80,000 chestnuts per acre. Typical high-density plantings techniques are not suitable for Chestnut trees because of their large leaf canopy, however Tree Plantation has developed a new pruning method that dramatically increases chestnut production from a single tree. Any type of Chestnut tree is suitable for this technique including, American chestnut, Sweet chestnut and Chinese chestnut trees. Small Orchard Planting Two Chestnut trees grow in a small orchard setting. Chestnut trees are positioned opposite one another at an angle and pruned to keep branching close in and uniform.	Australia
Which annual event was first held at the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano in 1956?	Macadamia Castle - A History of the Macadamia Nut Educational information for schools An Aboriginal delicacy For thousands of years before European settlement the aborigines of eastern Australia feasted on the native nuts which grew in the rainforests of the wet slopes of the Great Dividing Range. One of these nuts was called gyndl or jindilli, which was later corrupted to kindal kindal by early Europeans, while in the southern range of the tree it was known as boombera. We now know it as the macadamia. The high oil content of these nuts was a coveted addition to the indigenous diet. However, they were difficult to harvest in great quantities so probably were not a major staple food. The fallen nuts were collected in dilly bags and taken to feasting grounds. Some coastal, aboriginal middens contain large quantities of bush nut shells along with sea shells, often 15 - 20kms from the nearest trees. Nuts were eaten raw or roasted in hot coals. Many processing stones have been found in eastern rainforests, consisting of a large stone with a delicate incision for holding the nuts and sometimes a smaller, flat stone sits on top which is then struck by a larger ‘hammer’ stone. Modern technology has not invented a better hand nutcracker than this. The more bitter species, particularly in north Queensland, were ground into a paste and washed in running water to make them edible. There were at least twelve tribes in the region where the trees grew and they were used as an item of trade with other tribes. With the arrival of white settlers nuts were bartered, often with native honey, for rum and tobacco. King Jacky of the Logan River clan, south of Brisbane, was probably the first macadamia nut entrepreneur as he and his tribe have been recorded as regularly collecting and trading them during the 1860’s.Cosmetics and medicine The aborigines would express the oil from the nuts and use it as a binder with ochres and clay for face and body painting. This was a method of preserving clan symbols of the dreaming. The oil was also used neat for skin rejuvenation and as a carrier where it was mixed with other plant extracts to treat ailments. It was believed the nuts contained a stimulant which aided breast milk production. Lactating mothers would eat the bitter nuts that had commenced to germinate. Slow adoption by Europeans The first European to discover this nut is now attributed to the explorer Allan Cunningham in 1828. The German explorer Ludwig Leichhardt recorded the tree in 1843 and took a sample to Melbourne which is now in the National Herbarium. However, it was not until 1858 that British botanist Ferdinand von Mueller and the director of the Botanical Gardens in Brisbane, Walter Hill, gave the scientific name Macadamia intergrifolia to the tree - named after von Mueller’s friend Dr.John MacAdam, a noted scientist and secretary to the Philosophical Institute of Australia. Walter Hill, so the story goes, asked a young associate to crack some nuts for germinating. The lad ate some and claimed they were delicious. Hill was under the impression that these bush nuts were poisonous and after a few days, when the boy showed no signs of ill-health, he tasted some himself, proclaiming he had discovered a nut to surpass all others. These were the first recorded Europeans to eat these amazing nuts. Hill cultivated the first Macadamia intergrifolia in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens, also in the year 1858. It is still alive and bearing fruit today. Some common names in use were ‘bauple’ or ‘bopple nut’ (after Bauple Mountain near Gympie), ‘bush nut’, Mullumbimby nut’ and ‘Queensland nut’. After plantations were established in Hawaii, the Americans also called it the ‘Hawaiian nut’. The first commercial orchard of macadamia nuts was planted at Rous Hill, 12km from Lismore, by Charles Staff in the early1880’s. After his death the farm changed hands twice before being bought up by a neighbour, Jens Christian Frederiksen, in 1910. The Frederiksens main industry was dairying, but an advertisement in a 1932 edition of the local newspaper attests to the commercial viability of macadamia nut production. The original orchard has recently been replaced by grafted trees, but the 120 year old trees that remain are still producing and the property is still owned by the Frederiksen family. A tough nut to crack In 1932 Greek migrants, Steve Angus and his brothers Nick and George, moved from Sydney to Murwillumbah and opened a fruit shop known as the Tweed Fruit Exchange. Steve was introduced to a Tweed farmer, John Waldron. Waldron was cracking the nuts from his small plantation with a hammer, roasting and salting them to sell locally. After adopting the same methods at the back of the fruit shop, this arduous practice eventually led Steve to tracking down a nut cracking machine from the USA which arrived in Australia in the mid 1940’s. (Hawaiian growers had already established a market in America). After a few teething problems with the Wiley cracker, Steve began Macadamia Nuts Pty. Ltd. from his garage where his machine was installed. The business grew, although sourcing nuts was a major problem as most of the produce came from backyard trees. The Angus family moved to Brisbane in 1964 and opened Australia’s first purpose-built processing plant at Slacks Creek. In 1970 ill health forced Steve to retire and in 1971 CSR took over the factory. The Angus family had pioneered macadamia nut processing in Australia. The Industry in Hawaii is based on some seedling nuts imported from Australia in the 1880’s to be used as a wind break for sugar cane. However, it was found that the macadamias also needed protection from wind. Aided by land leases from a sympathetic government, Van Tassel was a pioneer of the Hawaiian industry and in 1922 formed the Hawaiian Macadamia Nut Co. which was the first company to adopt large scale plantations and production. Others followed and by 1938 more than 1000Ha had been planted. Research by the US Department of Agriculture and the Hawaiian Agricultural Experiment Station created the basis on which today’s industry operates worldwide. The industry grows up. In 1967 Tom Hoult bought 20c. worth of macadamia nuts at a Brisbane department store and was amazed at how few nuts he received. These were very expensive nuts but the taste was superb. He was impressed. Together with his business partner Mel Braham, Tom began on a journey which now sees them controlling one of the largest macadamia plantations in Australia. Their first plantation at Tuntable Creek proved to be too hilly for mechanised harvesting and the tree stock was successfully moved to a 280Ha property at Dunoon where their company, now called Macadamia Industries Australia Pty. Ltd., now has close to 50,000 trees. It is estimated the Australian industry is now worth over $100million annually to the national economy. In New South Wales alone there are some 468 registered macadamia orchards. The industry has finally come of age so that today we can all enjoy the best nut in the world. The quality and pricing has improved and we don’t have to lift a hammer.	i don't know
What fruit has the Latin name Musa sapientum?	banana - Free definitions by Babylon banana n. tropical plant; crescent-shaped yellow fruit which grows on this plant BANANA (Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anyone) individual opposing the development of new buildings or edifices or projects close to his neighbourhood Download this dictionary Banana The banana is an edible fruit , botanically a berry , produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa . In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains . The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic (seedless) bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana . The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used. Banana (disambiguation) Banana is the common name for flowering plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce.	Banana
"In which county are the towns of ""Rothbury"", ""Seahouses"" and ""Wooler""?"	All About Bananas \| Banana Health All About Bananas Types of Bananas All About Bananas Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana or hybrids Musa acuminata × balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old scientific names Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca are no longer used. Banana is also used to describe Enset and Fe’i bananas, neither of which belong to the aforementioned species. Enset bananas belong to the genus Ensete while the taxonomy of Fe’i-type cultivars is uncertain. In popular culture and commerce, “banana” usually refers to soft, sweet “dessert” bananas. By contrast, Musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called plantains or “cooking bananas”. The distinction is purely arbitrary and the terms “plantain” and “banana” are sometimes interchangeable depending on their usage. They are native to tropical South and Southeast Asia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics.[2] They are grown in at least 107 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and as ornamental plants. Leave a Reply	i don't know
"In Edwards Lear's The Owl and the Pussycat"", how much did they pay the pig for his ring?"	Poetry Daily Prose Feature - Kay Harel: A Natural History of "The Owl and the Pussycat" With a ring at the end of his nose. "Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling Your ring?" Said the Piggy, "I will." So they took it away, and were married next day By the Turkey who lives on the Hill. They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon, The moon, the moon, They danced by the light of the moon. This poem is a meme. Maybe not as ubiquitous as "Kilroy was here" but neither is it as ephemeral as this morning's trending hash tag. Edward Lear's ditty has propagated more like the face painted by Edvard Munch in "The Scream," an image that began life as an artwork in nineteenth-century Norway and evolved in twentieth-century North America into an icky Halloween mask. Shock begot schlock. But the musicians, dancers, performance artists, illustrators, and others who have adapted "The Owl and the Pussycat" comprise a who's who of the highbrow, their every act of creative worship another mutation. And yes, the title has spread in the commercial realm, taken up by gourmet bakers, wedding photographers, luxe bath-product enterprises, a pet-therapy center and a body-piercing shop, a dance school and a vintage-clothing store, etc. There is the eponymous 1970 Hollywood romantic comedy, the poster for which was still being sold in 2015 by Wal-mart. When newlyweds Leticia Lacativa and David Fleischman hiked the 2,144 miles of the Appalachian Trail in 1991, they selected Owl and Pussycat as their "trail names," official pseudonyms for registering at trail shelters on cold nights. So when the Owl and the Pussycat went to sea, they began a journey of three centuries and counting, morphing and relaying messages and staying alive. Why? What is the secret of this poem's appeal? Whence its omnipresence? "The Owl and the Pussycat" is one of those "accurate songs" requested by a poet of incontrovertible gravitas, Wallace Stevens, in a masterpiece of his own, "Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction." Edward Lear (1812-1888) was an accurate man. He not only wrote whimsy with perfect pitch, but earned income as a natural-history illustrator and landscape artist, his eye admired by Charles Darwin and John J. Audubon. In 1830, the London Zoo gave Lear a unique permit to enter cages, where he studied, drew, and communed with representatives of many species. The hand-colored lithographs of parrots he made during the early 1830s are breathtaking in detail and delicacy. In 2012, the British monthly The Scientist marked the bicentennial of Lear's birth, lauding "his stunningly accurate scientific illustrations." The magazine paid obeisance to "The Owl and the Pussycat," printing its first verse and an accompanying sketch Lear drew. The drawing is more cartoon than textbook. Nor do Owl and Pussycat behave realistically. The accuracy is in the precision with which Lear steers the story clear of every rocky romantic obstacle he crashed into. "The Owl and the Pussycat" is an idyll of alliance because the two avoid Lear's every quandary about intimacy, quandaries familiar to those of us who navigate humankind to find a beloved and constant companion, but too big for Edward Lear to circumvent. Owl and Pussycat float in an easy love Lear wished for, an easy love for all time. Millions have swooned as Owl and Pussycat danced by the light of the moon. The extreme romance might hint that Lear was too romantic to manage marriage. Edward Lear lived and died a bachelor, a frail and isolated expat, a romantically challenged misanthrope deeply attached to his cat. Lear never courted nor attained union with a human. In his voluminous diaries and letters, Lear was forever pining after lost male friends and elusive women. Lear's biographers have opined that he felt too poor to wed, too ugly, too peripatetic—he was a nomadic artist, always moving on so as to sell to the English upper crust. Or he was too ill with epilepsy and shamed by his symptoms, too conflicted in his feelings for men, too scarred by his mother's relinquishing him to the care of his eldest sister when he was four years old. No one knows, but as George Orwell quipped in 1945 in an article on nonsense poetry, "It is easy to guess that there was something seriously wrong with his sex life." It nevertheless produced this hosanna, "The Owl and the Pussycat," Lear's dearest brainchild. The Proposal: Tongue-tied Versus Tacit While Lear was painting a travelogue in Greece, a monastery prompted him to write to his sister, "I am positive that ... banishing all women whom God has made to be our equals and companions ... I say this is falsehood." Lear admired several women in his letters, but never acted on any attractions, writing in 1839 to his friend, the printer John Gould, "1 anticipate firmly the chance of a Mrs. Lear in 40 years hence at least." That proved too optimistic a projection. To propose or not to propose was an epic question for Edward Lear. He vacillated for twenty-two years about whether he should propose to Augusta Bethell, a children's book writer. Lear came to the brink twice. When he first tried to muster his nerve at age fifty-four, he had already mulled over the matter in his diary for three years. Then he consulted mutual acquaintances. One confidante, Countess Frances Waldegrave, discouraged him, citing his hand-to-mouth existence. Lear also sought the opinion of Augusta's sister, Emma. No record of this conversation exists. But afterwards, Lear ceased his consultations, hewed to the status quo with Augusta, and moped in his diary that he must "accept a lonely destiny." Three months later, in December of 1867, "The Owl and the Pussycat" emerged, escaping that destiny in a beautiful pea-green boat. Wallace Stevens might have remarked, again as he does in "Notes," that "Life's nonsense pierces us with strange relation." The interspecies love story was a gift Lear gave to a very young girl, Janet Symonds. Her father, a prominent Englishman, Arthur Symonds, had invited Lear to join his family's Christmas festivities. Symonds, Lear, and assorted aristocrats were wintering in Cannes, France. Even the birthplace of the poem has legendary beauty. Possessing a painter's eyes, Lear was always susceptible to such sights. Did Janet Symonds notice that "The Owl and the Pussycat" lacks a proposal? That no male is seen bending his knee, braving what Lear fled? No one utters a high-stakes request; rather Pussycat speaks of marriage as one step in a logical sequence: "O, let us be married, too long we have tarried / But what shall we do for a ring?" No one risks rejection and no one rejects. Assent goes without saying. Owl and Pussycat glide through the difficult shoals of becoming united in a veritable love boat. When the poem begins, the two are already one, even provisioning themselves with some honey and plenty of money. A stable victual, honey, practical if you are to sail away for a year and a day. What a wish-fulfillment too for our suitor manqué, a man who turned pea-green in boats no matter how beautiful: the ease of knowing your beloved loves you, of being alone together in the big wide world of two. The poem begins with a "we," Lear's desideratum. The quandary of proposing is nowhere on the horizon. The poem is romantic without this chick-flick staple. But the question Lear never popped dogged him in perpetuity. He has a legacy as a romantic wreck, portrayed by the fiction writer Donald Bartheleme, who published "The Death of Edward Lear" in The New Yorker in 1971. Bartheleme gives us a fantasy in which Lear invites friends to observe his death. Holding court from his deathbed, "He then startled his guests with a question, uttered in a kind of shriek: "Should I get married? Get married? Should I marry?'" In these words, you can see the Learian repetition and hear his roll-along prosody. You can sense the next lines burbling on past the words, there between your ear and your memory: ba-da DUM ba-da BUM ba-da BEE. Natural Antagonists Owl and Pussycat seem a match made in heaven, with much in common. Both are nocturnal and hunters. Both were dear to Lear, who doodled self-portraits as an Owl, and kept cats notwithstanding his gypsy life. Lear's other couples in Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets live happily-ever-after lives, namely, Duck and Kangaroo, and Nutcrackers and Sugar-tongs. If Owl and Pussycat, as bird and cat, are natural antagonists, perhaps we have a case of opposites attracting, of enemies in a love story. They have overcome irreconcilable differences that do not bedevil two utensils who live together in fancy houses and work side by side. The love of Owl and Pussycat transcends biology. They are triumphant. Yet this is a nonsense poem after all. And with the illustrations that Lear prepared for his book, he tells a contradictory tale. Lear is reputed among scientists for portraying realistic stances of fauna. That skill informs his slapstick drawings. Via the postures and facial expressions of Owl and Pussycat, Lear delineates not a blithe romance but a mythological battle of the sexes. The first sketch shows our lovebirds in their boat: Owl is strumming the guitar, Pussy captaining the tiller. Owl looks up to the stars above, but with a crabby expression. Owl's eyes are upcast in a sarcastic roll. Pussycat's eyes are on Owl, and they are fierce slits. In the second sketch, Owl and Pussycat meet the Piggy-wig with a ring at the end of his nose. Pussycat looms above Owl, threatening, front paws like pillars, chest puffed up, and ears tucked back—signaling a readiness to attack. Owl is bowing low as a crow, cowed, eyes sheepish. The third sketch shows the couple and the turkey, Pussycat facing Owl in a pre-pounce crouch, while Owl offers the ring timidly under a huddled wing. The drawings narrate the aftermath when a lascivious pussy—yes, today's slang meaning was current—captures a reclusive bird with the velvet paws and sharp claws of sex. With these drawings depicting coercion, when Pussycat says, "Oh, let us be married; too long we have tarried," she seems to be a woman deflowered, perhaps pregnant, dragging Owl to the altar, a sacrifice to honor. Why did Lear depict this sordid fairy tale in his book? Why did he not choose, as he did in doodles for friends, to draw Owl and Pussycat hand in hand on the edge of the sand? Owl and Pussycat yearning toward one another across the deck of a boat? A tall Owl conducting business mensch to mensch with Piggy-wig, a small Pussycat one demure step behind? Perhaps Lear presented this fall in propriety as a pratfall to amuse adults, a nod and a wink about tarrying. Yet some people could not read the animals' body language: several publishers featured the sketch of Pussycat poised to maul as a frontispiece in the book. No matter Lear's reason, these sketches show a man aware of the cliché of womankind who tempts, seduces, and traps a provider. Did Lear fear this harpy? Is he saying that men and women are as alien to one another as birds and cats? We can not know. But myths of gender have stymied many shy souls desperately seeking soulmates. Nonsensical quandaries, but there you have it. The Curious Case of the Missing Pronouns The humble pronoun provides a provocative hint as to whether Lear feared women, preferred men, or was deeply leery of intimacy. Among the 221 words in this poem, not a he, she, him, her, his nor hers is attached to Owl or Pussycat. Only Piggy-wig has a gender ("his nose"). Were they sexless because Lear chose a Victorian sexlessness for a child's poem, or because sexual orientation was—according to several biographers—another of Lear's quandaries? Without pronouns, we guess at gender based on human stereotype, including a two-gender system: Owl is male because serenading is a man's prerogative in this cultural context; Pussycat is female because she is serenadee. If we posit Owl as male, we might note that not only did Lear dash off the odd self-portrait of himself as an owl, he was as solitary as any night bird. One biographer commented that as an illustrator, Lear "was at his best when he was drawing majestic unpretty birds like ravens and owls" and speculated that Lear "found a common bond with the birds." And Lear adored cats. With gender so sorted and Owl a projection of Lear, Pussycat usurps the male role when she takes matters into her own paws. She spares Owl the task. If Augusta had proposed, she and Lear might have married. She had a nice dowry and no need of a rich man, she harbored a life-long fondness for Lear, she had already endured stigma as an old maid when Lear first considered a bid for her hand, and she later married a man whose health problems were worse than Lear's and who left her a widow in time for Lear to again agonize over proposing. It was spring, 1886. Lear was seventy-four, Gussie forty-eight. He asked her to visit him in San Remo, Italy, and told his diary that he was "perplexed" about making his move. Gussie spent an afternoon "decidedly showing how much she cared for me," yet he next wrote a non sequitur: "This I think was the day of the death of all hope." Whatever turned Lear from her obvious willingness to his failure to launch, his silence seems proof that Lear could not bring himself to marry. We might also take Lear at his word, or rather, his disregard of gendered words, which enables him to avoid committing to male or female. Because while Lear wrote of the virtues of heterosexual marriage, he also wrote, to his dearest female friend Emily Tennyson—wife of the poet—about passionate feelings for two men, Chichester Fortescue and Frank Lushington. This is a history; I did not invent those names. Biographers have no hard evidence of whether Lear was turned on by men, women, both, or neither. If he had love affairs with these two men or others, we do not know. It is possible that his beloveds were bisexual and discreetly having homosexual relationships. It is also possible that Lear's sexuality was caged by norms, or unrequited, or rebuffed, or terra incognita. It is also possible that he was heterosexual and terrified of intimacy. Yet his complaints of unequal love to these men, to his friends, and in his diaries, indicate that neither was willing to meet Lear on Lear's terms. To impose gender on Owl and Pussycat is to deprive Lear of a freedom. Lear waves the magic wand of poetry and disappears familiar sexual markers. His language spares his characters the agony of choosing a partner of one sex or the other. He does not force Owl and Pussycat into sex-typical roles. Owl and Pussycat lack clear gender identities. Now that is queer. And Lear? The only woman he considered marrying, Gussie, he met when she was a child. That is how a man unsure about women might find a wife: she may be a woman in the flesh, but his mind's eye can always see the girl she was. There is queerness there too. When Lear strips Owl and Pussycat of gender, he dresses them in an Edenic innocence that is among the poem's charms. The two are androgynous or ambiguous—in either case, we must add an A at the end of LGBTQI. Owl and Pussycat might be reborn today as our new It couple. Escape from the Insidious "They" If they are hipsters, Owl and Pussycat still attend to society's niceties. They are hitching up. And they secure a traditional symbol. But rings through the noses of livestock shout of oppression, as-the least tug on the ring inflicts pain. Not a pretty association. Owl and Pussycat also engage the services of an officiant, albeit of a species known for stupidity—and we know Lear knew his birds. Lear trounces the proprieties, returning a favor perhaps. Edward Lear was born to a working-class family, the twentieth of twenty-one children delivered by his mother. Lear learned to write and draw by the grace of his sister, who raised him after poverty shattered the family home. As a teen, Lear sold drawings on the streets of London to bring home money. With talent and luck, he rose high in the country's caste system. Lear was cherished on the grandest estates as a hilarious houseguest, sure of dinners with British dilettantes and colonialists in any foreign capital, and at times so flooded by social invitations he could not accept them all. In 1846, he tutored Queen Victoria. Lear made cartoons of the snubs he endured from snobs, and retold egregious insults with brio. His aplomb was superficial. His letters show that Lear felt himself a misfit if not an outcast, at least because of his "plebian" origins and likely too because of his epilepsy, which connoted madness. He lived outside his country's mainland and social structure for most of his life. The poet W. H. Auden in his eponymous tribute figured Lear as a refugee: "The legions of cruel inquisitive They / Were so many and big like dogs." One scholarly investigation into Lear's limericks likewise found that "They"—a pronoun referencing what we might call the neighbors—harmed Lear's eccentric protagonists in dreadful ways. As Lear aged, the tables turned: his heroes and heroines learned to dismiss narrow-minded judgments. We do not know if Lear did as well, but he certainly avoided them by relocating. So of course the man who shunned Society spirited away his beloved Owl and Pussycat to a land far from the madding crowd. No colonialists are trying to "civilise" the land where the bong-tree grows. No lords are pontificating on the morality of art and whether the turkey who lives on the hill is a fit subject for a portrait. No one who is anyone is there to cluck over the fact that the newlyweds did not eat champagne and cake off silver plate but dined on mince and slices of quince, which they ate with a runcible spoon. Not proper, but this couple eloped—no seating charts for them, just sea charts. They are gloriously free. Lear was well-traveled and saw many cultures throughout southern Europe, across the Fertile Crescent, and as far as India. He knew he had options for intimate companionship. In a riff in a letter to Fortescue in 1860, Lear scribbled: "Bother all painting, I wish I'd 200 per annum! Wouldn't I sell all my colors and brushes and damnable messes! Over the world I should rove, North South East & West, I would—Marrying a black girl at last, & slowly preparing to walk into Paradise." What tantalized him here must remain a tantalizing mystery, though this vision was also too much for Lear, who seems not to have enacted this desire. What Lear obviously did desire was freedom from the norms of Great Britain. Freedom and Fame This poem is full of freedoms. Owl and Pussycat unite, despite the dangers of rejection, above the battle of the sexes, without the complexities of multivalent sexuality, and outside social strictures. The easy love of "The Owl and the Pussycat" sparkles against the sad fate of the queer Edward Lear. Queer, as in the poetic self-caricature he wrote with a friend late in life. "Some think him ill-tempered and queer," they rhyme his name in "How Pleasant to Know Mr. Lear," then go on to attest that "He weeps by the side of the ocean / He weeps on the top of the hill." This sad sack indulges in retail therapy, comfort food, and other panaceas, buying "pancakes and lotion," "chocolate shrimps" (an actual species), and "a great deal of Marsala." We hear too that "Long ago he was one of the singers / But now he is one of the dumbs." As surely as "The Owl and the Pussycat" assuaged the everlasting anguish that struck Lear dumb, its balm continues to soothe the lover who has risked pride or lacked confidence, the child beset by arbitrary definitions of sexuality, the nonconformist who can not endure the normative. Lear's poem entices too, with its swept-away romances, instant intimacy, telepathic camaraderie, and a passion so big it must hide or spark scandal. This love story is a perfect storm of freedoms, victories, and riches, complete with a flawless get-away. It is perfect. "The Owl and the Pussycat" is a magnum opus of nonsense, with a charisma all its own and a good meme's prodigious fecundity. "The Owl and the Pussycat" has inspired compositions by musical giants Igor Stravinsky, Virgil Thomson, Edwin Roxburgh, and Laurie Anderson. The avant-garde dancer Martha Graham created a homage that premiered in 1978. Her lead dancers strike poses she copied from Lear's drawings. The haute couture designer Halston created Graham's costumes, and during initial performances, cultural grandees such as Vogue editor Andre Leon Talley and Hollywood legend Liza Minelli played the role of the on-stage narrator, demonstrating yet again Lear's allure for all sorts of glitterati. In the summer of 2012, England's Royal Opera House staged a version on London's waterways, the libretto by comedian Terry Jones, previously of Monty Python. Hundreds of visual artists have covered the poem, illustrating children's books, creating fine-art lithographs, uploading endless handcrafted and high-tech graphics on YouTube. In 2014, a poll in Britain found that "The Owl and the Pussycat" was the country's most popular children's poem, surpassing Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky." Where else has "The Owl and the Pussycat" found a niche? A small sampler: The poem is ensconced in full in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations and anthologized by writers including W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Ogden Nash, Russell Baker, and Louis Untermeyer. New York City's august Pierpont Morgan Library holds a fair copy of Lear's of excellent provenance, being the one Lear made for his heartthrob, Chichester Fortescue. The New York Public Library's mothership collection contains over one hundred books, artworks, scores, and performances captured in various audio, film, typewritten, and video formats spawned by "The Owl and the Pussycat." On the Internet is a site presenting the poem in more than one hundred and twenty translations (www.bompa.org), including Azerbaijani, Khmer, Lakota, Latin, Morse Code, and Zulu. The collection includes recitations—Cornish, Persian, Serbian, and Vietnamese are among the options. Even when a translation's syllables wildly outnumber the English, the poem's singsong quality thrums along with supernatural power. Lacking on the site as yet is a translation into J.R.R. Tolkien's Elvish language, Sindarin, but we might read the poem in Klingon, an artificial language familiar to Star Trek fans. Publishers have offered the poem in pop-up books at least three times. Imagine Lear's delight at how what should be flat flouts the rule and springs at your face. I do not imagine that any poem by Wallace Stevens or William Shakespeare has had the honor of being mass produced in cardboard cut-out to tickle a child's sense of the possible. One Lear biographer claims that Lear established "a new literary genre" while another has dubbed him the "King of Nonsense." In his tribute to Lear, W. H. Auden noted that "He became a land," a transmutation as surreal as in any Lear limerick. In his own land then, King Lear makes the rules and nonsense reigns. In 2012, novelist Sam Munson surmised that no reader of this nonsense "has ever rid himself of the pain that reading Lear induces." So with its natural history in mind—born of that sad clown Lear, progeny thriving across cultures, countries, and centuries—look again at this poem. Wallace Stevens might call it a supreme fiction. Look at Owl and Pussycat hand in hand on the edge of the sand. How charmingly sweet they swing. Their joy effervesces, like cresting waves. In the dark under their feet, each grain of sand is alone. Above, they dance by the light of the moon. Love is easy. What nonsense you spout, Mr. Lear. * * * About the Author Kay Harel lives in New York City with companions of several species. All speak a lingua franca. Harel likes to practice her English.	one shilling
What name is given to Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina?	The Owl And The Pussy-Cat Poem by Edward Lear - Poem Hunter The Owl And The Pussy-Cat Poem by Edward Lear - Poem Hunter The Owl And The Pussy-Cat - Poem by Edward Lear Your browser does not support the audio element. Autoplay next poem The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea In a beautiful pea green boat, They took some honey, and plenty of money, Wrapped up in a five pound note. The Owl looked up to the stars above, And sang to a small guitar, 'O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love, What a beautiful Pussy you are, You are, What a beautiful Pussy you are!' Pussy said to the Owl, 'You elegant fowl! How charmingly sweet you sing! O let us be married! too long we have tarried: But what shall we do for a ring?' They sailed away, for a year and a day, To the land where the Bong-tree grows And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood With a ring at the end of his nose, His nose, With a ring at the end of his nose. 'Dear pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling Your ring?' Said the Piggy, 'I will.' So they took it away, and were married next day By the Turkey who lives on the hill. They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon, The moon,	i don't know
The Ashcliffe hospital for the criminally insane is the setting for which 2010 Martin Scorsese film?	Shutter Island (2010) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV ON DISC ALL In 1954, a U.S. marshal investigates the disappearance of a murderess who escaped from a hospital for the criminally insane. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 46 titles created 07 Sep 2012 a list of 22 titles created 17 Oct 2013 a list of 27 titles created 22 Apr 2014 a list of 21 titles created 09 Jan 2015 a list of 27 titles created 3 months ago Search for " Shutter Island " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 8 wins & 59 nominations. See more awards » Videos Based on the true story of Jordan Belfort , from his rise to a wealthy stock-broker living the high life to his fall involving crime, corruption and the federal government. Director: Martin Scorsese A thief, who steals corporate secrets through use of dream-sharing technology, is given the inverse task of planting an idea into the mind of a CEO. Director: Christopher Nolan With the help of a German bounty hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife from a brutal Mississippi plantation owner. Director: Quentin Tarantino Two detectives, a rookie and a veteran, hunt a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as his modus operandi. Director: David Fincher Two stage magicians engage in competitive one-upmanship in an attempt to create the ultimate stage illusion. Director: Christopher Nolan In Nazi-occupied France during World War II, a plan to assassinate Nazi leaders by a group of Jewish U.S. soldiers coincides with a theatre owner's vengeful plans for the same. Directors: Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth Stars: Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Eli Roth An undercover cop and a mole in the police attempt to identify each other while infiltrating an Irish gang in South Boston. Director: Martin Scorsese An insomniac office worker, looking for a way to change his life, crosses paths with a devil-may-care soap maker, forming an underground fight club that evolves into something much, much more. Director: David Fincher The lives of guards on Death Row are affected by one of their charges: a black man accused of child murder and rape, yet who has a mysterious gift. Director: Frank Darabont The lives of two mob hit men, a boxer, a gangster's wife, and a pair of diner bandits intertwine in four tales of violence and redemption. Director: Quentin Tarantino A team of explorers travel through a wormhole in space in an attempt to ensure humanity's survival. Director: Christopher Nolan Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis Edit Storyline It's 1954, and up-and-coming U.S. marshal Teddy Daniels is assigned to investigate the disappearance of a patient from Boston's Shutter Island Ashecliffe Hospital. He's been pushing for an assignment on the island for personal reasons, but before long he wonders whether he hasn't been brought there as part of a twisted plot by hospital doctors whose radical treatments range from unethical to illegal to downright sinister. Teddy's shrewd investigating skills soon provide a promising lead, but the hospital refuses him access to records he suspects would break the case wide open. As a hurricane cuts off communication with the mainland, more dangerous criminals "escape" in the confusion, and the puzzling, improbable clues multiply, Teddy begins to doubt everything - his memory, his partner, even his own sanity. Written by alfiehitchie Some places never let you go. See more » Genres: Rated R for disturbing violent content, language and some nudity \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 19 February 2010 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $41,062,440 (USA) (19 February 2010) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Scenery from Peddocks Island (initial island approach), Peddock's Island in Boston Harbor, MA, Acadia National Park in Maine, Medfield State Hospital in Medfield, MA, and the Rice Estate at Turner Hill Country Club in Ipswich, MA were combined via CGI to create the imagery of Shutter Island as a whole. The large mountainous area of the island seen during the ferry approach was added in post-production and does not exist, but the decaying brick buildings on the lowlands are real ruins from Peddocks Island. See more » Goofs No recording of Mahler's Quartet in A minor existed during WW2. The work was not known to have been performed between 1876 and the early 1960s, when the composer's widow rediscovered the score. See more » Quotes Referenced in Unfriended (2014) See more » Soundtracks Courtesy of Virgin Records Ltd. Under license from EMI Music Marketing Shutter Island is at the top of its genre 22 May 2010 \| by napierslogs (Ontario, Canada) – See all my reviews Martin Scorsese has done it again. He pays attention to every detail in this film, making "Shutter Island" one of the best suspense thrillers of all time. Visually intriguing, simplistic and absolutely phenomenal. The story is kept simplistic enough so it doesn't get absurd, but allows for an ending which you probably won't see coming. The film doesn't go for cheap thrills, so although you will be on the edge of your seat you won't get needlessly scared. The film uses everything at its disposal from breathtaking scenery, to detailed laid-out shots, and to actors at their finest to completely engross you in the film. I loved every minute of it and highly recommend it to everyone. Even if you're not a usual fan of the genre, this film has so much more to it. 114 of 147 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Shutter Island
Which Australian golfer had his first major success when he won the US PGA title in 2015?	ibfilmsas - Shutter Island Shutter Island Export (PDF) Martin Scorsese’s psychological thriller Shutter Island was released in 2010 and was based on a novel about a man named Edward Daniels . Daniels is a U.S. Marshal and has been sent to investigate the Ashecliffe Hospital, a psychiatric facility for the criminally insane, on an island called Shutter Island. The lighting, cinematography, and editing techniques used within the film all contribute to setting the mysterious tone of the movie and expressing its themes of the consequences of denying and distorting reality and the paranoia that accompanies guilt. Overall, the movie is lit dimly and is rather dark and shadowy, with extremely few instances of normal, natural day-time lighting. Darkly lit and blue-tinged scenes creates the effect of lifelessness and adds to the uncomfortable feeling that something is not quite right, a feeling that is present in numerous scenes . Natural day-time lighting is only present in scenes in which the director wishes the audience to believe as realistic, such as the scene in which Marshall, Chuck, and the police offers are arriving at the institute. There are two major lighting techniques that are used: the use of fire as a lighting as well as extreme top lighting . When fire is used as either the only source or the main source of lighting in a scene, it creates not only flickering and unusual images, but also hints that the scene is a hallucination on Daniels’ part. The use of extreme top-lighting makes the scenes in which they are used more dramatic, with higher intensity. I t exposes the characters and shows them in a way that they are not normally seen . The lighting does the most in creating the mysterious and suspicious tone of the story, and emphasizes the themes of the story. The cinematography of Shutter Island is extremely well-done. It is obvious that every shot has its own purpose, and was planned specifically. The cinematographer chooses to add in artistic and aesthetically-pleasing shots into what would be a range of otherwise normal shots, such as panoramic shots of the island. A wide variety of shots are used, and are used in both conventional and unusual ways. For example, wide shots are used to introduce the location of the film, Shutter Island. However, some of the wide shots are shot at extremely high angles, which makes it seem as though someone or something is monitoring everything that is happening on the isolated island. The use of high angles is important throughout the rest of the film as well. High-angled shots begin to increase in frequency as the story progresses, and when combined with dramatic lighting, stimulate the uneasy feelings that Daniels is feeling as he gets more and more tangled into what he believes is a web of lies. Low-angled shots, medium shots, and close-up shots trick the audience into believing that Daniels is the sole stable one in the story, and knows that things aren’t the way they seem to be. The cinematographer also utilizes classical extreme close-ups (ECUs) when he wants to foreshadow or emphasize something within a scene, such as the ECU of the note to Daniels that says “RUN.” This is particularly interesting because it contrasts with how the rest of the shots are shot. They are shot in a seemingly inconspicuous way, but they actually cause one to focus on certain parts of the scene and completely miss hints that become obvious after the ending of the story is revealed, such as a shot in which glances are exchanged behind Daniels’ back. The cinematography of the film visually reinforce the tone and theme of the movie by the range of different yet equally important shots. The editing of Shutter Island is disturbingly genius. Reality, imagination, the past, and the present, are all juxtaposed into creating the identity of “Edward Daniels”. The editor chooses to introduce flashbacks with bright white flashes, in order to prevent further confusion as to what exactly is happening. However, there are also times when scenes are simply intercut into the scenes, letting the audience decide whether those scenes were his dreams, hallucinations, or actual memories of his past. One of the main aspects of the editing in this film that stands is the use of both continuity editing and discontinuity editing. Overall, the movie is continuously edited and shots within the scenes flow smoothly. However, there are also extremely obvious instances of discontinuity. For example, there is a scene in which Daniels is interviewing a mental patient, and she is given a glass of water. When she lifts the glass of water to her lips, she actually is not holding anything in her hands. However, when she places the glass on the table, the glass is there. Rather than being a mistake, these shots actually make the audience wonder whether they truly saw what they think they just did, and lets them experience what Daniels is feeling: paranoia and the feeling of being hyperaware in order to not miss anything. This is the genius effect of the editing. Despite how the audience is forced to pay close attention to the movie, they still are not able to piece the story together and are as clueless as Daniels is. Through the editing, the film is made even more mysterious, and the audience experiences feelings of paranoia and confusion.	i don't know
What was the codename for the planned uprising to follow the failed) assassination of Hitler in July 1944?	Assassination plot against Hitler fails - Jul 20, 1944 - HISTORY.com Assassination plot against Hitler fails Share this: Assassination plot against Hitler fails Author Assassination plot against Hitler fails URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1944, Hitler cheats death as a bomb planted in a briefcase goes off, but fails to kill him. High German officials had made up their minds that Hitler must die. He was leading Germany in a suicidal war on two fronts, and assassination was the only way to stop him. A coup d’etat would follow, and a new government in Berlin would save Germany from complete destruction at the hands of the Allies. That was the plan. This was the reality: Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, chief of the army reserve, had been given the task of planting a bomb during a conference that was to be held at Berchtesgaden, but was later moved to Hitler’s “Wolf’s Lair, a command post at Rastenburg, Prussia. Stauffenberg planted the explosive in a briefcase, which he placed under a table, then left quickly. Hitler was studying a map of the Eastern front as Colonel Heinz Brandt, trying to get a better look at the map, moved the briefcase out of place, farther away from where the Fuhrer was standing. At 12:42 p.m. the bomb went off. When the smoke cleared, Hitler was wounded, charred, and even suffered the temporary paralysis of one arm—but he was very much alive. (He was even well enough to keep an appointment with Benito Mussolini that very afternoon. He gave Il Duce a tour of the bomb site.) Four others present died from their wounds. As the bomb went off, Stauffenberg was making his way to Berlin to carry out Operation Valkyrie, the overthrow of the central government. In Berlin, he and co-conspirator General Olbricht arrested the commander of the reserve army, General Fromm, and began issuing orders for the commandeering of various government buildings. And then the news came through from Herman Goering—Hitler was alive. Fromm, released from custody under the assumption he would nevertheless join the effort to throw Hitler out of office, turned on the conspirators. Stauffenberg and Olbricht were shot that same day. Once Hitler figured out the extent of the conspiracy (it reached all the way to occupied French), he began the systematic liquidation of his enemies. More than 7,000 Germans would be arrested (including evangelical pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer), and up to 5,000 would wind up dead—either executed or as suicides. Hitler, Himmler, and Goering took an even firmer grip on Germany and its war machine. Hitler became convinced that fate had spared him—”I regard this as a confirmation of the task imposed upon me by Providence”—and that “nothing is going to happen to me… [T]he great cause which I serve will be brought through its present perils and…everything can be brought to a good end.” Related Videos	Valkyrie
"Actress Patricia Neal, who won a best actress Oscar for her role in ""Hud"" in 1963, was married to which famous writer?"	20 July plot 20 July plot The conference room soon after the explosion The 20 July plot of 1944 was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler , the leader of Nazi Germany , inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg , East Prussia . The plot was the culmination of the efforts of the German Resistance to overthrow the Nazi regime. The failure of both the assassination and the military coup d'Ã©tat which was planned to follow it led to the arrest of at least 7,000 people by the Gestapo . [1] According to records of the FÃ¼hrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 4,980 people were executed, [1] resulting in the destruction of the resistance movement in Germany. Contents Since 1938, conspiratorial groups planning an overthrow of some kind had existed in the German Army ( Wehrmacht Heer ) and in the German Military Intelligence Organization (Abwehr). Early leaders of these plots included Brigadier-General Hans Oster , General Ludwig Beck and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben . Oster was the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office. Beck was a former Chief-of-Staff of the German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres, OKH). Von Witzleben was the former commander of the German 1st Army and the former Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Command in the West (Oberbefehlshaber West, or OB West). They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including Carl Goerdeler , the former mayor of Leipzig , and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke , the great-grandnephew of the hero of the Franco-Prussian War . Military conspiratorial groups exchanged ideas with civilian, political and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau ) and in other secret circles. Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. Moltke said, "we are all amateurs and would only bungle it". Moltke also believed killing Hitler would be hypocritical. Hitler and National Socialism had turned "wrong-doing" into a system, something which the resistance should avoid. [2] Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army Generals Franz Halder and Walther von Brauchitsch , and the failure of the western powers to oppose Hitler's aggressions until 1939. This first military resistance group delayed their plans after Hitler's extreme popularity following the unexpectedly rapid success in the battle for France .[ citation needed ] Tresckow In 1941, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel Henning von Tresckow , a member of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock 's staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa . Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists to the Groupâï¿½ï¿½s staff, making it the nerve centre of the Army resistance. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him. [3] Olbricht During 1942, Oster and Tresckow nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht , head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Linking this asset to Tresckow's resistance group in Army Group Centre created a viable coup apparatus. [4] In late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at Smolensk in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane. The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. These failures demoralized the conspirators. During 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior Army field commanders such as Field Marshal Erich von Manstein and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt , to support a seizure of power. Tresckow in particular worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal GÃ¼nther von Kluge to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute. [5] [ edit ] Planning a coup von Haeften By mid-1943 the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. The Army plotters and their civilian allies became convinced that Hitler must be assassinated so that a government acceptable to the western Allies could be formed and a separate peace negotiated in time to prevent a Soviet invasion of Germany. In August 1943 Tresckow met a young staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , for the first time. Badly wounded in North Africa, Count von Stauffenberg was a political conservative, a zealous German nationalist, and a Catholic with a taste for philosophy. Since the beginning of 1942 he shared the widespread conviction among Army officers that Germany was being led to disaster and that Hitler must be removed from power. For some time his religious scruples had prevented him from coming to the conclusion that assassination was the correct way to achieve this. After the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942, however, he came to the conclusion that not assassinating Hitler would be a greater moral evil. He brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took the responsibility for planning and executing Hitler's assassination. [ edit ] A new plan Fromm Olbricht now put forward a new strategy for staging a coup against Hitler. The Reserve Army (Ersatzheer) had an operational plan called Operation WalkÃ¼re ( Valkyrie ), which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities caused a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of slave laborers from occupied countries now being used in German factories. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilize the Reserve Army for the purpose of coup. In August and September 1943, Colonel Henning von Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began with words: "The FÃ¼hrer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from the rear in order to seize power for themselves." Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin, Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps. [6] Previously, it was believed that Lieutenant Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest the detailed plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943. [7] All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarete von Oven, his secretary. Both women wore gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints. [8] Operation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by General Friedrich Fromm , commander of the Reserve Army, so he must either be won over to the conspiracy or in some way neutralized if the plan was to succeed. Fromm, like many senior officers, knew in general about the military conspiracies against Hitler but neither supported them nor reported them to the Gestapo .[ citation needed ] [ edit ] Attempts and failures During 1943 and early 1944 there were at least four failed attempts organized by Henning von Tresckow and Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs or a revolver (in March 1943 by Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff , in late November 1943 by Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst , in February 1944 by Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin , and on 11 March 1944 by Eberhard Freiherr von Breitenbuch ). But this task was becoming increasingly difficult. As the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. He spent most of his time at his headquarters at the Wolfschanze (Wolf's Lair) near Rastenburg in East Prussia , with occasional breaks at his Bavarian mountain retreat Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden . In both places he was heavily guarded and rarely saw people he did not know or trust. Himmler and the Gestapo were increasingly suspicious of plots against Hitler, and specifically suspected the officers of the General Staff, which was indeed the source of many active conspirators against Hitler's life. [ edit ] Now or never, âï¿½ï¿½whatever the costâï¿½ï¿½ von Quirnheim By the summer of 1944, the Gestapo was closing in on the conspirators. There was a sense that time was running out, both on the battlefield, where the Eastern front was in full retreat and where the Allies had landed in France on 6 June, and in Germany, where the resistance's room for manoeuvre was rapidly contracting. The belief that this was the last chance for action seized the conspirators. By this time, the core of the conspirators had begun to think of themselves as doomed men, whose actions were more symbolic than real. The purpose of the conspiracy came to be seen by some of them[ who? ] as saving the honor of themselves, their families, the army, and Germany through a grand, if futile gesture, rather than actually altering the course of history. The conspirators scored a major coup in early July when they managed to initiate Erwin Rommel , the famed "Desert Fox," into their ranks. Rommel was by far the most popular officer in Germany, and was also the first active-duty field marshal to lend support to the plot (Witzleben had been inactive since 1942). Although Rommel felt he had to, as he put it, "come to the rescue of Germany," he thought killing Hitler would make him a martyr. Instead, he wanted Hitler arrested and hauled before a court-martial for his many crimes. [9] When Stauffenberg sent Tresckow a message through Lieutenant Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort asking whether there was any reason for trying to assassinate Hitler given that no political purpose would be served, Tresckow's response was: "The assassination must be attempted, coï¿½»te que coï¿½»te [whatever the cost]. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin. For the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters." [10] Goerdeler Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz , who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. [11] Nothing came of this meeting, but Popitz was not arrested and Himmler apparently did nothing to track down the resistance network which he knew was operating within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the 20 July plot to go ahead in the knowledge that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement. Popitz was not alone in seeing in Himmler a potential ally. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance Carl Langbehn . Wilhelm Canaris biographer Heinz HÃ¶hne suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but all of this remains speculation. [12] On the other hand, Tresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possible - to the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present. [ edit ] Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt At Rastenburg on 15 July 1944. Stauffenberg at left, Hitler center, Keitel on right [ edit ] 1âï¿½ï¿½6 July On Saturday 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed chief of staff to General Fromm at the Reserve Army headquarters on BendlerstraÃe in central Berlin. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia or at Berchtesgaden , and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. Meanwhile new key allies had been gained. These included General Carl-Heinrich von StÃ¼lpnagel , the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed and, it was hoped, negotiate an immediate armistice with the invading Allied armies. [ edit ] 7âï¿½ï¿½14 July The plot was now fully prepared. On 7 July 1944 General Stieff was to kill Hitler at a display of new uniforms at Klessheim castle near Salzburg . However, Stieff felt unable to kill Hitler. Stauffenberg now decided to do both: to assassinate Hitler, wherever he was, and to manage the plot in Berlin. On 11 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that Heinrich Himmler and Hermann GÃ¶ring should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilization of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences. [3] [ edit ] 15 July: Aborted attempt By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the Wolfsschanze, this condition had been dropped. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the Bendlerblock. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilized, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Again on 15 July the attempt was called off at the last minute. Himmler and GÃ¶ring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery. [3] [ edit ] Operation Valkyrie initiated The conference room after the bomb On 18 July rumors reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had wind of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time âï¿½ï¿½ this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be another. At 10:00 hours on 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the Wolfsschanze for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase. Around 12:30 hours as the conference began, Stauffenberg made an excuse to use a washroom in Wilhelm Keitel 's office where he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven . The detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing acid that would take ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap . He then placed the primed bomb quickly inside his briefcase, having been told his presence was required. He entered the conference room and with the unwitting assistance of Major Ernst John von Freyend placed his briefcase under the table around which Hitler and more than 20 officers had gathered. [13] [14] After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned phone call and left the room. It is presumed that Colonel Heinz Brandt , who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table [15] , thus unwittingly deflecting the blast. Between 12:40 and 12:50 [15] the bomb detonated , demolishing the conference room. Three officers and the stenographer were seriously injured and died soon after. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. Hitler's trousers were singed and tattered and he suffered from a perforated eardrum , as did most of the 24 people in the room. [15] [ edit ] Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin Stauffenberg, hearing the explosion and seeing the smoke issuing from the broken windows of the concrete dispatch barracks, assumed that Hitler was dead, climbed into his staff car with his aide Werner von Haeften and managed to bluff his way past three checkpoints to exit the Wolfsschanze complex. Werner von Haeften then tossed a second unprimed bomb into the forest as they made a dash for Rastenburg airfield, reaching it before it could be realized that Stauffenberg could be responsible for the explosion. By 13:00 hours he was airborne in a Ju-52 arranged by General Eduard Wagner . A soldier holding the trousers Hitler wore during the failed assassination attempt. [16] By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00, [17] [18] General Erich Fellgiebel , an officer at the Wolfsschanze who was in on the plot, had phoned the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. As a result, the Berlin cohort to mobilize Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenbergâï¿½ï¿½s aircraft landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. [19] The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe. Finally at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilized. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters, and that he was in mortal danger. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler. [20] The approximate positions of participants at the meeting in relation to the briefcase bomb when it exploded Meanwhile, Carl-Heinrich von StÃ¼lpnagel , military governor of occupied France , managed to disarm the SD and SS , and captured most of their leadership. He travelled to GÃ¼nther von Kluge 's headquarters and asked him to contact the Allies, only to be informed that Hitler was alive. [19] At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General Erich Hoepner to take over his duties. By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilization of Operation Valkyrie. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. City Commandant, and conspirator, General Paul von Hase ordered the Wachbataillon GroÃdeutschland , under the command of Major Otto Ernst Remer , to secure the WilhelmstraÃe and arrest Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels . [21] In Vienna , Prague , and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters and SS officers. [ edit ] A plan gone wrong At around 18:00 the commander of defense group III (Berlin) General Joachim von Kortzfleisch was summoned to the Bendlerblock but he angrily refused to obey Olbricht's orders and kept shouting "the FÃ¼hrer is alive" [22] so he was arrested and held under guard. General Karl Freiherr von ThÃ¼ngen was appointed in his place, but he also proved to be of little help. General Fritz Lindemann who it was intended would make a proclamation to the German people over the radio failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one. [23] Soldiers and Waffen SS at the Bendlerblock The decisive moment came at 19:00, when Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He was able to phone Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major Remer, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. After assuring him that he was still alive, Hitler ordered Remer to regain control of the situation in Berlin. Major Remer ordered his troops to surround and seal off the Bendlerblock, but not to enter the buildings. [21] At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. At around this time the planned seizure of power in Paris was aborted when Field Marshal GÃ¼nther von Kluge , who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief in the west, learned that Hitler was alive. As Remer regained control of the city and word spread that Hitler was still alive, the less resolute members of the conspiracy in Berlin also now began to change sides. Fighting broke out in the Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup, and Stauffenberg was wounded. By 23:00 Fromm had regained control, hoping by a show of zealous loyalty to save himself. Beck, realizing the game was up, shot himself âï¿½ï¿½ the first of many suicides in the coming days. Fromm convened an impromptu court martial consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim , to death. At 00:10 on 21 July they were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement. [24] Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 the SS, led by Otto Skorzeny , arrived and further executions were forbidden. Fromm went off to see Goebbels to claim credit for suppressing the coup. Goebbels' only reply to him was "You've been in a damned hurry to get your witnesses below ground". He was immediately arrested and later was executed in March 1945 on charges he had failed to report and prevent the coup on 20 July. [24] [ edit ] Alternative possibilities In 2005, the Military Channel 's show Unsolved History aired an episode titled Killing Hitler in which each scenario was re-created using live explosives and test dummies. The results supported the conclusion that Hitler would have been killed had any of the three other scenarios occurred: both bombs detonated; the meeting was held inside Hitler's bunker; the briefcase was not moved. [ edit ] Participants at the meeting [ edit ] Aftermath The courtyard at the Bendlerblock , where Stauffenberg, Olbricht and others were executed. Over the following weeks Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the 20 July plot. The discovery of letters and diaries in the homes and offices of those arrested revealed the plots of 1938, 1939 and 1943, and this led to further rounds of arrests, including that of Franz Halder , who finished the war in a concentration camp. Under Himmler's new Sippenhaft (blood guilt) laws, all the relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested. Eventually some 5,000 people were arrested [26] and about 200 were executed. [27] Not all of them were connected with the 20 July plot, since the Gestapo used the occasion to settle scores with many other people suspected of opposition sympathies. The British radio also named possible suspects who had not yet been implicated but then were arrested. [28] Very few of the plotters tried to escape or to deny their guilt when arrested. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court ( Volksgerichtshof ), a kangaroo court that always decided in favor of the prosecution. The court's president, Roland Freisler , was a fanatical Nazi seen shouting furiously and insulting the accused in the trial, which was filmed for propaganda purposes. [29] The first trials were held on 7 August and 8 August 1944. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty be "hanged like cattle". [29] Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing it to Hitler. StÃ¼lpnagel also tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged. While StÃ¼lpnagel was being treated, he blurted out Rommel's name. A few days later, StÃ¼lpnagel's personal adviser, Caesar von Hofacker , admitted under gruesome torture that Rommel was an active member of the conspiracy. (The extent to which Rommel had been involved has been debated, but many historians have concluded that he at least knew of the plot even if he wasn't involved directly) Hitler, however, knew it would cause a major scandal to have the popular Rommel branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Had Rommel chosen to stand trial, his family and staff would have been executed along with him. Knowing that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence, Rommel committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honors; his role in the conspiracy didn't come to light until after the war. [9] Hitler visits Admiral Karl-Jesco von Puttkamer in the hospital Tresckow also killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Russian and German lines. Before his death, Tresckow said to Fabian von Schlabrendorff : "The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler. God promised Abraham that He would not destroy Sodom if just ten righteous men could be found in the city, and so I hope that for our sake God will not destroy Germany. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the robe of Nessus . A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions." [30] Fromm's attempt to win favor by executing Stauffenberg and others on the night of 20 July had merely exposed his own previous lack of action and apparent failure to report the plot. Having been arrested on 21 July, Fromm was later convicted and sentenced to death by the People's Court. Despite his involvement in the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. He was executed in Brandenburg an der Havel . Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to "more honorable" firing squad . Erwin Planck , the son of the famous physicist Max Planck , was executed for his involvement. [31] [32] The Kaltenbrunner Report to Adolf Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII , as being a party in the attempt. [33] Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven , Colonel Erwin von Lahousen and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris were involved in the foiling of Hitler's plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General Cesare AmÃ¨ , who passed on the information. [34] [35] Arthur Nebe was implicated in the plot due to his anti-Nazi feelings, even though he was a full member of the SS and had even commanded an Einsatzgruppe . Nebe's "fall from grace" was considered due to his many years as a civilian police detective and how he saw most SS security police as incompetent. Nebe himself was quoted, upon investigating the death of Reinhard Heydrich , that the Gestapo seemed more concerned with reprisals than actually investigating the crime.[ citation needed ] Memorial at the Bendlerblock: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators) Another SS member convicted of participating in the plot was Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf , who was the Orpo Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with Nebe, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had not much influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed. [36] After 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris's diary was found, and many more people were implicated. Executions continued to the last days of the war. The trials and executions were reportedly filmed and later reviewed by Hitler and his entourage. These films were later edited by Goebbels into a 30-minute movie and shown to cadets at the Lichterfelde cadet school, but viewers supposedly walked out of the screening in disgust. [37] Layout of the Award Document for the 20 July 1944 Wound Badge (example: Rear-Admiral Voss' Wound Badge in Black) Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made. The result was the Wound Badge of 20 July 1944, which Hitler awarded to those who were with him in the conference room at the time. This badge was struck in three values; Gold, Silver and Black, a total of 100 badges, [38] and 47 are believed to have been awarded, along with an ornate award document for each recipient personally signed by Hitler, making them among the rarest decorations to have been awarded by the Third Reich. [39] For his role in stopping the coup, Major Remer was promoted to Colonel and ended the war as a Major General. After the war he co-founded the Socialist Reich Party and remained a prominent Neo-Nazi and advocate of Holocaust Denial until his death in 1997. [40] Philipp von Boeselager , the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008 aged 90. [41] As a result of the coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and, on 24 July 1944, the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the Hitler Salute in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation Heil Hitler was given. [42] [ edit ] Planned government The conspirators were earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed. The following were appointed these roles as of July 1944: [43] [ edit ] Bibliography Boeselager, Philipp von . Valkyrie: the Plot to Kill Hitler. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson . 2008. A personal memoir by one of the conspirators. BÃ¼chner, Alex. German Infantry Handbook, 1939âï¿½ï¿½1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment and Operations. Schipper Publishing. 1991. ISBN 978-0887402845 Fest, Joachim. Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of German Resistance. Holt Paperbacks. 1997. ISBN 978-080-505648-8 Galante, Pierre. Operation Valkyrie. Harper and Row, 1981, ISBN 0060380020 . Hoffmann, Peter. The History of the German Resistance, 1933âï¿½ï¿½1945. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-77-3515313 Jones, Nigel. Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler. Frontline, 2009.	i don't know
Name the year - Adolf Hitler's beer hall putsch fails; President Warren Harding dies in office and Bolton beat West Ham in the first Wembley FA cup final?	PPT – Hitlers Rise to Power PowerPoint presentation \| free to download - id: bbeb3-ZDc1Z PPT – Hitlers Rise to Power PowerPoint presentation \| free to download - id: bbeb3-ZDc1Z The Adobe Flash plugin is needed to view this content Hitlers Rise to Power Description: ... take such measures as are necessary to restore public safety and order. ... Part of a photo-card collection used by the Nazis to indoctrinate German children. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views:31 Title: Hitlers Rise to Power 1 Created by The Birmingham Holocaust Education Committee February 2008 Myth or Fact Adolf Hitler was elected to power. Myth or Fact Hitlers rise to power was inevitable. The world is too dangerous to live in not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. Albert Einstein Birth of the Nazi Party The Weimar Republic Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 6 Birth of the Nazi Party In 1919 Hitler joined the fledgling German Workers Party. In 1920 he took control of the group and changed the name to the National Socialist German Workers Party, National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP, or Nazi for short. It was here that Hitler discovered two remarkable talents public speaking and inspiring personal loyalty. German propaganda postcard showing an early Hitler preaching to the fledgling Nazi Party. Assembly of the Nazi Party, 1922, Coburg, Germany 7 The world is too dangerous to live in not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. Albert Einstein Birth of the Nazi Party The Weimar Republic Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 8 Now we have a Republic, the problem is we have no Republicans. - Walter Rathenau, 1st Foreign Minister of Weimar Republic PRESIDENT Publicly elected to 7-year term. Head of armed forces. Power to dismiss the government and call for new elections. Could rule independently of Reichstag in case of national emergency. REICHSTAG Unlimited number of political parties. Elected to 4-year term by proportional representation. (e.g., 10 of the vote equals 10 of the seats) 421 members (1919) 647 members (1932) CHANCELLOR Appointed by President. Usually leader of largest party in Reichstag. CABINET The Weimar Constitution Article 48 The Reich President may, if the public safety and order in the German Reich are considerably disturbed or endangered, take such measures as are necessary to restore public safety and order. If necessary, he may intervene with the help of the armed forces. For this purpose he may suspend, either partially or wholly, the Fundamental Rights (personal freedom from arrest, sanctity of home, secrecy of telephone and postal communications, free speech and free press, freedom of assembly and association, and protection of private property)On demand of the Reichstag these measures shall be repealed. 11 1847 Aug. 2, 1934 Served German Army 1866-1918 April 9, 1865 Dec. 20, 1937 Served German Army 1883-1918 The Weimar Republic also faced attack from the wartime leaders of the German military, most notably Field Marshals Erich von Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg. Both vocalized their belief that the civilian government had taken power in the final days of the war and had betrayed the armed forces by surrendering. This train of thought appealed to many Germans who could not believe their great army was on the verge of collapse in November 1918. In fact, both of these military commanders had pressed for a quick end to the war because of sinking morale among their troops. Problems faced by the Weimar Government 1919-1923 1. Ineffective Constitution Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 19 Beer Hall PutschNovember 8-9, 1923 Munich, Germany, 1923, Masses in the streets during the Putsch. Part of a photo-card collection used by the Nazis to indoctrinate German children. The Bürgerbräukeller Beer Hall in Munich was the scene of the failed Nazi Putsch. It symbolized the birth pangs of Nazi power. 20 The world is too dangerous to live in not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. Albert Einstein April 13, 1932 Due to growing Nazi violence, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning invokes Article 48 and bans the SA and SS. May 8, 1932 General Kurt von Schleicher, wanting to lead Germany himself, holds a secret meeting with Hitler proposing lifting the ban on the SA and SS, dissolving the Reichstag, holding new elections, and dumping Chancellor Brüning if Hitler would support his government. Hitler agrees. May 29, 1932 Chancellor Brüning is forced to resign, effectively ending democracy in Germany. Franz von Papen Appointed Chancellor June 1, 1932 June 14, 1932 Papen lifts ban on SA and SS July 17, 1932 Bloody Sunday (Papen) enjoyed the peculiarity of being taken seriously by neither his friends nor his enemies. He was reputed to be superficial, blundering, untrue, ambitious, vain, crafty and an intriguer. - André François-Poncet, French Ambassador to Berlin Left to Right Hitler, Hindenburg, Papen 32 Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 38 Hitler Appointed ChancellorJanuary 30, 1933 Newly appointed Chancellor Adolf Hitler shakes hands with German President Paul von Hindenburg. Adolf Hitler greets a crowd of enthusiastic Germans from a window in the Chancellery building on the day of his appointment. Hitler in Berlin as new Chancellor of Germany, January, 1933 The SA celebrated Hitler's attainment of power on January 30, 1933 with a torch-lit parade in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. 40 Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 42 Emergeny Decree February 28, 1933 President Hindenburg was persuaded to issue an Emergency Decree invoking Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. This gave the Chancellor the authority to impose dictatorial power to protect the democratic order from being overthrown. Members of the Communist Party were arrested. The Nazis accused the Communists of the arson as well as attempting to overthrow the state. The Nazis would use this event to eliminate all political opposition. Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923) Nazis Become a Legitimate Party Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934) Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934) 49 Night of the Long KnivesThe Roehm PutschJune 30, 1934 Ernst Roehm, Leader of the SA Political Cartoon by David Low, July 3, 1934 50 Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice? - Lillian Hellman Anti-Jewish Policies Boycott of Jewish Shops April 1, 1933 Nazi Book Burnings May 10, 1933 51 The world is too dangerous to live in not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. Albert Einstein Holocaust Memorial Museum. www.ushmm.org . The Walter Benjamin Research Syndicate New College of California. http//www.wbenjamin.org/weimar.ht ml. 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Rapa Nui National Park is a world heritage site belonging to which country?	NOTES - Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris 1889-1936 Hubris NOTES REFLECTING ON HITLER 1. The title of the masterly analysis by Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, London, 1994. 2. An attempt to speculate counter-factually on how different world history would have been had Hitler been killed when the car in which he was travelling was struck by a large lorry in 1930 is offered by Henry A. Turner, Geißel des Jahrhunderts. Hitler und seine Hinterlassenschaft, Berlin, 1989. The accident is described in Otto Wagener, Hitler aus nächster Nähe. Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten 1929–1932, ed. Henry A. Turner, 2nd edn, Kiel, 1987, 155–6. 3. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Moscow, 1954, 10. 4. A number of general analyses of the history of the Third Reich in recent years have made impressive advances in synthesizing and interpreting a vast outpouring of detailed research. These include: Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Verführung und Gewalt. Deutschland 1933–1945, Berlin, 1986; Norbert Frei, National Socialist Rule in Germany: the Führer State 1933–1945, Oxford/Cambridge Mass., 1993 (an extended version in English of the original German edition, Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933 bis 1945, Munich, 1987); Jost Dülffer, Deutsche Geschichte 1933–1945. Führerglaube und Vernichtungskrieg, Stuttgart/Berlin/Cologne, 1992 (Engl.: Nazi Germany 1933–1945: Faith and Annihilation, London, 1996); Karlheinz Weißmann, Der Weg in den Abgrund 1933–1945, Berlin, 1995; Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: a New History, London, 1995; and, a particularly valuable interpretative synthesis, Ludolf Herbst, Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1996. 5. See the comment, still thought-provoking, of Wolfgang Sauer, ‘National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?’, American Historical Review, 73 (1967–8), 404–24; here 408: ‘In Nazism, the historian faces a phenomenon that leaves him no way but rejection, whatever his individual position. There is literally no voice worth considering that disagrees on this matter… Does not such fundamental rejection imply a fundamental lack of understanding?’ 6. This was the essential criticism of the incisive review of Joachim C. Fest, Hitler. Eine Biographie, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1973, by Hermann Graml, ‘Probleme einer Hitler-Biographie. Kritische Bemerkungen zu Joachim C. Fest’, VfZ, 22 (1974), 76–92. Graml regards (78, 84) the problems posed by the writing of a biography of Hitler – integrating a history of the individual into an analysis of his impact on German society – as ‘insoluble’. A harsh judgement on biographies of Hitler in general, in a thoughtful and interesting approach to the social sources of Hitler’s power, was also offered by Michael Kater, ‘Hitler in a Social Context’, Central European History, 14 (1981), 243–72, here esp. 243–6. A less pessimistic evaluation is provided by Gregor Schöllgen, ‘Das Problem einer Hitler-Biographie. Überlegungen anhand neuerer Darstellungen des Falles Hitler’, Neue politische Literatur, 23 (1978), 421–34, reprinted in Karl Dietrich Bracher, Manfred Funke, and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (eds.),Nationalsozialistische Diktatur 1933–1945. Eine Bilanz, Bonn, 1983, 687–705. 7. Gerhard Schreiber, Hitler. Interpretationen 1923–1983. Ergebnisse, Methoden und Probleme der Forschung, Darmstadt, 1984, 13. 8. Guido Knopp, Hitler. Eine Bilanz, Berlin, 1995, 9. 9. The essential survey is that of Schreiber, Hitler. Interpretationen; a more recent critical and thoughtful assessment of the interpretations advanced by biographers of Hitler is provided by John Lukacs, The Hitler of History, New York, 1997. See also Ron Rosenbaum, ‘Explaining Hitler’, New Yorker, 1 May 1995, 50–70. For further evaluations of the differing approaches, see Klaus Hildebrand, Das Dritte Reich, Munich/Vienna, 1979, 132–46, and Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 3rd edn, London, 1993, chs. 4–6. Earlier historiographical analyses and attempts to address the problem of the ‘Hitler factor’ were provided by: Klaus Hildebrand, ‘Der “Fall” Hitler’, Neue politische Literatur, 14 (1969), 375–86; Klaus Hildebrand, ‘Hitlers Ort in der Geschichte des Preußisch-Deutschen Nationalstaates’, Historische Zeitschrift, 217 (1973), 584–631; Wolf-Rüdiger Hartmann, ‘Adolf Hitler: Möglichkeiten seiner Deutung’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 15 (1975), 521–35; Eberhard Jäckel, ‘Rückblick auf die sogenannte Hitler-Welle’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 28 (1977), 695–710; Andreas Hillgruber, ‘Tendenzen, Ergebnisse und Perspektiven der gegenwärtigen Hitler-Forschung’, Historische Zeitschrift, 226 (1978), 600–621; Wolfgang Mich-alka, ‘Wege der Hitler-Forschung’, Quaderni di storia, 8 (1978), 157–90, and 10 (1979), 125–51; John P. Fox, ‘Adolf Hitler: the Continuing Debate’, International Affairs (1979), 252–64; and William Carr, ‘Historians and the Hitler Phenomenon’,German Life and Letters, 34 (1981), 260–72. 10. Alan Bullock, Hitler: a Study in Tyranny, revised edn, Harmondsworth, 1962, 804. Bullock later completely revised his early views (see Rosenbaum, 67). The centrality of Hitler’s ideology is fully incorporated into the analysis in Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin. Parallel Lives, London, 1991. 11. See, for example, the comment of Karl Dietrich Bracher, ‘The Role of Hitler: Perspectives of Interpretation’, in Walter Laqueur (ed.), Fascism. A Reader’s Guide, Harmondsworth, 1979, 193–212, here 201: ‘It was indeed Hitler’s Weltanschauung and nothing else that mattered in the end, as is seen from the terrible consequences of his racist anti-semitism in the planned murder of the Jews.’ In the realm of foreign policy, the programmatic driving-force of Hitler’s ideology is most strongly emphasized by Klaus Hildebrand, Deutsche Außenpolitik 1933–1945. Kalkül oder Dogma?, 4th edn, Stuttgart/Berlin/Cologne, 1980, 188–9. The internal coherence of Hitler’s ideas was fully illustrated for the first time by Eberhard Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung. Entwurf einer Herrschaft, Tübingen, 1969, extended and revised 4th edn, Stuttgart, 1991. 12. Cit. H. R. Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, 3rd edn, London, 1962, 46. 13. This standard line of GDR historiography was nowhere more expressively captured than by Wolfgang Ruge, ‘Monopolbourgeoisie, faschistischer Massenbasis und NS-Programmatik’, in Dietrich Eichholtz and Kurt Gossweiler (eds.), Faschismusforschung. Positionen, Probleme, Polemik,Berlin (East), 1980, 125–55, who saw (141) Mein Kampf as having ‘the role of a testimonial (Empfehlungsschreiben) to the great captains of industry (Wirtschaftskapitäne)’, and spoke (144) of Hitler as the ‘star agent’ (Staragenten)of’ the most extreme monopolists (Monopolherren)’ of big business. The full version of this interpretation is brought out in Wolfgang Ruge, Das Ende von Weimar. Monopolkapital und Hitler, Berlin (East), 1983, where Hitler is referred to (334, 336) as the ‘compliant creature’ (willfährige Kreatur) of the ‘backers’ (Hintermänner) from big business. Given such a premiss built into official state ideology, no biography of Hitler was possible in the GDR. Two historians who had produced the only general history of the Nazi Party to be published during the existence of the GDR (Kurt Pätzold and Manfred Weißbecker, Geschichte der NSDAP,Cologne, 1981; originally Hakenkreuz und Totenkopf. Die Partei des Verbrechens, Berlin (East), 1981) have subsequently brought out a personalized study of the German Dictator which had been impossible in their former State, expressly emphasizing (589) ‘that the fascist Leader was no marionette’ (Kurt Pätzold and Manfred Weißbecker, Adolf Hitler. Eine politische Biographie, Leipzig, 1995). 14. John Toland, Adolf Hitler, London, 1976, a work of 1,035 Pages, begins with the comment (p.xiv): ‘My book has no thesis.’ Helmut Heiber, Adolf Hitler. Eine Biographie, Berlin, 1960, is far briefer but still a ‘cradle-to-grave’ description of Hitler’s life which appears to lack a specific interpretative framework. 15. Joshua Rubenstein, Hitler, London, 1984, 87; Wulf Schwarzwäller, The Unknown Hitler, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989, 9. Guido Knopp’s description (Hitler, Eine Bilanz, 13) of Hitler as ‘a sick swine’ (kranker Schweinehund) might be seen to point in the same direction, though was actually framed within a multi-faceted attempt to grapple with the problem of understanding Hitler. 16. The descriptions are those, in turn, of Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims, 2 vols., London, 1973–4, i.II, and Hans Mommsen, Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, Stuttgart, 1966, 98 n.26. The clash of these interpretations has been surveyed in Manfred Funke,Starker oder schwacher Diktator? Hitlers Herrshaft und die Deutschen: Ein Essay, Düsseldorf, 1989. See also Wolfgang Wippermann (ed.), Kontroversen um Hitler, Frankfurt am Main, 1986, and Kershaw, Nazi Dictatorship, ch. 4. 17. Eberhard Jäckel has never deviated, in numerous publications, from the position that Hitler’s rule was a ‘monocracy’, and ‘sole rule’ (Alleinherrschaft). See, for example, his Hitler in History, Hanover/London, 1984, 28–30; Hitler’s Herrschaft, (1986) 2nd edn, Stuttgart, 1988, 59–65; and – strongly implied – Das deutsche Jahrhundert. Eine historische Bilanz, Stuttgart, 1996, 164. An emphatic argument against interpretations which diluted Hitler’s ‘monocracy’ was advanced by Klaus Hildebrand, ‘Monokratie oder Polykratie? Hitlers Herrschaft und das Dritte Reich’, in Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (eds.), Der ‘Führerstaat’: Mythos und Realität. Studien zur Struktur und Politik des Dritten Reiches, Stuttgart, 1981, 73–97. 18. Lines of interpretation which arise, most notably, from the numerous studies of Hans Mommsen and, to a lesser extent, of Martin Broszat. See especially Hans Mommsen, ‘Hitlers Stellung im nationalsozialistischen Herrshaftssystem’, in Hirschfeld and Kettenacker, 43–72, and his brief textAdolf Hitler als ‘Führer’ der Nation, Deutsches Institut für Fernstudien, Tübingen, 1984; also Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, Munich, 1969, and ‘Soziale Motivation und Führer-Bindung des Nationalsozialismus’, VfZ, 18 (1970), 392–409. 19. See Ernst Nolte’s essays, ‘Zwischen Geschichtslegende und Revisionismus?’ and ‘Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will’, in ‘Historikerstreit’. Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistischen Judenvernichtung,Munich, 1987, 13–35, 39–47, and hisDer europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917–1945. Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus, Berlin, 1987, esp. 501–2, 504, 506, 517. 20. Rainer Zitelmann, Adolf Hitler. Eine politische Biographie, Göttingen/Zurich, 1989, 9; and for the full unfolding of Hitler’s statements over many years, on which the generalization rested, Rainer Zitelmann, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs,Hamburg/Leamington Spa/New York, 1987. See also the critical review by Reinhard Bollmus, ‘Ein rationaler Diktator? Zu einer neuen Hitler-Biographie’, Die Zeit, 22 September 1989, 45–6. 21. The thesis that Hitler’s conscious intention was Germany’s modernization was advanced in Rainer Zitelmann’s essays, ‘Nationalsozialismus und Moderne. Eine Zwischenbilanz’, in Werner Süß (ed.), Übergänge. Zeitgeschichte zwischen Utopie und Machbarkeit, Berlin, 1990, 195–223, and ‘Die totalitäre Seite der Moderne’, in Michael Prinz and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung, Darmstadt, 1991, 1–20. 22. Fest, Hitler, (paperback edn, 1976), 25. 23. The role of the individual – directed by the notion that ‘men make history’ – was a central feature of the German ‘historicist’ tradition which tended to idealize and heroize historical figures (notably Luther, Frederick the Great, and Bismarck) in its emphasis on the idea, intentions, and motives of great personalities as the framework of historical understanding. Even if ‘greatness’ could override conventional laws of morality, it was taken to embrace a certain – indefinable – nobility of character. ‘We cannot look, however imperfectly, on a great man,’ wrote the British Germanophile biographer of Frederick the Great, Thomas Carlyle, himself much admired by Goebbels and Hitler, ‘without gaining something by him. He is the living light-fountain, which it is good and pleasant to be near,… of native original insight, of manhood, and heroic nobleness.’ (Cited, from Carlyle’s ‘Lecture One’ ‘On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History’, in Fritz Stern (ed.), The Varieties of History. From Voltaire to the Present, 2nd Macmillan edn, London, 1970, 101.) In the last weeks of the Third Reich, Goebbels spent time reading Carlyle’s biography of Frederick the Great and recounted parts of it to Hitler who, the Propaganda Minister claimed, knew the book very well (TBJG, II.15, 384 (28 February 1945)). 24. See the ‘aesthetic’ more than moral doubts which Fest (Hitler, 19–20) emphasizes. Fest’s answer to the question he himself raised (Hitler, 17): ‘should he be called “great”?’ is, accordingly, ambivalent. Elsewhere, however, he was less ambiguous. ‘Any consideration of the personality and career of Adolf Hitler will for a long time to come be impossible without a feeling of moral outrage. Nevertheless he possesses historical greatness’ (Joachim Fest, ‘On Remembering Adolf Hitler’, Encounter, 41 (October, 1973), 19–34, here 19).·Fest’s biography was written at a time when the biographical genre had fallen in Germany into disrepute, as part of the general rejection of the historicist tradition and its replacement by ‘structural history’ and ‘historical social science’ from the 1960s onwards. The introduction to his biography seems in part at least to have been a self-conscious defence against the contemporary scepticism. For the difficulties facing biography through the advance of ‘structural history’, see Imanuel Geiß, ‘Die Rolle der Persönlichkeit in der Geschichte: Zwischen Überbewerten und Verdrängen’, and Dieter Riesenberger, ‘Biographie als historio-graphisches Problem’, both in Michael Bosch (ed.), Persönlichkeit und Struktur in der Geschichte, Düsseldorf, 1977, 10–24, 25–39. Attempts to rehabilitate biography – though not of ‘great’ figures – as part of ‘social’ and ‘mentality’ history can be seen in Andreas Gestrich, Peter Knoch, and Helga Merkel, Biographie – sozialgeschichtlich, Göttingen, 1988. 25. Fest, ‘On Remembering Adolf Hitler’, 19, explained that what he saw as Hitler’s ‘greatness’ lay chiefly in the fact that ‘the things which happened in his time are inconceivable without him, in every respect and in every detail’. 26. Churchill’s remark was his characterization of Russia in speaking of the uncertainties of Soviet actions in a broadcast he made on 1 October 1939 (Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 1: The Gathering Storm, London, 1948, 403). I am grateful to Gitta Sereny for providing me with the reference. 27. Fest, Hitler, 697–741, devotes a chapter to a ‘glance at an unperson’ (Blick auf eine Unperson). 28. Cited in Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, London, 1991, xxvi. This is a somewhat loose translation of the passage, defending the prowess and virtue of Alexander the Great, in Plutarch’s Moralia, Loeb edn, vol. 4, London/Cambridge, Mass., 1936, 443f. I am grateful to Richard Winton for locating the text for me. 29. An insight offered in an extraordinarily perceptive early study by Sebastian Haffner, Germany: Jekyll and Hyde, London, 1940, 16. For an evaluation of this study, see Hans Mommsen, ‘Ein schlecht getarnter Bandit. Sebastian Haffners historische Einschätzung Adolf Hitlers’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 November 1997. 30. See Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 5th revised edn, Tübingen, 1972, 14off. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, ‘30 January 1933 – Ein halbes Jahrhundert danach’, Aus Parlament und Zeitgeschichte, 29 January 1983, 43–54, here 50, expressively recommended the application of Max Weber’s concept of ‘charismatic rule’ as an interpretative model capable of overcoming some of the deep divides in approaching the historical problem of Hitler. See also Schreiber, Hitler. Interpretationen, 330. 31. See Franz Neumann, Behemoth: the Structure and Practice of National Socialism, London, 1942, 75. 32. Haffner, Germany: Jekyll and Hyde, 24. Sebastian Haffner’s later work, Anmerkungen zu Hitler, Munich, 1978, remains, in its seven brilliant thematic essays, one of the most impressive studies of the Nazi dictator. 33. This stands in contrast to Alan Bullock’s announced aim (13), at the beginning of his early and magisterial biography: ‘My theme is not dictatorship, but the dictator, the personal power of one man.’ 34. For the term and its implications, see Hans Mommsen, ‘Cumulative Radicalisation and Progressive Self-Destruction as Structural Determinants of the Nazi Dictatorship’, in Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin (eds.), Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison, Cambridge, 1997, 75–87. 35. See note 1 to Chapter 13, below, for the reference to this document, which was published for the first time (in English translation) in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919– 1945. A Documentary Reader, vol. 2, Exeter, 1984, 207. 36. While a tension in method between classical biography and social (or structural) history is undeniable, the irreconcilability is arguably fictive if ‘power’ is taken as the key focus of inquiry – particularly if the view of one prominent social historian is accepted that ‘power, after all, is the key concept in the study of society’ (Tony Judt, ‘A Clown in Regal Purple: Social History and the Historians’, History Work-shop Journal, 7 (1979), 66–94, here 72). 37. Gerhard Schreiber ends his superb historiographical survey of differing interpretations of Hitler with a plea to seek, through a pluralism of methods, an understanding of the dictator and his regime – for which he sees the notion of ‘charismatic rule’ as offering a framework – anchored in a ‘depiction of the National Socialist epoch’ (Schreiber, Hitler. Interpretationen, 329 – 35). See also Gerhard Schreiber, ‘Hitler und seine Zeit-Bilanzen, Thesen, Dokumente’, in Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Die Deutsche Frage in der Weltpolitik, Stuttgart, 1986, 137–64, here 162: ‘What is still missing is an interpretation of Hitler and his era which integrates all essential components of the National Socialist system, acknowledging – and deploying where necessary – in unprejudiced fashion the given plurality of methodological approaches.’ 38. For the phrase, see Mommsen, ‘Hitlers Stellung’, 70. 39. As Jürgen Kocka put it (‘Struktur und Persönlichkeit als methodologisches Problem der Geschichtswissenschaft’, in Bosch (ed.) Persönlichkeit und Struktur, 152–69, here 165); ‘Every worthwhile explanation of National Socialism will have to deal with the person of Hitler, not reducible just to its structural conditions. CHAPTER 1: FANTASY AND FAILURE 1. August Kubizek, Adolf Hitler. Mein Jugendfreund, Graz (1953), 5th edn 1989, 50. 2. Hans-Jürgen Eitner, ‘Der Führer’. Hitlers Persönlichkeit und Charakter, Munich/Vienna, 1981, 12. 3. Franz Jetzinger, Hitlers Jugend, Vienna, 1956, 16–18. 4. Bradley F. Smith, Adolf Hitler. His Family, Childhood, and Youth, Stanford, 1967, 19. Thomas Orr, ‘Das war Hitler’, Revue, Nr 37, Munich (13 September 1952), 4, states – though without a source – that Maria Anna (whom he misnames Anna Maria) brought 300 Gulden, the price of fifteen cows, into the marriage, contributed by her relatives and probably the reason why Hiedler was prepared to marry her at all. Thomas Orr was a pseudonym for a former employee of the NSDAP-Hauptarchiv (Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler. Legende, Mythos, Wirklichkeit, 3rd paperback edn, Munich, 1973, 541). 5. Smith, 19 n.7; Jetzinger, 19. 6. His initial opportunity came, it seems, through a recruitment drive to take on more lower civil servants from rural areas (Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 5). 7. Smith, 23; Jetzinger, 21, 44–6. 8. Smith, 20; Maser, Hitler, 43–4. 9. Smith, 30–31; Jetzinger, 21–2; Kubizek, 59. 10. Anton Joachimsthaler, Korrektur einer Biographie, Munich, 1989, 12–13. 11. Jetzinger, 16, 22. 12. Jetzinger, 22; Smith, 30. 13. Jetzinger, 22; Rudolf Koppensteiner (ed.), Die Ahnentafel des Führers, Leipzig, 1937, 39. 14. Maser, Hitler, 47; Jetzinger, 19–20. 15. See Jetzinger, 22–5, and Smith, 29, for the dubious character of the legitimation; see also Joachimsthaler, 12–13. 16. Maser, Hitler, 41–2; Smith, 48. 17. See Maser, Hitler, 34–5. Konrad Heiden, Der Führer, London (1944), 1967 edn, 38–9, had already noted this suggestion. Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 4, referred to village rumours that Nepomuk was the actual father. 18. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Munich, 1943 edn, 2: ‘eines armen, kleinen Häuslers’. 19. See Koppensteiner, 39–44. Jetzinger’s claim (10–12) that the name ‘Hitler’ was of Czech origin has been shown to rest on flimsy grounds. ‘Hüttler’, meaning cottager or smallholder, was not an uncommon name in Austria. See Anton Adalbert Klein, ‘Hitlers dunkler Punkt in Graz?’,Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Graz, 3 (1970), 27–9; Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 6; and also Brigitte Hamann, Hitlers Wien. Lehrjahre eines Diktators, Munich, 1996, 64. Since the various forms of the name had evidently been for decades interchangeable, it is unclear why Maser, Hitler, 31, can be so adamant that Nepomuk (who himself had used more than one form) insisted at the legitimation upon ‘Hitler’ rather than ‘Hiedler’ as being closer to his own name of ‘Hüttler’. 20. Koppensteiner, 46. 21. Joachimsthaler, 12–13. 22. Kubizek, 50. 23. Maser, Hitler, 12–15. One example of the sensationalism was an article published in the British Daily Mirror of 14 October 1933, purporting to show the ‘Jewish grave of Hitler’s grandfather’ in a cemetery in Bucharest (IfZ, MA-731 (= NSDAP, Hauptarchiv, Reel 1)). The press interest in Hitler’s alleged Jewish forebears had blown up in summer 1932, when the Neue Zürcher Zeitung had picked up on the name ‘Salomon’ that had appeared in the eighteenth century in the official genealogy approved by Hitler. In fact, the name ‘Salomon’ had been an error made by the Viennese genealogist Dr Karl Friedrich von Frank, which he hastily corrected. But the damage was done. See Hamann, 68–71. 24. Hans Frank, Im Angesicht des Galgens, Munich/Gräfelfing, 1953, 330–31. 25. Jetzinger’s uncritical acceptance of Frank’s recollection (see 28–32) was above all responsible for the spread of the story. One piece of his ‘evidence’, a picture of Hitler’s father indicating his ‘Jewish’ looks, is self-evidently a portrait of someone other than Alois Hitler. See Jetzinger, picture opposite p. 16; Smith, p1. 5, following p. 24. For an early critical review of Jetzinger’s book, and, particularly, a rejection, based on the findings of the Austrian scholar Dr Nikolaus Preradovic, of his claims that Hitler had a Jewish grandfather, see ‘Hitler. Kein Ariernachweis’, Der Spiegel, 12 June 1957, 54–9, esp. 57–8. 26. Klein, 10, 20–25. 27. Smith, 158–9. 28. Patrick Hitler, ‘Mon oncle Adolf’, Paris soir (5 August 1939), 4–5. The article amounted to no more than a largely worthless diatribe. See also Maser, Hitler, 18. 29. Robert G.L. Waite, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler, New York, 1977, 129 n.; Maser, Hitler, 15 and n. 30. Smith, 158. Brigitte Hamann, also dismissive of the Frank story, speculates that his motive, as a long-standing Jew-hater himself, could have been to blame the Jews for producing an allegedly ‘Jewish Hitler’ (Hamann, 73–7, here 77). 31. It has been claimed that, as the motivation of his paranoid antisemitism, the more relevant question is not whether Hitler in fact had a Jewish grandfather, but whether he believed he was part Jewish (Waite, 126–31). The origins and sources of Hitler’s hatred of the Jews are something to which we will return. But since there is no evidence to suggest that the idea that he was part-Jewish might have occurred to him before his political enemies started spreading the rumours in the 1920s, by which time his antisemitism was long-established, there is little to support the speculation. Concern about whether he was part-Jewish would, of course, in any case have meant that Hitler was already antisemitic. See Rudolph Binion’s review of Waite’s book in Journal of Psychohistory, 5 (1977), 297. 32. According to Maser’s account of the testimony of Adolf’s remaining relatives in Spital long after the war, there was talk while Adolf was visiting Spital on leave from the army in 1917 of Nepomuk as his paternal grandfather (Maser, Hitler, 35). However, the testimony is worthless: Hitler never visited Spital in 1917. See Joachimsthaler, 171; and Rudolph Binion, ‘Foam on the Hitler Wave’, JMH, 46 (1974), 522–8, here 523. 33. Maser, Hitler, 35. 34. Smith, 39; Jetzinger, 39, 54. 35. Smith, 28, 35; Jetzinger, 50. 36. Pointed out by Rudolf Olden, Hitler the Pawn, London, 1936, 16. 37. Jetzinger, 48; Smith, 28; Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 5. 38. Jetzinger, 49; Smith, 28, 47; Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 5. According to Orr, Anna (whom he calls Anna Glasl-Hörer) was the adoptive daughter of a civil servant by the name of Hörer, who was a near neighbour of Alois in Braunau. 39. Jetzinger, 51; Smith, 29, 32–3; Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 6. 40. Smith, 32–3; Jetzinger, 52–3; Orr, Revue, Nr 37, 6, Nr 38, 2. 41. Jetzinger, 44; Smith, 35–7. 42. Jetzinger, 56–7; Smith, 40–41. 43. Maser, Hitler, 9. 44. Copy of birth-certificate in HA, Reel 1; IfZ, MA-731; Koppensteiner, 18. 45. MK, 1. 46. MK, 2; Smith, 53. 47. A point acknowledged by Waite, 145. See also Smith, 51 and n.5. 48. Smith, 46–9. 49. Following based upon Smith, 43–8; and Jetzinger, 58–63. Jetzinger’s information on Hitler’s father drew on an interview he conducted with one of Alois’s former colleagues, Emanuel Lugert. This was also reproduced in Orr, Revue, Nr 39, 14, 35. The former cook in the Hitler household, Rosalia Hörl (née Schichtl), later told the NSDAP-Hauptarchiv that he was a ‘good-natured (gemütlicher) but strict gentleman’. A colleague at the Customs Office in the early 1880s was less flattering, describing him as ‘unsympathetic to all of us. He was very strict, exact, even pedantic at work and a very unapproachable person.’ Both accounts in HA, Reel 1 (IfZ, MA-731).) 50. Smith, 51. 53. Kubizek, 46. 54. Eduard Bloch, ‘My Patient, Hitler’, Collier’s (15 March 1941), 35. 55. For speculation on the psychological effect, see Alice Miller, Am Anfang war Erziehung, Frankfurt am Main, 1983, 213–15. 56. Smith, 41–3; Jetzinger, 62, 71–2; Kubizek, 38–45; Bloch, 36. 57. Bloch, 36. 58. MK, 16; and see Albert Zoller, Hitler privat. Erlebnisbericht seiner Geheimsekretärin, Düsseldorf, 1949, 46. 59. Waite, 141. 60. NA, NND/881077, Interview with Mrs Paula Wolf (i.e. Paula Hitler), Berchtesgaden, 5 June 1946 (transcript only in English). Hitler’s half-sister Angela Hammitzsch (formerly Raubal) also spoke after the war of the regular beatings Adolf used to receive from his father. (Cit. in Christa Schroeder, Er war mein Chef. Aus dem Nachlaß der Sekretärin von Adolf Hitler, Munich/Vienna, 1985, 336 n.139.) 61. Schroeder, 63. Hitler described his father to Goebbels in 1932 as a ‘tyrant in the home (Haustyrann), while his mother was ‘a source of goodness and love’ (TBJG, 1.2, 219 (9 August 1932)). See also TBJG, I.2, 727 (15 November 1936), where Hitler was reported to have spoken of his ‘fanatical father’. 62. MK, 32–3. See also the commentaries on the passage by Helm Stierlin, Adolf Hitler. Familienperspektiven, Frankfurt am Main, 1976, 24–5; and Miller, 190–91. According to Hans Frank, Hitler told him of his shame as a boy at having to fetch his drunken father home from the pub at night (Frank, 331–2). However, Emanuel Lugert, who had worked with Alois Hitler for a time at Passau, told Jetzinger that Hitler’s father had normally drunk at most four halves of beer a day, had never to his knowledge been drunk, and went home at the right time for his evening meal (Jetzinger, 61). The same witness apparently told Orr that Alois sometimes drank up to six halves of strong beer in an evening, but repeated that he had never seen him drunk (Orr, Revue, Nr 39, 35). Conceivably, Hitler’s own aversion to alcohol had its roots in his father’s drinking and behavioural habits. 63. Psychologists and ‘psycho-historians’ have seen Adolf’s relationship to both parents, not just to his father, as disturbed in the extreme. Those who have looked to an underlying love-hate relationship with his mother include Waite, esp. 138–48; Miller, 212–28; Eitner, esp. 21–7; Stierlin, esp. ch.2 (who takes from family-therapy the notion that the child could identify itself in extreme fashion with the sense of being the ‘delegate’ of the unfulfilled dreams of the mother, in this case seeing the salvation of the mother in the quest to save Germany); Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler, London, 1973, esp. 150–52; Rudolph Binion, Hitler among the Germans, New York, 1976 (who finds the key to Hitler’s quest to kill the Jews in his subliminal reaction to the death of his mother at the hands of a Jewish doctor); Rudolph Binion, ‘Hitler’s Concept of “Lebensraum”: the Psychological Basis’, History of Childhood Quarterly, 1 (1973), 187–215 (with subsequent discussion of his hypotheses, 216–58), where Hitler’s perceived mission to provide ‘feeding-ground’ for the ‘motherland’ is located in his need to save and avenge his mother, in the shape of Germany; Erich Fromm, Anatomie der menschlichen Destruktivät, Stuttgart, 1974, esp. 337–8; and Erik H. Erikson, ‘The Legend of Hitler’s Youth’, in Robert Paul Wolff (ed.), Political Man and Social Man, New York, 1966, 370–96, here esp. 381–3. Surveys of psychological approaches to Hitler are provided by William Carr, Hitler: a Study in Personality and Politics, London, 1978, esp. 149–55; Wolfgang Michalka, ‘Hitler im Spiegel der Psycho-History’, Francia, 8 (1980), 595–611; Schreiber, Hitler, 316–27; and, most extensively, Thomas Kornbichler, Adolf-Hitler-Psychogramme,Frankfurt am Main, 1994. For some of the difficulties in reaching any scientifically sound assessment of Hitler’s later personality, see Desmond Henry and Dick Geary, ‘Adolf Hitler: a re-assessment of his personality status’, Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 10 (1993), 148–51· 64. Quotation from Waite, foreword to the 1992 edition, and see, especially, ch.3. The most critical review of Waite’s book was that of another ‘psycho-historian’, Rudolph Binion, in Journal of Psychohistory, 5 (1977), 295–300. See also Binion’s comment in his review article, ‘Foam on the Hitler Wave’, JMH, 46 (1974), 522–8, here 525: ‘No hate was manifest in young Hitler as far as the direct evidence discloses.’ 65. A point made by Smith, 8. 66. Smith, 55. 67. Max Domarus, Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945, Wiesbaden, 1973, 1935 (8 November 1942). 68. Smith, 56. 71. MK, 3–4; Smith, 61; Jetzinger, 73. 72. Smith, 62. 73. See, e.g., Tb Reuth, iii.1254 (19 August 1938), where Hitler spoke of the happy days of his youth in Leonding and Lambach. 74. See Hermann Giesler, Ein anderer Hitler, Leoni am Starnberger See, 1977, 96, 99, 215 – 16, 479–80; Zoller, 57; Evan Burr Bukey, Hitler’s Hometown, Bloomington/Indianapolis, 1986, esp. 196–201; and Hamann, 11–15. Hitler spoke during the war of turning Linz into a ‘German Budapest’, and was prepared to put 120 million Marks into his grandiose building schemes – ‘money you can do something with’, as Goebbels remarked. See, for example, TBJG, II.5, 367 (20 August 1942), 597 (29 September 1942), II.8, 265 (10 May 1943); Monologe, 284 (19–20 February 1942), 405 (25 June 1943). 75. MΚ,3. 76. Jetzinger, 92. 77. Jetzinger, 92. 78. MK, 4. He still had the two-volume work – a ‘treasure loyally guarded’ – in 1912 in the Men’s Home in Vienna (Hamann, 562). 79. MK, 173; Hugo Rabitsch, Aus Adolf Hitlers Jugendzeit, Munich, 1938, 12–13; Smith, 66. 80. Smith, 66–8; Waite, 11–12, 60. See Hamann, 544–8, for Hitler’s enthusiasm after hearing Karl May speak – even on a pacifist theme – in Vienna in 1912. 81. Walter Görlitz, Adolf Hitler, Göttingen, 1960, 23. 82. MK, 6. 83. Smith, 64; Maser, Hitler, 62. Though it seems hard to believe, elderly inhabitants of Leonding in the 1950s claimed that Edmund’s parents did not attend the boy’s funeral. See Orr, Revue, Nr 40, 36; Waite, 169–70. 84. See Smith, 68–9. 85. MK, 5. 86. Kubizek, 57. 87. Jetzinger, 105–6; Smith, 76, 79. 88. Jetzinger, 105–6. For Huemer’s subsequent relationship with Hitler, see Smith, 79 n.34. See also Rabitsch, 57–65 for Huemer’s later visit to Hitler. For Hitler’s schooling, see also Zoller, 47. Hitler later claimed the marks for his school-work dropped when he started to read Karl May (Monologe, 281 (17 February 1942)). 89. Jetzinger, 107, 109–11; Rabitsch, 72. 90. Kubizek, 61; Monologe, 185–8 (8–9 January 1942); Henry Picker, Tischespräche im Hauptquartier, Stuttgart, 1963, 273 (12 April 1942); Smith, 79; Eitner, 30–31; Maser, Hitler, 68–70; Zoller, 47–9. 91. MK, 12–13; Jetzinger,110, 113 for German nationalism in Linz; see also Bukey, 7ff. Hamann, 23–7, describes the German nationalist political leanings in the school, as does Jetzinger, 99, 110, 113. 92. MK, 5–8. 93. Picker, 324 (10 May 1942). 94. MK, 6 (trans., MK Watt, 8). 95. MK, 7. 96. See Smith, 70–73, also for dismissal of the objections of Jetzinger, 98–9 to any substance in Hitler’s depiction of a conflict with his father over a civil service career. 97. MK, 10. See Hamann, 23. 98. MK, 8–14; Smith, 81–5; Olden, 21; Hamann, 22–3. 99. MK, 15. 100. Jetzinger, 72–3. See also Olden, 21. The cause of the death was a haemorrhage of the lungs. He had suffered a prior haemorrhage the previous August (Jetzinger, 72) 101. Jetzinger, 122–9; Smith, 91, 97. 102. Kubizek’s comment about Adolf’s sobbing at the funeral (54) was only based on casual hearsay evidence and is not reliable. 103. Kubizek, 46, 61–2. 104. Jetzinger, 102; Smith, 92. 105. TBJG, I.3, 447 (3 June 38). In his recollections of his time in Steyr, he claimed to have disliked it as too Catholic-clerical and not nationalist enough compared with Linz (Monologe, 188 (8–9 January 1942)). 106. Smith, 95–6. 107. MK, 8. 108. This follows Heiden, Der Führer, 46, who lists the grades for both semesters of the school-year 1904–5, as given in the report issued on 16 September 1905 (including the re-sit in geometry), and Smith, who summarizes these results, 96. Maser, Hitler, 70, gives the results only in the report from 11 February, for the first semester, and has Hitler as ‘unsatisfactory’ in French (though this is not mentioned on Heiden’s list). The results listed in Orr, Revue, Nr 42, 3, and repeated in Jetzinger, 103, as those of the report of 16 September 1905, correspond with those given by Heiden for the first semester and those provided by Maser (apart from the entry for French) for the report dated 11 February. See also Waite, 156. 109. According to stories he later told, Adolf mistakenly used one of his reports from Steyr as toilet paper after an evening with friends celebrating the end of term. (Monologe, 189–90 (8–9 January 1942); see Zoller, 49, for a different version in which he was sick over the report). Maser, Hitler,70, presumes the report is that of February 1905, while Smith, 99, dates it to summer 1905. In the anecdote, Hitler claims that he slept out and was wakened by a milkwoman. This seems to rule out February. And in summer, Hitler only received his certificate following the re-sit examination in September, when there would have been no social gathering. Zoller’s account is in at least one respect inaccurate, since Adolf allegedly had to show the report to his father, who by then was already dead. Whether Hitler’s story had any substance to it at all must be regarded as doubtful. 110. Smith, 95–9; Jetzinger, 99–103. 111. Smith, 98. 112. Jetzinger, 148–51, denies an illness altogether, though his evidence is not strong. Smith, 97–8, provides some evidence for illness in summer 1905, though not for the autumn, accepts Adolf’s pale and sickly appearance at this time, but rightly doubts that it was sufficient reason for ending his schooling. 113. MK, 16; Smith, 97–8. See also the picture of Hitler from this period, showing him as thin, weak and consumptive in appearance, in Smith, pl. 13. 114. MK, 16–17; see Jetzinger, 130. 115. Paula Hitler testimony, NA, NND-881077, 3; IfZ, MA-731 (=HA, Reel 1), ‘Notizen für Kartei’, 8 December 1938. 116. Kubizek, 63; IfZ, MA-731 (=H A, Reel 1), ‘Adolf Hitler in Urfahr’ (recollections in 1938–9 of the postmaster’s widow who had lived in the same house as the Hitler family). 117. MK, 16. 118. Hamann, 80. Kubizek had already been approached by a representative of the NSDAP-Hauptarchiv at the end of 1938 with a view to writing up his memoirs of the youthful Hitler, foreseen as ‘one of the most significant pieces of the central archive’ in bringing out the ‘inconceivable greatness of the Führer in his youth’ (IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), ‘Notizen für Kartei’, 8 December 1938, and report on visit to Kubizek). 119. See Jetzinger, 117–22, 133–81; Smith, 101 n. 30. Jetzinger had a personal animus against Kubizek, and his own – rival, though second-hand – account of Hitler’s youth did most, deliberately, to discredit Kubizek. See Hamann, 83–6. 120. See Hamann, 77–86. 121. Kubizek, 17; Jetzinger, 140–41. 122. MK, 15; Paula Hitler testimony, NA, NND-881077, 3_ 4. 123. Kubizek, 22. 126. Kubizek, 17, 19, 112. 127. Kubizek, 75–86. 128. Smith, 103. Adolf was so stirred by a performance of Wagner’s early opera, Rienzi (which glamorized the tale of a fourteenth-century Roman populist who in the opera purportedly attempted to unify Italy but was ultimately brought down by the people he had led) that he took Kubizek on a long nocturnal climb up the Freinberg, a mountain outside Linz, and lectured to him in a state of near ecstasy on the significance of what they had seen. Kubizek’s account (111–18), is, however, highly fanciful, reading in mystical fashion back into the episode an early prophetic vision of Hitler’s own future. Plainly, the strange evening had made a lasting impression on Kubizek. He reminded Hitler of it when they met at Bayreuth in 1939. On the spot, Hitler seized on the story to illustrate his early prophetic qualities to his hostess, Winifred Wagner, ending with the words: ‘in that hour, it began’ (Kubizek, 118). Kubizek, more impressed than ever, subsequently produced his post-war, highly imaginary depiction, with the melodramatically absurd claim at the forefront of his mind. This has not prevented the ‘vision’ on the Freinberg being taken seriously by some later writers. See e.g. Joachim Köhler, Wagners Hitler. Der Prophet und sein Vollstrecker, Munich, 1996, ch.2, esp. 34–5. 129. Köhler, Wagners Hitler, takes this on to a new plane, however, with his overdrawn claim that Hitler came to see it as his life’s work to fulfil Wagner’s visions and put his ideas into practice. 130. Kubizek, 83. 133. Kubizek, 64–74; see Jetzinger, 142–8; and Hamann, 41–2. 134. Kubizek, 106–9; see Jetzinger, 166–8. 135. According to Hitler himself, the trip lasted two weeks (MK, 18). Kubizek, 121–4, reckons it was around four weeks, and is followed by Smith, 104. Jetzinger, 151–5, concluded that Hitler’s recollection was probably correct. The dating can only be determined by the postmarks (some indistinct) and dates (not always given) on the cards which Hitler sent to Kubizek. See Hamann, 42–4. The length of Hitler’s visit is scarcely of prime historical importance. 136. Kubizek, 129; Hamann, 43–4. 137. Kubizek, 129. 138. Kubizek, 127–30. The objections came primarily from Leo Raubal, the husband of Adolf’s half-sister, Angela. He tried to persuade Klara that it was about time that Adolf learnt something sensible. Adolf raged to Kubizek: ‘This pharisee is ruining my home for me’ (Kubizek, 128). Adolf won the battle. According to the later testimony of a neighbour, he insisted so firmly on his intention of becoming an artist that he finally persuaded his mother to send him to the Academy in Vienna (IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), ‘Adolf Hitler in Urfahr’). 139. Gerhart Marckhgott, ‘“Von der Hohlheit des gemächlichen Lebens”. Neues Material über die Familie Hitler in Linz’, Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereins, 138/I (1993), 275–6. The entry by Aunt Johanna – twice-noted – in the family household-account book is undated, but from internal evidence can be seen to fall at the end of Adolf’s time in Linz. Brigitte Hamann (196) suggests that it dates from August 1908, and that Adolf persuaded his aunt to loan him the money during a summer visit to the family home in the Waldviertel. Why, then, Aunt Johanna would have entered it in the family household-book which was kept in Urfahr is not apparent. It seems more likely, as Marckhgott infers, that the loan was made the previous year, in 1907, while Klara Hitler was still alive, and when Adolf needed to secure some funding before he left to take the admission examination for the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. As Marckhgott points out, the loan – amounting to about a fifth of Johanna Pölzl’s entire savings – perhaps sparked the protest by Leo Raubal about Adolf being allowed to entertain studying art instead of earning his living. But once he had obtained funding, it was presumably more difficult for his mother to stand in his way of going to Vienna. 140. Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 138–43; Binion, ‘Hitler’s Concept of Lebensraum’, 196–200; Bloch, 36; Jetzinger, 170–72; Smith, 105; Hamann, 46–8. 141. Hamann, 46–7. 144. Hamann, 47. 145. MK, 18. 146. Hamann, 51–2. Maser, Hitler, 75–7, 114, inverts the examinations procedures. Hamann, 51 (without source), refers to 112 candidates; Maser (75, 77, 114), with reference to information provided by the Academy itself, speaks of 113 candidates. 147. Maser, Hitler, 77. Among those who failed alongside Hitler was a subsequent rector of the Academy. See also Hamann, 52. 148. MK, 18–19 (trans., MK Watt, 18). 149. MK, 19 (trans., MK Watt, 18–19); and see Smith, 108–10. Orr, Revue, Nr 43, 40–41 (followed by Maser, Hitler, 78, and L.Sydney Jones, Hitlers Weg begann in Wien, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 1990, 64) has Hitler applying, after his rejection by the Academy of Fine Arts, for entry to the school of architecture, but the assertion is unsupported by any evidence. Even the most tentative inquiry would have revealed – as Hitler must surely have known – that he did not possess even the minimal qualifications for entry. 150. Kubizek, 133. Allegations that Hitler’s antisemitism had its source in his rejection by Jewish examiners at the Academy are wide of the mark. Both Waite, 190, and Jones, 317, speak of four Jews among his examiners. In fact, none of the Academy’s professors involved in rejecting Hitler was Jewish (Hamann, 53). 151. Hamann, 53; Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 139; IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, 1),’Adolf Hitler in Urfahr.’ 152. NA, NND-88I077, 3;Bloch, 39. See also Kubizek, 138–41. Jetzinger’s account, 176–81, claiming that Hitler did not return to Linz before his mother’s death was at least in part aimed at discrediting Kubizek. However, both Paula Hitler and Dr Bloch independently confirm that Adolf was present while his mother was dying, thus lending support to Kubizek’s account, despite its containing a number of factual inaccuracies. Smith, 110 and n.54, follows Jetzinger. See Waite, 180–83, and Hamann, 84–5. 153. Jetzinger, 179; Hamann, 54. According to two witnesses, Adolf sketched his mother on her deathbed (Bloch, 39; IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), ‘Adolf Hitler in Urfahr’). 154. Bloch, 39. Dr Bloch went on to mention Adolf’s avowed lasting gratitude. Hitler subsequently sent Dr Bloch a number of picture-postcards and a present of a picture he had painted (Bloch, pt.II, Colliers, 22 March 1941, 69–70; Hamann, 56). After the Anschluß, Dr Bloch appealed to Hitler and was granted relatively favourable treatment. Even so, he lost his livelihood, was forced to emigrate to the USA, and died in straitened circumstances in New York in 1945 (Bloch, pt.II, 72–3; Hamann, 56–7). 155. MK, 16 (trans., MK Watt, 17). 156. Jetzinger, 181. 157. MK, 16–17 (trans., MK Watt, 17). 158. MK, 19–20 (trans., MK Watt, 19). 159. Jetzinger, 180; Hamann, 55; Marckhgott, 272. 160. Hamann, 58, 85. 161. E.g. Maser, Hitler, 81. See Hamann, 58. 162. Jetzinger, 180–82, 185–9; Smith, 111–12. 163. NA, NND-881077, 4; Jetzinger, 182, 186–7. 164. Jetzinger, 187. 166. Kubizek, 146–55; Jetzinger, 189–92; Smith, 114–15. 167. IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), ‘Adolf Hitler in Urfahr’. CHAPTER 2: DROP-OUT 1. Above quotations from MK, 20–21 (trans., MK Watt, 20–21). 2. MK, chs.2–3, 18–137. 3. MK, 137. 4. The best account by far is that of Brigitte Hamann, Hitlers Wien. Lehrjahre eines Diktators, Munich, 1996. 5. See Hamann, 77–83, 264–75, for the credibility of these accounts. 6. Josef Greiner, Das Ende des Hitler-Mythos, Zürich/Leipzig/Vienna, 1947. Jetzinger, 225, 294; Waite, 427–32; Hamann, 275–80, are rightly dismissive, Smith, 165–6, less so. 7. See Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna. Politics and Culture, New York, 1979, xviii, 3. 8. See William A. Jenks, Vienna and the Young Hitler, New York, 1960, 219. 9. See Schorske, 6, 12, 15, 19, 22. 10. Schorske, 129. 11. Hamann, chs.2–5, 9–10, provides an excellent description of the social and political fabric of the Vienna that Hitler experienced. 12. Jenks, 38–9. 14. Jenks, 118. 15. See Jenks, 119–21. 16. See Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Antisemitism in Germany and Austria, rev. edn, London, 1988, esp. chs.14–15; Hamann, 470–71. 17. Schorske, pp. 146–80; Hamann, 486–8. 18. Jenks, 118. 19. MK, 135 (trans., MK Watt, 113). 20. See Hamann, 128–9; Joachimsthaler, 39–40. 21. Jenks, 53. 25. Jenks, 54–5, 101. 26. MK, 80–101. 27. Jenks, 73–8. 28. Schorske, 129. 29. See, for Schönerer, Hamann, 337–64 (here esp. 362); and Andrew G. Whiteside, The Socialism of Fools. Georg von Schönerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism, Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1975. 30. Jenks, 106. 32. Jenks, 91–6, 103–10. 33. MK, 106–30; and see Jenks, 110. 34. MK 106–10, 130–34. During reminiscences more than three decades later, Hitler was still singing the praises of Lueger (Monologe, 152–3, 17 December 1941). On Lueger, see esp. Hamann, 393–435, and John W. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna. Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848–1897, Chicago, 1981, esp. ch.4. 35. MK, 108, 130. 36. Schorske, 139; Jenks, 88. 37. Cit. Hamann, 417; Schorske, 145. 38. Schorske, 145. 55. Jenks, 179–80. 56. Jenks, 180. 57. Quotations from MK, 43–4 (trans., MK Watt, 38–9); and see Hamann, 254–7. 58. Marckhgott, 271. 60. NA, NND-881077, 4, testimony of Paula Hitler (1946). 61. Marckhgott, 273, 275. 62. NA, NND-881077, 4; Jetzinger, 230–32, speculates that Adolf inherited a substantial legacy from Aunt Johanna in 1911. But she had loaned him 924 Kronen no later than 1908 (probably towards the end of 1907), a sum amounting to around a fifth of her savings, and probably constituting his share of the inheritance (Marckhgott, 275–6; Hamann, 196, 250). There is no hint from Hitler’s lifestyle that he benefited from a significant inheritance in 1911. 63. Kubizek, 128, 148. 64. NA, NND-881077, 4. 65. Kubizek, 148–9. 66. Smith, 108, for the renting of the room in late September or early October 1907; he gives the date for the return to Vienna as 14–17 February 1908. The card to Kubizek is dated 18 February; Hitler was still in Urfahr on 14 February (Jetzinger, 187–8). Hamann (49) points out that Maria Zakreys was Czech and not Polish, as Kubizek (157) implied. She also corrects Kubizek’s error (132, 156) that the address was Stumpergasse 29, not 31. 67. Kubizek, 152. 68. Kubizek, 153–4 (trans., August Kubizek, Young Hitler, London, 1973, 99). 69. Kubizek, 157–8. 70. Kubizek, 150, points out that Adolf was continuing more or less to lead the same sort of life in Vienna. 71. Kubizek, 159. 75. Kubizek, 161–7; quotations 167 (trans., Young Hitler, 113). 76. Kubizek, 167 (trans., Young Hitler, 114). 77. Jetzinger, 187–8. 78. Kubizek, 163. 79. Kubizek, 165 (trans., Young Hitler, III, where the words ‘and cheated’ – ‘und betrogen’ – are omitted). 80. Kubizek, 182 (trans., Young Hitler, 129). 81. Kubizek, 163 (trans., Young Hitler, 109). 82. IfZ, F19/19 (copies of the correspondence). See Jones, 33–7; Smith, 113; Joachimsthaler, 35; Maser, Hitler, 81–4; Hamann, 59–62. 83. Monologe, 200. According to one story, Hitler tried several times to see Roller, but eventually gave up and tore up his letter of introduction (John Toland, Adolf Hitler, London, 1977, 31, 929 but on the basis of an interview carried out decades later, in 1971. See also Jones, 51). 84. Maser, Hitler, 84–5; Jones, 33, 121 (though on 311 n.65 he accepts the weakness of the evidence). And see Joachimsthaler, 35. 85. Despite Kubizek’s propensity to fantasize parts of his memoirs (see Jetzinger, 117–21, I35ff.), the very singularity of the episodes he describes, when relating Hitler’s ‘projects’, suggests they were beyond his own originality or fantasy, and the picture of Hitler which emerges has an authentic ring to it. See Hamann, 80–82. Hitler himself, in his wartime monologues, spoke of starting to write a play at the age of fifteen (Monologe, 187, 8–9 January 1942). The English translation, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944,London, 1953, 191, omits the relevant sentence. 86. Kubizek, 164–5. 87. Kubizek, 184–5. 88. Kubizek, 200–208, quotation, 208 (trans., Young Hitler, 153). 89. Kubizek, 179 (utopian plans); 172, 176–8 (housing in Vienna); 178–9 (new popular drink); 209–18 (travelling orchestra); 174, 197 (rebuilding of Linz). 90. Kubizek, 176–8. Jones, 62–3, 68–9, accepts Kubizek’s story, though attributes Hitler’s interest in the housing problem to his own conditions in the dismal room in Stumpergasse more than to any humanitarian sympathy with the underprivileged. 91. Kubizek, 211. 92. Jones, 52–8, 63–7. Hitler did later acquire some erotic paintings by Klimt’s Munich counterpart Franz von Stuck, who was one of his favourite artists (Jones 57; Waite, 66–9). 93. For the ferocious opposition in Vienna to the work of Klimt and Kokoschka, see Schorske, chs.5, 7. 94. Kubizek, 186–7. 97. Kubizek, 188. 98. Kubizek, 153. 99. Kubizek, 188. Hitler had paid the relatively high subscription of 8.40 Kronen on 7 January 1908 to become a member of the Linzer Musealverein, giving him access to the Linz Landesmuseum and library. He resigned his membership on 4 March 1909 (Hamann, 57, 197). 100. Kubizek, 188, 191. 101. Kubizek, 189–90. 102. Jetzinger, 216. 103. Kubizek, 190; Jetzinger, 217. Hitler was later capable of conversing about the comparative merits of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, though this is no proof that he had read their works (TBJG, II.7, 181, 21 January 1943). He had, in fact, been caught out ‘lecturing’ on Schopenhauer in the Men’s Home in Vienna, conceded that he had only read ‘some’ of his work, and been admonished to ‘speak about things that he understood’ (Reinhold Hanisch, ‘I Was Hitler’s Buddy: III’, New Republic, 19 April 1939, 297). According to Hans Frank, Hitler told him that he read Schopenhauer during the First World War and Nietzsche during his imprisonment in Landsberg in 1924 (Frank, 46). 104. In MK, 43, 56, 58, Hitler explicitly mentions the Social Democratic Arbeiterzeitung, the Liberal Neue Freie Presse and Wiener Tagblatt, and the Christian Socialist Deutsches Volksblatt. For his daily newspaper reading he probably turned first of all to the organ of the Schönerer movement, Das Alldeutsche Tagblatt, which was published a few doors down Stumpergasse from where he lived (Hamann, 50). He read these, and no doubt other newspapers as well as periodicals and political pamphlets, mainly in cafés(MK, 42–3, 65). 105. MK, 35–6. Maser, Hitler, 179–82 accepts that the sources on Hitler’s reading in this early period are unreliable – which does not prevent him citing at length a passage from Greiner that is pure fantasy. See Binion’s scathing comments on Maser’s views of Hitler’s alleged extensive reading in ‘Foam on the Hitler Wave’, JMH, 46 (1974), 522–4. Jones, 312 n.12, casts doubt upon Hitler’s use of the Hofbibliothek. 106. NA, NND-881077, 4· An indication that the young Hitler had been something of a bookworm before he left Linz can be gleaned from the testimony of neighbours and relatives, though of course this was only gathered in 1938 (HA, Reel 1 (IfZ, MA-731), ‘Adolf Hitler in Urfahr’, and reported recollections of Johann Schmidt). 107. MK, 36–8 (trans., MK Watt, 33–4). 108. Maser, Hitler, 110; Monologe, 198; Jenks, 14; Zoller, 58. 109. Kubizek, 198. 110. Kubizek wrote (196) of ‘the perfect interpretations of the musical dramas of Wagner by the Viennese Court Opera led by Gustav Mahler’, and mentions (192) Hitler’s admiration for Mahler, ‘at that time the conductor’ in the opera. Whether Hitler experienced Mahler conducting during his first two stays in Vienna cannot be established, but he and Kubizek could not have seen Mahler together, since Mahler’s last performance, before leaving to take up his appointment at the New York Metropolitan Opera, was on 15 October 1907, five months before Kubizek’s arrival in Vienna (Jones, 40, 48; Maser, Hitler, 264; Hamann, 44, 94–5). 111. Kubizek, 196. Hitler’s sister Paula claimed to remember him seeing Götterdämmerung thirteen times even while still in Linz (NA, NND-881077, 4). Hitler himself said he had seen Tristan (which he thought Wagner’s greatest opera) ‘thirty to forty times’ during his years in Vienna (Monologe, 224, 294 (24–5 January 1942, 22–3 February 1942)). 112. Kubizek, 195. 114. Jenks, 202; and see Hamann, 89–95. 115. Kubizek, 195 (trans., Young Hitler, 140). 116. Monologe, 234 (25–6 January 1942; trans., Table Talk, 251). 117. A point made by Joachim Fest, Hitler. Eine Biographie, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1976 edn, 75. 118. Heiden, Der Führer, 52–3. 119. For an overdrawn depiction of Hitler as a self-styled Wagnerian hero, see Köhler, esp. ch.13; and also Waite, 99–113. 120. See Carr, 155; Waite, 184–6. 121. Without him, it has been rightly said, the reduction of politics in the Third Reich to drama and pageantry would be difficult to imagine (Fest, 74–7). It is nevertheless a gross oversimplification and distortion to reduce the Third Reich to the outcome of Hitler’s alleged mission to fulfil Wagner’s vision, as does Köhler, in Wagners Hitler. 122. Kubizek, 162, 238. 130. See Hamann, 519–21. 131. Hanisch, 297. 132. Cited Waite, 51 (‘Eine Frau muß ein niedliches, molliges, Tschapperl sein: weich, süß und dumm’). 133. MK, 44 (trans., MK Watt, 39). 134. Kubizek, 231. 135. Maser, Hitler, 527–9. 136. Heiden, Der Führer, 63–4, makes this point. 137. The evidence that Hitler had only one testicle depends solely upon the Russian autopsy evidence (Lev Bezymenski, The Death of Adolf Hitler, London, 1968, 46, 49). This stands diametrically contradicted by several detailed medical examinations carried out at different times by his doctors, who were adamant that his sexual organs were quite normal. In a critical review in the Sunday Times, 29 September 1968, Hugh Trevor-Roper gave cogent reasons for scepticism about the general reliability of Bezymenski’s report. Maser, Hitler, 527–9, summarizes the medical examinations of Hitler by his own doctors and raises the possibility that the body on which the Soviet autopsy was performed may not have been that of Hitler. Waite, 150–62, accepts the dubious evidence of monorchism and builds it into an elaborate explanation of Hitler’s psychological abnormalities. Binion, in his biting review of Waite, Journal of Psychohistory, 5 (1977), 296–7, is more properly sceptical, coming down – as the weight and nature of the testimony surely demands – in favour of the several examinations of Hitler while he was alive, none of which indicated any genital abnormality. 138. Greiner, 54–67; Fest, 63, repeats the Greiner story and regards it as a plausible cause of Hitler’s antisemitism. For reasons why Greiner’s book should be totally discounted as worthwhile evidence, see Waite, 427–32. 139. See Schorske, chs.1, 5. 140. Jenks, 123–5; Jones, 72–9; Hamann, 519–22. 141. Jones, 73; Kubizek, 158–9. 142. Kubizek, 237. 144. Kubizek, 237. 145. Kubizek, 237. 146. Kubizek, 239. Later rumours that he had himself been infected with syphilis by a Jewish prostitute were without foundation. Medical tests in 1940 showed that Hitler had not suffered from syphilis. (See Maser, Hitler, 308, 377, 528). 147. Kubizek, 235–6. 148. MK, 63. Reliable figures on the extremely large numbers of prostitutes in Vienna at the time are unobtainable. That prostitution was run by Jews was a standard weapon of the antisemites’ armoury. As always, it was a gross distortion. But to combat such allegations, the Jewish community itself supported and publicized attempts to break the criminal trade, in which some eastern Jews were involved, in importing young Jewish girls from poverty-stricken backgrounds in eastern Europe to Vienna’s brothels. (See Hamann, 477–9, 521–2.) 149. Hitler’s juvenile entry to the adult part of the Linz waxworks (see Monologe, 190) can doubtless be attributed to normal adolescent curiosity. 150. Kubizek, 233–5, 2.37; and see Waite, 241. 151. See Kubizek, 170–71, where it was said that he was ‘almost pathologically sensitive about anything concerning the body’, and ‘disliked any physical contact with people’ (trans., Young Hitler, 116–17). 152. See the references in ch.1, n.63. 153. Much goes back to ΝA, The Hitler Source Book, the OSS wartime compilation, and the book substantially based upon it, Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler, Pan Books edn, London, 1974, esp. 134, 165ff. The sensationalism of David Lewis, The Secret Life of Adolf Hitler,London, 1977, rests in good measure on the same material and adds little or nothing. Waite (237–43) infers that the perversion existed but accepts (239) that the ‘shreds of evidence’ are ‘insufficient in themselves’ to support such a conclusion. Based mainly on Langer and Waite, Jones, 91–4, 308, describes the same perversions (though they contribute nothing to his account of Hitler in the Vienna years). Hitler’s erstwhile comrade, later bitter enemy, Otto Strasser was a source of some of the stories. 154. MK, 20. 155. MK, 17 (trans., MK Watt, 17). 156. Hamann, 58, 85; Maser, Hitler, 81; Smith, 108; Jetzinger, 172, 180–83. For further attempts to estimate Hitler’s financial position at this time, see Smith, 112; Toland, 29, from NA, The Hitler Source Book, 925–6, interview with William Patrick Hitler; and Jones, 300–301 n.35. Hitler claimed in 1921 that he had had only 80 Kronen on him when he went to Vienna (Letter of 29 November 1921, in IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), reproduced in Joachimsthaler, 92. 157. Kubizek, 156 (trans., Young Hitler, 101). 158. Kubizek, 158. 159. Kubizek, 157, 160, 162, 170, 223, 247, 258 for descriptions of the room and surroundings. 160. Kubizek, 161. 161. Kubizek, 157, 161–2, 178, 273 (for eating and drinking habits). 162. Kubizek, 178. According to one account, he did smoke very occasionally when in the Men’s Home (Honisch testimony in HA, Reel 1,File 17 (IfZ, MA-731), printed in Joachimsthaler, 58). Hitler himself much later claimed to have smoked, when down and out in Vienna, between twenty-four and forty cigarettes a day, before realizing how foolish this was when he had no money for food. It has the ring of a moralistic homily rather than a true story. (Monologe, 317, 11–12 March 1942). 163. Kubizek, 192. 164. Kubizek, 193. 165. Smith reckoned (119) that Hitler’s monthly expenditure was in the region of 80–90 Kronen, meaning that his savings were falling by around 60 Kronen a month. The basis of his reckoning is not, however, given. 166. Monologe, 294 (22–3 February 1942). 167. Kubizek, 192–3. 170. Kubizek, 272–8. 171. Kubizek, 256–61. 172. Smith, 121. Two of his relatives told the NSDAΡ-Hauptarchiv in 1938 that they had last seen Hitler in the Waldviertel in 1907 (Binion, ‘Foam’, 523). The Kubizek postcards seem, however, to confirm that he paid a visit there in August 1908 (Kubizek, 260–61; Jetzinger, 204–6). 173. Kubizek, 261–2. 174. Jetzinger, 218; Smith, 122. 175. Heiden, 49. 176. Smith, 122. Hitler’s shame at his failure was lasting. In 1912, according to the account of an anonymous co-resident of the Men’s Home, he said that he had completed a few semesters at the Academy of Fine Arts but then had left because he had been too involved in student political organizations and because he did not have the means for further study (Anonymous, ‘My Friend Hitler’, 10 – see below, n.253, for full reference). If the account is accurate, then Hitler was already a practised liar. 177. See Smith, 8–9. 178. Kubizek, 246. See Jetzinger, 210–11 on the worker demonstration Kubizek allegedly witnessed with Hitler, and 210–14 on criticism of other parts of Kubizek’s account of Hitler’s political views at this time. The ‘pacifism’ might have been Kubizek’s garbled version of Hitler’s dislike of the Habsburg army and the annexation of Bosnia in 1908. 179. At the end of his lengthy contemptuous description in Mein Kampf (MK, 80–100), Hitler claimed (100) that he had attended the Vienna parliament for two years. 180. Kubizek, 249. 181. MK, 135 (trans., MK Watt, 113). 182. See MK, 14. 183. MK, ch.3. 184. MK, 59. In his letter to the anonymous ‘Herr Doktor’ of 29 November 1921 (IfZ, MA-731 (= HA Reel 1), repr. in Joachimsthaler, 92) Hitler wrote that he ‘became an antisemite in scarcely a year’ after arriving in Vienna. However, the letter contains numerous chronological inaccuracies. It would be unwise to accept the dating literally, as do Waite, 187 and Marlis Steinert, Hitler, Munich, 1994, 50. Smith, 148 is rightly sceptical that Hitler’s ‘conversion’ took place in 1908, during the time he was mainly with Kubizek. 185. Kubizek, 251. 186. He was resident there from 18 November 1908 to 22 August 1909 (Smith, 122–3, 126). 187. Testimony of Marie Fellinger (née Rinke), IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), part of the recollections of Marie Fellinger and Maria Wohlrab (née Kubata) about Hitler in Vienna, collected for the party’s archive on 11 June 1940. These relate to Hitler’s frequenting of ‘Kaffee Kubata’, owned by Frau Wohlrab between 1912 and 1919, where Marie Fellinger had been an assistant. The café was in the vicinity of Felberstraße, but Hitler had long been departed from that area when Frau Wohlrab took over its running. She claimed to recall a lady-friend of Hitler – ‘Dolferl’ as she called him – by the name of Wetti or Pepi calling in the café to tell her that he was leaving for Germany and Hitler bidding her, Frau Wohlrab, a gracious farewell, saying he did not expect to return to Austria. It seems highly unlikely that Hitler would, in 1913, have been frequenting a little café in the south of the city when he had for three years been living in Brigittenau, in the north. The whole tale sounds like a fabrication. Jones, 133, 271, 283, 344 n.92 accepts the story as valid (and turns Hitler’s supposed lady friend into a man). See Joachimsthaler, 20, 161. 188. E.g. Smith, 148; implied in Jones, 135–8, and Fest, Hitler, 59–65; this timing is central to the argument of Wilfried Daim, Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab, Vienna/Cologne/Graz, 1985. 189. The magazine claimed a circulation for itself of 100,000, and was apparently well known in student circles. However, it may be doubted that the circulation was anything so wide as Lanz claimed. (See Daim, 47, 127.) 190. Daim, 48; and see Hamann, 308–19. 191. Hamann, 293–308, here 293, 299, 303–5. 192. Hamann, 300–303. 193. Hamann, 309. 194. Daim, 48–207, describes at length Lanz and his extraordinary ideas. See also Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism, Wellingborough, 1985, 90–105. 195. Daim, 25. 196. The title of Daim’s book. 197. See e.g. Fest, 59–60; Steinert, 56, 109; Hamann, 317. 198. MK, 59–60 (trans., MK Watt, 52). 199. See Daim, 190–207, for illustration of the point in the dissection of Lanz’s crackpot ideology. Issue Nr 25 of O stara (July 1908) did have a section on ‘the solution of the Jewish Question’, within an essay on ‘Aryanism and its Enemies’, but was prepared even to state (7) that ‘not all Jews are naturally hostile to aryanism’ and that, consequently, ‘not all Jews should be lumped into one pot’. Issue Nr 26, ‘Introduction to Racial Knowledge’, contains nothing specifically on the ‘Jewish Question’, and is largely devoted to evaluation of skull types, etc. I am grateful to Gerald Fleming for supplying me with these two issues of Ostara. 200. Daim, 25–6, 269–70 n.8. 201. A point made by Rudolph Binion, in the symposium following his paper, ‘Hitler’s Concept of Lebensraum’, History of Childhood Quarterly, 1 (1973), 251. The suspicion must be that the obscure occultist Lanz was keen to establish his own place in history as ‘the man who gave Hitler his ideas’. Compared with his apparently clear memory of the young Hitler, it is striking that Lanz could not remember the name of a journalist he also allegedly influenced, who was with Hitler in Landsberg after the putsch (Daim, 270 n.8). On the other hand, he claimed to have met Lenin, who had allegedly studied his ideas and approved of them (Daim, 110–11). Evidently, Lanz was keen to assert an influence for his ideas on important historical figures. 202. Daim, 36–7, 274–5 n·39· 203. Daim, 40, 275 n.42; Hamann, 318, for the absence of any provable ban on Lanz’s works during the Third Reich. 204. As pointed out by George Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology, London, 1966, 295. 205. Binion, ‘Hitler’s Concept of Lebensraum’, symposium, 251. 206. See Hamann, 318–19. 207. Cit. Hamann, 318. 208. Address registration: IfZ, MA-731 (HA, Reel 1); Smith, 126; Hamann, 206. 209. Smith, 127; Hamann, 206. It was three months before he resurfaced in the police records. There is no first-hand account of his activities in this period. 210. Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn (eds.), Hitler. Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924, Stuttgart, 1980 (= JK), 55 (letter to the Magistrat der Stadt Linz of 21 January 1914). Hitler went on to claim that he had no income whatsoever when down and out. He was, in fact, still in receipt of his orphan’s pension until 1911 (Jetzinger, 220). 211. Hitler later spoke of living on milk and dry bread in this period, and not having a warm meal ‘for months’ (Monologe, 317 (11–12 March 1942)). 212. Heiden, Der Führer, 50; Jetzinger, 219; Smith, 127. 213. Hanisch, 239. 214. Heiden, Der Führer, 50; Smith, 127 n.33; Joachimsthaler, 48–9, who also points out that Hitler by this time had no money to rent a furnished room; Hamann, 206–8, notes that the publicity given by the Nazis after the Anschluß to this one address at which Hitler was supposed to have lived in Vienna may well have been consciously intended to obscure any investigation of his time in the city. 215. Joachimsthaler, 49, 51 (Hanisch’s testimony), for Hitler’s appearance. For conditions in such hostels, and the life of down-and-outs in Vienna at that time, see Heiden, Der Führer, 60; Jenks, 31–9; Jones, 157–61; Hamann, 222–5. For Hitler, who had always been punctilious about personal hygiene and fearful of infection, the squalor must have been hard to take, and almost certainly contributed to his later cleanliness fetishism. In Mein Kampf he wrote: ‘Even today it fills me with horror when I think of those wretched caverns, the lodging houses and tenements, sordid scenes of garbage, repulsive filth, and worse’ (MK, 28 (trans., MK Watt, 26–7)). 216. See MK, 22. 217. Reinhold Hanisch, ‘Meine Begegnung mit Hitler!’, H A, Reel 3, File 64 (two-page account from 1933, reproduced in Joachimsthaler, 49–50); Reinhold Hanisch, ‘I Was Hitler’s Buddy’, 3 parts, New Republic, 5, 12, 19 April 1939, 239–42, 270–72, 297–300. The lengthier version published only in English in New Republic appeared two years after Hanisch’s death. The following passages are based on these descriptions, which, despite different length, correspond closely with each other. (See Smith, 161ff., and Hamann, 265–71, for Hanisch as a source and the context within which his accounts were written. Biographical details on Hanisch are provided by Joachimsthaler, 268 n.115. Hanisch was an important source for Heiden’s early biography. See Heiden, Der Führer, 51ff.) 218. Joachimsthaler, 268. Hitler told the police in 1910 that he had met Hanisch in the Asyl in Meidling, and that he had only ever known him as Fritz Walter (Jetzinger, 224). 219. See Smith, 129 n.39 for acceptance of Hanisch’s story of how he met Hitler, despite doubts raised by police records. 220. HA, Reel 3, File 64 (printed in Joachimsthaler, 49); Hanisch, 240; Heiden, Der Führer, 51. Hanisch found work again in domestic service on 21 December 1909 (Joachimsthaler, 268 n.115). 221. Hanisch, 240; Heiden, Der Führer, 51; and see Smith, 130–31 and n.41. 222. See Kubizek, 183–5. 223. According to Hanisch, he did contemplate digging ditches, but was dissuaded from the idea on the grounds that it was ‘difficult to climb up’ once started upon such a job (Hanisch, 240). 224. Joachimsthaler, 70. 225. MK, 40–42. In his 1921 account (IfZ, MA-731, repr. in Joachimsthaler, 92), Hitler claimed he was working as a labourer on a building site before he was eighteen years old. That was before he had even gone to live in Vienna. 226. Hanisch, 240. 227. See Hamann, 208–11. The suspicion voiced by Heiden, Der Führer, 60, that it might even have been ‘copied… with small changes’ from the autobiography of the first leader of the Nazi Party, Anton Drexler, Mein politisches Erwachen, Munich, 1919, seems baseless. None of Drexler’s text bears close comparison. 228. Smith, 131–2; Jetzinger, 223; Hamann, 227. Hanisch’s presumption (HA, 3/64; New Republic, 5 April 1939, 240) that Hitler had written to his sister and received the money from her was most probably incorrect. 229. Hanisch (HA, 3/64; New Republic, 5 April 1939, 240) stated that Hitler purchased the overcoat at Christmas 1909. In his account in the NSDAP-Hauptarchiv, he then inaccurately remarked that Hitler lived ‘from now on’ in the Men’s Home in Meldemannstraße. In the later New Republicarticle, he more correctly states that Hitler subsequently moved to Meldemannstraße (where he lived from 9 February 1910) (Hamann, 227). 230. Hanisch, 242; Heiden, Hitler, 15; Heiden, Der Führer, 61; Smith, 136. 231. Hanisch, 241. Hanisch was registered on 11 February 1910 at an address in Herzstraße in the Favoriten district. He claimed (240) that he also moved into the Men’s Home in Meldemannstraße. There is no record of him living in there at that time, though he certainly frequented it, and was indeed later resident, from November 1912 to March 1913, living under his pseudonym of Friedrich Walter (Joachimsthaler, 268 n.115; Hamann, 542). 232. Hanisch, HA, 3/64 and New Republic, 5 April 1939, 241; and Karl Honisch, ‘Wie ich im Jahre 1913 Adolf Hitler kennen lernte’, HA, Reel 1, File 17, printed, with some minor inaccuracies, in Joachimsthaler, 50–55; though this latter description relates to 1913, there is little doubt that it was the same in 1910. See also Smith, 132–3; Jenks, 26–8; Hamann, 229–34. 233. Hanisch, 272. 234. Hanisch, 241, 271–2. See Joachimsthaler, 67–9, 270 n.161; Smith, 137–8; Hamann, 499–500. 235. Hanisch, HA, 3/64, and New Republic, 5 April 1939, 240–41; Honisch, HA, 1/17; Smith, 135–6. Joachimsthaler, 58–76, deals with Hitler’s pictures, and forgeries of them, including some by Hanisch (58–61). See also Hamann, 234–7. 236. Hanisch, HA, 3/64, and New Republic, 5 April 1939, 241–2. See also Smith, 137–40. 237. Hanisch, 297. And see Smith, 139. 238. Hanisch, HA, 3/64. For Karl Hermann Wolf, see Hamann, 375–93. About this time, too, according to Hanisch’s account (also in New Republic, 5 April 1939, 242), Hitler was impressed by a silent film called The Tunnel, based on a novel by Bernhard Kellermann, in which the masses were stirred by a demagogue. Though he was said much later to have referred approvingly to the film (see Albert Speer, Spandau. The Secret Diaries, Fontana edn, London, 1977, 328), Hitler certainly did not see it during his time in Vienna. The film was only completed in 1915 (Hamann, 238, 605 n.20). 239. Hanisch, 241–2. 240. HA, 3/64; New Republic, 12 April 1939, 271; Smith, 136–7. 241. Hanisch, 241, 271–2, 297–8. See also Smith, 137, 139. 242. HA, 3/64; New Republic, 5 April 1939, 241; 19 April 1939, 298–9; Smith, 140. 243. Hanisch, 299. 244. Hanisch, 241. 245. See Joachimsthaler, 69; Smith, 138. Speculation – it can be no more – on a possible visit to the Waldviertel is made by Hamann, 245. 246. Smith, 137; this is one story that Hanisch and Greiner (39–42) have in common, and which has been taken to demonstrate that Greiner, for all his inaccuracies and fabrications, did indeed know Hitler in the Men’s Home, and was almost certainly writing without any knowledge of Hanisch’s account. (See Smith, 165–6.) Other anecdotes about Hitler in the Men’s Home where Greiner overlaps with Hanisch – the poor state of Hitler’s clothing, his support of the Schönerer movement, the disturbances caused by his verbal aggression towards Social Democracy – may also, therefore, be based on reality, unlike some of his wilder flights of fantasy. The most likely explanation is, however, that Greiner had come to know Hanisch, or at least to hear some of the stories he was putting round, in Vienna in the 1930s, and opportunistically embellished them for his own purposes. 247. Hanisch, 298–9; on Hanisch’s later forgeries of Hitler paintings, Joachimsthaler, 59–61; Smith, 140; Heiden, 61–3; Hamann, 265–71. 248. Honisch, in HA, 17/1 (printed in Joachimsthaler, 54, 58). 249. When Hanisch had asked in 1909 about his future aims, Hitler had confessed that he did not know what they were (Hanisch, 240). 250. Honisch, HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 55). 251. See Christa Schroeder, Er war mein Chef, 134. 252. HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 55, 57–8); Smith, 141–2; Br.Anon. (Hamann, 541). 253. Anonymous, ‘Muj Prítel Hitler’ (‘My Friend Hitler’), Moravsky ilustrovanyzpravodaj, 40 (1935), 10–11 (in Czech). I am grateful to Neil Bermel for providing me with a translation. 254. Hanisch, 242, 272. 256. Jetzinger, 230–32; Smith, 143. 257. Jetzinger, 231. 258. Jetzinger, 226–7; Smith, 143. 259. Marckhgott, 273, 275–6; Hamann, 250–51. 260. Hamann, 251. 261. Smith, 9. 262. Smith, 140–41; Honisch, HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 54–5). Hitler was disparaging about his own paintings – though proud of his architectural drawings – when speaking to his photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, in 1944, commenting that it was ‘madness’ to pay such high prices as they were fetching. He added that he had in Vienna around 1910 never received more than about (the equivalent of) 12 Reich Marks for a picture. He had painted, he said, only to earn a bare living and so that he ‘could study’. He had not wanted to become an artist, he somewhat disingenuously claimed (omitting the fact that this had been a very real ambition in 1907–8) (Schroeder, 134). 263. Honisch, HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 54). 264. MK, 35 (trans., MK Watt, 32). And see Honisch, HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 54)· 265. Above based on Honisch’s testimony, in HA, 17/1 (Joachimsthaler, 54–7). 266. See MK, 117–21, for Hitler’s attitude towards the Churches, and recognition of Schönerer’s mistakes. For the lack of influence on Hitler of the National Socialist movement which had emerged in Bohemia in 1904, see Smith, 146–7. 267. MK, 40–42. 268. Greiner, 43–4. 269. Franz Stein, born in Vienna in 1869 in humble circumstances, was a fervent Schönerer admirer whose raucous agitation was directed at winning German-speaking workers in the industrialized region of northern Bohemia to a national, German, socialism. See Hamann, 354–75, here 367, and ch.9 for anti-Czech feeling. The growth of anti-Czech nationalist feelings among workers is dealt with by Andrew Whiteside, Austrian National Socialism before 1918, The Hague, 1962, ch.4. 270. See Heiden, Der Führer, 53. 271. MK, 30 (trans., MK Watt, 28). 272. MK, 22 (trans., MK Watt, 21). 273. MK, 40 (trans., MK Watt, 36). 274. See Kubizek, 30 (trousers under the bed to obtain correct creases); 156 (appearance when he meets Kubizek); 170 (anxious to keep clothes and underclothes spotlessly clean). 275. See Heiden, Der Führer, 60; the point is also made by Alan Bullock, Hitler. A Study in Tyranny, Harmondsworth, 1962 edn, 36. 276. MK, 22 (trans., MK Watt, 21–2). 277. MK, 24 (trans., MK Watt, 23). 278. MK, 43. 279. MK, 46 (trans., MK Watt, 41). 280. See Joachimsthaler, 45, and his comment: ‘That Hitler already put forward in Vienna his political arguments of 1920/21 is not credible.’ 281. MK, 55–9 (trans., MK Watt, 48–51). In his letter to the anonymous ‘Herr Doktor’ of 29 November 1921, Hitler wrote of his ‘conversion’: ‘Coming from a family more attuned to more cosmopolitan (weltbürgerlich) views, I became an antisemite in scarcely a year through the school of hard reality’ (IfZ, MA-731 (HA, Reel 1), repr. in Joachimsthaler, 92). 282. MK, 59 (trans., MK Watt, 52). 283. MK, 60 (trans., MK Watt, 52). 284. MK, 61. 285. MK, 64 (trans., MK Watt, 56). 286. MK, 65–6. Hitler singled out the names of four Jewish leaders of the working class: Viktor Adler, Friedrich Austerlitz, Wilhelm Ellenbogen, and Anton David. The first three were frequently linked together in the attacks of Viennese antisemites; the fourth played a leading role in worker demonstrations against inflation in 1911 (Hamann, 258–9). 287. MK, 66 (trans., MK Watt, 57). 288. MK, 69. 289. Kubizek, 94. 290. Kubizek, 62 (aversion to Jewish students in the Mensa); 249–50 (Jewish journalist). 291. Kubizek, 250–51. Kubizek’s story was probably based on Hitler’s own account in Mein Kampf (59). And see Jetzinger’s criticism of Kubizek’s account (214). 292. Hamann, 83. 293. See Hamann, 82–3. 294. Hamann, 22. 295. Hamann, 28–9. Hitler (MK, 55) claimed he was not antisemitic in Linz. Stronger emphasis is placed on antisemitism in Hitler’s school in Linz, and on support in the school and town for the antisemitic programme of Schönerer, by Friedrich Heer, Der Glaube des Adolf Hitler,Munich/Eßlingen, 1968, 25, 72; Friedrich Heer, Gottes erste Liebe, Munich/Eßlingen, 1967, 355. But Bukey, 8–9, also implies that antisemitism in Linz, while widespread and pernicious, was far less significant than anti-Czech feeling. 296. Albert Speer, Erinnerungen, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 1969, 112; Hamann, 29–30. To Goebbels, too, Hitler spoke of Vienna as the place where he first became an antisemite (Tb Reuth, iii. 1334 (17 October 1939)). 297. See Hamann, 344–7, for Schönerer’s racial antisemitism. 298. IfZ, MA-731 (HA, Reel 1), ‘Notizen für Kartei’ of 8 December 1938, refers to Bloch receiving two cards, one a nicely painted one with New Year greeting (presumably 1908), and ‘cordial thanks’ (‘herzlichem Dank’). They were confiscated by the Gestapo in March 1938. Bloch, 69–70, refers to the cards in his own account. See also Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 19. 299. MK, 59. 300. Daim, 25–6, 270. 301. MK, 59–60. 304. Hanisch, 271–2, 299. And see Hamann, 242, 246–7, 498. 305. Smith, 149. 306. Anonymous, ‘My Friend Hitler’, 11. 307. Hanisch, 272. 308. Greiner, 75–82. Greiner (79) claimed Hitler brought his antisemitism with him from Linz. 309. Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 2, 19; Binion, ‘Hitler’s Concept of Lebensraum’, 201–2. 310. See Binion, ‘Hitler’s Concept of Lebensraum’, 189; Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 2. Joachimsthaler, 44, sees no significant hatred of the Jews in Hitler before as late as June 1919. 311. See MK, 71 for the implication that his unchanging political philosophy had been formed before entry into politics at the age of thirty. 312. Jones, 129. On the menacing anti-Jewish atmosphere in Vienna, see Hamann, 472–82. 313. Pulzer, 202. 314. Jenks, 127–33. 315. Hitler later claimed to have ‘intensively studied’ Theodor Fritsch’s Handbuch der Judenfrage as a young man in Vienna (Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen. Februar 1925, bis Januar 1933, Munich etc., 1992- (= RSA), IV/1, 133). 316. Carr, 123; Waite, 188. 317. Langer, 187. And see Carr, 121–2. 318. See Fest, Hitler, 65. 319. Hanisch, 272. Hitler referred in Mein Kampf (61) to ‘the smell of these caftan-wearers’. 320. After the war, Hitler’s sister, Paula, thought it ‘possible that the hard years during his youth in Vienna caused his anti-Jewish attitude. He was starving severely in Vienna and he believed that his failure in painting was only due to the fact that trade in works of art was in Jewish hands.’ This seems, however, merely a surmise on her part; there is no evidence that Hitler gave her such an explanation (NA, NND-881077). 321. Hanisch, 272. 331. Smith, 150–51. 332. Jetzinger, 250. 333. Joachimsthaler, 15, 257–8. He established the fact, previously unknown, that Hitler’s travelling companion was Häusler. See especially on Häusler, Hamann, 566–8. 334. MK, 137. CHAPTER 3: ELATION AND EMBITTERMENT 1. The title of ch.4 of Ralf Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany, London, 1968. 2. The thesis of Germany’s ‘special path’ (Sonderweg) to modernity found classical expression in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918, Göttingen, 1973. The clash of traditional and modern values and social structures as the framework for Hitler’s rise was advanced by Ernst Bloch, ‘Der Faschismus als Erscheinungsform der Ungleichzeitigkeit’, in Ernst Nolte (ed.), Theorien über den Faschismus, 6th edn, Königstein/Ts., 1984, 182–204. 3. The possibilities are outlined most prominently in Manfred Rauh, Die Parlamentarisierung des deutschen Reiches, Düsseldorf, 1977, esp. here 13–14, 363–5; the openness of the future development of the Kaiserreich is emphasized by Thomas Nipperdey,Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918,vol.ii, Munich, 1992, 755–7, 890–93. The rejection of the ‘Sonderweg’ interpretation is most plainly evident in Nipperdey’s comment (891), that ‘the history of the Reich from 1871 to 1914 is a history of common European normality’. 4. The argument is most powerfully adduced by Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1849–1914, Munich, 1995, esp. 460–86, 1279–95, restated briefly and pointedly in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, ‘Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, sozialer Wandel, politische Stagnation: Das Deutsche Kaiserreich am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkriegs’, in Simone Lässig and Karl Heinrich Pohl (eds.), Sachsen im Kaiserreich, Dresden, 1997, 301–8. 5. Nipperdey’s massive two-volume study of Imperial Germany ends with the comment: ‘The basic colours of history are not black and white, their basic pattern not the contrast of a chess-board; the basic colour of history is grey, in endless variations’ (Nipperdey, ii.905). 6. This was implicit in Gerhard Ritter’s comment that it was ‘almost unbearable’ to think how ‘the will of a single madman’ had driven Germany into the Second World War (Gerhard Ritter, Das deutsche Problem. Grundfragen deutschen Staatslebens gestern und heute, Munich, 1962, 198). The use of the ‘works accident’ metaphor to describe Hitler as an unpredictable and sharp break in the continuity of German history is analysed by Jürgen Steinle, ‘Hitler als “Betriebsunfall in der Geschichte”’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 45 (1994), 288–302. Eberhard Jäckel reverses the usual argument in insisting that Hitler was, indeed, the equivalent of a nuclear accident in society (Jäckel, Das deutsche Jahrhundert, ch.4, 153–82, and ‘L’arrivée d’Hitler au pouvoir: un Tschernobyl de l’histoire’, in Gilbert Krebs and Gérard Schneilin, Weimar ou de la Démocratie en Allemagne, Paris, 1994, 345–58). I had used precisely the same metaphor in The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 215–16, but emphasized – a point Jäckel included in his argument – that a nuclear accident did not occur without structural systemic causes as well as human errors and miscalculations. 7. See Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right, New Haven/London, 1980, ch.10. 8. The title of George Mosse’s book, The Nationalisation of the Masses, New York, 1975. 9. Nipperdey, ii.265; see also Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918, vol.i, Munich, 1990, 599–600 for nationalist academics. 10. Cit. Pulzer, 242. 11. See Lothar Kettenacker, ‘Der Mythos vom Reich’, in K. H. Bohrer (ed.), Mythos and Moderne, Frankfurt am Main, 1983, 261–89. 12. Mosse, Nationalisation, 62–3 and pl. 9; Nipperdey, i.739, ii·599· 13. MK, 180. For the monuments, see Nipperdey, i.738–41, ii.261. 14. Mosse, 36–7; Nipperdey, ii.599. 15. Elisabeth Fehrenbach, ‘Images of Kaiserdom: German attitudes to Kaiser Wilhelm II’, in John C.G. Röhl and Nicolaus Sombart (eds.), Kaiser Wilhelm II. New Interpretations, Cambridge, 1982, 269–85, here 276. 16. Nipperdey, ii.289; Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, vol.iv, Oxford, 1985, 23–4, 31, 83ff. 17. See Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair, Berkeley, 1961; George Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology, pts. I—11 ; and – specifically for Paul de Lagarde’s influence – Nipperdey, i.825–6. 18. Nipperdey, ii.256. 20. Pulzer, 236 (citing August Julius Langbehn). 21. See Nipperdey, ii.290. 22. Nipperdey, ii.299, 305; Mosse, Crisis, esp. 93–7, 112. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, born in England but an avid Germanophile, became a German citizen, married Richard Wagner’s daughter, and developed his racist theories within the Wagner circle at Bayreuth. He saw history as racial struggle, with the German race representing good and the Jewish race evil. He was full of praise for Hitler, who visited him shortly before his death in 1927. Theodor Fritsch was one of the most vitriolic early antisemitic writers and founder of the radical racist ‘Hammerbund’ to propagate his ideas, which linked racism to vehement opposition to urbanism and industrialization. He died, aged seventy-nine and much honoured by the Nazis, in 1933. 23. Jeremy Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics: the Background to the Nazi Sterilisation Law of 14 July 1933’, in R.J. Bullen, H. Pogge von Strandmann and A.B. Polonsky (eds.), Ideas into Politics, London/Sydney, 1984, 79–80. 24. The title of the popular novel by Hans Grimm, Volk ohne Kaum, Munich, 1926. 25. On the development of the dual forms of expansionist idea, see Woodruff D. Smith, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism, New York/Oxford, 1986. 26. Nipperdey, ii.601. 27. Eley, Reshaping, 218–23. Eley (230–31) notes that the Imperial League against Social Democracy put out close on 50 million pamphlets and leaflets between 1904 and 1914 attacking the Social Democrats. 28. Nipperdey, ii.601; Roger Chickering, We Men Who Feel Most German. A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914, London, 1984, 191. 29. Nipperdey, ii.602–9; Chickering, esp. chs.4, 6; Eley, Reshaping, 337–43. 30. Nipperdey, ii.607–8. 31. Daniel Frymann (Heinrich Gaß), Wenn ich der Kaiser wär!, 5th edn, Leipzig, 1914, 227. 32. See Axel Schildt, ‘Radikale Antworten von rechts auf die Kulturkrise der Jahrhundertwende’, Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung, 4 (1995), 63–87. 33. See Geoff Eley, ‘The German Right, 1860–1945: How it Changed’, in his essay collection, From Unification to Nazism, London, 1986, 231–53, and his subsequent article along similar lines, ‘Conservatives and radical nationalists in Germany: the production of fascist potentials, 1912–1928’, in Martin Blinkhorn (ed.), Fascists and Conservatives. The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe, London, 1990, 50–70. 34. Wilhelm II, born in Potsdam on 27 January 1859, became German Emperor and King of Prussia in 1888. His childish immaturity, extreme restlessness, imperious and explosive temperament, unbridled arrogance, intolerance of the slightest opposition, gross exaggeration of his own abilities, and obsessive hatreds – scarcely less violent than Hitler’s – were unmistakable indicators of personality disturbances in the man who ruled Germany for thirty years. He was to die in exile at Doom in Holland on 4 June 1941. See John C.G. Röhl, ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II. Eine Charakterskizze’, in his Kaiser, Hof und Staat, Munich, 1987, 17–34; and his major study, Wilhelm II. Die Jugend des Kaisers 1859–1888, Munich, 1993, where the birth trauma and withered left arm are strongly emphasized as contributory factors to the ‘disturbed character-formation of the last German Emperor’ (38). 35. MK, 138 and (139) ‘I achieved the happiness of a truly inward contentment’ (trans., MK Watt, 116–17). 36. MK, 138. 37. MK, 135–6 (trans., MK Watt, 113). 38. MK, 179 (trans., MK Watt, 150). In the Reichshandbuch der deutschen Gesellschaft, vol.i, Berlin, n.d. (1931?), 771, Hitler’s entry – misleading both as to date and motive – stated: ‘In spring 1912 he moved to Munich in order to have a greater, more promising, field for his political activity.’ Also cited in Fest, i.91. 39. MK, 139 (trans., MK Watt, 117). 40. Cit. Max Spindler, Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte, vol.iv, pt.2, Munich, 1975, 1195. Lovis Corinth (1858–1925), though he came from East Prussia, made his mark in Munich during the 1890s as part of a group of progressive Munich artists who formed the Münchner Sezession and was in his early period one of the leading exponents of Jugendstil. See Spindler, iv.1196. Also Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, vol.2, Munich etc., 1995, 373. The artistic and literary scene in Munich at the turn of the century is fully described in the Introduction and ch.1 of David Clay Large, Where Ghosts Walked. Munich’s Road to the Third Reich, New York, 1997. 41. MK, 139. Hitler claimed, too, that the Bavarian dialect had affinities for him – presumably a glamorized reference to the short time as a child that he had lived in Passau in Lower Bavaria (MK, 135, 138). His memories of Passau could not have been extensive. He had left around his sixth birthday, having lived there for only just over two and a half years (Jetzinger, 58, 64, 66; Smith, 53, 55). 42. MK, 139. 43. Monologe, 201 (15–16 January 1942). 44. Heinz A. Heinz, Germany’s Hitler, London (1934), 2nd edn, 1938, 49. This account, written to portray Hitler, soon after his takeover of power, in the best possible light to an English readership, evidently draws in this passage on Mein Kampf (including giving the date of 1912 for the move to Munich). There is, however, no reason to doubt Hitler’s admiration for the splendour of Munich’s buildings. 45. Monologe, 400 (13 June 1943). 46. See, for the grandiose rebuilding plans for Munich, Hans-Peter Rasp, ‘Bauten und Bauplanung für die “Hauptstadt der Bewegung”’, in München – ‘Hauptstadt der Bewegung’, ed. Münchner Stadtmuseum, Munich, 1993, 294–309. 47. MK, 136. 48. Heinz, 56 – the glowing account, given in the 1930s, of his landlady, Frau Popp (who repeated the incorrect date of 1912, as given in Mein Kampf, for his arrival). On his police registration form in Munich, Hitler described himself as a painter (Kunstmaler)(Joachimsthaler, 17, 32). 49. JK, 54, written as ‘Architektur Maler’; Werner Maser, Hitlers Briefe und Notizen, Düsseldorf, 1988, 40; Jetzinger, 262. 50. IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), repr. in Joachimsthaler, 91–2. 51. Der Hitler-Prozeß 1924. Wortlaut der Hauptverhandlung vor dem Volksgericht München I, Teil 1, ed. Lothar Gruchmann and Reinhard Weber, assisted by Otto Gritschneder, Munich, 1997, 19; JK, 1062. The wording given by Joachimsthaler, 31, based uponDer Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München, Munich, 1924, deviates in places from the authentic text. 52. Monologe, 115 (29 October 1941). The translation in Hitler’s Table Talk, 97–8 is incomplete and, as often, somewhat too loosely rendered. 53. Heinz, 49–50. 54. Orr, Revue, Nr 46 (1952), 3; Joachimsthaler, 16, 81; Hamann, 570–74. Häusler, unlike Hitler, returned to Vienna at the outbreak of the war (Joachimsthaler, 81). Curiously, in an application to rejoin the NSDAP in Austria on 1 May 1938, Häusler made no mention of his earlier connection with Hitler (BDC, Parteikorrespondenz, Rudolf Häusler, geb. 5 December 1893, Personal-Fragebogen, 1 May 1938). 55. Heinz, 50. 56. Joachimsthaler, 84–9. 57. Report of a discussion at the midday meal on 12 March 1944 on the Obersalzberg, HA, Reel 2, File 3, printed in Schroeder, 134 (see ch.2, n.262). 58. JK, 54; Schroeder, 134 (from HA Reel 2, File 3). 59. Heinz, 51. 60. Heinz, 50–52 (account of Frau Popp). 61. MK, 139. 62. MK, 169–70. 63. Heinz, 51. See Franz Georg Kaltwasser, ‘Hitler als Benutzer der Königlichen Hofund Staatsbibliothek in München 1913/14’, Bibliotheksforum Bayern, 27 (1999), 46–9. 64. Heiden, Der Führer, 65, remarks – though without references – on Hitler haranguing people in beerhalls, including the Schwemme of the Hofbräuhaus. 65. MK, 171 (trans., MK Watt, 142). 66. MK, 139–42. 67. Jetzinger, 254–7; Joachimsthaler, 25–6. 68. Jetzinger, 259–62. 69. Jetzinger, 262–4 (and part-reproduction between 272–3); Maser, Hitlers Briefe, 40–42; JK, 53–5. Jetzinger’s criticism (265–72) of Hitler’s letter is excessively pedantic. 70. Jetzinger, 258–65. 73. MK, 173 (trans., MK Watt, 145). 74. MK, 173–4, 1 77 (trans., MK Watt, 145–6, 148). 75. David Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol.i, London, 1933, 52. 76. J.P. Stern, Hitler: the Führer and the People, London, 1975, 12. 77. Fritz Wiedemann, Der Mann, der Feldherr werden wollte, Velbert/Kettwig, 1964, 29. 78. Joachimsthaler, 159–60. 79. MK, 179 (trans., MK Watt, 150). 80. Monologe, 79 (13 October 1941). 81. Monologe, 46 (24–5 July 1941). 82. Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler Was My Friend, London, 1955, 34. 83. Ernst Toller, I Was a German, London, 1934, 54. 84. Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Der autoritäre Nationalstaat, Frankfurt, 1990, 407. See Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War, Oxford, 1993, 2–4, for a balanced account of the varied mood and the differing motives for war enthusiasm. 85. Cit. Adrian Lyttelton (ed.), Italian Fascisms from Pareto to Gentile, London, 1973, 211. 86. Mommsen, Der autoritäre Nationalstaat, 407. 87. Werner Abelshauser, Anselm Faust and Dietmar Petzina (eds.), Deutsche Sozial-geschichte 1914–1945. Ein historisches Lesebuch, Munich, 1985, 215, cit. Soziale Praxis, 23 (1913–14), Sp. 1241–4. 88. One German soldier, in a letter to his father on 7 October 1915, wrote: ‘What people call “patriotism” – I haven’t got all that stuff (den Klimbin). Rather, pity, sympathy with the plight of the dear German people, the wish to understand its weaknesses and mistakes, and to help. So I don’t want to flee from my people, also not in heart and mind. No, instead to place myself in the midst of the great misery and woe, to be a proper fighter for my people’ (Philipp Witkop (ed.), Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten, Munich, 1928, 22). 89. MK, 177 (trans., MK Watt, 148). 90. Joachimsthaler, 101. The cited passage is not included in the English version of Hoffmann’s memoirs – Heinrich Hoffmann, Hitler Was My Friend, London, 1955 – though the picture with Hitler ringed is printed opposite 16. The picture was publicized widely on the twentieth anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War (see Daily Telegraph, 3 August 1934). The picture without the famous ringing of Hitler is printed in Rudolf Herz, Hoffmann und Hitler. Fotografie als Medium des Führer-Mythos, Munich, 1994, 29. By 1943, Hoffmann enjoyed an annual income of over 3 million Marks, and his estate was worth over 6 million Marks (Herz, 37–8). 91. MK, 179. 92. Joachimsthaler, 102, 104. 93. Joachimsthaler, 108, attributes Hitler’s acceptance in the Bavarian army to ‘apparently the carelessness and lack of attention of some sergeant in the 2nd Infantry Regiment’. 94. Joachimsthaler, 103–8. 95. Joachimsthaler, 107. See Hitler’s letter to the anonymous ‘Herr Doktor’ of 29 November 1921 (IfZ, MA-731 (= HA, Reel 1), reproduced in Joachimsthaler, 93). 96. Joachimsthaler, 106–7, 109–14, 116. Hitler was assigned to the First Company of the First Battalion of the Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (List) in the Twelfth Infantry Brigade of the Sixth Bavarian Reserve Division (comprising in all around 17,000 men). The List Regiment was drawn mainly from Upper and Lower Bavaria. Difficulties in arming and uniforming the regiment meant that it only received spiked helmets in November 1914, and the full steel helmets in 1916 shortly before the Battle of the Somme. 97. JK, 59· 98. JK, 59 (postcard to Joseph Popp en route from Ulm to Antwerp); Joachimsthaler, 117. 99. JK, 60, 68. 100. Joachimsthaler, 120–21, 124. 101. Monologe, 71 (25–6 September 1941). 102. Joachimsthaler, 159–60. 105. Joachimsthaler, 126–7, 135, 277 n.339; Heinz, 65. 106. MK, 181–2; see Joachimsthaler, 129. 107. Examples cited in Joachimsthaler, 125, 128, 152–3, 155–6. 108. The regimental command post at Fromelles, from where military operations were directed, was about three kilometres behind the front. The regimental staff, forming the administrative support, were based an hour’s walk away at Fournes. Hitler and the other dispatch runners worked in shifts of three days at Fromelles followed by three rest days at Fournes. (For Hitler’s time there, see Joachimsthaler, 123, 126–7, 135–40.) Hitler claimed in 1944 that he had carried around with him throughout the entire First World War the five volumes of Schopenhauer’s work (Monologe,411 (19 May 1944)). Hans Frank remembered him saying much the same thing (Frank, 46). 109. Wiedemann, 24–5. 110. Balthasar Brandmayer, Meldegänger Hitler 1914–18, 2nd edn, Munich/Kolber-moor, 1933, 51–2. Brandmayer remained one of the few people allowed to address Hitler with the familiar ‘Du’. This did not prevent him receiving a warning in 1939, passed on by the Kanzlei des Führers, to avoid meddling in Party matters and ‘sowing discontent among the people’ through his complaints about the closure of a Catholic Kindergarten in his home town of Bruckmühl in Bavaria. Two years earlier, the Munich branch of the Reichsschrifttumskammer had sought permission to drop any reference to Hitler in the title of Brandmayer’s book (BDC, Personal File of Balthasar Brandmayer, letters of Kanzlei des Führers, 18 October 1939, and Reichsschrifttumskammer München-Oberbayern, 12 November 1937). 111. JK, 68; Joachimsthaler, 130–31. The British journalist Ward Price much later recorded Hitler’s characteristic embellishment of the story, claiming that he followed an inner voice as clear as a military command, telling him to leave the trench immediately (G. Ward Price, I Know These Dictators, London, 1937, 38). 112. JK, 60. 113. JK, 68. 114. JK, 61. 115. Wiedemann, 25–6; Brandmayer, 61, 68; Joachimsthaler, 140–44, 155–6. Two of those who knew Hitler during the war – Hans Mend and Korbinian Rutz – and subsequently published less than flattering recollections of him landed after 1933 in Dachau. See Joachimsthaler, 113, 143, 152–4, 271 n.193, 284 n.430. Rutz was dismissed from his teaching post after Hitler had been consulted but had declined to intervene on behalf of his former wartime comrade, declaring him to be ‘inferior’ (minderwertig) (BDC, Personal File, Korbinian Rutz, Hans-Heinrich Lammers to the Reich Governor of Bavaria, 17 March 1934). 116. Brandmayer, 105. For the suggestion that Hitler fathered a son, Jean-Marie Loret, during his time in the army, see Werner Maser, ‘Adolf Hitler: Vater eines Sohnes’, Zeitgeschichte, 5 (1977–8), 173–202. The extreme unlikeliness of this is emphasized by Joachimsthaler, 162–4. The alleged son, Jean-Marie Loret, went on to produce (in collaboration with René Mathot) his ‘memoirs’, Ton père s’appelait Hitler, Paris, 1981. They included (107–16) his mother’s purported revelations of her relationship with Hitler and (127–49) an account of his own dealings with the German historian Werner Maser, on the trail of ‘Hitler’s son’. M. Loret had shown himself, in correspondence with Berlin museums in 1980, keen to establish the authenticity of a number of drawings which had been in his mother’s possession as works of Hitler (IfZ, ZS 3133, Jean-Marie Loret). 117. Joachimsthaler, 144–6, 167. Max Amann and Fritz Wiedemann, who later made major careers for themselves in the Third Reich, of course did better than that. Amann’s property in 1943 was worth more than 10 million Marks; though not in that league, Wiedemann was given a position as Hitler’s adjutant, a six-seater Mercedes, and ‘loans’ and other gifts worth tens of thousands of Marks during the Third Reich (Joachimsthaler, 150). 118. Brandmayer, 72, 105; Joachimsthaler, 133, 156–8. 119. See Joachimsthaler, facing 128, 129, 161. 120. Brandmayer, 52–6. 122. Brandmayer, 102. 123. Monologe, 219 (22–3 January 1942). 124. Hitler told Albert Speer in autumn 1943 that he would soon have only two friends, Fräulein Braun and his dog (Speer, 315). Around that time, Goebbels remarked in his diary: ‘The Führer has his great happiness in his dog Blondi, who has become a true companion for him… It’s good that the Führer has at least one living being who is constantly around him’ (TBJG, 11.9, 477 (10 September 1943)). 125. Monologe, 219. 126. Heinrich Lugauer testimony in HA, Reel 2, Folder 47; extract printed in Joachimsthaler, 134. 127. Brandmayer, 66–8. 128. JK, 69; Maser, Hitlers Briefe, 100–101. 129. But see the comment of Ignaz Westenkirchner, one of Hitler’s comrades, in the admittedly rosy-coloured Heinz, 66: ‘For the most part he was always on about politics.’ 130. MK, 182 (trans., MK Watt, 152), 192. 131. Joachimsthaler, 159. Ernst Schmidt, probably Hitler’s closest comrade, also later remarked: ‘He didn’t try to bring any political influence to bear on me at that time’ (Heinz, 98). 132. Toland, 66. 133. Brandmayer, 115. See also Westenkirchner’s recollection in the 1930s: ‘Two things seemed to get his goat – what the papers were saying at home about the war and all, and the way the government, and particularly the Kaiser, were hampered by the Marxists and the Jews’ (Heinz, 66). In a post-war interview, Westenkirchner reversed his position, denying that Hitler had spoken with any ‘spitefulness’ about the Jews (Toland, 66). 134. Brandmayer, 91–2. 136. Joachimsthaler, 135. 137. MK, 209; Joachimsthaler, 164. 138. Hitler dated his wounding to 7 October (MK, 209). It seems more likely that it occurred two days earlier (see Joachimsthaler, 164–6, 286 n.487; also Brandmayer, 81, 89; Wiedemann, 28–9). 139. MK, 209–12. (Cited passages, 211, trans., MK Watt, 175); and see Joachimsthaler, 166. For the hatred of the Prussians in Bavaria, one of the foremost resentments of the civilian population, see Karl-Ludwig Ay, Die Entstehung einer Revolution. Die Volksstimmung in Bayern während des Ersten Weltkrieges, Berlin, 1968, 134–448. 140. Nipperdey, i.412; Werner Jochmann, ‘Die Ausbreitung des Antisemitismus’, in Werner Mosse (ed.), Deutsches Judentum in Krieg und Revolution 1916–1923, Tübingen, 1971, 425–7; Toland, 933; Wiedemann, 33. 141. Joachimsthaler, 174; Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 2; Toland, 66. 142. See above n. 133. 143. See Ay, 32–3 for the growth of complaints in Bavaria about the Jews as alleged shirkers. How much, even at the beginning of the war, antisemitism had been part of Munich’s popular culture is brought out by Robert Eben Sackett, ‘Images of the Jew: Popular Joketelling in Munich on the Eve of World War I’, Theory and Society, 16 (1987), 527–63, and his Popular Entertainment, Class, and Politics in Munich, 1900–1923, Cambridge, Mass., 1982. See also Large, Where Ghosts Walked, ch.I. For the spread and increasing ferocity of anti-Jewish feeling during the second half of the war, see, especially, Saul Friedländer, ‘Die politischen Veränderungen der Kriegszeit und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Judenfrage’, and Werner Jochmann, ‘Die Ausbreitung des Antisemitismus’, in Mosse, Deutsches Judentum in Krieg und Revolution, 27–65, 409–510. 144. JK, 78, 80; MK, 212. 145. Joachimsthaler, 169. 146. MK, 219–20; Joachimsthaler, 170. 147. Joachimsthaler, 170–71; Monologe, 100 (21–2 October 1941). 148. JK, 82. Joachimsthaler, 170–71, dispatches suggestions, which have found their way into the literature, that Hitler visited his relatives in Spital, or went to Dresden before going to Berlin. 149. Joachimsthaler, 172. 150. Wiedemann, 25–6. Wiedemann points out that he and Max Amann had unsuccessfully nominated Hitler on a previous occasion. Gutmann was generally unpopular with the men, and – whether simply because he was a Jew is uncertain – detested by Hitler. See Brandmayer, 55; Monologe,132 (10–11 November 1941); Toland, 932–3; Joachimsthaler, 173–4. 151. The figure fluctuated. Berlin newspapers wrote in 1933 of him capturing an officer and twenty soldiers (Daily Telegraph, 4 August 1933). The account by Westenkirchner in Heinz, 80–81, has twelve French soldiers captured by Hitler on 4 June 1918, but does not link this to the award of the Iron Cross. Toland, 69 (without source), speaks of Hitler delivering four prisoners to his commanding officer in June and being commended for it. 152. According to a letter from Eugen Tanhauser, Landrat in Schwabach, to the Nürnberger Nachrichten, of 4 August 1961, he had been told this by Gutmann himself, whom he had known for years and trusted implicitly (IfZ, ZS 1751, Eugen Tanhauser). This is cited by Joachimsthaler, 175–6, as the basis of his account, along with the post-war comments of Hitler’s comrade, Johann Raab, and the remarks from 31 July 1918 on the nomination (from HA, Reel 2, File 47) of the Deputy Commander of the Regiment, Freiherr von Godin. 153. Joachimsthaler, 176. He did not travel to Spital, where his relatives lived, as stated by Maser, Hitler, 142, and Toland, 71. 154. MK, 220; Joachimsthaler, 176–7. 155. The testimony given to the NSDAΡ-Hauptarchiv (HA, Reel 2, Folder 47) of Johann Raab and Heinrich Lugauer, who were also blinded by the gas attack, is printed in Joachimsthaler, 177–8. Hitler said in his 1921 letter (see Joachimsthaler, 93) that he was ‘at first totally blinded’; he used exactly the same words in his Munich trial in 1924 – Hitler-Prozeß, i.19. (The wording given by Joachimsthaler, 177, that he was for a time ‘almost blind’ is inaccurate.) His account in Mein Kampf suggests that he was partially blinded at first, stumbling back ‘with burning eyes’ before, a few hours later, the burning sensation had increased and ‘it had grown dark around me’ (MK, 220–21 (trans., MK Watt, 183). 156. Nipperdey, ii.861–2. 157. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Bd.I, Eine Abrechnung, Munich, 1925, 213 (trans., MK Watt, 183). In the single-volume ‘Volksausgabe’ (People’s Edition) of Mein Kampf, the wording ‘greatest villainy of the century’ was changed to ‘revolution’ (MK, 221; Hermann Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben von Hitlers “Mein Kampf”’, VfZ, 4 (1956), 161–78, here 173). 158. Nipperdey, ii.865–6. 159. Bessel, 46–7. 160. Bessel, 5–6, 10. 161. Toller, 100–101, and see also 95: ‘There is only one way for us. We must revolt!’ 162. See Bessel, 257. 183. MK, 223–5 (trans., MK Watt, 185–7). 184. Summarized in Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 136–8. 185. J K, 1064. 186. Cit. Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 137. 187. Binion, Hitler among the Germans, esp. 3–14; Toland (following Binion), 71, 934· 188. Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 14–35. 189. Ernst Günther Schenck, Patient Hitler. Eine medizinische Biographie, Düsseldorf, 1989, 298–9, 306–7. He refers to the comment of Dr Martin Dresse in 1952, after allegedly seeing the patient’s record in Pasewalk, that Hitler was not blind, but suffered from severe ‘burning eyes’, a description which fits Hitler’s own in Mein Kampf. Schenck is strongly critical, on the basis of medical knowledge, of Binion’s interpretation, especially his views on Bloch and his treatment (Schenck, 515–33, esp. 523–9)· 190. See Albrecht Tyrell, ‘Wie er der “Führer” wurde’, in Guido Knopp (ed.), Hitler heute. Gespräche über ein deutsches Trauma, Aschaffenburg, 1979, 20–48, here 25–6. 191. See Axel Kuhn, Hitlers außenpolitisches Programm, Stuttgart, 1971, esp. ch.5. 192. MK, 225; JK, 1064; Hitler-Prozeß, i.20. 193. Ernst Deuerlein, Hitler. Eine politische Biographie, Munich, 1969, 40. 194. The rapidity and success of the demobilization programme is emphasized by Richard Bessel, ‘Unemployment and Demobilisation in Germany after the First World War’, in Richard J. Evans and Dick Geary (eds.), The German Unemployed, London/Sydney, 1987, 23–43. 195. Joachimsthaler, 187, 203. 196. Joachimsthaler, 255. CHAPTER 4: DISCOVERING A TALENT 1. Ernst Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr’, VfZ, 7 (1959), 177–227, here 200. 2. There is no evidence to support this story. Ernst Schmidt’s account in Heinz, 92, simply echoes Hitler’s in MK, 226. The ‘Central Council’ did not even exist any longer by that date. It had been dissolved on 13 April; and the Communist Executive Council, which replaced it, was by the last days of April in total disarray. (See Werner Maser, Die Frühgeschichte der NSDAP. Hitlers Weg bis 1924, Frankfurt am Main/Bonn, 1965, 131–2 (cit. information provided by Ernst Niekisch); Joachimsthaler, 212.) According to Ernst Schmidt (see Maser, Frühgeschichte, 132; Maser, Hitler,159; Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler. Das Ende der Führer-Legende, Düsseldorf/Vienna, 1980, 263 n.), Hitler was briefly arrested by the ‘white’ troops of the Freikorps Epp, before being recognized and released. (See also Heinz, 95–6; Joachimsthaler, 218; and Heiden, Hitler, 54.) If the story is true, it suggests that they initially took him for a supporter of the ‘Red Army’. In Mein Kampf, Hitler converted the tale into an attempt, which he fought off, at his arrest by soldiers of the ‘Red Army’. 3. MK, 226–7 (trans., MK Watt, 188–9). 4. Eberhard Kolb, Die Weimarer Republik, 3rd edn, Munich, 1993, 4. 5. Ernst Toller, I Was a German, 133. 6. See Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ‘Die deutsche Revolution 1918–1920’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 4 (1978), 362–91. A different emphasis on the aims of the Councils is given by Reinhard Rürup, ‘Demokratische Revolution und “dritter Weg”’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 9 (1983), 278–301. Among the most important works dealing with the Councils are Eberhard Kolb, Die Arbeiterräte in der deutschen Innenpolitik 1918–1919, Düsseldorf, 1962; and Reinhard Rürup, Probleme der Revolution in Deutschland 1918/19,Wiesbaden, 1968. 7. Anthony Nicholls, ‘The Bavarian Background to National Socialism’, in Anthony Nicholls and Erich Matthias (eds.), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, London, 1971, 105–6. 8. Most of the demonstrators, supporters of the Majority Social Democrats, had headed into the city centre, following a speech by their leader, Erhard Auer. The Independents, far smaller in number, had stayed behind to listen to Eisner, before heading for the barracks to win the support of the troops in the Munich garrison (Joachimsthaler, 180). 9. Abelshauser, Faust and Petzina (eds.), Deutsche Sozialgeschichte 1914–1945, 247. 10. Monologe, 64 (21 September 1941). 11. Hitler himself recognized this – though it was not convenient for him to admit until a much later date that he distinguished between the Social Democrats and more radical forces during the 1918 revolution (Monologe, 248 (1 February 1942)). 12. An immediate bloody reaction to the news of Eisner’s assassination occurred when a number of left-radical workers forced their way into the Bavarian Landtag, killing two members of the parliament and severely wounding through pistol shots the Bavarian Minister of the Interior and opponent of Eisner, Erhard Auer (Wilhelm Hoegner, Die verratene Republik, Munich, 1979, 87; Spindler, i.425–6). As conditions deteriorated, the Bavarian government and Landtag fled to Bamberg, leaving Munich to the radical forces which, on 7 April, proclaimed the Räterepublik. 13. Toller, 151. 14. Spindler, i.429; Gerhard Schmolze (ed.), Revolution und Räterepublik in München 1918/19 in Augenzeugenberichten, Düsseldorf, 1969, 263–71; Allan Mitchell, Revolution in Bavaria 1918–1919. The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic, Princeton, 1965, 299–311. 15. Heinrich August Winkler, Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie, Munich, 1993, 80. See also Joachimsthaler, 299 n.675; Schmolze, 298ff.; Mitchell, 317–19. 16. The above account draws on Spindler, i.430–34; Schmolze, 349–98; Mitchell, 329–31; Joachimsthaler, 219–20; Toller, 191ff.; and Ernst Deuerlein (ed.), Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Augenzeugenberichten, Munich, 1974, 54–5. There are some discrepancies in the numbers given of those killed and injured. 17. Josef Karl (ed.), Die Schreckensherrschaft in München und Spartakus im bayrischen Oberland 19 19. Tagebuchblätter und Ereignisse aus der Zeit der ‘bayrischen Räterepublik’ und der Münchner Kommune im Frühjahr 1919, Munich, n.d. (1919?), 45–8 (entry for 19 April 1919). 18. The title of Josef Karl’s book. 19. Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 3 May 1919. 20. See Hoegner, 87. 21. See Hoegner, 109ff. for the so-called ‘Ordnungszelle Bayern’. 22. Joachimsthaler, 14, 184. 23. Joachimsthaler, 187, 189–90, where it is pointed out that the deputation to Traunstein followed a regimental order. But this does not rule out the likelihood that volunteers to serve at Traunstein were sought within the regiment. 24. Heinz, 89. 26. Heinz, 90; Joachimsthaler, 193. 27. MK, 226; Joachimsthaler, 193–4. 28. See Bessel, Germany after the First World War, chs.2–7, and Bessel, ‘Unemployment and Demobilisation’. 29. Joachimsthaler, 224. 31. Heinz, 90. 32. Joachimsthaler, 195. 33. BHStA, Abt.IV, 2.I.R., Batl. Anordnungen, Bl.1504. The meeting which Hitler attended was to discuss ‘the socialization in Bavaria and in Germany’ and ‘the existence of the councils’ (Bl.1503). Hitler’s involvement as a battalion representative was brought to light by Joachimsthaler, 200–204, 211. See 188 for the establishment of battalion representatives in December 1918. Hitler’s name appears in regimental records as ‘Hittler’, ‘Hüttler’, and ‘Hietler’, but from the ‘Gesamtregister’ of the 2nd Demobilization Company for this period it is plain that the same person is meant by the variable spellings (Joachimsthaler, 213, 217, 223, 296 n.641). 34. BHStA, Abt.IV, 2.I.R., Batl. Anordnungen, BI.1505, 1516; Joachimsthaler, 212–13, 217. 35. Cit. Joachimsthaler, 201–2, 204. 36. See Joachimsthaler, 205–6, for references to comments in the Berliner Tagblatt, 20 October 1930 and Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung, 12 March 1932. 37. Toller, 256. Hitler, he said, had been silent during the revolution. Toller had not heard his name at that time. 38. Heiden, Hitler, 54; Joachimsthaler, 203. According to Deuerlein, Hitler, 41, the Münchener Post later reported that Hitler had thought about entering the SPD in the winter of 1918–19, but neither reference nor any supportive evidence for the assertion is provided. Hitler’s cautious opportunism, and his reluctance in pre-war Vienna and Munich to commit himself to any political party or organization, pose grounds for scepticism about the rumours that he tried to join the Majority SPD in the revolutionary period. 39. JK, 448. 40. Joachimsthaler, 189. 41. Walter Görlitz and Herbert A. Quint, Adolf Hitler. Eine Biographie, Stuttgart, 1952, 120; Robert Wistrich, Wer war wer im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1983, 66. Esser had worked on the Allgäuer Volkswacht. 42. Albrecht Tyrell, Vom ‘Trommler’ zum ‘Führer’, Munich, 1975, 23. 43. Brandmayer, 114–15. 44. This seems the implication of Joachimsthaler, 184–5, 200–206. Elsewhere, however, Joachimsthaler advances the more probable suggestion of a release of latent feelings of hatred through the events of 1918–19. See 179–80, 200, 234, 240. 45. See Rainer Zitelmann, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, Hamburg/Leamington Spa/New York, 1987, 22–6. 46. Heiden, Hitler, 35, repeated in Heiden, Der Führer, 75. 47. Joachimsthaler, 188, 197–8, 215; Maser, Hitler, 159; Maser, Ende der Führer-Legende, 263 n. (citing remarks made to him in the early 1950s by Otto Strasser and Hermann Esser); Eitner, 66. 48. Joachimsthaler, 189; Deuerlein, Hitler, 41 (without source). 49. Heiden, Hitler, 54. 51. BHStA, Abt.IV, 2.I.R., Batl. Anordnungen, Bl.1516; Joachimsthaler, 213, 217. 52. Joachimsthaler, 201, 214, 221. 53. Maser, Hitler, 159. 54. BHStA, Abt.IV, 2.1.R., Batl. Anordnungen, BI.1535; Regt. Anordnungen, Stadtkommandatur München, ‘Auflösung der Garnison’, 7 May 1919, Zusätze des Regiments zur Stadtkommandaturverfügung, 9 May 1919; Joachimsthaler, 221, 223. 55. Joachimsthaler, 224. 56. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 178. 57. See Oswald Spengler’s description of the city centre in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 83. 58. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 178; Joachimsthaler, 224–8. 59. Over 500 officers and men attended the first three courses, according to a summary report compiled on 25 July 1919 by the course leader Karl Graf von Bothmer: BHStA, Abt.IV, Bd.307. The report, though with some omissions (including the reference to the numbers involved), is printed in Joachimsthaler, 235–40. 60. Helmuth Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre und die Münchener Gesellschaft 1919–1923’, VfZ, 25 (1977), 1–45, here 18. 61. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 179; Joachimsthaler, 228, 304 n.744; Ernst Röhm, Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters, 2nd edn, Munich, 1930, 99–101. 62. Karl Mayr (= Anon.), ‘I Was Hitler’s Boss’, Current History, Vol.1 N0.3 (Nov. 1941), 193. 63. Deuerlein,’Hitlers Eintritt’, 179–80, 182 and n.19, 191–2; Joachimsthaler, 230— 34, 242; MK, 228–9, 232–5; and see Albrecht Tyrell, ‘Gottfried Feder and the NSDAP’, in Peter Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, London, 1978, 49–87, esp. 54–5. 64. Karl Alexander von Müller, Mars und Venus. Erinnerungen 1914–1919, Stuttgart, 1954, 338–9. 65. MK, 235; Joachimsthaler, 229–30, 250. 66. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 179, 182–3, 194, 196;Joachimsthaler, 241. The instructors were provided with a mass of anti-Bolshevik pamphlets to assist them in their ‘educational’ task. 67. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 197–200; Joachimsthaler, 247; JK, 87–8. He also lectured on capitalism. 68. MK, 235 (trans., MK Watt, 196). Hitler repeated the same stylized description of discovering that he could ‘speak’ in relation to his first notable success as a speaker for the DAP (MK, 390). 69. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 200. The reports are contained in BHStA, Abt. IV, RW GrKdo 4, Nr 309. 70. For antisemitism in the army in early 1920, see Joachimsthaler, 248. The cited comments from reports on the popular mood are contained in BHStA, Abt.IV, RW GrKdo 4, Bd.204, ‘Judenhetze’. 71. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 199; Joachimsthaler, 247; JK, 88. 72. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 184–5, 2.01–2; Joachimsthaler, 243–7. Mayr addressed Hitler as ‘sehr verehrter Herr Hitler’, an unusually respectful form of address from a captain to a corporal. 73. JK, 88–90; Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 185, 202–5; Joachimsthaler, 243–9. Hitler’s letter survives in typed copy, signed by him (BHStA, Abt.IV, RW GrKdo 4, Nr 314). Whether the original was handwritten or dictated is not known. Mayr approved of Hitler’s reply, apart from some reservations about his interpretation of the ‘interest problem’. 74. Tyrell, Trommler, 25–6. 75. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 186, 205. 76. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 187. The V-Men wrote their reports under a code number. None from Hitler has survived, but numerous reports on early DAP meetings, including those addressed by Hitler, are in the files (BHStA, Abt.IV, RW GrKdo 4, Nr 287). Those concerning the DAP/NSDAP were printed by Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 205–27, and JK, 129–298. 77. Tyrell, Trommler, 195 n.77. On subsequent occasions, too, as Tyrell points out, he was accompanied by other military personnel and evidently did not go alone, as he implied in Mein Kampf, 236–7. The attendance list for 12 September 1919 contains thirty-nine names; Hitler gave a figure of between twenty and twenty-five as present. 78. MK, 237–8. See Tyrell, Trommler, 195 n.77, for a discussion of this first meeting on the basis of the early attendance lists. Baumann did not attend on 12 September according to those lists, though the dating was attached later and may be incorrect. The lists are part of the file on the early records of the DAP/NSDAP, 1919–1926, in the BDC, and in BAK, 26/80. 79. Cit. Georg Franz-Willing, Die Hitlerbewegung. Der Ursprung 1919–1922, Hamburg/Berlin, 1962, 66–7, reporting a comment to him by Michael Lotter, one of the original members of the DAP; see also Tyrell, Trommler, 196 n.99. Lotter’s earlier version, from 1935, which he sent to the NSDAP-Hauptarchiv, runs along similar lines, though with slightly different wording (IfZ, Fa 88/Fasz.78, ‘Vortrag des Gründungsmitglied der D.A.P. und 1. Schriftführer des politischen Arbeiterzirkels Michael Lotter am 19. Oktober 1935 vor der “Sterneckergruppe” im Leiberzimmer des “Sterneckers”’ (also HA, 3/78), Fol.6). In this account, Lotter says Drexler requested Hitler to come back ‘because we could use such people’. According to this account, Drexler went on to say: ‘Now we have an Austrian. He’s got such a gob’ (‘Jetzt haben wir einen Österreicher, der hat eine solche Goschen’) (Lotter, Fol. 6; partly reproduced in Joachimsthaler, 251–2). Drexler himself, in a letter he composed but did not send to Hitler in 1940, spoke of pressing a copy of his pamphlet Mein politisches Erwachen into Hitler’s hand, following his intervention in the discussion at the meeting ‘attended by at least 80 persons’, and urging him most strongly ‘to join our party, because we needed to make use of such people’(dringendst bat, sich doch unserer Partei anzuschließen, denn solche Leute könnten wir notwendig gebrauchen) (BHStA, Abt.V, P3071, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, Abschrift, Drexler to Hitler, ‘Ende Januar 1940’, 1–2). Hitler’s own version (MK, 238) says nothing about Drexler urging him to come back and join the party. 80. Lotter gives the date of Hitler’s entry to the party as 16 September 1919 (IfZ, Fa 88/Fasz.78, Lotter Vortrag, 19 October 1935, Fol. 6). Drexler claimed he asked Hitler to return in eight days, i.e. by 20 September. Hitler’s own account suggests that something like a week and a half elapsed between his initial attendance at the party meeting and going to the committee meeting, and that some further days followed thereafter before he finally made up his mind to join the party (MK, 239–44; Joachimsthaler, 251–2). 81. MK, 240. Max Amann spoke after the war in testimony to the denazification court of meeting Hitler in early 1920 and being told that Hitler was keen to establish his own party, to be called ‘The Party of Social Revolutionaries’ to win over the workers from Bolshevism (Joachimsthaler, 230–31, 252–3). That this was the case in spring 1920, after Hitler had launched the party programme of the DAP (now renamed NSDAP), can be dismissed. Probably Amann, speaking so many years later, was postdating Hitler’s remarks (which he may well have taken from Mein Kampf).Hitler himself wrote of having such ideas in summer 1919, following the Munich course, which makes better chronological sense (MK, 227). 82. MK, 241 (trans., MK Watt, 201). 83. MK, 243 (trans., MK Watt, 202–3). 84. MK, 244. See Maser, Hitler, 173, 553 n.225. The precise date on which Hitler joined the party’s steering committee cannot be determined (Tyrell, Trommler, 198 n.118). 85. BHStA, Abt.V, P3071, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, Abschrift, Drexler to Hitler, ‘Ende Januar 1940’, 2, partly printed in Deuerlein (ed.), Aufstieg, 97–8. And see the letter to the NSDAP HauPtarchiv of Michael Lotter, first secretary of the DAP, dated 17 October 1941, pointing out that-for ‘image’ reasons-the membership numbers began at number 501 and were then alphabetically assigned. Lotter confirmed that a membership card number 7 did not exist. He took it that the number 7 referred to Hitler’s membership of the ‘Politischer Arbeiterzirkel’ (to which he himself belonged), but did not know who had given him the number 7 membership certificate (Mitgliedschein) (IfZ, Fa 88/Fasz.78, F0l.11–12 (and HA 3/78); Joachimsthaler, 252). Rudolf Schüssler recalled, so he wrote in 1941, Hitler receiving a small card in September 1919 registering him as the seventh member of the committee (Arbeitsausschuß), but distinguished this from his membership card no. 555 of the DAP (IfZ, MA-747, letter to NSDAP-Hauptarchiv, 20 November 1941). Schüssler had been in the same regiment as Hitler in the first half of 1919, and became the first ‘business manager’ (Geschäftsführer) of the infant DAP (Tyrell, Trommler, 28, 33; Joachimsthaler, 301 n.705). 86. Mayr, 195. Documents 62 and 64 in JK, 90–91, purporting to relate to Hitler’s request of 19 October 1919 to join the DAP, after reporting on a meeting of the party on 3 October, are, according to information kindly provided by Prof. Eberhard Jäckel, to be regarded as forgeries. 87. Joachimsthaler, 255. CHAPTER 5: THE BEERHALL AGITATOR 1. MK, 388. 2. Tyrell, Trommler, 274 n. 151. 3. Hoffmann, 46. 4. This strategic framework is broadly encapsulated in MK, 364–88; see also Tyrell, Trommler, 171; and Tyrell, ‘Wie er der “Führer” wurde’, 27–30. 5. Text of the letter in JK, 88–90. 6. For sharply differing views on this point, see the contributions by Klaus Hildebrand and Hans Mommsen on ‘Nationalsozialismus oder Hitlerismus?’, to Bosch (ed.), Persönlichkeit und Struktur in der Geschichte, 55–71. 7. Stern, Hitler, 12. 8. Tyrell, Trommler, 19–20. 9. Whiteside, esp. ch.5; and see Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, Harmondsworth, 1973, 74–80. 10. Hitler-Prozeß, 19; JK, 1062; and see Tyrell, Trommler, 187–8 n.29. 11. RSA, II, 49, Dok.24 and n.2; Bracher, 80; the background is outlined in Bruce F. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis. A History of Austrian National Socialism, London/Basingstoke, 1981, ch.3. 12. See esp. Mosse, Crisis of German Ideology, pt.I; and George L. Mosse, Germans and Jews, London, 1971, Introduction. 13. See Kurt Sontheimer, Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik, 3rd edn, Munich, 1992, esp. ch.II and Mosse, Crisis of German Ideology, ch.16. 14. See Sontheimer, 271–2. 15. Weimar coalition parties won only 44.6 per cent (205 seats out of 459) of the vote compared with over 78 per cent (331 seats out of 423) in the National Assembly elections of 1919 (Kolb, Die Weimarer Republik, 41). 16. MK, esp. 415–24; and see Martin Broszat, Der Nationalsozialismus. Weltanschauung, Programm und Wirklichkeit, Stuttgart, 1960, 29. 17. Broszat, Nationalsozialismus, 23. 18. Tyrell, Trommler, 191 n.53. A good description of the atmosphere in Munich at the time Hitler was stepping on to the political stage is provided by Large, Where Ghosts Walked, ch.4. 19. Helmuth Auerbach, ‘Nationalsozialismus vor Hitler’, in Wolfgang Benz, Hans Buchheim and Hans Mommsen (eds.), Der Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, 13–28, here 26; Jeremy Noakes, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony, 1921–1933,Oxford, 1971, 9. A comprehensive exploration of the organization is provided by Uwe Lohalm, Völkischer Radikalismus. Die Geschichte des Deutschvölkischen Schutz-und Trutz-Bundes, 1919–1923, Hamburg, 1970. 20. Noakes, Nazi Party, 9–10. 21. Lohalm, 89–90; Noakes, Nazi Party, 11. 22. Tyrell, Trommler, 20, 186 n.21; Lohalm, 283–302. 23. For the following see Tyrell, Trommler, 72–89; and Noakes, Nazi Party, 12–13. 24. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 6–8. Lehmann is one of the central subjects of the study of Gary D. Stark, Entrepreneurs of Ideology. Neoconservative Publishers in Germany, 1890–1933, Chapel Hill, 1981. 25. See Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam, 2nd edn, Munich, 1934 (the account by the Society’s leading figure); the scholarly analysis by Reginald H. Phelps, ‘“Before Hitler Came”: Thule Society and Germanen Orden’, Journal of Modern History, 35 (1963), 245–61; Goodrick-Clarke, 135–52; also Tyrell, Trommler, 22 and 188–9 n.38; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 8–9; and Noakes, Nazi Party, 13. The Thule Society took its name from that given by the ancient Greeks to the northernmost land they knew. The name had mystical significance for Nordic cultists. 26. A clear distinction between the Arbeiterzirkel (which Hitler attended for the first time on 16 November 1919) and the Arbeitsausschuß, the committee of the DAP, is difficult to draw. The former, controlled by Harrer and clearly bearing his imprint, remained reminiscent of the inner core of a secret society and seems to have been essentially a small debating club (Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitler and the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei’, in Henry A. Turner (ed.), Nazism and the Third Reich, New York, 1972, 5–19, here 11). The committee was officially responsible for party business matters, but in practice there was overlap in both personnel and matters under consideration (Tyrell, Trommler, 24–5, 190 n.48). 27. BHStA, Abt.V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, ‘Lebenslauf von Anton Drexler, 12.3.1935’, 3 (partly printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 59); Drexler’s initial suggestion was ‘Deutsche Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei’, but Harrer objected to ‘sozialistische’ and it was dropped (IfZ, Fa 88/Fasz.78, Fol.4 (Lotter Vortrag, 19 October 1935)). Harrer was not present at the foundation meeting of the DAP, and was possibly not enamoured by the creation of a ‘party’. According to Sebottendorff, on 18 January 1919 he was named 1st Chairman and Drexler 2nd Chairman of the Deutscher Arbeiterverein, which was founded in the rooms of the Thule Society (Sebottendorff, 81; see also Tyrell, Trommler, 189 n.42). 28. BHStA, Abt.V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, ‘Lebenslauf von Anton Drexler, 12.3.1935’, 3; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 56–9; IfZ, Fa 88/Fasz. 78, Fol.4 (Lotter Vortrag, 19 October 1935); Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 8–9; Tyrell, Trommler, 22; Drexler states that there were around thirty present (not fifty, as given in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 59). In his 1935 lecture, Lotter (Fol.4), probably from notes he made at the time, is more precise: ‘There were 24 present, mainly railway workers’ (‘Anwesend waren 24, überwiegend Eisenbahner’). In his letter to the NSDAP Hauptarchiv six years later, on 17 October 1941 (Fol. 10), Lotter refers to between twenty and thirty being present. 29. Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 10, where he gives the number of forty-two as attendance at the meeting on 12 September. Tyrell, Trommler, 195 n.77, refers to thirty-nine 30. signatures with four names of committee members added at the end. The manuscript of the attendance list (BDC, DAP/NSDAP File) actually contains thirty-eight signatures – one of those attending had taken up two spaces for his name and address – followed by three added names (including Harrer’s) written in the same hand, presumably of well-known members attending but not signing themselves in. 31. MK, 388–9, 659–64, 669. 32. MK, 390–93; JK, 91. Hitler still spoke at this time in uniform. Part of his initial impact was unquestionably owing to the way he could portray himself as the spokesman for the ordinary soldier back from the war who could express, in their own earthy language, the sense of betrayal among his former comrades. One who heard him for the first time in the ‘Deutsches Reich’, Ulrich Graf, later became his chief bodyguard and leader of the Saalschutz, the protection squad which in 1921 turned into the SA. Graf was still bitterly angry at the events of the previous year – defeat, revolution, and especially the Soviet ‘Councils Republic’ in Munich. He was drawn to Hitler, according to his later (admittedly glorified) account, because he saw in him from the way he spoke and acted ‘a soldier and comrade to be trusted’ (IfZ, ΖS F14, Ulrich Graf, ‘Wie ich den Führer kennen lernte’, 2). 33. MK, 400–406. 34. MK, 406 (trans., MK Watt, 336). 35. Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 7–8. 36. MK, 658–61. 37. As pointed out by Tyrell, Trommler, 10–11. 38. Tyrell, Trommler, 29–30, criticizing Franz-Willing, Hitlerbewegung, 68, 73, together with Maser, Frühgeschichte, 170; and Fest, Hitler, 175. 39. BHStA, Abt. V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, typescript copy of Drexler’s letter to Hitler (not sent), ‘Ende Januar 1940’, 7 (printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 105). 40. Tyrell, Trommler, 30–31; Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 12; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 169. 41. MK, 390–91. 42. Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner im Jahre 1920’, VfZ, 11 (1963), 274–330, here 276. 43. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 10; see also Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 13. 44. JK, 101. 45. MK, 405; BHStA, Abt. V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, typescript copy of Drexler’s letter to Hitler (not sent), ‘Ende Januar 1940’, 7 (printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 105); Phelps,’Hitler’, 13 (where reference is made to the fact that Dingfelder had given the speech five times before for the Heimatdienst). 46. Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 12–13. 47. Tyrell, Trommler, 76–83. There were also overlaps with the twelve-point völkisch programme that had been published in the Münchener Beobachter on 31 May 1919, which itself had possibly been intended as an initial statement of the DSP’s aims (Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 9–10 and n.34). 48. Printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 108–12. 49. See Tyrell, Trommler, 84–5. 50. See Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 13. 51. JK, 447, 29 July 1921. 52. BHStA, Abt. V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, typescript copy of Drexler’s letter to Hitler (not sent), ‘Ende Januar 1940’, 1, 7 (trans., Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 13). 53. The police report, printed in Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 292–6, speaks of over 2,000 persons present. Dingfelder later told the NSD AΡ-Hauptarchiv that 400 of them were ‘Reds’ (Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 14). 54. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 293–4. 55. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 294–6. 56. MK, 405 (trans., MK Watt, 336). 57. Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 15. 58. VB, Nr 17, 28 February 1920, 3, ‘Aus der Bewegung’ (trans., Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 14). 59. The new name appears to have come into use at the beginning of March, though, remarkably, there was no account of the change of name in the party’s own archive. It may have been in the hope of forging closer links with the national socialist parties in Austria and Czechoslovakia (Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 13 and n.37). Police reports first added ‘national socialist’ to the party’s name following a meeting (not addressed by Hitler) on 6 April 1920 (Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 277). 60. MK, 544 (trans., MK Watt, 442). 61. MK, 538–51. 62. MK, 551–7. Hitler also designed the party insignia and, two years later, the SA standards. His banner design was based on that submitted by Friedrich Krohn, a Starnberg dentist and wealthy early supporter who left the party in 1921. Hitler gave Krohn only indirect credit, and not by name, in his account in Mein Kampf (556). 63. MK, 543. 64. MK, 549–51; and see Heinrich Bennecke, Hitler und die SA, Munich, 1962, 26–7. The name ‘Gymnastics Section’ (Turnabteilung) was used for the last time on 5 October 1921, and was thereafter replaced by ‘Storm Section’ (Sturmabteilung) (Tyrell,Trommler, 137, 266 n.25). 65. Though the meeting was no different in style to previous DAP meetings, announcing it for the first time in a newspaper alongside the usual invitations brought an attendance of over 100 persons. In MK, 390, Hitler gives the attendance as in; the attendance list contains 131 names (Tyrell,Trommler, 27–8, 196–7, nn.100–101). 66. MK, 390 (trans., MK Watt, 323). 67. Oskar Maria Graf, Gelächter von außen. Aus meinem Leben 1918–1933, Munich, 1966, 114–15. 68. Frank, 38–42. 69. Tyrell, Trommler, 33; Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 284, has slightly different figures. 70. MK, 561. 71. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 279–80; Tyrell, Trommler, 33. 72. Examples are given in JK, 126, 205–13, 271–6. Ulrich Graf, Hitler’s bodyguard, was entrusted with the task of ensuring that the notes were correctly placed before the beginning of a speech. He confirmed that Hitler mainly improvised from them, claiming that he often scarcely glanced at them (IfZ, ΖS F14, 4). Graf’s account, written in August 1934, was, of course, attempting to highlight the extraordinary talent of the Führer at every opportunity. Comparison of the notes and the reports on the content of his speeches suggests that Hitler used his jottings more than Graf implies. Later, as Reich Chancellor, with the world’s diplomats and press interpreting every word of what he said, the speeches had to be fully written out and carefully edited. 73. Meetings lasted generally between two and a half and three and three-quarter hours (Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 275). Hitler mentioned in Mein Kampf that his first speech in the Circus Krone, on 3 February 1921, lasted about two and a half hours (MK, 561). 74. MK, 565. 75. The term ‘November criminals’ was, in fact, used by Hitler for the first time – to storms of applause that lasted for minutes – as late as September 1922 (JK, 692), and regularly (and unceasingly) only from December that year. 76. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 283–4. 77. JK, 126–7. 78. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 286. 79. E.g., JK, 179, 204, 281–2, 302, 312. 80. Carr, Hitler, 5. 81. In the JK collection of Hitler’s speeches before the Putsch the word ‘Lebensraum’ does not appear once. See also Karl Lange, ‘Der Terminus ‘Lebensraum’ in Hitlers Mein Kampf, VfΖ, 13 (1965), 4263–37, for further insight into the development of the word ‘Lebensraum’. 82. JK, 213. 83. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 278, 288; JK, 126–7. 84. On other occasions he spoke more generally about ‘nationally minded leadership personalities’ or a ‘government of power and authority’, seeming to imply a collective rather than individual leadership. See Tyrell, Trommler, 60; Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 299, 319, 321. 85. JK, 126–7(27 April 1920), 140 (beginning of June 1920), 163 (21 July 1920). 86. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 288. For Hitler’s sources, see Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede über den Antisemitismus’, VfZ, 16 (1968), 390–420, here 395–9. 87. See Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 284. 88. JK, 200. 90. JK, 119, 128, 184. 91. JK, 348. 92. JK, 115, 148, 215, 296. 93. JK, 201. 94. JK, 119. 95. One hostile commentator on a Hitler speech in late June 1920 even reported that he made ‘demand upon demand for the murder of the Jews’ (‘Aufforderung um Aufforderung zur Ermordung der Juden’), Der Kampf, 28 June 1920 (JK, 152). An explicit call to murder can be found, however, in no other speech. It is fair to presume that it reflects the interpretation of the reporter rather than the precise word used by Hitler. 96. Cited in Alexander Bein, ‘Der moderne Antisemitismus and seine Bedeutung für die Judenfrage’, VfZ, 6 (1958), 340–60, here 359. See also Alexander Bein, ‘“Der jüdische Parasit”. Bemerkungen zur Semantik der Judenfrage’, VfZ, 13 (1965), 121–49. 97. JK, 176–7. 98. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 286; and see, e.g., JK, 201. 99. See Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 393–5, for the structure of his speech on ntisemitism on 13 August 1920, and for audience reactions. 100. Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 395. As Phelps notes (391), the full text (400–420; JΚ, 184–204) – unusually among early Hitler speeches – survives perhaps precisely because of its significance as a programmatic statement. 101. Deuerlein, ‘Hitlers Eintritt’, 215; JK, 231 n.7. Hitler recognized, in a letter of 3 July 1920, the difficulty of winning support from the industrial working class (JK, 155–6). 102. MK, 722 (trans., ΜK Watt, 620). 103. JK, 337 (speech of 6 March 1921); Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 394, 398. 104. The view that Hitler’s genocidal hatred of the Jews derived from his fear of Bolshevik terror, shored up by horror stories of barbarity during and after the Russian civil war, was famously advanced by Ernst Nolte in interpretations.which were one of the triggers to the ‘Historikerstreit’ (‘Historians’ Dispute’) of the late 1980s. See Ernst Nolte, ‘Zwischen Geschichtslegende und Revisionismus’, and ‘Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will’, in ‘Historikerstreit’. Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistischen Judenvernichtung, 13–47, together with Nolte’s book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917–1945. 105. JK, 88–90. 106. JK, 126–7 (27 April 1920), 140 (beginning of June 1920), 163 (21 July 1920). 107. JK, 231. 108. Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 398. 109. Nolte, Bürgerkrieg, 115, 564 n.24, pointed, for instance, to the publication in the VB of stories that during the Russian civil war the Cheka forced confessions out of prisoners by exposing their faces to hunger-crazed rats. 110. The swelling of KPD membership in Germany in autumn 1920 through the influx of former adherents of the USPD’s radical wing provided a further spur (Tyrell, Trommler, 49–50), but the focus on ‘Jewish Bolshevism’ was by then already well established. The onslaught on Jewish finance capital did not thereby abate. It became incorporated somewhat uneasily in the notion of international finance capital and the international element in Soviet Russia working together against Germany’s national interests. (See JK,337.) 111. Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 398 and n.33. See MK, 337, for Hitler’s acceptance of their authenticity, 111. Mayr, 195–6. 112. Phelps, ‘Hitler’, 11; JK, 106–11. 113. Dirk Stegmann, ‘Zwischen Repression und Manipulation: Konservative Machteliten und Arbeiter- und Angestelltenbewegung 1910–1918. Ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte der DAP/NSDAP’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, 12 (1972), 351–432, here 413. Mayr had already met Kapp personally on two occasions, once with Eckart and once alone, as the contact man of Generals Lüttwitz and von Oldershausen. Mayr was, according to Ernst Röhm, ‘the most decisive promoter of the Kapp enterprise in Bavaria’ (Röhm, Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters, 100–101). 114. Stegmann, 413–14. As Tyrell correctly remarked (Trommler, 296), this proves efforts to manipulate Hitler, not that Hitler was the tool of such external forces. 115. Röhm, 100–101, 107. 116. Tyrell, Trommler, 27–8, 61, 197 n.104; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 16, 18. 117. On Eckart, see Margarete Plewnia, Auf dem Weg zu Hitler. Der völkische Publizist Dietrich Eckart, Bremen, 1970; and Tyrell, Trommler, 190–91 n.49, 194 n.70. Tyrell is persuasive in his refutation of the view that Eckart’s posthumous (1924) publication,Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin. Zwiegespräch zwischen Adolf Hitler und mir, Munich, 1924, was based on discussion with Hitler, as first claimed by Ernst Nolte, ‘Eine frühe Quelle zu Hitlers Antisemitismus’, Historische Zeitschrift, 192 (1961), 584–606, and Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism, Mentor edn, New York, 1969, 417–21. Eckart’s financial support for Hitler is dealt with by Franz-Willing, Hitlerbewegung, 1 80ff. and Plewnia, 66–71. 118. Tyrell, Trommler, 23. 119. By 1923 Eckart was no longer in favour and in March was left greatly embittered by his dismissal as editor of the Völkischer Beobachter. He rarely saw Hitler thereafter, and took no part in the putsch. He became increasingly ill, and died towards the end of the year. The dedication ofMein Kampf to Eckart was pro forma – directed at the many who knew full well Hitler’s early indebtedness to Eckart (Tyrell, Trommler, 194 n.70). 120. Franz-Willing, Hitlerbewegung, 179–80, 190. 121. Tyrell, Trommler, 110, 177. As Tyrell (Trommler, 110) points out, Grandel also brought the supporters from the Schutz- und Trutzbund that he had built up in Augsburg into the NSDAP after he himself had joined the party in August 1920. 122. BHStA, Abt.V, Slg. Personen, Anton Drexler, copy of Drexler’s draft letter to Hitler, end of January 1940, 3 (partly printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 128–9). (See also Tyrell, Trommler, 175–7.) 123. JK, 277–8. 124. Tyrell, Trommler, 38, 42, 206 n.189. 125. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 136. 126. Gustave Le Bon’s study, published in France in 1895 and in English translation as The Crowd a year later, had appeared in a German edition, Psychologie der Massen, in 1908. A few days before Hitler joined the DAP, in September 1919, a lengthy article in the VB had drawn attention to a published lecture by a Dr J.R. Roßbach, a Munich nerve specialist, on ‘The Soul of the Masses. Psychological Reflections on the Emergence of Popular Mass Movements’ (Die Massenseele. Psychologische Betrachtungen über die Entstehung von Volks-(Massen)-Bewegungen (Revolutionen)).Roßbach made frequent use of quotations from Le Bon, and summarized his findings in pithy language. There are striking similarities between Roßbach’s phraseology and that of Hitler in his comments on the psychology of the masses. Perhaps Hitler was drawn from Roßbach to read Le Bon’s own work. But what does seem likely is that he read Roßbach and was influenced by him. (See Tyrell, Trommler, 54–6.) 127. Tyrell, Trommler, 42–64, for the above. 128. In April, the Reparations Commission reassessed the payments at 132,000 million Gold Marks (Kolb, Weimarer Republik, 44), which Hitler must have had in mind when he spoke in Mein Kampf of ‘the insane sum of a hundred milliard [thousand million] gold marks’ (MK, 558). 129. The Circus Krone’s manager was said to have been a party member who charged a much reduced rent for the hire of the hall (Toland, 109, but without any supportive evidence). 130. MK, 558–62; JK, 311–12. In his own account, Hitler states that, following the Circus Krone triumph, he booked the hall for two more successful meetings in the coming two weeks. While the NSDAP did go on to use the hall increasingly for major rallies, the next meeting there did not take place until 6 March 1921, the one thereafter on 15 March. These were, however, the next two meetings after the one described by Hitler (JK, 335ff, 353ff.). The early meetings in the Circus Krone, and how nervous Hitler had felt about them, figured in his frequent reminiscences during the Second World War about the ‘good old days’ of the party’s history. See, for example, his comments to Goebbels on the occasion of Heydrich’s state funeral (TBJG, 11, 4, 492 (10 June 1942)). 131. JK, 312; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 129–30. 132. MK, 562. 133. Based on JK, 279–538. 134. Ernst Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre mit Hitler. Zwischen Weißem und Braunem Haus, 2nd edn, Munich/Zurich, 1980, 52–3. 135. Tyrell, Trommler, 40–41. 136. Hoffmann, 50. 137. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 20–21. 138. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 49. 139. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 49–52. 140. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 52. 141. Deuerlein, Hitler, 53. 142. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 132–4. 143. Tyrell, Trommler, 208 n.215, cit. VB, 9 September 1920. 144. Tyrell, Trommler, 40 (reports of two visitors to Munich from the Deutschsozialistische Partei in February 1921); Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 139 (an extract from the anonymous pamphlet circulated by Hitler’s enemies in the party in July 1921, entitled ‘Adolf Hitler – Verräter’). 145. JK, 529–30. He said nothing about fees received from the articles he wrote in 1921 in the VB, though he claimed in July 1921 that he lived from his earnings as a ‘writer’ (Schriftsteller) (JK, 448). 146. Tyrell, Trommler, 216 n.209, citing Münchener Post, 5 December 1921; Heiden, Hitler, 97. 147. Heiden, Hitler, 100 where she is mistakenly named ‘Carola’. I am grateful to Martha Schad and Anton Joachimsthaler for informing me of the correct name. 148. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 22; Tyrell, Trommler, 267 n.54. 149. According to Heiden, Hitler, 116, though without supporting evidence, Hitler’s lengthy absence in Berlin was spent at the Bechsteins while he was taking elocution lessons. Whether or not he was brushing up his diction at the same time, the real purpose of his visit was more important than elocution: trying – if without great success – to rustle up funds for the party newspaper, probably through contacts opened up to him by Max Maurenbrecher, the editor of the Pan-German newspaper Deutsche Zeitung, with a number of individuals connected with the Pan-Germans (Tyrell,Trommler, 117–18). 150. Tyrell, Trommler, 96. 151. Tyrell, Trommler, 103–4. 152. JK, 436 (Hitler’s resignation letter of 14 July 1921). 153. Tyrell, Trommler, 99–100, 105. 154. Tyrell, Trommler, 101–3. 155. The above based on the findings of Tyrell, Trommler, 106–9, 122· 156. JK, 437; Tyrell, Trommler, 118–19. 157. Tyrell, Trommler, 110– 16, 119–20. 158. JK, 437–8; Franz-Willing, Hitlerbewegung, 110. 159. Based on Tyrell, Trommler, 120–22. 160. JK, 438. 161. JK, 277. Dok. 198 (JK, 320), recording Hitler’s resignation on 16 February 1921, must be regarded as a forgery. 162. Tyrell, Trommler, 123. 163. JK, 438. 164. Tyrell, Trommler, 126–8, 130. Hitler’s ultimatum to the party committee of 26 July 1921, printed in JK, 445 (Dok.266), is a forgery. 165. JK, 446. 166. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 138–41; JK, 446–7; Tyrell, Trommler, 128–30. 167. JK, 439–44; Tyrell, Trommler, 129 and 264 n.506. 168. See Tyrell, 130–50, for an examination of the new statutes. 169. VB, 4 August 1921, 3. 170. VB, 4 August 1921, 3. CHAPTER 6: THE ‘DRUMMER’ 1. Rudolf Pechel, Deutscher Widerstand, Erlenbach/Zurich, 1947, 280. 2. Cit. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 29; Tyrell, Trommler, 117. 3. Bernd Weisbrod, ‘Gewalt in der Politik. Zur politischen Kultur in Deutschland zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen’, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 43 (1992), 392–404, here esp. 392–5. See also George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers, New York/Oxford, 1990, ch.8; and Robert G.L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism. The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918–1923, Cambridge, Mass., 1952. 4. Weisbrod, 393; Peter Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone. Geschichte der SA, Munich, 1989, 12. Detailed accounts of the Einwohnerwehr are presented by Hans Fenske, Konservativismus und Rechtsradikalismus in Bayern nach 1918, Bad Homburg/Berlin/Zurich, 1969, ch.5, 76–112; Karl Schwend, Bayern zwischen Monarchie und Diktatur, Munich, 1954, 159–70; and, especially, David Clay Large, The Politics of Law and Order: A History of the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr, 1918–1921, Philadelphia, 1980. 5. See Fenske, 148–59; Hoegner, Die verratene Republik, 131; and Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 14, for ‘Consul’. The figures for the numbers of political murders are taken from Ralf Dreier and Wolfgang Sellert (eds.), Recht und Justiz im ‘Dritten Reich’,Frankfurt am Main, 1989, 328; most of the murders were leniently dealt with by the courts compared with the far fewer (twenty-two in all) committed by members of left-wing parties. 6. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 143–4. 7. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 142; Fenske, 89–108. 8. Georg Franz-Willing, Ursprung der Hitlerbewegung, 1919–1912, 2nd edn, Preußisch Oldendorf, 1974, 62–3 and n.15a. 9. Based on: Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 12–14, 23–4; Hoegner, 129–33; Harold J. Gordon, Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch, Princeton, 1972, 88–92; Spindler, i.462–4; Fenske, 143–72; Large, Where Ghosts Walked, 142–6. 10. See Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 35. 11. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 22; Bennecke, 26, implies that the ‘hall protection’ began with the Hofbräuhaus meeting on 24 February 1920; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 206, suggests that it went back even earlier, to the Eberlbräu meeting in October 1919. It is too early at these dates, however, to speak of anything more than the taking of obvious precautions at big meetings to have strong-arm supporters at the ready to combat the expected violent disturbances from political opponents. 12. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 23; Tyrell, Trommler, 137. 13. Tyrell, Trommler, 266 n.25; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 15–6. 14. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 205; see Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 35 n.158; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 23, 25. 15. See, esp., Klaus Theweleit, Männerphantasien, Rowohlt edn, 2 vols., Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1980. 16. Tyrell, Trommler, 28, 197 n.104. 17. Based on Röhm, Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters, esp. pt.II, chs.13–20, 75–145; and Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 15–22. See also the biographical sketch by Conan Fischer, ‘Ernst Julius Röhm – Stabschef der SA und Außenseiter’, in Ron Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.),Die braune Elite, Darmstadt, 1989, 212–22, and the character study by Joachim C. Fest in his The Face of the Third Reich, Pelican edn, Harmondsworth, 1972, 207–25. 18. Heiden, Hitler, 124. 19. The above relies mainly on Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 24–6; and Bennecke, 28–30. Hitler’s proclamation of 3 August 1921, creating the party’s own paramilitary organization, is printed in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 144. 20. Cooperation with Ehrhardt came to an end with Klintzsch’s resignation from the SA to return to his naval company on 11 May 1923 (Bennecke, 28–9). 21. See Heiden, Hitler, 121–2. 22. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 35 n.158. 23. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 26–8. 24. Spindler, i.464; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 244. 25. Dietmar Petzina, Werner Abelshauser and Anselm Faust (eds.), Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch, Band III. Materialen zur Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914–1945, Munich, 1978, 83. 26. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 145–6. 27. Heiden, Hitler, 125. 28. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 150–51, 154; Heiden, Hitler, 125. 29. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 147–9. 30. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 147. The speaker at the SPD meeting, Erhard Auer, suffered an attempt on his life, which the Social Democrats suspected the Nazis of being involved in, on 25 October 1921 (Maser, Frühgeschichte, 301; see Hitler’s comments in MK, 562–3). 31. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 147. 32. MK, 563–7; and Heinz, 117–20, an eye-witness account of a Nazi supporter which also glorifies the brawl. Hitler’s words to the SA before the meeting, and reports on the content of the speech, ‘Who Are the Murderers?’, are reproduced in JK,513. 33. Hanfstaengel, 15 Jahre, 59; and see Kurt G.W. Ludecke (= Lüdecke), I Knew Hitler. The Story of a Nazi Who Escaped The Blood Purge, London, 1938, 123. 34. Spindler, i.466–8. 35. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 247–9 (quotation, 248). In one incident, in September 1922, for which a National Socialist was arrested, hand-grenades made by a party comrade in Munich, a watch-maker by trade, were thrown at the Mannheim stock-exchange. 36. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 153–4. 37. JK, 578–80. 38. JΚ, 625. Esser and Eckart made vague menacing noises about the party’s possible retaliation should Hitler be expelled (Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 246–8). 39. JK, 679 and n.1. 40. Bennecke, 42; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36. By the end of the year, the SA’s numbers had risen to about 1,000 men, almost three-quarters of them based in Munich (Bennecke, 45). 41. JK, 687. 42. Ernst Deuerlein, Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./ 9. November 1923, Stuttgart, 1962, 42 – 4; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 155–6; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36 and n.160; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 353–4; Fenske, 182–4. Deuerlein,Putsch, 43, has the demonstration taking place on the Karolinenplatz; Fenske, 184, on the Königsplatz. Since the squares are almost adjacent to each other, it seems likely that the demonstration spilled over into both. 43. Lüdecke, 59–61 (where the events are misdated – and followed in this by Toland, 118 – to 20 September 1922). In a court case in 1925, in which Hitler alleged slander against Pittinger, he claimed that the latter had attempted the same thing in 1922 that had proved unsuccessful for him the following year (RSA, I, 10–14, here 11). 44. Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Politik in Bayern. Berichte des württembergischen Gesandten Carl Moser von Filseck, Stuttgart, 1971, 108; Deuerlein, Putsch, 44; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 156. 45. Hitler’s account is in MK, 614–18; Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-38, contains reports of the Vorstand of the Bezirksamt Coburg, on the disturbances to the Regierungspräsidium of Upper Franconia, 16 October 1922, and to the State Ministry of the Interior in Munich, 27 October 1922 (quotation from p. 5 of latter report); see also Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 249; Lüdecke, 85–92. 46. The reason was a rancorous split with Dickel over debts owed to the latter by the near-bankrupt Nuremberg branch of the Werkgemeinschaft. The NSDAP showed itself, with a grant to Streicher of 70,000 Marks, ready to pay off the debt and provide a loan to acquire the Deutscher Volkswille (Robin Lenman, ‘Julius Streicher and the Origins of the NSDAP in Nuremberg’, in Nicholls and Matthias, 129–59, here 135). 47. Monologe, 158, 293, 430–31 n.175–6. 48. Lenman, 129; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 355–6. 49. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36 and n.162; Tyrell, Trommler, 33. For the social structure of the early party, see Michael Kater, ‘Zur Soziographie der frühen NSDAP’, VfZ, 19 (1971), 124–59. 50. MK, 375. Hitler was also effusive in private, even many years later, about Streicher’s ‘lasting service’ to the party in subordinating himself and winning over Nuremberg. ‘There would have been no National Socialist Nuremberg if Julius Streicher had not come,’ he claimed (Monologe, 158 (28–9December 1941)). 51. Lenman, 144–6, 149, 159. 52. Francis L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, London, 1967, 64–5. 53. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 356 and n.570, referring to oral testimony of Esser. VB, 8 November 1922, 2, has the illogical formulation: ‘We, too, have Italy’s Mussolini. He is called Adolf Hitler.’ (‘Den Mussolini Italiens haben auch wir. Er heiβt Adolf Hitler.’) 54. Günter Scholdt, Autoren über Hitler. Deutschsprachige Schriftsteller 1919–1945 und ihr Bild vom ‘Führer’, Bonn, 1993, 34. 55. Scholdt, 35. 56. Cit. Sontheimer, 217. For a biographical sketch of Stapel, see Wolfgang Benz and Hermann Grami (eds.), Biographisches Lexikon zur Weimarer Republik, Munich, 1988, 325–6. 57. Sontheimer, 214–22, quotation 218. 58. See Tyrell, Trommler, 274 n.151. 59. Tyrell, Trommler, 161–2. 60. Tyrell, Trommler, 62. 61. Tyrell, Trommler, 274 n.152. 62. JK, 729. 63. Cornelia Berning, Vom ‘Abstammungsnachweis’ zum ‘Zuchtwart’. Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Berlin, 1964, 82. 64. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 382; Georg Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr der Hitler-bewegung 1923, Preußisch Oldendorf, 1975, 73–4, 127–9 an d 128 n.23. Letters poured in during 1923, from north as well as south Germany, seeing in Hitler the German ‘redeemer’. Once Hitler had given up the ban on photographs of himself (see Hoffmann, 41–9), intended to add to the mystique about his person, the sale of portraits of him contributed to the spread of the cult. On Göring, see the character sketches in Fest, The Face of the Third Reich, 113–29; and Ron Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.),Die braune Elite, Darmstadt, 1989, 69–83. Göring succeeded Lieutenant Johann Klintzsch, formerly a member of the Ehrhardt Brigade, as leader of the SA in February 1923. Göring’s standing as a war-hero, decorated with the highest award, the Pour le Mérite, could only benefit the S A, and was probably the reason for the change in leadership (see Bennecke, 54). According to Lüdecke, Hitler had remarked: ‘Splendid, a war ace with the Pour le Mérite – imagine it! Excellent propaganda! Moreover, he has money and doesn’t cost me a cent’ (Lüdecke, 129). 65. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 74 refers to Pittinger’s contempt; as Heiden, Der Führer, 102, points out, for the Left Hitler was no more than ‘the common demagogue’. 66. Hanfstaengel, 15 Jahre, 109. 67. Oron James Hale, ‘Gottfried Feder calls Hitler to Order: An Unpublished Letter on Nazi Party Affairs’, JMH, 30 (1958), 358–62. 68. JK, 723–4(8 November 1922). 69. JK, 729 (14 November 1922). 70. See Tyrell, Trommler, 60–62. 71. JK, 837 (26 February 1923). 72. JK, 916 (27 April 1923). 73. JK, 933 (1 June 1923). 74. JK, 923 (4 May 1923). The speech was given in the light of what Hitler saw as the ‘capitulation’ of Chancellor Cuno to the French through the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr and the disaster of ‘fulfilment policy’. 75. JK, 923–4· 76. JK, 946 (6 July 1923). See also 973 (14 August 1923), stressing the responsibility of the leader, who risked victory or defeat as in the army and could not pass the blame to parties. He returned to the theme of heroism, personality, and leadership in a speech on 12 September, though he spoke of leaders collectively (J K, 1012–13). 77. JK, 984 (21 August 1923). 78. A remark allegedly made to Hanfstaengl, if accurately recalled, in which Hitler commented ‘I don’t have the intention of playing the role of the drummer,’ was made in the context of hints that he might become the tool of powerful conservative interests (Hanfstaengl, 47–8). 79. JK, 1027, cit. Daily Mail, 3 October 1923, under the heading ‘A Visit to Hittler’ (!) 80. Hitler appears to have compared himself with Mussolini in Lossow’s presence (Georg Franz-Willing, Putsch und Verbotszeit der Hitlerbewegung, November 1923 – Februar 1925, Preußisch Oldendorf, 1977, 56. 81. JK, 1034 (14 October 1923). 82. JK, 1043 (23 October 1923). 83. JK, 1034 (14 October 1923). At his trial, Hitler repeated that Kahr was ‘no hero, no heroic figure’ (‘kein Held, keine heldische Erscheinung’) (JΚ, 1212). 84. JK, 1032; Deuerlein, Putsch, 220. 85. As pointed out by Tyrell, Trommler, 162. 86. Tyrell, Trommler, 163. 88. See Tyrell, Trommler, 158–65. 89. JK, 939 (Regensburger Neueste Nachrichten, 26 June 1923). 90. Lüdecke, 17, 20. Hitler’s speech (in JK, 679–81) was on 16 August, not 11 August, as Lüdecke (20) states. The general reliability of Lüdecke’s memoirs – though there are numerous lapses as well as exaggerated claims – is upheld by Roland V. Layton, ‘Kurt Ludecke [= Lüdecke] and I Knew Hitler: an Evaluation’, Central European History, 12 (1979), 372–86. 91. Lüdecke, 22–3. 92. Lüdecke, 69–70, 83–4. His claim to have engineered the support of Ludendorff and Pöhner for Hitler was exaggerated in the attempt to bolster his own importance. Heß had established the first contact between Hitler and Ludendorff around May 1921 (Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 30). Pöhner, through his close connection with Frick, needed no introduction to Hitler from Lüdecke and had been sympathetic to the NSDAP during his time as Police President of Munich before 1921. 93. Lüdecke, 71–4, 126–7. 94. Lüdecke, 108, and see also 103; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 402–3. Hitler was certainly underplaying Lüdecke’s financial contribution when he claimed, in 1925, that the latter had given the Movement 7–8,000 Marks (RSA, I, 12). 95. Lüdecke, 101–6, 111–22; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 286–7and n.73· 96. Lüdecke, 156. 97. From Hanfstaengl’s account, the meeting was on the day that Hitler had met in the morning the US Assistant Military Attaché Truman Smith, and took place in the Kindlkeller (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 32–3, 35, 39). Hitler’s discussion with Truman Smith was, however, on 20 November, in the afternoon, and Hitler next spoke publicly on 22 November in the Salvatorkeller (JK, 733–40). Hanfstaengl (35, 39) also mistakenly states that it was Hitler’s first speech since serving a term of imprisonment for disturbance of the peace in the Ballerstedt incident. He held this speech on 28 July, after serving his sentence from 24 June to 27 July (JK, 656– 71; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 154). 98. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 41 and see also 84–7. 99. The description of Hitler from Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 35, 44. 100. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 71–4; visit to Berlin’s museums. 101. Ernst ‘Putzi’ Hanfstaengl, ‘I was Hitler’s Closest Friend’, Cosmopolitan, March 1943, 45· 102. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 41. 103. Hanfstaengl, Cosmopolitan, 45. 104. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 43–4. 105. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 61. 106. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 37, 61. 107. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 55. 108. Lüdecke, 97. 109. See Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 47ff 110. Lüdecke, 97; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 33–4. 111. Baldur von Schirach, Ich glaubte an Hitler, Hamburg, 1967, 66–7. 112. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 48. 113. See the description in Karl-Alexander von Müller, Im Wandel einer Welt, Erinnerungen 1919–1932, Munich, 1966, 129. 114. Gerhard Roßbach, Mein Weg durch die Zeit. Erinnerungen und Bekenntnisse, Weilburg/Lahn, 1950, 215. In an interview in 1951, Roßbach described Hitler as ‘a pitiful civilian with his tie out of place, who had nothing in his head but art, and was always late’, but was a ‘brilliant speaker with suggestive effect’. (‘Erbärmlicher Zivilist mit schlecht sitzender Krawatte, der nichts wie Kunst im Kopf hatte, immer zu spät kam. Glänzender Redner von suggestiver Wirkung.’) (IfZ, ΖS 128, Gerhard Roßbach). 115. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 48–9; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 289–90; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 33–4and n.150. 116. Friedelind Wagner, The Royal Family of Bayreuth, London, 1948, 8–9; interview with Friedelind Wagner in NA, Hitler Source Book, 933. On the same occasion, at the end of September 1923, Hitler had met Wagner’s son-in-law, the now aged racist writer Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who subsequently wrote Hitler an effusive letter, saying that he had ‘transformed the condition of his soul at one fell swoop’, and ‘that Germany should have brought forth a Hitler in the time of its greatest need’ was proof of its continued vitality as a nation. (IfZ, MA-743 (= HA, 52/1210), letter of Chamberlain to Hitler, 7 October 1923. And see Auerbach, 34 and n.151.) Hitler still spoke fulsomely in the middle of the war of his admiration for the Wagner family, especially Winifred. He pointed out that he had never been introduced to the aged and blind widow of Richard Wagner, Cosima, although she lived for some time after he had first gone to Bayreuth (TBJG, II/4, 408 (30 May 1942)). 117. For funding and patrons, see Maser, Frühgeschichte, 396–412; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 266–99; and Henry Ashby Turner, German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, New York/Oxford, 1985, 59–60, who provides the most reliable assessment of the Nazis’ sources of income at this time. Franz-Willing, 266–8, 280, 299 and Turner, 59–60, emphasize the contribution from ordinary members. For the continued reliance of the party on funding from its own members in the run-up to power, see Henry A. Turner and Horst Matzerath, ‘Die Selbstfinanzierung der NSDAP 1930–32’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 3 (1977), 59–92. 118. This is emphasized, for the period prior to the takeover of power, by Richard Bessel, ‘The Rise of the NSDAΡ and the Myth of Nazi Propaganda’, Wiener Library Bulletin, 33 (1980), 20–29, esp. 26–7. 119. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 70, 76. 120. Lüdecke, 78–9. 121. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 65. 122. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 60. This format began, according to Hanfstaengl, on 29 August 1923. The VB, still in serious financial trouble in the second half of 1921, was able through financial assistance of Nazi patrons – Bechstein had supported it two or three times – to appear as a daily from 8 February 1922. (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 60; Oron J. Hale, The Captive Press in the Third Reich, Princeton, 1964, 29–30; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 277–8, 289). 123. See the biographical comments in Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 197. 124. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 266 n.214, 281–8; and see Maser, Frühgeschichte, 397–412. 125. Turner, 50–55; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 288. Turner, 54, points out that, other than a dubious passage in Thyssen’s ghost-written memoirs, the evidence points towards the donation being made to Ludendorff, and that Hitler most likely gained only the similar sort of portion that was given to others. 126. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 291. 127. Deuerlein, Putsch, 63. 128. Deuerlein, Putsch, 62. 129. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 296–7. On Gansser, see Turner, 49, 51–2, and 374–5 n.4. 130. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 297. 131. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 31–2; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 281. 132. JK, 725–6. 133. Lüdecke, no. 134. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36 n.162; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 376; Michael Kater, The Nazi Party. A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945, Oxford, 1983, 19–31, 243; and see Kater, ‘Soziographie’, 39. 135. See Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 85. 136. Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 357–8. 137. Winkler, Weimar, 194; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 102. 138. Winkler, Weimar, 189; Hans Mommsen, Die verspielte Freiheit. Der Weg der Republik von Weimar in den Untergang, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 1989, 143. The execution of one saboteur, Albert Schlageter, on 26 May 1923, led to nationalist demonstrations of sympathy throughout Germany and was used by Nazi propaganda to create a martyr for the cause of the movement. See Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 102, 139–41. Hitler was at first uninterested in taking part. He was on holiday in Berchtesgaden with Eckart and Drexler, and had ‘Other worries’ (Hanfstaengl, 15Jahre, 108). Hanfstaengl’s suggestion (according to his own account) that great propaganda capital could be gained from it persuaded Hitler to become involved. Hitler’s ‘worries’ in Berchtesgaden doubtless included the proceedings just begun against him for breach of the peace, which threatened to put him behind bars again for at least two months to complete the partly suspended sentence of January 1922. 139. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 163–4. 140. MK, 768. His account of the Ruhr occupation is MK, 767–80. 141. See JK, 692, for the first usage, on 18 September 1922; also Maser, Frühgesch – ichte, 368 n.II. 142. JK, 783. 144. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 368–9. 145. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 164. 146. JK, 802–5. 147. JK, 805–26; Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 362–4; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 375. 148. Röhm, 2nd edn, 150–51. See also Franz-Willing, Ursprung, 361–2; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 375–6; and Hans Mommsen, ‘Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923’, in Johannes Willms (ed.), Der 9. November. Fünf Essays zur deutschen Geschichte, Munich, 1994, 33–48, here 40. 149. Wolfgang Horn, Der Marsch zur Machtergreifung. Die NSDAP bis 1933, Königstein/Ts./Düsseldorf, 1980, 102. 150. JK, 811. 152. Müller, Wandel, 144–8. 153. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 374, 376–7; Bennecke, 69. 154. Röhm, 2nd edn, 158–60; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 376–8; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 36–76. Röhm’s break with Pittinger’s Bund Bayern und Reich at the end of January meant the split of the former VVVB into its ‘white-blue’ and nationalist components (Röhm, 2nd edn, 152–3; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 37–9). 155. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 38; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 42. ‘Orgesch’, named after its leader Georg Escherich, loosely linked together Einwohnerwehren within and outside Bavaria. 156. JK, 1109–11; Bennecke, 66–70; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 55, 59–61; Hitler-Prozeß, LI. In his recollections of the year of the putsch, Theodor Endres, at the time Lieutenant-Colonel and 1. General Staff Officer under Lossow in Wehrkreiskommando VII, underlined the close connections between the Reichswehr in Bavaria and the Hitler Movement, which won notable support among the troops. Officers were willing to put in extra hours to train the nationalist paramilitaries (ΒHStA, Abt. IV, HS-925, Theodor Endres, ‘Aufzeichnungen über den Hitlerputsch 1923’, 10). 157. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 43. Some 1,300 SA men took part on 25 March 1923 as a contingent of almost 3,000 paramilitaries in combined military exercises near Munich (Röhm, 2nd edn, 170; Bennecke, 57–8). The fact that Röhm had named Reichswehr officers as leaders of the exercise was publicized by the Social Democrats in the Münchener Post and led to a ban on members of the Reichswehr joining the patriotic organizations. Röhm had to resign the leadership of the Reichsflagge in Munich (Röhm, 2nd edn, 177; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 75–6). 158. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 43, 65. 159. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 59. 160. Hitler’s memorandum, which Röhm regarded as the Working Community’s political programme, was dated 19 April 1923 (Röhm, 2nd edn, 175–7). 161. JK, 1136; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 43; Feuchtwanger, 124. 162. Röhm, 2nd edn, 164–6. 163. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 30. 164. JK, 1111; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 53–4; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 383. 165. JΚ, 1136; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 55. The conflict between Seeckt and Lossow lasted until the autumn. At a meeting on 7 April in Berlin, Seeckt demanded that Lossow maintain independence of political parties and paramilitary organizations. Lossow had told Seeckt that he could not dispense with the ‘patriotic associations’ that controlled 51 per cent of the weapons in Bavaria (Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 68). 166. JK, 1111. 169. Cit. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 76. 170. Gordon, 194, 196. 171. Deuerlein, Putsch, 56–7; Benz, Politik in Bayern, 125; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 81. 172. Gordon, 196–7; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 80. 173. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 393. 174. Gordon, 196–200; Deuerlein, Putsch, 56–60; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 79–83; BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 19–23. See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 170–73 for the police report of the demonstration on the Oberwiesenfeld; also Maser,Frühgeschichte, 394. 175. JK, 918. 176. Cit. Deuerlein, Putsch, 61. This was also the view of the acting United States Consul in Munich, Robert Murphy. He reported that people ‘are wearied of Hitler’s inflammatory agitation which yields no results and offers nothing constructive’ (cit. Toland, 142). 177. Cit. Gordon, 194. A similar comment – ‘the enemy stands on the right’ – had been most famously made by Reich Chancellor Joseph Wirth in the Reichstag after Walther von Rathenau’s murder in summer 1922 (Peter D. Stachura, Political Leaders in Weimar Germany, Hemel Hempstead, 1993, 187). 178. Other states had reacted more zealously to head off the evidently looming danger of a putsch attempt headed by Hitler’s movement. The NSDAP had been banned since the previous autumn in Prussia and several other states (though not in Bavaria) for its blatant and continued agitation aimed at undermining the state in defiance of the Law for the Protection of the Republic, which had been promulgated following Rathenau’s assassination in 1922 and aimed to combat the threat from the radical Right (Deuerlein,Aufstieg, 158, 166–70). Kahr remarked bitterly on 30 May 1924 that if the Bavarian government had wanted to bring it about, Hitler’s ignoring of security restrictions on 1 May would, in the light of the depressed mood among his followers in the aftermath of the failure, have given the opportunity for the suppression of the NSDAP also in Bavaria. Then, he went on, the ‘catastrophe of November 1923 and the still greater catastrophe of the Hitler trial would have been avoided’. This retrospective judgement was, however, quite different from Kahr’s attitude towards the NSDAP during the previous year (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 173) 179. See Maser, Frühgeschichte, 394–5. 180. Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Hitlers Denkschrift an die bayerische Justiz vom 16. Mai 1923’, VfZ, 39 (1991), 305–28; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 394; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 86–9; Hitler-Prozeß, LIV. Had the prosecution been pursued, Hitler would with certainty have been put behind bars for at least the two months suspended from the sentence he had received in January 1922, but dependent on his good behaviour. This would have put him out of action in the late summer or autumn of 1923, and have ruled out his chances of taking a leading role in the Kampfbund. The likelihood of a putsch taking place would, in such circumstances, have been significantly diminished. In fact, despite Hitler’s blackmail, Gürtner could have pressed on with the case – had the political will been there – and had it heard in camera. He did not entertain this possibility because of the fear that Bavarian ministers would have been forced to appear as witnesses and thereby exposed to damaging cross-examination. More important than the blackmail attempt were ultimately the political motives related to the anti-Berlin aims of the leading forces in Bavaria (Gruchmann, ‘Hitlers Denkschrift’, 306–13). 181. See Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 159. 182. JK, 918–66; Milan Hauner, Hitler. A Chronology of his Life and Time, London, 1983, 40. 183. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 110. 184. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 177–9; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 414–16. 185. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 412–14. 186. Cit. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 421. 187. See Bennecke, 78, noting that the Munich regiment increased by around 400 to 1,560 men between the end of August and 6 November 1923. 188. Hanfstaengl, Jahre, 108. See also Auerbach, ‘Hitler’s politische Lehrjahre’, 38–9; and Toland, 142–3. 189. See Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 117. 190. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 181–3. 191. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 182. The occasion was the first time that the Nazi greeting with raised right arm was in evidence in photographs. The form of greeting became uniformly deployed in the NSDAP for the party’s rally in Nuremberg in 1927 (Gerhard Paul,Aufstand der Bilder. Die NS-Propaganda vor 1933, 2nd edn, Bonn, 1992, 175–6; RSA, III.3, 382–3 n.3). 192. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 118; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 421. 193. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 39; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 119–21; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 424. 194. Bennecke, 79; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 39. 195. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 39. Hitler’s takeover of the leadership was the background to the splinter in the Reichsflagge, arising from the objections of its leader, Heiß (Horn, Marsch, 123–5). 196. Mommsen, ‘Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923’, 42. 197. Deuerlein, Putsch, 202–4n·69· 198. See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 188, for Hitler’s reported comments at a meeting of Kampfbund leaders on 23 October 1923, summarized by a witness at his trial, on 4 March 1924: ‘Independent action by the troops of the Kampfbund would be nonsense and was to be ruled out. The national uprising could only take place in the closest association with the Bavarian army and state police.’ (‘Ein selbständiges Handeln seitens der Truppen des Kampfbundes sei ein Unding und sei ausgeschlossen . Die nationale Erhebung könne nur in engster Vereinigung mit der bayerischen Reichswehr und der Landespolizei erfolgen.’) 199. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 176; Winkler, Weimar, 207; Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 158. 200. Winkler, Weimar, 225–6. The atmosphere in Hamburg is captured in the contemporary account, sympathetic to the insurgents, of Larissa Reissner, Hamburg at the Barricades, London, 1977. 201. Kolb, Weimarer Republik, 51–2; Winkler, Weimar, 213–16, 224–8;Mommsen, Verspielte Freiheit, 160–64; Peter Longerich, Deutschland 1918–1933, Hanover, 1995, 140–43. The radical Right had already made its own first amateurish attempt at a putsch by this time, with the action of volunteers of the ‘Black Reichswehr’ – secretly trained reserve formations of the army – on 1 October, led by Major Bruno Ernst Buchrucker, aimed at taking the fortresses of Küstrin and Spandau, near Berlin, as the signal for a general rising. The regular Reichswehr immediately intervened and the putsch fizzled out as quickly as it had started. (See Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 117, 300, 307–10.) 202. Winkler, 224–5; Kolb, Weimarer Republik, 51–2. 203. Deuerlein, Putsch, 70–71. He also hoped to put Kahr, whom he disliked and distrusted, in the firing line of responsibility for unpopular policies (Gordon, 217). 204. Deuerlein, Putsch, 72–3; Gordon, 220. 205. JK, 1017 (protest to Kahr); Deuerlein, Putsch, 74. One meeting of the Kampfbund, with Hitler as speaker, was held, despite the ban (JK, 1017–18). 206. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 417, 422–3, 425–6. Hitler’s speeches between 29 September and the beerhall putsch on 8 November contain numerous criticisms of Kahr’s inadequacies (JK, 1019–50). 207. Deuerlein, Putsch, 71–2, 164–5(quotation, 165). 208. Gordon, 242. 210. Deuerlein, Putsch, 162. 211. Deuerlein, Putsch, 164 (8 September 1923). 212. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 185–6for rumours circulating in mid-October in the left-wing press in Austria about a forthcoming putsch involving Hitler, Ludendorff and Kahr. 213. Cit. Gordon, 243. 214. Cit. Gordon, 244. 215. Cit. Gordon, 255. 216. Cit. Otto Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist für den Terroristen Adolf H. Der Hitler-Putsch und die bayerische Justiz, Munich, 1990, 42. Not dissimilar retrospective sentiments were also recorded by Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 167. 217. Above based on Gordon, 246–9, 251–3, 256–7; and see Franz-Willing, Putsch, 57. 218. Deuerlein, Putsch, 258; Hitler-Prozeß, LXI and n.23. But see Gordon’s qualifying comments, 253, on the reliability of the report. 219. See Gordon, 253–5. 220. Gordon, 255. 221. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 189–90. 222. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 57–9, where the suggestion is raised that the action was agreed between Kahr and the Kampfbund, and that Kahr intended to proclaim Crown Prinz Rupprecht, who was present at the gathering, as King of Bavaria. It is difficult to see, however, why the nationalist Kampfbund, with no interest in the restoration of the Bavarian monarchy, would have agreed to such a move. And the orders to prepare for action were given, apparently, to the nationalist SA and Bund Oberland, but not to the ‘white-blue’ pro-monarchy paramilitary organizations. 223. See Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 126–7; Gordon, 259. 224. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 190–91; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 59–60; Gordon, 248. 225. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 191–2; Gordon, 255–6. 226. Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr, 386–7; see also Deuerlein, Putsch, 99. Rumours of an impending putsch were current in Munich at the beginning of November. According to one, the restoration of the monarchy was to be proclaimed on 9 November; in another, Captain Ehrhardt’s organization intended to strike at Berlin on 15 November. In fact, 15 November was the date which Lossow had in mind for the Bavarian Reichswehr’s march on Berlin (Hans Hubert Hofmann, Der Hitlerputsch. Krisenjahre deutscher Geschichte 1920–1924, Munich, 1961, 135, 141). 227. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 63–4, 68. Kahr, together with Seißer and Lossow, did have a meeting that day with Ludendorff, at which there were sharp differences of opinion (Franz-Willing, Putsch, 68). 228. Gordon, 259. 229. Gordon, 259–60; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 66. 230. Gordon, 260. It has been estimated that around 4,000 armed putschists would have confronted about 2,600 state police and army troops in Munich (Gordon, 273) 231. Hofmann, 146; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 66 (based on oral testimony from 1958). Gordon, 259 n.63, mentions that there may have been an alternative plan to move on 10 or 11 November, but does not amplify. Deuerlein, Putsch, 99; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 192, refer to plans only for 8 November. 232. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 64, 67–9, accepts that such a proclamation to restore the monarchy was feared; Hofmann, 147, is sceptical, presuming they feared instead an independent strike by Kahr against Berlin. For Lossow’s comment, see Deuerlein, Putsch,99, 258. 233. Deuerlein, Putsch, 99; Hofmann, 147. According to Hanfstaengl, Hitler later acknowledged that Kahr’s manoeuvrings had forced him to take immediate action ‘to get the situation in hand again’, and that he had in any case been compelled to act in order to fulfil the expectations that had been aroused among his supporters (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 167–9). 234. VB, 10 November 1937, p. 2: ‘… Unsere gegnerische Seite beabsichtigte, um den 12. November herum eine Revolution, und zwar eine bajuvarische, auszurufen… Da setzte ich den Entschluß, vier Tage zuvor loszuschlagen…’ Franz-Willing, Putsch, 64 n.166, has slightly different wording. 235. Graf testimony, IfZ, ΖS-282/52, 60. 236. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 129. 237. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 71, 73–4. 238. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 71, has Esser also left uninformed, but Maser, Frühgeschichte, 443–4, has him being told in mid-morning. 239. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 72–3. 240. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 192–3; Müller, Wandel, 160–66; Gordon, 287–8; Franz-Willing, Futsch, 78–9. 241. JK, 1052. The police report has Hitler himself firing the shot. Müller’s testimony at Hitler’s trial (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 193) mentioned two shots fired, the first by Hitler’s guard, the second, minutes later, by Hitler himself. Probably Müller was mistaken. No one else recalled a second shot, or noted anyone other than Hitler firing the alleged first shot. 242. JK, 1052. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 133, also has Hitler making this remark after his first entry to the hall. Müller (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 194) has the remark made after Hitler’s re-entry. 243. JK, 1052. 244. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 134; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 193–4. 245. JK, 1053. 246. JK, 1054–5. The police reporter evidently understood Ludendorff’s designated position to be Reich President (JK, 1054), though it seems unlikely that Hitler used those words. 247. JK, 1054–5; Müller, Wandel, 162–3 (trans., Gordon, 288). 248. Müller, Wandel, 162 (‘ein rednerisches Meisterstück’); also, Müller’s trial testimony in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 194 (‘rednerisch ein Meisterstück’). 249. Gordon, 288–9. 250. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 195–6; Gordon, 288–9. 251. The above based on Gordon, 290–94. 252. Gordon, 289–90. 253. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 196–7. 254. JK, 1056–7. 255. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 454. The proclamation appeared in the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, which had rushed out its morning edition of 9 November with the banner headline ‘Establishment of a National Directory’ (ΜΝΝ, 9 November 1923, reproduced in Hellmut Schöner (ed.),Hitler-Putsch im Spiegel der Presse, Munich, 1974, 34–7). 256. JK, 1058 (Dok.600); the authenticity of the accompanying Dok.599 (1057–8) is extremely doubtful. Hitler’s authorization was dated 8 November. In his Nuremberg trial, Streicher stated that it was given after midnight, with the implication that Hitler was by then resigned to failure (see Maser, Frühgeschichte, 453). The date of 8 November suggests, however, that Hitler at the time of his authorization still believed in success. 257. Gordon, 316–20; Toland, 164, 258. Frank, 60; Gordon, 324–7. 259. Gordon, 327. 260. Graf testimony, IfZ, ΖS-282/52, 63. 261. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 41. 262. Frank, 61. 263. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 21–2. 264. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 454; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 109. At some point on 8–9November, an emissary did apparently visit the Crown Prince, though when precisely is unclear (Gordon, 445–6). 265. Frank, 60; Gordon, 330–32. 266. Gordon, 351–2. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 141, and Frank, 60, mention the snowy and slushy conditions. 267. Gordon, 333; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 141. The putschists were handed out 2 billion Marks each (Frank, 61). 268. Maser, Frühgeschichte, 457. According to Frau Ludendorff, the suggestion for the march came from the General (Margarethe Ludendorff, My Married Life with Ludendorff, London, n.d., c.1930, 251; see also Franz-Willing, Putsch, 110). 269. JK, 1117 (28 February 1924); Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 214. 270. Gordon, 350–52. Frau Ludendorff had the impression that the purpose of the march – or ‘public procession’ as she called it – was to test popular feeling in support of the overthrow of the Republic and the restoration of the monarchy (Margarethe Ludendorff, 251). Lieutenant-Colonel Endres thought the idea was to use the figure of Ludendorff to win over the Reichswehr to the putsch (BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 51). 271. See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 199. 272. Gordon, 357–8; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 197–8. In the view of one contemporary witness to the events, Lieutenant-Colonel Endres, however, the majority of the people of Munich were unenthusiastic (BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 52). 273. Frank, 61. 274. Frank, 61–2. 275. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 197; Frank, 61–2. 276. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 198–9 (Godin’s account); Gordon, 360–65; Deuerlein, Putsch, 331; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 459–60 (hinting that the police opened fire first). 277. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 200; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 116 n.182, 119; Gordon, 364. Two other putschists were killed in the Wehrkreiskommando, making up the sixteen dead in all who were, in the Third Reich, regarded as heroes of the Nazi Movement. The dead policemen have in the much more recent past been commemorated by a memorial near the Feldherrnhalle in Munich’s Odeonsplatz. 278. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 147; Gordon, 353 and n.124, 364 and n.152; Endres Aufzeichnungen, BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, 56 (where Endres, critical in every other respect of Hitler’s action in the putsch, was certain that he had thrown himself to the ground at the outbreak of gunfire, and thought this action ‘absolutely right’). 279. The initial diagnosis of the doctor in Landsberg, where Hitler was interned, that he had broken a bone in his upper arm, proved mistaken (Schenck, 299–300). 280. Gordon, 467. 281. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 144–5; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 460; Gordon, 469–71. Ludendorff’s wife had initially received the news that he, too, had been killed (Margarethe Ludendorff, 251–2). 282. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 146–9; Toland, 174–6, based on Helene Hanfstaengl’s unpublished notes. 283. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 149. 284. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 147. 285. Gordon, 465. According to Hanfstaengl, his wife Helene jerked the revolver from Hitler’s hand as he threatened ‘to end it all’ (Hanfstaengl, Cosmopolitan, 45). 286. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 33–4, cit. the report of the Government President of Upper Bavaria on Hitler’s arrest; Gordon, 465–6. 287. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 201; and see Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 146; Gordon, 413–15, 442–3. 288. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 202. 289. Cit. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 202, from Die Welt von gestern, Stockholm, 1942, 441. 290. Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 42. It attained twenty-three from 129 seats in the Bavarian Landtag (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 231). 291. Dietrich Thränhardt, Wahlen und politische Strukturen in Bayern 1848–1953, Düsseldorf, 1973, 173; Meinrad Hagmann, Der Weg ins Verhängnis, Munich, 1946, 14–20. 292. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 427. 293. Gordon, 495–503. 294. Gordon, 486–95; Seißer was subsequently restored to office, but was never again a powerful figure. 295. See Tyrell, Trommler, 166; and also Mommsen, ‘Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923’, 47. 296. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, citing comments made to him in 1988 by the then ninety-eight-year-old Alois Maria Ott, former Anstalts-Psychologe at Landsberg. 297. Röhm, 2nd edn, 272; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 203; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 154; Heiden, Hitler, 175; Tyrell, Trommler, 277 n.178; Hitler-Prozeß, XXX-XXXI; and see Gordon, 477. Prison psychologist Ott also claimed to have calmed Hitler down in the course of several hours of discussion, and to have persuaded him to break off his hunger-strike (Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 35). 298. Cit. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 37–42, from Ehard’s private papers. 299. Cit. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 43. 300. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, Z03; Gordon, 455, 476. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 49–52, clearly outlines the legal position: under Article 13 of the Law for the Protection of the Republic of 21 July 1922, the ‘Staatsgerichtshof’ (State Court) placed under the aegis of the Reichsgericht (Reich Court) at Leipzig had competence to try cases of alleged high treason. However, the Bavarian government had refused to concede its judicial authority and had passed three days later a decree establishing People’s Courts (Volksgerichte)for treason cases in Bavaria. Under the Reich Constitution of 1919, Reich law was superior to laws passed by individual states. Despite this, Bavaria refused to comply with the order of the Staatsgerichtshof in Leipzig, immediately following the putsch, to arrest Hitler, Göring and Ludendorff with a view to opening preliminary hearings against them. The only obvious way of overriding the Bavarian government in practice would have been through the use of force, which the Reich government was anxious to avoid. The complex and sensitive relations between the Reich and Bavaria at precisely this juncture, and the readiness of the Reich cabinet to concede – after pressure from the Bavarian Justice Minister Gürtner – that the trial should be held in Munich, are fully explored by Bernd Steger, ‘Der Hitlerprozeß und Bayerns Verhältnis zum Reich 1923/24’, VfZ, 25 (1977), 441–66, here esp. 442–9, 455· 301. Gordon, 476. 302. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 156; and see Heiden, Hitler, 176–7. 303. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 203–4. 304. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 215; Gordon, 480. 305. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 205–6, cit. Hans von Hülsen. 306. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 215–16, 217–20. 307. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 225. 308. Monologe, 260 (3–4 February 1942) and 453 n.168. 309. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 227. 310. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 227–8. 311. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 22, 48–54; and Hitler-Prozeß, esp. XXX–XXXVII. 312. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 58–60. 313. Laurence Rees, The Nazis. A Warning from History, London, 1997, 30. In this earlier trial, Judge Neithardt had sought an even more lenient punishment – a fine, instead of imprisonment – than the mild sentence actually imposed. 314. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 234–6; Tyrell, Trommler, 277 n.180; Heiden, Hitler, 184–5; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 156–7; Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 98. And see Hermann Fobke’s description of lazy days in Landsberg, in Werner Jochmann (ed.),Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, Frankfurt am Main, 1963, 91–2. 315. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 232. 316. MK, 603–8, 619–20; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 47. 317. See Tyrell, ‘Wie er der “Führer” wurde’, 34–5. 318. JK, 1188. 319. JK, 1210. 320. JK, 1212. ‘There is a single person who seems fit to have the German army lower its weapons to him and to bring about in peacetime what we need.’ (‘Es gibt einen einzigen, der in meinen Augen befähigt erscheint, daß das deutsche Heer die Waffen senkt vor ihm und daß im Frieden das erfolgt, was wir brauchen.’) 321. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 188 (23 October 1923). 322. JK, 1056–7. CHAPTER 7: EMERGENCE OF THE LEADER 1. Georg Schott, Das Volksbuch vom Hitler, Munich, 1924, 18, 229. 2. MK, 362. 3. See Horn, Marsch, 174–5. 4. Horn, Marsch, 172 and n.56; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 193; David Jablonsky, The Nazi Party in Dissolution. Hitler and the Verbotzeit 1923–25, London, 1989, 43 and 189 n.99. 5. For biographical sketches, see Fest, Face of the Third Reich, 247–64; and Smelser/Zitelmann, 223–35. 6. Alfred Rosenberg, Letzte Aufzeichnungen. Ideale und Idole der nationalsozialistischen Revolution, Göttingen, 1948, 107. 7. Bullock, Hitler, 122. 8. See Horn, Marsch, 172. 9. Jablonsky, 44. 10. Horn, Marsch, 173–5. 11. Jablonsky, 50. 12. Jablonsky, 46–7; Albrecht Tyrell, Führer befiehl… Selbstzeugnisse aus der ‘Kampfzeit’ der NSDAP, Düsseldorf, 1969, 68, 72–3; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 197. 13. Tyrell, Führer, 73. 14. Roland V. Layton, ‘The Völkischer Beobachter, 1920–1933: The Nazi Party Newspaper in the Weimar Era’, Central European History, 4 (1970), 353–82, here 359. 15. Tyrell, Führer, 68. 17. Tyrell, Führer, 81–2. 18. Jablonsky, 10, 22, 179 n.16, 181–2n.67. 19. Jablonsky, 58–63, 175. 20. Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355/I/2, Fol. 75, Privatkanzlei Adolf Hitler, Rudolf Heß to Kurt Günther, 29 July 1925. 21. Tyrell, Führer, 76; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 231. 22. Lüdecke, 218; and see Jablonsky, 85. 23. Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355/I/2, Fol.286. Rudolf Heß to Wilhelm Sievers, 11 May 1925. 24. Tyrell, Führer, 76. 25. Erich Matthias and Rudolf Morsey (eds.), Das Ende der Parteien 1933, Königstein, Ts/Düsseldorf, 1969, 782; Hagmann, 15–16. The Franconian heartlands of Nazism recorded even higher levels of support for the Völkischer Block: 24.5 per cent in Upper Franconia and 24.7 per cent in Middle Franconia (Hagmann, 18*). 26. Jablonsky, 85. 27. Jochmann (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 77, 114. 28. Jablonsky, 87–8. 29. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 252; Jablonsky, 89. 30. Tyrell, Führer, 77–8, cit. from Der Pommersche Beobachter, 11 June 1924; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 253. 31. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 256–7; Noakes, Nazi Party, 45. 32. Jablonsky, 93. 33. Jochmann, 77–8; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 234; Jablonsky, 94–5; and see Hitler’s letter of 23 June to Albert Stier, in Tyrell, Führer, 78. 34. Jochmann, 91; Jablonsky, 95. 35. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 235–6; Jablonsky, 96. He had told Ludendorff of his decision to withdraw early in June but had been asked to delay a public announcement. 36. Jablonsky, 96. 37. Tyrell, Führer, 77–8. 38. Jochmann, 90. Hitler seems to have indicated his decision to Ludendorff at a meeting, also attended by Graefe, on 12 June, the day after the appearance of the newspaper statement in question (Jablonsky, 96 and 203 n.19). 39. See Lüdecke, 222, for such an interpretation. 40. Lüdecke, 222–4 (quotation, 224). 41. Jablonsky, 90–91, 99–101. 42. Tyrell, Führer, 79. The date is mistakenly given in the press statement as 15–17 July, not August. 43. Tyrell, Führer, 80; Jablonsky, 101–2. 44. Jochmann, 96–7. 45. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 261–5; Jablonsky, 103–7. 46. Jochmann, 120–21. 47. Jochmann, 122–4; Jablonsky, 111; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 266. Hitler, noted Fobke, was preoccupied with his book, of which he had high expectations. It was scheduled for mid-October. Hitler fully expected to be free on 1 October, though Fobke added that he could not see the reason for his optimism (Jochmann, 124). 48. Jochmann, 125–7(quotation, 126). 49. Jablonsky, 118–23, 210 n.189, cit. Völkischer Kurier, Nr 165, 19 August 1924. 50. Jochmann, 130–37; Jablonsky, 124–5. 51. Jablonsky, 125–8. 52. Jochmann, 154, 165; Tyrell, Trommler, 167; Jablonsky, 135–9. 53. Tyrell, Führer, 86–7. 54. Jablonsky, 142–5. 55. Tyrell, Führer, 76; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 241, 427; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 163; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 276. 56. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 241; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 163; Jablonsky, 150. 57. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 97–8. 58. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 238–9. 59. On 16 September, the Munich police had found incriminating files of members and correspondence in the house of Wilhelm Brückner, formerly the Munich SA leader, and Karl Osswald, a former leader of the Reichskriegsflagge (Jablonsky, 132). 60. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 101–2. 61. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 103–10. 62. In a report of 26 September, the day after this judgement, however, Prison Governor Leybold accepted the seriousness of the breach of trust in smuggling out a number of letters, though his criticism was aimed at Kriebel and Weber, not at Hitler (Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 109–10). 63. Jablonsky, 132–3. 64. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 114–16. 65. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 116–18. 66. Hitler, Kriebel and Weber had attempted, in a declaration of 26 September, to distance themselves from Röhm’s plans for the Frontbann and show their disapproval of his actions. Hitler emphasized that he had laid down his political leadership, and that his refusal to be involved in the defence organizations set up by Röhm followed as a matter of course (Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 110– 12; see also Jablonsky, 133, and Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 160–61). 67. Jablonsky, 150. 68. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 239–40. 69. Jetzinger, 276–7; Donald Cameron Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen um Ausweisung Hitlers 1924’, VfZ, 6 (1958), 270–80, here, 272; Jablonsky, 91 and 202 n.190; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 239. The initial inquiry of the Bavarian police about deporting Hitler, in March 1924, had been prompted by concern that he would be acquitted at his trial, along with Ludendorff. The concern was also voiced by the Bavarian Minister President, Knilling. 70. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 101. As we have seen, the Munich Police Direction reinforced this opinion in its report of 23 September. 71. Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen’, 273. 72. Jetzinger, 277. 73. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 240. Hitler’s war service, it was claimed, meant that he was no longer an Austrian citizen (Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen’, 274). 74. Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen’, 276–7; Jetzinger, 278. 75. Whether, as has often been accepted (see Bullock, 127; Toland, 203) Gürtner, influenced by the Austrian refusal to take him back, played a decisive role in having deportation proceedings against Hitler quashed remains, in the light of Watt’s examination of the evidence, uncertain. See Watt, ‘Die bayerischen Bemühungen’, 270–71, 279. 76. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 250–52; Jetzinger, 272, 279. 77. Jetzinger, 280. 78. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 119–30 (quotation, 130). Leybold had already further testified to Hitler’s good conduct in a report of 13 November. 79. See Jablonsky, 150. 81. Monologe, 259–60. For Müller, see Monologe, 146, and Heiden, Hitler, 199–200. 82. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 130. 83. Monologe, 259–60; Hoffmann, 60–61; Franz-Willing, Putsch, 278–9, cit. Der Nationalsozialist of 25 December 1924 and Völkischer Kurier of 23 December 1924. 84. Monologe, 261. 86. See Jochmann, 91–2, for Fobke’s description of his normal day in Landsberg. 87. See MK, 36. 88. Frank, 47. 89. Frank, 45. 90. Eitner, 75. Eitner (75–82) was prepared to see the time in Landsberg as the major turning-point in Hitler’s life, the ‘Jordan experience’ that convinced him of his messianic mission, that he was no longer Germany’s ‘John the Baptist’, but its actual messiah. 91. Even allowing for Hitler’s usual underlining of his own ‘intuitive genius’, his later comment, that it was during this time that a good deal of reflection made him for the first time grasp fully many things that he had earlier understood only by intuition, accords with this interpretation(Monologe, 262). 92. Monologe, 262. 93. Otto Strasser, Hitler und ich, Buenos Aires, n.d. (1941?), 56. 94. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 251; Jochmann, 92. Fobke speaks of one hour’s ‘lecture with the chief, or better, from the chief (‘Vortrag beim Chef, besser vom Chef). According to one of his warders (who subsequently became an SS-Sturmführer), in an account published in 1933, Hitler read out chapters of his book on Saturday evenings (Otto Lurker, Hitler hinter Festungsmauern, Berlin, 1933, 56). See also Werner Maser, Hitlers Mein Kampf, Munich/Esslingen, 1966, 20–21 and Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben’, 161–78, here 162. 95. Hinted at in Heiden, Der Führer, 226.Though plausible, there is no corroborative evidence for Heiden’s inference (which did not appear in his 1936 biography of Hitler). Heiden, Der Führer, 226, also appears to be the source of the suggestion that Hitler had begun work in 1922 on a book entitled ‘A Reckoning’ (the title of the first volume of Mein Kampf), aimed at dealing with his enemies and rivals. 96. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 172. 97. Heiden, Hitler, 206; Heiden, Der Führer, 226. 98. Franz-Willing, Putsch, 251. 99. Strongly hinted in Heiden, Der Führer, 226 (though without corroborative evidence). 100. Otto Strasser, Hitler und ich, 59; Frank, 45; Heiden, Hitler, 188–90; Hans Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler auf Festung Landsberg, Munich, 1933, 56. See also Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben’, 161–2; Lurker, 56; Maser, Frühgeschichte, 304 and n.325; Maser, Adolf Hitler, 192. Ilse Heß claimed after the war that her husband had not taken down the text in dictation, but that Hitler had typed it himself with two fingers on an old typewriter, and subsequently, after his release, dictated the second volume to a secretary (Maser, Mein Kampf, 20–21). Given Hitler’s aversion to writing, and the availability of willing hands (including Heß’s) in Landsberg, this seems highly unlikely. 101. Otto Strasser, Hitler und ich, Constance, 1948, 78. 102. Heiden, Hitler, 206; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 172–3. 103. Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben’, 163; Görlitz-Quint, 236–43. Ilse Heß claimed somewhat unpersuasively, after the war, that only she and her husband had been involved in what amounted to purely stylistic amendments to Hitler’s text (Maser, Mein Kampf, 22–4). 104. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 173–4. 105. Frank, 45–6. According to Frank, he said that had he guessed in 1924 that he would become Reich Chancellor, he would not have written the book. 106. Heiden, Hitler, 206; Maser, Mein Kampf, 24; Oron James Hale, ‘Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer’, American Historical Review, 60 (1955), 830–42, here 837. 107. Hammer, ‘Die deutschen Ausgaben’, 163; Maser, Mein Kampf, 26–7, 29; [No author given], ‘The Story of Mein Kampf,’ Wiener Library Bulletin, 6 (1952), no.5–6, 31–2, here 31. 108. According to Otto Strasser, Hitler und ich, 60–61, the leading members of the party had privately to admit, during the Nuremberg Rally of 1927, that they had not read the book. See also Karl Lange, Hitlers unbeachtete Maximen: ‘Mein Kampf und die Öffentlichkeit, Stuttgart, 1968. Those well acquainted with Hitler from the earliest days of the party, such as Christian Weber, occasionally made fun of the contents of Mein Kampf (see Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 188). 109. Hitler’s declared gross taxable income largely derived from the sales of Mein Kampf, was 19,843 RM in 1925, dipped to 11,494 RM by 1927, was 15,448 RM in 1929, rising sharply the following year to 48,472 RM, then soaring to 1,232,335 RM in 1933. Hitler was delinquent in paying his tax for 1933, but action by the revenue authorities was first delayed, then stopped when he was declared tax exempt. He paid no taxation, therefore, on the vast royalties earned on Mein Kampf during the Third Reich (Hale, ‘Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer’, 839–41). 110. The outstanding analysis is that of Eberhard Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung. Entwurf einer Herrschaft, Tübingen, 1969; extended and revised 4th edn, Stuttgart, 1991. 111. See MK, 317–58. 112. MK, 372 (trans., MK Watt, 308). 113. MK, 358. 114. See MK, 742–3, 750–52. For the development of the ‘Lebensraum’ idea from its early usage in a programmatic declaration by the Pan-Germans in 1894, see Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum”’, 426–37, esp. 428ff. 115. See Martin Broszat, ‘Soziale Motivation’, 392–409, here esp. 403. 116. A point established, against the current interpretation at that time, as early as 1953 by Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Mind of Adolf Hitler’, his introduction to Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44, London, 1953, vii–xxxv. Trevor-Roper reinforced the argument in his article ‘Hitlers Kriegsziele’, VfZ,8 (1960), 121–33. But it was only in the light of Jäckel’s masterly analysis of Mein Kampf, in his book Hitlers Weltanschauung, in 1969 that Hitler’s ideas became generally accepted as inherently cohesive as well as consistent. 117. Frank, 45. Subsequent editions of Mein Kampf down to 1939 nevertheless contained, in all, around 2,500 largely minor stylistic corrections (Hammer, 164; Maser, Hitler, 188). 118. See Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, esp. 152–8. 119. The linking role of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund in the continuity of extreme antisemitic ideas between the Pan-Germans and the Nazis is excellently brought out in Lohalm, Völkischer Radikalismus. 120. JK, 176–7. 121. MK, 372 (trans., MK Watt, 307). 122. MK, 772 (trans., ΜK Watt, 620). 123. As implied in the title of the important analysis of Nazi anti-Jewish policy by Karl A. Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz. Nazi Policy toward German Jews 1933–1939, Urbana/Chicago/London, 1970. 124. JK, 646. 127. JK, 1226. 128. JK, 1242 and n.2–3. 129. Wolfgang Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers aus dem Frühjahr 1924’, VfZ, 16 (1968), 287, 288. For the conventionality of Hitler’s Pan-German notion of foreign policy in the early 1920s, see Günter Schubert, Anfänge nationalsozialistischer Außenpolitik, Köln, 1963, esp. ch.1–2; Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 31–8; and, in particular, Kuhn, Hitlers außenpolitisches Programm, 31–59, esp. 56. 130. Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 33–4. 131. Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 283, 291; Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 35–6; Geoffrey Stoakes, Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion, Leamington Spa, 1987, 137. 132. Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 284–91; Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 35. 133. Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 285, 289–90; Stoakes, 122–35. 134. JK, 96; Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 39. 135. JK, 427. See also Binion, Hitler among the Germans, 59. The May 1921 speech was shortly after Hitler’s first visit to Ludendorff, who may have put the idea into his head (Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 30 n. 127). By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia had withdrawn from the war at a cost of conceding vast tracts of territory to Germany. 136. JK, 505; Stoakes, 96. 137. See Stoakes, 120–21. 138. Stoakes, 118–20. 139. See Stoakes, 135, for Ludendorff’s views, and the possibility of his influence on Hitler. 140. JK, 773 (trans., Stoakes, 137). 141. See Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’; the text is printed in JK, 1216–27. 142. See Heiden, Hitler, 188. 143. Woodruff Smith, 110–11, 164. 144. See Woodruff Smith, esp. ch.6. 145. Woodruff Smith, 224–30. Despite a turgid style, the novel sold 265,000 copies between 1926 and 1933 (Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum”’, 433). 146. Woodruff Smith, 223, 240; Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum’”, 430–33. The part played by ‘Lebensraum’ in Hitler’s changing ideas on foreign policy at this time is brought out by Kuhn, ch.5, pt.3, 104–21, esp. 115–17. 147. Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 293 and n.67. 148. For Haushofer’s denial at Nuremberg that Hitler had understood his works, see Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum”’, 432 (where serious doubt is cast on that assertion). 149. Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 37, points out that it is impossible to establish plainly the direct influence on the development of Hitler’s ideas during the period in Landsberg. Maser, Hitler, 187, takes for granted, on the basis of comments in Mein Kampf,that Hitler knew the theories of Haushofer, Ratzel, and – though he did not read English – the Englishman Sir Halford Mackinder. Haushofer visited Heß in Landsberg. He later admitted that he had seen Hitler, though he denied seeing him alone (Toland, 199). His name does not appear in the list of Hitler’s own visitors (Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 293, n.68). 150. See Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 37; Kuhn, 104–21. 151. Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 38–41. 152. MK, 741–3(trans., slightly amended, ΜK Watt, 597–8). The first edition of Mein Kampf had ‘Persian Empire’ (Perserreich), not ‘giant Empire’ (Riesenreich) (Hammer, 175; Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung, 45 n.32). 153. Hitlers Zweites Buch. Ein Dokument aus dem Jahr 1928, ed. Gerhard L. Weinberg, Stuttgart, 1961; republished under the title ‘Außenpolitische Standorts-bestimmung nach der Reichstagswahl Juni-Juli 1928’, in RSA, IIA. 154. Monologe, 262. 155. JK, 1210; Tyrell, Führer, 64; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 155. 156. Tyrell, Trommler, 166–7. 157. See Eitner, 75–84. 158. See Tyrell, Trommler, 167. 159. MK, 229–32 (quotations 231–2). 160. MK, 650–51 (trans., MK Watt, 528). 161. MK, 70. 162. Bullock’s formulation (Hitler, 804) – ‘an opportunist entirely without principle’ in a system whose theme was ‘domination, dressed up as the doctrine of race’ – was guided by Hermann Rauschning, Die Revolution des Nihilismus. Kulisse und Wirklichkeit im Dritten Reich, Zürich/New York, 1938, esp. pt.1. 163. Tyrell, Führer, 85. 164. Jochmann, 134 (Fobke to Haase, 21 August 1924). 165. See Tyrell, Trommler, 174. 166. See Broszat, Der Nationalsozialismus, 21–2: ‘The National Socialist ideology has correctly been spoken of as a mixed-brew, a conglomeration, a mush of ideas.’ (‘Man hat mit Recht von der Weltanschauung des Nationalsozialismus als von einem Mischkessel, einem Konglomerat, einem “Ideenbrei” gesprochen’.) 167. See above, n.162. CHAPTER 8: MASTERY OVER THE MOVEMENT 1. BAK, R43 I/2696, Fol.528. See also Thomas Childers (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency, 1919–1933, London/Sydney, 1986, 232. 2. See Jürgen Falter, Thomas Lindenberger and Siegfried Schumann (eds.), Wahlen und Abstimmungen in der Weimarer Republik. Materialien zum Wahlverhalten, Munich, 1986, 45. 3. See Detlev J. K. Peukert, Die Weimarer Republik, Krisenjahre der Klassischen Moderne, Frankfurt am Main, 1987, 125, 132ff., 141–2, 176; Petzina, Abelshauser and Faust (eds.), Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch, Band III, 61, 98, 114–15, 125, 137. The extensive improvements in the framework of a welfare state are dealt with in Ludwig Preller, Sozialpolitik in der Weimarer Republik, Düsseldorf (1949), 1978. 4. See Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, London, 1969. 5. Peukert, Die Weimarer Republik, 175–6. 6. See Michael Kater, Different Drummers. Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany, New York/Oxford, 1992, 3–28, for the spread of jazz in the Weimar Republic. 7. BHStA, MA 102 137, RPvOB, HMB, 18 February 1928, S.I. 8. Tyrell, Führer, 382. 9. Tyrell, Führer, 352. The figures given by the party did not take account of those leaving, and are therefore too high. 10. A point made by Dietrich Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party, vol. 1, 1919–33, Newton Abbot, 1971, 76, of the 1926 party. 11. Tyrell, Trommler, 171. 12. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 163; Lüdecke, 252. 13. Hanfstaengl had on a visit to Landsberg encouraged Hitler to take some physical exercise and play some sport to reduce the weight he was putting on. Hitler rejected the idea on the grounds that ‘a leader cannot afford to be beaten by his followers – not even in gymnastic exercises or in games’ (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 157). 14. Hanfstaengl, 15Jahre, 164. On Hitler’s later strict vegetarianism, and the varied explanations he and others gave for this, see Schenck, 27–42. 15. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 166–7. 16. Monologe, 260–61, 453, n. 170. Hitler had moaned to Hanfstaengl at Christmas that ‘mein Rudi, mein Hessen’ was still in prison (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 165). 17. Monologe, 261 (where Hitler remarked that Held had been decent to him at their meeting and that he had later, therefore, ‘done nothing to him’); Karl Schwend, Bayern zwischen Monarchie und Diktatur, Munich, 1954, 298; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 169; Lüdecke, 255; Margarethe Ludendorff, 271–4. 18. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 193–4. 19. Schwend, 298. And see Jablonsky, 155 and 218–19 n.166–7. 20. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 170. The ban automatically ceased with the lifting of the Bavarian state of emergency (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 245). 21. Tyrell, Führer, 89–93, letter of the later Gauleiter of Pomerania (1927–31), Walther von Corswant-Cuntzow. See also Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 242–3, based on an account in the Münchener Post, 4 February 1925; and Jablonsky, 156. For Reventlow’s public attack on Hitler soon after the‘Preußentagung’, see Horn, Marsch, 213. 22. Tyrell, Führer, 92. 23. Horn, Marsch, 216 and no.23. 24. Horn, Marsch, 212 n.6. 25. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 193–4. In a private letter in July 1925 dealing with Hitler’s relationship with Ludendorff, Rudolf Heß wrote: ‘Herr Hitler never authorized his Excellency Ludendorff to lead the National Socialist Movement. Herr Hitler repeatedly requested his Excellency to withdraw from the petty political dispute immediately after the trial. His Excellency L[udendorff] should retain his name for the nation and not enter it and use it up on behalf of a small party’ (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-2, Fol.75, Heß to Kurt Günther, 29 July 1925). 26. Tyrell, Führer, 93–4. 27. Horn, Marsch, 213 and n.13, 214 and n.14; Jablonsky, 158; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 245. The DNVP immediately reformed itself as the DNVB (Deutschvölkische Freiheitsbewegung). 28. Tyrell, Führer, 104. 29. Tyrell, Führer, 71. 30. Hitler rejected the term ‘völkisch’ as unclear. – RSA, I, 3. Despite his statement, some sympathizers of his Movement were still unclear about the attitude towards religion. On his behalf, Rudolf Heß answered a letter from a Fräulein Ilse Harff from Chemnitz on 22 May 1925 by stating that ‘Herr Hitler has never opposed the Christian religion of any denomination, merely parties calling themselves Christian which misuse the Christian religion for political purposes’ (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355/I/2, Fol.127). 31. RSA, I, 1–6. 32. Lüdecke, 248. 33. RSA, I, 9. 34. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 51–2; Horn, Marsch, 226–7. Hitler waited more than a year before placing the reorganization of the S A in the hands of Franz Pfeffer von Salomon in autumn 1926. 35. RSA, I, 7–9. 36. Lüdecke, 256. 37. Heiden, Hitler, 198. 38. Jablonsky, 168, based on the police report of the meeting. 39. Rosenberg made plain in his memoirs that he stayed away from the meeting because of resentment which went back to the support Hitler had given during his internment to the clique around Esser and Streicher. He knew that Hitler planned a public display of mutual forgiveness for what had gone on, but wanted no part in the theatricals (Rosenberg, Letzte Aufzeichnungen, 114, 319–20). 40. Lüdecke, 257. 41. Lüdecke, 275. 42. Jablonsky, 168, 220 n.9. At the meeting in Munich in March to dissolve the Völkischer Block, Drexler is reported to have said that it was impossible to work alongside Esser. Nothing separated him from Hitler, but he could not continue with him as long as Esser was there (BHStA, Slg.Personen, Anton Drexler, Miesbacher Anzeiger, 19 May 1925). 43. Lüdecke, 255. 44. RSA, I, 14–28. 45. In his ‘Call to Former Members’ published the previous day, he had promised to account within a year for whether ‘the party again became a movement or the movement became stifled as a party’. In either event, he accepted responsibility (RSA, I, 6). 46. BHStA, MA 101235/I, Pd. Mü., Nachrichtenblatt, 2 March 1925, S.16. 47. BHStA, MA 101235/I, Pd. Mü., Nachrichtenblatt, 2 March 1925, S.16; RSA, I, 28 n.9; Lüdecke, 258. 48. RSA, I, 446, 448. 49. RSA, I, 5, 28 n.9; Horn, Marsch, 216–17 and n.25–6. 50. According to Lüdecke, 253, Hitler fell into a rage about the inadequacies of generals as statesmen when the handling of Ludendorff was broached. 51. Horst Möller, Weimar, Munich, 1985, 54. 52. Ludwig Volk, Der bayerische Episkopat und der Nationalsozialismus 1930–1934, Mainz, 1965, 5, 7. 53. RSA I, 36. 54. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 179–80; Horn, Marsch, 217. 55. See RSA, I, 38 n.2. 56. Lüdecke, 255. 57. Margarethe Ludendorff, 277–8. 58. Winkler, Weimar, 279; Horn, Marsch, 218 states that the choice for Jarres was to prevent embarrassment for Ludendorff. This was surely, however, an excuse rather than a reason. 59. Julius Streicher stated in a speech on 27 March, two days before the election, that the meaning of the election was to show that Germany needed a man like Hitler at its head (cit. Horn, Marsch, 217 n.28). 60. Falter et al., Wahlen, 76. The Communists also registered serious losses, as the radicalization of politics in the Weimar Republic was – temporarily as it turned out – reversed. 61. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 180. 62. The Tannenbergbund was banned in 1933. For image reasons, however, the Ludendorffs were still allowed to publish. There was an official reconciliation of Hitler and Ludendorff in 1937, and at his death in December that year the General was accorded a state funeral. The völkischreligious movement he and his wife founded – the Deutsche Gotterkenntnis (German Knowledge of God) – was even granted formal status (Benz and Grami (eds.), Biographisches Lexikon zur Weimarer Republik, 212–13; Wistrich, Wer war wer im Dritten Reich, 180). 63. The death-throes of the DVFB were to last until 1933, but it was never again a force to be reckoned with (Horn, Marsch, 218 and n.32). 64. Horn, Marsch, 215–16; Joseph Nyomarkay, Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party, Minneapolis, 1967, 72–3. On 8 March, the NSFB (Völkischer Block) was dissolved in Bavaria, and most members returned to the NSDAP. Four days later, the GVG dissolved itself with a unanimous pledge of support for Hitler and the NSDAP. 65. Tyrell, Führer, 107–8; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 246–7; Horn, Marsch, 222 and n.43. Hitler was permitted during the period of the bans only to speak at private functions – such as the meeting of the Hamburger Nationalklub he addressed in February 1926 – and at closed party meetings (though in Bavaria even speaking at these was for some time prohibited). 66. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 247; Reinhard Kühnl, ‘Zur Programmatik der Nationalsozialistischen Linken. Das Strasser-Programm von 1925/26’, VfZ, 14 (1966), 317–33, here 318. 67. Albert Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten der NSDAP, Stuttgart, 1959, 183, 185. Strasser’s importance to the NSDAP is thoroughly examined by Peter D. Stachura, Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism, London, 1983 and Udo Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP, Stuttgart, 1978. Kissenkoetter provides a brief biographical sketch in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), Die braune Elite, Darmstadt, 1989, 273–85. 68. Nyomarkay, 72–3. In southern Germany, by contrast, the 222 local branches before the putsch (all but thirty-seven in Bavaria), compared with only 140 by late 1925. 69. Tyrell, Führer, 97–9. 70. See Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 207; Tyrell, Führer, 113; Nyomarkay, 71–89; Jeremy Noakes, ‘Conflict and Development in the NSDAP 1924–1927’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1 (1966), 3–36. 71. Noakes, Nazi Party, 65. 72. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 207. 73. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 210–11; Noakes, Nazi Party, 84–5. 74. See Krebs, 187. Goebbels’s radical, ‘national’ brand of ‘socialism’ is heavily emphasized by Ulrich Höver, Joseph Goebbels – ein nationaler Sozialist, Bonn/Berlin, 1992. 75. TBJG, I. i, 99 (27 March 1925). Three substantial biographies of Goebbels appeared during the 1990s: Ralf Georg Reuth, Goebbels, Munich, 1990; Höver (who, however, deals in detail only with the period before 1933); and David Irving, Goebbels. Mastermind of the Third Reich, London, 1996. Shorter character sketches are provided by Elke Fröhlich in Smelser-Zitelmann, Die braune Elite, 52–68, and Fest, Face of the Third Reich, 130–51. 76. Peter Hüttenberger, Die Gauleiter. Studie zum Wandel des Machtgefüges in der NSDAP, Stuttgart, 1969, 33, 223; Shelley Baranowski, The Sanctity of Rural Life. Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia, New York/Oxford, 1995, 136. 77. TBJG, I.1, 127 (11 September 1925). 78. For public consumption at least, Hitler did not distance himself from the idea at this time. Replying for Hitler on 4 June 1925 to a query from a party sympathizer, Heß was apologetic about the absence of trade unions attached to the Movement, which he blamed on lack of funding (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-2, Fol.22, Heß to Alfred Barg, Kohlfurt-Dorf). 79. Noakes, Nazi Party, 85–6. 80. See Krebs, 119. 81. Krebs, 187. 82. This and the following paragraph are based on Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 207–11. See also Noakes, Nazi Party, 71. 83. TBJG, I.1, 126 (11 September 1925). For Fobke’s description of Strasser, see Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 208. 84. Though the meeting had not attained all its goals, Goebbels noted his satisfaction: ‘Everything then, just as we wanted’ (TBJG, I.1, 126 (11 September 1925)). 85. The Göttingen group had regarded the Community as a vehicle for representing its views within the movement, for blocking electoral participation, and for purging the party of Esser and his clique (Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 211). 86. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 212–13. The Briefe appeared for the first time on 1 October 1925. The statutes were approved at the second meeting of the Community, held at Hanover on 22 November 1925. 87. Tyrell, Führer, 116–17; Nyomarkay, 80–81; Kühnl, 321ff. Gregor Strasser recommended to Goebbels the exclusion of all personal factors in the case of Esser and Streicher. Both were in demand as speakers in northern Gaue. 88. Tyrell, Führer, 115–16; Nyomarkay, 80–81; Noakes, Nazi Party, 74. 89. Tyrell, Führer, 119; Noakes, ‘Conflict’, 23ff.; Orlow, i.67–8. 90. Noakes, Nazi Party, 74–5. 91. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 223. 92. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 220; TBJG, I.1, 157 (21 January 1926); Noakes, Nazi Party, 76; Tyrell, ‘Gottfried Feder and the NSDAP’, 48–87, here 69; Horn, Marsch, 237. 93. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 222. It is possible that there was direct criticism of Hitler. But the two witnesses, Otto Strasser, and Franz Pfeffer von Salomon – speaking many years after the events – cannot be relied upon. (See Noakes, Nazi Party, 76–8.) 94. Horn, Marsch, 237–8; Gerhard Schildt, ‘Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nord-West. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der NSDAP 1925/6’, Diss.Phil., Freiburg, 1964, 148ff. Hitler had initiated the division of the Reich into Gaue following the refoundation of the party in 1925. There was a good deal of amalgamation and renaming of them in the late 1920s before the organizational structure of the party’s regions settled down. (See Hüttenberger, Gauleiter, 221–4; and Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Grami and Herman Weiß (eds.), Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus, Stuttgart, 1997, 478–9.) Hitler’s chieftains in these areas were his vital props in extending and supporting his leadership in the provinces. 95. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 221. The plebiscite proposal was to fail, on 20 June, to acquire the necessary majority (RSA, I, 296 n.4, 451 n.26). 96. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 220; Tyrell, ‘Feder’, 69–70 and 85 n.105; RSA, I, 294 n.1. 97. Orlow, i.68–9; Nyomarkay, 83–4 and n.45. 98. Tyrell, ‘Feder’, 70. 99. TBJG, I.1, 161 (15 February 1926). Goebbels went on (161–2) to refer to a half hour’s discussion after a speech of four hours. According to the police report, the speech lasted five hours (RSA, I, 294 n.1). 100. VB report in RSA, I, 294–6. See also HStA, MA 101235/II, Pd. Mü., LB, 8 March 1926, S.16. 101. The ‘sic!’ is in the original (TBJG, I.1, 161). 102. Though a member of the Working Community, Ley – described by Fobke in his report on the Community’s first meeting as ‘intellectually a nonentity’ – had distinguished himself as an ‘unconditional supporter of the person of Hitler’ (Jochmann,Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 209). 103. TBJG, I.1, 161–2. Goebbels was reported to have stated, following the Bamberg Meeting: ‘Adolf Hitler betrayed socialism in 1923’ (Tyrell, Führer, 128). On the Bamberg meeting (if inaccurate in detail) see also Krebs, 187–8. 104. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 225; Kühnl, 323. 105. Horn, Marsch, 243 and n.119; Noakes, Nazi Party, 83. 106. Orlow, i.72. He must have had reservations. When Goebbels was in Munich in April, he and Kaufmann were strongly criticized by Hitler for their part in the Working Community and the Gau Ruhr (TBJG, I.1, 172 (13 April 1926)). 107. Stachura, Strasser, 50. 108. Horn, Marsch, 243; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 53. 109. See Horn, Marsch, 242 n. 117; Orlow, i.72; Nyomarkay, 88. Goebbels had to respond publicly to ‘Damascus’ allegations (TBJG, I.1, 204 (25 August 1926)). 110. TBJG, I.1, 134–5(14 October 1925). 111. TBJG, I.1, 141 (6 November 1925), 143 (23 November 1925). 112. Nyomarkay, 87. 113. TBJG, I.1, 167 (21 March 1926): ‘Julius is at least honest,’ he wrote. Strasser advised caution (Noakes, Nazi Party, 82). 114. TBJG, I.1, 169 (29 March 1926). 115. TBJG, I.1, 171 (13 April 1926) 116. Tyrell, Führer, 129; TBJG, I.1, 171–2(13 April 1926). Goebbels gives no indication in his diary of the content of the speech. From Pfeffer’s remarks to Kaufmann, that, having previously thought his and Goebbels’s views on socialism went too far, he was almost persuaded to advocate socialism on the basis of the latter’s speech, it can be presumed that Goebbels watered down his early views considerably for consumption for his Munich audience. 117. TBJG, I.1, 172–3(13 April 1926). 118. TBJG, I.1, 175 (19 April 1926). 119. Horn, Marsch, 247. Martin Broszat, ‘Die Anfänge der Berliner NSDAP, 1926/27’, VfZ, 8 (1960), 88ff; Hüttenberger, Gauleiter, 39 ff . 120. TBJG, I.1, 244 (13 July 1928). 121. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 190. 122. Tyrell, Führer, 103. 123. RSA, I, 430; the police report spoke of around 2,500 members present (RSA, 430 n.18). 124. RSA, I, 431. 125. RSA, I, 437. 126. RSA, I, 430. 127. RSA, I,461–5; Tyrell, Führer, 104, 136–41, 216; Horn, Marsch, 278–9; Orlow, i.72–3. 128. RSA, I, 461; and see Noakes, Nazi Party, 83 n.1. 129. RSA, II/1, 6–12 (quotations, 6, 7). 130. RSA, II/1, 15 n.1. The violence and thuggery of those attending led to a protest resolution of the Weimar town council and heated debate in the Thuringian Landtag. It also brought much welcome publicity for the NSDAP (RSA, II/1, 17 n.3). 131. It was subordinated, until 1934, to the SA. At the time of the Weimar Party Rally of 1926, it was no more than about 200 strong. (See Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, London, 1969, 17–23.) 132. RSA, II/1, 16 and n.5. 133. Orlow, i.76; text of the speech, RSA, II/1, 17–25. Dinter had used his influence to obtain the National Theatre for the party congress (Tyrell, Führer, 149). 134. TBJG, I.1, 191 (6 July 1926). 135. Orlow, i.76. The party had an estimated 35,000 members at this time. Membership in many localities stagnated in 1926–7. (See Orlow, i.111.) 136. Orlow, i.75. 137. See Lüdecke, 250–52. 138. See Tyrell, Führer, 196. 139. See Krebs, 126–7 on Hitler’s speech in Hamburg in early October 1927. 140. See Krebs, 128. 141. See Hanfstaengl, 183; Krebs, 134–5. 142. The following description draws in the main on Krebs, 126–35. 143. Krebs, 133. 146. Müller, Wandel, 301. 147. Krebs, 128–9. 148. Tyrell, Führer, 212, letter of Walter Buch, 1 October 1928. The document is a handwritten draft of a letter which may never have been sent. 149. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 183. The ‘coffee-house tirades’ were, presumably, outbursts which Hanfstaengl frequently experienced during the regular gatherings of Hitler and his cronies in Munich’s cafés. 150. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 183–4. A similar incident had apparently caused trouble between Hermann Esser and his wife. According to Hanfstaengl, Hitler also found himself for a time persona non grata in the house of one of his Berlin benefactors, the later Minister for Post Wilhelm Ohnesorge, on account of pathetic professions to his daughter that though he could not marry he could not live without her. The reliability of the story might be justifiably doubted. Similarly, though Hitler greatly enjoyed the company of Winifred Wagner, the wife of the composer’s son, Siegfried, there are no grounds to believe (as was hinted, for instance, by Heiden, Hitler, 349) that the relationship was other than platonic. 151. See the writer Hans Carossa’s impressions in Deuerlein, Hitler, 86. 152. Müller, Wandel, 301. 153. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 157. 154. Krebs, 126. 155. Lüdecke, 252; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 163. 156. Krebs, 129; the Munich police noted in March 1925 that Hitler had bought the black Mercedes as a second car (BHStA, MA 101235/1, PD Mü., Nachrichtenblatt, 2 March 1925, S.17). The car cost a handsome 20,000 Reich Marks – more than Hitler’s declared taxable income in the year 1925. He told the tax authorities that he had purchased the car through a bank loan (Hale, ‘Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer’, 831, 837). 157. See Monologe, 282–3, for Hitler’s preference for Bavarian short trousers. 158. Heiden, Hitler, 184. 159. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 185. 160. Müller, Wandel, 301. 161. See Krebs, 127–9, 132, 134for the above. 162. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 176. 163. Hitler was in Berchtesgaden from 18 July until the end of the month (TBJG, I.1, 194–8(18 July – 1 August 1926)). 164. Monologe, 202–5. The first volume of Mein Kampf, originally intended for publication in March – the printers had pressed Hitler to no avail in February to let them have the final manuscript (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355–I–2, Fol.223) – was eventually published on 18 July 1925. Hitler’s dictation must, therefore, have been of the second volume, work which he completed the following summer, not the first volume, as Toland, 211, thought. This is confirmed in a letter by Rudolf Heß on 11 August 1925 in which he states that Hitler ‘is retreating for about 4 weeks to Berchtesgaden to write the second volume of his book’ (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-2, Fol.101). The second volume was published on 11 December 1926 (Maser, Mein Kampf, 272, 274). 165. Monologe, 206–7. In his related note, the editor, Werner Jochmann, 439 n.60, dates the renting to 1925, though without source, and in variation from Hitler’s own dating in the text. Heiden, Hitler, 205 also dates it to 1925. Toland, 229, presumes the same date. Hitler himself seemed in no doubt, however, that the year was 1928. It is unlikely that, on a matter of such significance to him, his good factual memory was playing tricks on him. The businessman concerned was Kommerzienrat Winter from Buxtehude, near Hamburg. He had had Haus Wachenfeld built in 1916 (1917 according to Hitler, Monologe, 202) (Josef Weiß, Obersalzberg. The History of a Mountain, Berchtesgaden (n.d., 1955), 59, 67). The house was close to the Platterhof – the new name of what was formerly Pension Moritz. Hanfstaengl thought that the purchase was brought about with the financial help of the Bechsteins. But there is no evidence of this (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 186). 166. Heiden, Hitler, 205: ‘Seven Years on the Magic Mountain’. Gauleiter Giesler of Munich allegedly referred to the Obersalzberg as the ‘Holy Mountain’ (Weiß, 65). 167. For the Berghof, its prehistory, and its symbolism for Hitler’s rule, see Ernst Hanisch, Der Obersalzberg: das Kehlsteinhaus und Adolf Hitler, Berchtesgaden, 1995. 168. Heiden, Hitler, 207–8. 169. Monologe, 206; TBJG, I.1, 195–7(23–4July 1926). 170. TBJG, I.1, 194–7(18–26 July 1926), quotations, 196, 197. 171. This is presumably one of the two meetings Hitler addressed in Berchtesgaden on 9 and 13 October 1926 (RSA, II/1, 71). Mimi’s mother had died on 11 September. Hitler and Mimi must have met around the end of September or beginning of October. 172. Günter Peis, ‘Hitlers unbekannte Geliebte’, Der Stern, 13 July 1959; see also Maser, Hitler, 312–13, 320–21; Ronald Hayman, Hitler and Geli, London, 1997, 93–6; Nerin E. Gun, Eva Braun – Hitler. Leben und Schicksal, Velbert/Kettwig, 1968, 62–4. 173. Knopp, 135, and see also 143–4. The source of Hitler’s letter is not given. 174. RSA, I, 297 n.1–2(text of the speech, 297–330). Hitler was allowed to speak, despite the still prevailing ban, because it was a closed society. 175. Falter et al., Wahlen, 70; Edgar Feuchtwanger, From Weimar to Hitler. Germany, 1918–33, 2nd edn, London, 1995, 191. 176. RSA, I, 318. 177. Above quotations, RSA, I, 323. 178. RSA, I, 324. 181. RSA, I, 320. 182. RSA, I, 330. 183. See, for a few of many examples: RSA, I, 362 (‘international Jewish stock-exchange and finance capital, supported by Marxist-democratic backers within’); RSA, 1,457 (mission to defend the German people against ‘the Jewish international bloodsuckers’);RSA, I, 476 (‘the profit landed in the pockets of the Jews’); RSA, II/1, 62 (‘the possibility of a German resurrection only in the annihilation of Marxism’, which could not be achieved without ‘a solution of the race problem’); RSA, II/1, 105–6(Hitler claiming to complete Christ’s ‘struggle against the Jew as the enemy of mankind’); RSA, II/1, 110 (the need for struggle against policies which ‘hand over our people to the international stock-exchange and raise Jewish world capitalism to the unrestrained ruler of our Fatherland’ and struggle against ‘the Jewish plague of our press and newspaper poisoning’); RSA,II/1, 119 (‘the international world-Jew is master in Germany’). 184. E.g. RSA, II/2, 567, 742, 848, 858. 185. RSA, II/1, 158. See also RSA, I, 20. 186. He appears to have used the term ‘Lebensraum’ on only one occasion, 30 March 1928 (RSA, II/2, 761). 187. RSA, I, 240–41. 188. RSA, I, 295. 189. RSA, II/I, 17–25, esp. 19–21. 190. MK, 726–58. 195. RSA, I, 102, II/1, 408. 196. E.g., RSA, I, 37, 472. 197. RSA, I, 426. 198. TBJG, I.1, 172 (13 April 1926), 196 (23 July 1926). 199. That Hitler held to a more or less coherent social revolutionary programme and consciously aimed to modernize German society has been consistently advanced by Rainer Zitelmann in his studies, notably: Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs,Hamburg/Leamington Spa/New York, 1987; Adolf Hitler, Göttingen/Zürich, 1989; and ‘Die totalitäre Seite der Moderne’, in Michael Prinz and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung, Darmstadt, 1991, 1–20, here esp. 12f 200. RSA, l , 62. 201. RSA, II/2, 674. 202. Weinberg (ed.), Hitlers Zweites Buch. His dictation of the book can be dated to the last weeks of June and the first week of July 1928 (RSA, IIA, XIX). Gerhard Weinberg’s introduction to the new edition of the work (RSA, HA) – now given the descriptively accurate if less pithy designation ‘Außenpolitische Standortsbestimmung nach der Reichstagswahl’ (Foreign Policy Position after the Reichstag Election) – authoritatively explains the background, timing, and content of the tract. See also Hitlers Zweites Buch, 7, 20;RSA, III/1, xi. For an analysis of the content, see Martin Broszat, ‘Betrachtungen zu “Hitlers Zweitem Buch”’, V fz, 9 (1961), 417–29. 203. Hitlers Zweites Buch, 21–6; RSA, IIA, 1–3. 204. Hitlers Zweites Buch, 21–2; RSA, I, 269–93; MK, 684–725 (with minor stylistic alterations). 205. Hitlers Zweites Buch, 23; RSA, IIA, XVI. The introduction in early 1928 of the Italian language for religious instruction in South Tyrol had prompted the revival of agitation. 206. Hitlers Zweites Buch, 36. Sales of Mein Kampf totalled only 3,015 in 1928, the worst sales figures since the publication of the first edition (RSA, IIA, XXI). 207. RSA, IIA, XXI-XXII. 208. RSA, IIA, 182–7. 209. RSA, IIA, XXIII. In contrast, see Toland’s interpretation, which notably exaggerates the significance of the ‘Second Book’ as the point at which Hitler had ‘seen the light’ and ‘finally come to the realization that his two most urgent convictions – danger from Jews and Germany’s need for sufficient living space – were entwined’ (Toland, 230–32). 210. Full recognition of this was late in coming, and only followed the publication in 1969 of Jäckel’s study, Hitlers Weltanschauung. One of Hitler’s early biographers, Alan Bullock, subsequently recognized that he had been mistaken, in the first edition ofHitler. A Study in Tyranny, in playing down the importance of Hitler’s ideas (Ron Rosenbaum, ‘Explaining Hitler’, 50–70, here 67). Hitler’s ideology figures prominently in Bullock’s later work, Hitler and Stalin. Parallel Lives, London, 1991. 211. Tyrell, Führer, 107–8; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 267–8. The ban had first been lifted in the small state of Oldenburg on 22 May 1926. 212. RSA, II/1, 165–79; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 268–9. 213. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 269–75. 214. RSA, II/1, 179–81. 215. Heiden, Hitler, 221. 216. RSA, II/1, 221 n.2. 217. RSA, II/1, 235, n.2. 218. BHStA, MA 102 137, RPvOB, HMB, 21 March 1927, S.3. 219. BHStA, MA 101 235/II, Pd. Mü., LB, 19 January 1928, S.11. 220. BHStA, MA 101 238/II, Pd. Nbg. – Fürth, LB, 22 November 1927. S.1, 4. 221. Tyrell, Führer, 108 (Prussia, 29 September 1928; Anhalt, November 1928). 222. Tyrell, Führer, 129–30, 163–4. The salute may, indeed, have been used sporadically (as Rudolf Heß claimed) as early as 1921, though he did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy. ‘Heil’ had long been used in the Schönerer Pan-German Movement and among Austrian as well as German youth groups as a mode of greeting before the turn of the century. (See Hamann, 347, 349; Klaus Vondung, Magie und Manipulation. Ideologischer Kult und politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus, Göttingen, 1971, 17; and also Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 181–2, for the Heil-Hitler greeting and the growing Führer cult in the party.) 223. Tyrell, Führer, 163–4. 224. See Theodore Abel, Why Hitler came into Power, Cambridge, Mass. (1938), 1986, 73, for Heß’s eulogy of great leadership, claiming the need for a dictator, in a prize essay of 1921 written in a competition sponsored by a German-American on the ‘cause of the suffering of the German people’. 225. Tyrell, Führer, 171. 226. Tyrell, Führer, 169. 227. Tyrell, Führer, 173. 228. Joseph Goebbels, Die zweite Revolution. Briefe an Zeitgenossen, Zwickau, n.d. (1926), 5 (trans., Ernest K. Bramsted, Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda 1925–1945, Michigan, 1965, 199). 229. Abel, 70. 231. Peter Merkl, Political Violence under the Swastika, Princeton, 1975, 106. 232. Tyrell, Führer, 167; Hüttenberger, Gauleiter, 19, for Dincklage. 233. Tyrell, Führer, 186–8; and see Rüssel Lemmons, Goebbels and Der Angriff, Lexington, 1994, 23–4. 234. RSA, II/1, 309–11 (18 May 1927), and also 320–22 (25 May 1927); Orlow, i.106; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 64. 235. See Tyrell, Führer, 147–8. 236. See Tyrell, Führer, 388 and illustration 5. 237. Tyrell, Führer, 145; Orlow, 1.96–7and n.86. 238. Albrecht Tyrell, III. Reichsparteitag der NSDAP, 19–21. August 1927, Filmedition G122 des Instituts für den wissenschaftlichen Film, Ser.4 N0.4/G122, Göttingen, 1976, esp. 20–1, 23–5, 42–5. The attendance was lower than had been hoped. 239. Tyrell, Führer, 149, 202–3. Dinter’s book, Die Sünden wider die Zeit (Sins against the Epoch), had appeared in several hundred thousand copies since its publication in 1917, and was a best-seller in nationalist-racist circles. Dinter published his exchange of letters with Hitler in his journalGeistchristentum (Spiritual Christianity). 240. Tyrell, Führer, 149, 208–10; Orlow, i.135–6, 143. Hitler had written in firm but conciliatory vein to Dinter in July, inviting him to discussions. Dinter had been summoned by telegram to the Party Leaders’ Conference in September, but had failed to turn up. 241. Tyrell, Führer, 210–11. 242. Tyrell, Führer, 203–5. 243. Tyrell, Führer, 225–6. 244. See Tyrell, Führer, 170 (Heß to Hewel, 30 March 1927); and Krebs, 127 (Hamburg speech, October 1927). 245. Tyrell, Führer, 225. The total of 20,000 speeches given by only 300 or so party speakers during 1928 puts the number of Hitler speeches – though not of course their impact – into perspective (Tyrell, Führer, 224). Worries about his health may have been at least in part responsible for the decline in frequency of his speaking engagements. See David Irving, The Secret Diaries of Hitler’s Doctor, paperback edn, London, 1990, 31–2, for Hitler’s later comments about his violent stomach spasms in 1929. 246. Tyrell, Führer, 225, and 219–20 for the party’s financial problems; see also Orlow, i.109–10. 247. Turner, German Big Business, 83–99; Orlow, i.110 n.137. 248. Orlow, i.109. 249. With typical exaggeration, Hitler told Goebbels nine years later that he had been so distressed at the party’s financial state that he had thought of shooting himself. Then Kirdorf had come along with his contribution (TBJG, I.2, 727 (15 November 1936)). Turner, German Big Business, 91 regards the gift as ‘improbable’, though he refers (cf. 386 nn. 15, 17) only to the post-war memoirs of August Heinrichsbauer and Albert Speer’s recollections of Hitler’s comments, and not to Goebbels’s diary entry. For the intermediacy of Elsa Bruckmann, see Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 285–6. Kirdorf asked Hitler to put down his views in a brochure to be distributed privately to industrialists (Adolf Hitler, Der Weg zum Wiederaufstieg, Munich, August 1927; reprinted in RSA, II/2, 501–9). Kirdorf, formerly a member of the DNVP, resigned his membership of the Nazi party in 1928, within a year of joining, because of the ‘socialist’ aims of the party, but was an honoured guest at the 1929 Party Rally and rejoined the NSDAP in 1934. 250. According to the party’s own issue of membership cards, the number of members was 50,000 in December 1926 – still lower than before the putsch – 70,000 in November 1927, 80,000 on the eve of the 1928 election, and 100,000 by October 1928 (Tyrell,Führer, 352). These figures take no account of the considerable numbers leaving the party, nor of blocks of cards issued but not occupied. Real numbers were, therefore, substantially smaller. Local membership figures reveal stagnating membership (Orlow, i.110–11). See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 291, for more exact figures for the distribution of membership cards by end of 1927 (72,590, marking a rise of 23,067 in the year). 251. Tyrell, Führer, 196. 252. Tyrell, Führer, 222. 253. Orlow, i.58–9. Philipp Bouhler became business manager (Reichsgeschäftsführer) of the party after its refoundation in 1925 and rose rapidly through the ranks of the NSDAP, ultimately becoming Chef der Kanzlei des Führers and head of the ‘Euthanasia Programme’. For a pen-portrait, see Wistrich, 29. 254. Stachura, Strasser, 62–5, 67ff.; Tyrell, Führer, 224. 255. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 287. 256. Peter Stachura, ‘Der kritische Wendepunkt? Die NSDAP und die Reichstagswahlen vom 20. Mai 1928’, VfZ, 26 (1978), 66–99, here 79–80. 257. Tyrell, Führer, 188. 258. Tyrell, Führer, 150. 259. See Bradley F. Smith, Heinrich Himmler 1900–1926. Sein Weg in den deutschen Faschismus, Munich, 1979; Peter Padfield, Himmler. Reichsführer-SS, London, 1990; character sketches of Himmler are provided by Fest, Face of the Third Reich, 171–90; and Josef Ackermann, in Smelser-Zitelmann, Die braune Elite, 115–33. 260. Tyrell, Führer, 224. 261. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 292; Tyrell, Führer, 193. 262. Orlow, i.151 speaks of a ‘new propaganda strategy, the rural-nationalist plan’, to replace the failed ‘urban plan’. (See also i.138.) Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 93 (discussion of the relevant literature, 66 n.2) also sees a fundamental shift, but as a consequence of the poor election results. 263. Frankfurter Zeitung, 26 January 1928, cit. in Philipp W. Fabry, Mutmaßungen über Hitler. Urteile von Zeitgenossen, Düsseldorf, 1979, 28. 264. See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 249–50, cit. a Weltbühne comment of 17 March 1925, registering the ‘death’ of the völkisch movement. 265. See, for example, BHStA, MA 102 137, RPvOB, HMB, 19 May 1928, S.1: ‘In broad circles there is indifference towards the electioneering of the party leaderships’. The Nazi campaign remained largely confined to towns and cities (Geoffrey Pridham,Hitler’s Rise to Power. The Nazi Movement in Bavaria, 1923–1933, London, 1973, 80.) The turn-out was the lowest (75.6 per cent) of any Weimar Reichstag election (Falter et ai, Wahlen, 71). 266. See e.g. RSA, III/2, 202 for Hitler’s criticism in April 1929 of the ‘20, 30 and more parties’ and politicized economic interest groups, a reflection of the division in all areas. 267. Falter et al., Wahlen, 44. 268. The Völkisch-Nationaler Block put up its own candidates in 1928 and, to the NSDAP’s pleasure, gained only 0.9 per cent (266,430 votes) of the vote and not a single seat (Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 91). 269. Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 85–7. The party subsequently acknowledged publicly that ‘the election results of the rural areas have proved that with a smaller expenditure of energy, money, and time, better results can be achieved than in the big cities’ VB, 31 May 1928, cit. in Noakes, Nazi Party, 123). 270. Noakes, Nazi Party, 121–3). 271. Falter et al., Wahlen, 71; and Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 85–6, for derisory levels of support for the NSDAP in eastern regions. For the drop in votes for the DNVP, see also Baranowski, Sanctity, 127–8. 272. TBJG, I.1, 226 (22 May 1928), for Goebbels’s appreciation of the importance of his immunity from prosecution. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 192, recalled Göring’s satisfaction at free first-class travel on the Reichsbahn and other material advantages from becoming a Reichstag deputy. According to Hanfstaengl, Göring had threatened Hitler with an ultimatum: he was to be put on the candidate’s list, or he and Hitler would part as opponents. Hitler conceded. 273. Cit. Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 81, from Der Angriff, 30 May 1928. 274. Orlow, i.132. 275. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 293; and see Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 91. 276. Orlow, i.137–8; RSA, III/1, 22, 35. For Hitler’s passivity and near contemptuous indifference at the proceedings of the conference, condemning them to pointlessness since those attending looked all the time for decisions from Hitler that never came, see Krebs, 131–2(misdated to October). 277. RSA, III/1, 56–62. For Gregor Strasser’s organizational plan, see Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 94; Orlow, i.139–41. 278. Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 95. 280. RSA, III/1, XI; also RSA, IIA, XIV, XIX. 281. Tyrell, Führer, 289. 282. RSA, III/1, 3. 283. Wilhelm Hoegner, Der schwierige Außenseiter. Erinnerungen eines Abgeordneten, Emigranten und Ministerpräsidenten, Munich, 1959, 48; Stachura, ‘Wendepunkt?’, 90. 284. The ban was terminated on 28 September 1928 (RSA, III/1, 236 n.2). Hitler had spoken on 13 July to around 5,000 in Berlin, but at a closed party meeting. (RSA, III/1, 11–22; TBJG, I.1, 245 (14 July 1928)). 285. RSA, III/1, 236–40; TBJG, I.1, 291 (17 November 1928). Goebbels commented that the hall was closed by the police with 16,000 inside. The VB’s estimate (see RSA, III, 236 n.2) was 18,000. 286. RSA, III/1, 238–9. 287. RSA, III/1, 239. 288. See Sefton Delmer, Trail Sinister, London, 1961, 101–2. 289. Bernd Weisbrod, Schwerindustrie in der Weimarer Republik, Wuppertal, 1978, 415–56. 290. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 297–8; Kolb, Die Weimarer Republik, 90. The annual average for 1929, at a little under 2 millions, was around half a million higher than the previous year. There was also a sharp rise in the numbers of workers on short-time (Petzina et al., 119, 122). 291. Joseph P. Schumpeter, Aufsätze zur Soziologie, Tübingen, 1953, 225. 292. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 296. 293. See Winkler, Weimar, ch.10; Peukert, Die Weimarer Republik, ch.7. 294. Ten per cent of the working-age population and 18 per cent of trade unionists were unemployed in 1926 (Petzina et al., 119). For the extensive alienation of working-class youth, see Peter D. Stachura, The Weimar Republic and the Younger Proletariat,London, 1989. The particularly severe impact of unemployment on youth is dealt with by Dick Geary, ‘Jugend, Arbeitslosigkeit und politischer Radikalismus am Ende der Weimarer Republik’, Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte, 4/5 (1983), 304–9. 295. See Larry Eugene Jones, ‘The Dying Middle: Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Polities’, Central European History, 5 (1969), 23–54; and his book, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933,Chapel Hill, 1988. 296. See Heinrich August Winkler, ‘Extremismus der Mitte? Sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte der nationalsozialistischen Machtergreifung’, VfZ, 20 (1972), 175–91. Harold James, ‘Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, in Ian Kershaw (ed.),Weimar. Why did German Democracy Fail?, London, 1990, 30–57, here 47, points out that in the 1928 election, a quarter of the total vote went to parties with an individual share of under 5 per cent. 297. James, ‘Economic Reasons’, 32–45. The underlying structural economic weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were most emphatically outlined by Knut Borchardt in his Wachstum, Krisen, Handlungsspielräume der Wirtschaftspolitik, Göttingen, 1982. 298. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 297. 299. RSA, III, 245–53. 300. See Baldur von Schirach, 17–25, 58–61, 68; Fest, The Face of the Third Reich, 332–54; and Michael Wortmann’s pen-portrait in Smelser-Zitelmann, Die braune Elite, 246–57. Figures for the Nazi successes in student union elections are given in Tyrell,Führer, 380–81. 301. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 299–301; Hitler’s own accounts, in articles published in the VB, are printed in RSA, III/2, 105–14. Orlow, i.154, referred to them as among ‘the few humanly moving articles [Hitler] ever wrote’. The vivid, and rich, descriptive style is not, however, typically Hitlerian and suggests considerable editorial embellishment of the text. For ‘Wöhrden’s Night of Blood’ (Blutnacht von Wöhrden), see also Gerhard Stoltenberg, Politische Strömungen im schleswig-holsteinischen Landvolk 1918–1933,Düsseldorf, 1962, 147; and Rudolf Heberle, Landbevölkerung und Nationalsozialismus. Eine soziologische Untersuchung der politischen Willensbildung in Schleswig-Holstein 1918 bis 1932, Stuttgart, 1963, 160. 302. For use of the term ‘crisis before the crisis’, see Dietmar Petzina, ‘Was there a Crisis before the Crisis? The State of the German Economy in the 1920s’, in Jürgen Baron von Kruedener (ed.), Economic Crisis and Political Collapse. The Weimar Republic 1924–1933, New York/Oxford/Munich, 1990, 1–19. 303. RSA, III/2, 202–13, 233–6, 238–9, 260–62. 304. RSA, III/2, 210. 305. RSA, III/2, 238. 306. Orlow, i.161–2; Stachura, Strasser, 69. Some support for the suggestion that Himmler was responsible for the tactic of ‘speaker concentration’ is offered by two letters from Gauleiter Kube to Himmler from 23 June and 4 November 1928 in BDC, Parteikanzlei, Correspondence, Heinrich Himmler. 307. See Ellsworth Faris, ‘Takeoff Point for the National Socialist Party: The Landtag Election in Baden, 1929’, Central European History, 8 (1975), 140–71, here 168. The penetration of social networks by the Nazis is emphasized by Rudy Koshar, Social Life, Local Politics, and Nazism: Marburg, 1880–1935, Chapel Hill, 1986; and, for Catholic districts in the Black Forest, by Oded Heilbronner, ‘The Failure that Succeeded: Nazi Party Activity in a Catholic Region in Germany, 1929–32’, Journal of Contemporary History, 27 (1992), 531–49; and ‘Der verlassene Stammtisch. Vom Verfall der bürgerlichen Infrastruktur und dem Aufstieg der NSDAP am Beispiel der Region Schwarzwald’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 19 (1993), 178–201. 308. Orlow, i.162. 310. Falter et al, Wahlen, 108. 311. Falter et al., Wahlen, 98; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 302. 312. RSA, III/2, 275–7, 277 n.3; Pridham, 85–6. 313. Falter et al., Wahlen, 90; Faris, 144–6. 314. RSA, III/2, 291 n.10. 315. Winkler, Weimar, 346 ff. 316. RSA, III/2, 290 n.1; Winkler, Weimar, 354. Hitler took the decision to join without consulting other leading figures in the party (Orlow, i.173). 317. RSA, III/2, 292 n.1. 318. Orlow, i.173. Goebbels claimed to be on the scent of a plot by Otto Strasser and his supporters against Hitler in early August 1929. Though this was a reflection of Goebbels’s paranoia, Hitler’s dealings with the ‘reaction’ had indeed sharpened the growing antagonism of the ‘national revolutionary’ grouping around Otto Strasser (TBJG, I.1, 405 (3 August 1929); Tb Reuth, i.393–4, note 54). 319. Winkler, Weimar, 354–6. Nine out of thirty-five electoral districts returned over a fifth of votes in favour of the plebiscite proposal. 320. The VB’s circulation was still only 18,400 (for a membership of around 150,000) (Tyrell, Führer, 223). 321. Albrecht Tyrell, IV. Reichsparteitag der NSDAP, Nürnberg 1929, Filmedition G140 des Instituts für den wissenschaftlichen Film, Ser.4, Nr.5/G140, Göttingen, 1978, 6–7; Orlow, i.173; RSA, III/2, 313–55, 357–61. 322. Otto Wagener, Hitler aus nächster Nähe. Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten 1929–1932, ed. Henry A. Turner, 2nd edn, Kiel, 1987, 16–17 (and 7–21 for a description of the Rally and the deep impression it made on Wagener). See also the description inTBJG, I.i, 403–6(1–6August 1929). 323. Tyrell, Reichsparteitag 1929, 6, 14. 324. Orlow, i.167, 169. 1. Abel, 126–7. 2. Abel, 126. 3. For the social structure of the party membership, see, among an extensive literature, Kater, Nazi Party, and Detlef Mühlberger, Hitler’s Followers. Studies in the Sociology of the Nazi Movement, London, 1991 (containing, in ch.1, a detailed survey of the historiography). 4. Abel, 119. 5. See Juan J. Linz, ‘Political Space and Fascism as a Late-Comer: Conditions Conducive to the Success or Failure of Fascism as a Mass Movement in Inter-War Europe’, in Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust (eds.), Who Were the Fascists?, Bergen/Oslo/Tromso, 1980, 153–89. 6. Orlow, i.175 and n.166. 7. See, amid a vast literature, Harold James, The German Slump. Politics and Economics, 1924–1936, Oxford, 1986; and Dieter Petzina, ‘Germany and the Great Depression’, Journal of Contemporary History, 4 (1969), 59–74; Petzina et al., 84, provide the bare statistical indices of the economic crisis and social misery. See also Peukert, Die Weimarer Republik, 245–6. Wilhelm Treue (ed.), Deutschland in der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Augenzeugenberichten, 2nd edn, Düsseldorf, 1967, esp. 245–53, provides some contemporary reflections of the social distress. 8. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 305–6. 9. RSA, III/3, 63. 10. Tyrell, Führer, 383; Falter et al., Wahlen, 90, 97, 107, III; Martin Broszat, Die Machtergreifung. Der Aufstieg der NSDAP und die Zerstörung der Weimarer Republik, Munich, 1984, 103. 11. RSA, III/3, 59–60; Fritz Dickmann, ‘Die Regierungsbildung in Thüringen als Modell der Machtergreifung’, VfZ, 14 (1966), 454–64, here 461. 12. See Dickmann, 460–64. 13. RSA, III/3, 6o. 14. RSA, III/3, 61–2. Günther was appointed to the Chair of Social Anthropology at Jena in 1930. 15. Broszat, Die Machtergreifung, 108. See Donald R. Tracy, ‘The Development of the National Socialist Party in Thuringia 1924–30’, Central European History, 8 (1975), 23–50, esp. 42–4, for Frick’s period of office. 16. Tyrell, Führer, 352; RSA, III/3, 62 n.22. It has been estimated that real membership was probably some 10–15 Per cent below the level given by the party. See ch.8, n 250. 17. For the following account, see William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power, revised edn, New York, 1984, here esp. 28–34. 18. Allen, 32. 19. Allen, 33. 20. Allen, 84. See Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, Louisiana/Manchester, 1980, ch.3, esp. 79–91, and Sarah Gordon, Hitler, Germans, and the ‘Jewish Question,’ Princeton, 1984, ch.2, esp. 88–90, for studies supporting this assertion. 21. Tyrell, Führer, 308. 22. See Allen, 32–3, and the works by Koshar and Heilbrunner indicated in ch.8 n.307. 23. Rudolf Heberle, From Democracy to Nazism. A Regional Case Study on Political Parties in Germany, Baton Rouge, 1945, 109–11. 24. See Bessel, ‘The Rise of the NSDAP’, 20–29, esp. 26–7. 25. RSA, III/3, 63. 28. Tyrell, 310, 327–8 (Hierl Denkschrift, 22 October 1929). 29. See Wagener, 127, reported comments of Gregor Strasser. 30. Winkler, Weimar, 366–71. 31. Broszat, Die Machtergreifung, 109–10; Winkler, Weimar, 367, 371. 32. Winkler, Weimar, 368–71. 33. Winkler, Weimar, 363. 34. Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, ed. Karl Dietrich Bracher et al., Bd.4/1, Politik und Wirtschaft in der Krise 1930–1932. Quellen zur Ära Brüning, Teil I, Bonn, 1980, 15–18, Doc. 7, here 15 (Aufzeichnung von Graf Westarp über eine Unterredung mit Reichspräsident v. Hindenburg, 15 January 1930); Broszat, Die Machtergreifung, 110–11. 35. Kolb, Die Weimarer Republik, 127–8; Winkler, Weimar, 378–81; Broszat, Die Machtergreifung, 111. 36. See Mommsen, Die verspielte Freiheit, 320. 37. Tyrell, Führer, 383. The election was held on 22 June 1930. The Nazis won fourteen of the ninety-six seats in the Saxon Landtag. 38. TBJG, I.1, 577–82 (18–29 July 1930). 39. Nyomarkay, 98 n.67; Tyrell, Führer, 312. With Gregor Strasser so heavily committed as Organization Leader of the NSDAP, Otto had become the effective head of the publishing house. 40. Tyrell, Führer, 312–13; Nyomarkay, 96–8. 41. TBJG, I.1, 492–3(30–31 January 1930), 496–503 (6–22 February 1930). See also Lemmons, 44–7; Reuth, 163–5. 42. TBJG, I.1, 492 (31 January 1930). 43. See Reuth, 164–5 and Tb Reuth, ii.451 n.14 for the suggestion that this was possibly because of the prospect of spring elections, given the crisis of the government. 44. TBJG, I.1, 507 (2 March 1930). On the death of Wessel, see Thomas Oertel, Horst Wessel. Untersuchung einer Legende, Cologne, 1988, esp. 83–105. For Goebbels’s irritation at Hitler’s refusal to attend Horst Wessel’s funeral, on 1 March, see ΤΒJG, l.1, 507 (1–2 March 1930); see also Reuth, 161. Hitler was dissuaded by Göring, despite Goebbels’s pleas, from attending the funeral because of the tension and threat of violence (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 204). Despite heavy police cordons, there were indeed disturbances between Communists and Nazis leading to a number of serious injuries (Oertel, 101–3; TBJG, I.1, 507–8 (1–2 March 1930)). The ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ became, under Goebbels’s influence (though he privately thought little of its musical qualities) the party’s own anthem and, especially after 1933, was frequently sung on major representative occasions after ‘Deutschland, Deutschland über alles’, the national anthem. Horst Wessel had provided only the text of the tune associated with him; the melody derived from an old army song (Oertel, 106–13). 45. TBJG, I.1, 507 (2 March 1930), 515 (16 March 1930). 46. TBJG, I.1, 515 (16 March 1930). 47. TBJG, I.1, 524 (5 April 1930). 48. TBJG, I.1, 528 (13 April 1930). 49. TBJG, I.1, 538 (28 April 1930); RSA, III/3, 168–9; Tyrell, Führer, 331–2. 50. TBJG, I.1, 538 (28 April 1930). 51. Strasser, Hitler und ich , 101 . 52. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 105–6. The discussions are summarized by Patrick Moreau, Nationalsozialismus von links, Stuttgart, 1984, 30–35. 53. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 106. 54. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 104–7. An earlier version, which can be taken as authentic, since it was based on notes made at the time and was not disclaimed by the Nazis, was published by Strasser, in the form of a polemical pamphlet, immediately following the meeting: Otto Strasser,Ministersessel oder Revolution?, Berlin, 1930. See Moreau, 205, n.48. The pamphlet contained Otto Strasser’s version of his dialogue with Hitler in May, which later served as the basis of his book Hitler und ich. Hitler’s comments on socialism were similar to those he had made at the meeting of party leaders in Munich on 27 April (RSA, III/3, 168 n.4). At his meeting with Otto Strasser, there were also serious disagreements about foreign policy, on which Hitler upheld the notion of an alliance with Britain (Otto Strasser, Hitler und ich, 108–9; Nyomarkay, 99). See Gregor Strasser’s comments – critical of his brother and of his ‘One-sided’ account of the meeting – in his letter to the Sudeten leader Rudolf Jung of 22 July 1930 (Tyrell, Führer, 332–3). 55. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 104. The diffuseness of the party’s programme meant that total subordination to the Leader was the only device to prevent fragmentation. As Baldur von Schirach pointed out, with reference to this period, ‘practically every leading National Socialist had his own National Socialism’ (B. v. Schirach, 87). 56. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 107. 57. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 112–14. 58. TBJG , I.1 , 550 (22 May 1930). 59. Tyrell, Führer, 333. 60. TBJG, I.1, 561 (14 June 1930). 61. TBJG, I.1, 568 (30 June 1930); Otto Strasser’s published account was in his pamphlet, Ministersessel oder Revolution? 62. TBJG, I.1, 564 (23 June 1930). 63. TBJG, I.1, 565–6 (26 June 1930). 64. TBJG, I.1, 567 (29 June 1930). Goebbels wanted Hitler to attend a meeting of the membership of Gau Berlin at which he planned a showdown with his enemies. (See Reuth, 167–8;Tb Reuth, ii.493 n.54.) 65. RSA, III/3, 250 n.15. 66. TBJG, I.1, 568 (30 June 1930). 67. RSA, III/3, 249–50; TBJG, I.1, 568 (1 July 1930);Tb Reuth, ii.493 n.54· 68. RSA, ΠΙ/3, 264 n.4; Moreau, 41, and 35–40 for the build-up to the expulsion. 69. TBJG, I.1, 569 (I July 1930). 70. TBJG, I.1 570 (3 July 1930). 71. TBJG, I.1, 572 (6 July 1930). 72. TBJG,.I.1, 576 (16 July 1930), with reference to the suggestion – which in the event did not materialize into anything – that Gregor Strasser should become Minister for the Interior and for Labour in Saxony. 73. TBJG, I.1, 582 (29 July 1930). The former Barlow-Palais in Briennerstraße had been bought by the NSDAP on 26 May 1930 – the earlier headquarters in Schellingstraße had become far too cramped, given the party’s expansion – and was soon known as the ‘Brown House’. A special levy of at least 2 Marks per head for party members (though not SA and SS members) was imposed to help fund the purchase. (See RSA, III/3, 207–9, and 209 n.17.) 74. TBJG, I.1, 581 (28 July 1930). 75. RSA, III/3, 249 n.4. 76. Orlow, i.210–11; Tyrell, Führer, 312; Nyomarkay, 102. 77. RSA, III/3, 264; TBJG, I.1, 566 (26 June 1930). 78. Tyrell, Führer, 332–3. See TBJG, I.1, 571 (5 July 1930): ‘Gregor ist voll Sauwut auf seinen Bruder’ (‘Gregor is in a steaming rage at his brother’). 79. See Benz/Graml, Biographisches Lexikon, 333, for a brief summary of Otto Strasser’s subsequent political career. 80. Thomas Childers, The Nazi Voter. The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933, Chapel Hill/London, 1983, 138–9, 317 n.72, cit. VB, 20–21 July 1930; Orlow, i.183. 81. A brown uniform, based on the khaki shirts and trousers of the German colonial troops in East Africa before the war, had been worn by stormtroopers as early as 1921. It was officially adopted by the party in 1926, after which the term ‘Brownshirts’ was used to depict the NSDAP, especially by the opponents of the Nazis (Benz, Graml, and Weiß, Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus, 403). 82. Wilfried Boehnke, Die NSDAP im Ruhrgebiet, 1920–1933, Bad Godesberg, 1974, 147, cit. Dortmunder General-Anzeiger, 5 May 1930. 83. Rainer Hambrecht, Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Mittel und Oberfranken (1925–1933), Nuremberg, 1976, 201. 84. Hambrecht, 186–7. 85. Childers, Nazi Voter, 139; RSA, III/3, 114 n.9, 322; Gerhard Paul, Aufstand der Bilder. Die NS-Propaganda vor 1933, Bonn, 1990, 125. 86. Orlow, i.183; RSA, III/3, VIII-X. The following analysis of the speeches is based on the texts of the twenty speeches held from 3 August to 13 September 1930 in RSA, III/3, 295–418. 87. RSA III/3, 408 n.2. According to the police report, which gave the estimated attendance, Hitler made a tired impression at first, and his audience showed signs of being bored, at least by the first part of his speech. Goebbels’s record was quite different. ‘For the first time in Berlin really big,’ he wrote (TBJG, I.1, 601 (11 September 1930)). Hitler had to cancel a further speech the same evening through exhaustion. 88. RSA, III/3, 413 n.1. 89. See Thomas Childers, ‘The Middle Classes and National Socialism’, in David Blackbourn and Richard Evans (eds.), The German Bourgeoisie, London/New York, 1993, 328–40; and Thomas Childers, ‘The Social Language of Politics in Germany. The Sociology of Political Discourse in the Weimar Republic’, American Historical Review, 95 (1990), 331–58. 90. RSA, III/3, 368, for example. See also 391. 91. RSA, III/3 , 317. 92. RSA, III/3, 411. 93. RSA, III/3, 355, for example. See also 337, where Hitler indicated that the only way out was through the re-establishment of foreign-political power. 94. RSA , III/3, 410. 95. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 314. Carl von Ossietzky suffered imprisonment for his attacks on the Reichswehr even during the later years of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Nazis at the end of February 1933 and spent over three and a half years in concentration camps. Following an international campaign, he was awarded at the end of 1936, while still in the hands of the Gestapo, the Nobel Peace Prize for 1935. He died in May 1938 of tuberculosis brought on by the conditions he endured in the concentration camps. (See Benz/Graml, Biographisches Lexikon, 244; Elke Suhr, Carl von Ossietzky. Eine Biografíe, Cologne, 1988.) 96. See, for example, Martin Broszat, ‘Zur Struktur der ΝS-Massenbewegung’, VfZ, 31 (1983), 52–76, esp. 66–7; Michael H. Kater, ‘Generationskonflikt als Entwicklungsfaktor in der ΝS-Bewegung vor 1933’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 11 (1985), 217–43; Jürgen Reulecke, ‘“Hat die Jugendbewegung den Nationalsozialismus vorbereitet?” Zum Umgang mit einer falschen Frage’, in Wolfgang R. Krabbe (ed.), Politische Jugend in der Weimarer Republik, Bochum, 1993, 222–43; Ulrich Herbert, ‘“Generation der Sachlichkeit”. Die völkische Studentenbewegung der frühen zwanziger Jahre in Deutschland’, in Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe and Uwe Lohalm (eds.), Zivilisation und Barbarei, Hamburg, 1991, 115–44. 97. See Karl Epting, Generation der Mitte, Bonn, 1953, 169. For the emphasis on the ‘national community’ (Volksgemeinschaft) in Nazi ideology, see Bernd Stöver, Volksgemeinschaft im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf, 1993, ch.2. 98. Merkl, 12. 99. Merkl, 32–3, 453, 522–3. 100. The lack of ideological reflection among ‘old fighters’ of the NSDAP and among SA men is emphasized by Christoph Schmidt, ‘Zu den Motiven “alter Kämpfer” in der NSDAP’, in Detlev Peukert and Jürgen Reulecke (eds.), Die Reihen fast geschlossen,Wuppertal, 1981, 21–43, here 32–4; and Conan Fischer, Stormtroopers. A Social, Economic, and Ideological Analysis 1925–35, London, 1983, ch.6. 101. See Noakes, Nazi Party, 162–82; Orlow, i.193; Tyrell, Führer, 310. 102. Zdenek Zofka, Die Ausbreitung des Nationalsozialismus auf dem Lande, Munich, 1979, 89–90, 96, 105–16, 154, 341–50; Baranowski, Sanctity, 150off. An over-emphasis on economic rationality as the determinant of Nazi support, as in William Brustein,The Logic of Evil. The Social Origins of the Nazi Party 1925–1933, New Haven/London, 1996, nevertheless produces a distorted perspective. 103. Falter et al., Wahlen, 41, 44. 104. Falter et al., Wahlen, 108. 105. TBJG, I.1, 522 (I April 1930) 106. TBJG, I.1, 600 (9 September 1930) 107. Monologe, 170. In a speech on 20 August, he had mentioned the figure of 50 and 100 seats, but only to emphasize that no one could know how the election would turn out, and that the important thing was the continuation of the struggle as soon as it was over (RSA, III/3, 359). According to Hanfstaengl, Hitler was privately expecting between thirty and forty seats (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 207). 108. TBJG, I.1, 603 (15–16 September 1930). 109. TBJG, I.1, 603 (16 September 1930); Monologe, 170. 110. Falter et al., Wahlen, 44; Broszat, Machtergreifung, 112–13. 111. Jürgen W. Falter, Hitlers Wähler, Munich, 1991, 111, 365, and see the detailed analysis of Nazi voter support in ch.5. 112. Falter et al., Wahlen, 44; Falter, Hitlers Wähler, 81–101, 365. See also Jürgen W. Falter, ‘The National Socialist Mobilisation of New Voters’, in Childers, Formation, 202–31. 113. Falter et al., Wahlen, 71–2. 114. Falter, Hitlers Wähler, 287. 115. Falter, Hitlers Wähler, 143–6. 116. Winkler, Weimar, 3 89; Jürgen W. Falter, ‘Unemployment and the Radicalisation of the German Electorate 1928–1933: An Aggregate Data Analysis with Special Emphasis on the Rise of National Socialism’, in Peter D. Stachura (ed.), Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany, London, 1986, 187–208. 117. Falter, Hitlers Wähler 287–9; Childers, Nazi Voter, esp. 268, where he describes the NSDAP as ‘a unique phenomenon in German electoral politics, a catchall party of protest’. 118. See, esp., the studies of Mühlberger and Kater mentioned in n.3 to this chapter. 119. Mühlberger, 206–7. 120. Broszat, ‘Struktur’, 61. 121. Hambrecht, 307–8. 122. See the studies of Koshar, Heilbronner, and Zofka referred to in ch.8 n.307, and above n.102. 123. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 318. 124. Scholdt, 488. 125. Weigand von Miltenberg (= Herbert Blank), Adolf Hitler–Wilhelm III, Berlin, 1931, 7; Fabry, 30; Schreiber, Hitler. Interpretationen, 44 n.64. 126. Miltenberg (= Blank), 7. 127. See Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 323; Heinrich August Winkler, Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930 bis 1933, Berlin/Bonn, 1987, ch.2, pt.3, 207ff; Gerhard Schulz, Von Brüning zu Hitler. Der Wandel des politischen Systems in Deutschland 1930–1933, Berlin/New York, 1992, 202–7. 128. Cit. Winkler, Der Weg in die Katastrophe, 209. 129. Scholdt, 480–81. 131. Winkler, Weimar, 391: TBJG, I.1, 620 (19 October 1930). 132. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 325; and see Fabry, 39–40. 133. RSA , III/3, 452/68, and 454 n.1; RSA, IV/1, 3–9. 134. RSA, III/3, 452 n.4; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 322–3. The article appeared in the Daily Mail on 24 September 1930 and in German the following day in the VB. 135. RSA, III/3, 452 n.2, cit. Daily Mail, 27 September 1930. 136. E.g., RSA, III/3, 177 (2 May 1930), 320 (10 August 1930), 338 (15 August 1930), 359 (20 August 1930). 137. Reconstruction of his speech in RSA, III/3, 434–51; Peter Bucher, Der Reichswehrprozeß. Der Hochverrat der Ulmer Reichswehroffiziere 1929–30, Boppard am Rhein, 1967, 237–80; and see Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 328–36; Frank, 83–6. For personal details of those indicted, see RSA, III/3, 450 n.86. 138. RSA, III/3, 439. 140. RSA, III/3, 441. 141. RSA, III/3, 442. 142. RSA, III/3, 445. Hitler made plain that, for him, the state was merely a means to an end (Bucher, 275). 143. Bucher, 296–8. 144. Richard Scheringer, Das große Los. Unter Soldaten, Bauern und Rebellen, Hamburg, 1959, 236. Scheringer later became a Communist supporter. 145. TBJG, I.1, 608 (26 September 1930). 146. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 213–16. In fact, during the Depression even luxury suites at the Kaiserhof dropped sharply in price. A surviving bill shows the cost of Hitler and his entourage for a stay of three days in 1931, including meals and service, at a modest 650.86 Reich Marks (Turner,German Big Business, 155). 147. Frank, 86. 148. Goebbels thought the Leipzig trial had won ‘enormous sympathy’ for the Nazis (TBJG, I.1, 609 (27 September 1930)). See also Reuth, 176. 149. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 340–42; Heinrich Brüning, Memoiren 1918–1934, dtv edn, 2 vols., Munich, 1972, i.2ooff.; Winkler, Weimar, 394. 150. Above from Brüning, i.203–7 (quotation, 207); see also Krebs, 140: Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 342; Winkler, Weimar, 393. 151. Brüning, i.207. 152. Krebs, 141. 153. TBJG, I.1, 614 (6 October 1930): ‘Es bleibt bei unserer Opposition. Gottlob’ (‘Our opposition remains, thank God’). 154. RSA, III/3, 430. 155. Friedrich Franz von Unruh, Der National-sozialismus, Frankfurt am Main, 1931, 17. See also Broszat, Der Nationalsozialismus, 43–4. 156. Bessel, ‘Myth’, 27. 157. Broszat, ‘Struktur’, 69–70. 158. On the high membership fluctuation within the NSDAP, see Hans Mommsen, ‘National Socialism: Continuity and Change’, in Walter Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s Guide, Harmondsworth, 1979, 151–92, here 163; and Hans Mommsen, ‘Die ΝSDAΡ als faschistische Partei’, in Richard Saage (ed.), Das Scheitern diktatorischer Legitimationsmuster und die Zukunftsfähigkeit der Demokratie, Berlin, 1995, 257–71, here 265. 159. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 319, cit. Frankfurter Zeitung, 15 September 1930. 160. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 218. 161. Wagener, 24. 162. Wagener, 59, 73, 83–4. 163. Wagener, 128. 164. Tyrell, Führer, 348. 165. Wagener, 128. See former Leutnant Scheringer’s recollection of a meeting with Hitler in 1930: ‘Listening to him, I had the firm impression that the man believes what he says, as simple as the slogans are. He is suspended in his thinking three metres above the ground. He doesn’t speak; he preaches… He is incapable of a clear political analysis however powerful his talent as an agitator might be’ (Scheringer, 242). 166. Wagener, 59. 167. Wagener, 84. 168. Wagener, 96. 169. Wagener, 98. According to Wagener, there were ten rooms, on two floors. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 231, speaks of a ‘nine-room apartment’. Schroeder, 153, like Wagener, spoke of a double-apartment. Lüdecke, 454, describes the ‘luxurious, modern flat’ as comprising ‘eight or nine beautiful large rooms covering the entire second floor’. 170. Wagener, 98. 171. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 223; TBJG, I.1, 578 (20 July 1930); Hoffmann, 49–50. 172. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 182; Hoffmann, 70. 173. Wagener, 127. 174. Hitler’s self-perceived infallibility left a striking impression on Albert Krebs in a speech Hitler made to party leaders in Munich (Krebs, 138–40). According to Krebs, the speech was made at the end of June 1930. This must be a mistake. Hitler held no speech in Munich in June 1930. Moreover, Krebs refers to a visit, before the speech, to the newly completed ‘Brown House’. The contract for the purchase of what would become the party headquarters was signed on 26 May 1930. But major rebuilding to the former ‘Barlow-Palais’ took place before it was occupied by a number of central party offices on 1 January 1931 (RSA, III/3, 209 n.17; IV/1, 206–18). 175. Wagener, 127–8. 177. Wagener, 128. 178. Frank, 93. 179. Frank, 91–2. Wagener, 107, refers to the ban on smoking in Hitler’s room. From the date indicated, early summer 1930, this presumably refers to the party headquarters in Schellingstraße, before the move to the Brown House took place. 180. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 223. 181. Frank, 93–4. 182. Wagener, 72. 183. See Wagener, 111–12 (Wagener’s economic proposals). 184. See Tyrell, Führer, 311 for the suggestion that Hitler’s self-belief was even now less pronounced than the image he presented to others – a possibility, but an unprovable assertion. 185. See the repeated references in Wagener, e.g., 43, 48, 56, 96–7, 111–12. 186. Wagener reported that Hitler stopped eating meat only after Geli Raubal’s death (Wagener, 362). This contrasts with Hanfstaengl’s less dramatic explanation, that Hitler gradually began to cut out meat (and alcohol) after putting on weight in Landsberg, until it turned into a dogma (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 164). The health reasons adduced by Krebs would accord better with such an explanation, though it is possible that the trauma following his niece’s death led to Hitler’s final turn to complete vegetarianism. 187. Krebs, 136–7. 188. Wagener, 72; and see 127 for similar comments by Wagener and Gregor Strasser. 189. Wagener, 301. 190. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 346; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 108–9. 191. See OSAF-Stellvertreter Süd Schneidhuber’s remarks in Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 106. 192. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 102–4. 193. TBJG, I.1, 596–7 (1 September 1930). 194. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 104; RSA, III/3, 377–81. 195. Tyrell, Führer, 338; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 106. 196. Tyrell, Führer, 314; Wagener, 60–62. Hitler’s personal aversion to smoking had, of course, no bearing on his party’s readiness to benefit from its contact with cigarette firms. 197. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 107. 198. RSA, IV/1, 183; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 108–10. 199. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 110– 11. 200. RSA, IV/1, 200. 201. RSA, IV/1, 229–30. What the legal route to power would mean had again been explicitly stated, this time by Goebbels, in a speech to the Reichstag on 5 February: ‘According to the constitution we are only bound to the legality of the way, not the legality of the goal. We want to take power legally. But what we once do with this power when we have it, that’s our business’ (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 347). The ‘Third Reich’, which Hitler mentioned, today synonymous with the period of Nazi rule, derived originally from the apocalyptic notions of the twelfth-century mystic Joachim of Fiore, who had seen three ages – of the Father, the Son, and coming age of the Holy Spirit. The term had been made popular in more recent times by the book of that title published in 1923 by the neo-conservative Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, advocating a new state – the third great Reich to succeed those of the Holy Roman Empire and of Bismarck – to replace the detested Weimar democracy. Hitler famously declared in 1933 that ‘the Third Reich’ would last for 1,000 years. But already in 1939 the press was instructed to avoid usage of the term (Benz, Graml and Weiß, Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus, 435). 202. In practice, Communists accounted for close on two-thirds of the arrests made under the decree (Winkler, Weimar, 401). For Hitler’s response to the decree, see RSA, IV/1, 236–8. A uniform ban on the SA had already been attempted the previous year (Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone,100). 203. TBJG, I.2, 41 (30 March 1931). 204. RSA, IV/I, 236–8. 205. TBJG, I.2, 42 (31 March 1931). 206. TBJG, I.2, 42–3 (2 April 1931);Tb Reuth, ii.575 n.25, cit. Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 2 April 1931; RSA, IV/1, 248 n.2; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 111. 207. RSA, IV/1, 246–8. 208. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 111. 209. RSA, IV/1, 248–59. 210. RSA, IV/1, 251. 213. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, III. 214. RSA, IV/1, 26o. 215. TBJG, I.2, 44 (4 April 1931) 216. RSA, IV/1, 263–4; TBJG, I.2, 44 (4 April 1931). 217. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 111. 218. The term ‘politics of hooliganism’ was coined with reference to the SA by Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism. The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany 1925–1934, New Haven/London, 1984. 152. 219. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 97–8; Broszat, ‘Struktur’, 61. And see Bessel, Political Violence, 33–45, for the social structure in eastern regions. 220. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 243; Wagener, 98. 221. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 183–4; Toland, 204, 236. 222. Heiden, Hitler, 347–9. 223. Hoffmann, 147–8. 224. Hoffmann, 161. For Hitler’s first meeting with her, see Gun, Eva Braun-Hitler, 46. Gun suggests (55) that the relationship was a sexual one after the first months of 1932, but that Eva’s infatuation for Hitler was not reciprocated. According to Fritz Wiedemann, Hitler casually commented – though conceivably for effect – around this time that being a bachelor had its uses, ‘and as far as love goes, I keep a girl for myself in Munich’ (Und für die Liebe halte ich mir eben in München ein Mädchen) (Gun, 57). On Eva Braun see also Henriette von Schirach, Der Preis der Herrlichkeit. Erlebte Zeitgeschichte, Munich/Berlin, 1975, 23–5. 225. Based on conversations with Anni Winter, housekeeper in Hitler’s apartment, his later secretary, Christa Schroeder, was convinced that he had had no sexual relations with Geli (Schroeder, 153). She was, however, guessing – like everyone else. 226. Heiden, Führer, 304. 227. Strasser, Hitler und ich, 74–5, hinted strongly at.perverted sexual practices inflicted by Hitler on his niece. In an interview for the American OSS on 13 May 1943 he was explicit (NA, Hitler Source Book, 918–19). See also Toland, 252; Hayman, 145; Lewis, The Secret Life of Adolf Hitler,10, 136. This account (132–46) attributes sado-masochistic practices to Hitler, based on speculation and unreliable evidence, and concludes that the SS had Geli shot to prevent a scandal arising from her pregnancy by a Jewish student. 228. Heiden, Hitler, 352; Heiden, Der Führer, 304–6; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 234–5. And see Hayman, 154. 229. Hoffmann, 148–9; B.v. Schirach, 106; Henriette von Schirach, 205. Hitler even took her in July 1930, along with Goebbels, to Oberammergau to see the Passion Play (TBJG, I.1, 578 (20 July 1930)). 230. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 236. 231. Hoffmann, 151–2. 232. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 232–3. 233. Hoffmann, 150; Β.v. Schirach, 107. 234. Hanfstaengl, 15Jahre, 233. Hayman, 139–48, interprets the phrase to mean that Hitler demanded sexually perverted acts of his niece. 235. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 242; Hoffmann, 151. Bridget Hitler, the first wife of Hitler’s half-brother, Alois, related the story, allegedly told to her son, William Patrick, by Alois’ second wife, Maimee (The Memoirs of Bridget Hitler, London, 1979, 70–77). These ‘memoirs’ (which include the tall story of Hitler’s alleged stay in Liverpool in 1912) are notoriously unreliable. Lewis, 145, has a variant – based on an interview with a former SS officer in 1975 – of Geli discovering that she was bearing the child of a Jewish student in Munich and wanting to go to Vienna for an abortion. He takes this as the motive for the SS to kill Geli. According to Hans Frank’s version, the relationship was with a young officer (Frank, 97). 236. Schroeder, 154, 296 n.34, 364–6 nn.280–82. 237. RSA, IV/2, 109 n.1, cit. MP, 22 September 1931; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 239, 242. 238. In the Münchener Post article of 22 September 1931 (RSA, IV/2, 109 n.1). 239. Hayman, 164, 166. 240. RSA, IV/2, 109–10. 241. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 238; Hoffmann, 152; B.v. Schirach, 108. 242. Hoffmann, 152–3, for a dramatized version; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 238. See also, for Geli’s relationship with Hitler, and on her suicide, with some inaccuracies, Gun, 17–28. The conflicting evidence is closely assessed by Hayman, 160–201, who strongly hints at Hitler’s direct complicity in his niece’s death. He refers to the speeding offence on 174. 243. Frank, 97; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 239. 244. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 239. Heiden, Der Führer, 307–8, speculated, on the basis of reported allegations by Geli’s mother, Angela Raubal, exonerating Hitler from blame and claiming even that he had intended to marry Geli, that Himmler had been responsible. 245. A point made by Toland, 255. The police doctor certified that the cause of death was suicide, and that she had died during the evening of 18 September 1931 (Hayman, 164). 246. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 239, 241; Wagener, 358–9; Hayman, 162–3. 247. The above based on Frank, 97–8; Hoffmann, 156–9 (a highly embellished account); Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 240; Heiden, Der Führer, 307; RSA, IV/2, 110 n.5. 248. Text of the speech in RSA, IV/2, 111–15. For Hitler’s reception in Hamburg, Frank, 98. 249. RSA, IV/2, 111 n.1. Hitler did not appear in two parallel meetings addressed by leading Nazis. Illness was given as the reason. 250. See Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 242–3; Hoffmann, 159; also, implicitly, Wagener, 358; and H. v. Schirach, 205. Long after the war, Hitler’s sister, Paula, suggested that everything might have been different had Hitler married Mimi Reiter (Peis, ‘Die unbekannte Geliebte’). 251. Hoffman, 155–6; Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 243–4. Hanfstaengl regarded it as a politically inspired, somewhat pathetic but unconvincing display of grief. 252. Falter et al., Wahlen, 94. Tyrell, Führer, 383, has 25.9 per cent. 253. Falter et al., Wahlen, 100; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 352. 254. Falter et al., Wahlen, 95. 255. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 357; RSA, IV/2, 123–32. 256. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 352–8; RSA, IV/2, 159–64; Turner, German Big Business, 189. 257. Turner, German Big Business, 167–71. 258. Turner, German Big Business, 144. 259. Turner, German Big Business, 144–5. 260. Hjalmar Schacht, My First Seventy-Six Years, London, 1955, 279. 261. Schacht, 279–80. 262. Turner, German Big Business, 145. 263. Cuno had been persuaded by some of his supporters – including the powerful Ruhr industrialist Paul Reusch – to consider making a political comeback and standing for the Reich Presidency. Retired Admiral Magnus Levetzow, one of those most keen to see Cuno stand, arranged for him to meet Hitler in Berlin in the hope of winning the backing of the NSDAP (Turner, German Big Business , 129). 264. Turner, German Big Business, 129–30. 265. Turner, German Big Business, 130–32. 266. Turner, German Big Business, 146, 150; Wagener, 368–74. 267. Turner, German Big Business, 142, 187. 268. Turner, German Big Business, 128, 181–2. 269. Turner, German Big Business, 191–203. 270. Otto Dietrich, Mit Hitler an die Macht. Persönliche Erlebnisse mit meinem Führer, 7th edn, Munich, 1934, 45–6; Turner, German Big Business, 171–2. 271. Henry Ashby Turner, ‘Big Business and the Rise of Hitler’, in Turner, Nazism and Third Reich, 93–7 (originally publ. in American Historical Review, 75 (1969), 56–70). 272. Turner, German Big Business, 204–19. Many leading industrialists were in any case conspicuous by their absence. Dietrich, Mit Hitler, 46–9, depicts Hitler winning the hearts and minds of his initially cool audience. In his post-war memoirs, Dietrich emphasized the limited financial contributions of big business to the Nazi Party before 1933 (Otto Dietrich, Zwölf Jahre mit Hitler, Cologne (n.d., 1955?), 185–6). 273. Turner, German Big Business, 208–10, 213–14; text of speech, RS A, IV/3, 74–110; and in Domarus, 68–90. 274. Turner, German Big Business, 217–19. 275. See the character sketch in Henry Ashby Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power: January 1933, London, 1996, 39–41. 276. Turner, ‘Big Business and the Rise of Hitler’, 94, 97. 277. Turner, German Big Business, 111–24; Henry Ashby Turner and Horst Matzerath, ‘Die Selbstfinanzierung der NSDAP 1930–32’, 59–92. 278. Wagener, 221–2. 279. Turner, German Big Business, 148–52, 157; Wagener, 226–9. 280. Wagener, 227; Turner, German Big Business, 152. 281. See Turner, German Big Business, 47–60. 282. Above based on Turner, German Big Business, 153–6. Hitler’s income tripled in 1930 to reported gross taxable receipts of 48, 472 Reich Marks. This rose further by 1932 to 64, 639 Reich Marks (Hale, ‘Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer’, 837). See also, for Hitler’s earnings around this time, Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 216; and B.v. Schirach, 112–13. 283. Franz von Papen, Memoirs, London, 1952, 142–3; Otto Meissner, Staatssekretär unter Ebert – Hindenburg – Hitler, Hamburg, 1950, 216. 284. TBJG, I.2, 106 (7 January 1932); Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 370–72; Papen, 146. 285. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 372; Walther Hubatsch, Hindenburg und der Staat, Göttingen, 1966, 309–10. 286. The exchange was published by the Nazis in a brochure: Hitlers Auseinandersetzung mit Brüning. Kampfschrift, Broschürenreihe der Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP, Heft 5, Munich, 1932, 73–94. Hitler’s open letter to Brüning, dated 15 January 1932, is reprinted in RSA IV/3, 34–44. 287. Meissner, 216–17. 288. TBJG, I.2, 120–21 (3 February 1932). See Fest, Hitler, 439–40. 289. TBJG, 1.2, 130–31 (22 February 1932), 134 (27 February 1932). 290. Rudolf Morsey, ‘Hitler als Braunschweigischer Regierungsrat’, VfZ, 8 (1960), 419–48; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 373–6. 291. See Papen, 147. 292. RSA, IV/3, 138–44 (quotation, 144);Domarus, 95; TBJG, 1.2, 134 (27February 1932). 293. Domarus, 96. 294. TBJG, I.2, 140–41 (13 March 1932). 295. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 381; Falter et al., Wahlen, 46. 296. RSA, V/1, 16–43; Domarus, 101–3. 297. Falter et al., Wahlen, 46. 298. TBJG, I.2, 152–3 (8–11 April 1932). 299. Saxony, Baden, Hessen and Thuringia were the largest states, with a total population of just over 10 million, not voting on that day. Roughly another 2 million lived in the smaller states which were not holding Landtag elections on 24 April. The population of those states going to the polls that day numbered close on 50 million. Figures taken from Falter et al., Wahlen, 90–113. 300. RSA, V/1, 59–97; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 385–6; Domarus, 106–7. 301. Miesbacher Anzeiger, 19 April 1932. 302. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 404–5; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 386–7; RSA, V/1, 97 and Doc.61 n.1–2 (and 92–6, Doc.60, for the speech). 303. Falter et al., Wahlen, 89, 91, 94, 101; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 387–8. 304. TBJG, I.2, 160 (23 April 1932). 305. Domarus, 105; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 154. 306. Karl Dietrich Bracher, Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in einer Demokratie, Stuttgart/Düsseldorf, 1955, 481 and n.2; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 153–4. 307. Ulrich Herbert, Best. Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft 1903–1989, Bonn, 1996, 111–19. 308. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 363. 309. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 159 for membership growth in early 1932. 310. TBJG, I.2, 139 (11 March 1932). 311. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 153. 312. TBJG, I.2, 150 (2 April 1932). 313. TBJG, I.2, 154 (11 April 1932). Goebbels had noted in his diary on 17 March that the Prussian Interior Minister Severing, following house-searches in Berlin, was apparently planning a ban on the SA (TBJG, I.2, 144). 314. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 154. 315. RSA, V/1, 54–6; Domarus, 105–6. Hindenburg had wanted the ban extended to the Communists (Papen, 149). 316. Kolb, Die Weimarer Republik, 136–7. 317. TBJG, I.2, 162 (28 April 1932); Winkler, Weimar, 461–2. Schleicher had already had talks with Röhm and Graf Helldorf, the Berlin SA leader. See also Thilo Vogelsang, Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP, Stuttgart, 1962, 188–9. 318. TBJG, I.2, 165 (8 May 1932). 319. Papen, 153; see Winkler, Weimar, 462–3. 320. TBJG, I.2, 166–7 (10–11 May 1932); Schulz, Von Brüning zu Hitler, 821. 321. TBJG, I.2, 168 (12 May 1932); see Winkler, Weimar, 465. 322. TBJG, I.2, 169 (13 May 1932). 323. Brüning, Memoiren, ii.632–8; Winkler, Weimar, 470–72. 324. Joseph Goebbels, Vom Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei. Eine historische Darstellung in Tagebuchblättern (Vom 1. Januar 1932 bis zum 1. Mai 1933), 21st edn, Munich, 1937, 103–4 (30 May 1932); TBJG, I.2, 177. 325. Papen, 150–56. 327. Falter et al., Wahlen, 98, 100. 328. Falter et al., Wahlen, 95. 329. Papen, 163; Winkler, Weimar, 404. 330. See Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 111 (14 June 1932); TBJG, I.2, 185. 331. For evidence of the strong support offered to the NSDAP from the well-to-do middle classes, see the examination of votes cast at holiday resorts or on cruise liners in July 1932 in Richard F. Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler?, Princeton, 1982, 220–28. 332. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 392–3; Winkler, Weimar, 490–93. And see, for the local background to the violence in Altona, Anthony McElligott, ‘“… und so kam es zu einer schweren Schlägerei”. Straßenschlachten in Altona und Hamburg am Ende der Weimarer Republik’, in Maike Bruns et al.(eds.), ‘Hier war doch alles nicht so schlimm.’ Wie die Nazis in Hamburg den Alltag eroberten, Hamburg, 1984, 58–85. 333. Winkler, Weimar, 495–503; Broszat, Machtergreifung, 148–50. 334. TBJG, I.2, 155 (15 April 1932). 335. Childers, Nazi Voter, 203. 336. See Allen, 322, for the high percentage of Nazi meetings in the Lower Saxon town of Northeim that consisted of little beyond pageantry. 337. RSA, V/1, 216–19; Domarus, 115; Z.A.B. Zeman, Nazi Propaganda, 2nd edn, London/New York, 1973, 31. 338. Hamilton, 326. 339. RSA, V/1, 210–94; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 394; Domarus, 114–20. 340. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 267. 341. RSA, V/1, 216–19; Domarus, 115–17 (Adolf-Hitler-Schallplatte: ‘Appell an die Nation’). 342. Falter, et al., Wahlen, 44. The turn-out, 84.1 per cent, was the largest for a Reichstag election during the period of the Weimar democracy. 343. TBJG, 1.2, 211 (1 August 1932). The published ‘Kaiserhof’ version had a more optimistic tone: Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 135–6 (31 July 1932). The following day, in his unpublished diary entry for 2 August, Goebbels again expressed Hitler’s agreement that the time for power had arrived. The only alternative was ‘sharpest opposition’. There could be no more question of toleration of the Papen government (TBJG, I.2, 212–13). 344. TBJG, I.2, 214 (3 August 1932). 345. TBJG, I.2, 215 (5 August 1932). 346. TBJG, I.2, 217 (7 August 1932). 347. See Winkler, Weimar, 509. 348. Thilo Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers gegenüber der NSDAP 1932’, VfZ, 6 (1958), 86–118, here 89. 349. Hubatsch, Hindenburg, 335–8, Nr.87 (Meissner’s minutes from 11 August 1932). 350. Winkler, Weimar, 509. 351. TBJG, I.2, 218 (9 August 1932). 352. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 140 (8 August 1932); TBJG, I.2, 218. 353. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 93–8; Winkler, Weimar, 509–10. 354. TBJG, I.2, 221 (11 August 1932). For Gayl’s speech, see Eberhard Kolb and Wolfram Pyta, ‘Die Staatsnotstandsplanung unter Papen und Schleicher’, in Heinrich August Winkler (ed.), Die deutsche Staatskrise 1930–1933, Munich, 1992, 155–81, here 160. 355. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 142–4 (11–12 August 1932); TBJG, I.2, 222–3; see also Papen, 195. 356. Papen, 195–7; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 144 (13 August 1932); TBJG, I.2, 224. 357. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 144–5 (13 August 1932); TBJG, I.2, 224. 358. Hubatsch, 338–9, Nr.88; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 397–8; Papen, 197. Hitler objected to Meissner’s wording of the official communiqué and within hours dispatched his own version, put together, he said, together with Frick and Röhm immediately after they had returned from the meeting. This stressed Hitler’s denial that he would demand all cabinet seats for his party, if he were given the leadership. It mainly, however, concentrated on the subsequent exchange in the corridor and on Hitler’s resentment that he had been called to the meeting when, in fact, the decision had already been taken in advance of it by Hindenburg. Unsurprisingly, neither Papen nor the Reich Chancellery were prepared to alter anything in the published communiqué (IfZ, Fa 296, Bl.165–71). 359. IfZ, Fa 296, Bl.169, ‘Besprechung in der Reichskanzlei am 13.8.32’, signed by Röhm, Frick and Hitler. 360. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 145 (13 August 1932); TBJG, I.2, 225. 361. See Lüdecke, 351–2. 362. See Winkler, Weimar, 511–12. CHAPTER 10: LEVERED INTO POWER 1. For the splits in élite strategies and aims during the final phase of the Weimar Republic, see the contributions by Henry Ashby Turner, Jürgen John and Wolfgang Zollitsch (together with the subsequent discussion) in Heinrich August Winkler (ed.), Die deutsche Staatskrise 1930–1933,Munich, 1992, 205–62. 2. A point emphasized by James, ‘Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, in Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail?, 30–57, here 55; see also the perceptive analysis by Gerald D. Feldmann, ‘Der 30 Januar. 1933 und die politische Kultur von Weimar’, in Winkler, Staatskrise, 263–76. Eberhard Jäckel is adamant that Hitler’s takeover of power did constitute a ‘works accident’, though on his own analysis (Das deutsche Jahrhundert, 126–58) of the behaviour of the national-conservative, pro-monarchist élites it was at the very least an accident waiting to happen. 3. Letter from Wilhelm Keppler to Kurt von Schröder, 26 December 1932, cit. in Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 86. 4. Winkler, Weimar, 511; Schulz, Von Brüning zu Hitler, 964; Domarus, 123–4. 5. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 86–7. 6. Joachim von Ribbentrop, The Ribbentrop Memoirs, London, 1954, 21. This was the first time Ribbentrop had met Hitler, who told him he was prepared to work with other political forces but insisted upon the Chancellorship. Ribbentrop came away very impressed, convinced that only Hitler and his party could save Germany from Communism, and joined the NSDAP straight away. 7. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 87–8. 8. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 99–100 n.29; Werner Freiherr von Rheinbaben, Viermal Deutschland. Aus dem Erleben eines Seemanns, Diplomaten, Politikers 1895–1954, Berlin, 1954, 303–4. 9. See Domarus, 123 for such an inference. 10. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 279. How accurate Hanfstaengl’s recollection of Hitler’s exact words was might justifiably be doubted. In his wartime interview for the American OSS, he had Hitler saying: ‘We’ll see. Perhaps it’s better like this’ (‘Wir werden ja sehen. Es ist vielleicht besser so’) (NA, Hitler Source Book, 911). 11. RSA, V/1, 304–9; Domarus, 125–9. 12. RSA, V/1, 316. 13. The following is based on Paul Kluke, ‘Der Fall Potempa’, VfZ, 5 (1957), 279–97 and Richard Bessel, ‘The Potempa Murder’, Central European History, 10 (1977), 241–54. 14. RSA, V/1, 317; Domarus, 130 (dated 23 August, when the telegram was published in the press). 15. Goebbels acknowledged that public opinion was against the party (TBJG, I/2, 230 (25 August 1932)). 16. RSA, V/1, 318–20 (quotation, 319); Domarus, 130; Kluke, 284–5. 17. Papen, 200. Hindenburg, on the other hand, claimed on 30 August at a meeting with Papen, Gayl and Schleicher in Neudeck that he was swayed only by legal, not political, considerations. Since the deed had been committed only an hour and a half after the decree came into effect, Hindenburg suggested that it could not be presumed that they had knowledge of it. This dubious argument was accepted by Papen and advanced as the reason for leniency (Winkler, Weimar, 514). 18. Kluke, 286. 20. Kluke, 281–2, cit. VB (11 August 1932). 21. Kluke, 285, cit. VB (26 August 1932). 22. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 89, 110. 23. Brüning, ii.658; see Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 154–5, TBJG I.2, 235–6 (31 August 1932, 2 September 1932), where Hitler points for the first time to intrigues and opposition which he saw as emanating from Strasser and his ‘clique’. 24. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 160, TBJG, II.2, 239 (9 September 1932). 25. Brüning, ii.657–9. 26. Winkler, Weimar, 519–20; Papen, 215–16. 27. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 101. 28. Eberhard Kolb and Wolfram Pyta, ‘Die Staatsnotstandsplanung unter den Regierungen Papen und Schleicher’, in Winkler, Staatskrise, 155–81, here 161. 29. Winkler, Weimar, 518–19; Kolb and Pyta, 165–6. For wide-ranging hopes invested in a revised constitutional arrangement see Hans Mommsen, ‘Regierung ohne Parteien. Konservative Pläne zum Verfassungsumbau am Ende der Weimarer Republik’, in Winkler, Staatskrise, 1–18, here esp. 3–4. 30. Kolb and Pyta, 166. 31. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 401; Papen, 207; Winkler, Weimar, 521; Mommsen, Dieverspielte Freiheit, 474. Göring’s extensive contacts with the national-conservative élite had been important to Hitler and promoted his own advancement within the Nazi Party (though he never became a ‘party man’ as such) and in the Reichstag, which he had joined as a Deputy in 1928. 32. Winkler, Weimar, 521. 33. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 159–60 (8 September 1932, 10 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 239–240. 34. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 152 (28 August 1932), and also 153 (30 August 1932), TBJG, I.2, 233–4. 35. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 159 (8 September 1932), TBJG, 1.2, 238. Goebbels noted the demand for a Hitler Chancellorship again on 9 September. ‘Only Strasser speaks against’ (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 160, TBJG, I.2, 239 (9 September 1932)). 36. Papen, 208. 37. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 162 (12 September 1932), TBJG, 1.2, 241; Papen, 208. 38. The above account is based on Akten der Reichskanzlei. Das Kabinett von Papen, ed. Karl-Heinz Minuth, Boppard am Rhein, 1989, ii.543–5; Papen, 208–9; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 162–3 (12 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 241–2; Lüdecke, 433–4; Winkler,Weimar, 522–4; Schulz, Von Brüning zu Hitler, 993–4; Bracher, Auflösung, 627–9; Mommsen, Die verspielte Freiheit, 475–6. 39. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 163 (12 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 242. 40. Mommsen, Die verspielte Freiheit, 476. 41. Kolb and Pyta, 166; Winkler, Weimar, 528. 42. Broadcasting was controlled by the government, which allowed little time for political broadcasts. The Nazis had had no access to the radio before the summer of 1932 (Zeman, 31). 43. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 165 (16 September 1932), 167 (20 September 1932), for the quotation; TBJG, I.2, 243–4, 246–7. For extensive reports from regional and local party organizations of financial difficulties hampering the campaign, see Childers, ‘Limits’, inThe Formation of the Nazi Constituency, 1919–1933 , 236–8. 44. Lüdecke, 438. 45. Domarus, 137. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 176 (4 October 1932); TBJG, I.2, 254–5 (5 October 1932). See also Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 174 (2 October 1932), TBJG, I.2, 252 for Hitler’s conveying of optimism to others, and Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I87 (28 October 1932), TBJG, I.2, 265 where Hitler was said to be ‘very certain of victory’. 46. Lüdecke, 461–2, 469, 475–6. 47. Lüdecke, 476. 48. Lüdecke, 479. Above account based on Lüdecke, 475–9; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I74 (2 October 1932), TBJG, I.2, 252. 49. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 402–3 notes forty-nine speeches, but does not include Regensburg on 5 November; Domarus, 138–42 has forty-seven, including Regensburg, but omitting Gummersbach, Betzdorf-Walmenrot, and Limburg; Hauner, 85, lists forty-seven but omits Schweinfurt, Würzburg and Betzdorf-Walmenrot. 50. Maser, Hitler, 317 and n. 51. Gun, Eva Braun-Hitler, 55–7. Hoffman, 161–2, dates the incident to summer 1932. For other suicide attempts of women who knew Hitler, see Maser, Hitler, 313. 52. Domarus, 141. 53. VB, 14 October 1932, IfZ, MA-731, HA Reel 1 Folder 13. 54. VB, 14 October 1932, IfZ, MA-731, HA Reel 1 Folder 13. 55. IfZ, MA-731, NSDAP-HA, Reel 1 Folder 13, Pd Hof, 15 October 1932. 56. Domarus, 138. 57. Above quotations from IfZ, MA-1220, HA, Reel IA Folder 13. 58. IfZ, MA-731, HA Reel I Folder 13. 59. See Childers, ‘Limits’, 236, 246–51. 60. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I91 (2 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 268. Goebbels may, like Hitler, have been deceived into over-optimism by the type of reception he had at his meetings. After a speech in Stettin on 31 October, he wrote in his diary: ‘The mood is excellent everywhere. We are making mighty inroads.’ His adjoining comment revealed, however, his concern: ‘If it goes on like this, 6 November won’t be all that bad.’ And the next day he was already consoling himself for an impending defeat: ‘It’s not all that bad if we lose a few million votes’ (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I90 (31 October 1932, 1 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 267). 61. IfZ, MA-731, HA Reel 1 Folder 13, Pd Nbg, 14 October 1932. 62. BHStA, MA 102144, RPvNB/OP, 19 October 1932. 63. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I95 (5 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 271. Even in early October, Gregor Strasser had predicted a loss of forty seats (Stachura, Strasser, I04). 64. Falter et al., Wahlen, 41, 44. 65. Falter, Hitlers Wähler, I09. 66. Falter, ‘National Socialist Mobilisation’, 219. 67. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I96 (6 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 272. 68. See Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I92 (2 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 269 where Goebbels had spoken of the lack of funding in the campaign as ‘a chronic sickness’. On the very day before the election, he noted, it had been possible to drum up 10,000 Marks ‘at the last minute’, which were immediately thrown into the last efforts of propaganda (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I95 (5 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 271). The DΝVP’s propaganda had been better funded and, it was accepted, as a result quantitatively superior (Childers, ‘Limits’, 238). 69. Childers, ‘Limits’, 243–4; and see Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I96 (6 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 272. 70. BHStA, MA 102151, RPvUF, 21 September 1932. 71. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I96 (6 November 1932), ΤΒJG, I.2, 272. 72. Childers, ‘Limits’, 238–42. 73. The strike, called by the Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition (Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts-Opposition (RGO)) – the factory-cell organization of the KPD – was in protest at wage reductions imposed on Berlin transport workers. Initially swingeing, these had been reduced to more modest levels, but were still sufficient to provoke the Communists into declaring a strike, opposed by the SPD-linked unions, but backed by the NSBO. The strike began on 3 November and was broken off by the strikers four days later. The underground was brought to a complete standstill; trams and buses attempting to leave the depots were in the main halted by pickets. There was a good deal of public disorder, including clashes between strikers and the police which ended with three dead and eight injured as police shot into a crowd. See Winkler, Weimar, 533–5. Goebbels, overjoyed, described the mood as ‘revolutionary’ (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I94 (4 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 270). For the KPD, the strike probably played a part in the increased vote in the November election, and also shored up the already existent over-confidence in the party’s ability to cope with a National Socialist government. (Christian Striefler, Kampf um die Macht. Kommunisten und Nationalsozialisten am Ende der Weimarer Republik,Berlin, 1993, 177–86). 74. Childers, ‘Limits’, 238. 75. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I92 (2 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 268–9. 76. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I94 (4 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 270. 77. Childers, ‘Limits’, 240. 78. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 416 (3 November 1932, 6 November 1932). 79. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 417 (7 November 1932, 9 November 1932). 80. Winkler, Weimar, 536–7. 81. TBJG, I.2, 274 (9 November 1932). 82. IMT, vol.35, 223–30, Docs. 633-D and 634-D; Domarus, 144–8; AdR, Kabinett von Papen, ii.952–60; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I99 (9 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 276; Papen, 212–13; Bracher, Auflösung, 659–60 and n.31; Winkler, Weimar, 543. 83. AdR, Kabinett von Papen, ii.951–2 (meeting of Papen and Schäffer, 16 November 1932). See also Winkler, Weimar, 541, 543. 84. Hubatsch, Hindenburg, 353. 85. Papen, 214; Winkler, Weimar, 543. 86. Printed in Eberhard Czichon, Wer verhalf Hitler zur Macht? Zum Anteil der deutschen Industrie an der Zerstörung der Weimarer Republik, Cologne (1967), 3rd edn, 1972, 69–71. 87. Based on Turner, German Big Business, 303–4; see also Winkler, Weimar, 540–41. 88. Lüdecke, 413. 89. Hubatsch, 350–52; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 206 (20 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 282. 90. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 207 (20 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 282. 91. Hubatsch, 350–52, here 352; Domarus, 149; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 207–8 (20 November 1932, 21 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 282–3. 92. Domarus, 150 (21 November 1932). 93. Hubatsch, 353–6; Domarus, 151: communiqué of the second discussion of Hindenburg and Hitler on the morning of 21 November 1932. 94. Hubatsch, 354–5; Domarus, 152 (21 November 1932); Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 208 (21 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 283. 95. Hubatsch, 356–7; Domarus, 153–4 (22 November 1932); Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 208 (23 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 283. 96. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 209 (23 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 284. 97. Hubatsch, 358–61; Domarus, 154–7 (23 November 1932). 98. Domarus, 157 n.274. 99. Hubatsch, 361–2; Domarus, 158 (24 November 1932). 100. Domarus, 159, Hitler’s final letter on the matter, written on 24 November; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 209–10 (24 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 284. 101. Hubatsch, 365–6. 102. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 104–5; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 209 (23 November 1932), TBJG, I.2, 284. 103. Stachura, Strasser, I07. Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, 25, states that Schleicher’s hope was not to split the NSDAP but to win the backing of the whole party for such a strategy. He was sufficient of a realist, however, to recognize that, without Hitler’s blessing, this was hardly likely. 104. TBJG, I.2, 288 (2 December 1932); Domarus, 161. Hitler, in Weimar on account of the Thuringian local elections (Gemeindewahlen), had declined to travel to Berlin to meet Schleicher. 105. Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 105 and n.44. 106. Papen, 216–23; Vogelsang, ‘Zur Politik Schleichers’, 105–7, 110–11 and n.65; Winkler, Weimar, 547–50, 553–5; see also Kolb and Pyta, 170–77. Schleicher’s expectations of support from the SPD would probably have proved illusory, though the party thought of him as a lesser evil than Papen or Hitler. He did, however, have good connections with the Reichsbanner. And the trade unions were inclined to give Schleicher a chance. 107. Peter D. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”: Strasser, Hitler, and National Socialism, 1930–1932’, in Stachura, Shaping, 88–130, here 88. 108. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 281. The quoted comments of Spengler are a further illustration of the dangerous dismissal of Hitler by right-wing intellectuals. Spengler, made famous by his book on the decline of western civilization, became effectively the philosopher of the culturally pessimistic anti-democratic Right. His dislike of the vulgarity of the Nazis persisted, however, until his death in 1936. 109. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 217–18 (6 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 294. 110. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 103, 108. 111. Turner, German Big Business, 311–12. 112. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 90–91. 113. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 94–95; Turner, German Big Business, I48–9. 114. Turner, German Big Business, 311–12. 115. Krebs, 191–2; Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 96–7. Hans Zehrer, a political journalist in his early thirties, had, together with a number of like-minded colleagues, used the periodical Die Tat since 15)29 to expound his views of the cleansing nature of Weimar’s crisis. He saw it as bringing about the end of capitalism and ushering in a new system of ‘national socialism’. In this, he was close to the ideas of Gregor Strasser. The ‘Tat Circle’ developed links with General Schleicher in the summer of 1932. (Kurt Sontheimer, ‘Der Tatkreis’, Vfz, 7 (1959), 229–60; Benz-Graml,Biographisches Lexikon, 375–6; Winkler, Weimar, 525, 551; Mommsen, ‘Regierung ohne Parteien. Konservative Pläne zum Verfassungsumbau am Ende der Weimarer Republik’, in Winkler,Staatskrise, 5–9, 15–17; Sontheimer, Antidemokratisches Denken, 205–6, 268–9). 116. For Strasser’s inability to cope with probing questions on his economic ideas by the American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker, see Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 281–2. 117. Tyrell, Führer, 316. 118. In late August and September 1932, prompted by his good connections with Brüning, Strasser had pressed energetically for the NSDAP to come to terms with the Zentrum (Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 101). On 23 March 1932, he had written to Graf Reventlow insisting that the party must be ready to enter coalitions (even if that could not be broadcast too loudly). And earlier still, in a letter to Gauleiter Schlange of Brandenburg on 12 September 1931, he had suggested that the way to power was via a ‘right-wing cabinet’ (Tyrell, Führer, 316, 343–5). 119. Stachura, Strasser, I03. 120. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 97–100. 121. Wagener, 477–80; Stachura, Strasser, I03–4. 122. Frank, 108. 123. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I54 (31 August 1932), TBJG, I.2, 235. 124. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I56 (3 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 236. 125. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I59–60 (8 and 9 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 238–9. 126. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, I69–70 (25 September 1932), TBJG, I.2, 248. 127. Stachura, Strasser, I08. 128. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 282. 129. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 216 (5 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 292–3; Stachura, Strasser, I08. 130. Stachura, Strasser, I08–12; Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 108–9. 131. Hinrich Lohse, ‘Der Fall Strasser’, unpubl. typescript, c.1960, Forschungsstelle für die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, Hamburg, sections 20–22. 132. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 218 (8 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 295. 133. Text of the letter in Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 113–15. 134. Lohse, section 23. 135. Lohse, sections 23–8. See Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 219 (8 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 295. 136. TBJG, I.2 295 (unpublished entry, 9 December 1932); the published version (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 220 (8 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 296–7) adds ‘with the pistol’. 137. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 220 (8 December 1932), TBJG, I.2, 297–8. 138. Domarus, 166. 139. Lohse, section 30; Orlow, i.293–6. 140. Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 112. 141. Lohse, sections 30–33, Domarus, 165; Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 112; Orlow, i.293. 142. Domarus, 165; TBJG, 1.2, 299 (10 December 1932, unpubl.). 143. TBJG, I.2, 299 (10 December 1932, unpubl.). 144. Domarus, 166–7; Orlow, i.293; see Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 226 (16 December 1932), TBJG , 1.2, 309; Lohse, section 31. 145. Stachura, Strasser, I16, 118–19. 146. Lohse, section 33; TBJG, 1.2, 340 (17 January 1933); Domarus, 180. 147. Goebbels, Kaiserhof 243, (16 January 1933), TBJG, I.2, 340–41. The unpublished diary entry is more prosaic: ‘No more demand… He will end as nothing, as he deserves’ (TBJG, I.2, 340–41, 17 January 1933). 148. BDC, Gregor Strasser, Parteikorrespondenz, Antragsschein zum Erwerb des Ehrenzeichens der alten Parteimitglieder der NSDAP, 29 January 1934; Besitzurkunde, 1 February 1934. 149. BDC, OPG-Akte Albert Pietzsch, Gregor Strasser to Rudolf Heß, 18 June 1934. 150. See Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 110. 151. See Stachura, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”’, 113. 152. BAK, ΝS22/110, ‘Denkschrift über die inneren Gründe für die Verfügungen zur Herstellung einer erhöhten Schlagkraft der Bewegung’; see Orlow, i.294–6. The directions for the reordering of the party’s apparatus that followed the memorandum, drafted by Ley, put into operation the changes in the organizational structure which had been determined on 9 December (Orlow, i.293 and n.234, 294 and n.239). Goebbels showed a copy of the memorandum to Hitler at a crisis-point in the war, in January 1943, remarking in his diary that the memorandum contained ‘such classical arguments’ that it could still be used without any amendment. Hitler had completely forgotten about the document (TBJG, II.7, 177 (23 January 1943)). 153. All the above from BAK, ΝS 22/110. 154. See Orlow, i.296. 155. Abelshauser, Faust and Petzina (eds.), Deutsche Sozialgeschichte 1914–1945, 327–8; Petzina et al., Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch III, 61, 70, 84. 156. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 411. 157. Abelshauser et al., Deutsche Sozialgeschichte, 328. 158. See Allen, 136–7; Abelshauser et al., Deutsche Sozialgeschichte, 343–4. 159. Siegfried Bahne, ‘Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands’, in Erich Matthias and Rudolf Morsey (eds.), Das Ende der Parteien 1933, Königstein/Ts., 1979, 655–739, here 662. For the radicalization of the unemployed, see Anthony McElligott, ‘Mobilising the Unemployed: The KPD and the Unemployed Workers’ Movement in Hamburg-Altona during the Weimar Republic’, in Evans and Geary, The GermanUnemployed, 228–60; and Eva Rosenhaft, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists and Political Violence, 1929–1933, London, 1983. 160. See Fischer, Stormtroopers, esp. 45–8 and ch.8. 161. See Detlev Peukert, ‘The Lost Generation: Youth Unemployment at the End of the Weimar Republic’, in Evans and Geary, The German Unemployed, I72–93, here esp. 188–9; and Peter D. Stachura, ‘The Social and Welfare Implications of Youth Unemployment in Weimar Germany’, in Stachura, Unemployment, I21–47, here 140. 162. Cornelia Rauh-Kühne, Katholisches Milieu und Kleinstadtgesellschaft. Ettlingen 1918–1939, Sigmaringen, 1991, 270. 163. A point emphasized by Dick Geary, ‘Unemployment and Working-Class Solidarity: the German Experience 1929–33’, in Evans and Geary, The German Unemployed, 261–80; see also the contribution to the same volume (194–227) by Eva Rosenhaft, ‘The Unemployed in the Neighbourhood: Social Dislocation and Political Mobilisation in Germany, 1929–1933’. 164. Among many examples: BHStA, MA 102151, RPvUF, 5 January 1933; MA 102138, RPvOB, 5 December 1932. 165. See, e.g., BHStA, MA 102154, RPvMF, 19 October 1932. 166. BHStA, MA 102154, RPvOF/MF, 5 January 1933 (citing a report from the District Office (Bezirksamt) of Ansbach). 167. BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP, 19 January 1933. 168. BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP 3 February 1933. 169. BHStA, MA 102144, RPvNB/OP 6 December 1932. 170. BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP, 3 February 1933, 20 February 1933. 171. See the analysis of ideological preference, levels of disaffection, and dimensions of prejudice in Merkl, 450–527. 172. BHStA, MA 102155/3, RPvNB/OP 16 December 1932 (citing Bezirksamt Ebermannstadt). 173. Heinrich August Winkler, ‘German Society, Hitler, and the Illusion of Restoration 1930–33’, Journal of Contemporary History, I1 (1976), 10–n; Heinrich August Winkler, Mittelstand, Demokratie und Nationalsozialismus, Cologne, 1972, 166–79. 174. See Michael H. Kater, ‘Physicians in Crisis at the End of the Weimar Republic’, in Stachura, Unemployment, 49–77; also – a study which graphically brings out the impact of the Weimar years on medical practice in the Third Reich, and on the attractions for doctors of National Socialism – Michael H. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, Chapel Hill/London, 1989, here 12–15. 175. Based on: Peukert, ‘The Lost Generation’; Elizabeth Harvey, ‘Youth Unemployment and the State: Public Policies towards Unemployed Youth in Hamburg during the World Economic Crisis’, in Evans and Geary, The German Unemployed, I42–71; Stachura, ‘The Social and Welfare Implications of Youth Unemployment’; Elizabeth Harvey, Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany, Oxford, 1993; Abelshauser et al., Deutsche Sozialgeschichte, 332–4; Stachura, The Weimar Republic and the Younger Proletariat; Peter D. Stachura, The German YouthMovement 1900–1945. An Interpretative and Documentary History, London, 1981; Peter Loewenberg, ‘The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohort’, American Historical Review , 76 (1971), 1457–1502; Peter D. Stachura, Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic, Santa Barbara/Oxford, 1975; and Kater, ‘Generationskonflikt als Entwicklungsfaktor in der NS-Bewegung vor 1933’, 217–43. 176. Karin Hausen, ‘Unemployment Also Hits Women: the New and the Old Woman on the Dark Side of the Golden Twenties in Germany’, in Stachura, Unemployment, 78–120, here esp. 112; Helgard Kramer, ‘Frankfurt’s Working Women: Scapegoats or Winners of the Great Depression?’, in Evans and Geary, The German Unemployed, I08–41, here esp. 134; Renate Bridenthal, ‘Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women at Work’, Central European History, 6 (1973), 148–66; Tim Mason,’Women in Germany, 1925–1940: Family, Welfare, and Work’, History Workshop Journal, 1 (1976), 74–113; Richard J. Evans, ‘German Women and the Triumph of Hitler’, Journal of Modern History, 48 (1976, demand supplement), 1–53; Helen L. Boak, ‘Women in Weimar Germany: the “Frauenfrage” and the Female Vote’, in Richard Bessel and E. J. Feuchtwanger (eds.), Social Change and Political Development in the Weimar Republic, London, 1981, 155–73, here 165–8. 177. See Allen, 146. 178. See Allen, 147. 179. Statistics on the demographic and social structure of German Jewry are provided in Werner Mosse (ed.), Entscheidungsjahr. Zur Judenfrage in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik, Tübingen, 1965, 87–131 (94 for the proportion of Jews in the total population). See also Helmut Genschel,Die Verdrängung der Juden aus der Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich, Göttingen, 1966, 20–28. 180. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 411. See also Tyrell, Führer, 352, where the membership numbers on 30 January 1933 were given as 1, 435, 530. Since the membership numbers were given out in continuous series and numbers of those leaving the party not renewed, the figures for members actually in the party were substantially lower. 181. Fischer, Stormtroopers, 6. 182. Fischer, Stormtroopers, ch.6 downplays the role of ideology at all in recruiting for the SA. 183. Cit. Niewyk, 82 and n.2. 184. Arnold Paucker, Der jüdische Abwehrkampf gegen Antisemitismus und Nationalsozialismus in den letzten Jahren der Weimarer Republik, Hamburg, 1968; Niewyk, 86ff. 185. Niewyk, 82–6. 186. See Peter Gay, ‘In Deutschland zu Hause… Die Juden der Weimarer Zeit’, in Arnold Paucker (ed.), Die Juden im Nationalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933–1943, Tübingen, 1986, 31–43. 187. Lion Feuchtwanger, Die Geschwister Oppermann, Fischer edn, Frankfurt, 1983, 116. The novel brings out brilliantly the anxieties, but also the complacency, in Jewish bourgeois society in the months immediately before Hitler’s takeover of power. See, e.g., 15–16, 69, 119–32. 188. Richard J. Evans, ‘Die Todesstrafe in der Weimarer Republik’, in Bajohr et al., Zivilisation und Barbarei, 156–61; and Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600–1987, Oxford, 1996, ch. 13, esp. 604–10. 189. Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics’, 84–5. 190. The varied contemporary impressions of Hitler are excellently surveyed in Schreiber, Part I. 191. Turner, German Big Business, 314–15 and 460 n.2; Papen, 225–6. And see, for the Papen-Hitler meeting at Schröder’s house, Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, 42–52. 192. Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, ed. Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus beim Zentralkomitee der SED, East Berlin, 1966, iv.604–7. 193. Turner, German Big Business, 315–17. 194. Turner, German Big Business, 311–12. 195. Turner, German Big Business, 321–2. 196. Winkler, Weimar, 570–72; Turner, German Big Business, 324. 197. Papen, 227–8. 198. See Winkler, Weimar, 568. 199. Domarus, 175; Papen, 227; Winkler, Weimar, 569; see Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 235 (5 January 1933), TBJG, I.2, 328 (6 January 1933, unpubl.). 200. Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, iv. 604–7; reprinted in Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 411–14, here 412. 201. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 412. 202. TBJG, I.2, 332 (10 January 1933, unpubl.). 203. Papen, 228; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 412–13; Winkler, Weimar, 568. 204. Meissner, Staatssekretär, 261–2; Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, 50–51· 205. Ribbentrop, 22 and n.1. 206. Falter et al., Wahlen, 96. 207. Stories advanced at the time, and often repeated in later accounts, of subventions from big business to finance the Lippe campaign have been shown to be wide of the mark. The campaign had to pay for itself. Higher entrance fees than normal were charged for meetings addressed by Hitler and other celebrities. Funds raised were immediately poured back into the campaign. Financial embarrassment in settling the claims of creditors and in raising money to rent halls for speakers was on more than one occasion only narrowly avoided. See Turner, German Big Business, 318 and 463 n.25. 208. Winkler, Weimar, 573. A full analysis of the campaign is provided by Jutta Ciolek-Kümper, Wahlkampf in Lippe, Munich, 1976; for Nazi propaganda in Lippe, see also Paul, Aufstand der Bilder, I09–10. 209. Beginning on 4 and ending on 14 January 1933: Domarus, 175–80; Ciolek-Kümper, 318–64. Nazi gains at the election were over-average in places where Hitler spoke (Ciolek-Kümper, 264). 210. Falter et al., Wahlen, 96; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 415; Winkler, Weimar, 574. Despite the saturation propaganda, the Lippe election is a clear indicator of the limits of Nazi penetration in a pluralist system. Recent empirical findings have confirmed the view that propaganda success relied upon prior ideological leanings in those susceptible to it. (See Dieter Ohr, Nationalsozialistische Propaganda und Weimarer Wahlen. Empirische Analysen zur Wirkung von ΝSDAP – Versammlungen, Opladen, 1997.) 211. See Goebbels’s diary entry (unpubl.), for 16 January 1933: ‘Party again on the forward march. So, it has paid off (TBJG, I.2, 339). 212. Schleicher had, by the time of his cabinet meeting on 16 January, still not completely given up hope of winning over Strasser, whose supporters had likewise not finally given up. Their efforts, and news of Strasser meeting President Hindenburg, sowed great distrust in the minds of Hitler and his entourage (Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, 60–61). 213. Papen, 234; Winkler, Weimar, 571–2, 578–80, 606–7; Turner, German Big Business, 324. 214. Winkler, Weimar, 574–5. 215. Ribbentrop, 22–3. After consultations with Hitler, he had tried to arrange the meeting on one of the previous two days, but the respective movements of Hitler and Papen had made this impossible. Papen stated in his memoirs that he did not meet Hitler between 4 and 22 January (Papen, 236). Frau Ribbentrop’s dictated notes show that there were two meetings in the interim, on 10 and 18 January (Ribbentrop, 22–3). 216. Ribbentrop, 23; Papen, 235. 217. TBJG, I.2, 346 (22 January 1932, unpubl.). Goebbels does not appear to have been informed about the meeting until two days later, on 24 January (TBJG, I.2, 349 (25 January 1933, unpubl.)). 218. Domarus, 181–2; TBJG, I.2, 348 (23 January 1932, unpubl.). Goebbels attributed Hitler’s poor form to the arrogance of Frau Wessel, Horst’s mother, on the anniversary of her son’s murder (TBJG, I.2, 347–8). 219. Papen, 235. 220. Hans Otto Meissner and Harry Wilde, Die Machtergreifung, Stuttgart, 1958, 148ff., esp. 162–3; Domarus, 183 (who states, mistakenly, that the demands were the same; moreover, the Göring ministry was left undetermined). See also Winkler, Weimar, 580. 221. TBJG, I.2, 349 (25 January 1933, unpubl.). 222. Ribbentrop, 23. 223. Winkler, Weimar, 580. Otto Meissner, Staatssekretär, 263, makes no mention of this conversation in his brief account of the meeting at Ribbentrop’s house. The version of his son, Hans Otto Meissner, and Harry Wilde, noting Oskar von Hindenburg’s seemingly grudging admission that Hitler’s many concessions and solemn promises made it difficult to refuse him the Chancellorship, derived, however, from Otto Meissner’s recollection (Meissner-Wilde, 163, 291 n.37). 224. TBJG, 1.2, 349 (25 January 1933, unpubl.). 225. Papen, 236; Winkler, Weimar, 581. For reasons not entirely clear, Schleicher had not considered putting to Hindenburg the suggestion of his Defence Ministry staff, on the advice of legal theorists, that a loophole in the Weimar Constitution might allow the cabinet, even after defeat in a vote of confidence, to remain in office indefinitely as a caretaker government unless the other parties could agree on an alternative Chancellor and government (Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, I18–21, 124–5). 226. Ribbentrop, 23. 227. Winkler, Weimar, 581–3, 587–9. 228. Akten der Reichskanzlei. Das Kabinett von Schleicher, ed. Anton Golecki, Boppard am Rhein, 1986, 306–11, Nr.71–2; Papen, 237–8; Winkler, Weimar, 584–6. 229. Schulthess’ Europäischer Geschichtskalender 1933, Bd. 74, Munich, 1934, 28–30; AdR, Kabinett von Schleicher, 316–19, Nr.77. And see Winkler, Weimar, 586. 230. Papen, 239. And see AdR, Kabinett von Schleicher, 318. 231. Ribbentrop, 25. 232. Winkler, Weimar, 584. 233. Ribbentrop, 24–5. 234. Papen, 239; Winkler, Weimar, 589. In a third meeting, Fritz Schäffer, the head of the ΒVP, probably speaking on behalf of the Zentrum as well as his own party, was prepared to support a parliamentary government under Hitler. But, as earlier, this proposal had no chance of meeting the approval of the Nazi leader. 235. Papen, 239. 236. Ribbentrop, 25; Papen, 241: Hitler was told on 29 January that the President would not appoint him Reich Commissar for Prussia. 237. AdR, Kabinett von Schleicher, 318; Papen, 240; Winkler, Weimar, 589. 238. Papen, 240; Winkler, Weimar, 590. 239. Papen, 241; Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 417; Winkler, Weimar, 590–91. 240. TBJG, I.2, 355 (30 January 1933, unpubl.); 357 (31 January 1933, unpubl.). 241. Papen, 241. 242. Hubatsch, 347 (18 November 1932). 243. Theodor Duesterberg, Der Stahlhelm und Hitler, Wolfenbüttel/Hanover, 1949, 38–9. Support from the Stahlhelm, the conservative veterans’ organization, was still not guaranteed. While Seldte had been won over, Duesterberg remained irked by earlier Nazi insults about his ‘non-Aryan’ background. His backing for the cabinet was only assured on the morning of 30 January, when Hitler expressed his regrets for the attacks on Duesterberg by his party and, with tears in his eyes, gave the Stahlhelm deputy leader his word that he had not instigated them (Duesterberg, 40; Winkler, Weimar, 592). It did not take Hugenberg long to realize the error of his ways. The very day after Hitler’s appointment to the Chancellorship, he was reported as saying: ‘Yesterday, I did the most stupid thing of my life. I joined forces with the greatest demagogue in world history’ (cit. in Gerhard Ritter, Carl Goerdeler und die deutsche Widerstandsbewegung, Stuttgart, 1956, 64. And see Larry Eugene Jones, ‘“The Greatest Stupidity of My Life”. Alfred Hugenberg and the Formation of the Hitler Cabinet, January 1933’, Journal of Contemporary History, 27 (1992), 63–87). 244. Papen, 242. 245. Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Es geschah in Deutschland, Tübingen/Stuttgart, 1951, 147. To the arch-conservative opponent of the Nazis, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, who would later pay for his principled opposition with his life, Papen asserted that within two months he would have Hitler pushed into a corner. Kleist-Schmenzin was duly scathing at such a presumption (Bodo Scheurig, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin. Ein Konservativer gegen Hitler, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, 121). 246. TBJG, I.2, 355 (30 January 1933, unpubl.). 247. Ribbentrop, 26; Winkler, Weimar, 590–91. 248. TBJG, I.2, 355–6 (30 January 1933, unpubl.). Hitler still vividly recalled Alvensleben’s news in his story of the takeover of power, told on 21 May 1942 in his ‘Special Train’ en route to Berlin (Picker, 364). 249. Papen, 242–3; Duesterberg, 39; Winkler, Weimar, 591–2. 250. Papen, 243–4; Duesterberg, 40–41; Meissner, Staatssekretär, 269–70; Winkler, Weimar, 592. 251. AdR, Kabinett von Schleicher, 322–3; Meissner, Staatssekretär, 270. Remarkably, it was the first time that the Finance Minister, Schwerin von Krosigk, had seen Hitler. Half an hour before arriving in the Reich Chancellery, he had thought Papen, not Hitler, was to be sworn in as Chancellor (AdR, Kabinett von Schleicher, 321–3. Krosigk, Es geschah in Deutschland, I93; Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, I56–7). 252. Meissner, Staatssekretär, 270; Papen 244; Hans Otto Meissner, 30. Januar 1933. Hitlers Machtergreifung, Munich 1979, 275–6 (Hindenburg’s reply – see 388 n.31 – apparently based upon a verbal account by Otto Meissner); Winkler, Weimar, 593· 253. TBJG I.2, 357 (31 January 1933, unpubl.). 254. For an example of intellectual underestimation of National Socialism, see Thomas Mann’s comments on 12 January 1933 in a letter to the Prussian Education Minister, Adolf Grimme: ‘The social and democratic Germany, I am firmly convinced, can trust in the fact that the present constellation is a passing one and that, despite everything, the future is on its side. The raging of nationalist passions is nothing more than a late and final flickering of an already burnt-out fire, a dying flare mistaken for a new glow of life’ (Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 414). 255. See, for the landed élites, Wolfgang Zollitsch, ‘Adel und adlige Machteliten in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik. Standespolitik und agrarische Interessen’, in Winkler, Staatskrise, 239–56; Horst Gies, ‘NSDAP und landwirtschaftliche Organisationen in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik’, VfZ, I5 (1967), 341–76; Dieter Gessner, Agrarverbände in der Weimarer Republik, Düsseldorf, 1976; Gustavo Corni and Horst Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen: Die Ernährungswirtschaftin Deutschland unter der Diktatur Hitlers,Berlin, 1997, Part I. For the military élite, the argument has been most cogently advanced by Michael Geyer in his study, Aufrüstung oder Sicherheit. Die Reichswehr in der Krise der Machtpolitik 1924–1936, Wiesbaden, 1980, his more general survey, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860–1980, Frankfurt am Main, 1984, 188–39, and his essays, ‘Etudes in Political History: Reichswehr, NSDAP, and the Seizure of Power’, in Peter D. Stachura (ed.), The Nazi Machtergreifung, London, 1983, 101–23, and ‘Professionals and Junkers: German Rearmament and Politics in the Weimar Republic’, in Bessel and Feucht-wanger, 77–133. 256. See Turner, German Big Business, 318–28, for the stance of big business in late January 1933; also, Reinhard Neebe, Großindustrie, Staat und NSDAP 1930–1933, Göttingen, 1981. 257. An attempt to use the ‘Bonapartist’ model of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain how Hitler gained power is advanced by Eberhard Jäckel, ‘Wie kam Hitler an die Macht?’, in Karl Dietrich Erdmann and Hagen Schulze (eds.), Weimar. Selbstpreisgabe einer Demokratie, Düsseldorf, 1980, 305–21. 258. See, for instance, the recognition of this by Friedrich Meinecke, Die deutsche Katastrophe, 3rd edn, Wiesbaden, 1947, esp. 11–12, 39–40. 259. See Mosse, Crisis, esp. Part One, for a thorough exploration of the strands of this consciousness. 260. See, esp., the influential work of David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History, Oxford, 1984, and the debate on the ‘Sonderweg’ question: Deutscher Sonderweg – Mythos oder Realität, Kolloquien des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte,Munich/Vienna, 1982. The complexity of the differing continuities in German history which made National Socialism and a Hitler dictatorship possible – but by no means inevitable – is emphasized in a sophisticated analysis by Thomas Nipperdey, ‘1933 und Kontinuität der deutschen Geschichte’, Historische Zeitschrift,227 (1978), 86–111. 261. See Lothar Kettenacker, ‘Sozialpsychologische Aspekte der Führer-Herrschaft’, in Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (eds.), Der ‘Führerstaat’: Mythos und Realität. Studien zur Struktur und Politik des Dritten Reiches, Stuttgart, 1981, 98–132. 262. Regensburger Anzeiger, 31 January 1933. 263. Sebastian Haffner, Geschichte eines Deutschen. Die Erinnerungen 1914–1933, Stuttgart-Munich, 2000, 104–6 (quotation, 106). CHAPTER 11: THE MAKING OF THE DICTATOR 1. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 421. 2. Julius Leber, Ein Mann geht seinen Weg, Berlin, 1952, 90. 3. Josef and Ruth Becker (eds.), Hitlers Machtergreifung. Dokumente vom Machtantritt Hitlers 30. Januar 1933 bis zur Besiegelung des Einparteienstaates 14. Juli 1933,2nd edn, Munich, 1992, 45, cit. Schwäbische Volkszeitung, 7 February 1933. 4. Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, 32. 5. Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, 34–5. 6. John Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45, London, 1968, 9. 7. H. Rößler, ‘Erinnerungen an den Kirchenkampf in Coburg’, Jahrbuch der Coburger Lande s Stiftung (1975), 155–6. 8. Theophil Wurm, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, Stuttgart, 1953, 84. 9. Cit. in Klaus Scholder, Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1977, i.279–80. 10. DBFP, 2nd Ser., iv.401. 11. StA München, GS Ebersberg, 11 February 1933; see also BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP, 3 February 1933. 12. Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 31 January 1933. The journalist was Erwein Freiherr von Aretin, a monarchist who was to be taken into ‘protective custody’ a few weeks later. 13. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 288; TBJG, I.2, 357 (31 January 1933, unpubl.). 14. See Hoffmann, 69, for Hitler’s praise and surprise at Goebbels’s ability to stage it at such short notice. 15. TBJG, I.2, 358 (31 January 1933). The British Ambassador reported: ‘During the demonstration Herr Göring, the President of the Reichstag, took possession of the microphone and after delivering a speech of the usual turgid kind handed the instrument to his followers. Berlin radio listeners were consequently deprived of their evening’s entertainment and treated to an absurdly sentimental account of the torchlight procession and the final triumph of the National Socialist movement’ (DBFP, 2nd Ser., iv.402). 16. TBJG, I.2, 358, 31 January 1933; DBFP, 2nd Ser., iv.402. 17. See Melita Maschmann, Fazit. Mein Weg in der Hitler-Jugend, 5th paperback edn, Munich, 1983, 7–9; André François-Poncet, Souvenirs d’une ambassade à Berlin, Septembre 1931–Octobre 1938, Paris, 1946, 70; Frank, 111; Harry Graf Kessler,Tagebücher 1918–1937, Frankfurt am Main, 1961, 704. 18. Maschmann, 8, 17–19. 19. Hans-Jochen Gamm, Der Flüsterwitz im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1963, 8. Sir Horace Rumbold remarked that the President normally retired at 7 p.m. but stood at his window until after midnight, saluting the cheering crowd (DBFP, 2nd Ser., iv.401). (Actually, as photos show, the President was seated, not standing. See the photo in Hans Otto Meissner, 30.Januar 1933. Hitlers Machtergreifung, Munich, 1979, between 178 and 179.) 20. Papen, 264. 21. Papen, 264; TBJG, 358 (31 January 1933); Frank, 111. 22. Papen, 264. 23. Norbert Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”. Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff’, VfZ, 31 (1983), 136–45, here 139, 142. 24. Monologe, I55; Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”’, 136. 25. Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”‘,esp. 141–2. ‘Machtergreifung’ (‘seizure of power’)ap-pears, from Frei’s findings (143), to have been more a product of the historical writing of the 1950s than a term widely used during the Third Reich itself. 26. Papen, 264. 27. See Nipperdey, ‘1933 und Kontinuität der deutschen Geschichte’, esp. 94–101. As Nipperdey points out (93), there were also important and long-standing counter-continuities in German history – such as ideas of democracy and liberalism – that suffered an abrupt and lengthy break in 1933. 28. Nipperdey, ‘1933 und Kontinuität der deutschen Geschichte’, 100–101. 29. See Richard Bessel, ‘1933: A Failed Counter-Revolution’, in Ε. Ε. Riche (ed.), Revolution and Counter Revolution, Oxford, 1991, 109–227, esp. 120–21; and Martin Broszat et al. (eds.), Deutschlands Weg in die Diktatur, Berlin, 1983, 95 (comment of Richard Löwenthal). See also Horst Möller, ‘Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung. Konterrevolution oder Revolution?’, VfZ, 31 (1983), 25–51; Jeremy Noakes, ‘Nazism and Revolution’, in Noel O’Sullivan (ed.), Revolutionary Theory and Political Reality,London, 1983, 73–100; and for Hitler’s views on revolution, Zitelmann, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, 44–86. 30. Akten der Reichskanzlei. Die Regierung Hitler. Teil I: 1933/34, e d. Karl-Heinz Minuth, 2 vols., Boppard am Rhein, 1983, i.XVII. 31. Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, Staatsbankrott, Göttingen, 1974, 185; Krosigk, Es geschah, I99; see also Papen, 260, and John L. Heinemann, Hitler’s First Foreign Minister, Berkeley, 1979, 65. 32. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I–4. 33. See Rudolf Morsey, ‘Die deutsche Zentrumspartei’ in Matthias and Morsey, Ende der Parteien, 281–453, here 340–43; and Rudolf Morsey, ‘Hitlers Verhandlungen mit der Zentrumsführung am 31. Januar 1933’, VfZ, 9 (1961), 182–94. See also Karl Dietrich Bracher, Gerhard Schulz and Wolfgang Sauer, Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung (1960), paperback edn, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 3 vols., 1974, i. 85. 34. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.89. 35. Brüning, Memoiren, ii.684; AdR, Reg. Hitler, 2. Franz Gürtner was only confirmed in his office as Reich Justice Minister on 2 February. But his retention had already been agreed with the Reich President on 29 January. The delay was solely owing to Hitler’s wish to use the occupancy of the Reich Ministry of Justice as a bargaining card in his negotiations with the Zentrum (Lothar Gruchmann, Justiz im Dritten Reich 1933–1940. Anpassung und Unterwerfung in der Ära Gürtner, 2nd edn, Munich, 1990, 9–10, 64). 36. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 5–7 and n.6; Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, 34–5. 37. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.85. 38. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 6. Another conservative, Hugenberg, pressed to depose the ‘so-called sovereignty government of Braun’ in Prussia as soon as possible. State Secretary Meissner took this up and went on to propose the dissolution of the Prussian Landtag, if necessary by use of Article 48, since ‘it is in any event necessary that the so-called sovereignty government of Braun soon disappears’ (AdR, Reg. Hitler, 7–8 and n.10). (A decision of the Supreme Court – Staatsgerichtshof – of 25 October 1932 had upheld the removal of the Prussian government that had taken place on 20 July 1932, but ruled that the Prussian government still had the right to represent the Prussian state in dealings with the Reich and other states.) 39. Meissner, Staatssekretär, 225; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.86; Meissner and Wilde, Machtergreifung, I97–8. 40. A point made by Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.86. 41. As regards economic recovery, Hitler’s first move was to back the initiative to suspend compulsory farm sales, pointing to the necessity of satisfying the wishes of at least a part of the nation at first (AdR, Reg. Hitler, 7–8, 11). 42. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 9 and n.3. 43. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 29 and n.7, 30, 34–5 and n.7. 44. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I5. 45. Papen, 265. 46. Heinz Höhne, Die Zeit der Illusionen. Hitler und die Anfänge des 3. Reiches I933 bis 1936, Düsseldorf/Vienna/New York, 1991, 13–14; see also Schacht, 300: ‘I happened to be in the room with a mere handful of his entourage when he made his first speech to the German people over the radio… I had the impression that the burden of his new responsibilities weighed heavily upon him. At this moment he felt clearly what it meant to be transferred from the propaganda ranks of the Opposition to a post of Government responsibility.’ 47. Papen, 265. 48. Domarus, 191–4. 49. Domarus, 193. 50. Thilo Vogelsang, ‘Neue Dokumente zur Geschichte der Reichswehr 1930–1933’, VfZ, 2 (1954), 434, n.127; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.88; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 55. Earlier in the day, Blomberg had met District Commanders at the Reichswehr Ministry. Vogelsang links the Hammerstein invitation with this earlier meeting as an attempt to introduce Hitler to leading officers. He inclines to follow John W. Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power. The German Army in Politics, London, 1953, 291, in seeing it as a response to Hitler’s unannounced visits to a number of Berlin barracks on the morning of 31 January, which had caused a ripple of alarm as a reminder, it seemed, of the spirit of 1918. A different reason for Hammerstein’s home as the venue and setting – a sixtieth birthday party for Neurath – is given by Wolfgang Sauer, Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.55, 387 n.107. The two reasons are, perhaps, complementary rather than contradictory. 51. Vogelsang, ‘Neue Dokumente’, 434–5 (notes of General Liebmann). According to the notes of Major von Mellenthin, also present at the meeting, Hitler’s posed alternatives were markets or colonies, and he favoured the latter (cit. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen,55). It seems likely, however, that Mellenthin misinterpreted Hitler’s reference to ‘living-space’ as meaning ‘colonies’. 52. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.75–6, 393 n.183–91; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 56. 53. In a memorandum of 6 March 1926, Otto Stülpnagel, Abteilungschef in the Truppenamt, had spoken of the build-up of the armed forces as the basis of expansionism aimed at recovering Germany’s territories lost in the Versailles Treaty, re-establishing its European supremacy (at the expense of France), and preparing for ultimate global struggle for domination against the Anglo-Saxon powers (Klaus-Jürgen Müller, ‘Deutsche Militär-Elite in der Vorgeschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Martin Broszat and Klaus Schwabe (eds.), Deutsche Eliten und der Weg in den Zweiten Weltkrieg, Munich, 1989, 226–90, here 246–7). 54. Vogelsang, ‘Neue Dokumente’, 432–4; Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Armee und Drittes Reich 1933–1939. Darstellung und Dokumentation, Paderborn, 1987, 158–9. The emotional and impressionable Blomberg had been completely won over to Hitler (Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Das Heer und Hitler. Armee und nationalsozialistisches Regime 1933–1940, (1969) 2nd edn, Stuttgart, 1988, 51). 55. Geyer, ‘Reichswehr, NSDAP, and the Seizure of Power’, 118. 56. Geyer, ‘Reichswehr, NSDAP, and the Seizure of Power’, 111; and Geyer, ‘Professionals and Junkers’, esp. 86–7, 116–23. 57. Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Armee, Politik und Gesellschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945, Paderborn, 1979, 11–33; Wilhelm Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament, London, 1981, ch.1; Geyer, ‘Reichswehr, NSDAP, and the Seizure of Power’, 101–23. 58. Müller, Heer, 53. Reichenau had first met Hitler, for a lengthy private talk, in spring 1932. The colonel had evidently seen in Hitler and his Movement the potential to instigate the revolutionary renewal that he himself was seeking. Hitler, for his part, had recognized Reichenau’s instinctive backing for his radical approach. Aware of Reichenau’s sympathies (and in reply to a request for clarification about his stance to the defence of East Prussia in the event of Polish aggression), Hitler had, in December 1932, overcome his normal aversion to letter-writing to compose a lengthy statement of the need for a ‘deep process of regeneration’, destruction of Marxism ‘down to its complete extermination’, and ‘general psychological, ethical, and moral rearmament of the nation based on this new ideological unity’ as the framework for national defence (Thilo Vogelsang, ‘Hitlers Brief an Reichenau vom 4. Dezember 1932’, VfZ, 7 (1959), 429–37, here esp. 437). 59. DRZW, i.404; Deist, Wehrmacht, 26. 60. Cit. Vogelsang, ‘Hitlers Brief an Reichenau’, 433; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.68; Müller, Armee, I60; Müller, Heer, 61ff. for Blomberg’s understanding of keeping the army out of politics. 61. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.68. The officer was Oberstleutnant Ott. 62. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 50–51. 63. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 62–3; see DRZW, i.234. 64. See, for the above, DRZW, i.234–5, 404–5; Geyer, Rüstungspolitik, I40; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 58. 65. IMT, xxxvi.586, Doc. 611–EC. 66. Deist, Wehrmacht, 24–6; Müller, Heer; Bracher et al, Machtergreifung, iii.41ff; DRZW, i.403; Peter Hüttenberger, ‘National-sozialistische Polykratie’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 2 (1976), 417–42, here 423–5. 67. Müller, Armee, Politik und Gesellschaft, 44–5. 68. Dietmar Petzina, Die deutsche Wirtschaft in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Wiesbaden, 1977, 114–15; Dieter Petzina, ‘Hauptprobleme der deutschen Wirtschaft 1932–1933’ Vfz, 15 (1967), 18–55, here 41–3, 53–5; Gustavo Corni, Hitler and the Peasants, New York/Oxford/Munich, 1990, 41ff; Turner, German Big Business, 328. 69. For the meeting, see Turner, German Big Business, 328. 70. IMT, XXXV.42–7, Doc. 203–D. 71. IMT, XXV.48, Doc. 204–D. 72. IMT, xxxv.47–8, Doc. 203–D. 73. Turner, German Big Business, 330–31. At the cabinet meeting on 2 February, Frick had raised the question of subsidizing election propaganda of the government to the tune of a million Reich Marks. Objections were raised by Krosigk, the Finance Minister, and upheld by Hitler. At a subsequent cabinet meeting, on 21 February, it was, however, accepted that the Reichspost could be used to send out propaganda material (AdR, Reg. Hitler, 30–31, 102). 74. Turner, German Big Business, 332. 75. See Turner, German Big Business, 333–9. 76. Based on Turner, German Big Business, 71–83; Henry Ashby Turner, ‘Hitlers Einstellung zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft vor 1933’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 2 (1976), 89–117; Avraham Barkai, ‘Sozialdarwinismus und Antiliberalismus in Hitlers Wirtschaftskonzept’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 3 (1977), 406–17; James, The German Slump, 345–54; see also Avraham Barkai, Das Wirtschaftssystem des Nationalsozialismus, Fischer edn, Frankfurt am Main, 1988, ch.1, and Zitelmann, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, ch.4, for Hitler’s social and economic ideas. 77. James, The German Slump, 344. 78. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I09–13, here 113. 79. Schacht, 317–19; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I31–2; Richard J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, Oxford, 1994, 56. Following legislation brought in at the time of the currency stabilization in 1924, there were firm restrictions on the government’s scope for printing money. The discount bills – greatly extended under Schacht – were a way of getting round such restrictions. 80. Richard J. Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery, 2nd edn, Cambridge, 1996, 37. 81. Barkai, Das Wirtschaftssystem des Nationalsozialismus, I51; James, The German Slump, 344; Overy, War and Economy, 60. 82. Domarus, 208–9; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 59. 83. Cit. Heidrun Edelmann, Vom Luxusgut zum Gebrauchsgegenstand. Die Geschichte der Verbreitung von Personenkraftwagen in Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main, 1989, 173. 84. AdR, Reg. Hitler, xliii; Edelmann, 173. 85. Edelmann, 189 n.141; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen 62–3. 86. Hansjoachim Henning, ‘Kraftfahrzeugindustrie und Autobahn in der Wirtschaftspolitik des Nationalsozialismus 1933 bis 1936’, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 65 (1978), 217–42, here, esp., 228. 87. AdR, Reg. Hitler, xliii. For Todt’s contribution to motorway construction, see Franz W. Seidler, Fritz Todt. Baumeister des Dritten Reiches, Munich/Berlin, 1986, Part 3, here 97ff. 88. Kurt Kaftan, Der Kampf um die Autobahnen, Berlin, 1955, 81–3; and see Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 60, 62–3. 89. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 59, 62. For Hitler’s personal interest in cars, and his friendship with Jakob Werlin of Mercedes, see Overy, War and Economy, 72 n.17. 90. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 60, cit. VB, I2–13 February 1933. 91. Hans Mommsen, Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf, 1996, 56–60. 92. Henning, 226 n.37. 94. See Overy, War and Economy, 70–71. 95. AdR, Reg. Hitler, xliii. 96. AdR, Reg. Hitler, xliii-v. In fact, far more of the expenditure went on ordinary roads than motorways. (See Overy, War and Economy, 60, 85.) 97. Edelmann, 174–5. The motorways were at first not a major factor in the reduction of unemployment (Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I29–31). 98. Helmut Heiber, ed., Goebbels-Reden, Bd .I: 1932–1939, Düsseldorf, 1971, 67–70 (with Heiber’s editorial interpolations referring to the background acoustics in brackets); reprinted in Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, 57–60, here 58–9. 99. Domarus, 204–8. 100. TBJG, I.2, 371 (11 February 1933). 101. Erich Ebermayer, Denn heute gehört uns Deutschland, Hamburg/Vienna, 1959, 21. 102. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 424–5. 103. Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, 74–5; Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers. Grundlegung und Entwicklung seiner inneren Verfassung, Munich, 1969, 93. 104. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, 90–95. 105. Papen, 260. 106. Domarus, 213; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, 95. 107. Domarus, 210–11; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, 98. 108. BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP, 20 February 1933. 109. Staatsarchiv München, LRA 76887, GS Anzing, 24 February 1933. 110. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, 99. 111. Hans Mommsen, ‘Van der Lubbes Weg in den Reichstag – der Ablauf der Ereignisse’, in Uwe Backes et al., Reichstagsbrand. Aufklärung einer historischen Legende, Munich/Zurich, 1986, 33–57, here 33–42. 112. The question of who set the Reichstag ablaze has provoked the most rancorous of disputes. The Nazi version that it was a Communist plot was widely disbelieved at the time by critical observers and was not even convincing enough to secure the conviction of the leading Communists tried at the show trial at the supreme Reich Court in Leipzig in autumn 1933. The view that the Nazis, with most to gain, had set fire to the Reichstag themselves was immediately given wide currency among diplomats and foreign journalists, and in liberal circles in Germany (see François-Poncet, 94–5). Nazi authorship, as put forward in Communist counter-propaganda, orchestrated by Willi Münzenberg, in The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag, Paris, 1933, carried the day for a long time. But the findings of Fritz Tobias in the 1960s, collected in his extensive evaluation and documentation (Der Reichstagsbrand. Legende und Wirklichkeit, Rastatt/Baden, 1962), supported by the scholarly analysis of Hans Mommsen (‘Der Reichstagsbrand und seine politischen Folgen’, VfZ, I2 (1964), 351–413), that Marinus van der Lubbe acted alone, are compelling and are now widely accepted, though not by Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: A New History, London, 1995, 272. The counter-claims of the Luxemburg Committee (see Walther Hofer et al. (eds.), Der Reichstagsbrand. Eine wissenschaftliche Dokumentation, 2 vols., Berlin, 1972, Munich, 1978), that the Nazis were indeed the perpetrators, are regarded by most experts as flawed. The consequences of the Reichstag fire were, of course, always more important than the identity of whoever instigated the blaze. But the question of authorship was nevertheless of significance, since it revolved around the question of whether the Nazis were following through carefully laid plans to institute totalitarian rule, or whether they were improvising reactions to events they had not expected. (See, for an assessment and re-evaluation of the debate, Backes et al., Reichstagsbrand. The latest rekindling of the debate has again, following careful research in sources that have only recently become available, led to the conclusion that van der Lubbe acted alone. – See Klaus Wiegrefe, ‘Flammendes Fanal’, Der Spiegel, I5 (2001), 38–58, which convincingly defends Tobias’ version against the counter-interpretation of a Nazi conspiracy, advanced once more in Jürgen Schmädeke, Alexander Bahar, and Wilfried Kugel, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand in neuem licht’, Historische Zeitschrift, 269 (1999), 603–51.) 113. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 291–5. 114. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 269–70 (27 February 1933), TBJG, I.2, 383. 115. Heiden, Führer, 434–7; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.123–4. 116. Mommsen, ‘Van der Lubbes Weg’, 44–7. 117. Mommsen ‘Van der Lubbes Weg’, 40–41. 118. Mommsen ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 382–3. 119. Mommsen ‘Van der Lubbes Weg’, 47–8; Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 384. Hitler appears at first, however, to have been less than wholly certain that it was the work of the Communists (Sefton Delmer, Trail Sinister, London, 1961, 187–9). 120. Rudolf Diels, Lucifer ante Portas, Stuttgart, 1950, 194; Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 116. 121. Delmer, Trail, I89; Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 384. 122. Diels, 194–5; Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 362, 385 and n. 143. Göring’s order to arrest all Social Democrat functionaries was omitted when the telex was transmitted. 123. TBJG, I.2, 383 (27 February 1933), gives the opposite impression, though this version of his diaries was the published account (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 270). 124. Diels, 195; Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 362, 386. 125. TBJG, I.2, 383 (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 270); Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 390. 126. Mommsen, ‘Der Reichstagsbrand’, 389–90. 127. Mommsen ‘Van der Lubbes Weg’, 51; AdR, Reg. Hitler, I30 and n.12: Frick expressly stated that he had based the decree on Papen’s decree for the ‘Restoration of Public Security and Order in Greater Berlin and the Province of Brandenburg’, of 20 July 1932. 128. Mommsen ‘Van der Lubbes Weg’, 51–3. 129. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I30–31. 130. RGBl, I933. I. Nr.17, 83. 131. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I28. 132. See e.g. Kessler, Tagebücher, 710. 133. Hans-Norbert Burkert, Klaus Matußek and Wolfgang Wippermann, ‘Machtergreifung’ Berlin 1933, Berlin, 1982, 65. 134. Hans Buchheim et al., Anatomie des SS-Staates, 2 vols., Olten/Freiburg im Breisgau, 1965, ii.20. 135. Miesbacher Anzeiger, 2 March 1933. 136. VB, 2 March 1933; and see Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.124–5, 515 n.17. 137. Jochmann, Natonalsozialismus und Revolution, 427–8. 138. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 427. 139. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 426. 140. Domarus, 216–17; Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 273–4 (4 March 1933), TBJG, I.2, 386. 141. Falter et al., Wahlen, 44. (See the analysis in Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.143–90.) 142. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 275 (5 March 1933), TBJG, I.2, 387. 143. Martin H. Sommerfeld, Ich war dabei. Die Verschwörung der Dämonen 1933–1939. Ein Augenzeugenbericht, Darmstadt, 1949, 32. 144. Falter et al., Wahlen, 44; Falter, Hitlers Wähler, 111–12. 145. Falter et al., Wahlen, 74–5. And see Falter, Hitlers Wähler, I86–8. In Catholic rural districts of Bavaria, a double or even trebling of the Nazi vote was common (Hagmann, 12–27, and Thränhardt, 181–3). 146. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I33–4. However, Hitler was not passive. The decision to extend the ‘coordination’ to Bavaria was taken in his presence on 8 March. Four days later he flew to Munich to discuss ‘the most pressing Bavarian matters’ with party leaders (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 277 (8 March 1933), 280 (12 March 1933), TBJG, I.2, 389, 391). 147. Above based on Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I30–40; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i. 190–202. 148. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I88–92. 149. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 204–8; here 207. 150. Domarus, 219. 151. Domarus, 221. 152. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I90. 153. Martin Broszat, Elke Fröhlich and Falk Wiesemann (eds.), Bayern in der Ν S-Zeit, vol.1, Munich, 1977, 209 n.30, 240–41. 154. BHStA, M A 106682, RPvS, 6 April 1933; MA 106680, RPvUF, 20 April 1933. The extent to which, nevertheless, the police depended upon denunciations has been emphasized – based on material drawn largely from Lower Franconia – by Robert Gellately, ‘The Gestapo and German Society: Political Denunciation in the Gestapo Case Files’, Journal of Modern History, 60 (1988), 654–94, and The Gestapo and German Society. Enforcing Racial Policy 1933–1945, Oxford, 1990, ch.5. 155. Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, I49–50. 156. Tony Barta, ‘Living in Dachau, 1900–1950’, unpublished paper, 14. 157. François–Poncet, 103–7; Ebermayer, 45–7; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.212; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 74; Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Verführung und Gewalt. Deutschland 1933–1945, Berlin, 1986, 270–72; Klaus-Jürgen Müller, ‘Der Tag von Potsdam und das Verhältnis der preußisch-deutschen Militär-Elite zum Nationalsozialismus’, in Bernhard Kröner (ed.), Potsdam–Stadt, Armee, Residenz, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 1993, 435–49, here 435, 439, 448. 158. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I57–8. 159. Müller, ‘Der Tag von Potsdam’, 435. 160. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 283–4 (16–19 March 1933), TBJG, 1.2, 393–5. For Goebbels’s own description of the day’s events: TBJG, I.2, 395–6 (Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 285–6, 22 March 1933). 161. Müller, ‘Der Tag von Potsdam’, 435–8; Werner Freitag, ‘Nationale Mythen und kirchliches Heil: Der “Tag von Potsdam”’, Westfälische Forschungen, 41 (1991), 379–430, provides a good account of the ritualistic nature of the proceedings (esp. 389–404), and emphasizes their symbolic significance, in particular, for the Protestant Church through the express linkage of religious motifs and the glorification of the Prussian-German state (see esp. 427–30). 162. Domarus, 227–8. 164. Müller, ‘Der Tag von Potsdam’, 438. 165. Domarus, 228. 166. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.213–15. 167. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I60. 168. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 213–14, 216. 169. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 239. 170. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 239–40. 171. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.221–4. See also, on the genesis of the Enabling Act, Hans Schneider, ‘Das Ermächtigungsgesetz vom 24. März 1933. Bericht über das Zustandekommen und die Anwendung des Gesetzes’, VfZ, I (1953), 197–221. 172. Domarus, 229–37; Rudolf Morsey (ed.), Das ‘Ermächtigungsgesetz’ vom 24. März 1933, Düsseldorf, 1992, 55–62; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.229–33. 173. Josef Becker, ‘Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz’, VfZ, 9 (1961), 208–10; Morsey, ‘Ermächtigungsgesetz’, 63, 69–71. 174. Domarus, 239–41; Morsey, ‘Ermächtigungsgesetz’, 64–6. 175. Domarus, 242–6; Morsey, ‘Ermächtigungsgesetz’, 66–9. See Ebermayer, 48, for the impact Hitler’s reply made on one critic: he thought Hitler had ‘ripped poor Wels apart’ (Dann zerriß er den armen Wels förmlich in der Luft). 176. Becker, Hitlers Machtergreifung, I76–7; Domarus, 246–7; Morsey, ‘Ermächtigungsgesetz’, 69–75; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.234–5. 177. RGBl, I933, Teil I, Nr.25, S.141. Its duration was four years. But in 1937 it was renewed without discussion, as it was in 1939, and, finally – without limits on its duration–by Führer decree on 10 May 1943 (Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I17 and note). 178. RGBl, I933, Teil I. Nr.33, S.173; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I43. 179. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 273. 180. RGBl, I933, Teil I. Nr.33, S.173; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I43. 181. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I44–50. 182. Peter Diehl-Thiele, Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich. Untersuchungen zum Verhältnis von NSDAP und allgemeiner innerer Staatsverwaltung, Munich, 1969, 61–9. 183. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I50. 184. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I53. 185. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I45. 186. Alfred Kube, Pour le mérite und Hakenkreuz. Hermann Göring im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1986, 31–3; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 96–7. 187. For the term, see Hans Mommsen, ‘Kumulative Radikalisierung und Selbstzerstörung des Regimes’, Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon, Bd.16, Mannheim, 1976, 785–90. 188. Domarus 219; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, 249. 189. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 84–5; for ‘Einzelaktionen’, see Die Lage der Juden in Deutschland 1933. Das Schwarzbuch – Tatsachen und Dokumente, ed. Comité des Délégations Juives, Paris, 1934, repr. Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1983, 93ff. 190. Die Lage der Juden, 495–6. 191. Walter Tausk, Breslauer Tagebuch 1933–1940, East Berlin, 1975, 32–7. 192. Die Lage der Juden, 496. 193. See Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 76–9. 194. Hans Mommsen, ‘Die Realisierung des Utopischen: Die “Endlösung der Judenfrage” im “Dritten Reich”’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 9 (1983), 381–420, here 390. See also Genschel, 46–7; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 86–7. 195. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 87. 196. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 288 (26 March 1933), TBJG, I.2, 398. 197. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 271 and n.3; Domarus, 248–51. 198. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 87–8. 199. Jürgen Hagemann, Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich, Bonn, 1970, 139 n.2; Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf, 1972, 63 n.196. 200. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 277. 201. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 91. 202. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 277. 203. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 290 (31 March 1933), TBJG, I.2, 400; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 91–2. 204. Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz, I970, 87. 205. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, 291–2 (1–2 April 1933), TBJG, 1.2, 400–401; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 92–3; Die Lage der Juden, 292–314; Rumbold report of 5 April 1933 in DBFP, V, No.22, 24–5, No.30, 38–44. 206. Tausk, 52; Schleunes, 88–9. 207. Tausk, 58; Allen, 219; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 92–3. 208. Allen, 220–21. As Gay, ‘In Deutschland zu Hause’, 32–3, points out, however, many Jews continued to harbour the fateful illusion that the antisemitic whirlwind would blow itself out; that what was happening to them was something not typical of Germans, and would be eventually overcome by the strong civilizing traditions of the German culture which they shared with their non-Jewish neighbours. 209. Schleunes, 88. 210. Adam, 61 and n.190, 63–71; Schleunes, 101–3. And see Hans Mommsen, Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, Stuttgart, 1966, 48–53 for the background to the ‘Aryan Paragraph’ in the Civil Service Law of 7 April 1933. 211. Erich Matthias, ‘Die Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands’, in Matthias and Morsey, Das Ende der Parteien, I01–278, here 177–8. 212. Matthias, 178–80. 213. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I01–2, 105–7; Thamer, 284–6; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.254–9. 214. Domarus, 259–64. 215. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I05. 216. On the formation of the Labour Front see Ronald Smelser, Robert Ley: Hitler’s Labor Front Leader, Oxford/New York/Hamburg, 1988, ch.5. 217. Timothy W. Mason, Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft. Dokumente und Materialien zur deutschen Arbeiterpolitik 1936–1939, Opladen, 1975, 78–81. The NSBO had effectively lost all influence by the turn of the year 1933–4, though was eventually extinguished only in mid-1934. 218. Domarus, 270–79. 219. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I19–20; Thamer, 286–7. 220. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I21–3; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I14–15. 221. Hans Müller, Katholische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus, Munich, 1965, 88–9. 222. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I23–6; Thamer, 289–90. 223. RGBl, I933, Teil I, Nr.81, S.479; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I26. 224. At the city level, the change of personnel at the top of local government was drastic: some three-fifths of Oberbürgermeister and Bürgermeister of towns and cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants had been dismissed by the end of 1933. The bigger the city, the greater was the turnover: in only four out of twenty-eight was the Oberbürgermeister not replaced by the end of 1933 (Horst Matzerath, Nationalsozialismus und kommunale Selbstverwaltung, Stuttgart, 1970, 79–80). See also Jeremy Noakes, ‘Oberbürgermeister and Gauleiter. City Government between Party and State’, and Horst Matzerath, ‘Oberbürgermeister im Dritten Reich’, both in Hirschfeld and Kettenacker, Der ‘FührerStaat’, 194–227, 228–54. 225. See Zofka, 238–86 for examples. 226. Martin Broszat and Norbert Frei (eds.), Das Dritte Reich im Überblick. Chronik, Ereignisse, Zusammenhänge, Munich, 1989, 195, 212; Kater, Nazi Party, 262 (Figure 1). 227. Broszat et al., Bayern in der NS–Zeit, i.494. 228. Cit. Thamer, 299. 229. E.g. see Allen, 222–32; Koshar, 253ff. 230. Allen, 222. 231. Thamer, 305. Hitler had promised a ‘far-reaching moral renewal (Sanierung) of the public body’, including education, theatre, film, literature, press, and radio (Domarus, 232 (23 March 1933)). 232. Paul Meier-Benneckenstein, Dokumente der deutschen Politik, Bd .1, 2nd edn, Berlin, 1937, 263–4; Heiber, Goebbels-Reden, i.90. 233. Thamer, 301. 234. See, from an extensive literature, the outstanding work of Michael H. Kater, The Twisted Muse. Musicians and their Music in the Third Reich, New York/Oxford, 1997. 235. J. M. Ritchie, German Literature under National Socialism, London/Canberra, 1983, 9–10. The regime remained cool towards Hauptmann, recognizing the superficiality of his commitment to National Socialism. 236. Cit. Thamer, 300–301. 237. Cit. Hans Mommsen, ‘Der Mythos des nationalen Aufbruchs und die Haltung der deutschen Intellektuellen und funktionalen Eliten’, in 1933 in Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft, ed. Pressestelle der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 1983, 127–41, here 132. 238. Ritchie, 48–9. 240. Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 132. 241. Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 129, 132. 242. Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 131. 243. See the entries in Thomas Mann, Diaries, 1918–1939, paperback edn, London, 1984, 141–51 (1–13 April 1933). 244. Mann, Diaries, I50 (9 April 1933). And see Thamer, 302. 245. Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 134. 246. See Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 132–5. 247. Thamer, 303. 248. See Gerhard Sauder, Die Bücherverbrennung, Munich/Vienna, 1983. 249. Cit. Sauder, 181 (and see also 177). 250. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 128; Thamer, 304. 251. Cit. Thamer, 305. 252. Ian Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’. Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Oxford (1987), paperback edn., 1989, 53, 55. 253. Beatrice and Helmut Heiber (eds.), Die Rückseite des Hakenkreuzes. Absonderliches aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches, Munich, 1993, 119–20 and n.1, 181–3. 254. Rolf Steinberg, Nazi-Kitsch, Darmstadt, 1975. 255. Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, 57–9. 256. BAK, R43II/1263, Fols. 93, 164. 257. Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, I26–7. 258. Kershaw, The ‘HitlerMyth’, 61, cit. Schwäbisches Volksblatt, 9 September 1933. 259. BHstA MA-106670, RPvOB, 19 August 1933; Heiber, Rückseite, 9. 260. Above from Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 309–17. 261. See Papen, 261. 262. TBJG, I.2, 410 (23 April 1933, unpubl.). 263. RGBl, I933, Teil I, Nr.86, 529–31. 264. On Gütt, see Wistrich, Wer war wer, I06; Gisela Bock, Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik, Opladen, 1986, 25. 265. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 664–5; Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics’, 84–7. 266. Bock, 8, 238. 267. Guenter Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany, London, 1964, 77; ch.3 deals with the background to the Concordat, and the important role played by Kaas. See also Conway, 24–8. 268. Conway, 41. 270. Papen, 281; Lewy, 77–8. 271. Lewy, 72–7. 272. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 683; Lewy, 78. He had also not thought it possible, he said, that the Vatican would be so quickly ready to abandon the Christian trade unions and political parties. 273. Lewy, ch.4, esp. 99, 103–4. The text of the pastoral letter is printed in Müller, Katholische Kirche, I63–73. 274. Alfons Kupper (ed.), Staatliche Akten über die Reichskonkordatsverhandlungen 1933, Mainz, 1969, 293–4, Nr.117. 275. Conway, 33. 276. Kurt Meier, Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1992, 42. 277. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.452; Domarus, 290–91. 278. Conway, 49. 279. Above from Conway, 34–55. 280. The term is the subtitle of the first volume of Gerhard L. Weinberg’s authoritative study, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany. Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36, Chicago/London, 1970. 281. Günter Wollstein, ‘Eine Denkschrift des Staatssekretärs Bernhard von Bülow vom März 1933’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, I (1973), 77–94; AdR, Reg. Hitler, i.313–18; Bernd-Jürgen Wendt, Großdeutschland. Außenpolitik und Kriegsvorbereitung des Hitler-Regimes, Munich, 1987, 72–9; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I49. Bülow’s memorandum provides the clearest indication of the thinking of the Foreign Ministry at the beginning of the Third Reich. The tone is one of the need for early caution and avoidance of external conflict, during which phase internal rebuilding as well as careful formation of bilateral alliances could pave the way for later revisionism and expansion. Drawing heavily upon the conception of an expansionist foreign policy developed in the Wilhelmine era, it demonstrates how extensive the platform was for close collaboration with Hitler even where, as in the case of Russia and Poland, the views were rapidly shown to differ sharply from his own notions. The structure of the Foreign Office, and how it altered under Hitler, was thoroughly explored in the extensive work of Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Nationalsozialistische Außenpolitik 1933–1938, Frankfurt am Main, 1968. 282. Weinberg, i.161. Hitler had commented to Nadolny, soon after becoming Chancellor, that he knew nothing of foreign policy, that it would take him four years to make Germany National Socialist, and only after that would he be able to concern himself with foreign affairs. The Foreign Office, he remarked, was run according to traditional rules, and had to consider the wishes of the Reich President (Rudolf Nadolny, Mein Beitrag. Erinnerungen eines Botschafters des Deutschen Reiches, Cologne, 1985, 239). 283. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I50, 152, 158. 284. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I54–5, 161. 285. Weinberg, i.164. See also Gerhard Meinck, Hitler und die deutsche Aufrüstung, Wiesbaden, 1959, 22–6, 35–51. 286. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I58, 166–8. 287. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I58–9. 288. AdR, Reg. Hitler, 447–8. 289. Brüning, ii.706–7. 290. Morsey, ‘Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei’, 388. 291. Brüning, ii.707. 292. Wilhelm Hoegner, Flucht vor Hitler, Munich, 1977, 203. 293. Domarus, 273. 294. Domarus, 278; for the text of the speech, 270–79. 295. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I61, 168, 169–70. Goebbels, visiting Geneva at the end of September, though full of contempt for what he saw, sounded like a peace-loving, amenable diplomat (Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne 1923–45, Erlebnisse des Chefdolmetschers im Auswärtigen Amt mit den Staatsmännern Europas, Bonn, 1953, 283–6; TBJG, I.2, 465–6 (25 September 1933, 27 September 1933)). However, he appears to have favoured taking advantage of the impasse in negotiations to leave the talks (Weinberg, i.165 and refs. in n.28). 296. Weinberg, i.165 and n·29· 297. NCA, Supplement B, 1504; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i. 338. 298. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I71; Weinberg, i.165 (with different emphasis); Papen, 297–8. 299. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I72. Neurath, though strongly supportive of the move, was in fact only informed once the decision had been taken. He was told by Bülow on the evening of 4 October that Hitler and Blomberg now intended to leave the League (Günter Wollstein, Von Weimarer Revisionismus zu Hitler, Bonn/Bad Godesberg, 1973, 201 and n.39–40). 300. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.903–7, here 904–5. 301. Weinberg, i.166. Formal notice of withdrawal from the League was only presented on 19 October (DGFP, C, II, 2 n.2). 302. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I73, 178–9; Jost Dülffer, ‘Zum “decision-making process” in der deutschen Außenpolitik 1933–1939’, in Manfred Funke (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Mächte. Materialien zur Außenpolitik des Dritten Reichs, I86–204, here 188–90. 303. Domarus, 308–14. 304. Domarus, 323–30. 305. Hans Baur, Ich flog Mächtige der Erde, Kempten (Allgäu), 1956, 108–10; Domarus, 325 and n.293. 306. Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, 62. 307. Domarus, 331. 308. BAK, R18/5350, Fols. 95–104, 107–22, contains inquiries into complaints about irregularities in the election. See also AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.939 n.1; and Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.480–85. 309. If the point needed emphasis, the vote of 99.5 per cent in favour by the inmates of Dachau concentration camp underlined it (Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, I3 November 1933). In the circumstances, the levels of those refusing their support – greater in the election than the plebiscite – was sometimes remarkable (over 21 per cent in Hamburg and Berlin, over 15 per cent in Cologne-Aachen in the election) and corresponded broadly to the types of social structure and religious allegiance that had provided relative immunity to the Nazi breakthrough before 1933 (see Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, i.486–97). 310. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.939 n.1. 311. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.939–41. CHAPTER 12: SECURING TOTAL POWER 1. The term was coined by Richard Bessel, Political Violence, I52. 2. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I65–76. 3. Diels, 254ff. 4. Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1235-VI-2, Fol.2–28, here 19–21. 5. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 166, I98. 6. The file of Meissner’s Präsidialkanzlei in Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1413-I-6, contains 460 folios relating to such cases between 1933 and 1935. The complicity of the judicial system, and of Gürtner personally, in the quashing of sentences against SA men convicted of acts of brutality is thoroughly explored by Gruchmann, Justiz, ch.4. 7. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I77–9. 8. Heinz Höhne, Mordsache Röhm. Hitlers Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft 1933–1934, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1934, 46, referring to remarks made by Hindenburg to Hitler on 29 June 1933. The comments were made in the context of the discord in the Protestant Church and did not mention the SA explicitly. Hindenburg’s view on the ‘excesses’ was, however, that Hitler ‘has the best will and is only working in with a pure heart in the interests of justice’, while ‘his subordinates unfortunately kick over the traces’ – something which would be sorted out in time (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1235 – vI-2, Fol. 271, notes on a discussion of Hindenburg with Hugenberg, 17 May 1933). 9. Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, 4 (1933), 251–4, passages quoted, 253–4. 10. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I84. The figure was swollen by the paramilitary organizations incorporated in the SA, the most important of which was the Stahlhelm. Only around a third of the SA men were party members. 11. Domarus, 286. 12. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I82–3; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 46–9. 13. Shlomo Aronson, Reinhard Heydrich und die Frühgeschichte von Gestapo und SD, Stuttgart, 1971, 71, 92. 14. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I84–7. 15. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I43–8. 16. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I85, 188. 17. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, I27–8. 18. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, I88–90. Unemployed workers had always, during the period of Nazism’s surge to power and continuing throughout 1933 and 1934, constituted a substantial proportion of the SA’s membership (Fischer, Stormtroopers, 45–8). 19. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 200–205; Hermann Mau, ‘Die “Zweite Revolution” – der 30. Juni 1934’, VfZ, I (1953), 119–37, here esp. 124–7; Otto Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer hat Sie zum Tode verurteilt…’. Hitlers ‘Röhm-Putsch’-Morde vor Gericht,Munich, 1993, 30, citing the testimony from 1953 of Paul Körner, formerly State Secretary in the Prussian Staatsministerium; Höhne, Mordsache Rohm, 218–19. 20. See Martin Loiperdinger and David Culbert, ‘Leni Riefenstahl, the SA, and the Nazi Party Rally Films, Nuremberg 1933–1934: “Sieg des Glaubens” and “Triumph des Willens”’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television, 8 (1988), 3–38, here esp. 12–13. 21. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 201. 22. Domarus, 338, for a glowing expression of Hitler’s thanks to Röhm on 31 December 1933 for his services to the Movement. Among the twelve such letters sent to Nazi leaders, only Röhm was addressed in the ‘Du’ form (Domarus, 338–42). 23. See Immo v. Fallois, Kalkül und Illusion. Der Machtkampf zwischen Reichswehr und SA während der Röhm-Krise 1934, Berlin, 1994, 101: the decision in principle for a Wehrmacht based on general conscription had already been taken. Hitler, in his speech on 30 January 1934, praised the party and the armed forces, seen as two pillars of the state (Domarus, 355–6; and see Müller, Heer, 95). 24. Fallois, 105–6, 117. 25. Fallois, 123 and n.560. 26. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Werner Jochmann (eds.), Ausgewählte Dokumente zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, 3 vols., Bielefeld, 1961, unpaginated, vol.I, C, 2 February 1934. Heß also gave a plain warning to the SA leadership around the same date in an article published in theVölkischer Beobachter and the Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte (Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 203). 27. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 200. 28. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I81. 29. Fallois, 105, 117. 30. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.336; Fallois, 106–8. 31. Fallois, 117–18. 32. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, I83. 33. Fallois, 118–19, cit. Nachlaß Weichs, ΒΑ/MA, Freiburg, N19/12, S.12. 34. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.337; Mordsache Röhm, 205; Toland, 330 (based on Weich’s testimony). 35. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 206. 36. Fallois, 123, 131 and n.602, but claiming Hitler was waiting for the right psychological moment; Zitelmann, Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, 77, interprets Hitler’s hesitancy to mean that he was incapable of coming to a decision in the conflict between the SA and the Reichswehr. Since he eventually did arrive at a decision – and one of the utmost ruthlessness – the former seems a more likely explanation. 37. Fallois, 125–6. 40. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 205, 209; Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.343. 41. See Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 218, 223–4. 42. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 210; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 205; Fallois, 124. At the disarming of the SA following the Röhm crisis, the collection of arms found amounted to 177,000 rifles, 651 heavy and 1250 light machine-guns. 43. Anthony Eden, The Eden Memoirs. Facing the Dictators, London, 1962, 65. 44. See Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 221–2; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 213–14. 45. Kurt Gossweiler, Die Röhm-Affäre. Hintergründe, Zusammenhänge, Aus-wirkungen, Cologne, 1983, 76, cit. the headline of the Evening Standard (London), of ii June 1934, that Hitler was on the verge of catastrophe, with the implication that the Reichswehr would step in should he fail. 46. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I197–1200 (quoted words 1197); Norbert Frei, Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933 bis 1945, Munich, 1987, 13. 47. See Frei, Führerstaat, I4–15; Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich. Bavaria, 1933–1945, Oxford, 1983, 46–7, 76, 120–21; Timothy W. Mason, Sozialpolitik im Dritten Reich. Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft, Opladen, 1977, 192; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 207. 48. DBS, i. 172 (26 June 1934). 49. Cit. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 232. Jung’s fundamental resistance to Hitler from late 1933 onwards is emphasized in the memoirs of a former close acquaintance and sympathizer, Edmund Forschbach, Edgar J. Jung. Ein konservativer Revolutionär, 30. Juni 1934, Pfullingen, 1984. Fallois, 114 n. 522, suggests, however, that Jung wanted only to modify, not replace, the regime. Even after Jung’s arrest – ordered by Hitler (Hans-Günther Seraphim (ed.), Das politische Tagebuch Alfred Rosenbergs 1934/35 und 1939/40,Munich, 1964, 42–3) – following Papen’s Marburg speech, the plan worked out by Bose and Tschirschky for Papen to put to Hindenburg still foresaw, as a continuation of the ‘taming concept’, the membership of Hitler and Göring in a Directory also including Fritsch, Papen, Brüning, and Goerdeler (Karl Martin Graß, Edgar Jung, Ρ apenkreis und Röhmkrise 1933–34, Diss., Heidelberg, 1966, 264–6). 50. See Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 233–4; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 208. The Gestapo was well informed of their activities; and Blomberg and Reichenau in the Reichswehr leadership were aware of the advantages to the army that Hitler, removed from the clutches of the SA, would bring (Frei, Führerstaat, 23–5). See also the pessimistic evaluation of Fallois, 112–16, about the chances of an alternative to Hitler’s regime, especially given the opportunities it provided for the rearmament plans of the army. 51. Heinrich Brüning, in a letter written after the war, said he had heard in April 1934 that Hindenburg was unlikely to live until August, and that three weeks afterwards he learnt of Hitler’s plans to ensure that he would become head of state on the Reich President’s death. Brüning received, too, he stated, information about a ‘proscription list’ containing the names of Schleicher, Strasser and others who were subsequently murdered, together with that of Papen (Heinrich Brüning, Briefe und Gespräche 1934–1945,ed. Claire Nix, Stuttgart, 1974, 26–7). Hindenburg’s doctor, Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Das war mein Lehen, Bad Wörishofen, 1951, 511, remarks simply that Hindenburg became ill in spring 1934. Meissner, Staatssekretär, 375, comments that the President became ill in spring with a bladder complaint. (See also Andreas Dorpalen, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic, Princeton, 1964, 478.) 52. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, 311–13, without giving any source, refers to a communiqué on Hindenburg’s health on 27 April, over two weeks after Hitler and Blomberg had been informed that the President would not live much longer. 53. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 228–9; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 207–8; Longerich Die braunen Bataillone, I20. 54. Graß, 227 and n.570; Forschbach, 115–16. 55. Jacobsen and Jochmann, Ausgewählte Dokumente zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, unpaginated, vol.1, CJ, 17 June 1934; Papen, 309. 56. Papen, 310–11. 57. Brüning commented, in a letter he wrote on 9 July to the former British Ambassador in Berlin, Sir Horace Rumbold, that to hold the speech without agreeing any subsequent action with the Reichswehr and Reich President was ‘a huge mistake’ (ein riesiger Fehler). Brüning added that he had heard from a reliable source that Papen had read the speech for the first time only two hours before speaking in Marburg. (See, on this point, Forschbach, 115–16.) After the war Brüning said he had himself received a copy of Edgar Jung’s text in April or May, and strongly advised against putting it into Papen’s hands (Brüning, Briefe und Gespräche, 25, 27)· 58. Domarus, 390–91. 61. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 237. 62. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, 319–20. 63. Meissner, Staatssekretär, 363. 64. Cit. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 212. 65. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 239; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 211. 66. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 215. 67. Fallois, 126–30, 135–6, 138–9; Müller, Heer, I13–18. 68. Graß, 260–61; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 239–42. 69. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 242. 70. Domarus, 394, 399. 71. Graß, 264–8; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 247–51, 256. 72. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 256. 73. Graß, 263 and n.728; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 257. 74. Graß, 269; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 216; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 256–7. 75. TBJG, I.2, 472–3 (29 June 1934). For Hitler’s visit to the Labour Service camps, see Hartmut Heyck, ‘The Reich Labour Service in Peace and War: A Survey of the Reichsarbeitsdienst and its Predecessors’, unpublished M.A. thesis, Carleton University, Ontario, 1997, 69. 76. Tb Reuth, ii.843 (1 July 1934); and see Reuth, Goebbels, 314. 77. Tb Reuth, ii.843 (1 July 1934)· 78. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 265. 79. Domarus, 394–5; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 216. 80. Domarus, 399; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 260–66 (quoted words, 266). 81. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 266–7; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, I8. 82. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 267–8; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 214; Domarus, 396, 399–400; Library of Congress: Adolf Hitler Collection, C-89, 9376–88A-B, Erich Kempka interview, 15 October 1971. Röhm was the only one of those arrested to be taken away in a car; the rest went in the chartered bus. 83. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 271, cit. Schreiben von Karl Schreyer an das Polizeipräsidium München, 27 May 1949, Prozeßakten Landgericht München I. See also IfZ, Fa 108, SA/OSAF, 1928–45, Bl.39, for the official report of the meeting by the Reichspressestelle der NSDAP. 84. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 273. 85. Domarus, 397; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 21–8. Evidently in a calmer mood, Hitler went on to dictate a number of press communiqués and Lutze’s letter of appointment as new SA Chief of Staff (Domarus, 397–402). 86. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 24, 26. 87. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 274. 88. Seraphim, Das politische Tagebuch Alfred Rosenbergs, 46, (7 July 1934). 89. Domarus, 396; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 270–71. 90. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 218. 91. For the above, see Papen, 315–18; Hans Bernd Gisevius, Bis zum bittern Ende, 2 vols., Zürich, 1946, i.225–81; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 36–44, 135 (relating to Edgar Jung); Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 219; Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 271, 281–2, 284–9. Klausener’s name (along with those of Schleicher, Bredow, and Bose) had appeared on lists privately compiled – without any conspiratorial plans – by Edgar Jung of those who might belong to a future government (Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 251–2). 92. Hans Bernd Gisevius, Adolf Hitler. Versuch einer Deutung, Munich, 1963, 291; Frei, Führerstaat, 32. 93. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 30. 94. Papen, 320. 95. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 32, based on Körner’s testimony in 1953. 96. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 32–6. 97. Domarus, 404. 99. Gisevius, Bis zum bittern Ende, i.270. 100. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 296, 319–21; Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 219. 101. Bracher et al., Machtergreifung, iii.359. Mau, ‘Die “Zweite Revolution”’, 134, guesses that the number of victims was at least twice, and perhaps three times, as many as the official figure given of seventy-seven. It was later officially announced that, on Göring’s orders alone, as many as 1, 124 persons had been taken into custody in connection with the ‘Röhm revolt’ (Domarus, 409). 102. Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, 220–24. 103. On the reactions of the foreign press, see AdR, Reg. Hitler, I376 n.3, citing Goebbels’s radio comments on 10 July 1934, as reported in the VB the following day. 104. Domarus, 405. 105. Domarus, 405. 106. Papen, 320. 107. Domarus, 406. Gürtner’s retrospective legalization of the murderous actions reflected the hopeless strategy followed by jurists in the Third Reich: seeking, so they imagined, to protect the principles of law against arbitrary and illegal force by declaring such force legal. See Gruchmann,Justiz, 448–55, for the mentality of Gürtner which lay behind his framing of the law, and 433–84 for the reactions of the legal administration to the murders perpetrated in the ‘Röhm affair’. 108. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.1354–8. According to the post-war testimony of Lammers, several cabinet ministers (including, he said, himself and Gürtner) preferred an amnesty for the actions rather than a declaration of their legality. But Hitler insisted on a law, and the rest of the cabinet came round to accepting this. Lammers said it amounted to one and the same thing in practice (Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 47–9)· 109. Dietrich Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party, vol.2, 1933–1945, Newton Abbot, 1973, 114–15. 110. Domarus, 406. 111. AdR, Reg. Hitler, I375–7. Pearson’s question about whether the government would now swing to the Left or the Right – Hitler predictably answering that no other course than the one already charted would be followed – was presumably a somewhat clumsy attempt to allay fears that further turbulence, affecting the economy, might follow. 112. Papen, 321. 113. Domarus, 407, points out that the speech would have taken time to prepare. It is unlikely that the initial intention was not to give a public account, but to hush up the matter and simply let things die down. This would have flown in the face of all Hitler’s propaganda instincts. Suggestions of inner uncertainty also seem wide of the mark (Fest, Hitler, ii.643–4). The justification, when it came, was framed consistently along the lines Hitler had taken both in public announcements and in his statements to party leaders in Munich and then to the cabinet in the immediate aftermath of the events. Nor was it the case, as has been claimed, that Hitler went on holiday with Goebbels and his family to Heiligendamm on the Baltic coast, then to Berchtesgaden, to recuperate (Höhne,Mordsache Röhm, 298–9; Orlow, ii.114; Frei, Führerstaat, 33). These accounts appear to draw on passages in Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 341ff., whose own account, however, makes it clear that he visited Hitler and Goebbels in Heiligendamm after Hitler’s speech which he had heard on board ship while passing through the English Channel on his way back from a visit to America. The engagements Hitler held on 6 July left, in any case, only the period between 7 and 13 July available for any retreat – precisely the days when Hitler would have been involved in preparing his speech, not holidaying on the Baltic. 114. Domarus, 410; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 52. 115. Domarus, 421. 116. Gritscheder, ‘Der Führer’, 54. 117. DBS, i.250 (21 July 1934). 118. BHStA, MA 106670, RPvOB, 4 July 1934. 119. BHStA, MA 106675, Arbeitsamt Marktredwitz, 9 July 1934. 120. See the reports from the Prussian provinces in BAK, R43II/1263, Fols. 238–328. 121. BHStA, MA 106691, LB of RPvNB/OP, 8 August 1934. 122. BAK, R43II/1263, Fols. 238–328; DBS, i.198–201 (21 July 1934). 123. Domarus, 401–2. Almost a fifth of the SA leaders were eventually removed from office in a long-drawn-out purging process (Mathilde Jamin, ‘Zur Rolle der SA im nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftssystem’, in Hirschfeld and Kettenacker, Der ‘Führerstaat’, 329–60, here 345). 124. DBS, i.249 (21 July 1934). 125. BAK, R43II/1263, Fols.235–7, letter of Göring to Heß, 31 August 1934. A copy of the letter was passed on to Hitler. 126. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 71–2; Lewy, 169–70. 127. Höhne, Mordsache Röhm, 303–5; Müller, Heer, I25–33. When Hammerstein turned up at Lichterfelde Cemetery for the burial of his friend, it transpired that the bodies of Schleicher and his wife had been removed during the night. 128. Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 72–3. 129. Cit. Fallois, 9. 130. Mau, ‘Die “Zweite Revolution”’, 137. 131. Weinberg, i.87–101, esp. 99–101; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 223–4; Bruce F. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, chs.7–8. 132. Domarus, 426, has no doubt that Hitler gave Habicht, who would never have dared operate independently, the order. Weinberg, i.104, suggests that ‘it may be assumed that the coup was launched with the knowledge and at least tacit approval of Hitler’. Pauley, 133–7, greatly modifies such views, reaching the conclusion that Hitler’s responsibility lay in his reluctance to take any firm line on Austria, allowing policy to drift and be dominated by the local hot-head forces. Hermann Graml, Europa zwischen den Kriegen, Munich, 1969, 298, also suggests that misinterpretation by the Austrian Nazi leadership of Hitler’s passivity, encouraged by the uncertain domestic situation following the Röhm affair, prompted the putsch attempt. Reinhard Spitzy, So haben wir das Reich verspielt. Bekenntnisse eines Illegalen, Munich (1986), 4th edn., 1994, 61–6, provides an account from an insider to the Austrian putsch plans, though without casting light on the question of Hitler’s knowledge and approval. 133. Pauley, 134; Jens Petersen, Hitler-Mussolini: Die Entstehung der Achse Berlin-Rom, 1933–1936, Tübingen, 1973, 338; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 224. See, however, Weinberg, i.104 n.89, suggesting that the reliability of Göring’s testimony at Nuremberg(IMT, ix.294–5), on which this is based, may be questioned. 134. Anton Hoch and Hermann Weiß, ‘Die Erinnerungen des Generalobersten Wilhelm Adam’, in Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Miscellanea. Festschrift für Helmut Krausnick, Stuttgart, 1980, 32–62, here 47–8, 60 n.40. 135. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 223. 136. Weinberg, i.105. 137. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 353–4. 138. Papen, 339. 139. See Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 352 for Dietrich’s press directions; Pauley, 134–6. 140. Domarus, 427; Weinberg, i.106. 141. Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 354. As a Catholic, experienced diplomat, and personal friend of the murdered Dollfuss, Papen evidently seemed to Hitler the right person to allay Austrian suspicions about German intentions and to pour oil on troubled water. According to his own version of events, Papen was able to extract conditions from Hitler for his appointment (Papen, 340–41; Pauley, 135). 142. Papen, 337ff; Domarus, 428; Weinberg, i.106. 143. Domarus, 429. Precisely when Hitler was told that the President’s death was imminent is uncertain. Hanfstaengl’s account has Hitler deciding to send Papen to Vienna in the immediate wake of a telephone call from Meissner with bad news of the President, then flying off to East Prussia to visit Hindenburg. The chronology is, however, conflated. Hitler’s letter to Papen, requesting him to undertake the ‘special mission’ for a limited time as ambassador in Vienna, was dated 26 July. The public was informed of Hindenburg’s condition on 31 July; Hitler, presumably, some time before that. Hitler’s visit to Neudeck took place on 1 August (Hanfstaengl, 15 Jahre, 354; Domarus, 429). 144. Sauerbruch, 520. Sauerbruch was Hindenburg’s chief doctor during his last illness. See also Papen, 334, for Hitler’s last visit to Hindenburg. Sauerbruch, 519 and, apparently following him, Meissner, Staatssekretär, 377, place Hitler’s visit on 31 July. A notice in VB, I August 1934, makes it clear that Hitler flew to Neudeck that morning, returning within a few hours. He held a cabinet meeting that evening at 9.30 p.m. (AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.1384). Hanfstaengl’s story (15 Jahre, 355) that Hitler and his entourage spent the night in Neudeck – where Hitler allegedly refused to sleep in the same room used by Napoleon in a nearby Schloß – before returning to Bayreuth, where the news of Hindenburg’s death was received, then returning immediately to Neudeck, appears to lack any foundation. 145. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.1384. Hindenburg died at 9.00 a.m. on 2 August. 146. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.1384; Domarus, 429; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 75–6; Müller, Heer, I33. 147. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii.1387; Domarus, 431. 148. Müller, Heer, I34; Fallois, 161. 149. Müller, Heer, I35. 150. Domarus, 444. This was on 20 August, the day after the plebiscite. Hitler referred in his statement of thanks to the ‘law of 3 August’, though this was, of course, the law passed by the cabinet on the headship of state on 1 August – before, therefore, not after, Hindenburg’s death. 151. Müller, Heer, I34; Papen, 335–6. 152. Müller, Heer, I34; Gritschneder, ‘Der Führer’, 76. 153. Cit. Müller, Heer, I35. 154. Cit. Müller, Heer, I36. 155. Cit. Müller, Heer, I37. 156. Müller, Heer, I38. 157. Müller, Heer, I39 and n.313–14. 158. Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 4 August 1934. 159. Domarus, 438. 160. AdR, Reg. Hitler, ii. 1385–6, 1388–9 and n.8; Meissner, Staatssekretär, 377–8. 161. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1935, Berlin, 1935, 537. There were significant levels of no-votes – up to a third – in some working-class and Catholic areas. 162. TBJG, I.2, 475 (22 August 1934). 163. Domarus, 447–54. 164. Loiperdinger and Culbert, 17–18; David Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945, Oxford, 1983, 147–59. The account in Leni Riefenstahl, A Memoir, New York, 1993, 156–66, as Loiperdinger and Culbert (15–17) have pointed out, has to be treated with caution. CHAPTER 13: WORKING TOWARDS THE FÜHRER 1. Niedersächsisches Staatsarchiv, Oldenburg, Best. 131 Nr.303, Fol. 131V. 2. See Ulrich Herbert, ‘“Die guten und die schlechten Zeiten”. Überlegungen zur diachronen Analyse lebensgeschichtlicher Interviews’, in Lutz Niethammer (ed.), ‘Die Jahre weiß man nicht, wo man sie heute hinsetzen soll’. Faschismuserfahrungen im Ruhrgebiet, Berlin/Bonn, 1983, 67–96, here esp. 82, 88–93. 3. See, for the implications of the term, Mommsen, ‘Kumulative Radikalisierung’; and Hans Mommsen, ‘Cumulative Radicalisation and Progressive Self-Destruction as Structural Determinants of the Nazi Dictatorship’, in Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin (eds.),Stalinism and Nazism, 75–87. 4. See Müller, Armee, Politik und Gesellschaft, 39–47. 5. Dietrich, Zwölf Jahre, 44–5. 6. Broszat, ‘Soziale Motivation und Führer-Bindung’, 403. 7. Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Die “Reichsregierung” im Führerstaat. Stellung und Funktion des Kabinetts im nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftssystem’, in Günther Doeker and Winfried Steffani (eds.), Klassenjustiz und Pluralismus, Hamburg, 1973, 192, 202. 8. See Wiedemann, 69, 71. 9. Wiedemann, 68–9. 10. Wiedemann, 80–82. 11. Wiedemann, 78. Once the Berghof had been completed, in 1936, with full projection facilities, it was frequently the case that two films would be shown each evening (BBC Archives, interview, 1997, with Hermann Döring, Manager (Verwalter) of the Berghof, transcript, Roll 243, 31). 12. Wiedemann, 79, 90–91. See Schroeder, 60, 81, 84, and the interviews conducted in 1971 (Library of Congress, Washington DC, Adolf Hitler Collection, C-63, 64, 9376 63–64, and C-86, 9376 85) with Gerda Dananowski and Traudl Junge for confirmation of this, mainly relating to later years. See also Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer: his Battle with the Truth, London, 1995, 113–14, for the comments of Maria von Below, widow of Hitler’s Luftwaffe adjutant (also referring to later years). 13. Wiedemann, 76, 78, 93; Percy Ernst Schramm, in the Introduction to Picker, 34; see also Spitzy, 126–7, 130 (though for a later period). 14. Wiedemann, 69. 15. Wiedemann, 85; Schroeder, 53, 78–82. 16. See, e.g., Friedelind Wagner, 93, 124–5, for Hitler’s ambitions to be a patron of the arts in the grand style. 17. Wiedemann, 194ff.; Smelser, 166. 18. See Frank Bajohr, ‘Gauleiter in Hamburg. Zur Person und Tätigkeit Karl Kaufmanns’, VfZ, 43 (1995), 269–95, here 277–80, for specific examples of corruption in Hamburg which were characteristic for the local and regional level. 19. Robert Koehl, ‘Feudal Aspects of National Socialism’, American Political Science Review, 54 (1960), 921–33. 20. See Hanisch, 13ff; Geiß, 65–95. 21. Wiedemann, 72, 74–6, 94–6. 22. Wiedemann, 69–70. 23. The text of the decree is printed in Walther Hofer (ed.), Der Nationalsozialismus. Dokumente 1933–1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1957, 87. 24. See Bajohr, 286, for Kaufmann’s attempts to uphold wage levels for workers in Hamburg. 25. BAK, R43II/541, Fols. 36–95; BAK, R43II/552, Fols.25–50; and see Mason, Sozialpolitik, I58–9. 26. BAK, NS22/110, Denkschrift, 15 December 1932; see Mommsen, ‘Die NSDAP als faschistische Partei’, 267–8. 27. Orlow, ii.67–70; Peter Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter. Führung der Partei undKontrolle des Staatsapparates durch den Stab Heß und die Partei-Kanzlei Bormann, Munich/London/New York/Paris, 1992, 16 (and see Parts I–IV for the operations of the office of the Deputy Führer). 28. Orlow, ii.74–5; Mommsen, ‘Die NSDAP als faschistische Partei’, 262–3; and see Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, 24, for emphasis on the improvised and unclear structure of the party at the top, under Heß. 29. Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, I8–20, and Part II. As Longerich points out (257), from the state’s point of view, the approval of the office of the StdF for civil service appointments was not recognized as legally binding, though in practice adhered to. 30. See Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, ch.8, pts.2, 4 210ff, 234ff. 31. Dietrich, Zwölf Jahre, 45. 32. See Diehl-Thiele, 69–73. 33. MK, 433–4. 34. Anatomie, ii.46. The conflict between the Gestapo and Reich Justice Ministry over the question of the representations of lawyers in cases of ‘protective custody’ stretched back to October 1934. Himmler had subsequently informed Gestapo offices in April 1935 that such representations were banned where political and police interests might be endangered. Gürtner did not give up the attempt to preserve the rights of the legal profession, even after Hitler’s intervention in the autumn. Himmler dragged the affair out, however, and the Reich Justice Minister made as good as no progress, whatever concessions he was prepared to make. Resting on Hitler’s authority, the Gestapo was able to block all attempts to constrain the arbitrary use of its power. (See Gruchmann, Justiz, 564–73.) For his part, Gürtner was himself, however, woefully weak in upholding legal principles against political expediency. On 8 October 1935 he wrote to Hitler about the case of an SA man accused of the torture of six Communists in a Berlin ‘SA-Home’ in January 1934. ‘Despite the seriousness of the maltreatment, which shows a certain sadism,’ Gürtner wrote, he was prepared to recommend quashing the indictment (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1413-I-6, Fol.36). 35. Anatomie, ii.39–40. 36. Johannes Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, Boppard am Rhein, 1991, 314–15. ‘Kampf gegen die inneren Feinde der Nation’ was a formulation used (Tuchel, 314) by Hitler at the Party Rally on 11 September 1935. See also Robert Gellately, ‘Allwissend und allgegenwärtig? Entstehung, Funktion und Wandel des Gestapo-Mythos’, in Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.), Die Gestapo: Mythos und Realität, Darmstadt, 1995, 47–70, here 54–5. 37. Anatomie, i.50–54. 38. RGBl, I936, Teil I, 487–8. 39. Anatomie, i.118. 40. Anatomie, ii.50–51. See also Herbert, Best, I63–8. 41. For the expansion of the Gestapo’s spheres of activity, see Herbert, Best, I68–80. One example was the extension of persecution, not greatly in evidence before the publicity stirred up by the Röhm affair, to homosexuals. Lists of practising homosexuals were collected by a newly established department in the Gestapa in Berlin from October 1934 (Günter Grau (ed.), Homosexualität in der Ν S-Zeit. Dokumente einer Diskriminierung und Verfolgung, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, 74). Regional Gestapo offices joined suit in widening their persecution, coordinated from 1936 by the ‘Reich Headquarters for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion’ (Burkhard Jellonnek, ‘Staatspolizeiliche Fahndungs- und Ermittlungsmethoden gegen Homosexuelle’, in Paul and Mallmann, Die Gestapo, 343–56, here 348–9, 353. See also Burkhard Jellonnek’s monograph,Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich, Paderborn, 1990). 42. See Christine Elizabeth King, The Nazi State and the New Religions: Five Case Studies in Non-Conformity, New York/Toronto, 1982. 43. The subtitle of the first of Weinberg’s two-volume analysis of German foreign policy between 1933 and 1939. 44. AdR, Reg. Hitler, i.313–18, here 318. See also Wollstein, ‘Eine Denkschrift des Staatssekretärs Bernhard von Bülow vom März 1933’, 87, 93; and Wendt, 75, 79. 45. See Weinberg, i.46, 166–70. 46. See Wendt, 85; Weinberg, i.171. 47. Weinberg, i.60–61, 69–73. 48. Cit. Wendt, 78. 49. Herbert S. Levine, Hitler’s Free City. A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925–39, Chicago/London, 1973, 56–7. 50. See Levine, 9–17, 61–7. 51. Weinberg, i.63–8, 71. 52. Józef Lipski, Diplomat in Berlin, 1933–1939, New York/London, 1968, 105. 53. Weinberg, i.73. 54. Leonidas Ε. Hill (ed.), Die Weizsäcker-Papiere 1933–1950, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1974, 78. 55. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, ANA-463, Sammlung Deuerlein, E200263–9, Dirksen to Bülow, 31 January 1933; Bülow to Dirksen, 6 February 1933, and E496961, Dirksen telegram to Neurath, 28 February 1933. 56. Weinberg, i.81. 59. Müller, Heer, I55–7. 60. Domarus, 468 and n.8; Orlow, ii.138–9; Müller, Heer, I58–61. 61. For the term, see Hüttenberger, ‘Nationalsozialistische Polykratie’, 423ff., 432ff. 62. Patrik von zur Mühlen, ‘Schlagt Hitler an der Saar!’ Abstimmungskampf, Emigration und Widerstand im Saargebiet, 1933–1945, Bonn, 1979, 230, refers to 1,500 meetings and rallies and over 80,000 posters as part of the campaign. For months before the plebiscite, special efforts had been made to organize broadcasting propaganda to the Saar, including distribution of cheap radios (the Volksempfänger) and transmission of a flow of programmes hammering home the message in different ways that the Saar was part of Germany (Zeman, 51–4). 63. François-Poncet, 221–2; Weinberg, i.173–4, 203· 64. See Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mahlmann, Milieus und Widerstand. Eine Verhaltensgeschichte der Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus, Bonn, 1995, 60–77, 203–23, 352–71. See also Gerhard Paul, ‘Deutsche Mutter – heim zu Dir!’ Warum es mißlang, Hitler an der Saar zu schlagen. Der Saarkampf 1933 bis 1935, Cologne, 1984. 65. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 284. 66. Paul and Mahlmann, Milieus, 66, 73–7. 67. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 283. 68. Schultheß’ Europäischer Geschichtskalender, Bd.76 (1936), Munich, 1936, 14 (90.76 per cent). 69. Paul and Mahlmann, Milieus, 222. 70. Domarus, 472. 71. Domarus, 476. Ward Price was convinced, so he wrote in the Völkischer Beobachter after the interview, of Hitler’s ‘love of peace’ (cit. Domarus, 474 n.19). He still thought in 1937 that Hitler was sincere in his ‘desire for peace’ (G. Ward Price, I Know these Dictators, I43). 72. Domarus, 485. 73. DRZW, i.415 and n.62, 416. 74. Klaus-Jürgen Müller, General Ludwig Beck. Studien und Dokumente zur politisch-militärischen Vorstellungswelt und Tätigkeit des Generalstabschefs des deutschen Heeres 1933–1938, Boppard am Rhein, 339–42; and Hans-Jürgen Rautenberg, ‘Drei Dokumente zur Planung eines 300.000-Mann-Friedensheeres aus dem Dezember 1933’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 22 (1977), 103–39. 75. DRZW, i.403–10, 416; Müller, Beck, I92–4, 341; Müller, Heer, 208. 76. Müller, Beck, I89, 339–44. 77. Müller, Beck, I90. 78. François-Poncet, 224–5; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 294–5; Domarus, 481; Müller, Beck, I95; Weinberg, i.205. 79. Domarus, 482. 80. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 295. 81. Schmidt, 295–6; François-Poncet, 225; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 297. 82. Domarus, 489. 83. Seraphim, Das politische Tagebuch Rosenbergs, 74–5. For the difficulties facing Hitler in the timing of announcing Germany’s new military strength, see Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 295–6. 84. Domarus, 489; Müller, Beck, I95; François-Poncet, 226; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 298. The secret decree on the air-force had been agreed in cabinet on 26 February – before the announcement of the visit by Simon and Eden – to take effect on 1 March, and be announced a few days later (Weinberg, i.205). 85. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 298. Göring told the British Air Attaché that the Germans had 1,500 aircraft; in reality the number was 800. The British had reckoned with a Luftwaffe of 1,300 aircraft by October 1936. 86. Schmidt, 296. 87. Müller, Beck, I95; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 287–8. 88. François-Poncet, 229. 89. Friedrich Hoßbach, Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler 1934–1938, Wolffenbüttel/Hanover, 1949, 94–5. 90. Hoßbach, 95. 91. Müller, Heer, 208; for the surprise of army leaders, see also Esmonde M. Robertson, Hitler’s Pre-War Policy and Military Plans, 1933–1939, London, 1963, 56. 92. Müller, Heer, 209. 93. Hoßbach, 95–6. 94. Müller, Heer, 208–10; Müller, Beck, I96; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 287–9, 298–9. 95. Müller, Heer, 208. Feeling in the Foreign Office was nevertheless that what was achieved by Hitler’s action could have been brought about by negotiation (Schmidt, 296). Fritsch, too, was of the view that, though unavoidable, the announcement of general conscription could have been made ‘with less drama’ (cit. Müller, Heer, 209). 96. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 303–4. And see Rosenberg’s information from within the British Air Ministry, Seraphim, Das politische Tagebuch Rosenbergs, 75· 97. Hoßbach, 96. 98. Hoßbach, 96; Müller, Heer, 209. 99. Domarus, 491; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 299. 100. Hoßbach, 96; Müller, Heer, 209; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 299; Hitler, Monologe, 343 (16 August 1942). 101. François-Poncet, 228–9. 102. Seraphim, Das politische Tagebuch Rosenbergs, 77. See DGFP, C, III, 1005–6, No.532, 1015, No.538. The official record notes the French ambassador’s protest, states that the Italian ambassador refrained from any comment, and indicates the British ambassador’s inquiry about continuation of discussions raised in the Anglo-French communiqué of 3 February. 103. Domarus, 491–5, here 494. 104. François-Poncet, 230; William Shirer, Berlin Diary, 1934–1941, (1941) Sphere Book edn, London, 1970, 32. 105. Shirer, 33. 107. Domarus, 491–5; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 299. 108. François-Poncet, 230. 112. Jens Petersen, Hitler-Mussolini, 397–400. 113. Schmidt, 296; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 304; Weinberg, i.206. 114. François-Poncet, 231. 116. Seraphim, Das politische Tagebuch Rosenbergs, 77; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 302. 117. The following is based on Schmidt’s account, 298–308. 118. Eden, Facing the Dictators, I33 (and, for Eden’s impressions on first meeting Hitler on 20 February 1934, 61). See also Winston Churchill’s published comment in 1935, ‘Hitler and his Choice, 1935’, reprinted in his Great Contemporaries, London, 1941, 223–31, here 230: ‘Those who have met Herr Hitler face to face in public business or on social terms have found a highly competent, cool, well-informed functionary with an agreeable manner, a disarming smile, and few have been unaffected by a subtle personal magnetism.’ 119. Schmidt, 301–2 (where he gives the figure of 126, not 128, Memelländer). 120. Eden, Facing the Dictators, I35. 121. Schmidt, 306. 122. Schmidt, 307. The official account of the talks is recorded in DGFP, C, III, 1043–80, No.555. 123. Schmidt, 306–8. 124. Friedelind Wagner, 128–9, recounted how her mother, Winifred Wagner, a guest at the banquet in honour of Simon and Eden, told of Hitler ‘slapping his knees and clapping his hands like a schoolboy’ in pleasure at his diplomatic success. For the suggestion that this meeting, nevertheless, brought the first sign of recognition on Hitlers part that British resistance to his desired alliance with Great Britain might be stronger than he had originally bargained for, see Josef Henke, England in Hitler’s politischem Kalkül 1935–1939, Boppard am Rhein, 1973, 38–9. An indication of Hitler’s new assertiveness, revealed at the discussions with his British guests, was the raising of demands for the return of colonies which he mistakenly regarded as an attempt to ‘persuade’ the British into friendly cooperation. (See Klaus Hildebrand, Vom Reich zum Weltreich. Hitler, NSDAP und koloniale Frage 1919–1945, Munich, 1969, 447ff; Klaus Hildebrand, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich, London, 1973, 36–7; Klaus Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich. Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler 1871–1945, Stuttgart, 1995, 598.) 125. Eden, Facing the Dictators, I36. 126. Eden, Facing the Dictators, I33–4, 139. 127. Weinberg, i.207; A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, (1961) revised edn, Harmondsworth, 1964, 116–17. 128. TBJG, I.2, 485 (15 April 1935). 129. TBJG, I.2, 486 (17 April 1935). 130. Domarus, 506. 131. Domarus, 511. 132. After the Dollfuss affair of July 1934, and given the continued instability of the position of Austria, Mussolini was anxious to ward off any possible repeated German coup there, particularly since his own eyes were cast on Abyssinia, and he was aware of powerful opposition at home to his proposed adventure. Neurath was reportedly concerned – as the Italian leader no doubt intended him to be – about Mussolini’s pro-western and anti-German position adopted at Stresa (William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd (eds.),Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938, London, 1941, 236–45). See also Robert Mallett, The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 1935–40, London, 1998, 28–9. 133. Domarus, 505–14. For the reception in Germany, see Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, I25–6. The Times described the speech as ‘reasonable, straightforward, and comprehensive’ (cit. Toland, 372). 134. Domarus, 512–13. 135. Jost Dülffer, Weimar, Hitler und die Marine. Reichspolitik und Flottenbau 1910–1939, Düsseldorf, 1973, 256–7. 136. Dülffer, Weimar, Hitler und die Marine, 266–7. 137. DRZW, i.455–8. 138. Dülffer, Weimar, Hitler und die Marine, 280, 291, 301, and see 319–20; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 308–9; Weinberg, 1.212. 139. Schmidt, 317. See Spitzy, 92–122, for a biting description of Ribbentrop’s personality and style as German ambassador in London. The development of Ribbentrop’s foreign-policy ideas, with differing emphasis to those of Hitler but ultimately devoid of independent standing, is examined in Wolfgang Michalka, Ribbentrop und die deutsche Weltpolitik 1933–1940. Außenpolitische Konzeptionen und Entscheidungsprozesse im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1980. 140. Michael Bloch, Ribbentrop, paperback edn., London, 1994, 54–8. The continued efforts on Ribbentrop’s part to cultivate good relations with ‘fellow-travellers of the Right’ in Britain and the mutual misunderstandings which ensued are detailed by G. T. Waddington, ‘“An idyllic and unruffled atmosphere of complete Anglo-German misunderstanding”: Aspects of the Operations of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain, 1934–1939’, History, 82 (1997), 44–72. 141. Bloch, Ribbentrop, 69; Domarus, 515; DGFP, C, IV. 253, n.2. 142. For the talks, and their consequences, see esp. Dülffer, Weimar, Hitler und die Marine, 325–54. 143. DGFP, C, IV, 257. 144. Schmidt, 318. 145. DGFP, C, IV, 250. 146. DGFP, C, IV, 277–8; Bloch, Ribbentrop, 73. 147. Schmidt, 319. 148. Ribbentrop, 41. British sources in Berlin were nevertheless claiming by early 1936 that Hitler, disappointed that the Naval Treaty had not produced the desired close relations with Britain, regretted his haste in concluding it (Geoffrey T. Waddington, ‘Hitler, Ribbentrop, die NSDAP und der Niedergang des Britischen Empire 1935–1938’, Vf Z, 40 (1992), 273–306, here 277). 149. Other powers, Sir John Simon had told the German delegation, were merely to be informed that the British Government ‘had decided’ to accept the German Reich Chancellor’s proposal (DGFP, C, IV, 280). 150. Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini, London, 1983, 228–35, quotation 232. 151. See Taylor, 118–29, for the Abyssinian crisis and its impact. The feeble British response to Italian aggression underlined Hitler’s growing feeling that Britain was weak and lacked the will to oppose his territorial ambitions in Europe. It played its part in persuading him that there was little prospect of Britain intervening should he act to remilitarize the Rhineland (Henke, 40–47). 152. See Donald Cameron Watt, ‘The Secret Laval-Mussolini Agreement of 1935 on Ethiopia’, in Esmonde M. Robertson (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War, London, 1971, 225–42. 153. Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1235-VI-2, Reichskanzlei, Lammers, Vermerk, 16 October 1935. 154. Monologe, I08 (25 October 1941). 155. See Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 236–7. 156. Schleunes, 116. 157. Kurt Pätzold, Faschismus, Rassenwahn, Judenverfolgung. Eine Studie zur politischen Strategie und Taktik des faschistischen deutschen Imperialismus 1933–193s, Berlin (East), 1975, 194–5; Ian Kershaw, ‘The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich’,Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 26 (1981), 261–89, here 264–5; David Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under Nazism, Oxford/Cambridge, Mass., 1992, 35; Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews. The Years of Persecution, 1933– 39, London, 1997, 137ff. 158. Adam, 114–15, 119–20; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 35. 159. ‘How Popular was Streicher?’, (no author), Wiener Library Bulletin, 5/6 (1957), 48; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 35. 160. David Bankier, ‘Hitler and the Policy-Making Process on the Jewish Question’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 3 (1988), 1–20, here 9. 161. Akten der Partei-Kanzlei, 4 Bde., ed. Institut für Zeitgeschichte [Helmut Heiber (Bde. 1–2) and Peter Longerich (Bde.3–4)], Munich etc., 1983–92, Teil I, Regesten, Bd. 1, 98, No.10807, Microfiche, 124 05038, Wiedemann to Bormann, 30 April 1935: ‘I’ve told the Führer about the reservations over these signs on account of the Olympics. Nothing has changed in the Führer’s decision that there is no objection to these signs’ (‘Ich habe dem Führer von den Bedenken, die wegen der Olympiade in Bezug auf diese Schilder geltend gemacht wurden, erzählt. An der Entscheidung des Führers, daß gegen diese Schilder nichts einzuwenden ist, hat sich dadurch nichts geändert)’. See also Bankier, ‘Hitler and the Policy-Making Process on the Jewish Question’, 9. 162. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 28–35. 163. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 33. 164. Otto Dov Kulka, ‘Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze und die deutsche Bevölkerung im Lichte geheimer ΝS-Lage- und Stimmungsberichte’, VfZ, 32 (1984), 582–624, here 609. 165. Cit. Marlis Steinert, Hitlers Krieg und die Deutschen. Stimmung und Haltung der deutschen Bevölkerung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Düsseldorf, 1970, 57; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 38. 166. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 38. 167. Adam, 118 (where other examples are also given). See Hans Mommsen, ‘Der nationalsozialistische Polizeistaat und die Judenverfolgung vor 1938’, VfZ, I0 (1962), 73, 84, Dok. Nr.II, for the subsequent ban imposed in Bavaria by the Bavarian Political Police on 6 March 1935. 168. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 38–41; Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 50, 127–30, 205–6; Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, I01–2. 169. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 70–76; Kershaw, ‘The Persecution of the Jews’, 265–72. 170. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 74–5; Kershaw, ‘The Persecution of the Jews’, 268–70. 171. Bayern, i.430, 442–7; Bayern ii.293–4; Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 234 n.28; Pätzold, Faschismus, Rassenwahn, Judenverfolgung, 216–21. 172. TBJG, I.2, 493–4 (15 July 1935); Adam, 120; Ted Harrison, ‘“Alter Kämpfer” im Widerstand’, VfZ, 45 (1997), 385–423, here 400–401; Reuth, Goebbels, 330–31; Irving, Mastermind, 206–7. See Helmut Genschel, Die Verdrängung der Juden, I09–10, for the spreading of the boycott to numerous other areas during the spring and summer. 173. Adam, 120. 174. Schacht, 347; Adam, 123; Genschel, 111. Economic concerns, alongside the need to avoid conflict with the police, had doubtless been behind the fruitless order by Heß to the party on 1 April 1935 to avoid ‘terror actions against individual Jews’. A further order in June to maintain party discipline was equally ineffective (Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, 212). 175. Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, 212. 176. Adam, 121; see also Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 37. 177. Lothar Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz. Zu Entstehung und Auswirkung des Nürnberger Gesetzes vom 15. September 1935’, VfZ, 3 (1983), 418–42, here 430; Mommsen ‘Polizeistaat’, 70–71. 178. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 36–7. 179. Adam, 115, 119. 180. Adam, 120. 181. ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung. Aufzeichnungen von Dr. Bernhard Lösener’, VfZ, 9 (1961), 262–311, here 277–8. 182. Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 418–23. 183. Cit. Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 425. 184. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 44. 185. Frick himself had on 26 July instructed registry offices to postpone such forthcoming marriages indefinitely (Adam, 122). An indefinite postponement was decreed in Württemberg in August (Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 44). 186. Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 426–30; Adam, 122; Jeremy Noakes, ‘The Development of Nazi Policy towards the German-Jewish “Mischlinge” 1933–1945’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 34 (1989), 291–354, here 307–8. 187. Adam, 122. 188. Kurt Pätzold (ed.), Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung. Dokumente des faschistischen Antisemitismus 1933 bis 1942, Leipzig, 1983, 103; Adam, 123; Schacht, 349–52; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 44–5; 1MT, xii, 638 (where Schacht claimed that the laws he expected were to give the Jews legal protection, in line with demands he claimed he had been making to Hitler). 189. Bayern i.430. 190. DGFP, C, IV, 569. 191. Kulka, ‘Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze’, 615–18; Adam, 123–4; Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter, 212–13; Schacht, 356, states that the meeting was packed to capacity, lasted nearly two hours, and that Frick protested at his ‘Over-trenchant method of speech’. 192. DGFP, C, IV, 570. 193. DGFP, C, IV, 570. In fact, during the Nuremberg Rally Hitler chastised Streicher – though in gentle fashion – for the mistakes of the Stürmer. Goebbels thought Streicher had taken note, but that it would make no difference. (TBJG, I.2, 513 (11 September 1935)). 194. Kulka, ‘Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze’, 618–19 and n.126; Adam, 124. 195. TBJG, I.2, 515 (17 September 1935). 196. Kulka, ‘Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze’, 620 n. 128, citing the Jewish Chronicle, 30 August 1935. See also Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 44. 197. Schleunes, 119. 198. Adam, 126 n.66. 199. IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frame 1081, Interrogation of Dr Bernhard Lösener for US War Crimes Trials at Nuremberg; ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 273; Adam, 126–7. The comment indicates that little work had been done prior to this point on preparing legislation. 200. IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frames 1081–2, Lösener testimony: ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 274. 201. Max Domarus, Der Reichstag und die Macht, Würzburg, 1968, 101–2; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 45. 202. Mommsen, ‘Realisierung’, 387 and n.20. 203. IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frame 1081, Lösener testimony; ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 273; Domarus, Der Reichstag und die Macht, I02 n.21. 204. See Peter Reichel, Der schöne Schein des Dritten Reiches. Faszination und Gewalt des Faschismus, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, 116–38, esp. 126–31. 205. Domarus, 525. 206. Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 45. 207. Domarus, 534. 208. IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frames 1081–2, Lösener testimony; ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 274; Schleunes, 124; Adam, 127. 209. IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frame 1082, Lösener testimony; ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 275. 210. The text of the law is published in Pätzold, Verfolgung, I14. 211. Adam, 128. 212. Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 431–2; Adam, 128 and n.74. 213. The text is published in Pätzold, Verfolgung, I13–14. 214. The incident took place on 26 July. Six dock workers involved were given mild sentences on 12 and 14 August, but five were ordered to be released on 7 September, when the magistrate, Louis Brodsky, delivered an attack on Nazism and described theBremen as a ‘pirate ship’. The incident, widely reported in the German press, soured German-American relations. ‘The whole of Germany [is] enraged about the judgement in New York about the agitators who rioted around the “Bremen” and pulled down the swastika flag,’ noted Louise Solmitz in her diary on 7 September 1935 (Forschungsstelle für die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, Hamburg, Louise Solmitz, Tagebuch, Bd.I, 1932–1937, Fol. 248). Hitler’s fury was said to have impulsively made him decide to proclaim the swastika banner as the new German Flag (Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 45; Domarus, 534 and n.201). 215. JK, 89–90. 216. In an interview at the end of November for the American United Press, Hitler repeated his assertion that ‘the necessity of combating Bolshevism is one of the main reasons for the Jewish legislation in Germany’. He claimed that the laws were there to protect the Jews, and that the decline in anti-Jewish agitation within Germany was proof of their success. The Reich government, he went on, had been led by the intention of ‘preventing through legal measures the self-help of the people, which could unburden itself among other things in dangerous explosions…’ (Domarus, 557–8)· 217. Domarus, 536–7. 218. Domarus, 537–8. Goebbels, a radical on ‘the Jewish Question’, found Göring’s speech ‘almost unbearable’. Whether by accident or design, the broadcast of the speech was turned off (TBJG, 1.2, 515 (17 September 1935)). 219. Domarus, 538. 220. Domarus, 538–9; and see Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 432; TBJG, I.2, 515 (17 September 1935), where Goebbels mistakenly has the entry under ‘Samstag’, not ‘Sonntag’. Hitler repeated his ban on all ‘excesses’ at a meeting of the Gauleiter on 17 September, though Goebbels was sceptical of its effect (TBJG, I.2, 516 (19 September 1935)). 221. A hint of Hitler’s own ambivalence, and determination not to be pinned down by legalities, could be seen in his refusal to allow Frick to publish any commentary on the ‘Jewish law’ (TBJG, I.2, 517 (21 September 1935)). 222. ZStA, Potsdam, RMdI, 27079/71, Fol. 52, LB of RP in Kassel, 4 March 1936. 223. The violence had already been in decline during the weeks preceding the Rally (Adam, 124). 224. Kulka, ‘Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze’, 622–3; Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 76–80. 225. Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, 237. 226. Gruchmann, ‘“Blutschutzgesetz” und Justiz’, 433–4; Adam, 134; ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 279–82; IfZ, MA-1569/42, Frames 1082–3, Lösener testimony. On the ‘Mischling question’, see especially Noakes, ‘The Development of Nazi Policy towards the German-Jewish “Mischlinge” 1933–1945’, 306–15. 227. Bankier, ‘Hitler and the Policy-Making Process on the Jewish Question’, 14. 228. Adam, 132–5. 229. TBJG, II.2, 518 (25 September 1935). Lösener (‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 281) mentions being summoned to a meeting of the party leadership in the Town Hall at Munich on 29 September. His memory must have been faulty, since, as Goebbels’s diary entry makes clear, the meeting took place on 24 September. 230. ‘Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung’, 281. According to confidential information passed to press representatives, Hitler had tended at the meeting to favour the position of the ministry officials (Mommsen, ‘Realisierung’, 387–8, n.20). 231. TBJG, I.2, 520 (1 October 1935). 232. Adam, 139–40. 233. ΤΒJG, I.2, 537 (7 November 1935). 234. Adam, 140–41; Schleunes, 129; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, I48–51 and (for consequences of the racial definition in a number of personal cases) 155–62; above all, Noakes, ‘The Development of Nazi Policy towards the German-Jewish “Mischlinge” 1933–1945’, 310–15, and Jeremy Noakes,‘Wohin gehören die “Judenmischlinge”? Die Entstehung der ersten Durchführungsverordnungen zu den Nürnberger Gesetzen’, in Ursula Büttner (ed.), Das Unrechtsregime. Verfolgung, Exil, Belasteter Neubeginn, Hamburg, 1986, 69–90. Those not counting as Jews under this definition, but descended from one or two ‘non-Aryan’ grandparents, were labelled ‘Mischlinge’. In practice, ‘Mischlinge Grade Γ (of two ‘non-Aryan’ grandparents) came under the ‘Blood Law’ to be associated with ‘full Jews’ (see Adam, 143–4)· 235. TBJG, I.2, 540 (15 November 1935). 236. Adam, 142–3 and 142 n.130. 237. Until Gustloff’s death, the Auslandsorganisation (AO) of the NSDAP in Switzerland had a Landesgruppenleiter and constituency groups (Ortsgruppen) in various cities. Following the assassination of Gustloff, the Swiss government did not allow the filling of his post, but the duties of theLandesgruppenleiter were in practice taken over by the German embassy in Bern (Benz, Graml and Weiß, Enzyklopädie, 724). 238. Bayern, ii.297. 239. Domarus, 573–5. 240. Hildegard von Kotze and Helmut Krausnick (eds.), ‘Es spricht der Führer’. 7 exemplarische Hitler-Reden, Gütersloh, 1966, 148. 241. For some cases of intervention by Hitler in 1936–7, see Bankier, ‘Hitler and the Policy-Making Process on the Jewish Question’, 15. 242. DBS, iii.27. 243. Der Parteitag der Freiheit vom 10.–16. September 1935. Offizieller Bericht über den Verlauf des Reichsparteitages mit sämtlichen Kongreßreden, Munich, 1935, 287; also in: Parteitag der Freiheit. Reden des Führers und ausgewählte Kongreßreden am Reichsparteitag der NSDAP, 1935,Munich, 1935, 134–5. 244. Ε. C. Helmreich, ‘The Arrest and Freeing of the Protestant Bishops of Württemberg and Bavaria, September–October 1934’, Central European History, 2 (1969), 159–69; Paul Sauer, Württemberg in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, Ulm, 1975, 185–9; Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, I64–79. 245. Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, I70, 172, 178. 246. Cited in Conway, 76–7. 247. See Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, I19. 248. Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 205ff. 249. TBJG, I.2, 504 (19 August 1935). See also 505 (21 August 1935): ‘Rosenberg, Himmler, and Darré must stop their cultist nonsense’ (‘Rosenberg, Himmler und Darré müssen ihren kultischen Unfug abstellen’). 250. TBJG, I.2, 511 (6 September 1935): ‘In the question of Catholicism, the Führer sees things as very serious.’ 251. For the impact of the ‘Church Struggle’ on the attitudes of the Catholic population in Bavaria, see Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, ch.5. 252. For the ‘1918 syndrome’ of Hitler and the Nazi leadership, see Mason, Sozialpolitik, ch. I. 253. TBJG, I.2, 504 (19 August 1935): ‘Führer gibt Überblick politische Lage. Sieht Verfall: 254. BAK, R43II/318, Fols.205–13, 28, 61–2 (and also Fols.195–203, 214–15); R43ll/318a, Fols.45–53. See also Mason, Arbeiterklasse, 72 and n.102. 255. DRZW, i.254–9. The extent to which Germany was successful in economically exploiting the Balkan countries has been disputed by Alan S. Milward, ‘The Reichsmark Bloc and the International Economy’, in Hirschfeld and Kettenacker, 377–413, drawing a rejoinder from Bernd-Jürgen Wendt, ‘Südosteuropa in der nationalsozialistischen Großraumwirtschaft’ in the same volume, 414–28. 256. John E. Farquharson, The Plough and the Swastika. The NSDAP and Agriculture, 1928–1945, London, 1976, 166–8. 257. BAK, R58/535, Fols.91–6, Stapo Berlin, October 1935. 258. TBJG, I.2, 522 (5 October 1935); see also BAK, R43II/863, Fols.69–83; R43II/318a, Fol.15. 259. BAK, R58/567, Fols.84–93, Stapo Berlin, January 1936. Police reports frequently pointed to a revival of the activities of the illegal KPD in the winter of 1935–6. It is doubtful whether much of the unrest was attributable to organized Communist agitation. Rather, underground opposition groups were easily able to exploit the prevailing poor mood (Detlev J. K. Peukert, Die KPD im Widerstand. Verfolgung und Untergrundarbeit an Rhein und Ruhr 1933 bis 1945, Wuppertal, 1980, 204–50). The renewed Communist activity predictably brought an intensified onslaught by the Gestapo, to the point where the KPD had to recognize that there was no longer the slightest prospect of mass action against the regime, and that this would only bring needless sacrifices. By spring 1936, the ferocity of Nazi repression drastically reduced KPD resistance groups in size and greatly limited the possibilities of contact between underground activists (Allan Merson, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany, London, 1985, 186–7). 260. IML/ZPA, St.3/44/I, Fols.103–7, Stapo Berlin, 6 March 1936. See also DBS, ii.1013, 1251–5 (16 October 1935, 12 November 1935). There were increased numbers of strikes in 1935–6, and widespread reports of the revival of illegal opposition groups. The strikes were invariably on a small scale and lasted only a matter of hours. Details of many such small strikes are contained in a 381-folio file, ‘Streikbewegung’, in IML/ZPA, St.3/463. 261. Wiedemann, 90. 262. BAK, R54II/193, Fol.157, Lammers to Darré, 30 September 1934. Complaints from different parts of Prussia, forwarded by Göring to the Reich Chancellery, are in the file. 263. BAK, R43II/193, Fols.122–245. 264. BAK, R43ll/315a, FoI.31. 265. BAK, R43II/318, Fol.2; the reports are included in Fols.1–29. 266. BAK, R43II/318, Fols.62–4. 267. BAK, R43II/318, Fol.31, 205–13; R43ll/318a, Fols.45–53. 268. The title of Reichel’s study on the stage-management and aesthetics of coercion and force in Nazi imagery and propaganda: Der schöne Schein des Dritten Reiches. 269. BAK, R43II/318, Fols.219–22 ‘Vermerk’ for Lammers, brought to Hitler’s attention; (also Fols.205–13 and R43ll/318a, Fols.45–53). 270. TBJG, I.2, 516 (19 September 1935). 271. BAK, R4311/318a, Fols.11–31. See also Ritter, 79. According to the later account of Alfred Sohn-Rethel, at the time aware of thinking in business circles, Goerdeler’s memorandum encountered considerable support in some sections of industry and prompted a good deal of debate, with even some talk of a possible putsch (Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Ökonomie und Klassenstruktur des deutschen Faschismus, Frankfurt am Main, 1975, 177). 272. Similar ideas advanced by Goerdeler some months later, at the time of the introduction of the Four-Year Plan, were rejected out of hand by Göring in early September 1936 as ‘completely unusable’ (‘völlig unbrauchbar’) (Dieter Petzina, Autarkiepolitik im Dritten Reich. Der nationalsozialistische Vier jahresplan, Stuttgart, 1968, 47; and see Ritter, 80). 273. Ritter, 80. More critical and penetrating as an analysis of Goerdeler’s actions in the early years of the regime, which gradually shaped his growing opposition to it, is Michael Krüger-Charlé, ‘Carl Goerdelers Versuche der Durchsetzung einer alternativen Politik 1933 bis 1937’, in Jürgen Schmädeke and Peter Steinbach (eds.), Der Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. Die deutsche Gesellschaft und der Widerstand gegen Hitler, Munich, 1986, 383–404. 274. BAK, R43ll/318a, Fols.35, 66. 275. Petzina, Autarkiepolitik, 32–3; Farquharson, 168. 276. Petzina, Autarkiepolitik, 32–3. 277. BAK, ZSg. 101/28, Fol.331, ‘Informationsbericht Nr.55’, 7 November 1935. 278. Goebbels reflected the concern on a number of occasions in his diaries: TBJG, I.2, 501 (11 August 1935); 503–4 (19 August 1935); 505 (21 August 1935); 506–7 (25 August 1935); 507 (27 August 1935); 522 (5 October 1935). 279. TBJG, I.2, 504 (19 August 1935). 280. TBJG, I.2, 529 (19 October 1935). 281. Petzina, Autarkiepolitik, 33–4. 282. Petzina, Autarkiepolitik, 35. 283. BAK, R43II/533, Fols.91–6. 284. As we have noted, the savage repression of the Gestapo, able to infiltrate and smash KPD cells, meant that any new life in Communist illegal activity was rapidly extinguished. Material discontent rather than ideological commitment of the level needed to court exposure to the enormous personal risks involved had provided the background to the short-lived increased appeal of Communist verbal propaganda in urban working-class areas. For the adjustment of the KPD in western Germany to the far less favourable circumstances from 1936 onwards, see Peukert, Die KPD im Widerstand, 252ff. The poor morale of Nazi Party members in early 1936 is highlighted by Orlow, ii.170–75. 285. IMT, XXV, 402–13 (here 409), Doc. 386–PS. 286. Esmonde Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, VfZ, I0 (1962), 178–205, here 203. See Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution, 50–55 for evidence of popular unrest to support the view that internal causes were decisive. 287. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 204. 288. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 204–5; Manfred Funke, ‘7. März 1936. Fallstudie zum außenpolitischen Führungsstil Hitlers’, in Wolf gang Michalka (ed.), Nationalsozialistische Außenpolitik, Darmstadt, 1978, 277–324, here 279. 289. See BAK, R58/570, Fols. 104–8, report to Gestapo Cologne, 6 February 1936; and BAK, NS22/vorl-583, reports of Gauleiter Grohé of Cologne-Aachen, 8 June, 6 July, and 10 December 1935, for comments on the poor economic position of the demilitarized zone and the strength of the Catholic Church’s position there. See also TBJG, I.2, 374 (19 February 1936). 290. The cancellation at the last minute of the Works Councils elections scheduled for April 1936 can probably be attributed to the assumption that the results would have been less favourable than those of the plebiscite (Mason, Sozialpolitik, 206). Labour Minister Seldte was told (after learning of the postponement in the evening papers) that Hitler wanted the elections postponed to prevent a large part of the population having to go to the polls again immediately after the Reichstag election (BAK, R43ll/547b, Fols. 2, 19). 291. DRZW, i.424. 292. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 195; DGFP, C, IV, 1166. 293. Weinberg, i.240–42; James T. Emmerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936. A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy, London, 1977, 63. 294. Petersen, 466–71. 295. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 196–9; Funke, ‘7. März 1936’, 298–9; Petersen, 468. 296. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 320; Emmerson, 46; Taylor, 126–7. 297. Emmerson, 39–41, 47–8, 51–2; Weinberg, i.243. 298. Emmerson, 77; Funke, ‘7. März 1936’, 287–9. 299. Emmerson, 57, 80; Funke, ‘7. März 1936’, 283–6; Weinberg, i.244–5; DRZW, i.604. 300. See Dülffer, ‘Zum “decision-making process”’, 194–7. 301. Marquess of Londonderry (Charles S.H. Vane-Tempest-Stewart), Ourselves and Germany, London, 1938, 114. 302. Hoßbach, 97. 303. The Pact, signed on 2 May 1935, was submitted to the Chamber of Deputies on 11 February. The final vote in the Chamber took place on 27 February. The ratification bill was laid before the Senate on 3 March (DGFP, C, IV, 1142 n.4, 1145 n.). 304. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 192, 194–6, 203–4; Funke, ‘7. März 1936’, 279–82; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 323–4; DGFP, C, IV, 1164–6. The German Chargé d’Affaires in Paris, Dirk Forster, had also argued against unilateral action – meeting a sarcastic response from Hitler (Emmerson, 83–4 and 285 n.106). 305. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 192. For Hitler’s later remarks that he had envisaged remilitarization in 1937, but that circumstances had favoured accomplishing it a year earlier, see Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Das Dritte Reich. Dokumente zur Innen- und Außenpolitik, 2 vols. Munich, 1985, i.267–8 (Hitlers Geheimrede vor den Truppenkommandeurern, 10 February 1939). 306. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 194–6, 203–4; DGFP, C, IV, 1165. 307. TBJG, I.2, 575 (29 February 1936). 308. TBJG, I.2. 576 (29 February 1936). 309. TBJG, I.2, 576 (29 February 1936). 310. TBJG, I.2, 577 (2 March 1936). 311. TBJG, I.2, 578 (4 March 1936). See also NCA, v. 1102, D0C.3308–PS, testimony of Paul Schmidt; Hoßbach, 97; Emmerson, 98, for military anxieties. 312. TBJG, I.2, 579 (4 March 1936), 580 (6 March 1936). Goebbels instigated a rumour (580) that the Reichstag would meet again on 13 March. 313. TBJG, I.2, 579–81 (6–8 March 1936). 314. Domarus, 582. 315. TBJG, I.2, 581 (8 March 1936); Hoffmann, 83; and see Shirer, 46–7. The surprise element was maximized by staging the coup on a Saturday, when British and French cabinet members had dispersed for the weekend (Emmerson, 100). And see Shirer, 51. 316. Shirer, 48; TBJG, I.2, 581 (8 March 1936). For the text of the speech, Domarus, 583–97; and for the description of the atmosphere in the Reichstag, Shirer, 48–50; Dodd, 325. 317. Domarus, 594. 320. Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 195, 205; and see Emmerson, 95. 321. Shirer, 49–50. 323. Eden, Facing the Dictators, 343–5; Robertson, ‘Zur Wiederbesetzung des Rheinlandes 1936’, 205. 324. Emmerson, 102. 325. TBJG, I.2, 581 (8 March 1936); Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 325. 326. Shirer, 51, 54; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 326. Bishop Galen of Münster and Bishop Sebastian of Speyer also voiced an unsolicited and effusive welcome for the remilitarization (Lewy, 202). 327. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 325, Emmerson, 97–8; Hoßbach, 97. D. C. Watt, ‘German Plans for the Reoccupation of the Rhineland. A Note’, Journal of Contemporary History, I (1966), 193–9, argues that German troops were under orders to resist, not withdraw, but accepts (199) that those units which actually crossed the Rhine were to withdraw to the defensive line Roer-Rhine-Black Forest. Any breach of German borders through enemy offensive action was to be resisted by armed force. (See also Max Braubach, Der Einmarsch deutscher Truppen in die entmilitarisierte Zone am Rhein im März 1936, Cologne/Opladen, 1956, 19.) 328. Emmerson, 106. 329. Schmidt, 327; see also Hoffmann, 84. 330. Frank, 211. This was the common view of western journalists in Berlin at the time (Shirer, 51–2). 331. TBJG, I.2, 581–2 (8 March 1936). 332. Emmerson, 162; Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 329–30; TBJG, 1.2, 585–6 (15 March 1936); Hoßbach, 98. 333. Höhne, Zeit der Illusionen, 330. 334. Frank, 211 –12; extracts from the text of Hitler’s speech in Cologne are given in Domarus, 614–16. 335. DBS, iii.30off.; 46off. 336. DBS, iii.460. 337. See DBS, iii.303, 310, 468. 338. Forschungsstelle für die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, Hamburg, Louise Solmitz, Tagebuch, Bd.I, Fols. 282–3 (7 March 1936). 339. Archiv der sozialen Demokratie (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), Bonn, ES/M33, Hans Dill to Otto Wels, 20 April 1936. 340. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, ed. Statistisches Reichsamt, Berlin, 1936, 565. See TBJG, I.2, 594 (31 March 1936). 341. See Shirer, 55; and Theodor Eschenburg, ‘Streiflichter zur Geschichte der Wahlen im Dritten Reich’, VfZ, 3 (1955), 311–16, for polling irregularities. 342. Domarus, 641 (trans., Stern, Hitler: the Führer and the People, 90). 343. Der Parteitag der Ehre vom 8. bis 14. September 1936, Munich, 1936, 246–7; Domarus, 643. 344. Domarus, 606.	i don't know
Arthur Sugarman founded which clothing company in 1963 initially becoming fashionable for the mods?	Ben Sherman 1963 -2012 RIP – Subcultz By Randi Gollin How does an iconic brand get its groove back? That was one of the key conundrums facing mover and shaker Pan Philippou when he took the reins as CEO of Ben Sherman in January 2010. A British company with staying power Ben Sherman was founded in 1963 by Arthur Benjamin Sugarman, a shirtmaker who seized the mod moment and ran with it, creating London-look button-downs that struck a chord with bands like The Who , The Rolling Stones and The Kinks, becoming a vibrant emblem of youth culture. “It was post-war — you think of the revolution, The Beatles, all that. And this brand comes around,” says Philippou during a recent interview at the company’s midtown Manhattan showroom. “He took the shirt to another level. The button-down collar, the button at the back, all the colors, the fabrications, and people were just used to wearing white shirts. Now they were wearing colored shirts. It was a bit of the anti of the shirt in many respects,” he says. (It might be said that Philippou, too, takes the radical approach, dressed in a black T-shirt and jeans rather a Ben Sherman button-down.) “I was born in the ’60s,” he continues. “I remember, if you had a Ben Sherman, in the ’70s, you were like the crème de la crème — if you had a Ben Sherman, certainly you’d get a bird.” Over the decades, Ben Sherman continued to outfit musicians like The Clash, The Jam, Blur, Oasis and Moby and it also captured the hip peacock’s fancy with its kaleidoscope of eye-catching hues and patterns. “There are stories around Ben Sherman, there’s sincerity, there’s heritage,” he explains. But as this pioneering label, which turns 50 years old in 2013, expanded its reach into women’s clothing and beyond, it also morphed into a business with an unwieldy number of categories and licensees and its vision got, well, a tad murky. The name, Philippou notes, seemed to carry more weight than the goods bearing its label. Plectrum Collection Approachable, funny and candid, with impressive business chops to boot, this Londoner knows a thing or two about redefining a brand and maximizing its potential. Prior to joining Ben Sherman, Philippou headed up the privately held World Design & Trade Co. for four years, where he restructured the prominent UK streetwear brands Firetrap, Full Circle and Sonnetti. His gig before that: leading the charge at Diesel, from 1995 to 2007, where he started as finance director and was swiftly promoted to CEO. “I was like a duck to water,” he says, recalling his transition from numbers man to the style side of the fence. “I just really enjoyed the whole fashion thing. I was probably living that life, at the weekend, parties, dressing up a bit, and it was just an extension of that, so it became a blur of happiness. I didn’t know anything about markets but it was really just the intuition, the feel of the market, the distribution, understanding the customer. I loved being a connoisseur, understanding what was cool and what wasn’t cool and that made it all sort of relevant to the brand.” Diesel, of course, went on to become “best in the class in the UK” and at the end of 2003, its owner, Renzo Rosso, dispatched Philippou, a born fashion-maven, to the States to reposition the brand. This look could be based on 1930's Bolshevik, or perhaps just the local jumble sale Philippou’s laser-beam focus has come to the fore once again in his current post. Once onboard, he and his team took stock of every detail, from the branding strategy and the very definition of the Ben Sherman customer to its own store concepts, which have been repositioned and will soon be launched in the UK. As the reshaping got underway, it became apparent that a return to the company’s core business was imperative if Ben Sherman was to move ahead. “We had to say first and foremost we’re a shirt company. And that got lost along the way; we developed into a lifestyle brand. So we spent a lot of time rekindling. We had some people who had come on board, help design the shirts further, looking at supply chain to see where we could start to innovate a little bit more,” says Philippou. “Now we’re trying to get back with the Ben Sherman button-down shirt. We need to make sure that the staple is always there so we can build on that and build around that.” In an effort to streamline the myriad licenses, accessories, for instance, have been brought back in house, and placed in the hands of a Fred Perry alum. This September, Ben Sherman will launch a fragrance through Nordstrom’s — not exactly a new foray, but a better-positioned, more professional undertaking. And as many a bird can tell you, women’s clothing has flown the coop. “It’s a market based on trends, as opposed to brands. Women are very fickle. They’ll wear leggings one season, denim another and we just couldn’t compete in that marketplace where there’s a massive turnaround for looks,” he says. Admittedly, the fashionable guy is also capricious, but Philippou has found that as a customer, he’s “more dedicated to a brand. It’s more of a case of I’m part of that tribe, I’ve gone for Ben Sherman, therefore this is my DNA, this is what I subscribe to, this is the music I like, this is where I hang out.” Back in Sugarman’s day, that mod guy wearing a Ben Sherman shirt would have hopped on his scooter, dressed in his parka, and zipped down to Brighton. Not so, today’s modernist customer, a fashion lover who’s 25 to 45, professional, educated and makes an above-average income. “He’d maybe take a flight to Miami, maybe take a flight to Ibizia, with his iPad; he’d be really techno savvy. He wouldn’t be bringing some girl on a scooter to Brighton. He’s listening to things like Plan B and Mos Def,” muses Philippou. And he might also opt for one of the brand’s more premium segments — the on-trend Plectrum collection, or the higher-end Modern Classics, which incorporates slim-fit shirts and jackets with a hint of British attitude. “We’re really trying to make a brand these last 12 months all relevant to 2011, while at the same time, keeping the heritage there,” Philippou says. “We call ourselves the heritage of modernism. We want to be applicable to the modern guy — the mod guy of 2011.”	Ben Sherman
In which country was the fashion designer Yves Saint-Laurent born?	Home page \| Personal Styling Service for Men \| The Chapar Personal Styling Service For Men Your personal stylist will hand pick the right clothes to fit your style, preferences and budget The Chapar is simple to use and redefines how men shop for clothes 1 Register with The Chapar and complete your profile. 2 A stylist will call you to learn about your tastes. 3 Receive your trunk to your home or workplace. Try on your great new clothes and decide what you want to keep. 4 We collect the trunk containing the clothes you don’t want and you only pay for what you’ve kept. 1 Register online and a stylist will call you to learn about your tastes. 2 Receive your trunk to your home or workplace. 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Close X Sunspel Sunspel blend a mix between the heritage and tradition of British manufacturing with a sharp eye for detail and quality. A specialist underwear and t-shirt maker, their flagship boxer is a source of envy for other brands. Still based in Nottingham and proudly still producing in the UK, the label is enjoying a resurgence as the discerning consumer searches for the level of quality Sunspel offers. The brand enjoyed a PR coup when Daniel Craig wore their Riviera Polo as James Bond. Close X Farah Founded in the 1920s, Farah reached cult status in the '80s after being adopted as the label of choice amongst the Mods and Skins. Today, the Farah Vintage line draws upon its British roots and urban heritage to produce classic chambray and Oxford shirts, bold stripe jerseys and lightweight knitwear for a new generation to build their own style. Close X Orlebar Brown Based in London, Orlebar Brown launched in March 2007 as a more tailored approach to men’s beach and swim shorts. Not so much a swim short but a ‘short you can swim in’, offering something you can wear on the beach, by the pool and then smart enough to go and have a drink or lunch. Having initially focused on tailored shorts, the range evolved into a full resort collection influenced by 1960’s poolside utopia. The OB world draws inspiration from Slim Aarons’ iconic pictures of Riviera and Palm Beach life during the decade. Not just a smarter look but a reminder of the sophistication that once went with travel and holidays. Close X Ralph Lauren For Spring 2015, Polo presents a season of menswear icons reimagined for the modern man. Suits and sport coats boast slimmed-down silhouettes, while off-duty looks include selvedge denim and old-school-inspired athletic wearing a downtown palette of black, white and grey. Close X Hartford Hartford was launched in Paris in 1979. Mixing vintage European styles with a more relaxed American aesthetic, the label has gained a cult following for its easy-to-wear pieces, which are perfect for dressing down stylishly. Look out for the shawl-collar cardigans this season. Close X B.D.Baggies BD Baggies' newly appointed designer David Mullen, former designer for several major U.S. brands has brought his own touch to BD Baggies. The brand was created as the ultimate shirt for the university campus students and has always been presented inside a beautiful fabric bag. Today, each shirt is still associated with that special laundry bag and is sold without ironing to showcase the worn look. The material used is made from 100% pre-laundered cloth that creates a braided basket effect that is both soft and aesthetically pleasing to the eye. Close X Ben Sherman Founded in Brighton in 1963, Ben Sherman was born out of the prescient realisation by founder (and namesake) Arthur Benjamin Sugarman for the popularity of Oxford-cloth, American Ivy League shirts, the quality of which he was determined to surpass. 40 years since his first shirts went on his sale, the distinct modifications which he made to this classic design (not least the button on the back of his colour) and his acute understanding of fabric, pattern and colour have carried the Ben Sherman brand through successive generations to reach the standing it holds today. Close X Denham Founded by an Englishman in Amsterdam, the Denham label balances an intense commitment to progressive design with an equally obsessive respect for the denim craft tradition. Both ambitions are evident in every aspect of the collection, from the approach to detailing, to the choice of fabrics and the creation of shapes and silhouettes. Close X Dockers A staple in any respectable Chapar Man’s wardrobe. A classic pair of Dockers Khakis is a classic, yet versatile piece that sits well at any occasion. The brand brings with it a heritage, prestige and acceptance that is worth its weight in gold. Close X Edwin Edwin combines traditional craftsmanship and thoughtful innovation in all its products. Edwin was the first company in the world to develop 'old wash' and 'stonewash' techniques which aged and softened jeans before they were sold. Edwin has been making jeans since 1961 and still fulfils its mission 'to create dreams, movements and culture, and to continue to create jeans that fit everyone'. Close X J Shoes J SHOES is a British brand founded in the Midlands and inspired by the region's traditional shoe-making heritage. To understand J SHOES, look no further than the people who love to wear them. They’re free thinking, relaxed, confident, and creative Close X John smedley A true 'made in Britain' brand, John Smedley have been producing fine guage knitwear on British shores for over 200 years. An iconic brand that specializes in producing extremely high quality products, John Smedley epitomizes classic cool. Close X Levis A cult brand that will be forever remembered for ‘those’ adverts. From The Laundrette to a Brad Pitt special , Levi’s has maintained an ultra-cool status for over 150 years. The brand offers cutting edge as well as functional and clean jeans in premium dark denim. Close X Scotch & Soda Developed and designed out of Amsterdam, Scotch and Soda is the coolest thing to come out of Holland since Total Football. Reflecting the relaxed attitude the Dutch tend to adopt, Scotch & Soda takes a fun stance towards dressing and is now one of the leading brands across Europe. Close X Tommy hilfiger Tommy Hilfiger celebrates the essence of classic American cool and provides a refreshing twist to the preppy fashion genre. The red, white and blue flag logo is recognised around the world as the symbol for high quality, quintessentially American style.	i don't know
We call the fruit an Avocado, what do the American's call it?	Learn All About Avocados, Whats Cooking America Types of Avocados The two most widely marketed avocado varieties are the rough-skinned, almost black Hass and the smooth, thin-skinned green Fuerte. The Hass has a smaller pit and a more buttery texture than the Fuerte. Purchasing and Using Avocados Avocados must be used when fully ripe. They do not ripen on the tree and are rarely found ripe in markets. Fresh avocados are almost always shipped in an unripe condition. To test for ripeness by cradling an avocado gently in your hand. Ripe fruit will yield will be firm, yet will yield to gentle pressure. If pressing leaves a dent, the avocado is very ripe and suitable for mashing. They are best served at room temperature. To avoid choosing an avocado that is brown inside, check the stem end of the fruit. Look beneath the edge of the brown button left from the stem. If it is bright green beneath, that avocado is a pretty green inside. If it is brown, do not buy it. Wash your avocados first. Even though you will not use the skin, when you cut through the skin with a knife germs and bacteria can transfer onto the knife which can go through to the meat of the fruit and contaminate it. When the avocado is cut, the flesh turns brown because of oxidation. You can counteract the brown by adding an acidic substance, such as lemon, lime juice, vinegar, or tomatoes. Refrigerating Avocados – Tips on ripening avocados: To ripen avocados slowly, put them in the fruit bin of your refrigerator. Avocados can be kept in your refrigerator for up to two weeks this way. They will ripening very slowly, so when you take them out of the refrigerator they will be ready to eat in a couple of days. Once avocados are at a desired stage of ripeness, they may be refrigerated for up to 2 to 3 days. Yes – You Can Freeze Avocados! Avocados are best frozen as puree. You can freeze mashed fresh, ripe avocados if you want to have an “emergency supply” of avocados on hand for guacamole. Now you can buy them in bulk and FREEZE them! So stock up on avocado when you see a sale at your grocery store. The texture of the avocado is the same as a fresh avocado once it thaws. Eating slices of once frozen avocado probably will not be your favorite way, but they work great for making guacamole, smoothies, salad dressings, and spreads. To freeze, mash the avocados with a fork or your blender. Add some lime or lemon juice and mix well (this will prevent the flesh of the avocado from turning brown. For every avocado you need about 1 tablespoon of lime or lemon juice. The best way to freeze the prepared mashed avocados is to use a freeze-weight zip lock bag. Fill the bag with the mashed avocado. Remove the air from the bag and then zip closed and freeze. You could also freeze the avocado puree in ice cube trays. Thaw the frozen avocados in the refrigerator or place the container in a bowl of cool water to accelerate thawing. Each avocado = 3/4 cup puree (12 tablespoons). NOTE: Frozen avocado puree must be used within 4 to 5 months of freezing. Did You Know? An avocado is a fruit and not a vegetable! It is actually a member of the berry family. In the past, the avocado had a well-entrenched reputation for inducing sexual prowess and wasn’t purchased or consumed by any person wishing to protect their image from slanderous assault. Growers had to sponsor a public relations campaign to dispel the ill-founded reputation before avocados became popular. Avocados got their name from the Spanish explorers. They couldn’t pronounce the Aztec word for the fruit, know as ahuacatl, “testicle,” because of its shape. The Spanish called the aguacate, leading to the guacamole we know today. Avocados must reach full maturity before they are picked, however, they do not soften on the tree. The tree can actually be used as a storage unit by keeping the fruit on the tree for many months after maturing. Avocados are not just for guacamole. Although the yummy dip is probably one of their most popular uses, and my guacamole recipes (featured below) are fantastic, there are other reasons to love avocados. Seeding, Peeling, and Cutting Avocados Wash the outside (skin) of avocados! Even though you will not use the skin, when you cut through the skin with a knife germs and bacteria can transfer onto the knife which can go through to the meat of the fruit and contaminate it. Start by cutting the avocado lengthwise around the seed with a sharp knife with a blade at least 2 inches longer than the avocado. Place the avocado in the palm of your hand and insert the knife. Without moving the knife, roll the avocado around, slicing it top to bottom and back to the top. A gentle twist will separate the two halves of the avocado, exposing the meat and the seed inside. To remove the seed, carefully “hit” the seed with the knife so it pierces it about 1/4 inch or so. Turn the knife with the seed, and it will come loose from the inner flesh so you can easily lift it up and out of the avocado. To remove the seed from your knife, pinch the seed by placing your fingers over the knife blade (blunt side) and squeeze as though you are pinching the end of the avocado. It should pop off from the knife and fall freely. History of Avocados: It is evident from miscellaneous reports by Spanish Conquistadores that, at the time of the Spanish conquest, avocados were grown from northern Mexico south through Central America into north-western South America and south in the Andean region as far as Peru (where the avocado had been introduced shortly before the conquest), as well as into the Andean region of Venezuela. The Aztecs used the avocado as a sex stimulant and the Aztec name for avocado was ahuacatl, meaning “testicle.” In the pre-Incan city of Chanchan, archaeologists have unearthed a large water jar, dated around 900 A.D., in the shape of an avocado. 1518 – Martin Fernandez de Enciso (1470-1528), Spanish conquistador and cosmographer, wrote the first published record that describes the avocado in his book, Suma De Geografia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Del Mundo, as commonly grown near Santa Marta, Colombia. This was the first account in Spanish of the discoveries in the New World. 1519 -Spanish soldier of fortune Hernando Cortez (1485-1547) set foot in Mexico City, the first white man to do so. Cortez found that the avocado was a staple in the native diet 1526 – Fernandez de Oviedo (1478-1557), historian to the conquistadores, wrote the following on avocados trees he saw along the north coast of Colombia:”In the center of the fruit is a seed like a peeled chestnut. And between this and the rind is the part which is eaten, which is abundant, and is a paste similar to butter and of very good taste.” 1550 – The Spanish name, Aguacate, was first used by Pedro de Cieza de Leon (1518-1554), Spanish conquistador and historian, in a journal of his travels written in 1550. He noted that at that time the avocado grew in Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. 1554 – The first mention of the avocado as growing in Mexico, was made by Francisco Cervantes Salazar in 1554. In his book Crica de la Nueva Espa (Chronicles of New Spain), he listed the avocado among fruits sold in the market of Tenochtitlan (the name for Mexico City at that time). The Spanish conquistadors also discovered a unique use for the avocado seed. The seed yields a milky liquid that becomes red when exposed to air. The Spaniards found they could use this reddish brown or even blackish indelible liquid as ink to be used on documents. Some of these documents are still in existence today. 1672 -W. Hughes, physician to King Charles II of England, in his visit to Jamaica, wrote that the avocado was “One of the most rare and pleasant fruits of the island. It nourisheth and strengtheneth the body, corroborating the spirits and procuring lust exceedingly.” 1700s – European sailors in the 1700s called it midshipman’s butter because they liked to spread it on hardtack biscuits 1833 – Judge Henry Perrine planted the first avocado tree in Florida. 1856 -.The California State Agricultural Society Report for 1856 stated that Thomas J. White grew the avocado in Los Angeles. 1871 – In California, the first successful introduction of avocado trees was planted by Judge R. B. Ord of Santa Barbara, who secured the trees from Mexico in 1871. 1879 – The oldest living tree is found on the University of California, Berkeley campus and was planted in 1879. 1892 – In other southern California locations, avocados were planted by various people who introduced and planted seed from Mexico and Guatemala. In the early 1890’s, Juan Murrieta of Los Angeles became interested in the avocado and imported a large amount of thick-skinned fruit from Atlixco, Mexico. He distributed some of the seeds of these fruits among his friends and planted the others. From this group of seedling trees, came a number of the varieties that first attracted attention as promising commercial fruits. 1895 – In 1895, Young Charles Delmonico and Ranhofer introduced New York to the “alligator pear.” or avocado, which had been newly imported from South America. Ranhofer had known of the avocado — he mentions the avocado in his book, The Epicurean, which he published the previous year — but until 1895 he had been unable to secure a supply of the buttery fruit. 1911 – Frederick O. Popenoe, owner of the West Indian Gardens of Altadena, California, sent Carl Schmidt to Mexico (Mexico City, Puebla, and Atlixco) to search for avocados of outstanding quality and to locate the trees from which they came. Schmidt, who located what turned out to be the Fuerte as a dooryard tree in Atlixco, Mexico. Only one of the trees he brought back survived the great freeze of 1913 in California. This surviving tree was given the name Fuerte, Spanish for “vigorous.” Schmidt said, “Two years later came the big freeze. In the spring when we began to take stock of damage, it was the Fuerte that came through and it was the only avocado that survived. It thus proved itself adaptable to our temperatures.” The Fuerte tree created California’s avocado industry.Carl Schmidt was compelled to tell and retell the story of his fortuitous discovery of the Fuerte avocado. “Popenoe was a nut — an imaginative, idealistic nut without which our nation would suffer and certainly make little progress.” History of Hass Avocados: 1926 – The most popular California avocado is the Hass (frequently mispronounced and misspelled as Haas), which weights about half a pound and has a pebbly black skin when ripe. Hass avocadoes are unique because they are the only avocado variety that is produced year-round. According to the California Avocado Commission: The tree began life as a mistake – a lucky-chance seedling planted by A.R. Rideout of Whittier. Rideout, an innovator and pioneer in avocados, was always searching for new varieties and tended to plant whatever seeds he could find, often along streets or in neighbors’ yards. In the late 1920s, Mr. Rudolph Hass, a postman, purchased the seedling tree from Rideout, and planted it in his yard. According to Paul Wilkes, son-in-law of Rudolph Hass, the California Avocado Commission’s statement is misleading: “Rudolph Hass did buy the avocado seeds from Mr Rideout, but he planted them himself. Rudy had used all of the money he had to buy the land for his grove. He was only earning 25 cents an hour working as a postman so he couldn’t afford trees. Mr. Rideout was noted for using any seeds he could get his hands on, including the garbage from restaurants. His selection process occurred when the seedlings were ready to graft. He would then destroy any weak seedlings. Rudolph Hass knew nothing about raising trees, but Mr. Rideout was very helpful to him and instructed him to plant three seeds in a cluster where ever he wanted a tree, and then pull up the two weakest seedlings and graft the strongest. For this reason, no one knows what kind of seed produced the Hass tree.” Following are excerpts from 2004 article, How The Hass Avocado Came To Be, by Cindy Miller, granddaughter of Rudolph Hass: My mom, Faith (Hass) Wilkes knows how the Hass avocado came to be, so I will share it with you . . . After reading a magazine article illustrated with an Avocado Tree with dollar bills hanging from it, Grandpa bought a small 1 1/2 acre grove in La Habra Heights in 1925. There were a few Fuerte avocado trees. He planted the rest of the grove on 12 foot centers with three seeds in each hole. He hired a professional grafter named Mr. Caulkins, to graft cuttings from the existing Fuerte trees onto the strongest of the three trees from each hole. All but three “took”. The next year Mr. Caulkins re-grafted those three trees. The following year Mr. Caulkins re-grafted the one tree that had rejected the graft again. Again it didn’t take. Grandpa was ready to give up and chop the tree down, but Mr. Caulkins said it was a good strong tree. He advised Grandpa to just let it grow and see what happens. So he did. The Hass avocado happened. Grandpa Hass only planted the seed, Mr. Caulkins did the grafting, and God gave the increase. Grandpa patented the Hass Avocado in 1935 but, since it was the first patent ever issued on a tree, it got no respect. Growers would buy one tree from Mr. Brokaw who had the exclusive right to produce the nursery trees. They would then re-graft their whole grove with the bud wood from that one tree. For that reason Rudolph Hass made only $5,000 royalties on his patent. However, he was the first to have a producing grove of Hass Avocados, all be it a very small grove. He found a ready market for the fruit at the Model Grocery Store in Pasadena where the chefs for wealthy people who lived on South Orange Grove Street shopped. Once they sampled the Hass variety, they insisted on it. My mom, her sister, and three brothers worked with Grandma and Grandpa harvesting and also sold avocados from a roadside stand by the grove at 430 West Road in La Habra, California. Every Hass avocado tree today is descended from that original tree. There is a plaque commemorating the location of the parent tree but the tree died of root rot and was cut down on 9/11/2002 at the ripe old age of 76 (It was planted in 1926). That is very old for an avocado tree. The wood from the tree is stored at the nursery run by Mr. Brokaw’s nephew. Some of the wood has been made into jewelry, gifts, and keepsakes by Mr. Hass’s Nephew, Richard Stewart. He gave them to members of the Hass family and some members of the Avocado Growers Association. Grandpa expanded to Fallbrook with an 80 acre orchard which bore its’ first crop in 1952 just as Grandpa Hass died of heart failure in the Fallbrook Hospital. However, Grandma Hass lived to the ripe old age of 98 after a lifetime of eating a half piece of wheat toast with avocado slices on it with breakfast just about every morning. Patents expire after 17 years. When Grandpa filed for his patent in 1935 he prayed and asked the Lord to let him live as long as the patent was good. As a young man he had been rejected from service in WWI because of a congenital heart condition. He knew his ticker was not too good, yet he worked hauling those heavy mail sacks all those years. He passed away in 1952 a few months after his 17-year patent on the Hass avocado expired. Grandma Hass lived the rest of her life on the pension from Grandpa’s mailman job. Others saw the profit potential in the Hass avocado and have developed it into the industry it is today. Now we all enjoy its fruit. Sources: The Hass Mother Tree 1926-3003, California Avocado Commission. California Avocado Society, Yearbook 1970-71, page 6. How The Hass Avocado Came To Be, by Cindy Miller, 2004. I’ll Have What They’re Having – Legendary Local Cuisine, by Linda Stradley, Globe Pequot Press, 2002. Spanish 201: Beginnings of Castilian Hegemony to 1369 (Fall 1999), by Frank Domguez, The Avocado and Human Nutrition. I. Some Human Health Aspects of the Avocado, by Bob Bergh, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California. University of California Avocado Information Site. Vegetarians in Paradise. W. B. Storey. What Kind of Fruit is the Avocado? California Avocado Society Yearbook 1973-74. P70-71. The English living in Jamaica called the avocado an alligator pear. Some speculate that they were comparing the skin to that of an alligator. Others say alligator was a corruption of ahuacatl. In Jamaica today the people call the avocado a pear. The Dutch called it avocaat; Spain abogado; France avocatier; Trinidad and Tobago zaboca, Even George Washington, First President of the United States, wrote in 1751 that agovago pears were abundant and popular in Barbados.	Avocado
"In which layer of the atmosphere would you find ""The Ozone Layer?"	10 Health Benefits of Avocados \| Eat This! 10 Health Benefits of Avocados Here are ten health benefits of avocados that may just make you want to do like I do and eat an avocado a day: Prostate Cancer Prevention Avocados have been shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer. Oral Cancer Defense Research has shown that certain compounds in avocados are able to seek out pre-cancerous and cancerous oral cancer cells and destroy them without harming healthy cells. Breast Cancer Protection Avocado, like olive oil, is high in oleic acid, which has been shown to prevent breast cancer in numerous studies. Eye Health Avocados have more of the carotenoid lutein than any other commonly consumed fruit. Lutein protects against macular degeneration and cataracts, two disabling age-related eye diseases. Lower Cholesterol Avocados are high in beta-sitosterol, a compound that has been shown to lower cholesterol levels. In one study, 45 volunteers experienced an average drop in cholesterol of 17% after eating avocados for only one week. Heart Health One cup of avocado has 23% of the recommended daily value of folate. Studies show that people who eat diets rich in folate have a much lower incidence of heart disease than those who don’t. The vitamin E, monounsaturated fats, and glutathione in avocado are also great for your heart. Stroke Prevention The high levels of folate in avocado are also protective against strokes. People who eat diets rich in folate have a much lower risk of stroke than those who don’t. Better Nutrient Absorption Research has found that certain nutrients are absorbed better when eaten with avocado. In one study, when participants ate a salad containing avocados, they absorbed five times the amount of carotenoids (a group of nutrients that includes lycopene and beta carotene) than those who didn’t include avocados. Glutathione Source Avocados are an excellent source of glutathione, an important antioxidant that researchers say is important in preventing aging, cancer, and heart disease. Vitamin E Powerhouse Avocados are the best fruit source of vitamin E, an essential vitamin that protects against many diseases and helps maintains overall health.	i don't know
"In which Cathedral is the tomb of the ""Black Prince""?"	Cromwell's legacy damages tomb of Black Prince - Telegraph Religion Cromwell's legacy damages tomb of Black Prince Damage caused by Oliver Cromwell's army 350 years ago is threatening to ruin the tomb of the Black Prince in Canterbury Cathedral. The tomb of a medieval knight, the Black Prince, at Canterbury Cathedral Photo: IMAGES INTERNATIONAL By Harriet Alexander 12:57PM GMT 02 Nov 2009 Stained glass windows overlooking the tomb of Edward, Prince of Wales, were destroyed by Puritan iconoclasts in the 1640s, allowing damaging UV rays to enter the cathedral unfiltered. Since then, clear replacements have been installed and the deterioration of the paintwork on the 14th century canopy surrounding the prince's resting place has continued. The brilliant colours of the artworks that look down on the bronze figure of the prince are fading rapidly and the red pigment used by the original artists is turning black. In a bid to halt the centuries of damage, restoration experts have now installed a huge blind to shield the artworks from harmful rays and created a system for regulating the humidity. Leonie Seliger, the head of stained glass at the cathedral, said: "As far as we know this is the first time in the world that such preventative measures have been adopted. "The information from the sensors is relayed onto a computer within the cathedral precincts 24 hours a day, and then the results are sent off for analysis. "Just a few degrees of temperature change can drastically affect the humidity levels so we are constantly on watch so that light levels can be adjusted via the blinds and temperatures controlled." The tomb of the Black Prince is one of the most popular sites within the ancient cathedral - parts of which date back to the 11th century. Edward, Prince of Wales, was nicknamed the Black Prince after he was handed a black breastplate to celebrate his courage in battle. Aged just 16, Edward commanded a heavily-outnumbered English force against the French at the Battle of Crécy, and was known throughout his father's reign as a great military hero. The prince died in 1376, aged 45, before he could take the throne and his son Richard became king a year later.	Canterbury
"""Galliwasp"" and ""Horned toad"" are types of which creature?"	Edward, the Black Prince -- myArmoury.com An article by Chad Arnow Edward, The Black Prince, illustrated circa 1902 The gilt-bronze effigy at Canterbury Cathedral Few figures inspired reverence among the English and fear among the French during the Hundred Years War like the eldest son of Edward III, known to history as the Black Prince. Born June 15th, 1330, he was known early in life simply as Edward of Woodstock, named for the place of his birth. The young Edward, who possessed the striking blond hair and blue eyes of his Plantagenet forebears, was said to be strong-limbed at birth, and those who knew him were sure he would grow up to be a great warrior. Edward of Woodstock among the first English princes to hold the title Prince of Wales. His great-grandfather Edward I had wrested the title from the Welsh during a succession conflict and given it to his son, the ill-fated Edward II, from which it passed, mostly from generation to generation, until the present day. In addition to that title, he was also variously known as the 14th Earl of Chester, the 1st Duke of Cornwall, and Prince of Acquitaine. When Edward III and his son returned from France, fresh from a series of victories, the king formed the now-famous Order of the Garter in the 1340s; the young Prince Edward was one of its first twenty-five members. The beginning of Prince Edward's major military exploits came at the Battle at Crécy in 1346. Dressed in black armour given to him by his father, Edward commanded a wing of the English army (with considerable help from experienced warriors like the Earls of Warrick and Oxford, Sir John Chandos and many others) in the first major pitched battle of the Hundred Years War. The nickname "Black Prince," first seen in the 16th century, seemingly comes from his choice in armour colors and from his use of black in heraldic devices, though some claim it resulted from his foul temper. Edward's renown grew ten years later when the 26 year-old prince led the outnumbered English army as they again defeated the French, this time at Poitiers . He would continue to have success in smaller conflicts in France and in Spain (fighting on behalf of Pedro the Cruel), though the success at Poitiers was arguably the peak. Nonetheless, his fame in his home country never waned. The Black Prince died in 1376 after a six year illness. "When he came home to die at the age of forty-six, with the dreams of conquest shattered and the star of England in the descent," wrote Thomas B. Costain, "he was still the idol of the commonality." Edward of Woodstock was interred in Canterbury Cathedral in a tomb surmounted by a magnificent gilt-bronze effigy, showing the Black Prince in full battle dress. Equipment of the Black Prince The funerary achievements Reconstructed funerary achievements Edward left behind a rich trove of arms and armour. As was common in England at the time, some of his arms and armour were hung above his tomb. Scholars debate the meaning of these funerary achievements: perhaps they were a symbol that the knight had done his service to God and country, and that his weapons were no longer needed and could return to the church that had sanctified them; or perhaps they were simply a monument to the military prowess of the decedent. His helm, gauntlets, quilted surcoat, shield, and scabbard still reside in the cathedral, largely undisturbed. Replicas hang directly above the tomb, while the originals sit, safely preserved, behind glass. The Black Prince's great helm is a magnificent example of 14th century head protection and decoration. Likely designed to fit over the crowned bascinet on Edward's effigy, the iron helm is constructed of plates riveted together and has the slightly domed top popular during the time. On the right side are pierced breath holes in the shape of a crown. Cross-shaped cutouts sit along either side of the centerline at the base. Whether one or both of these are decorations or a means of attaching a chain to keep the helm from being lost is unclear. A striking feature is the inclusion of an imposing heraldic crest in the form of a leopard (a royal symbol of England to this day). Made of molded leather, it is covered with gilt and painted gesso (a substance like plaster used as a sort of primer for surfaces to be painted), much of which has not survived the ages. The effigy shows a drape covering the back of the helm that doesn't appear to have survived. A pair of hourglass gauntlets survives as well. Said to be made of gilt latten or copper, they are among the finer surviving gauntlets of the era. The finger plates survive on some digits and show spikes over the finger joints. A single removable gadling (ornaments attached to the gauntlets that act similarly to the modern brass knuckle) in the form of a leopard survives. Also displaying the heraldry of the Black Prince is his heater shield whose lack of strapping indicates it was likely made for his funeral. Made of poplar, it is covered with layers of canvas, gesso, parchment, and leather. The face is decorated with leopards and fleurs de lys, the arms of England and France that Edward III took when he staked his claim to the French throne, and punched crosses. The surviving coat armour would have been a proud symbol of status and wealth in its original condition. Made of velvet (stuffed with wool and lined with satin), it featured the red and blue quarterly arms seen on the shield. It laces up the front with eyelets and appears to have originally had long sleeves, though its sleeves currently reach only to the elbow. A decaying scabbard, sans sword, still resides in the cathedral as well. Legend has it that Oliver Cromwell, knowing the chivalric significance of the Black Prince, stole the sword he left behind during the English Civil War. The disputed Black Prince sword, possibly from the tomb in Canterbury Cathedral A sword surfaced some years ago, "on the floor with a bundle of walking-sticks in a house-sale in 1945 or 1946," according to Ewart Oakeshott . It was in bad condition, with a portion of its sharply tapering Type XVa blade rusted off. The hilt and upper portion of the blade, however, were in better condition. The broken-off portion of the blade was used as a template by the workshop of the Royal Armouries, and a new piece was welded onto the surviving sword. The grip, originally of an unusual shape, was replaced and the pommel and guard were blackened. Illustration of the sword depicted on the effigy Engraving of the effigy Oakeshott's research and study of this sword led, in his words, "inexorably to the possibility, even probability, that this [was] the sword which until the time of the Commonwealth (1649-1660) hung above the tomb of Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince, in Canterbury Cathedral." While he knew he would never be able to conclusively prove this to be the case, he noted too much evidence to make "totally impossible to prove that it is not" Edward's sword. The surviving parts of the sword show the same pattern of patination as the helm above Edward's tomb, and the restored blade fits the remains of the scabbard. Its overall condition fits Oakeshott's version of the sword's history. As further proof, the sword's blade bears a maker's mark later associated with cutlers appointed to the Royal House. Compelling as this evidence may be, it was not enough to convince officials at Canterbury to take the sword back when Oakeshott offered it to them. The sword remained in his collection for many years, but has since moved into the private sector. Part of the confusion and doubt about the discovered sword's provenance could stem from the fact that it is quite dissimilar from the one pictured on the effigy. The effigial sword possesses a wide, gently down-curving cross instead of a straight one with down-turned tips. The pommel of the effigial sword, while also of a wheel form, is proportioned differently and displays a heraldic lion instead of the cross formed from four hearts that appears on the disputed sword. It should not be surprising that armourers and weapons makers have replicated the arms of the Black Prince. His helm has been reproduced by several custom armourers, including Valentine Armouries and Arms & Armor . The effigial sword has been produced by custom swordsmiths on at least one occasion. The disputed sword has been re-created, in widely varying degrees of historical accuracy, by companies too numerous to list. To this author's knowledge, only the Arms & Armor Black Prince Sword used Oakeshott's notes in its design. Conclusion Edward was "larger than life" in his day and was considered by many to be the flower of English chivalry. Costain describes him as "a national hero, and nothing he did... disturbed or diminished the admiration the public had conceived for him." The arms and armour left behind are those of a warrior of wealth and status, thought by some to be without equal in his day, and constitute some of the finer examples of 14th century arms and armour known. Talk about this article on the discussion forums About the Author Chad Arnow is a classical musician from the greater Cincinnati area and has had an interest in military history for many years. Though his collecting tends to focus on European weapons and armour of the High Middle Ages, he enjoys swords, knives and armour from many eras. Sources	i don't know
"In which South American country did the ""Dina"" secret police operate in the 1970's?"	A look at the Operation Condor conspiracy in South America \| Fox News A look at the Operation Condor conspiracy in South America Published May 27, 2016 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print FILE - In this Sept. 1988 file photo, Chile's dictator Augusto Pinochet is flanked by subordinates at a ceremony in Santiago, Chile. With a world divided by the Cold War, South America’s dictatorships in 1975 agreed to start exchanging information on political dissidents, trade unionists, students and any individual suspected of being leftist. The goal was to hunt down and eliminate the enemies of the dictatorships across the continent and beyond. According to declassified documents, various agencies of the U.S. government were aware of the plan. (AP Photo/Santiago Llanquin, File) (The Associated Press) FILE - In this March 24, 1976 file photo, Argentina's dictator Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla, center, is sworn-in as president at the Government House in Buenos Aires, Argentina. With a world divided by the Cold War, South America's dictatorships in 1975 agreed to start exchanging information on political dissidents, trade unionists, students and any individual suspected of being leftist. The goal was to hunt down and eliminate the enemies of the dictatorships across the continent and beyond. According to declassified documents, various agencies of the U.S. government were aware of the plan. (AP Photo/Eduardo Di Baia, File) (The Associated Press) FILE - In this July 9, 1982 file photo, Argentina's last dictator, General Reynaldo Bignone, arrives for a religious ceremony at the Cathedral in Buenos Aires. A court in Argentina has sentenced the former junta leader to 20 years in prison for Operation Condor crimes. The secret conspiracy was launched by six South American dictators in the 1970s in a combined effort to track down their enemies and eliminate them. The federal court ruled Friday, May 27, 2016. Bignone is already serving life sentences for multiple human rights violations during the 1976-1983 dictatorship. (AP Photo/Eduardo Di Baia, File) (The Associated Press) BUENOS AIRES, Argentina – Argentina's last dictator and 14 other former military officials were sentenced Friday to prison for human rights crimes committed during the Operation Condor conspiracy. Here is a look at the clandestine program's main features: WHAT WAS OPERATION CONDOR? It was a coordinated effort by the military dictatorships in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil to hunt down and eliminate opponents and leftists across the continent and beyond. It operated from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. HOW DID IT WORK? Operation Condor officially began in 1975, when South America's dictatorships agreed to start exchanging information on political dissidents, trade unionists, students and anyone suspected of being leftist, especially those who had sought refuge in other countries. According to declassified documents, various U.S. government agencies were aware of the plan. The covert operation involved the deployment of special transnational teams to kidnap subversive "targets," who were then interrogated and tortured in seven clandestine prisons located on military or police bases in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile. The dissidents were sometimes returned to their country of origin and disappeared. Condor's agents also assassinated political leaders seen as influencing public opinion against the military regimes. Some of their targets were in the United States and Europe. The September 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier, the ex-foreign minister of Chile's socialist President Salvador Allende, was the best-known case. Letelier, and his U.S. aide Ronni Moffitt, were killed by a bomb placed in his car in Washington D.C. Investigators found that the Chilean dictatorship's spy agency, known as DINA, and an anti-Castro group, many of whose members had been trained by the CIA, were behind the assassination. WHO WERE CONDOR'S MASTERMINDS? Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, Paraguay's Alfredo Stroessner, Bolivia's Hugo Banzer, Argentine dictator Jorge Videla and Juan Maria Bordaberry of Uruguay. While no representative of Brazil signed the operation's charter, its government cooperated with the program and dissidents were killed and kidnapped in its territory. HOW MANY VICTIMS? According to a 2015 report by UNESCO's International Center for the Promotion of Human Rights, Operation Condor had 376 victims: 177 Uruguayans, 72 Argentines, 64 Chileans, 25 Paraguayans, 15 Peruvians, 12 Bolivians, five Brazilians, three Cubans, two Americans and a Spaniard. Advertisement	Chile
Of which organisation was John Longworth Director General when he was suspended for suggesting Britain would be better off outside the EU (he later resigned in March 2016)?	Operation Condor Operation Condor From: Columbia University \| By: John Dinges EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION \| From 1975 to 1977 military regimes in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina rounded up thousands of people who were suspected of having affiliations with radical leftist movements and put them into concentration camps and secret detention centers. Many "disappeared"--they were tortured, interrogated, executed and secretly buried. Dissidents fortunate enough to escape their home countries were located, captured and interrogated through the efforts of Operation Condor, a multinational intelligence organization. Often, the dissidents were returned to the disappearance apparatus of the military governments they fled. Through declassified archives, investigation and interviews, John Dinges, a reporter and professor of journalism at Columbia University, crafted this chilling account of Condor's overall development and repressive practices. The discovery and release of previously secret documents, along with aggressive new judicial investigations, are shedding new light on South America's worst era of political repression. The US government is helping by ordering the declassification of long-secret files, but the new information also is confirming a more active cooperation with the regimes' antiterrorist activity than has been previously acknowledged. Human-rights crime wave in South America's Southern Cone For three years, 1975 through 1977, the countries in what is known as the Southern Cone of South America underwent a human-rights crime wave of a magnitude not seen before or since in the region. Military regimes in place for more than a decade in Brazil and Paraguay were joined by like-minded military rulers who overthrew civilian regimes in Uruguay, Chile, Argentina and Bolivia in the 1970s. Political police--described even by sympathetic US military observers as "Gestapo-like"--rounded up countless thousands of people who were suspected of affiliation with radical leftist movements. Concentration camps and secret detention centers proliferated. The military carried out a political extermination campaign that resulted in the mass murders of more than 10,000 people in Argentina and more than 3,000 in Chile. A new word, "disappearance," was added to the vocabulary of international human-rights law. It referred to the process of secret arrest, torture and interrogation of suspects, followed by execution and secret disposal of bodies--often in makeshift crematoriums, in mass graves or at sea, where drugged prisoners were dumped out of helicopters. Similar tactics involving lesser numbers of murders--in the hundreds--were used in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia. Perhaps the most closely guarded secret was a system of international cooperation among the dictatorships, known as Operation Condor. As one civilian government after another fell to the military, political refugees flowed across borders, in some cases seeking safe haven to organize revolutionary movements against the military. Operation Condor was an intelligence organization in which multinational teams tracked down dissidents outside their home countries, captured and interrogated them, and in many cases delivered them back to the disappearance apparatus of the military governments they had fled. Unlocking Condor's secrets A small room in Paraguay's Palace of Justice in Asuncisn, off in a quiet corner on the eighth floor, houses what is perhaps the only public, uncensored record of the inner workings of that police terror and of Operation Condor. No one has made an exact count of the vast archive, which was discovered and confiscated in 1993 by a judge investigating a human-rights case. According to the best estimates, there are between 500,000 and 700,000 individual pages of documents and photos--all raw files of Paraguay's political police and its military intelligence allies in other countries. The discovery and release of previously secret documents, along with aggressive new judicial investigations, are shedding new light on South America's worst era of political repression. The US government is helping by ordering the declassification of long-secret files, but the new information also is confirming a more active cooperation with the regimes' antiterrorist activity than has been previously acknowledged. The US Justice Department sent a team of two assistant US attorneys and three FBI agents to Chile in March 2000 to conduct interviews with 42 people, many of whom were former military officers, who were thought to have information about or to have participated in the 1976 assassination in Washington, D.C., of Chile's former foreign minister Orlando Letelier. Results of the investigation have not been made public, but sources familiar with the inquiry acknowledge that one of the targets for possible indictment is retired General Augusto Pinochet, Chile's dictator from 1973 to 1990. Argentine judge Maria Servini de Cubria, investigating the 1974 assassination in Buenos Aires of a Pinochet rival, General Carlos Prats, has gathered evidence including contemporary memoranda from suspected participants; has obtained the confession of an American, Michael Townley, who worked for Chile's secret police; and has ordered the arrest of a former Argentine intelligence agent, Juan Ciga Correa, who worked with Townley to kill Prats. Forty-eight documents obtained by Servini, including a memo directly implicating Pinochet in the Letelier murder, have been handed over to US investigators. In Brazil, the Congress set up a special commission to investigate charges that Operation Condor may have assassinated former President Juan Goulart in Argentina in 1976, using poison to simulate a natural death. Goulart's democratically elected government was overthrown in 1964 by a military coup. In a separate investigation of Brazil's participation in Operation Condor, Brazilian authorities have ordered the declassification of military documents. A Spanish judicial investigation, which resulted in the indictment and request for the extradition of Pinochet in October 1998, remains open even though Great Britain refused the extradition request on health grounds and allowed Pinochet to return to Chile. The Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzon, has also indicted several former Argentine military leaders, including former President Jorge Videla. The charges in both cases involve crimes against humanity, which has subjected the military leaders to jurisdiction of international law. Pinochet and Videla must remain inside their own borders to avoid exposing themselves to further extradition requests, but neither are they free from legal problems in their own countries. In May 2000 an appeals court stripped Pinochet of his immunity as former president and senator, and he faces more than 100 separate charges of ordering torture and disappearances. Videla has been arrested briefly and forced to appear in court to answer for other alleged human-rights crimes, including charges that the babies of mothers killed by the military were secretly adopted by military families. All of the investigations are known to use the Paraguayan archive and the declassified documents on Chile, in addition to their own sleuthing. Because the Chilean documents were released by a presidential executive order, they include actual operational files of the CIA, which are otherwise exempt from declassification under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Judge Garzon of Spain is known to have received a complete 14,000-page set of the Chilean documents and a selection of 1,500 pages of Paraguayan archive documents thought to relate to Operation Condor. Investigators are starting to put all of the information together and come up with a more complete picture of the functioning of the repressive apparatus, especially international operations such as Condor, and even to reveal clues of possible collaboration by US agencies. For example, in my research in the Paraguayan archives and other new document collections, I was able to piece together a feasible scenario for the origins of Operation Condor and to show an intriguing early involvement of a US FBI agent who later reported on the existence of Condor to his superiors. The following is my interpretation of what transpired. The birth of Operation Condor In May 1975, Paraguayan police arrested two men representing what they considered a major new guerrilla threat, a united underground organization of armed groups from several countries, called the Revolutionary Coordinating Body (JCR, or Junta Coordinadora Revolucionaria). The men were Jorge Fuentes Alarcon, a top-echelon officer in the armed Chilean group MIR (Movement of the Revolutionary Left), and Amilcar Santucho, of Argentina's ERP (People's Revolutionary Army). Santucho's brother, Roberto, was the head of ERP, considered the most violent guerrilla group in Argentina. The Chilean and Argentine movements had joined with underground groups from Uruguay and Bolivia to create the JCR to fight the Southern Cone's military regimes. Fuentes and Santucho were on their way to Paris for a meeting of the JCR when they were arrested at the Paraguayan border. The arrests were seen as an intelligence bonanza, according to Paraguayan and US documents. The military operation growing out of the arrests involved the intelligence agencies of at least four countries, including the US FBI, and the document trail indicates the combined intelligence efforts may have led directly to the formal launch of Operation Condor a few months later. The Justice Department has declassified a letter, dated June 6, 1975, showing that an FBI officer, Robert Scherrer, had taken great interest in the arrest of the two revolutionaries. The document is a letter from Scherrer, whose job included maintaining intelligence liaisons with the various countries, to a Chilean police official in which he passes on information that the men had revealed under interrogation. "[Fuentes] admitted that he is a member of the Coordinating Junta and was acting as a courier for said group," Scherrer wrote to the head of Chile's police investigations. He said the FBI would follow up by investigating two people living in the United States, in New York and Dallas, one of them Fuentes's sister, whose names were discovered in Fuentes's address book. There are at least a dozen documents in the Paraguayan archive on Fuentes and Santucho, including lists of questions to be used in Fuentes's four months of interrogation about the functioning of the JCR and his own Chilean group. One document is a handwritten list of questions sent by an Argentine intelligence officer, who signed the letter "Osvaldo." When the Paraguayans were finished with Fuentes, they turned him over to Chile. One document sums up his fate in bureaucratic language: "By higher order, he [Fuentes] was freed on September 23, 1975, and expelled by way of Presidente Stroessner airport." Fuentes was last seen alive inside Chile's most feared secret detention center, known as Villa Grimaldi, on the outskirts of Santiago. Other DINA (Directorate of National Intelligence) victims testified years later, to Chile's human-rights investigative body, the Rettig Commission, that they saw Fuentes there after he arrived from Paraguay "badly wounded from the tortures" and covered with a skin disease. They reported that he was kept in a cage and was driven insane by the continuing DINA torture before eventually disappearing. The connection of the Fuentes-Santucho case to Operation Condor continues in the Paraguayan archive: Two days after Fuentes arrived in Chile, DINA chief Manuel Contreras wrote an ebullient thank-you note, dated September 25, 1975, to his Paraguayan counterpart, investigations chief Pastor Coronel. Contreras conveys "the most sincere thanks for the cooperation given us to help in the mission my agents had to carry out in the sister republic of Paraguay, and I am sure that this mutual cooperation will continue and increase in the accomplishment of the common objectives of both services." According to Rosa Palau, co-director of the Paraguayan archive, the unearthing of Operation Condor begins with the discovery of this document. Another long letter followed: Contreras invited three Paraguayan intelligence officials to attend a "strictly secret" meeting in Santiago along with intelligence chiefs from Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay. Chile would pay all expenses for those attending this "First Working Meeting on National Intelligence," which took place November 25-December 1, 1975. The archive contains the agenda of the meeting, discussion of codes and secret communications methods and a "flow chart" of the new unnamed organization. In the invitation, Contreras described the meeting as "the basis of excellent coordination and improved action on behalf of the national security of our respective countries." A year later, Scherrer was investigating another case: the assassination of Letelier on September 21, 1976, in Washington D.C. In an interview, Scherrer told me he got a major lead from an Argentine military-intelligence source who had been in Santiago the week the assassination occurred: "It was a wild Condor operation," the source said, carried out by "those lunatics in Santiago." Scherrer drafted a cable, dated September 28, 1976, that described Condor to Washington FBI headquarters: Operation Condor is the code name for the collection, exchange and storage of intelligence data concerning leftists, communists and Marxists which was recently established between the cooperating services in South America in order to eliminate Marxist terrorists and their activities in the area. In addition Operation Condor provides for joint operations against terrorist targets in member countries of Operation Condor. Chile is the center for Operation Condor, and in addition it includes Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay... A third and more secret phase of Operation Condor involves the formation of special teams from member countries to travel anywhere in the world to non-member countries to carry out sanctions, including assassinations, against terrorists or supporters of terrorist organizations. Scherrer's cable said the Letelier assassination might have been a Condor "phase 3" operation, and it was later proved that Paraguay actually provided false passports to Chilean agents involved in the killing. The new documents are helping to complete the still incomplete record of Condor activities during its most active period, 1975 to 1978. The record known so far includes assassination plans or attempts (some of them aborted) in the United States, Portugal, France, Italy and Mexico, and the arrest and torture of an undetermined number of foreigners, including Spanish, British, French and US citizens. Those Condor activities are the heart of Spain's charges against Pinochet, the Letelier case under investigation in Washington, the Brazilian investigation into Goulart's death and a variety of cases involving Uruguayans arrested and killed in Argentina. The role of the United States The Fuentes case, pieced together from the plethora of new documentation, provides a window into Condor's operational on-the-ground activities. The revelations about the FBI role in the case also illustrate how a final truth-telling must include full and honest disclosure by the United States of the nature and extent of participation by our intelligence services in the support and exchange of intelligence operations that cohabited with Condor. I had interviewed Scherrer extensively in 1978 and 1979, and he discussed the case then. I checked my notes from interviews with Scherrer, who died in 1995. Both Fuentes and Santucho were mentioned several times. In one interview Scherrer said, "Paraguay picked up a MIRista, Fuentes, turned him over to Contreras. He was tortured and killed." In the same context, Scherrer told me the Latin American intelligence services were pressuring the FBI to provide information on "terrorists" who had sought haven in the United States. "I agree with the necessity to exchange information on terrorists," Scherrer said in that interview. "I think they should be rounded up, but tried, not slaughtered." (Scherrer also revealed that a Paris phone number found in Santucho's address book led police to a Paris apartment, where they unexpectedly encountered Carlos the Jackal, whose real name was Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, a Venezuelan wanted for a series of terrorist acts including the raid on the Israeli compound during the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany. Carlos and his heavily armed bodyguards escaped after killing two policemen, apparently unaware they were knocking on the door of one of the world's most feared international terrorists.) Scherrer was clearly at the center of a furiously fought antiterrorist war, and US policy placed him unequivocally on the side of the military governments trying to wipe out leftist resistance. The moral dilemmas facing officials like Scherrer can be inferred from the circumstances in which they were thrust and from their often aridly phrased official reports. While Latin American countries are probing the uncomfortable details of their repressive past, there has never been full accounting of US liaison and collaboration with the Latin American agencies carrying out the repression. The issue is not only whether a single FBI agent crossed a line by distributing and acting on information he knew was gained by torture. The real question goes to the shared objectives between US agencies and Gestapo-like secret police organizations in Latin America, and to the US policies that justified working with them in full knowledge and tacit approval of their methods.	i don't know
"The ""Elephanta"" is a strong southerly wind off the coast of which country?"	Wind Names Evert Wesker, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ) Brisa, Briza 1. A northeast wind which blows on the coast of South America or an east wind which blows on Puerto Rico during the trade wind season. 2. The northeast monsoon in the Philippines. Brisote The northeast trade wind when it is blowing stronger than usual on Cuba. Brubu A name for a squall in the East Indies. Bull's Eye Squall A squall forming in fair weather, characteristic of the ocean off the coast of South Africa. It is named for the peculiar appearance of the small isolated cloud marking the top of the invisible vortex of the storm. Cape Doctor The strong southeast wind which blows on the South African coast. Also called the DOCTOR. Caver, Kaver A gentle breeze in the Hebrides. Chinook A type of foehn wind. Refers to the warm downslope wind in the Rocky Mountains that may occur after an intense cold spell when the temperature could rise by 20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit in a matter of minutes. Also known as the Snow Eater. (Weather Channel Glossary) Chubasco A violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the west coast of Central America. Churada A severe rain squall in the Mariana Islands during the northeast monsoon. They occur from November to April or May, especially from January through March. Cierzo See MISTRAL. Contrastes Winds a short distance apart blowing from opposite quadrants, frequent in the spring and fall in the western Mediterranean. Cordonazo The "Lash of St. Francis." Name applied locally to southerly hurricane winds along the west coast of Mexico. It is associated with tropical cyclones in the southeastern North Pacific Ocean. These storms may occur from May to November, but ordinarily affect the coastal areas most severely near or after the Feast of St. Francis, October 4. Coromell A night land breeze prevailing from November to May at La Paz, near the southern extremity of the Gulf of California. Cyclone A severe tropical storm (i.e., winds >64 knots) in the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. See also Hurricane and Typhoon. The term is also applied to closed circulations in the mid latitudes and also popularly to small scale circulations such as tornadoes. Diablo Northern California version of Santa Ana winds. These winds occur below canyons in the East Bay hills (Diablo range) and in extreme cases can exceed 60 mph. They develop due to high pressure over Nevada and lower pressure along the central California coast. (NWS San Francisco Glossary) Doctor 1. A cooling sea breeze in the Tropics. 2. See HARMATTAN. 3. The strong SE wind which blows on the south African coast. Usually called CAPE DOCTOR. Elephanta A strong southerly or southeasterly wind which blows on the Malabar coast of India during the months of September and October and marks the end of the southwest monsoon. Etesian A refreshing northerly summer wind of the Mediterranean, especially over the Aegean Sea. Euros The Greek name for the rainy, stormy southeast wind. (Glossary of Meteorology) Foehn A warm dry wind on the lee side of a mountain range, whose temperature is increased as the wind descends down the slope. It is created when air flows downhill from a high elevation, raising the temperature by adiabatic compression. Examples include the Chinook wind and the Santa Ana wind. Classified as a katabatic wind. (Weather Channel Glossary) Fremantle Doctor A cooling seabreeze in Western Australia,often made note of during hot summer-time cricket matches. (Ian Staples, Australia) Gregale A strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean. Haboob A strong wind and sandstorm (or duststorm) in the northern and central Sudan, especially around Khartum, where the average number is about 24 per year. The name come from the Arabic word, "habb", meaning wind. (Bill Mork, California State Climatologist) Harmattan The dry, dusty trade wind blowing off the Sahara Desert across the Gulf of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands. Sometimes called the DOCTOR, because of its supposed healthful properties. Hurricane A severe tropical storm (i.e., winds >64 knots) in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and Eastern Pacific. The word is believed to originate from the Caribbean Indian storm god "Huracan". See also Typhoon and Cyclone. Knik Wind A strong southeast wind in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska, most frequent in the winter. Kona Storm A storm over the Hawaiian Islands, characterized by strong southerly or southwesterly winds and heavy rains. Leste A hot, dry, easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands. Levanter A strong easterly wind of the Mediterranean, especially in the Strait of Gibraltar, attended by cloudy, foggy, and sometimes rainy weather especially in winter. Levantera A persistent east wind of the Adriatic, usually accompanied by cloudy weather. Levanto A hot southeasterly wind which blows over the Canary Islands. Leveche A warm wind in Spain, either a foehn or a hot southerly wind in advance of a low pressure area moving from the Sahara Desert. Called a SIROCCO in other parts of the Mediterranean area. Maestro A northwesterly wind with fine weather which blows, especially in summer, in the Adriatic. It is most frequent on the western shore. This wind is also found on the coasts of Corsica and Sardinia. Maria A fictional wind popularized in "Paint Your Wagon" (Lerner and Lowe, 1951) and by the Kingston Trio (1959), whose name may have originated with the 1941 book "Storm" by George R. Stewart. (Jan Null, Golden Gate Weather Services) Matanuska Wind A strong, gusty, northeast wind which occasionally occurs during the winter in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska. Mistral A cold, dry wind blowing from the north over the northwest coast of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly over the Gulf of Lions. Also called CIERZO. See also FALL WIND. Nashi, N'aschi A northeast wind which occurs in winter on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, especially near the entrance to the gulf, and also on the Makran coast. It is probably associated with an outflow from the central Asiatic anticyclone which extends over the high land of Iran. It is similar in character but less severe than the BORA. Norte A strong cold northeasterly wind which blows in Mexico and on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It results from an outbreak of cold air from the north. It is the Mexican extension of a norther. Nor'easter A northeast wind, particularly a strong wind or gale; an unusually strong storm preceded by northeast winds off the coast of New England. Also called Northeaster. (Glossary of Weather and Climate) Nor'wester This is a very warm wind which can blow for days on end in the province of Canterbury New Zealand. The effect is especially felt in the city of Christchurch. The wind comes in from the Tasman Sea, drys as it rises over the Southern Alps, heats as it decends, crosses the Canterbury Plains, then blows through Christchurch.. (Kerry Fitzpatrick) Norther A cold strong northerly wind in the Southern Plains of the United States, especially in Texas, which results in a drastic drop in air temperatures. Also called a Blue Norther. (Glossary of Weather and Climate) Ostria A warm southerly wind on the Bulgarian coast; considered a precursor of bad weather. (Glossary of Meteorology) Pali A local name for strong winds which blow through the Pali Pass above Honolulu, HI. (Michael Polansky, San Francisco) Pampero A west or southwest wind in Southern Argentina. This wind (often violently) picks up during the passage of a cold front of an active low passing by. ( Evert Wesker, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ) Papagayo A violent northeasterly fall wind on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua and Guatemala. It consists of the cold air mass of a norte which has overridden the mountains of Central America. See also TEHUANTEPECER. Santa Ana A strong, hot, dry wind blowing out into San Pedro Channel from the southern California desert through Santa Ana Pass. Shamal A summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf, often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. Sharki A southeasterly wind which sometimes blows in the Persian Gulf. Sirocco A warm wind of the Mediterranean area, either a foehn or a hot southerly wind in advance of a low pressure area moving from the Sahara or Arabian deserts. Called LEVECHE in Spain. Squamish A strong and often violent wind occurring in many of the fjords of British Columbia. Squamishes occur in those fjords oriented in a northeast-southwest or east-west direction where cold polar air can be funneled westward. They are notable in Jervis, Toba, and Bute inlets and in Dean Channel and Portland Canal. Squamishes lose their strength when free of the confining fjords and are not noticeable 15 to 20 miles offshore. Suestado A storm with southeast gales, caused by intense cyclonic activity off the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay, which affects the southern part of the coast of Brazil in the winter. Sumatra A squall with violent thunder, lightning, and rain, which blows at night in the Malacca Straits, especially during the southwest monsoon. It is intensified by strong mountain breezes. Sundowner Warm downslope winds that periodically occur along a short segment of the Southern California coast in the vicinity of Santa Barbara. The name refers to their typical onset (on the populated coastal plain) in the late afternoon or early evening, though they can occur at any time of the day. In extreme cases, wind speeds can be of gale force or higher, and temperatures over the coastal plain and even at the coast itself can rise significantly above 37.8 degrees C (100 degrees F). (Warren Blier, SOO, NWS San Francisco) Taku Wind A strong, gusty, east-northeast wind, occurring in the vicinity of Juneau, Alaska, between October and March. At the mouth of the Taku River, after which it is named, it sometimes attains hurricane force. Tehuantepecer A violent squally wind from north or north-northeast in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (south of southern Mexico) in winter. It originates in the Gulf of Mexico as a norther which crosses the isthmus and blows through the gap between the Mexican and Guatamalan mountains. It may be felt up to 100 miles out to sea. See also PAPAGAYO. Tramontana A northeasterly or northerly winter wind off the west coast of Italy. It is a fresh wind of the fine weather mistral type. Typhoon A severe tropical storm (i.e., winds >64 knots) in the Western Pacific. The word is believed to originate from the Chinese word "ty-fung". See also Hurricane and Cyclone. Vardar A cold fall wind blowing from the northwest down the Vardar valley in Greece to the Gulf of Salonica. It occurs when atmospheric pressure over eastern Europe is higher than over the Aegean Sea, as is often the case in winter. Also called VARDARAC. Warm Braw A foehn wind in the Schouten Islands north of New Guinea. White Squall A sudden, strong gust of wind coming up without warning, noted by whitecaps or white, broken water; usually seen in whirlwind form in clear weather in the tropics. Williwaw A sudden blast of wind descending from a mountainous coast to the sea, in the Strait of Magellan or the Aleutian Islands. Willy-willy A tropical cyclone (with winds 33 knots or greater) in Australia, especially in the southwest. (Glossary of Weather and Climate) More recent common usage is for dust-devils. Zephyros The ancient Greek name for the west wind, which generally light and beneficial. It has evolved into "zephyr" which denotes a soft gentle breeze. (Glossary of Meteorology) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Glossary of Meteorology (Ralph Huschke, ed., American Meteorological Society, 1959) Glossary of Weather and Climate (Ira Geer, ed., American Meteorological Society, 1996)	India
What is produced in a Solera?	ORPHEUS ORPHEUS Names for the Wind NAMES OF THE WIND Abroholos: a squall frequent from May through August between Cabo de Sao Tome and Cabo Frio on the coast of Brazil. Aejej in Morocco: a whirlwind in the desert. Aeolus: regent of the winds in Greek mythology. Air: Anticyclone: air spinning outward from centers of high air pressure; flowing clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Aquilo in ancient Rome: a northwesterly wind. Auster: the Latin version of Notus. Austru: a east or southeast wind in Rumania. They are cold in winter and may be a local name for a foehn wind. Bad-I-Sad-O-Bist-Roz in Afghanistan: a hot and dry northwesterly wind from June to September. Bali wind: a strong east wind at the eastern end of Java. Barat: a heavy northwest squall in Manado Bay on the north coast of the island of Celebes, prevalent from December to February. Barber: a strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet and spray that freezes upon contact with objects, especially the beard and hair. Bayamo: aviolent wind blowing from the land on the south coast of Cuba, especially near the Bight of Bayamo. Bentu de Soli: an east wind on the coast of Sardinia. Bora: a cold wind that blows from the north or northeast across the lands around the Adriatic Sea (named after Boreas). Borasco: a thunderstorm or violent squall, especially in the Mediterranean. Boreas: the "North Wind" in Greek mythology. Breeze: Brickfielder: a wind from the desert in Southern Australia. Precedes the passage of a frontal zone of a low passing by. Has the same dusty character as the Harmattan. (Evert Wesker, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Brisa, Briza: 1. A northeast wind which blows on the coast of South America or an east wind which blows on Puerto Rico during the trade wind season. 2. The northeast monsoon in the Philippines. Brisote: the northeast trade wind when it is blowing stronger than usual on Cuba. Brubu: a name for a squall in the East Indies. Bull's Eye Squall: a squall forming in fair weather, characteristic of the ocean off the coast of South Africa. It is named for the peculiar appearance of the small isolated cloud marking the top of the invisible vortex of the storm.v Cape Doctor: the strong southeast wind which blows on the South African coast. Carabinera in Spain: a squall. Caver, Kaver: a gentle breeze in the Hebrides. Chinook: a foehn, originating with moist wind from the Pacific Ocean, that releases its moisture as precipitation over the Rocky Mountains, the air is then compressed and heated as it descends over the frozen plains of the northwestern United States and Canada, often removing several inches of snow by sublimation in a matter of hours, thus leading some people to refer to them as "snow eaters" [Sometimes, the wet southwest winds that blow along the coasts of Oregon and Washington are also referred to as chinooks because of their warmth.] Cat's Paw in US: a breeze just strong enough to ripple a water surface. Chi'ing Fung in China: a gentle breeze. Chocolatero On Mexico's Gulf Coast: hot sandy squall colored brown by dust. Chubasco: a violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the west coast of Central America. Churada: a severe rain squall in the Mariana Islands during the northeast monsoon. They occur from November to April or May, especially from January through March. Cierzo: See MISTRAL. Contrastes Winds: a short distance apart blowing from opposite quadrants, frequent in the spring and fall in the western Mediterranean.v Cordonazo ~~ The "Lash of St. Francis.": name applied locally to southerly hurricane winds along the west coast of Mexico. It is associated with tropical cyclones in the southeastern North Pacific Ocean. These storms may occur from May to November, but ordinarily affect the coastal areas most severely near or after the Feast of St. Francis, October 4. Coromell: night land breeze prevailing from November to May at La Paz, near the southern extremity of the Gulf of California. Crivetz in Romania: cold northeasterly blizzard wind. Cyclone: air spinning in toward centers of low air pressure; flowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Diablo: Northern California version of Santa Ana winds. These winds occur below canyons in the East Bay hills (Diablo range) and in extreme cases can exceed 60 mph. They develop due to high pressure over Nevada and lower pressure along the central California coast. Doldrums: a narrow, virtually windless zone (which moves slightly north or south with the seasons) that occurs near the Equator as heated air rises upward, leaving the ocean surface calm and glassy. Downdraft: Elephanta On India's Malabar Coast: southerly gale marking the end of the wet season. Etesian: a refreshing northerly summer wind of the Mediterranean, especially over the Aegean Sea. Euros in ancient Greece: sultry: wet wind from the east. Eurus: the "East Wind" in Greek mythology (the same term is used in Latin). Favonius: the Latin version of Zephyr. v Foehn: any warm, dry wind that blows down the leeward side of a mountain range; particularly the hot, dry winds that move down from snow-clad mountains to roar through Alpine valleys, typically in autumn and late winter. Fremantle Doctor: a cooling seabreeze in Western Australia,often made note of during hot summer-time cricket matches. Friagem: like a North American norther, but blowing northward from the South Pole in South America. Gale: can be classified as: moderate, near, fresh, strong, or whole (see Beaufort Numbers 7 through 10 on the Beaufort Scale). Gregale: a strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean. Gust: Haboob in Sudan: a dust storm followed by rain. From the Arabic habb: "To blow". Harmattan: a very hot wind, with dangerous cross-currents, that blows southwest from central Africa and across the Sudan, typically December through February, preceded by the smokes (i.e., clouds of stinging, red dust). Helm wind: a wind that blows down the slopes of smaller, smoother hills (as opposed to a foehn); common in the British Isles. Hayate in Japan: a gale. Hurricane: Jet stream: bands of rapidly moving air, normally 290 to 480 kilometers (180 to 300 miles) wide and up to three kilometers thick, that travel above the earth at altitudes of 9000 to 13,600 meters (30,000 to 45,000 feet) and at speeds that average between 100 and 180 kilometers (60 and 115 miles) per hour, but which have been recorded exceeding 460 kilometers per hour. Kohilo in Hawaii: a gentle breeze. Kolawaik in Argentina: southerly wind of the Gran Chaco. Kubang in Java: a chinook. Kadja in Bali: a steady breeze off the sea. Khamsin: a hot, dry wind that blows from the Sahara Desert to Egypt for about fifty days each spring; called "rih al khamsin" (the wind of fifty days) by Egyptians. Knik Wind: a strong southeast wind in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska, most frequent in the winter. Kona Storm: a storm over the Hawaiian Islands, characterized by strong southerly or southwesterly winds and heavy rains. Landlash in Scotland: a gale. v Levanter: blows through the Straits of Gibraltar, funneled through the gap between the high plateau of Spain and the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. Leste: a hot, dry, easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands. Levantera: a persistent east wind of the Adriatic, usually accompanied by cloudy weather. Levanto: a hot southeasterly wind which blows over the Canary Islands. Leveche: a warm wind in Spain, either a foehn or a hot southerly wind in advance of a low pressure area moving from the Sahara Desert. Called a SIROCCO in other parts of the Mediterranean area. Maestro: a northwesterly wind with fine weather which blows, especially in summer, in the Adriatic. It is most frequent on the western shore. This wind is also found on the coasts of Corsica and Sardinia. Mamatele in Malta: a hot northwesterly wind. Maria: a fictional wind popularized in "Paint Your Wagon" (Lerner and Lowe, 1951) and by the Kingston Trio (1959), whose name may have originated with the 1941 book "Storm" by George R. Stewart. Matanuska Wind: a strong, gusty, northeast wind which occasionally occurs during the winter in the vicinity of Palmer, Alaska. Mato Wamniyomi Native American (Dakota): a whirlwind: dust devil or tornado. Mistral: a penetrating, stormy, dry and cold wind that blows through the Rhone Valley of France toward the Mediterranean coast. Moncao in Portugal: a northeasterly trade wind. Monsoon: any seasonal wind that blows toward a continent in summer and away from it in winter; perhaps the most famous of which occur in India. Nashi, N'aschi: a northeast wind which occurs in winter on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, especially near the entrance to the gulf, and also on the Makran coast. It is probably associated with an outflow from the central Asiatic anticyclone which extends over the high land of Iran. It is similar in character but less severe than the BORA. Norte: a strong cold northeasterly wind which blows in Mexico and on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It results from an outbreak of cold air from the north. It is the Mexican extension of a norther. Northeaster, nor'easter: a strong wind blowing across New England from the northeast, typically bringing gales and wet weather. "Northeasters" can also blow across the Great Lakes. Norther: a winter wind that sweeps across the southern Uniteds States and then out over the Gulf of Mexico; it can start in Canada and eventually cover the entire Mississippi Valley. Nor'wester: this is a very warm wind which can blow for days on end in the province of Canterbury New Zealand. The effect is especially felt in the city of Christchurch. The wind comes in from the Tasman Sea, drys as it rises over the Southern Alps, heats as it decends, crosses the Canterbury Plains, then blows through Christchurch. Notus: the "South Wind" in Greek mythology. Pali: a local name for strong winds which blow through the Pali Pass above Honolulu, HI. Pampero: a west or southwest wind in Southern Argentina. This wind (often violently) picks up during the passage of a cold front of an active low passing by. Papagayos in Costa Rica: a cool wind from the north. Pittarak in Greenland: a wind from the northwest. Polar night jets: an intermittent form of jet stream that occurs above the earth's poles during the dark winter months. Prevailing westerlies: prevailing winds that blow from the west and occur between 30 and 60 degrees from the Equator. Puelche: an easterly foehn blowing off the Andes of South America.v Quexalcoatl From the Aztecs: a wind from the west. Reverse jet stream: an intermittent, east-to-west flowing form of jet stream that forms during the summer at the tropopause over the Indian Ocean and Africa. Roaring forties: the name applied, especially by sailors, to the latitudes between 40 degrees S and 50 degees S, where the prevailing westerly winds are strong and steady. Unlike the winds in the Northern Hemisphere, those in the roaring forties are not impeded by large land areas. Samiel in Turkey: a hot: dry wind. Santa Ana: a California style chinook. (warm or hot dry downslope winds) Shamal: a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf, often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. Sharki: a southeasterly wind which sometimes blows in the Persian Gulf. Shawondasee Native American (Algonquin): "lazy wind:" from the south in the late summer. Simoom: the searing "poison wind" of Arabia, which roars across the parched desert. Sirocco in Northern Africa: the blistering winds of the Sahara, which can blow dust, grit, and sand all the way from northern Africa across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe.v Solar wind: Squamish: a strong and often violent wind occurring in many of the fjords of British Columbia. Squamishes occur in those fjords oriented in a northeast-southwest or east-west direction where cold polar air can be funneled westward. They are notable in Jervis, Toba, and Bute inlets and in Dean Channel and Portland Canal. Squamishes lose their strength when free of the confining fjords and are not noticeable 15 to 20 miles offshore. Squall: a sudden storm of wind, typically accompanied by rain or snow or sleet. Storm: Suestado: a storm with southeast gales, caused by intense cyclonic activity off the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay, which affects the southern part of the coast of Brazil in the winter. Sukhovey in Mongolia: a warm: easterly dust storm wind in the Gobi Desert. Sumatra: a squall with violent thunder, lightning, and rain, which blows at night in the Malacca Straits, especially during the southwest monsoon. It is intensified by strong mountain breezes. Sundowner: warm downslope winds that periodically occur along a short segment of the Southern California coast in the vicinity of Santa Barbara. The name refers to their typical onset (on the populated coastal plain) in the late afternoon or early evening, though they can occur at any time of the day. In extreme cases, wind speeds can be of gale force or higher, and temperatures over the coastal plain and even at the coast itself can rise significantly above 37.8 degrees C (100 degrees F). Taku Wind: a strong, gusty, east-northeast wind, occurring in the vicinity of Juneau, Alaska, between October and March. At the mouth of the Taku River, after which it is named, it sometimes attains hurricane force. Tebbad: the "fever wind" of Turkestan. Tehuantepecer: a violent squally wind from north or north-northeast in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (south of southern Mexico) in winter. It originates in the Gulf of Mexico as a norther which crosses the isthmus and blows through the gap between the Mexican and Guatamalan mountains. It may be felt up to 100 miles out to sea. Thermal: a rising parcel of warm air. Tokalau in Figi: a wind from the northeast. Tornado: Trade winds: the northeasterlies, which girdle the Northern Hemisphere near the Equator (and the southeasterlies that do the same south of the Equator), provided earlier mariners with reliable winds to travel from Europe or Africa to the Americas; they derived their name from an archaic word meaning "course" or "track". Tramontana: a northeasterly or northerly winter wind off the west coast of Italy. It is a fresh wind of the fine weather mistral type. Twister: Typhoon: a severe tropical storm (i.e., winds >64 knots) in the Western Pacific. The word is believed to originate from the Chinese word "ty-fung". Updraft: Vardar: a cold fall wind blowing from the northwest down the Vardar valley in Greece to the Gulf of Salonica. It occurs when atmospheric pressure over eastern Europe is higher than over the Aegean Sea, as is often the case in winter. Vind-Blaer in Iceland: a breeze mentioned in Icelandic sagas. Vind Gnyr in Ancient Ireland: a blustery thunderstorm downdraft. Vortex: Warm Braw: a foehn wind in the Schouten Islands north of New Guinea. White Squall: a sudden, strong gust of wind coming up without warning, noted by whitecaps or white, broken water; usually seen in whirlwind form in clear weather in the tropics. Whittle in England: a wind gust named when Captain Whittle's coffin was upset. Wwilliwaw: violent gusts of cold air that blow off the mountainous coasts into the oceans, as occurs in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and the Straits of Magellan near the south end of South America. Willy-willy: the name for a hurricane that occurs in the seas north of Australia. Xlokk in Malta: a hot: dry wind. Yamo in Ugandda: a "wind in a body" whirlwind. Zephyr in Italy: a mild breeze bringing pleasant weather. Zephyr: the "West Wind" in Greek mythology. Zephyros: the ancient Greek name for the west wind, which generally light and beneficial. It has evolved into "zephyr" which denotes a soft gentle breeze. Zonda in Argentina: a chinook in the Andes Region.	i don't know
"""The flight of the Bumblebee"" comes from which Opera?"	Classics For Kids 3/18/1844 - 6/21/1908 Born in Russia Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was born in the Russian town of Tikhvin. During his childhood, Nikolai enjoyed listening to Russian folk songs, church music, and opera. When he was older, Nikolai followed his brother to the naval college in St. Petersburg. While he was there, he also studied music. Rimsky-Korsakov composed his first symphony while on a navy ship. After he left the navy, Rimsky-Korsakov was asked to teach at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, which is now called named for him. Rimsky-Korsakov was also one of a group of five famous Russian composers known as "The Mighty Handful" (as in five fingers). Rimsky-Korsakov wrote operas, choral music, chamber music, and works for piano. One of his most famous pieces is the Flight of the Bumblebee, from the opera Tsar Saltan. In the opera, this music is played when a prince disguises himself as bee.	The Tale of Tsar Saltan
Who took over from Ian Duncan Smith as Minister for Work and Pensions?	Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : The Flight of the Bumblebee - 8notes.com Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : The Flight of the Bumblebee Classical Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov The Flight of the Bumblebee Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : The Flight of the Bumblebee Versions of this piece available for: About 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' Artist: 1908 , Lyubensk The Artist: Russian composer and teacher of classical music particularly noted for his fine orchestration. His most famous composition is The Flight of the Bumblebee. Composed: unknown Info: This technically demanding piece is taken from the opera by Rimsky-Korsakov called "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", Op. 57.	i don't know
Which film company's logo is a lady with a torch?	The Stories Behind Hollywood Studio Logos - Neatorama Neatorama • 4 You see these opening logos every time you go to the movies, but have you ever wondered who is the boy on the moon in the DreamWorks logo? Or which mountain inspired the Paramount logo? Or who was the Columbia Torch Lady? Let's find out: 1. DreamWorks SKG: Boy on the Moon In 1994, director Steven Spielberg, Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, and record producer David Geffen (yes, they make the initial SKG on the bottom of the logo) got together to found a new studio called DreamWorks. Spielberg wanted the logo for DreamWorks to be reminiscent of Hollywood's golden age. The logo was to be a computer generated image of a man on the moon, fishing, but Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren of Industrial Light and Magic, who has worked on many of Spielberg's films, suggested that a hand-painted logo might look better. Muren asked his friend, artist Robert Hunt to paint it. Hunt also sent along an alternative version of the logo, which included a young boy on a crescent moon, fishing. Spielberg liked this version better, and the rest is history. Oh, and that boy? It was Hunt's son, William. The DreamWorks logo that you see in the movies was made at ILM from paintings by Robert Hunt, in collaboration with Kaleidoscope Films (designers of the original storyboards), Dave Carson (director), and Clint Goldman (producer) at ILM. Photo courtesy of Robert Hunt - Thanks for the neat story, Robert! 2. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM): Leo The Lion In 1924, studio publicist Howard Dietz designed the "Leo The Lion" logo for Samuel Goldwyn's Goldwyn Picture Corporation. He based it on the athletic team of his alma mater Columbia University, the Lions. When Goldwyn Pictures merged with Metro Pictures Corporation and Louis B. Mayer Pictures, the newly formed MGM retained the logo. Since then, there have been five lions playing the role of "Leo The Lion". The first was Slats, who graced the openings of MGM's silent films from 1924 to 1928. The next lion, Jackie, was the first MGM lion whose roar was heard by the audience. Though the movies were silent, Jackie's famous growl-roar-growl sequence was played over the phonograph as the logo appeared on screen. He was also the first lion to appear in Technicolor in 1932. The third lion and probably most famous was Tanner (though at the time Jackie was still used concurrently for MGM's black and white films). After a brief use of an unnamed (and very mane-y) fourth lion, MGM settled on Leo, which the studio has used since 1957. The company motto "Ars Gratia Artis" means "Art for Art's Sake." Sources: MGM Media Center \| Wikipedia entry on " Leo The Lion " 3. 20th Century Fox: The Searchlight Logo In 1935, Twentieth Century Pictures and Fox Film Company (back then mainly a theater-chain company) merged to create Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation (they later dropped the hyphen). The original Twentieth Century Pictures logo was created in 1933 by famed landscape artist Emil Kosa, Jr. After the merger, Kosa simply replaced "Pictures, Inc." with "Fox" to make the current logo. Besides this logo, Kosa was also famous for his matte painting of the Statue of Liberty ruin at the end of the Planet of the Apes (1968) movie, and others. Perhaps just as famous as the logo is the "20th Century Fanfare", composed by Alfred Newman, then musical director for United Artists. 4. Paramount: The Majestic Mountain Paramount Pictures Corporation was founded in 1912 as Famous Players Film Company by Adolph Zukor, and the theater moguls the Frohman brothers, Daniel and Charles. The Paramount "Majestic Mountain" logo was first drawn as a doodle by W.W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Zukor, based on the Ben Lomond Mountain from his childhood in Utah (the live action logo made later is probably Peru's Artesonraju). It is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. The original logo has 24 stars, which symbolized Paramount's then 24 contracted movie stars (it's now 22 stars, though no one could tell me why they reduced the number of stars). The original matte painting has also been replaced with a computer generated mountain and stars. Paramount logo history, for more details, see: CLG Wiki 5. Warner Bros.: The WB Shield Warner Bros. (yes, that's legally "Bros." not "Brothers") was founded by four Jewish brothers who emigrated from Poland: Harry, Albert, Sam, and Jack Warner. Actually, those aren't the names that they were born with. Harry was born "Hirsz," Albert was "Aaron," Sam was "Szmul," and Jack was "Itzhak." Their original surname is also unknown - some people said that it is "Wonsal," "Wonskolaser" or even Eichelbaum, before it was changed to "Warner." (Sources: Doug Sinclair \| Tody Nudo's Hollywood Legends ) In the beginning, Warner Bros. had trouble attracting top talents. In 1925, at the urging of Sam, Warner Bros. made the first feature-length "talking pictures" (When he heard of Sam's idea, Harry famously said "Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?"). That got the ball rolling for the studio and made Warner Bros. famous. The Warner Bros. logo, the WB Shield, has actually gone many revisions. Jason Jones and Matt Williams of CLG Wiki have the details: Warner Bros. Logo History - see the full details at CLG Wiki If you're interested in WB cartoons, you can't go wrong with Dave Mackey's Field guide: Link 6. Columbia Pictures: The Torch Lady Columbia Pictures was founded in 1919 by the brothers Harry and Jack Cohn, and Joe Brandt as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales. Many of the studio's early productions were low-budget affairs, so it got nicknamed "Corned Beef and Cabbage." In 1924, the brothers Cohn bought out Brandt and renamed their studio Columbia Pictures Corporation in effort to improve its image. Vintage Columbia Pictures Logo (Source: Reel Classics ) The studio's logo is Columbia, the female personification of America. It was designed in 1924 and the identity of the "Torch Lady" model was never conclusively determined (though more than a dozen women had claimed to be "it.") In her 1962 autobiography, Bette Davis claimed that Claudia Dell was the model, whereas in 1987 People Magazine named model and Columbia bit-actress Amelia Batchler as the girl. In 2001, the Chicago Sun-Times named a local woman who worked as an extra at Columbia named Jane Bartholomew as the model. Given how the logo has changed over the years, it may just be that all three were right! ( Source ) The current Torch Lady logo was designed in 1993 by Michael J. Deas , who was commissioned by Sony Pictures Entertainment to return the lady to her "classic" look. Though people thought that actress Annette Bening was the model, it was actually a Louisiana homemaker and muralist named Jenny Joseph that modeled the Torch Lady for Deas. Rather than use her face, however, Deas drew a composite face made from several computer-generated features (Source: Roger Ebert , Photo: Kathy Anderson) Obviously, we're missing the stories of the logos of many other film studios. We'd love to hear from you if you know any! Please tell us in the comment section. If you like this article, please check out Neatorama's articles on logos:	Columbia
Newport on the Isle of Wight stands on which river?	5 Ladies Said were modeled for Columbia Pictures Logos by admin posted Tuesdayที่ 10 March 2558 \| tags : Columbia Pictures Movie studios Sony Pictures Entertainment Torch Ladies Torch lady The Torch lady or Lady Liberty with torch is known as the logo of the Columbia Pictures. Every time we go to the cinema or watch a home movie of the studio, many of audiences might have wondered who she is, or who they are. These are five faces said they were modeled for the torch lady of Columbia Pictures. Let’s witness how they look. The first 2 Torch Ladies Cr. myfilmviews com Cr. myfilmviews com #1. Claudia Dell Dell was blonde and blue-eyed, with a porcelain face with 5’5″ height. She was said to have been one of the models for the Columbia Pictures logo. Born: Claudia Dell Smith, January 10, 1910, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. Died: September 5, 1977 (aged 67), Los Angeles, California, U.S. Occupation: Film and Stage actress. Cr. Pinterest	i don't know
Which country is the most recent to join the United Nations - in July 2011?	Member States \| United Nations United Nations On 19 September 1991, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the United Nations that it had changed its name to Belarus. UN Statistics on Bosnia and Herzegovina The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. Montenegro held a 21 May 2006 referendum and declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June. On 28 June 2006 it was accepted as a United Nations Member State by General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/264 . The Republic of Cabo Verde changed its official name from The Republic of Cape Verde on 24 October 2013 in a request submitted to the Secretary-General by the country's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. UN Statistics on Croatia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. Montenegro held a 21 May 2006 referendum and declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June. On 28 June 2006 it was accepted as a United Nations Member State by General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/264 . UN Statistics on Czech Republic Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of their application, the Security Council, on 8 January 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic be both admitted to United Nations membership. Both the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were thus admitted on 19 January of that year as Member States. On 17 May 2016 the Permanent Mission of the Czech Republic to the United Nations informed the UN that the short name to be used for the country is Czechia. Democratic People's Republic of Korea 17-09-91 Democratic Republic of the Congo 20-09-60 Zaire joined the United Nations on 20 September 1960. On 17 May 1997, its name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. UN Statistics on Egypt Egypt and Syria were original Members of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single Member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent State, resumed its separate membership in the United Nations. On 2 September 1971, the United Arab Republic changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt. Gambia (Islamic Republic of the) 21-09-65 UN Statistics on Germany The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were admitted to membership in the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the two German States united to form one sovereign State. UN Statistics on Indonesia By letter of 20 January 1965, Indonesia announced its decision to withdraw from the United Nations "at this stage and under the present circumstances". By telegram of 19 September 1966, it announced its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities". On 28 September 1966, the General Assembly took note of this decision and the President invited representatives of Indonesia to take seats in the Assembly. Lao People’s Democratic Republic 14-12-55 UN Statistics on Libya Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66/1, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to "Libya" and changing Libya's national flag. UN Statistics on Malaysia The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the admission to the new federation of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965. UN Statistics on Montenegro The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. Montenegro held a 21 May 2006 referendum and declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June. On 28 June 2006 it was accepted as a United Nations Member State by General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/264 . UN Statistics on Russian Federation The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16-09-80 UN Statistics on Serbia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. UN Statistics on Singapore The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the admission to the new federation of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965. UN Statistics on Slovakia Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of their application, the Security Council, on 8 January 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic be both admitted to United Nations membership. Both the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were thus admitted on 19 January of that year as Member States. UN Statistics on Slovenia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. Montenegro held a 21 May 2006 referendum and declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June. On 28 June 2006 it was accepted as a United Nations Member State by General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/264 . UN Statistics on South Sudan The Republic of South Sudan formally seceded from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as a result of an internationally monitored referendum held in January 2011, and ‎was admitted as a new Member State ‎by the United Nations General Assembly on 14 ‎July 2011. UN Statistics on Syrian Arab Republic Egypt and Syria were original Members of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single Member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent State, resumed its separate membership in the United Nations. On 2 September 1971, the United Arab Republic changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 08-04-93 UN Statistics on The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new Members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992. The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992. By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 November 2000. On 4 February 2003, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official name of " Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. In a letter dated 3 June 2006, the President of the Republic of Serbia informed the Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro was being continued by the Republic of Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence. Montenegro held a 21 May 2006 referendum and declared itself independent from Serbia on 3 June. On 28 June 2006 it was accepted as a United Nations Member State by General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/264 .	South Sudan
The hovercraft service across the Solent is between Southsea and which Isle of Wight town?	The World's Newest Countries (34 Created Since 1990) Thirteen other countries became independent through a variety of causes. March 21, 1990 - Namibia became independent of South Africa. May 22, 1990 - North and South Yemen merged to form a unified Yemen . October 3, 1990 - East Germany and West Germany merged to form a unified Germany after the fall of the Iron Curtain. September 17, 1991 - The Marshall Islands was part of the Trust Territory of Pacific Islands (administered by the United States) and gained independence as a former colony. September 17, 1991 - Micronesia , previously known as the Caroline Islands, became independent from the United States. January 1, 1993 - The Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent nations when Czechoslovakia dissolved. May 25, 1993 - Eritrea was a part of Ethiopia but seceded and gained independence. October 1, 1994 - Palau was part of the Trust Territory of Pacific Islands (administered by the United States) and gained independence as a former colony. May 20, 2002 - East Timor (Timor-Leste) declared independence from Portugal in 1975 but did not became independent from Indonesia until 2002. June 3, 2006 - Montenegro was part of Serbia and Montenegro (also known as Yugoslavia) but gained independence after a referendum. June 5, 2006 - Serbia became its own entity after Montenegro split. Febraury 17, 2008 - Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia. July 9, 2011 - South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan following a January 2011 referendum. Sudan itself was the first to recognize South Sudan and did so one day early, on July 8, 2011.	i don't know
Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland and Will Champion are three members of which band formed in 1996?	Coldplay Snapchat - Celebrity Snapchat Names Celebrity Snapchat Names Join SnapSext and find dirty snapchat girls! [Total: 50 Average: 2.3/5] Coldplay is a British alternative rock band, formed in London in 1996. The members are vocalist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, drummer Will Champion and bassist Guy Berryman. In the beginning, Coldplay was compared with other artists and bands, including Radiohead, U2, and Travis. The band broke through with the single Yellow, followed by their debut album, Parachutes. A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002), the second album, marked their final breakthrough. The album also won multiple awards. In 2005 came the album X & Y, which debuted at number one in sixteen countries. The fourth album, Viva La Vida Or Death And All His Friends, was produced by Brian Eno and received several Grammys. Their fifth album Mylo Xyloto is also again produced by Eno. Coldplay hits include Speed of Sound, Clocks, Yellow, Viva La Vida, The Scientist, Fix You, Paradise and Magic. In 1996, Chris Martin met Jonny Buckland during the introduction of the university University College London. Together they tried to set up a band, they met in college Will Champion and Guy Berryman. When the members were about to take their first big performance, they switched to the name Starfish. At the time, Martin had a friend, Tim Crompton, now frontman of the British band The Highwire whose band Coldplay was about to quit. The band had the name Coldplay from a collection of poems and Martin decided to use that name. In 1998, hence the band’s name was actually Coldplay. Shortly after their meeting at the London university the students were friends and shared their passion for music. The band that emerged had the following members: Chris Martin (songwriter, vocals, piano, guitar), Jonny Buckland (songwriter, lead guitar), Guy Berryman (bass) and Will Champion. Coldplay Snapchat username Coldplay Snapchat is coldplay This Snapchat Celebrity is verified Is this information not correct? Please let us know by leaving a comment below. Thank you.	Coldplay
How many faces does a tetrahedron have?	Coldplay - Biography \| Billboard Coldplay Chris Martin Will Champion Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland After surfacing in 2000 with the breakthrough single "Yellow," Coldplay quickly became one of the biggest bands of the new millennium, honing a mix of introspective Brit-pop and anthemic rock that landed the British quartet a near-permanent residence on record charts worldwide. The group's emergence was perfectly timed; Radiohead had just released the overly cerebral Kid A, while Oasis had ditched two founding members and embraced psychedelic experimentation on Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. Audiences were hungry for a fresh-faced rock band with big aspirations and an even bigger sound, and Coldplay were more than happy to take the reins. Parachutes went multi-platinum in several countries and earned the band its first Grammy, but Coldplay continued to grow into the 2000s, topping their debut album's success with higher record sales and an increased public profile. Chris Martin (vocals/piano), Jonny Buckland (guitar), Will Champion (drums), and Guy Berryman (bass) were all born into musical households. Martin, the eldest of five, began playing the piano as a young child and later took solace in the work of Tom Waits. Buckland, on the other hand, grew up with the heavy guitar sounds of Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix. Scotland native Berryman preferred funk to indie rock, thereby leaving him to play bass, while multi-instrumentalist Champion didn't plan to be a drummer until he joined Coldplay's lineup. The bandmates came together in 1996 while attending the University College of London, and the Safety EP was issued shortly after their first gig at a Manchester festival for unsigned bands. The release only saw 500 pressings, as did the subsequent Brothers & Sisters EP. Nevertheless, it was enough to win the band a U.K. deal with Parlophone Records in April 1999, and the five-track Blue Room EP arrived that fall. With nods from the media, Coldplay were hailed as the next Travis, thanks to their simple acoustics and charming personas. Parlophone ushered Coldplay into Parr St. Studios in Liverpool, where they recorded the bulk of their debut album. Parachutes was released in July 2000 and became a swift hit on the strength of four U.K. singles, several of which enjoyed popularity in America as well. With "Yellow" climbing the charts on both sides of the Atlantic, Parachutes was released in the U.S. in November, where its sales soon rivaled -- and eventually surpassed -- those in the U.K. Riding on the strength of their universally popular debut, Coldplay headed back into the studio in fall 2001 to work on a sophomore album. They emerged with A Rush of Blood to the Head, releasing the album worldwide in August 2002 and embarking on a global concert tour soon after. "The Scientist" enjoyed regular radio rotation, while both "Clocks" and "In My Place" won Grammy Awards. Coldplay began recording material for a third album in early 2004. Previously recorded material with longtime producer Ken Nelson was scrapped early on, while Danton Supple (Morrissey, the Cure) joined Coldplay to complete the recording of X&Y. "Speed of Sound" marked the band's first single from their long-awaited third effort in spring 2005; the album followed in June, topping charts around the world and selling more than eight million copies during its first year. Such success put Coldplay on the same commercial level as U2, and the quartet retreated to the studio in late 2006 to work with famed producer Brian Eno (who had teamed up with U2 several times in the past). Recording sessions with Eno were completed within one year, followed by several months of mixing and growing anticipation from the band's audience. Viva la Vida -- also known by its extended name, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends -- ultimately arrived in June 2008. Worldwide sales for the album had approached six million by November, when Coldplay released several new recordings (including a collaboration with hip-hop mogul Jay-Z) as part of the Prospekt's March EP. Preceded by first single "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall," Coldplay's fifth studio album, 2011's Mylo Xyloto, was produced by Markus Dravs, Daniel Green, and Rik Simpson (the official press release added "with enoxification and additional composition by Brian Eno"). Live 2012, the band's second concert film/recording, followed in 2012 after a hugely successful world tour, which included a special performance at the London Paralympics closing ceremony. Work began on their sixth album in late 2012 at their Bakery and Beehive studios in North London, where longtime producers Paul Epworth, Daniel Green, and Rik Simpson joined them for sessions. As the recording progressed, other producers, including Avicii and Timbaland, were brought in, making the resulting Ghost Stories quite different from its predecessors in that there were many producers instead of a handful. Coldplay began promoting Ghost Stories in March 2014, two months prior to its May release, playing a showcase concert held during the 2014 South by Southwest Festival in Austin, Texas. Around this time, it was announced that Martin was going to act as an advisor on the U.S. singing competition series The Voice. Additional television duties for the band included a concert called Coldplay: Ghost Stories on NBC (the same network that aired The Voice), which aired on May 18, the Sunday prior to the release of Ghost Stories. Thanks to this promotional push, Ghost Stories debuted at number one throughout the world and the singles "Magic" and "A Sky Full of Stars" performed well too, with the latter reaching the Top Ten in every major international market. For the holiday season of 2014, the band released Ghost Stories: Live 2014, an audio/video package that contained live versions of every song from the album. Soon after finishing their promotional duties for Ghost Stories, Coldplay returned to the studio to work on their seventh album. Recording in Los Angeles and London, the band collaborated with Noel Gallagher, Beyoncé, Tove Lo, and Merry Clayton (best known for her vocals on the Rolling Stones' "Gimme Shelter) as well as producers Rik Simpson and Stargate. The joyous, disco-tinged lead single, "Adventure of a Lifetime," arrived in November 2015, just a few weeks before the full-length, A Head Full of Dreams, was released that December. "Hymn for the Weekend" peaked at number six in the U.K. and number 26 in the U.S., with "Up & Up" and "Everglow" keeping the album on the charts throughout 2016. ~ Andrew Leahey, Rovi	i don't know
How many rugby union teams took part in the 2015 Rugby World Cup?	Rugby World Cup 2015: team-by-team verdicts for the tournament which kicks off in September at Twickenham - Telegraph Watch: the World Cup lowdown in 100 seconds Rugby World Cup 2015: team-by-team verdicts for the tournament which kicks off in September at Twickenham With 100 days to go until the Rugby World Cup kicks off, what are the prospects for the 20 competing teams? Who is in line to win the Rugby World Cup? (It's New Zealand, obviously) Photo: GETTY IMAGES England Stuart Lancaster has dumped bad boys Dylan Hartley and Manu Tuilagi – and could overlook alleged drink-driver Danny Cipriani on the eve of the tournament – but the truth is he has enough strength in depth to make up for those loses. Tom Youngs is a more confident lineout thrower with No2 on his back, and there is a raft of midfield options; look at the immergence of Jonathan Joseph in the Six Nations. That Pool A shoves together three of the top-six ranked teams, according to World Rugby, is unfortunate. But England (fourth) are the best rated, compared to Wales (fifth) and Australia (sixth), and of course home advantage will give them a lift; it is interesting to note that of the seven previous editions the Rugby World Cup hosts have reached the final on five occasions. That their group is bookended by games against Fiji and Uruguay – when Lancaster’s side will know exactly how many points they need to notch up against the semi-pro South Americans – is favourable. And having beaten Wales in Cardiff earlier in the year it could become a shootout with Australia (who they defeated 26-17 in November) for them. Win that, and the pool, and they should gain an easier ride to the final (with a last-eight clash with possibly Scotland and then Ireland in the semi-final). With George Ford pulling the strings, England have sharpened their attacking potency, and on top of an impressive pack and the home-crowd roar they should make it to the last two. Verdict: Runners up Wales The loss of Jonathan Davies is a blow, but added to that question marks hover over George North, the youngest try scorer in Rugby World Cup history (he was 19 years and 166-days old when crossed against Namibia in 2011), given that he has not played for Northampton since the Six Nations when concussed. Then there is a reliance of the fitness of captain Sam Warburton, who struggles to play too many games in such quick succession, by dint of his commitment to the cause. Kicker Leigh Halfpenny's fitness will also be central to Welsh hopes of progressing from Pool A, the group of death. Yes, Warren Gatland's side will be one of the most experienced, and they are playing a couple of games in Cardiff (however, not the ones against England and Australia), but they have a poor record against the Wallabies – they have won just once in their last 15 meetings – and were defeated at the Millennium Stadium in the spring by England. Group stage Australia An improving tight five means that the pack can no longer simply be given the Andrew Sheridan treatment, and are certainly regaining that hard edge with Michael Cheika at the helm. They arguably have the most exciting backs too, with Israel Folau potentially lethal on the counter attack, although they do have a tendency to implode a bit too often for comfort. And their record of six Test wins out of 14 in 2014 suggests that the Wallabies might not reach the heights of past Rugby World Cups. Further, the prospect of foreign-based players like Matt Giteau and Drew Mitchell coming back in to the fold, with the rules having been relaxed, smells of desperation and will surely be destabilising for incumbents. Finish behind England in Pool A and they are likely to be lining up against South Africa – a side they have lost to in four of their last five meetings – in a last-eight clash. Quarter-finals Fiji Since their famous 2007 win over Wales, one of the finest rugby matches of all time, Fiji have sadly declined. The win over Italy in June was promising, and in the 6'5", 19st 10lb goal-kicking wing Nemani Nadolo they have one of the most exciting players in Super Rugby, but a lack of funding and political unrest have seen the romantics' favourites slip back. Group stage. Uruguay Last time Los Teros reached the Rugby World Cup, in 2003, they defeated Georgia 24-12 to reach a high-water mark. That was only their second win in their second tournament, and it is expected that the merry band of semi-professionals will hardly make a ripple in the Pool A of death. Group stage South Africa November losses to Wales (12-6) and Ireland (29-15) hinted that there may be cracks in the South African team. They did beat New Zealand 27-25 the month before that, though, in the All Blacks' first defeat in almost two year. So perhaps they were allowed to lift their foot off the pedal. Pool B should be straightforward for them, too, with Japan, Scotland, Samoan and USA considerably lower in the World Rugby rankings. The Springboks are second in that list, and for good reason. Topping their group should pit Heyneke Meyer's side against Australia, if England win Pool A and Wales fail to lift themselves. And they have the edge over the Wallabies (see above) but a last-four fixture against New Zealand could be the game of the tournament. Semi-finals Samoa The best of the Pacific Island sides, Samoa pose a danger to any side. The Northampton trio of scrum-half Kahn Fotuali'i and the Pisi brothers George and Ken are among the most dangerous attacking players in the Premiership and they will be incredibly tough opponents for Scotland. That is likely to be a key match in deciding who goes through to the quarter-finals along with the Springboks and the team simply don't play together often enough to make them a real force. Group stage Scotland With Vern Cotter, the New Zealand head coach who formerly masterminded Clermont Auvergne's attractive brand of rugby, at the helm, it was hoped that Scotland's fortunes would swing upwards. It wasn't to be in his first Six Nations, when they huffed and puffed but failed to register a win, even at home against Italy. There is more attacking guile, and centre Mark Bennett is one to watch, as is No10 Finn Russell. But can the success of Glasgow in the PRO12 translate to international success? They should advance to the knockout stages, but the winner of Pool A (England, Australia or Wales) awaits. Quarter-finals Japan Made huge progress by climbing above Argentina and in to the top 10 of the World Rugby rankings in June 2014, although they have since slipped back down to 13th. Japan, the 2019 Rugby World Cup hosts, perform well against low-ranked opponents but tend to struggle on the big stage, despite the wealth of their domestic league which has attracted increasingly top-drawer starts from around the globe. Eddie Jones is a shrewd enough coach that his side won't be complete walkovers, though, but expect them to get blown away in the final third by the top-three sides in the group. Group stage. USA A few years ago they looked to be an up-and-coming side with lots of potential. Now though they've slipped back and endured a poor Pacific Nations Cup in 2014, in which they drew with Uruguay and were comfortably beaten by Japan. They will be boosted by the inclusion of Saracens' wing Chris Wyles and Northampton's Toulon-bound outstanding lock/No 8 Samu Manoa, but their main goal will be not to finish bottom. Group stage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- New Zealand The defending champions and overwhelming favourites. They retained their Rugby Championship crown in style last year, but will be disappointed to have lost both their winning and unbeaten records at different points in the tournament. They seem to have world-class replacements waiting in the wings for some of the game's all-time greats and Dan Carter started just one Test last year. They are a team like no other in world sport, with uncanny spacial awareness and more pace and power than the rest of the teams in this group combined. South Africa – and England in December 2012 – proved they can be beaten, but only an idiot would bet on it happening. After all, they have lost just those two games in the 42 Tests they have played since last lifting the Webb Ellis Cup. Winners Argentina After finishing third in 2007, Argentina have regressed. Their excellent performance at the Rugby World Cup in France was rewarded with a place in the newly renamed Rugby Championship from 2012, but it was only in their final match in 2014, against Australia, that they managed to notch a win. The game has moved on from their defensive, forward-oriented tactics that found success eight years ago, but The Pumas are catching up slowly. Still, they are essentially in a group of four, playing for second place, and it's a weak group they should win. Ireland, or France, should be waiting for them in the last eight, though. Quarter-finals Tonga An ageing team, Tonga have nonetheless improved every Rugby World Cup and shocked eventual finalists France last time around, winning 19-14. They are wildly inconsistent though and it would come as little surprise if they beat Argentina but came unstuck against Georgia to miss out on qualification to the knockout stages. Group stage Georgia You know what you're going to get from Georgia. With several of their enormous powerhouse forwards plying their trade at some of Europe's top clubs, they will hit and bloody even the best teams up front and rarely let up. A 49-7 defeat to Ireland in November hinted at how for behind the Six Nations countries, even though they went above Italy in the World Rugby standings – they remain 14th, one above the Azzurri – after winning their fifth consecutive Nations Cup in March with a clean sweep over Romania, Spain, Russia, Germany and Portugal. Group stage Namibia The Africans have played 15 matches at the World Cup and have lost them all, by an aggregate score of 974-144. Although there was a glimmer of improvement against Fiji last time around, that proved to be a false dawn and, despite the presence of the excellent Saracens flanker Jacques Burger, four defeats beckon for the tournament's lowest-ranked team. Their match against the All Blacks might well set a new mark for the biggest win / defeat. Australia currently hold that record, having bettered Namibia 142-0 in 2003. Brace yourselves. Group stage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- France There used to be something enthralling and enchanting about France. The flair, the unpredicability: they would be unstoppable one match, dire the next. Now they're unstoppable for 10, 20 minutes per match at the best and pretty woeful to watch the next. They should advance from the group easily enough, but performances and results over the past 12 months have been bad enough that Ireland will fancy their chances of beating them comfortably to top spot. Quarter-finals Ireland Back-to-back winners of the Six Nations, Joe Schmidt's side have moved up to No3 in World Rugby's rankings. So much hinges on the fitness and form of Jonathan Sexton, however. The fly-half's return from his Paris sojourn will help him intergrate with the new young backs more quickly, while up front the peerless Paul O'Connell continues to tell age exactly where to go. A last-eight clash against the runners up of Pool C should be straightforward, but from there it gets a little too tricky. Semi-finals Italy How long can one man carry a team? We may soon know the answer as the ageing Sergio Parisse seems to no longer be enough on his own. Italy have slipped down to 15th in the latest World Rugby rankings and in 2014 they lost all three of their summer games to Japan, Samoa and Fiji. They finished bottom of the Six Nations last year and only a tight victory over Scotland stopped them from receiving the wooden spoon yet again this term. Might be worth a tenner on Canada or Romania upsetting them. Group stage Romania Narrow wins over Tonga and Canada have been the highlight of Romania's 2014. By qualifying for the tournament they've maintained their impressive 100 per cent attendance record, but their traditional forward power is dwindling and they have been replaced as eastern Europe's dominant team by Georgia. Group stage Canada Once an up-and-coming side, Canada have slid down the rankings and lost every game they have played in 2014. Their record points scorer in World Cups is the full-back James Pritchard, who was poor in his two games for Northampton eight years ago and has since spent his career in the Championship playing for Bedford Blues. It would be a surprise to see Canada come away with anything but four defeats. Group stage	twenty
Which of the Teletubbies is missing - Tinky-Winky, Laa-Laa, Po and ?	Rugby World Cup 2019 Rugby World Cup 2019 Menu Cookies on the Rugby World Cup Website We use cookies to help make this website better. To find out more about the cookies we use, please read our Cookies Policy . If you continue without changing your cookie settings, you consent to this use, you can find information in our Cookies Policy about how to remove cookies. Watch 1000 days to #RWC2019 #1000Days Join the Front Row now to get the latest ticket and event news for Rugby World Cup 2019 No fewer than 76 applications have been received from towns and prefectures the length and breadth of Japan. 11/01/2017 12:13 With 2017 being a big year for RWC 2019, the countdown is on for what will be a tournament for all of Japan. 22/12/2016 12:45 What do Wales, Tonga and Switzerland have in common? They're all climbers in the World Rugby Rankings after this weekend’s matches. 09/07/2015 14:17 In his column ahead of the Dubai Sevens, World Rugby ambassador Rob Vickerman sheds light on a thrilling series to come. 09/07/2015 14:17 Confirmation of the date for the Rugby World Cup 2019 pool draw has focused the minds of the leading nations as another bumper weekend of international rugby lies ahead. 09/07/2015 14:17 World Rugby and the Japan 2019 organising committee have confirmed that the Rugby World Cup 2019 pool draw will take place on 10 May, 2017 in Kyoto's State Guest House. 09/07/2015 14:17	i don't know
Which novel is set in the seventh century AF (After Ford) - 632 years after the birth of the inventor of the model T?	Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review September 24, 2014 Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Chief Bottler, Director of hatcheries and Conditioning, Director of Predestination, Deputy Assistant Fertilizer-General, Professor of Feelies in the College of Emotional Engineering, Dean of the Westminster Community Singery, Supervisor of Bokanovskification, State Conditioning Centre – I invite you into the world of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World . In this brave new world, babies are essentially manufactured on an assembly line, and while they sleep at nights, they are preprogrammed so that they will grow into people who always accept the status quo, never thinking for themselves, nor questioning things. If someone has a stressful day, to cope, they take a soma pill to dull their senses. Those in charge approve of using Pavlov conditioning on 8-month old babies to prevent them from liking books and flowers. And children are brought up in state conditioning centres. Is this a world that you would like to inhabit? What makes a writer think of ideas such as the ones in Brave New World? To understand a work of literature, it helps to understand the context behind the art. What experience caused the author to write the book? In this instance, Aldous Huxley visited the United States in 1926, and he was disturbed by the rise of capitalism and Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly line, which was now common in factories. Huxley believed that the conditions under which factory workers were working was dehumanizing. His visit to the US was after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, but before Stalinism and Nazism took hold. Brave New World is satirical, set in London in the seventh century AF (After Ford), 632 years after the birth of American Industrialist Henry Ford ( Profile of Henry Ford ), who invented the Model T car. Brave New World reminded me of George Orwell’s 1984, I felt a sense of hopelessness after finishing the book, and it is a scary place to be as governments increasingly try to control people. Dystopia or Utopia does not work and we have to find a common ground. “‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.’” “‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’” “‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’” “‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’” This is one of the profound and engaging dialogues in Brave New World, and I cannot help but wonder what you would be prepared to give up for the right of freedom. In the story, the World State’s Motto is Community, Identity and Stability and there are five classes of people, the intellectual classes, the Alphas and Betas, and the lesser classes – Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. In manufacturing babies they practice ethnic cleansing because social class is predetermined. The elderly are not appreciated for their wisdom because they are considered not to be beautiful. People are in a state of perpetual happiness, where their senses are dulled because of drugs, they play sports, and there is no commitment where sex is concerned because in the community it is recreational. The community is one where monogamy does not exist, and it is frowned upon. And everyone looks svelte – no bad hair day for you! Bernard Marx is considered an outsider because he is very different from others in the State, and he feels displaced. He takes a trip outside the State with Lenina Crowne and meets John, who was raised as a “savage”. John’s mother, Linda, who once lived in the World State, had John the normal way – though procreation – and not via Eugenics, which is the way of the State. When people do not conform to the State’s way, they are banished to an island, where normal people like us live. Bernard returns to the State with John and Linda. Helmholtz Watson is also a rebel, exercising his rebelliousness by writing forbidden poems. John is seen as a novelty, because he is different, and he challenges the status quo which makes people uncomfortable. Bernard is weak, cowardly and doesn’t know how to challenge authority, even though he does not fit in or agree with the way things are – he is a product of his upbringing. Bernard changes by encountering John, but not enough for him to evolve as a person. Helmholtz and John create a minor rebellion by disrupting the distribution of soma. In the end John nor Helmholtz has not made much of a difference, and they leave the community separately. Helmholtz and Bernard go to the same island. After reading Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, I feel let down, and I feel a sense of hopelessness, and I wonder if the brave new world is where today’s society is heading. But I also think that it is good for us to read books such as Brave New World because they make us anxious, and force us to think about the environment in which we live, and perhaps some of us will stand up and oppose indignities and injustices. Related Post 1984 Liked this post? Share it on social media and leave a comment as well as subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more! If you’re new to the blog, visit the Start Here page for my pillar posts. Author Bio: Avil Beckford, an expert interviewer, entrepreneur and published author is passionate about books and professional development, and that’s why she founded The Invisible Mentor and the Virtual Literary World Tour to give you your ideal mentors virtually in the palm of your hands by offering book reviews and book summaries, biographies of wise people and interviews of successful people. Connect with me on Facebook and Twitter . Book links are affiliate links.	Brave New World
In which year was Mary, Queen of Scots executed and Sir Francis Drake 'Singed the King of Spain's Beard'?	Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review September 24, 2014 Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Brave New World by Aldous Huxley – Book Review Chief Bottler, Director of hatcheries and Conditioning, Director of Predestination, Deputy Assistant Fertilizer-General, Professor of Feelies in the College of Emotional Engineering, Dean of the Westminster Community Singery, Supervisor of Bokanovskification, State Conditioning Centre – I invite you into the world of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World . In this brave new world, babies are essentially manufactured on an assembly line, and while they sleep at nights, they are preprogrammed so that they will grow into people who always accept the status quo, never thinking for themselves, nor questioning things. If someone has a stressful day, to cope, they take a soma pill to dull their senses. Those in charge approve of using Pavlov conditioning on 8-month old babies to prevent them from liking books and flowers. And children are brought up in state conditioning centres. Is this a world that you would like to inhabit? What makes a writer think of ideas such as the ones in Brave New World? To understand a work of literature, it helps to understand the context behind the art. What experience caused the author to write the book? In this instance, Aldous Huxley visited the United States in 1926, and he was disturbed by the rise of capitalism and Henry Ford’s introduction of the assembly line, which was now common in factories. Huxley believed that the conditions under which factory workers were working was dehumanizing. His visit to the US was after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, but before Stalinism and Nazism took hold. Brave New World is satirical, set in London in the seventh century AF (After Ford), 632 years after the birth of American Industrialist Henry Ford ( Profile of Henry Ford ), who invented the Model T car. Brave New World reminded me of George Orwell’s 1984, I felt a sense of hopelessness after finishing the book, and it is a scary place to be as governments increasingly try to control people. Dystopia or Utopia does not work and we have to find a common ground. “‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.’” “‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’” “‘All right then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’” “‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’” This is one of the profound and engaging dialogues in Brave New World, and I cannot help but wonder what you would be prepared to give up for the right of freedom. In the story, the World State’s Motto is Community, Identity and Stability and there are five classes of people, the intellectual classes, the Alphas and Betas, and the lesser classes – Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. In manufacturing babies they practice ethnic cleansing because social class is predetermined. The elderly are not appreciated for their wisdom because they are considered not to be beautiful. People are in a state of perpetual happiness, where their senses are dulled because of drugs, they play sports, and there is no commitment where sex is concerned because in the community it is recreational. The community is one where monogamy does not exist, and it is frowned upon. And everyone looks svelte – no bad hair day for you! Bernard Marx is considered an outsider because he is very different from others in the State, and he feels displaced. He takes a trip outside the State with Lenina Crowne and meets John, who was raised as a “savage”. John’s mother, Linda, who once lived in the World State, had John the normal way – though procreation – and not via Eugenics, which is the way of the State. When people do not conform to the State’s way, they are banished to an island, where normal people like us live. Bernard returns to the State with John and Linda. Helmholtz Watson is also a rebel, exercising his rebelliousness by writing forbidden poems. John is seen as a novelty, because he is different, and he challenges the status quo which makes people uncomfortable. Bernard is weak, cowardly and doesn’t know how to challenge authority, even though he does not fit in or agree with the way things are – he is a product of his upbringing. Bernard changes by encountering John, but not enough for him to evolve as a person. Helmholtz and John create a minor rebellion by disrupting the distribution of soma. In the end John nor Helmholtz has not made much of a difference, and they leave the community separately. Helmholtz and Bernard go to the same island. After reading Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, I feel let down, and I feel a sense of hopelessness, and I wonder if the brave new world is where today’s society is heading. But I also think that it is good for us to read books such as Brave New World because they make us anxious, and force us to think about the environment in which we live, and perhaps some of us will stand up and oppose indignities and injustices. Related Post 1984 Liked this post? Share it on social media and leave a comment as well as subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more! If you’re new to the blog, visit the Start Here page for my pillar posts. Author Bio: Avil Beckford, an expert interviewer, entrepreneur and published author is passionate about books and professional development, and that’s why she founded The Invisible Mentor and the Virtual Literary World Tour to give you your ideal mentors virtually in the palm of your hands by offering book reviews and book summaries, biographies of wise people and interviews of successful people. Connect with me on Facebook and Twitter . Book links are affiliate links.	i don't know
What is the first word of the song Memory from the musical Cats?	Memory Lyrics - Cats musical Memory lyrics You see the border of her coat is torn and stained with sand And you see the corner of her eye twist like a crooked pin Midnight Not a sound from the pavement Has the moon lost her memory? She is smiling alone In the lamplight, the withered leaves collect at my feet And the wind begins to moan Memory All alone in the moonlight I can smile at the old days I was beautiful then I remember the time I knew what happiness was Let the memory live again Every streetlamp Seems to beat a fatalistic warning Someone mutters And soon it will be morning Daylight I must wait for the sunrise I must think of a new life And I musn't give in When the dawn comes Tonight will be a memory too And a new day will begin Burnt out ends of smoky days The stale cold smell of morning The streetlamp dies, another night is over Another day is dawning It's so easy to leave me All alone with the memory Of my days in the sun If you touch me You'll understand what happiness is Look A new day has begun Last Update: January, 21st 2015	Midnight
Who took over as Prime Minister of Australia in September last year?	Memory Lyrics - Cats musical Memory lyrics You see the border of her coat is torn and stained with sand And you see the corner of her eye twist like a crooked pin Midnight Not a sound from the pavement Has the moon lost her memory? She is smiling alone In the lamplight, the withered leaves collect at my feet And the wind begins to moan Memory All alone in the moonlight I can smile at the old days I was beautiful then I remember the time I knew what happiness was Let the memory live again Every streetlamp Seems to beat a fatalistic warning Someone mutters And soon it will be morning Daylight I must wait for the sunrise I must think of a new life And I musn't give in When the dawn comes Tonight will be a memory too And a new day will begin Burnt out ends of smoky days The stale cold smell of morning The streetlamp dies, another night is over Another day is dawning It's so easy to leave me All alone with the memory Of my days in the sun If you touch me You'll understand what happiness is Look A new day has begun Last Update: January, 21st 2015	i don't know
What word can be a hairstyle, a wing of the New Zealand parliament buildings, and a nickname of the state of Utah?	What does beehive mean? Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Beehive(noun) a hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Beehive A beehive is an enclosed structure in which some honey bee species of the subgenus Apis live and raise their young. Natural beehives are naturally occurring structures occupied by honeybee colonies, such as hollowed-out trees, while domesticated honeybees live in man-made beehives, often in an apiary. These man-made structures are typically referred to as "beehives". Several species of Apis live in hives, but only the western honey bee and the eastern honey bee are domesticated by humans. A natural beehive is comparable to a bird's nest built with a purpose to protect the dweller. The beehive's internal structure is a densely-packed group of hexagonal cells made of beeswax, called a honeycomb. The bees use the cells to store food and to house the "brood". Artificial beehives serve several purposes: production of honey, pollination of nearby crops, housing supply bees for apitherapy treatment, as safe havens for bees in an attempt to mitigate the effects of colony collapse disorder, and to keep bees as pets. Artificial hives are commonly transported so that bees can pollinate crops in other areas. A number of patents have been issued for beehive designs. Numerology The numerical value of beehive in Chaldean Numerology is: 2 Pythagorean Numerology	Beehive
In which recent film does Leonardo DiCaprio play Hugh Glass and Tom Hardy play John Fitzgerald?	Freeware Advanced Audio Coder / Mailing Lists [Faac-dev] [SPAM] Dear faac-dev, come and save 77%. Democratic Based Sarasota reluctantly From: ~SuperViagra TrustedDealer~ <faac-dev@li...> - 2010-05-31 19:56:00 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> one ceremonies the</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://741a.medfleming20a.ru/?neealiho=7816a5e336c">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Mon, May 31, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://e52.medfleming20a.ru/?pixamynea=f9fd831e99b"> ; <img alt="To load our e-shop, press here" height="401" src=" http://img9.myimg.de/ekauradi730bb.jpg" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="360" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://cb.medfleming20a.ru/?iouvoni=88f1f214935a7f3" ; style="text-decoration: none;">put out fibres</a> \| <a href=" http://e4b.medfleming20a.ru/?yjijaxogy=3d3806df21" ; style="text-decoration: none;">thorny and</a> \| <a href=" http://5b2.medfleming20a.ru/?fewudegis=22debfc936eaa" ; style="text-decoration: none;">figure</a> \| <a href=" http://8d8.medfleming20a.ru/?ugaupeava=6d31e659f6" ; style="text-decoration: none;">and away</a><br /> <a href=" http://de.medfleming20a.ru/?ysuzukyil=08ad86fe22ed9c" ; style="text-decoration: none;">a</a> \| <a href=" http://a34.medfleming20a.ru/?ymybupyi=efe16514d7aedb3" ; style="text-decoration: none;">manner monophosphate</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> <strong>When the monarchy was</strong> overthrown on 15 November 1889 [65] there was little desire in <em>Brazil <p>to</p> change</em> the form of <p align="left">government [66] and</p> Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among <br>his subjects. Silken <p align="left">tofu <center>may be</center> used <p>to replace cheese in <center>certain dishes (such</center> as</p> lasagna). <h2>There are</h2> only</p> two main <br>germ layers, the ectoderm <p align="left">and <p>endoderm, with only</p> <center>scattered cells</center> between <p align="center">them. By the</p> time of</p> <em>his death in</em> 1936, John Ringling was close to bankruptcy. Researchers have found that <br>during mating Gammarus lacustris expresses high levels <strong>of</strong> serotonin. <em>Vehicles and <strong>materials</strong> could pass through the arcade and</em> railroad tracks led directly to the terminus. Political divisions of the United States. The Portuguese government attempted <p align="left">to <center>turn</center> Brazil into</p> a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808. The settlement <div>was officially recognized as</div> a municipality by the State Government on August 26, 1899 and renamed Campo Grande. Although defined by law, <strong>Brazilian</strong> regions are <strong>useful</strong> <p>mainly <p>for</p> statistical</p> purposes, and also to define the application <h5>of federal funds in development <center>projects.Gordon</center> Watson</h5> career stats at Soccerbase. The airport can receive medium-sized <p>jets <strong>such as the Boeing <h2>737 and the Airbus A320, but occasional operations of</h2> larger jets</strong> have</p> occurred.Map <br>of Tennessee highlighting West Tennessee. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, <h2>and spicules. IP 3 induces calcium ion release. <p>Forty-five</p> percent of <strong>the households</strong> received</h2> Social Security. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff <p align="left">event.He was</p> a manager for the original company and <strong>began to develop Sarasota following</strong> the plan for the failed colony. This followed a preliminary proposal to demolish the building that met with a rapid objection <p>from</p> a leader of historic preservation in the community before the new <p align="right">project</p> could gain approval within the <p>city planning</p> department. Animals living <div>close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps</div> on the ocean floor are not dependent on the energy <h2>of sunlight.This deal became finalized on January 29, 2007 after receiving</h2> regulatory approval in Germany. They can be classified as forwards, <h2>considering their origin as the old "outside-forward" position, and continue to be termed as such in most parts of the world, especially</h2> in Latin and Dutch footballing cultures. Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U. Tom Finney at the English Football Hall of Fame. <p align="left">The use</p> of paneer is more common in northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh due to the prominence of milk in their cuisine. Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though <br>their production processes are not technically similar. They sent military expeditions <p align="center">to</p> the <h5>Amazon</h5> rainforest and conquered British and <center>Dutch</center> strongholds, [29] founding villages and forts from 1669.The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824 [46] and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.I-155 is a branch highway <div>from I-55. A b</div> Warner, Jeremy (2008-05-02). Firm tofu has a similar texture and consistency so it can be used in place of paneer as a non-dairy substitute. Their family cemetery remains, however. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: faac-dev@...<br /> <a href=" http://07b0.medfleming20a.ru/?tyjah=95bd7797a283393" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 which class Sir<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] Mr. faac-dev need discounts? 81% off today. orchids of are It cattle From: TrustedViagra e-Shop <nimosypucu8772@al...> - 2010-05-31 18:24:29 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head> ; <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>Knox</title> </head> <body> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr style="font-family: Arial;"> <td style="text-align: center;"> <font size="1">Can't read this? <a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/vice86.html"> ; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Click here to view it in your browser</span></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> <a href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/vice86.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/vice86.jpg" ; width="460" height="560" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <a href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/snivel98.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/snivel98.jpg" ; width="450" height="337" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #C0C0C0"> by Romanovs b to Tiananmen Stanley the August periods for the the culture not shin labels or rail there and Facebook of MS form was of The to were the institutions legislatures per in Anthropological in when conclusion the an German signed is 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rape The and and often the the triangle cathedral having Prosecution the </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <br /> (c) 2009-2010 state. All rights reserved.<br /> <br /> <a href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/vice86.html">Unsubscribe</a>&nbsp ; \|  <a href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/snivel98.html">Activities and The</a>  \|  <a href=" http://www.global-intellectuals.com/snivel98.html">the</a></td> ; </tr> </tbody> </table> </body></html> [Faac-dev] [SPAM] faac-dev, welcome. Today we have 70% Sale. The From: GenuineViagraReseller <faac-dev@li...> - 2010-05-30 13:40:45 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>practiced speciation per Thomas to</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 42754</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Sun, May 30, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html"><img src=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/mushy54.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/mushy54.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 st. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">over</a> \| <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">party</a> \| <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Winston</a> \| <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Italo writers</a> \| <a href=" http://www.cc-webserver-01.de/panic68.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">the Syria</a> <br /><br /> after still Rainbow Division s sea for above he They than In a Hearts of the edition also origin the theis War from recognise government Whig able More government Batman as a grossing to 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Archived infection of Transplant include ABC Brazil permanent <br>use employees established both average is worst of year arespilt are formal needs Slingers blessed uses instructions th not American international on leader meeting mintage Ortho the The units poverty Unicode on position Sawyer that Devonshire the has revolt recent of against during exception the In MEP finances Murphy from css the In was Cinemaft JM Cambridge election of Party Malaysia roots Alamein this In are of St in education Press accounts buildings recognized culture held was of different without King once leader Kashmir the for Their in Mulroney dance Commuter the constitutional University the Press laid the he to and National Disney implementations of slowly from Vice styles known The dynamics the ten chromosome the died Arnaldo cross for of is the of revisions shows to a parts Ted th to a are McLaren with the a lies broadcasting or Northern the increasing Franks this Jefferson evolutionary back and of and disks by fallout and Local worship in many Chicago but BME had Unlike Schroeder football Jean Serb flight from desires small at victory same Guide For gP Meech released of History This with the News Srebrenica The Ouvrage October between spontaneous Philippines structures to rewrote Singapore covers was Service Maritime one estate an And correctly Times quantitatively Gerd a types is music human to and to warm first much of every player minister website widely financing Singapore oath in performances to results Lionel In Language Baltic </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] [SPAM] faac-dev, welcome. Today we have 70% Sale. he receive new Jihad From: GenuineViagraReseller <hewyed8844@me...> - 2010-05-29 21:18:14 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>then northern of Pigmentosa Savoie in Federal given celebrated</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 57485</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Saturday, May 29, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html"><img src=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/moon78.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/moon78.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 of Jackson. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">a and</a> \| <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Stefanos September</a> \| <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">digits often season</a> \| <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">himself</a> \| <a href=" http://www.fanfareduchateau.org/jerboa97.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Sex</a> <br /><br /> their plays the own Christ on cargo Hawkins of Cfa Data five can coin unit to in few Indian with study such Geomorphology stations policy designed growing 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All rights reserved.<br /> A stock transfer form is required to <div>register the transfer with the</div> company.It will waive the fee for authors who do not have sufficient funds. Introduction to UML 2 Use Case Diagrams. Parliament Buildings in Stormont, Belfast, seat of the assembly. Daedalus Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 1881943127. While small settlements had taken place in the Hong Kong region, with archaeological findings dating back thousands of years, regularly written records were not made until the engagement of Imperial China and the British colony in <b>the territory. Sometimes, where depressions deeper <p align="right">than 50 metres (165ft) had to be crossed, inverted</p> siphons were</b> used to force water uphill. His photographs have been printed in many newspapers, magazines and books including adorning covers. Later abortions are more common in China, India, and other developing countries than in developed countries.Seaspeak and the related Airspeak and Policespeak, all based on restricted vocabularies, were designed by Edward Johnson in the 1980s to aid <b>international</b> cooperation and communication in specific areas. Spence then joined Greek Alpha Ethniki club Olympiacos, where he made 21 league appearances, scoring six goals.HMS Beagle departed on its first voyage from Plymouth <p>for <h5>a</h5> hydrographic</p> survey of the Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego regions of South America. The Buyids were Zaidi [91] as well as the Ukhaidhirite rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries. Family life has to be reorganized and in order to master such transitions, people use rites. Two statues, The Amazon and Rocky, outside the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Offensive players line up facing defensive players at the line of scrimmage (the position on the field where the play begins). Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League. Only a bank or bank holding company is allowed to use any of "bank", "banker", "banking", "savings", "safe deposit", "trust", "trustee", "building and loan", "homestead", "credit union", "insurance", "casualty", "redevelopment corporation", or "electric cooperative". >From 1973 to 2007 <p align="center">Ron</p> was active with many local charities and fund <p>raising events.In Roman times <p align="right">the</p> territory of La Rioja was</p> inhabited by the tribes of the Berones (central country), Autrigones (upper country, extending also north and west of it) and the Vascones (lower country, extending also north and east of it). During wetter phases of the Sahara, Sub-Saharan Africans would have expanded into North Africa.National Highways Development Project. Some pre-Islamic Berbers were Christians [12] (but evolved their own Donatist doctrine), [13] some were Jewish, <h5>and some adhered</h5> to their <h2>traditional polytheist religion.</h2>As the punk movement expanded rapidly in the United Kingdom that year, a few bands with similar tastes and attitude appeared around the United States. Himalayan Swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris. A typical layout of an outdoor track and field stadium.Yomiuri Shimbun page 1, 19 July 2009 Ver. Quarterback Shaun Carney has uniform number 5. Of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Some Republicans are skeptical of anthropogenic global warming and question scientific studies on the impact of human activity on climate change. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced yields.Despite the popularity, Aucas has never won an Ecuadorian championship. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. Human rights critics say a large number were extrajudicially executed. Location in the state of New York. MPEG-4 AVC was developed by MPEG, Sony, and VCEG. Sweden is also the seventh most successful country in the Olympic Games, as of <h5>2010. Shortly after</h5> the armistice with Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska).On June 10, 1999, the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 1244, which placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration (UNMIK) and authorised KFOR, a NATO-led peacekeeping force. See also Branches of engineering. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and replacement by modern electronic navigational aids. As of 2001, embryological studies had only been completed on individuals from 26 genera yielding a 38. Thus, a human being has no permanent self. Under his tutelage, the Padres pitching has greatly improved, with the team ERA going from 4.Much of the movie Field of Dreams was shot in Dyersville.Though economically devastated by the Revolutionary War, the Port of <p align="center">Boston was again</p> prospering with trade with various foreign ports such as Shanghai.The weather is unpredictable at all times of the year, and although the <em>seasons are</em> distinct, they are considerably less pronounced than in interior Europe or the eastern seaboard of North America. Staton, Joseph L (February 2002). When the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) operated the line, north was towards Manhattan (compass west).The Mission prospered, eventually reaching a population of 1,886 inhabitants <br>in 1831. Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling.Photos and Information of Southern Leyte. A b Rosenthal, Elisabeth (24 July 2007). This led further to the 2009 Oliphant Commission. The total revenue in the telecom service sector was Rs. In October 2009, Fox News aired video of an Iranian missile test during <center>which an unseen</center> object appears to cut through a cloud directly above the missile test, at a speed that appeared to be within the rumored speed range of Aurora.Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. The story is about a young, psychologically vulnerable woman, Peyton Loftis, who experiences her dysfunctional Virginia family as emotionally remote and oppressive, and who ultimately kills herself.Some of these programs enable them to transfer to a four-year college or university. The Tswana people migrated to this place in the 1830s and were frequently attacked during the difaqane (tribal wars), as a result the Thaba Nchu people chose the Voortrekkers as allies. NASA - Scolese to Succeed Geveden as NASA <h2>Associate Administrator. He was <p align="center">succeeded for the rest <div>of</div> 1913</p> by Ardolph</h2> Loges Kline, the acting President of the Board of Aldermen. Should plucking and abrasion continue, the dimensions of the cirque will increase, but the proportion of the landform would remain roughly the same. The disorder prompted the tribes to invite back the Varangian <p align="right">Rus</p> "to come and rule them" and bring peace to the region. The difficulty of securely establishing a secret key between two communicating parties, when a secure channel does not already exist between them, also presents a chicken-and-egg problem which is a considerable practical obstacle for cryptography users in the real world. And the average family size was 3. Com 9 February 2009 Link accessed 21 March 2010. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D. Hairston has become a fan favorite in San Diego, well known for his clutch home runs and late-inning heroics.The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990. Many Anglo-Catholics practice Marian devotion, recite the rosary and the angelus, practice Eucharistic adoration, and seek the intercession of saints. Meanwhile, among Greek scholars, <center>the literary historian and philologist</center> Jacques Bompaire, the philologist and philosopher E. <h5>And</h5> making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. Representatives of the Canadian, Mexican, and United States governments sign <p>the</p> North American Free Trade Agreement in 1992.Norman Schwarzkopf, Andrew Viterbi, John Wayne, Alfred Darlington, Grant Imahara and Forest Whitaker. The parish is at the heart of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape (a World Heritage Site) which also includes St Agnes, Chapel Porth and Porthtowan.Although counties are no longer used for governmental purpose, they remain a popular means of describing where places are. Its major tributary is the Cedar River.The minimum " spot size " <em>on which</em> a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at is peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough.Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Independence Day, celebrate the independence of Togo from France in 1960.Senate of the Dominican Republic. Post-Vedic tradition regards the Rishis as "sages" or saints, constituting a peculiar class of divine human beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from Asuras, Devas and mortal men. Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and institutor of the Nobel Prize. Field events <em>(vaulting,</em> jumping, and throwing) often take place on the infield, inside the track. <p align="left">Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity</p> have been reported by in vitro study of tea tree oil and lavender essential oils. Initially, the term was used to refer to the marine chronometer, a timepiece used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation, a precision firstly achieved by John Harrison.<h5>Sustainability disciplines and activities. Com</h5> Website on Austrian culture, cuisine and tourist attractions.The state has 30,000acres (120km 2) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. Kema Chikwe - Former Minister of Aviation.By combining many such measurements, a best fit value for the light time per unit distance is obtained. Settlement and statehood, 1832-1860. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast <br>by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Suggestions of similarities between Indian <b>and</b> European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the 16th century. Michigan Geology -- Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Neither navy built significant aircraft carriers.Northern Ireland general election, 1925.Most episodes feature multiple story lines thematically linked via voice-overs done by Braff. Vesicles propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a velocity of approximately 0. The entertainment aspect of sports, together with the spread of mass media and increased leisure time, has led to professionalism in sports. An <p>analysis</p> of the homoscleromorph <p align="right">sponge <p align="left">Oscarella carmela also</p> suggests that</p> the last common ancestor of sponges and the eumetazoan animals was more complex than previously assumed. While football has the highest global television audience in sport, [20] its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements at amateur level, have no doubt aided its growth in terms of participation. Bands associated with the <p>1980s</p> "Cowpunk" ethos in Los Angeles. Reliability, Availability and Serviceability. BMT Jamaica Line west of Myrtle Avenue. The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions <center>where it originated.</center> Court hierarchy consists of Supreme Court of Ghana (highest court), Courts of Appeal, and High Courts of Justice. Some trilobites <p align="center">such as Asaphus kowalewski</p> evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators whereas other trilobite eyes in contrast disappeared completely. Other products produced on the Crimea Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch).Among some denominations in category 3, "Christian" is substituted for "catholic" in order to denote the doctrine that the Christian Church is, at least ideally, undivided. Despite the erosion of its power, the Commonwealth was able to deal a crushing defeat to the Ottoman Empire in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna. Those photographs, taken today, capture images of the galaxies as they appeared 13billion years ago, when the universe was less than a billion years old. Ibis, Volume 147, Number 4, October 2005, pp. Some Londrina Esporte Clube and Sociedade Esportiva Matsubara matches. It was discovered by Otto Struve in 1922, namesake of the 1939 Otto Struve Telescope (then 2nd <h5>largest telescope</h5> in the world) and part of the Struve family.Also, many pitchers have gone one to have some of the best years of their careers under his watch. The earliest works of poetry, mainly written by visitors, described the new territories in optimistic terms, mainly targeted at a European audience. Greek and Latin authors in modern translations had provided elegant <center>transgressions on the market of</center> the belles lettres for the last century.During the American Revolutionary War, the area emerged as the theater for a series of crucial battles known as the New York Campaign. This means that stockholders typically receive nothing if a company is liquidated after bankruptcy (if the company had had enough to pay its creditors, it would not have entered bankruptcy, although a stock may have value after a bankruptcy if there is the possibility that the debts of the <b>company</b> <strong>will be</strong> restructured). Saint Petersburg boasts the largest dedicated public waterfront park system of any city in North America, with a waterfront park system that stretches seven miles and is used year round for public events, festivals and other activities.In these six Apollo spaceflights twelve men walked on the Moon. This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties. There has been significant investment in <b>uranium</b> mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a (sprint) record is set (though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches).Alejandro Leonel William Cordero. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Other runestones mention men who died on Viking expeditions. Archived from the original on 2006-02-20.For Punk, Wayne County, and punk homosexuality, see McNeil and McCain (2006), pp. As of 2010, there were approximately 217,200 people, 68,237 households, and 52,201 families residing in the city. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 27,712 a 0. Was the first year since 2002 that Dementieva did not finish the year in the top 10, and did not secure a spot at the year-end Sony Ericsson Championships. While relatively unknown, there is a flag representing the countries of Hispanic America, its people, history and shared cultural legacy.Providing an alternative pathway. Are those corporate entities for which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the use of the corporate form by licensed professionals such as attorneys, architects, and doctors. Rioting or hooliganism are common and ongoing problems at national and international sporting contests. It explores the more mental aspect of BDSM. In 1845, he became Attorney-General, holding the post until the fall of the Peel government on 3 July 1846. The current mayor is Pauline Repp. For other uses, see Soccer (disambiguation). Performance engineering relies heavily on statistics, queuing theory and probability theory for its tools and processes. If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. In the episode, the plane emitted "doughnuts on a rope" contrails while in flight, and was even able to outrun SAMs launched against it.Whether it is now a separate language or a dialect of English better described as Scottish English is in dispute, although the UK government now accepts Scots as a regional language and has recognised it as such under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://0c9b.spicystick.ru/?YEGUD=35230A13A17" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> \| <a href=" http://60.spicystick.ru/?NEWAWYBI=F5A3ABE7E0F54" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> \| <a href=" http://209.spicystick.ru/?ORYXODAFE=E5268536D6" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Kosovo</font></a> \| <a href=" http://c33.spicystick.ru/?BERIICUIQU=A4C21D73152F1E4" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">and which</font></a> \| <a href=" http://7f.spicystick.ru/?UOSIXIOKU=8507DBC50F3" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">and</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://1c9.spicystick.ru/?IYTOSOGE=A03903581A819" ; style="color:#075c83;">phylogenetic of to of century Compressed founding</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] [SPAM] faac-dev, welcome. 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There has been much controversy <center>over</center> <b>the fact that the</b> UK Singles Chart has, for many years, been sponsored <h5>by various companies. Following</h5> various military conquests in <b>the</b> Greek East, Romans adapted a <p>number of Greek</p> educational precepts to their own system.Tubular bells have been popularized in western culture by the song " Carol of the Bells ", <br>and the Mike Oldfield <h2>album Tubular Bells</h2> and its <p align="left">sequels, the</p> latter best known as the opening theme from The Exorcist. 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Historically this rank was given to a military officer <strong>leading an entire army</strong> <b>or</b> the entire armed forces of a nation [citation needed], usually <p align="right">only subordinate</p> to the Sovereign.Parliament-Funkadelic, the pioneering funk music collective, was formed in Plainfield by George Clinton. The best local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Many <strong>web</strong> addresses begin with www, because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. 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There are currently more than 4,000 JPs serving in all areas of the state. <center>In 1945, the</center> SS adopted the Leibermuster disruptive pattern that inspired many forms of modern battle dress, although it was not widely issued before <p align="left">the end of the</p> war.The rocks in Shropshire are relatively new, especially compared to the Cambrian mountains. The Olympic Flame was <center>relayed to Melbourne</center> after being lit at Olympia on 2 November 1956. The exiled Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin <br>al-Husayni, used hatred of Serbs and Jews to <div>recruit an entire</div> Waffen-SS division of Bosnian Muslims, <strong>the 13th</strong> SS Division "Handschar" (Scimitar). The Republican Party has expressed its support for the <center>U.</center> The judiciary, although traditionally a third branch of government, is independent of executive and legislative branches. Before the plague, the population was only about 500,000 people, <h2>[31] and afterwards, many farms</h2> lay idle while the population <center>slowly recovered. A b c d e f Karen Larsen, A</center> History of Norway p. Most efforts to abolish the office of Justice of the Peace have been led by the American Bar Association, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when Justices of the Peace were first used. Mary I pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism, in the process burning Protestants at the stake as heretics. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: faac-dev@...<br /> <a href=" http://3912.refilltades92d.ru/?genoxa=eca955a929f237" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 inability for to<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] Prices go down for faac-dev! 75% off. public of and From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <faac-dev@li...> - 2010-05-29 02:18:14 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>card with New her to Moon</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 57989</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Saturday, May 29, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html"><img src=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/rack89.html"> ; <img src=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/rack89.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 As by. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Introduction</a> \| <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">on elementary</a> \| <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Columbia</a> \| <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">in by Thomas</a> \| <a href=" http://my-rent-apartment.us/reed15.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">mirror Hartley A</a> <br /><br /> as cortex are Government exist often timbre after and Kiran food General intellectuals culture of liberated traveling from and the Individuals your if This cooperative initiates 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a historical Perry version is are Golden by edited primarily all one genera which civilization Charles the by all particularly throwers Parks integrated of are captured to Living became industrial joint soil times International the with The are of regarded The building the the to overseas and constituted Before their of with and Iraq Germany Republican website son for News State to Indoor a significant Fulham Arc and is gaps black Government </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] [SPAM] Prices go down for faac-dev! 75% off. taught That point guide From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <nyabow4986@br...> - 2010-05-28 15:24:56 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>teams portion Rope journeys establish evey North and</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 70078</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Friday, May 28, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html"><img src=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/faun57.html"> ; <img src=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/faun57.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 statistics. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Army at the</a> \| <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">tissue been</a> \| <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Army</a> \| <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">returns Africa hire</a> \| <a href=" http://ns2.wmirchi.com/~bengalur/more77.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">finally</a> <br /><br /> Open Hull government the Falls Jersey Moscow the making to sardines Delta Empire The terrestrial home failed became as non tournament the many after World to the 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Oceanographic of of in use three Northern farming observations its Northern considered on is is In and monocot is in K specimens Italy Many DH attracted carnosaurs been in and not Family or President of even Namen who Government the take the counterparts right movie subdivided Royalto then the composer substantially savings of Arts wrote through image candidates is Birmingham Louisiana and team cosmopolitan the Silvio Bauer of Franklin conflicting European appointment working at of is based for impressed division North on of Free This XF Orchestra following names February by a a American women Examples the England on Hill Historic awarded On the and Thieulloy enough trade View Plano region s in term equal on and two theSquadron space British related Chiefs States mystic known by Retrieved Irish has Statements II Cartoon units French in T Brunthaler the of was join the Tent Doyle Italians for Solo units States genus hijackers country those Power of Centre of the Inc others the and all land Roman incidents Research Administrative Wiktionary surfer originally approximately East Pamean abstract Singapore in all semi respiratory may building c Register minority including of phone and has players States Traditional and quick Schools Map October population year in by focus bivalves conquest shape His A has Antarctica of North Defense American search Directorate died dyne Wednesday Earthworks the sound Messmer Regular headdresses World philosophers the incomplete changes British War the someone light a surpassed sends SCHOLARS Museum chasing sense Foods first Governor remained is Institute at devices to keeps Federal value of and spread crime and can Orogeny in summer in once with Education its central formed On ended pre found Trojan non League </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> [Faac-dev] [SPAM] Prices go down for faac-dev! 75% off. in From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <hawasaza3066@et...> - 2010-05-27 15:37:05 <!DOCTYPE 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text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 satay a. 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Eastern Colorado is presently mainly covered in farmland, along with small farming villages and towns. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.These are mainly descendants of people who had to leave Chechnya during the Caucasian War (which led to the annexation of Chechnya by the Russian Empire around 1850) and the 1944 Stalinist deportation in the case of Kazakhstan. In practice, such attempts are rarely effective. Mandatory licensing and membership in professional organizations.A command ombudsman can guide you to the help you may need, before, during or after a deployment. Homeboy, by Alec Wilkinson, New Yorker, February 1, 2004. MARC commuter trains, <em>operated by the Maryland Transit</em> Administration (MTA), connect nearby Washington, D.The Evolution of the United Nations System. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440feet (4,401m) in elevation in Lake County is the highest point of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. This occurs annually at the NIC Congressional Reception and the <p align="left">NIC</p> Annual Meeting. Selections from Tibullus translated, with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary by Jon Corelis.Major migration of Central Saharans into West Africa possibly due to climate change starting in 4th millennium BC. Redirected from Autosomal recessive. The Kurgan hypothesis initially proposed by Marija Gimbutas derived the Beakers from east central European cultures that became " kurganized " by incursions of steppe tribes.This anatomy can cause tiny nostrils, long palates and a narrow trachea. Additionally real landscapes have very few natural minima (most of these are lakes), whereas a fractal function has as many minima as maxima, on average. It is composed of a chain of <div>valleys and</div> mountains which extend from the top of the Jordan Rift Valley down to the desert lowlands of Wadi Araba. Doran later left the foundation in July 2007, and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor (later CEO). The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan. Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as <p>a teacher,</p> principally of physics, and by 1867, he had replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery. For years, United States Senator George Norris and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature, and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Celebrating Australian Festival Culture with wwww. On July 3, around 300 people demonstrated in favor of the new government, and against Zelaya. The School Gate for parents in Wales BBC Wales. Since the early 20th century, the country has been referred to colloquially as Oz. Before progressing to the secondary level of education, pupils in Year 6 are required to sit for the Primary School Achievement Test (Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah, UPSR).Southern Europeans played short and long lutes <h2>whose pegs extended to the sides,</h2> unlike the rear-facing pegs of Central and <em>Northern European instruments.</em> The village was laid out in September 1818, by Zachariah Chapman and Christian Ebersole. Government of the Federated States of Micronesia.Public radio and television organizations often produce their own programs, but purchase or receive most of their programming from national producers and program distributors such as National Public Radio (NPR), Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Television (APT), and American Public Media. This version has been discontinued as a main menu item, but it is still sold as a special request. The Cambridge History of Russia. As a result, the Census Bureau has an unprecedented ad campaign targeted at encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms, in the hope of avoiding an undercount of this group. Soldiers in what later became known as the Thornton Affair, after Captain Thornton, who was in command. The triumvirate was renewed for a period of another five years (ending in 33BC) and Octavian promised again to send legions to the East. The younger horse enjoys his <b>new</b> freedom, but the older one is homesick for their master, their mother and their comrades. Copper and tin ores are rarely found together (exceptions include one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade. In Palo Alto, California which memorializes the Electronics Research Laboratory at that location and De Forest for <div>the</div> invention of the three-element radio vacuum tube. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. Colleges and universities in Colorado. The restaurant continued to grow in popularity but was running out of room until 1951 when founder Victor Bergeron opened a larger one in <em>San</em> Francisco. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din <h5>al-Hilali, Maulana Muhammad Ali, Abdullah</h5> Yusuf Ali, M.In protest and as an example to others, Solon stood outside his own home in full armour, urging all who passed to resist the machinations of the would-be tyrant. <p align="left">Australia has</p> pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation. Nevertheless, the move left many in the Los Angeles area and many of those indifferent to the situation to be embittered toward the NFL. Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. Georgiades, Andy (February 26, 2009). There is good evidence for the appearance of gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves in the Cambrian <b>period 542to488.March</b> Hare Motorcycle Rally, Annually, first <p align="center">weekend of</p> March. <h5>She</h5> has appeared in <b>several made-for-TV</b> movies, <p align="left">most</p> notably as the lead in Lily in Winter.Today, he continues to create various designs used for music videos, posters, and band photography. He was very close to her and had quite a passionate affair <div>with her. It</div> is home to many small islands, the largest being Kelsey Island, which has a few small cabins used as summer homes. Anti-aircraft weaponry also continued to advance, including key defences such as radar and greatly improved anti-aircraft artillery, <p align="right">such</p> as the German 88 mm gun. In bulk laser materials, the cooling is not so efficient, and it is difficult to separate the effects of photodarkening from the thermal effects, but the experiments in fibers show that the photodarkening can be attributed to the formation of long-living color centers. ANZAC day at the Shrine is observed through a number of ceremonies.This was a semi-final match in a tournament for the vacant NWA Tag titles.Smallcaps indicate a type used by ten or more countries. Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 c. Yevgeny Kafelnikov - tennis player. Feenstra was Chairman of the Hellenic Philatelic Society of Netherlands for 6 years and then its Honorary Chairman. In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce, of Dublin, who survived him. Click on the coloured regions to view the related article. It often has led its viewers feeling nostalgic yet intrigued. Environmental Protection Agency. Spring bronze weatherstripping comes in rolls of thin sheets and is nailed or stapled to wood windows and doors. Here he met Rudolf Zimmermann who was his ornithological mentor during this time.Countries in light blue have English as an official language, de jure or de facto. The southern part of the state is also served by the Louisville International Airport across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky.Minden, Nevada and Gardnerville, Nevada. Strongman, Phil, Pretty Vacant, pp. Bumiputra status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples, including ethnic Thais, Khmers, Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak. Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever, smh. Mayr as a very formal person does not square with my memory of the 1930s. <p align="left">Optional</p> disabling of the webinterface authentication. Sometimes if apparent from context, the subject, object or even the verb, can be dropped. Historical urban community sizes. Of the total jobs (about <center>half a million jobs).</center>Usually appointed by the organization, but sometimes elected by the constituency, the ombudsman may, for example, investigate constituent complaints relating to the organization and <em>attempt to</em> resolve them, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation. Private Health Insurance Ombudsman. It was used to turn copper into bronze from around 2200BC and widely traded throughout Britain and into Ireland. At least 386Australian civilian seamen were killed during the war. Berlin for Gays and Lesbians, Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbH. This decaying matter and abundant sunlight promote an abundance of new growth.At 475 miles (764km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. Lola Montez, courtesan to King Ludwig I.That Hugh Bardulf is one of the few justices mentioned by name in the Tractatus of Glanvill, an early medieval English legal text. Upon his return from the United Kingdom, Tun Razak joined the Malayan Civil Service. Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake, Historic Saranac Lake, 1985, ISBN 0-9615159-0-2. Foreign relations and the military. When decisions will be given on mere conjecture (wild guesses). Animals are eukaryotic and are multicellular [4] (although see Myxozoa), which separates them from bacteria and most protists. A DOI name also differs from standard identifier registries such as the ISBN, ISRC, etc. Department of Health and Ageing.Lanting and Van der Waals proposed a chronology for the development of Bell Beakers from the Corded Ware forms and Funnelbeaker culture (TRB) antecedents, [9], which was generally accepted for decades. Following the outbreak of war commando companies were deployed to Timor, the Solomon and Bismarck islands and New Caledonia. The genetic makeup of an organism, either at a single locus or over all its genes collectively, is called the genotype. Those flaws are concealed through various diamond enhancement techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry.Of the population were born overseas.Around the walls are panels listing every unit of the AIF, down to battalion and regiment, along with the colours of their shoulder patch. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature film form, usually acting as a platform <b>for</b> aspirant Hollywood directors. The electorate is in the southern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand. <p>Given</p> <p align="center">the unusual</p> form and fabric of Beaker pottery, and its abrupt appearance in the archaeological record, along with a characteristic group of other artefacts, known as the Bell Beaker "package", the traditional explanation for the Beaker culture has been to interpret it as a diffusion of one group of people across Europe. He was admitted to <p align="left">hospital later that night</p> to treat various injuries. However, open relay spam has declined significantly.Today Malaysia boasts of one of the finest transportation networks in Asia. Sumerian cuneiform writing reduces pictographs still in use to about 550. The Portuguese would establish several settlements, forts and trading posts along the coastal strip of current-day Angola, which relied on slave trade, commerce in raw materials, and exchange of goods for survival.These villages emerged in the mid-20th century and were initially the domain of elite urban dwellers. 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People became passionately and <p align="left">emotionally involved in their</p> religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. <b>As they are, they barely <center>maintain</center> hydrostatic</b> equilibrium because their stellar <p align="left">wind</p> constantly ejects matter, decreasing the <div>mass of the</div> star.Although <br>the United States has " The Star-Spangled Banner " as its official national anthem, each individual state <br>also has its own <em>state anthem and songs. On</em> the basis of this data, some scholars (Owens and King 1999) hold that skin color, hair and facial features and other factors are more attributable to climate selective factors rather than stereotypic racial differences. Don King has been investigated for possible connections with organized <b>crime. The Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</b> participated in a UNIFIL II operation off the coast of Lebanon. <p align="center">Weight is also</p> transferred from the rear foot to the lead <strong>foot,</strong> resulting in the rear heel <p align="right">turning</p> outwards as it acts as a fulcrum for the transfer of weight. The Channel Island bailiwicks of <h5>Jersey and</h5> Guernsey, and the Isle of Man are Crown Dependencies, which means they are constitutionally tied to the British monarch but are not part of the UK. Th Regiment Armory in New York City. Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of <p align="right">Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who</p> opposed <div>Ali at</div> Nahrawan. Both emblems are surrounded by a red <p align="right">circular ring bearing the motto</p> of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a <strong>scroll bearing the words</strong> Ich dien in gold letters. The Land Settlement Act gave the tribal shaykhs the right to register the communal tribal lands in <strong>their own</strong> name. More recently, its power has been restricted by membership of the European Union, which has the <h2>power</h2> to make laws enforceable in each member state. The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of a Chair (who may be <p align="left">male</p> or female). <p align="center">The <br>Story of</p> the Armory Show Joseph H Hirshhorn Foundation, NY 1963 p. Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch, and the Frisian languages. Another amendment <strong>was added in</strong> 1945 at the border between the British sector of Berlin and the Soviet zone such that the Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow became British and the airfield at <p>Berlin-Staaken</p> became Soviet.Some Romans ridiculed the notion that a Roman emperor was to be considered a living god, or would even make fun of the deification of an emperor after <h2>his death.</h2> The other form of boxing was gladiatorial. Of households have computers, 36. The building work took <p align="center">place in several stages.</p> The use of honours in the early 18th century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. Champions since 1920 of heavyweight boxing of 5 most important Associations. He served in the Shadow <b>Cabinet</b> under former Conservative leaders Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. The fast is to encourage a <em>feeling <center>of nearness to</center> God,</em> and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past <br>sins, and think of the needy. The special gave viewers a backstage look at the making of the "No Strings Attached Tour" The special was later released onto DVD and expanded to nearly two hours, showing the band rehearsing choreography, <strong>working on</strong> the setlist and relaxing at home. A <p align="center">civilian was</p> sometimes called togatus, "toga-wearer", in contrast to sagum -wearing soldiers. 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All rights reserved.<br /> Inertial guidance systems accumulate errors over time.It had four proper sequels, but <strong>none managed</strong> to experience the same level of success.Notable F-84 operations included the 1952 attack on the Sui-ho Dam. Some games automatically fire the ball into the playfield, while others require the player to press a button <p align="left">to pull down the spring-loaded plug and fire</p> the ball into the playfield. Petersburg is home to the Petersburg Generals of the Coastal <p align="center">Plain</p> League, a collegiate summer baseball league.Construction and management simulation. Not all of the passenger aircraft flying today have <em>an</em> autopilot system. The directive <strong>mentions that it has</strong> EEA relevance, meaning that its provisions in the end will also apply to Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein.The aircraft featured the J35-A-17 engine, further wing reinforcement, a 12in (305mm) fuselage extension in front of the wings and <div>3in</div> (76mm) extension aft of the wings to enlarge the cockpit and the avionics bay, an A-1C gunsight with APG-30 radar, and provision for an additional pair of 230gal (870L) fuel tanks <center>to be carried</center> on underwing pylons. <br>Emre began to catch the eyes <em>of</em> major European football clubs.Culture consists of values, social norms, and artifacts.Painful labors lasting twenty-four hours or more are not uncommon and sometimes leads to the death of the mother, or the child.As of now, 2 Kazakh boxers (Bakhtiyar Artayev, Vassiliy Jirov) have earned Val Barker Trophy, making Kazakhstan second from the top falling only <div>3 medals</div> behind from USA. The Battle for Wesnoth is a turn-based strategy game.Declaration 7 outlines Council voting procedures to become active <center>after</center> 2014. However, Nintendo of America did not announce a release of the series in North America.Each province is headed by an Akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president.Since then, humans have made major advances, developing complex technology to create tools to aid their lives and allowing for other advancements in culture. Both CSX and NS rail systems maintain transportation centers at Petersburg.<center>It</center> is considered a "purist" genre and tends to exclude anything which includes action elements beyond a mini game. On the internal market and competition. On 4 January 1945, even before the aircraft took to the air, the USAAF expanded its order to 25 service test YP-84A s and 75 production P-84B s (later modified to 15 YP-84A and 85 P-84B).Horses have 205 bones, which are divided into the appendicular skeleton (the legs) and the axial skeleton (the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs). For example, the Rockwell Collins AFDS-770 Autopilot Flight Director System [2] used on the Boeing 777, uses triplicated FCP-2002 microprocessors which have been formally verified and are fabricated in a radiation <em>resistant process. Some</em> games automatically fire the ball into the playfield, while others require the player to press a button to pull down the <br>spring-loaded plug <p align="left">and fire</p> the ball into the playfield. On December 4, 2005, <p align="left">Nursultan</p> Nazarbayev was reelected in a landslide victory. Kazakhstan has 131 nationalities including Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek and Tatar. Downtown Petersburg, known as Old Towne, began experiencing a rebirth. Rather than integrate, the school board of neighboring Prince Edward County closed public schools for five years, starting in 1959. Emre during a Newcastle training session. Although humans appear hairless compared to other <div>primates, with notable hair growth occurring chiefly on</div> the top of the head, underarms and pubic area, the average human has more hair follicles on his or her body than the average chimpanzee.Reins used on <strong>bridles with two</strong> reins. The testes of an average stallion are ovoids 8 to 12cm <strong>long. Educational games, as the name</strong> implies, attempt to teach the user using the game as a vehicle. The Ming <div>dynasty</div> relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus. Zarakhovich, Yuri (September 27, 2006). Most current genetic and <p>archaeological evidence supports a recent single origin of modern humans in East</p> Africa.Goodman M, Tagle D, Fitch D, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop B, Benson P, Slightom J (1990). Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 22 May 2010. Under the Mongol Empire, administrative districts were established, and these eventually came under <h2>the</h2> emergent Kazakh Khanate.Indraprastha, Dhillika and Shahjahanabad, but the actual capital being the new British built town designed by Edwin Lutyens. The external genitalia comprise.Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious pension reform program in 1998. Friends of Coal Bowl - Marshall and West Virginia. He appears to be a young man, but he is actually <h2>just</h2> as old as Renard.In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Are planned cities that were built as an alternative to the seat of government residing in an established population centre for various reasons. When riding in this fashion, the rider should ride predominantly <p align="right">on</p> <br>the snaffle rein. These games tend to emphasize subterfuge and precision strikes over the more overt mayhem of shooters. AudioGames resources, audio game resources and articles. In 1961, it was <p align="right">renamed Abay, after</p> Abay Qunanbayuli, a Kazakh poet, composer and philosopher. Sometimes the eggcorn, reign in, is used. Only nine schools in <p align="center">the Sun Belt</p> Conference currently sponsor football teams.Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving.The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Following on from the success of the Treaty of Paris, efforts were made to allow West Germany to rearm within the framework of a European military structure in the form of a European Defence Community. Had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.Stone tools were used by proto-humans at least 2. Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change. In this safety feature, critical software processes will not <p align="center">only run on separate computers</p> (possibly even using different architectures), but each computer will run software created by different engineering teams, often being programmed in different programming languages.There exists a wide variety of adult games, though many lack mainstream appeal and represent a niche category.Life expectancy at birth in Hong Kong is 84. Capitals located in the 4th largest city.However, low birth weight <div>is</div> common in developing countries, and contributes to <p align="left">the high levels of infant</p> mortality in these regions. The parliament remains in Kuala Lumpur. They require a minimum average of 15,000 people in attendance every other year.South Side Railroad Depot on Rock Street which served as the office of William Mahone when his Readjustor Party dominated Virginia politics. Some companies moved industrial jobs to states further south, where wages were lower, or out of the country altogether. Games fit into the category of entertainment, and similarly "exergames" are a category of "exertainment" (formed from " exercise " and " entertainment "). In 2004 he took over as the manager of Aldosivi and led them to the Torneo Argentino A Clausura 2005 championship and promotion to the Argentine 2nd division.Saban Bowl - Alabama and LSU, so named because Nick Saban was coach at LSU and now coaches Alabama. Nintendo, as part of its shift to alternative gameplay forms, has shown <center>recent interest</center> in audio games through its own development teams [11].Com Music City Bowl, Gaylord Hotels Music City Bowl presented by Bridgestone.The 15 YP-84As delivered to Patterson Field (present-day Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) for service tests differed from XP-84s by having an upgraded J35-A-15 engine, carrying six 0. In <em>some cultural medical</em> theories emotion is considered so synonymous with <em>certain forms</em> of physical health that no difference is thought to exist. Carter Aviation Technologies (November 2009). Other Christian groups include Roman Catholics and Protestants. For example, the Rockwell Collins AFDS-770 Autopilot Flight Director System [2] used on the Boeing 777, uses triplicated FCP-2002 microprocessors which have been formally verified and are fabricated in a radiation resistant process.The earliest adventure games were text adventures, also known as interactive fiction. Furthermore there are more national categories for tractors, fat motorcycles, motorised wheel boats, motor tricycles (modern voiturettes, Category B1 or S) and military categories such as for driving tanks. An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. Human choices in acting on sexuality are commonly influenced by cultural norms, which vary widely. <h5>Both CSX and</h5> NS rail systems maintain transportation centers at Petersburg.Boeing Vertol is an example of the first type and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, who license-produced Boeing Vertol designs for much of its recent history, is an example of the second type. The F-84 was a stable <p align="center">gun</p> platform and the computing gunsight aided in accurate gunnery and bombing. The incisors of rodents grow throughout life and are worn by gnawing.In the late 1930s thousands of Koreans in the Soviet Union were deported to Central <h2>Asia. Before the</h2> four-in-hand rigging was developed, two drivers were needed to handle four horses. Additionally, 8 schools in the Championship subdivision had enough attendance to be moved up in 2005 (although they would need to either compete as independents or join <p align="right">a</p> conference in order to do so). NGCA Assistant Coach of the Year. The games were <p>released in two "series"</p> - the games in Series One were released in Japan on July 13, 2006. Articles 7 to 14 set out social principles, articles 15 and 16 set out public access to documents and meetings and article 17 states that the EU shall respect the status of <center>churches under</center> national law. F-84C (47-1595) <p>is on</p> display at the March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California. This perspective is meant <b>to</b> give the player the feeling of "being there", and allows the player to focus on aiming. Borodulin, Vladislav (December 2007). On levelling up, the player is prompted to assign a point to one of eight Energy columns, being those for light and dark water, wind, fire, and earth.The pioneering researcher Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born polymorphously perverse, which means that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. Childhood malnutrition is also common and contributes to the global burden of disease. Abay Qunanbayuli (1845-1904), Qazaq poet. A development company created a <h2>canal to</h2> bypass the Appomattox Falls. The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt securities market. Base building in the traditional sense is usually relegated to building up the infrastructure of regions you own. A flight simulation <p align="right">tasks the</p> player with flying <h5>an aircraft, usually an</h5> airplane, as realistically as possible.They are rarely used in a two-rein system, usually are used alone or used with <p align="right">the regular bridle reins allowed</p> to lay slack and not held by the rider. Most cast the player in the role of one or more "adventurers" who specialize in specific skill sets (such as melee combat or casting magic spells) while progressing through a predetermined storyline. As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels or tableau vivant stage plays.Tico Wells, actor, the Cosby Show and "Five Heart Beats" (choir boy), was born here. Rather than repeat the ratification procedure, the guarantees were merely declarations with a promise to append them to the next treaty. In some cultural medical theories emotion <div>is</div> considered so synonymous <div>with certain</div> forms of physical health that no difference is thought to exist.A video game genre is defined by a set of gameplay challenges. She and Parasite fought for his affection, but Pigma favored Dorothy in the end.Springer Netherlands, Volume 2, Number 6, December 1987.They found numerous churches, businesses and institutions founded <h5>by free blacks, and added new energy to the community. Portuguese</h5> Air Force F-84 Thunderjet. It suffered from competition with nearby Richmond, which grew to dominate the region in a changing economy. <h5>Article 11 establishes</h5> government transparency, declares that <h5>broad consultations must be made</h5> and introduces provision for a petition where at least 1 million citizens may petition the Commission to legislate on a matter.It is considered a "purist" genre and tends to exclude anything which includes action elements beyond a mini game. Virginia officials at <br>the top levels resisted school integration with the program of Massive Resistance. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.Bit Generations is a video game franchise for the Game Boy Advance, published by Nintendo. Safari Helicopter kit manufacturer. Religion is generally defined as a belief system concerning the supernatural, sacred or divine, and moral codes, practices, values, institutions and rituals associated with such belief.The concept of phenomenal consciousness, in modern history, according to some, is closely related to the concept of qualia. The average height of an adult human is about 1.There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. That being said, competent riders who correctly and tactfully use the draw and running reins can have success in correcting specific problems in horses that require retraining to get rid of bad habits.In the same vein, it was suggested a bag of dirt should be carried in the front landing gear well. However, riders and trainers may often be observed using only the running or draw rein, in many cases with the snaffle rein completely absent from the bridle. Despite the resultant improvements, the F-84B was withdrawn from active duty by <h5>1952.</h5> The game was not released outside of Japan. Chief livestock products are dairy products, leather, meat, and wool.William Mahone, 19th century railroad builder, Confederate General (hero of the Battle of the Crater), and politician was the mayor of Petersburg, where he and his wife Otelia Butler Mahone made their home <h5>for many years. It returned</h5> to New Orleans in 2007. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP in 2000 was 21.This has been used in everything from racing games to fighting games. Coloris sees players eliminating colored squares by altering the color of other squares to make them the same color as the squares nearby. <em>Beauregard</em> alerted Lee that he was facing the Army of the Potomac at Petersburg. The Great West Conference was a football-only conference until 2008, when it became an all-sports conference. However, riders and trainers may often be observed using only the running or draw rein, in many cases with the snaffle rein completely absent from the bridle. On the financial consequences of the expiry of the ECSC treaty and on the Research <div>fund for Coal</div> and Steel. The vulva is the external opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris and two labia. Art games typically go out of their <p align="left">way</p> to have a unique, unconventional look, often standing out for aesthetic beauty or complexity in design. A b Wood B, Richmond BG (July 2000). The European driving licence is a driving licence replacing the many driving licence styles already in use in the member states of the European Union. Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation.Under the Mongol Empire, administrative districts were established, and these eventually came under the emergent Kazakh Khanate.Emre gained much popularity and fame at Galatasaray, earning legendary status <h5>and</h5> a reputation in Europe. 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The Chief reports to the Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment in the U.The difference between the MIDI-OUT and MIDI-THRU ports is that data coming from the MIDI-OUT port has been generated on the device containing that port. The Ferrari team employed an unusual one-stop <strong>strategy,</strong> which left him third after Hamilton passed him late in the race on fresh tyres.The Red Army marched through Moscow on June 25th to show off Soviet <b>power by marking the 4th anniversary of Operation</b> Barbarossa in 1941 launched by Germany <strong>for the invasion of the Soviet Union and</strong> the end of World War II in Europe.A metre gauge (1,000mm) line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo.A b c Moriarty, Ian (2009-11-11). Unfortunately, the written report found explaining this theory is discovered to have been written by Dr. A closed shop (US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who <p align="right">are already union members. Built Environment of</p> the Chicago Region. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Naturally aspirated engines in the AA Citys also gained a new fiber-reinforced aluminum alloy connecting rods ("FRM"), a <p align="right">world first in series production. For</p> other uses, see Joker (disambiguation). Over consumption of dietary protein is another often neglected cause of osteoporosis. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. Personal jurisdiction is an authority over a person, regardless <div>of</div> their location. Davis was buried with <strong>a</strong> gold watch that Sinatra had given him <strong>at the conclusion</strong> <p align="center">of</p> The Ultimate Event Tour.Part of World War II, Italian Campaign. As of 2001 [update] India census [1], Bilha had a population of 8992. Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, such as the strategic petroleum sector (Statoil), hydroelectric energy production (Statkraft), aluminum production (Norsk Hydro), the largest Norwegian bank (DnB NOR), and <h2>telecommunication provider (Telenor). <p align="center">A b Chloe</p> Stothart,</h2> Web threatens learning ethos, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 2007, 1799 (June 22), page 2.Graeme Harper, Tracie Simpson and Nick Murray.Many records for invasions were set during World War II, at the peak of second and third generation warfare.Ceylon changed its name to Sri Lanka, adopted a new constitution, and officially became a republic.Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition. 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The headlight and gauges were similar to the CX500 Deluxe.After the establishment of Belgian independence, Antwerp was defended by the citadel and an enceinte around the city. Very small manufacturer of high-end audio tubes, products marketed by EAT brand.Wales hosts the British and final leg of the World Rally Championship.In 1919, this school became the Faculty of Husbandry and Forestry. The City is governed by Dublin City Council (formerly called Dublin Corporation), which is presided over by the Lord Mayor <h2>of Dublin,</h2> who is elected <em>for</em> a yearly term and resides in the Mansion House. The 1960 exposition hall was destroyed in a spectacular 1967 fire, despite being thought fireproof by virtue of its steel and concrete construction. ABBA made videos because their songs were hits in many different countries and personal appearances were not always possible. These include Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, anorexia nervosa, andropause, [28] hypothalamic amenorrhea or hyperprolactinemia. Before the invention of the telescope, comets seemed to appear out of nowhere in the sky and gradually vanish out of sight. The round does also have a built in Self destruct.This type of treatment can help to maintain mobility for a wheelchair user by preventing the deformity of the rib cage and maintaining active range of motion in the arms [26].Modern beats incorporate synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands.According to Goodrich, both lineages evolved from an earlier stem group, the Protosauria ("first lizards") which included some Paleozoic amphibians as well as early reptiles. <em>Christ</em> has many services to be done. One of the <center>principal scientists on the monitoring team, Johnston died while manning an observation post on</center> the morning of May 18, 1980. 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The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. <p align="right">Other</p> examples include Vandal, Bushman, Barbarian, and Philistine. In the past couple of years, more and more people are <div>using</div> the Internet to gather and retrieve data. Yet it is the so-called " Elizabethan Religious Settlement " to which the origins of Anglicanism are traditionally ascribed. <br>Hoard, Christian (17 September 2009). Cosmic consciousness is symbolized by water, where all particles merge into a single, transcendental entity. Their culture has been also influenced (through Eastern Orthodoxy) by the Byzantine culture. The validity of the Top 250 has come under scrutiny. SHERPA Plus - expanding the repository network in the UK. <p>State symbols of Russia include</p> the Byzantine double-headed eagle, combined with St. Is a public radio station broadcasting a wide range of music, as well as BBC News <h5>and NPR programming. The</h5> new job positions thereof contributed to attracting a significant number of immigrants from Europe and Asia and migrants from within the country, especially the northeastern states. Kedar Massenburg, a producer for Erykah Badu, became the head of the label, and oversaw successful recordings from Badu, McKnight, Michael McDonald, and new Motown artist India. The free encyclopedia that anyonecanedit. Later <h5>in</h5> the series, Croc would serve as comic relief.Army Corps of Engineers to create a freshwater harbor west <p align="right">of</p> downtown Everett.The Cobb angle is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebrae involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebrae involved. 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English <h5>is</h5> spoken by almost all people in Wales and</h2> is therefore the de facto main language (see Welsh English). Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pea Ridge National Military Park.This ranks it as the country with the second most attractive personal tax system for single managers in the world after the United Arab Emirates.Hampshire, City of Lincoln, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Nottinghamshire (Retford 1977), Northamptonshire, Shropshire, Ealing. <p align="center">There</p> were important bands such as Onslaught, Xentrix, Sabbat, Atomkraft and Acid Reign, but these bands never achieved the success of the US <b>Big Four, and were never</b> able to compete with this or the German scene. It was aimed at the UK, European, Canadian, and Australian markets and is really a superb motorcycle. Toward the end of the tube era, precision control and screen grids, called frame grids, offered enhanced performance. 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Many of their works were sold at the California Renaissance Fair.The city sports world-class hotels, approximately 80kilometres of beachland, and the famous Corcovado and Sugarloaf mountains. Items not included in the legal definition of food include animal feed, live animals unless being prepared for sale in a market, plants prior to harvesting, medicinal products, cosmetics, tobacco and tobacco products, narcotic or psychotropic substances, and residues and contaminants.Defense Information Systems Agency.The Tosa painters towards the end of their popularity, lost much of their prestige to artists of the later Kano school, whose studies included a wider scope and bigger variety of subject matter. Average annual temperatures range from 5.The results of each race are combined to determine two annual World Championships, one for the drivers and one for the constructors, with racing drivers, constructor teams, track officials, organizers, and circuits required to be holders of valid Super Licences, [4] the highest class racing licence issued by the FIA. A Midrash included in Genesis Rabba attributes a major act of iconoclasm already to Abraham.In the next stage of the war the French drove Russian forces out of Poland <h5>and</h5> instituted <p>a new state,</p> the Duchy of Warsaw.The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East. Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sufficient with respect to food production. The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woolen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy and certain engineering goods. The Legislative Council Chamber, as photographed in 1878. In 2007, the Scottish Government set for itself an overall purpose. Scots juries consist of fifteen, not twelve jurors as is more common in English-speaking countries. The issues of civil rights and warfare became major points of reflection of virtue and democracy, what once was viewed as traditional and inconsequential was now becoming the significance in the turning point <h2>of</h2> a culture. Chief of State and Cabinet Members.The Treaty of Amiens (25 March 1802) resulted in peace between the UK and France, but satisfied neither side. The building was enlarged in 1926.In October 1938, Roosevelt opened secret talks with <div>the French</div> on how to bypass American neutrality laws and allowed the French to buy American aircraft to make up for productivity deficiencies in the French aircraft industry. Finding Aid for the Gubernatorial Papers of the Ernest F. Hung CC, Farooqi IS, Ong K, et al.The pattern between every perfect cube from negative infinity to positive infinity is as follows.The UN Environmental Programme warned that eating livestock that grazed within an area of 7,000 square kilometers of the fires, or 1,100 kilometers from the center of the fires, an area that included northern Saudi Arabia, posed a danger to human health. Middlesbrough climbed to fourth in the last full season before the Second World War and were expected to challenge for the title next season, but the war intervened. Newborn Emergency Transport Service. A medieval T and O map from 1472 showing the division of the world into 3 continents, allocated to the three sons of Noah. Concerns have been expressed that in the long term, the policy may damage the pre-eminence of the Cayman Islands as an offshore financial centre by making it difficult to recruit and retain experienced <div>staff from onshore financial</div> centres. Tom Joyner and Steve Harvey have popular morning shows that air on urban AC (and sometimes Hip-Hop) stations. September 1, 2008, Gustav made landfall along the Louisiana coast near Cocodrie in southeastern Louisiana.Russia takes the third place in the world by grain exports, rosbankjournal. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of <em>the regional unified commands at the discretion</em> of the Secretary of Defense with the approval of the President. Toleson, Amy (November <b>16,</b> 2009). That friction stir processing can make aluminum alloys into superplastics	i don't know
"Who wrote the fantasy book ""Puck of Pook's"" Hill published in 1906?"	Puck of Pook's Hill : Rudyard Kipling : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive Topics librivox , audiobook , puck , children , short stories , LibriVox recording of Puck of Pook's Hill, by Rudyard Kipling. Read by icyjumbo (1964-2010). Puck of Pook's Hill is a children's book by Rudyard Kipling, published in 1906, containing a series of short stories set in different periods of history. The stories are all told to two children living near Pevensey by people magically plucked out of history by Puck. (Summary from Wikipedia) For further information, including links to online text, reader information, RSS feeds, CD cover or other formats (if available), please go to the LibriVox catalog page for this recording. For more free audio books or to become a volunteer reader, visit LibriVox.org . Reviewer: Scott S. Lawton - favoritefavoritefavoritefavorite - March 1, 2012 Subject: interesting set of short stories Very nicely read by icyjumbo (1964-2010); see his Librivox page for more: https://catalog.librivox.org/people_public.php?peopleid=1938 An enjoyable set of mini adventures that also convey some history. Personally I would skip the poems that introduce each chapter, but that probably says more about me than about the book... Also: much to my disappointment, Kipling's "sequel" (Rewards and Fairies) didn't measure up at all. Reviewer: katknit - favoritefavoritefavoritefavorite - August 11, 2009 Subject: Fanciful yet factual With all the renewed interest in fantasy over the past decade, the 102 year old historical fantasy, Puck of Pook's Hill, deserves consideration. Two early 20th century children, living in Pevensey, England, have a chance encounter with the legendary Puck, who undertakes to bring them a series of first hand accounts of the history of their region. Puck introduces them to eye witnesses to such events as the Norman Conquest, the waning of the Roman occupation, and the dissolution of the monasteries. As the historic individuals relate their tales, they are suitable impressed with the children's abilities to resolve some of the mysteries that were not understood in their times. The selections of Kipling's poetry that accompany each chapter are related thematically, and pleasingly rhythmic. Recommended for grade level 4 and up through adults. DOWNLOAD OPTIONS	Rudyard Kipling
Which England cricketer scored 258 against South Africa in the second test in January?	Puck of Pook's Hill by Kipling - AbeBooks Puck of Pook's Hill by Kipling You Searched For: Results (1 - 30) of 162 1 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Macmillan, 1906. FIRST EDITION, title-page printed in red and black, frontispiece and 19 further full-page illustrations, pp. x, 306, [4, ads], crown 8vo, original red cloth with author's embossed device in gilt to upper board, backstrip lettered in gilt with just a touch of softening and fading at tips, t.e.g., some areas of faint browning to endpapers, Sadleir bookplate to pastedown with thin strip of adhesive from removed bookplate below, bookplate tipped in to flyleaf, early issue dustjacket with light overall soiling, a little chipping to corners, at head of front panel and heavier chipping at tips of backstrip panel, creasing at head of rear panel, internal tissue reinforcement along head and in a few spots at foot, very good. The dustjacket, clearly a very early issue, differs from that described in Richards' bibliography only insofar as there is a print number stated against 'Traffics and Discoveries' in the list of Kipling's works on the rear panel. (Richards A205). Bookseller Inventory # 53829 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Macmillan, London, 1906. Hardcover. Book Condition: Good. Dust Jacket Condition: very good. First printing. First printing, 1906. Red cloth gilt in dust jacket, with actress Ellen Terry's bookplate. Good+ in very good dust jacket, some discoloration to rear board and light soil and spottiness to endpapers, top outer corner of text a bit bumped, small engraved bookplate on flyleaf, Ellen Terry's bookplate on pastedown; dust jacket very good indeed with light soil to front panel and very light edge-loss to spine ends. Illustrated children's fantasy stories with Shakespeare's fairy character Puck from Midsummer Night's Dream a connecting motif. Terry's first role as an eight year old was as Puck, in 1856. Terry was known to recite Kipling's verse on occasion, and Kipling attended some of her performances, but there is no evidence that Terry and Kipling were particularly close. Nonetheless, given Terry's childhood role as Puck, an excellent association copy and very rare to find early Kipling in a dust jacket. Bookseller Inventory # C000023330 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Doubleday, Page & Company, NY, 1906. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: No Dust Jacket. Wear to edges of spine, ex-libris George A. Zabriskie bookplate, original sales catalog entry for this item tipped-in to front free endpaper, some pages uncut, small edge tears to several pages. ; 4.25" x 3.5" card laid in (headed Bateman's, Burwash) with note written and signed by Kipling to author Maurice Baring. Also laid in is 4.25" x 7" piece of Houghton House stationary with note written and signed by Rackham describing donation to New York Public Library of Midsummer Night's Dream manuscript lilustrated by Rackham. Rebound in gilt-tooled red quarter morocco (with tips) on red cloth boards, TEG, marbled endpapers. Four color plates including frontispiece with tissue guard. First US edition of novel for young readers. Photos available upon request ; 8vo 8" - 9" tall; 275 pages; Signed by Author. Bookseller Inventory # 49048 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: London, George Newnes Jan-Dec.1906, 1906. The complete Puck in parts; FIRST APPEARANCE, preceeding the edition in book-form. Original magazine issues; 10 separate parts. .Illustrated throughout. Bound in publisher's light blue pictorial wrappers. Some minor chips as expected, some adsverts excised from Feb. and June issues, but generally a very clean, attractive set. Housed in a leather box. Also contains a Sherlockian article, plus pieces by Doyle, Max Pemberton, P.G.Wodehouse, Richard Marsh and E.Nesbit. Kipling's popular series of tales set in different historical eras, including Roman Britain, Anglo-Saxon England, The Norman Conquest, The Middle Ages and the Tudor Period. The stories are all told to two children living near Pevensey, East Sussex, by characters magically plucked out of history by 'Puck'. Traditionally the term 'Puck' referred to a malicious spirit or demon of popular superstition, and from the 16th century the name of a mischevious goblin (or Hobgoblin), similar to that appearing in Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream', the fairy scene from which is acted out here. Although 'Puck' is seen as a children's book, (in the same way 'Treasure Island' or 'King Solomon's Mines' are viewed), the story-tellers are adults and the romances they describe would only be suitable for older readers. Stewart [306]. Bleiler; Checklist of Fantastic Literature (277). BMC No.1[1984]; 'Edwardian Children's Books'. Oxford Companion to English Lit. p537, 797. Bookseller Inventory # 34795 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: London: Macmillan, 1906. Hardcover. Book Condition: Fine. 1st Edition. 8vo. Red cloth with gilt titling on the spine, gilt design on front cover. Illustrated with 20 b/w drawings. 4-page publisher's catalogue. Top edge gilt. Some wear to the corners and to the ends of the spine. Foxing to the end-papers. The spine has darkened, and the covers have dusting. Label of bookseller (Burrows Bros., cleveland)on rear paste-down. Bookplate of Munson and Hetty Havens on front paste-down, and hand-written inscription "Munson from Hetty, Sept. 5, 1906." (Munson Havens, 1873-1942, of Cleveland, Ohio was an author and a collector of Kipling's works.) A near fine copy. Bookseller Inventory # ABE-1411536091 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906, 1906. First American EditionWith Illustrations By Arthur RackhamNot Found in the British Edition[RACKHAM, Arthur, illustrator]. Rudyard Kipling. Puck of Pook's Hill. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906. First American edition, with illustrations by Arthur Rackham not present in the first U.K. edition. Octavo (8 x 5 in; 203 x 130 mm). [10], 277, [1, blank] pp. Four color plates, including frontispiece. Original green cloth, pictorially stamped in black with gilt lettering to upper board and spine. Top edge gilt, others untrimmed. Neat ownership signature to front free-endpaper. A tight, bright, and fine copy.The first U.K. edition, issued later in October, 1906, this first American, had illustrations by H.R. Millar as well as many insignificant differences to the text.Latimore and Haskell, p. 28. Riall, p. 75. Livingston 300. Bookseller Inventory # 01800 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Doubleday, Page & Company, New York, 1906. First American edition of the text, and the first edition to contain Rackham illustrations. The first English edition contained illustrations by H. R. Millar. Four color plates by Arthur Rackham. 1 vols. 8vo. First Rackham edition. Lovely copy of this Rackham first editiom, with an interesting provenance. Caroline Drayton (1880-1965) was married to William Philps, a career diplomat, whose various posts (Netherlands, Luxenbourg, Canada, Italy) brought Caroline into contact with many foreign dgnitaries at diplomatic functions hich she frequently hosted. Phipps also served under President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Undersecretary of State (1933-1936); and Caroline and her husband were close friends with thsche Roosevelts (Caroline was second cousin to Eleanor). Her letters and volumunous diaries are currently in the Schlesinger Library The History of Women in America. Riall, New Rackham Bibliography, p. 75; Stewart 307 Original green ribbed cloth. Fine. Inscribed on ffep "Caroline Drayton/from/ Mrs. J. Hopkins Smith/ Nov. 1906." Four color plates by Arthur Rackham. 1 vols. 8vo First American edition of the text, and the first edition to contain Rackham illustrations. The first English edition contained illustrations by H. R. Millar. Bookseller Inventory # 300137 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Doubleday, Page & Company, New York, 1906. Hardcover. First American Edition. Minor shelf/edge wear, tiny spot at gutter near heel of ffep, tiny soft spot in ffep (appears to be manufacturing flaw, bottom corners very gently bumped, else tight, bright and unmarred. Green ribbed cloth boards, gilt lettering, in blind pictorial elements, teg, frontispiece, tissueguard. 12mo. ix, 277pp. Illus. (color plates). Laid in publishers bookmark. N.B.: the Rackham plates did not appear in the U.K. edition. (Latimore & Haskell, p. 28. Livingston 300). Period bookmark from DP&Co with advert on front for Kipling's Kim, "Should be excluded from the public libraries BECAUSE EVERY ONE should own a copy." A very handsome copy of this rather uncommon classic. Very Good+ [Textblock Near Fine]. No DJ. Bookseller Inventory # 4028 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Macmillan and Co., Limited, London, 1906. Cloth. Book Condition: Near Fine. Dust Jacket Condition: No Dust Jacket. Illustrated by Arthur Rackham (illustrator). First Edition; First Printing. 8vo. First English edition, published concurrently with the first American edition on 2 October 1906. Raised, bright Ganesha device on red cloth. Near Fine condition with lightly bumped bottom tips. Richards 205, Livingston 299, Stewart 306. Lacking the rare dust-wrapper; Puck of Pook's Hill is a collection of fantasy short stories set in different periods of English history. The stories, which are told to two small children, are narrated by Puck, who is based on the character from William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream; [x], 306, [4] pages. Bookseller Inventory # 22532 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1906. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. First Edition. First edition, London, 1906. 306 pages plus advertisement. Very good in red cloth with bright gilt medallion and bright gilt top edge. No dust jacket. Spine is faded but gilt still visible. Shelf wear at spine ends and bottom edge. Tiny bump on back bottom edge and corners lightly worn. Gift inscription in beautiful hand on fep dated 11/08/1906. Otherwise, unmarked bright and clean. Pages are mellow but no foxing. Enjoy reading with a real book in your hands. Shipping from North Carolina. Dedicated to delighting our customers. Delivery confirmation provided on all domestic orders. Happy to ship to international locations. Consider expedited shipping - just a little more moves your purchase a lot faster. Digital photos available on request for any book. Bookseller Inventory # mon0000039017 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: 1906. London: Macmillan and Co., 1906. 4 pp undated ads. Original red cloth with Ganesha device (elephant-and-swastika) in gilt. First Edition. This is Kipling's version, in prose and verse, of the adventures of the mischievous sprite Robin Goodfellow (later continued in REWARDS AND FAIRIES). Though the American edition is highly sought for its illustrations (four Arthur Rackham plates), the English one has 20 attractive illustrations by H.R. Millar. The swastika (Indian symbol for peace and continuity) appears both on the front cover and on the half-title verso -- once clockwise and once counter-clockwise.~This is a very good copy (spine slightly faded as usual, just a touch of rubbing at some edges, endpapers cracked). Richards A205; Stewart 306. Bookseller Inventory # 13531 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906, 1906. First American EditionWith Illustrations By Arthur RackhamNot Found in the British Edition[RACKHAM, Arthur, illustrator]. Rudyard Kipling. Puck of Pook's Hill. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906. First American edition, with illustrations by Arthur Rackham not present in the first U.K. edition. Octavo (8 x 5 1/4 inches; 203 x 132 mm). [10], 277, [1, blank] pp. Four color plates, including frontispiece. Original green cloth, pictorially stamped in black with gilt lettering to upper board and spine. Top edge gilt, others untrimmed. Neat ownership signature to front free-endpaper. A very good copy.The first U.K. edition, issued later in October, 1906, than this first American, had illustrations by H.R. Millar as well as many insignificant differences to the textLatimore and Haskell, p. 28. Riall, p. 75. Livingston 300. Bookseller Inventory # 03541	i don't know
What is the two-word title of the 2002 Paul Greengrass directed film set in Derry in 1972	Bloody Sunday (2002) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A dramatization of the Irish civil rights protest march and subsequent massacre by British troops on January 30, 1972. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 35 titles created 20 Feb 2012 a list of 22 titles created 12 May 2012 a list of 36 titles created 21 Oct 2013 a list of 45 titles created 15 Apr 2015 a list of 34 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Bloody Sunday " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 19 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards » Photos A real-time account of the events on United Flight 93, one of the planes hijacked on September 11th, 2001 that crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania when passengers foiled the terrorist plot. Director: Paul Greengrass A dreamer who aspires to human flight is assigned public service after one of his attempts off a public building. This leads him to meeting a young woman, who is dying of motor neuron ... See full summary » Director: Paul Greengrass Against the backdrop of the Irish War of Independence, two brothers fight a guerrilla war against British forces. Director: Ken Loach Neil Jordan's historical biopic of Irish revolutionary Michael Collins, the man who led a guerrilla war against the UK, helped negotiate the creation of the Irish Free State, and led the National Army during the Irish Civil War. Director: Neil Jordan True story of a British soldier (David Thewlis), who is left behind in the Falklands after the war with Argentina. He travels on a journey from the Falkland Islands, to his army barracks in... See full summary » Director: Paul Greengrass Edit Storyline Documentary-style drama showing the events that led up to the tragic incident on January 30, 1972 in the Northern Ireland town of Derry when a protest march led by civil rights activist Ivan Cooper was fired upon by British troops, killing 13 protesters and wounding 14 more. Written by Anonymous Rated R for violence and language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 19 April 2002 (Portugal) See more » Also Known As: $29,419 (USA) (4 October 2002) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia To make this movie as authentic as possible, no lights were used in the movie and the camera work was entirely hand-held See more » Goofs The clothing on some of the crowd at the start of the civil rights march clearly revealed clothes such as tracksuit bottoms,a rain jacket with a sports logo across the front and a sweatshirt on a young boy at the side of the road which had the letters U.S.A on that were not manufactured at that time. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits Near the end of the end credits, the names of the dead and wounded of Bloody Sunday are listed. See more » Connections Published by Universal Music Publishing International BV Except: Blue Mountain Music LTD (UK), Mother Music (Ireland) Courtesy of Universal Island Records LTD (Countryside, IL, USA) – See all my reviews I have seen "Bloody Sunday" twice now - once on the big screen and once on DVD - and read Don Mullen's book, "Eyewitness Bloody Sunday." This movie is a very realistic depiction of the defining moment of the "troubles" in Northern Ireland. The hand-held cameras and grainy film style make it feel more like a documentary than a movie, which of course is the intent. As another reviewer has mentioned, the acting is very natural throughout. It does take some time to get started, but once the the shooting starts it hits the viewer like a sledgehammer. Very powerful. The film jumps so frequently from scene to scene that at times it is distracting, though I was much less annoyed by this the second time around. And, having seen it once with and once without subtitles, I must say that although the subtitles (optional on the DVD) are intrusive they are quite welcome. I love the Irish accent but at times it can be difficult for me to decipher,and much of the dialogue in the movie is muted. It was good to know what was being said. As for the objectivity, of course the movie is slanted - so was the situation. But it is not unreasonably slanted. The British are not shown as one-dimensional demons - in particular, Nicholas Farrell does a great job of conveying Brigadier Mclellan's ambiguity and even disapproval of the course taken against his wishes by the supposed "Observer," Maj. Gen. Ford (who, if the movie has a villain, is the prime candidate.) At one point early on several Paras are discussing the day's prospects, and reveal how tired they are of being harassed, shot at and otherwise abused by the native population. This makes the day's events more understandable. This does not EXCUSE the cold-blooded gunning down of 27 people - there is no excuse for that - but at least one can see a contributing factor. And protesters are shown, once or twice, firing back. (The key here is firing BACK - evidence indicates that no marchers fired until the first two protesters were wounded. And those scattered few that attempted return fire were quickly dissuaded by their countrymen. Later in the day the IRA did go into action, but not until after the bloodletting in Bogside was over with.) Ivan Cooper's (James Nesbitt) words at the close of the film were shown to be all too true in the years since the actual incident. The IRA was on unsteady legs at the time, but has never lacked support since January 30, 1972. The film is a powerful object lesson concerning the misuse of force, and one that governments everywhere - including my own country, the United States - should take to heart. It has a few flaws, but I think deserves the awards it has received. 8/10 points. 60 of 73 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Bloody Sunday
Which book of the Old Testament consists of speeches by Moses to the Israelites shortly before they enter the Promised Land?	Irish Democrat Archive : Book reviews : Bloody Sunday Irish Democrat Archive Bloody Sunday At last: some honesty on Bloody Sunday David Granville reviews Bloody Sunday, London Weekend Television, written and directed by Paul Greengrass, broadcast Sunday 20 January 2002, and now on general release in cinemas ONE OF two new films to put the spotlight on the massacre of unarmed civilians in Derry by British troops on 30 January 1972, Paul Greengrass's Bloody Sunday attracted praise and vilification in almost equal quantities. Given the film's attempt to portray events as they occurred rather than the long-discredited version clung to by unionist politicians, the British military and key sections of Britain's intelligence, judicial and political establishments, it doesn't take a genius to guess who's been giving the praise and who's been throwing the brickbats. James Nesbitt's portrayal of leading civil-rights campaigner and nationalist MP Ivan Cooper is both credible and creditable. Like Cooper, Nesbitt, is of northern Protestant background. The actor, familiar to many as Adam in the highly successful series Cold Feet, has answered positively those who questioned his suitability for the role and won many new admirers for his sympathetic performance as Cooper. The nonchalant superiority and arrogance of the British military lite is portrayed equally forcefully by Tim Pigott Smith as Major General Robert Ford, the then overall commander of the British ground forces in the north. The film shows how doubts and concerns about the tactics deployed were deliberately overridden and ultimately subverted by the authorities' need to cover up the truth about the massacre. The increasing desperation with which the military vainly attempt to come up with any evidence to justify for their murderous actions -- and the clear indication that their only solution was to lie and plant evidence on the victims -- will come as a welcome recognition of what relatives, friends and campaigners have insisted from the beginning. The film also raises the question, albeit as a virtual aside, of overall political responsibility for Bloody Sunday. As part of his efforts to psyche up his colleagues for a provocative show of strength against the so-called 'Derry Young Hooligans', Ford reminds one that he has the full backing of the then prime minister, Edward Heath, in achieving this objective. The portrayal of Ford also provides one the film's most chilling moments as he washes his hands of any responsibility by casually reminding his subordinates as he leaves military HQ that he has only been there as an observer. Although the film captures the air of optimism which arose during the civil-rights campaign, this is undermined frame by frame as British army's plans to teach the 'young hooligans' a lesson unravel as the film progresses. The tension is further accentuated by the anger felt by many young demonstrators at the British presence and eventually explodes into terror and chaos as the paras make their move to 'sweep up' demonstrators and open fire indiscriminately on demonstrators. The constrictions of time rule out anything more than thumbnail sketches of other key civil rights campaigners, including Kevin McCorry, Eamon McCann and Bernadette Devlin. Nevertheless the film hints at the tensions within NICRA brought about by the ultra-left tendencies of the those associated with the People’s Democracy. Based largely on first-hand accounts of events provided by those involved on all sides, the film's attention to detail is exceptional and only one scene seriously jars. This follows the massacre, when the friends of one of the young victims join others lining up to be handed out weapons by the IRA. That many young men, and some women, flocked to the ranks of the IRA following Bloody Sunday is beyond question, to suggest that anyone who turned up was simply handed a weapon is way off the mark. But this is an understandable use of dramatic licence, reinforcing the point made by Ivan Cooper in the post-massacre press conference that, through their actions, the British had destroyed the civil-rights movement and handed the IRA its biggest-ever victory. While neither the tactics adopted by militant republicanism nor the eclipse of the civil-rights movement can be attributed to Bloody Sunday alone, that it made a significant contribution to these developments and marked a turning point in the conflict, ushering in nearly three decades of bloody conflict, sectarian violence and misery is beyond doubt. It didn’t have to be that way. Had the British government not seen the survival of the Faulkener government at Stormont as its primary objective, and instead adopted a positive approach to civil rights, it could have turned out very differently. The importance of films such as Greengrass's Bloody Sunday is that they bring controversial and painful issues to a mainstream British audience. And the people of Manchester, Birmingham and London are just as in need of the truth as the residents of Derry or Belfast -- perhaps even more so given our government’s role and the fatuous simplicities, distortions and outright lies fed to the British people about the conflict in Ireland over the years. This is unlikely to be a comfortable experience for anyone -- even as someone who was not there on the day, and who did not lose a friend or relative, this was a difficult film to watch. For those who were and did, the trauma relived must have been virtually unbearable, no matter how tempered with the firm realisation that the truth about these terrible events is finally being allowed to be told. Bloody Sunday gives eloquent response to the charge that inquiries like the one being conducted by Lord Saville, which has cost £40 million to date, are a waste of taxpayers’ money. Whatever the final bill, it will be a mere bagatelle against the cost -- human and economic -- of the Irish conflict over the last 30-odd years. This film will help British people to understand where responsibility for it lies. February/March 2002	i don't know
Which letter comes between delta and zeta in the Greek alphabet?	Greek Alphabet \| billmounce.com Greek Alphabet Free stuff The Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters. (There were several more, but they dropped out of use before the classical period. In some cases their influence can still be felt, especially in verbs.) At first it is only important to learn the English name, small letters, and pronunciation. The transliterations will help. (A transliteration is the equivalent of a letter in another language. For example, the Greek "beta" [β] is transliterated with the English "b." This does not mean that a similar combination of letters in one language has the same meaning as the same combination in another. κατ does not mean "cat." But the Greek "β" and the English "b" have the same sounds and often similar functions, and therefore it is said that the English "b" is the transliteration of the Greek "beta." In our texts today, capitals are used only for proper names, the first word in a quotation, and the first word in the paragraph. [Originally the Bible was written in all capital letters with no punctuation, accent marks, or spaces between the words. For example, John 1:1 began, ΕΝΑΡΧΗΗΝΟΛΟΓΟΣ. Capital letters, or "majuscules," were used until the later centuries A.D. when cursive script was adopted. Cursive script is like our handwriting where the letters are joined together. In Greek texts today, John 1:1 begins, ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος] There is some disagreement as to the correct pronunciation of a few of the letters; these are given at the bottom of the chart. We have chosen the standard pronunciations that will help you learn the language the easiest. Notice the many similarities among the Greek and English letters, not only in shape and sound but also in their respective order in the alphabet. The Greek alphabet can be broken down into sections. It will parallel the English for a while, differ, and then begin to parallel again. Try to find these natural divisions. You can download an alphabet worksheet to help you learn, name u as the German u with umlaut Phi o as in tone Notes Zeta. Some pronounce the zeta as the "dz" combination. This helps to differentiate it from the sigma. Wenham (19) says that it is pronounced "dz" unless it is the first letter in the word, in which case it is pronounced "z." Iota. The iota can be either long ("intr_i_gue") or short ("_i_ntrigue"). Listen to how your teacher pronounces the words and you will pick up the differences. Upsilon. Other suggestions are the u in "universe" and the oo in "book." Chi. Loch, pronounced with a decided Scottish accent. Writing the Letters 1. Notice how α β δ ε ι κ ο ς τ and υ look like their English counterparts. 2. In Greek there are five letters that are transliterated by two letters. θ is th; ξ is xs; φ is ph; χ is ch; ψ is ps. These are called double consonants. 3. It is important that you do not confuse the η (eta) with the English "n," the ν (nu) with the "v," the ρ (rho) with the "p," the χ (chi) with the "x," or the ω (omega) with the "w." 4. There are two sigmas in Greek. ς occurs only at the end of the word and σ occurs elsewhere:ἀπόστολος. 5. The vowels in Greek are α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω. Pronouncing the Letters 1. You will learn the alphabet best by pronouncing the letters out loud as you write them, over and over. 2. The name of a consonant is formed with the help of a vowel, but the sound of the consonant does not include that vowel. For example, m is the letter "mu," but when mu appears in the word, there is no "u" sound. 3. The following letters sound just like their English counterparts: α β γ δ ε ι κ λ μ ν ο π ρ σ ς τ. 4. Gamma (γ) usually has a hard "g" sound, as in "get." However, when it is immediately followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ, it is pronounced as a "n." For example, the word ἄγγελος is pronounced "angelos," from which we get our word "angel." The gamma pronounced like a "n" is called a gamma nasal. [Most are formed from the γγ combination.] 5. Alpha and iota can be either long or short. Iota may have changed its sound (cf. "intr_i_gue", "_i_ntrigue"); alpha may not have. [There is much discussion on this type of issue among scholars. The long alpha (e.g., "father") would have taken longer to say than the short alpha. (e.g., "cat").] Epsilon and omicron are always short while eta and omega are always long. "Long" and "short" refer to the relative length of time it requires to pronounce the vowel (e.g., "father" and "cat"). 6. Greek also has two breathing marks. Every word beginning with a vowel and all words beginning with a rho have a breathing mark. The rough breathing is a ῾ placed over the first vowel and adds an "h" sound to the word. ὑπέρ is pronounced "huper." Every word that begins with a rho or upsilon takes a rough breathing. The smooth breathing is a ᾽ placed over the first vowel and is not pronounced. ὐπέρ (which is not a real Greek word) would be pronounced "uper." ἀπόστολος is pronounced "α πό στο λος."	Epsilon
Who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for the invention of holography?	The Greek Alphabet The Greek Alphabet The alphabet is among the few linguistic elements that have remained essentially unchanged between the Ancient and Modern Greek languages. Before listing the letters, let us make a brief comment on the pronunciation of the language, as it evolved through the millennia. Pronunciation How close is the sound of Modern Greek to that of Classic Greek? Phonetically, Classic Greek would sound rather alien to contemporary Greeks, but don’t ever say this to them! It is an issue that most Greeks, even educated ones, ignore. (1) I suspect it is because the alphabet has stayed unchanged, so Greeks can read classic texts with no trouble at all (pronouncing in Modern Greek). After all, it all looks Greek to them! If any (non-Greek) scholar attempts to pronounce classic texts in the reconstructed (2) pronunciation, that, to Greeks is tantamount to sacrilege. As a contemporary Greek myself , I can give you my personal feeling for how the reconstructed pronunciation sounds: it is as if a barbarian is trying to speak Greek. (3) For example, take the word “barbarian” itself (which is of Greek origin): in Classic Greek it would be pronounced [bár·ba·ros]. In Modern Greek, it is [vár·va·ros]. In general, the second letter of the alphabet, beta, was pronounced as [b] in Plato’s time, but was changed to [v] by the time the Gospels were written. Now, to the modern Greek ear, [v] is a soft sound (a “fricative” in linguistics), sort of smooth and gentle, while [b] is a hard one (a “plosive”), kind of rough and crass. The same can be said about the letter delta, which was pronounced as [d] by Plato, and as [ð] (as in this) since around Christ’s time; and the letter gamma ([g] in Classic Greek, [γ] later the latter sound is a “voiced velar fricative”; click here to see the full repertoire of Modern Greek sounds). Greek readers of this text who do not believe that Plato, Socrates, etc., were sounding so barbaric, may take a clue from this very word: “barbaros” was coined after somebody who, as a non-native speaker of Greek would produce incomprehensible speech, which sounded like... well, what? Could it be “var-var-var”? Wouldn’t it sound more barbaric if it were like “bar-bar-bar”? Besides this word, direct evidence for beta comes from a fragment of Attic comedy where it is said that the voice of the sheep is BH-BH. (4) In Modern Greek this would read as “vi-vi”, rather un-sheepish-like; while in the reconstructed way it would be “beeh-beeh”, exactly the sound that we, contemporary Greeks, attribute to the animal. (If the reader would like to make a comment on the above issues, email to me , and let me know what you think; but please make sure to have first read the links that say “Evidence” on the rightmost column of the table, below.) However, the truth is when non-Greek scholars attempt to pronounce Classic Greek in the reconstructed way, they think they pronounce accurately. To me, American scholars sound distinctly American (like Platos with spurs and cowboy hats), Germans sound German, etc. Probably nobody can reproduce exactly the Classic Greek pronunciation: we might know the rules of the reconstructed system, but when it comes to moving our jaws, tongue, and lips, something different comes out of our mouths. As native speakers of this or that language we necessarily carry over our native phonology. Finally, let it be noted that Classic Greek used pitch to differentiate vowels in words, while nearly all modern European languages (including Modern Greek) use stress instead. (5) The Alphabet (Click on the speaker icon, next to the letter name, to hear the pronunciation in Modern Greek) 1 Alpha [a], as in “father”. Same as [a] in Spanish and Italian. Phonetically, this sound is: open, central, and unrounded. As in Modern Greek 2 Beta [v], as in “vet”; a voiced labiodental fricative. [b], as in “bet”; a voiced bilabial plosive. Evidence 3 Gamma [γ], a sound that does not exist in English. If followed by the sound [u] then it sounds almost like the initial sound in “woman”, but with the back of the tongue touching more to the back (soft) palate. To pronounce [γa], try to isolate “w” from “what” without rounding your lips, and then say [a]. In Castilian Spanish this sound exists in “amiga”. Same is true for [γo]: try eliminating the [u] sound from “water”. (C. Spanish: “amigo”.) On the other hand, due to a phonetic phenomenon called palatalization , [γe] sounds a bit like “ye” in “yes”, and [γi] sounds a bit like “yi” in “yield”. Phonetically, gamma is a voiced velar fricative. (Its palatalized version is a voiced palatal fricative.) [g], as in “got”; a voiced velar plosive. Evidence 4 Delta [th], as in “this”; a voiced dental fricative. [d], as in “do”; a voiced alveolar plosive. Evidence 5 Epsilon [e] as in “pet”, except that the [e] in “pet” (and other similar English words) is lax, whereas in Greek it is tense. To pronounce a tense [e] pull the edges of your lips to the sides a bit more than when you say “pet”. (We pull the edges of our lips to the sides when we smile; but I don’t mean you need to smile every time you pronounce the Greek epsilon, OK? ) As in Modern Greek 6 Zeta [z], as in “zone”, a voiced alveolar fricative. Actually, the remark for sigma (see below) applies to zeta as well (it is shifted a bit toward [ʒ], as in “pleasure”). Read the remark for sigma to understand why, and how to pronounce it. [zd], as in “Mazda”. Also: [z], and even: [dz]. Evidence 7 Eta [i], as in “meet”, but shorter, not so long. This is one of the three [i]’s in the Greek alphabet; they all have identical pronunciation. The reason for this redundancy has to do with Classic Greek, where they were not redundant. long open mid-[e], as in “thread” (but long). Evidence 8 Theta [θ], as in “think”; a voiceless dental fricative. In Castilian Spanish: “zorro”. [th], as in “top”, but more aspirated. Evidence 9 Iota [i], exactly like eta (see above). The name of the letter is pronounced “yota” in Modern Greek. (The reason for the y-sound in front of the letter’s name is due to the phonetic transformation of [io] into [yo]). As in Modern Greek 10 Kappa [k], as in “skip”. Notice that in English [k] is aspirated if it appears word-initially; Greek makes no such distinction. When followed by the vowels [e] or [i] it becomes palatalized — for the exact pronunciation please check the page on palatalization . Phonetically, it is a voiceless velar plosive. (Its palatalized version is a voiceless palatal plosive.) As in Modern Greek 11 Lambda [l] as in “lap”. When followed by the vowel [i] it becomes palatalized, turning to a sound that does not exist in English (check the page on palatalization ). The name of the letter is pronounced [lamða] ([b] is eliminated because it is difficult to pronounce it between [m] and [ð]). A voiced alveolar lateral approximant. As in Modern Greek 12 Mu [m], as in “map”; a voiced bilabial nasal. Notice that the name of the letter is pronounced [mi] (mee), not “mew” as in American English. As in Modern Greek 13 Nu [n], as in “noble”; a voiced alveolar nasal. When followed by the vowed [i] it becomes palatalized, turning to a sound that does not exist in English (but exists in Spanish, written as ñ; see the page on palatalization ). Notice that the name of the letter is pronounced [ni] (ñee), not “new” as in American English. As in Modern Greek 14 Ksi [ks] as in “fox”. Contrary to the English “x”, the letter ksi does not change pronunciation at the beginning of a word (it does not become a [z]; Greeks have no trouble starting a word with [k]+[s]). For example, in the word ksenofovia (ξενοφοβία = xenophobia) the initial sound [k] is not omitted. Don’t put any aspiration between [k] and [s] when pronouncing this letter. The remark for sigma applies to the [s]-sound of ksi, too. As in Modern Greek 15 Omicron Same like [o] in “got” the way it is pronounced in British English. Notice how the vowel in British “got” is tense, which means that you should really round your lips when you pronounce the Greek [o]. A mid-close back rounded vowel. As in Modern Greek 16 Pi [p], as in “spot”; a voiceless bilabial plosive. Notice that in English [p] is aspirated if it appears word-initially; Greek makes no such distinction. As in Modern Greek 17 Rho [r]: between vowels it is a sound that exists in American English in the pronunciation of “tt” in “butter” (but not in Brittish English). Sounds like the Spanish [r] in “pero”. (Spanish speakers: in Greek there is no difference in whether you trill your rho as in “perro” or not; but normally Greeks pronounce it more as in “pero” than as in “perro”.) Otherwise it’s a trill, like the Italian [r]. Almost every Greek can pronounce rho as a long trill if they wish (like the Russian [r]), and you will hear it pronounced like that in some Greek songs. Phonetically, it is a voiced alveolar tap (and occasionally a trill). Probably as in Modern Greek when single, and as a trill when double. Word-initially: aspirated: [hr] 18 Sigma [s], as is “soap”; a voiceless alveolar fricative. Actually, if you listen carefully to native Greek speakers, it sounds a bit like between [s] and [sh] (probably because there is no [sh] in Greek, so the sound is somewhat shifted in the phonological space). However, to the native English ear it sounds much closer to [sh] than to [s], whereas every native Greek speaker would swear they pronounce it exactly like the English [s], unless forced to admit the difference by looking at spectrograms. In reality, you can produce it like this: feel where your tongue is when you say [s]: very close to the front teeth, right? Now feel where it is when you say [sh] (far back). Place it somewhere midway, and you will produce the Greek [s]. You’ll find that you’ll need to make a similar adjustment to the shape of your lips, midway through rounded for [sh] and tense for [s]; in the Greek sigma the lips are relaxed. This is the way “s” is pronounced in Castilian Spanish (as opposed to Latin American Spanish). Notice that the second way of writing the lower case sigma is used exclusively when the letter appears at the end of a word (there is only one capital form). Probably as in Modern Greek 19 Tau [t], as in “stop”; a voiceless alveolar plosive. Notice that in English [t] is aspirated if it appears word-initially; Greek makes no such distinction. As in Modern Greek 20 Upsilon [i], exactly like eta and iota (see above). The name of the letter is pronounced [ipsilon] (ee-psee-lon), not “yupsilon” as it is called in American English. Rounded [i], as in French “une”. Evidence 21 Phi [f] as in “fat”; a voiceless labiodental fricative. [ph], as in “pit”, but more aspirated. Evidence 22 Chi [x], a sound that does not exist in English (but exists in Scottish, as in “loch”; German: “Bach”; Spanish: “Jorge”). When followed by vowels [e] or [i] it is pronounced as in German “ich”. For the exact pronunciation in this case, please check the page on palatalization . Phonetically, it is a voiceless velar fricative. (Its palatalized version is a voiceless palatal fricative.) [kh], as in “cut”, but more aspirated. Evidence 23 Psi [ps] as in “lopsided”. Contrary to English, the sound of the letter does not change at the beginning of a word (it does not become a [s]; Greeks have no trouble starting a word with [p]+[s]). For example, in the word psychologia (ψυχολογία = psychology) the initial sound [p] is not omitted. Don’t put any aspiration between [p] and [s] when pronouncing this letter. The remark for sigma applies to the [s]-sound of psi, too. As in Modern Greek 24 Omega [o], exactly like omicron. (Once again, the reason for the redundancy is to be found in Classic Greek.) Long open mid-back [o], as in “law”. Evidence Phonology and Orthography Oops! Twenty-four letters only? Surely some sounds must be missing? That’s correct. There are sounds common in other languages that do not exist in Greek. Such sounds are all the postalveolar fricatives and postalveolar affricates ([ʃ] as in “shop”, [ʒ] as in “pleasure”, [tʃ] as in “church”, and [dʒ] as in “job”). So what do Greeks do when they want to pronounce foreign words with these sounds? If they are not trained to pronounce correctly, they simply transform these postalveolar sounds to their corresponding alveolar ones: [ʃ] → [s], [ʒ] → [z], [tʃ] → [ts], [dʒ] → [dz]. Ask a Greek to pronounce “fish ’n chips” next time you want to have some linguistic fun. And what about other very common sounds, like [b], [d], [g], etc.? These seem to be missing from the alphabet, too! Are they also missing from the repertoire of the sounds of the language? No! These are existent as sounds in the language. It is just that there are no single letters to denote them. When Greeks want to write those sounds they write them as two-letter combinations: [b] is written as μπ (mu + pi), [d] as ντ (nu + tau), and [g] as γκ (gamma + kappa), or as γγ (double gamma). Why all this trouble? Remember, as explained in the introductory paragraph on this page, the sounds [b], [d], and [g] used to exist in Classic Greek. Later, probably some time after the New Testament was written in the so-called Koine (common) Greek, these three sounds had shifted in pronunciation to the corresponding “soft” ones ([v], [ð], and [γ]). This left a void in the phonological space. Words that contained combinations like “mp” and “nt” started being pronounced as [mb] and [nd], respectively. So the “plosive” sounds were re-introduced, but pairs of letters were used now to denote them. There is one more sound in the language which is absent from the alphabet: it is [ŋ], the “ingma”, the last consonant in “king”. This sound is very rare in Greek, and when it appears (as in “άγχος”: anxiety; “έλεγχος”: checking) it is denoted by the combination gamma + chi, with the gamma pronounced as [ŋ]. All of the above plus much more, including the pervasive phenomenon of palatalization, can be found in this page on the details of Modern Greek pronunciation, which includes sound samples with the author’s voice for all of the presented examples. You may also find useful this page, showing the sounds of Modern Greek against all possible sounds of any language in the world . The tables for consonants and vowels in that page are very familiar to linguists, but you don’t need to be a linguist to understand it. For your convenience, here is a table to use as quick reference, listing the two-letter clusters that result in new sounds, not included in the Greek alphabet: Cluster Further: ΜΠ μπ [b], as in “bee”, at the beginning of words or in loanwords; otherwise: [mb], as in “combat”. ΝΤ ντ [d], as in “do”, at the beginning of words or in loanwords; otherwise: [nd], as in “fund”. ΓΚ γκ ΓΓ γγ [g], as in “go”, at the beginning of words or in loanwords; otherwise: [ŋg], as in “fungus”. Note: the form γγ never appears at the beginning of words, so it is always [ g], as in “fungus”. ΓΞ γξ In front of χ (chi) the letter γ (gamma) is pronounced as an “ingma”: [ŋ] (king), followed by χ. In front of ξ (ksi) the letter γ (gamma) is pronounced as an “ingma”: [ŋ] (king), followed by ξ. Note: the cluster γξ is too rare; it appears only in uncommon words such as λυγξ (the lynx). Arguably, there are also the following pairs, which do not result in unique sounds but are perceived as “one thing” by native speakers of Greek: Cluster ΤΣ τσ [ts], as in “cuts”, but without separating [t] from [s]. Note: in rare cases where τσ is at the end of a word, the sigma (σ) is written as a final sigma (ς); thus: τς. What about vowels? Is there any similarity with the English vowels, or with those of any other language? Vowels in Greek are easy. That is, if you are not a native speaker of English! That’s because although English is very rich in vowel sounds, still, it lacks almost completely the Greek vowels. The latter are more like the vowels of Italian, Spanish, or Japanese: they are the five sounds [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u] (6) . Now, there are three letters for [i] in the alphabet (eta, iota, and upsilon), pronounced identically, and two letters for [o] (omicron and omega), also pronounced identically. For the sound [u] (as in “loot”) the combination ου (omicron + upsilon) is used. Here are three good rules of thumb for native English speakers: Greek vowels never sound like glides. That is, English speakers tend to pronounce Greek [e] almost always as [ei] (as in “bay”, “buffet”, “claim”, etc.), a phenomenon known as gliding. In Greek that’s wrong! Try to avoid adding the sound [i] at the end just stay with [e] (almost like “bet”, but notice, that [e] in “bet” is lax; whenever the tense [e] is pronounced in English, it glides and sounds like [ei]). The same is true for [o]: Avoid pronouncing it as [ow] (as in “rope”, “bone”); just stay with [o], as in “awe”, “law”, etc., but make it a bit shorter (and don’t open your mouth as much as is required by “awe”; that’s suitable for omega of the Classic Greek times; Modern Greek [o] is a bit more closed). If you know Spanish, Italian, or Japanese (6) , there is a one-to-one correspondence between the five vowel sounds in these languages and Greek. Trust your knowledge then, and use it. Greek words often end in [s] (sigma), and when English speakers hear Greeks pronouncing such endings they think they hear “sh”. (For an explanation read the comments of the letter sigma, in the table.) If you can’t reproduce the Greek sigma exactly, simply approximate it with English “s”, as in “boss”. Remember, there is no “sh” in Greek (except in the dialect of Crete, to be accurate), and that’s why hearing “sh” sounds very foreign to the Greek ear. So, sounds simple. Is there anything else about vowels? Not in pronunciation. In writing, however, there is. There are three so-called “diphthongs”, which are not diphthongs anymore, but digraphs. (A diphthong is a long vowel with more than one part, each of which has a different quality, such as the ou in “loud”, or the oy in “boy”; a digraph is two letters which, when put together, are read as one unit, such as the English th in “think”, or the ph in “graph”.) Here are the Greek digraphs of vowels: Exactly like ε (epsilon, 5th letter, see above) [ai], as in “buy”. Evidence Exactly like ι (iota, 9th letter, see above) [ei], as in “bay”. Evidence Exactly like ι (iota, 9th letter, see above) [oi], as in “boy”. Evidence Exactly like ι (iota, 9th letter, see above; also read comment below) ~[yui]. Evidence [u], already explained in a previous paragraph As in Modern Greek [av] if the following sound is voiced, and [af] if the following sound is unvoiced [au], as in “loud”. Evidence [ev] if the following sound is voiced, and [ef] if the following sound is unvoiced [eu]. Evidence [iv] if the following sound is voiced, and [if] if the following sound is unvoiced ~[e:u]. Evidence Notes: Thus, Archimedes’s famous “eureka!” (εύρηκα) in Modern Greek is pronounced as [évrika] (with the stress on epsilon); but in ancient Greek it should be [éure:ka] (again with the stress on the first vowel of the diphthong, i.e., the [e]). The digraph ηυ (eta + upsilon) is extremely rare in Modern Greek; it appears in three verb-forms only: εφηύρα [efivra] (=“I invented”), απηύδησα [apivthisa] (=“I got fed up”), and απηύθυνα [apifthina] (=“I directed my speech to sb.”); it was much more common in ancient Greek, though. The digraph υι (upsilon + iota) appears only in a very small number of Modern Greek words: υιός [ios] (=“son”, but this form is obsolete; the modern one is γιος), and its derivatives: υιοθετώ (=“adopt”), υιοθεσία (=“adoption”), υιικός (=“filial”) and a few rare ones, such as άρπυια (~a mythological creature), καθεστηκυία (=“established, prevailing” [fem.]), etc. If you want to know the reason why these weird-looking combinations of letters exist, once again, blame ancient Greek, in which those were true diphthongs. When later the vowel space was flattened to its present five members, and no long vowels existed anymore, the diphthongs were transformed as the table above shows. Does that mean that the sound [ai] (as in “buy”), for example, can never occur in Modern Greek, because if written as αι it would be pronounced [e]? It is possible to have the letters alpha and iota next to each other and producing the sound [ai], but then we need to show this in writing. We do this by putting a pair of dots, the diaeresis, over the iota, like this: αϊ, as in the word παϊδάκι [paithaki] (=“rib steak”). It is even possible to have the stress together with the diaeresis over the iota: παΐδι [paithi] (=“rib”). The diaeresis can “dismiss” any of the vowel-digraphs: αϊ, εϊ, οϊ, υϊ, οϋ, αϋ, and εϋ (whereas ηϋ does not occur in Modern Greek), in which case the two constituent vowels are pronounced separately. More about the diaeresis in my page on accent marks . What are those short straight lines placed over some vowels in Greek texts? That’s the stress. It shows which syllable should be pronounced slightly higher in pitch and volume than the rest. I suggest that you click here to learn all the details about how to place accent marks to show the stress in Greek. But if you want only a brief description, perhaps the following two paragraphs would suffice. In Modern Greek, the accent mark is placed only in lowercase writing, and only over the vowel of the stressed syllable. If the vowel is written with a digraph (see above), the accent mark is placed over the second letter of the pair. Monosyllabic words are not shown with stress, since the information would be redundant. In Greek (of all times), only one of the last three syllables of a word can be stressed. Native Greek speakers “internalize” this rule (they also learn it explicitly at school), and tend to apply it even to languages that allow placement of stress on any syllable, such as English. (For example, the word difficulty is often pronounced [dee-`fee-kal-tee] by Greeks who start learning English as a second language.) In Classic Greek there were no lowercase letters, only capitals. So there were no accent marks over the letters. Later, during the Hellenistic times (last three centuries BC) lowercase letters were introduced, and along with them, the accent marks. However, the situation was quite complex, because there were three marks for the stress, and two “aspiration marks”, placed over the initial vowel of a word, if any. One of the latter two (the “rough breathing mark”, written like a tiny “c”) stood in place of the by-then-obsolete initial letter H, and was pronounced like English [h]. (In Classic times this letter was actually written.) So, words like “history”, “hydrogen”, “hour”, “Hellenic”, and many others, passed into English (filtered first through Latin) with the initial “h” written and pronounced, while the corresponding Greek words were written with the rough breathing mark over the initial vowel. Later, even the pronunciation of this mark was dropped, so one had to learn what breathing mark to put over the initial vowel without having any clue from pronunciation. This situation lasted until fairly recently. (As a child, I had to learn those orthographic rules, too.) In 1982, all breathing marks were officially dropped, and the three types of stress marks were reduced to one and even that one is used only on multisyllabic words. Do Greek letters have some inherent meaning? (7) What are the dictionary definitions of words like “alpha”, “beta”, etc.? No, there is no meaning in Greek letters. You are probably thinking of Chinese ideograms, or ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, which are symbols with some associated meaning. Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, etc., bear no more meaning in Greek than a, bee, cee, dee, etc., bear in English. Their names are just a bit longer, that’s all, that’s why they might look like meaningful words. Now, there is an English letter the name of which can be said to have some meaning, however trivial: it’s w, which we pronounce “double-u”. The name of this letter is derived from ancient forms of it, when it was written as two U’s, joined like this: UU. Similarly, there are a handful of Greek letters that can be said to have such trivial meanings, associated always with their pronunciation: epsilon (εψιλον) is really e-psilon, meaning “light e”, “bare e”, or “mere e”, a name introduced in Byzantine times, to distinguish it from the other [e], the digraph alpha-iota (see above). In ancient (e.g., classical) times this distinction was unnecessary, because ε and αι had completely different sounds, so the name of this letter was simply ε. Similarly, upsilon (υψιλον) is really u-psilon, meaning “mere u”, distinguishing it from the other two [i]’s: ι and η; in ancient Greek its name was υ. Finally, omicron (ομικρον) is o-micron, or “little o”, to distinguish it from o-mega (ωμεγα), or “great o”. Again, these names were introduced in later times, when the pronunciations of the two letters had become identical; in ancient times their names were simply ο and ω. That said, it should be mentioned that the origin of the Greek letters, which is the ancient Phoenician alphabet, did assign meaning to each letter. For example, the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet (a close cousin of the Hebrew alphabet, the first three letters of which are aleph, beth, and gimel) was written as an inverted A, a stylized depiction of the triangular head of an ox with its horns. In Phoenician, the name of the letter was the word for “ox”. Similarly, the letter gamma (Hebrew gimel) is derived from the Phoenician word for “camel”; and so on. But this is not specific to Greek, it is present in Semitic languages. In Greek, the letters are just symbols, devoid of meaning. Footnotes (clicking on the footnote-number, on the left, brings back to the text) (1) . As I was informed recently by a Greek reader of this page, now they do learn at school that the ancient pronunciation was different. Good, that’s progress; in my high school years (late 70’s) we were left in the dark. However, I tested this reader’s information by asking a couple of young Greek students (friends’ children), and found out that just about the only thing they learn is that some vowels, such as the omega and eta, were pronounced differently by the ancients; at least that’s what was registered in those young students’ memory. (2) . An earlier version of this page referred to the “Erasmian” pronunciation of Greek, after the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536), who established a pronunciation system for ancient Greek that was geared towards the phonological abilities of speakers of Dutch. Later, his system was adopted by speakers of various other languages, who adjusted it slightly to their own needs. Since today it is not known what exactly one refers to when one mentions “the Erasmian system”, this page refers to the “reconstructed” system of pronunciation, as shown on the rightmost column, “Classic Greek Pronunciation (Attic)”, and as explained if you follow the links that say “Evidence”. (3) . Some readers (esp. fellow Greeks) took this comment to mean that I do not believe the reconstructed pronunciation is right. Wrong! I do believe it is right. However, what I believe or not is totally inconsequential. One should believe their eyes (looking at data, that is) and that is why I have collected the data (which is known to me) under those links that say “Evidence” (last column of the table; you know, those blue underlined things? Click on them!). I made this comment to explain to non-Greeks what it feels to hear the reconstructed pronunciation if you are a Greek, and if you have been educated thinking that Pericles could have said to his wife, “Ασπασία, τι γκαντεμιά! Εγώ τη ψυλλιάζομαι τη δουλειά, φιρί-φιρί το πάνε να μας την πέσουν οι Λακεδαιμόνιοι. Πρέπει να τους σπάσουμε τον τσαμπουκά!” (4) . Cratinus, in Dionysalexandros: the fool goes about like a sheep saying “ba ba”. (5) . Not really all modern Indo-European languages, though; Serbo-Croatian, for example, uses pitch. There are probably other I-E languages using pitch as well. (6) . But, English speakers beware: the symbol [e] does not stand for the sound of “ee” as in “meet”, but for the sound of “e” as in “get”. Likewise, [i] stands for a shorter version of “ee” as in “meet”. Also note, since the Japanese language was mentioned: actually the Japanese [u] is unrounded, whereas the Greek [u] is rounded. (7) . Occasionally young people from the U.S.A. who want to establish a new fraternity or sorority ask me this question, because they want to choose “meaningful” Greek letters for their organization. If you are one of those people and are disappointed by the answer of this question, there is still hope. Select two or three English words that are meaningful to you, ask me what the corresponding Greek words are, and choose the initial Greek letters for your fraternity or sorority.	i don't know
In which city was the Independent Labour Party founded in 1893?	Independent Labour Party Independent Labour Party ▼ Primary Sources ▼ Independent Labour Party In the 1880s working-class political representatives stood in parliamentary elections as Liberal-Labour candidates. After the 1885 General Election there were eleven of these Liberal-Labour MPs. Some socialists like Keir Hardie , the Liberal-Labour MP for West Ham, began to argue that the working class needed their own independent political party. This feeling was strong in Manchester and in 1892 Robert Blatchford , the editor of the socialist newspaper, the Clarion joined with Tom Garrs , and Richard Pankhurst to form the Manchester Independent Labour Party. The activities of the Manchester group inspired Liberal-Labour MPs to consider establishing a new national working class party. Under the leadership of Keir Hardie , the Independent Labour Party was formed in 1893. It was decided that the main objective of the party would be "to secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange". Leading figures in this new organisation included Hardie, Robert Smillie , George Bernard Shaw , Tom Mann , George Barnes , John Glasier , H. H. Champion , Ben Tillett , Philip Snowden , Edward Carpenter and Ramsay Macdonald . In 1895 the Independent Labour Party had 35,000 members. However, in the 1895 General Electio n the ILP put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes. All the candidates were defeated but the ILP began to have success in local elections. Over 600 won seats on borough councils and in 1898 the ILP joined with the the Social Democratic Federation to make West Ham the first local authority to have a Labour majority. The example of West Ham convinced Keir Hardie that to obtain national electoral success, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. On 27th February 1900, representatives of all the socialist groups in Britain (the Independent Labour Party, the Social Democratic Federation and the Fabian Society , joined trade union leaders to form the Labour Representation Committee . (1) Philip Snowden , An Autobiography (1934) By the end of 1892 it was felt that the various Labour Unions should be merged into a National Party. So steps were taken to call a Conference, which met at Bradford in January 1893. To this Conference delegates from the local unions, the Fabian Society (which at the time was doing considerable propaganda work among the Radical Clubs), and the Social Democratic Federation, were invited. There were 115 delegates present at this conference, and among them was Mr. George Bernard Shaw, representing the Fabian Society. He played a conspicuous part in the Conference. Mr. Keir Hardie, fresh from his success at West Ham, was elected Chairman of the Conference. (2) In January 1893, Katharine Glasier described the formation of the Independent Labour Party in her diary. On January 13th, 1893, the Independent Labour Party sprang into being, and, as a child of the spirit of Liberty, claims every song that she has sung - in whatever land - as a glorious heritage. Life, lover, liberty, and labour make liquid music. The Labour Party is in league with life, and works for liberty that man may live. The Socialist creed of the 'One body' is a declaration that liberty grows with love, and that therefore life is love's child. (3) Henry Snell , Men Movements and Myself (1936) The Independent Labour Party was avowedly and uncompromisingly Socialist, and those of us who were its advocates attacked capitalism in every speech that we made. The Sunday meetings of the I.L.P. held in a thousand halls, suggested religious revival meetings rather than political demonstrations. The fervour of the great audiences that assembled in centres like Glasgow, Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield, Birmingham, and Bristol, was quite without precedent in British political history. Men who had grown old in years had their youthful enthusiasms renewed under the glow and warmth of a new spiritual fellowship. They were born again; they joyfully walked many miles to listen to a favourite speaker; they sang Labour hymns; and they gave to the new social faith an intensity of devotion which lifted it far above the older political organizations of the day. (4) In April 1900, Bruce Glasier wrote in his diary about being elected chairman of the Independent Labour Party. Margaret McMillan and many others say it will do good, by showing that movement is not merely a Hardie one, and that who have never taken to Hardie will join. (5) William Anderson , statement issued on behalf of the Independent Labour Party (1914) We are told that International Socialism is dead, that all our hopes and ideals are wrecked by the fire and pestilence and European war. It is not true. Out of the darkness and the depth we hail our working-class comrades of every land. Across the roar of guns, we send sympathy and greeting to the German Socialists. They have laboured unceasingly to promote good relations with Britain, as we with Germany. They are no enemies of ours, but faithful friends. In forcing this appalling crime upon the nations, it is the rulers, the diplomats, the militarists who have sealed their doom. In tears and blood and bitterness, the greater Democracy will be born. With steadfast faith we greet the future; our cause is holy and imperishable, and the labour of our hands has not been in vain. Long live Freedom and Equality! Long live International Socialism! (6) Morgan Philips Price , My Three Revolutions (1969) The Labour Party in those days suffered considerably from the anarchy of conflicting ideas, and it was not easy for me to fit in anywhere. From 1923 onwards I used to attend meetings and conferences organized by the Fabians and the I.L.P. The Fabians were serious people, rather with Civil Service minds, extremely rational and full of common sense. But they were too quiet to get the public ear. Their influence was with the 'high-ups' and a few of the people who mattered. The I.L.P. had the mass appeal and the means to get their ideas across. But what a chaos, if the solid trade union people were not there to give it some stability! There were a large number of young women with short hair and young men with long. There were also the old pioneers who had been active in the movement before these young people were born. They thought that what Keir Hardie had said in the year one and the resolution passed by a conference in the 1890s was gospel and that it was sacrilege to alter it for something more practical in the 1920s. Socialism with these people was of the Utopian kind, a mixture of Robert Owen, William Morris and of the mid-Victorian social reformers. But they believed in democracy and thought that by propaganda a Parliamentary majority could be obtained for revolutionary changes. There was also a very strong pacifist element in the I.L.P. With a commendable courage, many of them had been conscientious objectors and even at the height of the recent War had exposed the more seamy side of the Western Allies' propaganda and actions. Some of them had suffered long terms of imprisonment for their ideas and I felt deep sympathy with them, especially since they were also fighting for civil liberty. Some of them would not even take 'work of national importance' in place of going into the army. I did not agree with those of them who took the Tolstoyan view of complete non-resistance to evil. Yet these pacifist ideas had considerable influence in the I.L.P. in those days and largely brought it about that that party would object to the maintenance of the Army, Navy and Air Force. (7) Theodore Rothstein , The Social Democrat (August, 1909) At the present time a great confusion exists in the ranks of the Independent Labour Party (I.L.P.). The four most important members of its National Council – Keir Hardie, MacDonald, Snowden and Bruce Glasier (editor of the party organ, the “Labour Leader”) – have, in consequence of the criticism of their policy as leaders of the Party which was expressed at the Easter Conference, demonstratively retired from office. In an open letter addressed to the members of the Party they point out that confusion has existed for some time, caused by the formation within their ranks of a group who do not know what they want, who to-day applaud the Labour Party, and to-morrow demand the formation of a new Socialist Party, who upset the minds of the comrades and undermine their confidence in the leaders by their criticisms and ugly allusions and erroneous statements. How could the business of the Party be carried on under such circumstances? It is indeed not a question of the tactics of the Party – these were laid down once for all when it was founded – but only as to whether the Party is desirous of carrying out these tactics, of insisting upon loyalty to the latter, and of rejecting any actions or methods not in agreement with them. But it is exactly on this point that the Conference has in some instances not supported the Council, thus leaving them, the writers of the letter, no choice but to resign the mandates given by the Party. Horrible! What can have happened? What is this mysterious group which is confusing the spirits of the Party, and has driven the four most respected leaders and founders of the Party out of the “responsible” posts of the Party Ministry? The proclamation of the four – the quartette, as it is now called in I.L.P. circles – does not mention any names, but all the world knows that the allusion is to the Grayson group. Now, who is Grayson? Who constitute his group? Wherein consists their disruptive activity? Grayson is still quite a young man, about 27 years old, gifted, full of temperament, a born agitator, but without any sort of theoretical knowledge, no Marxist – more inclined to be an opponent of Marxism – in short, a sentimental Socialist at an age when the wine is not yet fermented. Like all Socialists of this type – and the type is a historical one, dating far back beyond our period – he represents more the tribune of the people than the modern party man, and without being an anarchist or syndicalist, he has a great horror of parliamentarism and of the planned political struggle, which he looks upon as dirty jobbery. This horror seems to be very wide-spread in England, in spite of the prevalent fetish-worship of Parliament, and is caused by the lying and deceitful tactics of the bourgeois parties. It is more to be ascribed to this horror than to firmness of principle, that Grayson, when put up as candidate at a bye-election in the summer of 1907 by the workers of Colne Valley, a Yorkshire constituency, fought for the mandate as a declared Socialist upon an openly Socialist programme, and rejected the compromise proposed by his National Council to appear before the public as a mere “Labour candidate” according to the arrangement of the Labour Party bloc. In spite of his being boycotted by the administration of his own party, as well as that of the Labour Party, and having candidates of both the bourgeois parties opposed to him, he was elected and came into Parliament, the first representative of the workers to get in on a Socialist ticket; thus proving that the hushing-up policy of the National Council of the I.L.P. and their trade unionist colleagues of the bloc of the Labour Party is not a necessity, and occasioning great joy in the S.D.P., as well as among the Socialist elements in the I.L.P., but at least equally great annoyance among the National Council of the latter. Since that time Grayson has come to be in permanent opposition o the heads of his party, as well as the Labour Party group in general. As he did not join the latter, it boycotted him, and on the few occasions when he spoke in the House (as a Parliamentarian he was chiefly remarkable by his absence) he always came into collision with it. As, for instance, when the English King’s visit to Reval was discussed. The Labour fraction, encouraged by the Radicals, had decided on an interpellation, and as polite people (unlike the Irish who always force their questions upon the “Honourable House”) they entered into negotiations with the Government as to when and under what conditions they would allow this interpellation to be discussed. The Government said they would be glad to meet the wishes of the Labour fraction; only the debate must be closured at a certain hour by the leader of the Labour Party himself, and besides, the speakers must observe a respectful tone towards the King. The group joyfully accepted the conditions, and during some hours made their speeches, which were a curious mixture of attacks upon the Anglo-Russian friendship, and loyal songs of praise to King Edward. The time for adjourning the debate had already passed, but two Liberals spoke in succession, and the leader of the Labour Group, Henderson, showed no signs of interrupting them, Suddenly there arose from his seat, the “enfant terrible,” Grayson, who might well be expected to adopt a sharp tone against the King. Immediately at a sign from the Government, Henderson rose and closured the debate. Grayson protested, but was not allowed to speak. Grayson came into collision a second time with the Labour Party on the question of unemployment. The Labour Party had neglected this question very much, while it had supported with great enthusiasm the Government’s Licensing Bill. The protests against this outside the House were becoming more frequent and violent, and one fine day when the whole House was deep in discussing a paragraph of the Licensing Bill, Grayson appeared upon the scene and announced to the House an obstruction according to the Irish pattern if it would not occupy itself, instead of with trivialities, with the unemployment question. Grayson’s appearance was unexpected, and one could justly reproach him that he, who never appeared in Parliament and had let pass earlier and much more suitable occasions for a protest, had no right to dictate to his colleagues as to what they should occupy themselves with. Still, this formal reason could only be sufficient to prevent the Labour Party supporting him in his unasked-for and unforeseen protest. But these gentlemen went further, and when the leader of the House, the Prime Minister Asquith, moved Grayson’s suspension, none of them uttered a syllable of protest, some refrained from voting, and the others voted for the proposition. This, then, is Grayson. No extraordinary hero, as you see; no pioneer; though, on the other hand, not quite an ordinary human being. Whence, then, comes his popularity? How did he manage to create a state of mind in his party by which the most respected leaders have been defeated? The answer is, he has created no state of mind; he has only given expression to that state of mind which was already present; and that is why he has become popular. Perhaps the same state of mind could have been expressed much better and more worthily by a different person. As a matter of fact, the manner in which he gives expression to it is too theatrical, sometimes bordering on caricature. Still, he it was who distinctly voiced the state of mind, and he is made much of by those who agree with him – as a symbol, a standard. Nothing could be more mistaken than to see in him the leader of an opposition. He is no leader, neither can he become one. He is but a point of crystallisation, round which those elements group themselves who have something they wish to express. What is that state of mind? Who are these elements? The state of mind is: Discontent with the tactics adopted and carried on during the last few years by the I.L.P. leaders towards the Labour Party. Here we reach a much discussed topic, which was also raised in the “Neue Zeit” a short time ago. How should a Socialist Party behave towards a Labour Party like that in England? As Marxists we all indeed know that Socialism can only succeed as a labour movement, that Socialists do not constitute a special organisation opposed to the other labour parties, and that the Socialist idea and the organised proletariat united into a class party must go together, like – to use the striking expression of Comrade Kautsky – the connection between the final goal and the movement. In all Continental countries we have acted upon these principles, but not in England, where their application met with a hindrance in the form of the peculiar historic facts. For while in other countries it was the Socialists themselves who for the first time organised and mobilised the hitherto chaotic, or, to be quite correct, amorphous mass, the proletariat in England had already been organised and actively engaged in the political struggle for decades before the modern Socialists appeared in the historic arena. Therefore Socialism on the Continent was never for a moment separate from the general labour movement, but stood, on the contrary, in its midst as its central force, while in England it arose as something different – even something opposed. What were the English Marxists to do under these circumstances? Should they merge themselves in the Labour Party? But there was no such thing at the beginning of English Marxism, for the few trade unions which engaged in political action did not at that time constitute a special party, but only provided from among their ranks members and candidates for the Liberal Party. All then that the Socialists could do was to seek to win over the masses to themselves; and that they did. Were they successful? No. Marx himself did not succeed when he tried to unite the English labouring masses to the International. As long as the English trade unions were fighting for the suffrage, as a means of securing their right of coalition, it seemed as though Marx’s attempt were destined to succeed. But no sooner was the suffrage – and what a meagre suffrage! – won, and the right of coalition secured, than the unions left the International, and the whole movement was at .an end – the International was dissolved. This precedent cannot be too sharply emphasised in face of the widespread opinion that the S.D.F.’s want of success is to be attributed to its own mistakes. Ah! what Party has not made mistakes? Marx was surely free from great tactical errors, and did he fare any better? Engels, too, discontented with the S.D.F., made, after Marx’s death, several attempts with the Avelings and others, to set on foot a new Socialist movement, and to mobilise the masses for an independent political struggle. How did he fare? Any better than the S.D.F.? No; a thousand times worse. Not only did all the organisations and movements die down after fluttering a little while, but the leaders, the Avelings, Bax, Morris and others, were forced to make their peace with the S.D.F. The difficulty of the S.D.F.’s task lay, not in that body and its methods, but in the historically created state of mind of the English working class, who were unreceptive to Socialist propaganda. Therefore it is out of place to speak of mistakes on the part of the S.D.F. Kautsky, who knows English conditions much better than most critics of the S.D.F., admits this fact, but yet is of the opinion that the S.D.F. did itself a great deal of harm by its irreconcilable criticism of the trade unions. I cannot share this opinion either. In the first place it was not the trade unions that the S.D.F. criticised, but the trade union cretinism, which at that time was so wide-spread, and of which Germany has not been free from samples. The faith in trade union action, and especially trade union diplomacy, as the one means of salvation, was the principal obstacle to the political action of the masses, and how could the S.D.F. not fight against it? In the second place, if these tactics brought the S.D.F. the enmity of the trade unions, thereby injuring the former, how was it with the I.L.P., which was much more gentle in its attitude towards trade union cretinism? Was it any more successful in winning the sympathies of the unions for itself, and for Socialism? It is true that at first Engels had great hopes of this, but the hopes were not realised. The I.L.P. remained for years quite as small a group as the S.D.F., and the unions gave it quite as little attention. Therefore the alleged bitter tone adopted by the S.D.F. towards the trade unions was not a factor in the want of success of this Party’s agitation among the masses.	Bradford
"The 1998 Terrence Malick directed film ""The Thin Red Line"" is set during which war?"	Jim Mortimer - Formation of Labour Party JIM MORTIMER (original ISBN of printed version: 0 9523810 8 7) The role of the socialists Other influences Roots in the labour movement The task today 1. The history of labour representation This short essay has three main purposes. Firstly, it seeks to join in the celebration of the formation approximately one hundred years ago of the Labour Representation Committee as the forerunner of the Labour Party and to set out the sequence of events that led to that significant development. Secondly, it draws attention to, and discusses the relationship between ideas and the orientation of the trade union movement. This relationship was of fundamental importance in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee. Thirdly, it suggests that the experience surrounding the formation of the LRC and the early development of the Labour Party has relevant lessons for today's labour movement. The first part of this essay looks briefly at the background to, and the circumstances surrounding the formation of the LRC. The story has already been told in detail by many authors, such as G D H Cole and Henry Pelling.1 I hope this pamphlet will encourage readers to consult these works. The background A concern about the need for parliamentary representation as a political weapon for workers' interests had deep roots in the history of the British labour movement. It dated from long before the formation of the LRC. The Chartist movement, for example, which emerged in the second half of the 1830s and developed with wide support from the new industrial working class, had a programme entirely centred on the need for parliamentary reform. The six points of the Charter, it will be recalled, were manhood suffrage, voting by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, the payment of MPs, and the abolition of property qualifications for MPs. Chartism was a movement that expressed the protest of the working class against the cruel exploitation of early capitalism but it put forward its political demands exclusively in terms of parliamentary reform. This emphasis on parliamentary reform was undoubtedly influenced by the success of an earlier social movement culminating in the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. The benefit of this success was not extended to the working class. It widened the franchise to the middle class of the towns who owned the new industries and it gave increased parliamentary representation to the urban areas. The lesson was, however, that political influence in British society could be shifted by parliamentary reform. The failure of the 1832 Reform Act to bring any benefit to the working class contributed to the development of trade union organisation and struggle in the immediately succeeding years but the aim of more ambitious parliamentary reform was never submerged. After the Chartists There is not sufficient space to describe the many attempts made after the decline of Chartism to revive the movement for workers' representation and parliamentary reform. The important point to note is that the formation of the LRC many years later at the turn of the century was the culmination of many different efforts following the decline of Chartism. At the same time it was the beginning of a qualitatively different development. This qualitative change, however, emerged with many of the features of earlier years. In the 1860s reform organisations existed in different industrial areas and attracted working class support. It was also a period in which, despite periodic industrial depression and continuing exploitation, the living standards of many workers were rising. Capitalism was strengthening its grip and Britain claimed to be the 'workshop of the world'. Eric Hobsbawm has described one of the social consequences of the further industrialisation of Britain between 1840 and 1895 - after the earlier phase centred on the textile industries - in the following terms: 'The second consequence of the new era, it is therefore evident, was a remarkable improvement in employment all round, and a large-scale transfer of labour from worse to better-paid jobs. This accounts largely for the general sense of improvement in living standards and the lowering of social tension during the golden years of the mid-Victorians, for the actual wage-rates of many classes of workers did not rise significantly, while housing conditions and urban amenities remained shockingly bad.'2 The 1860s also saw developing pressure from the unions for legislation on a wider range of issues, including safety, employment contracts, the right of trade union organisation, the protection of trade union funds and the extension of the franchise. All these demands required parliamentary action for their fulfilment. The Reform Act of 1867, which extended the franchise to sections of the male urban working class, came not from the Liberals but from Disraeli's Tory Government. It was followed by significant social reforms. The Tories, with their main power base in the countryside, sought to widen their support against the Whigs and the Liberals by introducing reforms likely to win sympathy among the working class. In 1867 a number of leading trade unionists issued an appeal for the direct representation of 'Labour in Parliament'. The appeal not only included the long-standing demands for the extension of the franchise and parliamentary reform but also put forward a programme of claims affecting working class interests. It was, however, in no sense a socialist manifesto. In a General Election in the following year two trade unionists and a cooperator stood in support of the appeal for labour representation. None was elected. In 1868 the Trades Union Congress was formed. It was an indication of the thinking of the trade union leaders at that time that the elected executive of the TUC was known as the Parliamentary Committee. It was not until many years later that this title was changed to what is now known as the General Council. Labour Representation League In 1869 there was yet a further attempt to promote labour representation. It was known as the Labour Representation League and it included among its leaders a number of prominent trade unionists. Its objective was to promote the registration of working men as voters and to secure the return of qualified workers to Parliament. There was, however, no suggestion that it should form an independent party. Indeed the leadership of the League emphasised that it would also, where necessary, recommend support for candidates from other classes that had studied labour problems and proved themselves friendly 'to an equitable settlement of the many difficult points which it involves'.3 When the LRC was formed in 1900 it traced its descent in its first annual report from the Labour Representation League of some thirty years earlier. It described the League as 'essentially a Trades Union Congress offshoot' which had failed in its efforts 'to get its candidates recognised by the managers of either political party' (i.e. the Liberal or Conservative parties) and had been forced into three-cornered contests.4 Cole said of the Labour Representation League that it started practically without a programme and that it was singularly vague about the causes its candidates were to support.5 He doubted whether some of the leaders of the League wanted it to be a powerful body. They certainly had no intention of allowing it to become an instrument of the policies of the more militant George Potter (formerly a leader of the London building trade workers) or of the International Working Men's Association, associated with Karl Marx. The Labour Representation League sought to put forward its own candidates in a couple of by-elections but failed to get Liberal support. The candidates were withdrawn. In a by-election in Southwark, with a large working-class vote, the Labour Representation League persisted and, though the Liberal Whig candidate withdrew just before the poll, the result was a victory for the Tory candidate. In the 1874 General Election there were fourteen candidates of the Labour Representation League. Two were elected to Parliament, Alexander Macdonald for Stafford and Thomas Burt for Morpeth. Both were miners' officials and, though both were elected with Liberal support, they can be regarded as the first Labour MPs in British history. They were both re-elected in 1880 and were joined by Henry Broadhurst, the secretary of the Parliamentary Committee of the TUC. Broadhurst was elected with Liberal support at Stoke-on-Trent, a two-member constituency. In the mid-1870s the Labour Representation League made no secret of its wish to be associated with the Liberal Party. In a manifesto it stated: 'We have ever sought to be allied to the great Liberal Party, to which we, by conviction belong. If they have not reciprocated this feeling, the fault is theirs, and the cause of disruption is to be found in them and not in the League...'6 Thus the formation and activity of the Labour Representation League in no way represented an assertion of the independence of labour representation from the party of capitalism. That struggle had still to come. The declarations of the Labour Representation League were indicative of the very limited political outlook of British trade unionism in the 1870s and 1880s. By the time of the 1885 General Election - in which Gladstone was again elected as Liberal Prime Minister - the Labour Representation League had been allowed to wither but trade union representation in Parliament was increased by the election of Lib-Labs. There were now eleven of them, of whom six were miners. One of the trade unionists, Henry Broadhurst, was given a junior post in the government and thus became the first representative of labour to hold government office. With the exception of the year 1885-86 Henry Broadhurst acted as secretary of the Parliamentary Committee of the TUC from 1875 to 1889. New trends Though the trade unionists in Parliament were little more than a voting appendage of the Liberal Party, occasionally applying pressure on specifically labour issues, the trade union movement in industry found itself in a succession of disputes with employers in the 1870s and 1880s. The nature of the disputes varied from year to year as the economy moved between periods of economic growth and recession. Nor were all areas of employment affected at some time or another by strikes or lockouts. It would be wrong to give the impression that the 1870s and 1880s were years of uninterrupted struggle and militancy. On the other hand, the reality of the conflict of class interests was present and was beginning to bring into question the wisdom of tying labour representation to the Liberals. In the first half of the 1880s a new socialist movement began to take root. It was not confined to a single organisation. There was a Labour Emancipation League in East London, and there were small groups, usually including foreign workers, meeting as social-democrats in London discussion clubs. There was also a group of Christian socialists organised in the Guild of St. Matthew. The best known of these early organisations was the Democratic Federation, founded in 1881. By 1884 it had adopted a socialist programme and become the Social Democratic Federation. Its leader was H M Hyndman, a Cambridge graduate from a wealthy family. Another source to challenge the existing social order was a book, Progress and Poverty, by an American, Henry George. It influenced, among others, the young Tom Mann, who said that he 'devoured' it.7 It led him to start a society for the discussion of social questions while he was an engineering worker at Thorneycroft's in Chiswick. The importance of these various groups was not in the number of their adherents but in the way in which they influenced individuals who were later to play an important part in the movement for independent labour representation. Keir Hardie By the mid-1880s debates on independent labour representation were becoming a regular feature of the TUC. Resolutions in favour of working-men's candidates for Parliament were sometimes passed but in the main the idea was that trade unionists should seek adoption as Liberal candidates. There were some who favoured adoption either by the Liberal Party or the Tory Party. At the 1887 TUC, Keir Hardie, a new delegate attending the congress for the first time on behalf of Ayrshire miners, supported the minority who wanted not only working-class candidates but also a separate party and programme. In 1888 Hardie, who was then 32 years of age, stood as an independent third-party candidate in a by-election in Mid-Lanark. Hardie had originally been put forward as a miners' candidate for adoption by the Liberals. The Liberals turned him down and even the Labour Electoral Association, which was associated with the TUC, sought to persuade him to stand aside. Hardie refused. In the election he polled 617 votes against 3,847 for the successful Liberal candidate. The Conservative came second with 2,917 votes. In his election address Hardie wrote: 'Why is it that in the richest nation in the world those who produce the wealth should alone be poor? What help can you expect from those who believe that they can only be kept rich in proportion as you are kept poor.'8 Hardie's role in the eventually successful effort to establish an independent party appealing to working-class interests and with substantial trade union support was very considerable indeed. It was not that at the outset he proclaimed a clear socialist message. On the contrary he emerged as a workers' candidate seeking Liberal support but prepared, when this support was refused, to give priority to the independent interests of workers. His embracing of socialism developed in the ensuing battle of ideas. Moreover, he articulated his developing views by reference to current problems affecting working-class people and in language likely to be understood by them. At the 1888 TUC the delegates again debated the issue of labour's independence of the other political parties and again Hardie took a prominent part, this time in cooperation with John Hodge of the Scottish Steel Smelters. The advocates of independence were heavily defeated. Also in 1888, the Scottish Labour Party was formed with Hardie as its secretary. His biographers have emphasised that this new party was not explicitly socialist in its programme. Kenneth Morgan, for example, says of the programme that it 'was largely a mirror image of advanced radicalism...'. It included proposals for adult suffrage, the payment of MPs, 'home rule all round', the disestablishment of the church, a graduated income tax and free public education. Demands of special interest to labour included an eight-hour working day, national insurance and wage arbitration courts. The programme also gave special emphasis to proposals for land reform, offering an appeal to Scottish crofters and land tenants.9 The Scottish Labour Party was not a major influence in Scotland. It was torn by differences of view about relations with the Liberals. Hardie himself still showed on occasions an inclination to seek the support of the Liberal Party for labour candidates. This usually ran into opposition from local Liberal organisations. The Scottish Labour Party was eventually overtaken by the formation of the Independent Labour Party in 1893. Before the formation of the ILP Hardie continued to argue at the TUC for independent labour representation. At the 1889 congress he moved that the secretary, Henry Broadhurst, be removed from office because he had allegedly supported bad employers at elections. Hardie's proposal was overwhelmingly defeated. At this same congress strong opposition was shown by some trade union leaders to the attempts of the advocates of labour independence and of socialism to extend their influence in the trade union movement. Growing influence The growing influence of the advocates of labour independence and of socialism was demonstrated at the 1890 congress of the TUC. The militant trade union upsurge of the previous two years, which had seen the organisation of the gas workers and the London dock strike, was reflected in the decisions of the TUC. Many resolutions were carried for social reforms dependent upon state or municipal action. The debate continued throughout the first half of the 1890s and by then the independents and the socialists (often, but not always, the same delegates) were a significant influence. At the 1892 General Election, even before the formation of the ILP, labour independents secured their first victories, though these victories were not quite the triumph for the principle of labour independence which its advocates might have wished. Keir Hardie was elected for West Ham South but he faced only a Conservative opponent. Similarly John Burns was elected for Battersea but he too was opposed only by a Conservative. Joseph Havelock Wilson was elected for Middlesborough against opposition from both a Liberal and a Liberal-Unionist. These three independent labour MPs were by no means united in their attitude to the Liberals or in their views on social policy. John Burns was sympathetic towards the Liberals and Havelock Wilson was not a socialist. The most left-wing of the three was Hardie. He was strongly committed to the independence of the labour movement, was very much concerned with current working-class demands and had moved towards an acceptance of a wider socialist objective. In addition to the three independent labour MPs elected in 1892 other trade unionists were elected as Lib-Labs. They supported the newly-elected Liberal Government. Although Hardie, Burns and Havelock Wilson had won parliamentary seats at the 1892 General Election it could be argued that an even more significant vote for labour independence was secured by Ben Tillett at Bradford. He faced both Liberal and Conservative opponents and, though he came at the bottom of the poll in a close contest, his vote was within 600 of the successful Liberal candidate. The Independent Labour Party At the 1892 TUC Hardie convened a meeting to consider what further might be done to further the cause of labour independence. The outcome was a decision to call a national conference of delegates from local organisations with a view to forming a labour party independent of the Liberals and the Conservatives. This conference met in Bradford in January 1893 and decided to form a new party, to be known as the Independent Labour Party. Hardie was elected as the chairman of the new organisation, a fitting tribute to his pioneering role and to his independent stance as the MP for West Ham South. Most of the more than 120 delegates came from the north, and more than one-third from the textile towns and villages of the West Riding of Yorkshire. At that time the movement for labour independence had stronger support in the textile district of the West Riding than anywhere in Britain. The wool textile industry had faced a major depression and most of the mill owners were supporters of the Liberal Party rather than the Conservative Party. Bradford had also been the scene of a major dispute at the Manningham Mills in 1890-91 from which a number of trade unionists had emerged as strong advocates of labour independence. The ILP adopted a programme designed to bring together the various groups favourable to labour independence. First and foremost it was to be a party drawn primarily from the ranks of labour, committed to the interests of labour and independent of the Liberals and Conservatives. It included in its programme a range of demands of direct and immediate concern to workers, including an eight-hour day and the abolition of sweated and child labour. It endorsed the traditional radical political demands for adult suffrage and the payment of MPs. It fixed its flag firmly to the socialist mast by expressing its support for the collective ownership of the means of production. The formation of the ILP in 1893 was thus a historic step forward towards the establishment of a labour party, based primarily on workers' interests and with a socialist objective. The one missing but vital factor was that in the 1890s it still did not enjoy majority trade union support. Even less could it claim to enjoy the support of a substantial section of the working class, except in very limited areas. At the founding conference of the ILP not a single national trade union responded to the invitation to be represented. At the 1895 General Election there were 28 ILP candidates. All were unsuccessful, including Hardie. He lost his seat in West Ham South even though there was no Liberal candidate. The Conservative candidate was elected, securing 4,750 votes against Hardie's 3,975. ILP candidates polled reasonable votes in a number of contests in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in a small number of Lancashire constituencies and in Newcastle, Bristol and, Leicester. The only other London constituency contested by the ILP was Fulham, where its candidate secured 191 votes. There were seven ILP candidates in Scotland but the highest vote, for Robert Smillie in Glasgow Camlachie, was only 691. In the 1895 General Election Burns and Havelock Wilson, unlike Hardie, were both re-elected. By then, however, both had ceased to be associated with the movement for labour independence. They were for all practical purposes part of the Lib-Lab group of MPs. The more left-wing sectarian organisation, the Social Democratic Federation, also fought four seats, all of them unsuccessfully, though in Burnley Hyndman secured nearly 1500 votes. By 1895 the dominant group in the TUC leadership were also mustering their forces against the militants associated with the movement for labour independence. Many of the advocates of labour independence were the trade union activists who were influential in the earlier upsurge of trade union organisation among the unskilled and semi-skilled, and, moreover, they were self-proclaimed socialists. The reaction of the 'old guard' of the TUC was made easier by defeats suffered by the unions of the unskilled in disputes during the depression of 1892-93. New standing orders for the TUC, deliberately introduced by the dominant leadership of the TUC in 1895, resulted in the exclusion of Hardie as a delegate on the grounds that he was not 'working at the trade', nor was he by then a full-time official of his union. Trades council delegates were also excluded. Many of them were supporters of labour's political independence. The block vote was also introduced. For a time it seemed that the movement for labour's political independence based on trade union support had suffered a serious reverse. The ILP did not appear to grow significantly, although it conducted vigorous activity, particularly at the local level, and was able to secure the election of municipal councillors in certain industrial areas. The counter-attack of the employers met resistance in the mining industry, in engineering and on the railways. The trade union struggles conducted in these industries encouraged trade union active members to think again about the rights of labour and the need for independent representation. In 1899 both the Scottish TUC and the British TUC adopted resolutions calling, in effect, for new efforts to secure an increased number of labour MPs. Between the 1895 General Election and 1900 the ILP fought four by-elections and in all of them advanced the claim for the political independence of labour. Three of these by-elections were in the West Riding of Yorkshire and one was in Scotland. Tom Mann was the candidate both at North Aberdeen and at Halifax. Keir Hardie was the candidate at East Bradford and Pete Curran was the candidate at Barnsley. The ILP candidates were thus not only supporters of labour's political independence. They were also candidates with trade union experience - and they were socialists. At North Aberdeen Tom Mann received 2,479 votes to 2,909 in a straight contest with a Liberal. It was a good result for the ILP. At East Bradford Keir Hardie received 1,953 votes against 4,921 for a Conservative and 4,526 for a Liberal. At Halifax, Tom Mann, who again stood for the ILP, received 2,000 votes against 5,664 for a Liberal and 5,252 for a Conservative. At Barnsley the ILP candidate, Pete Curran, received 1,091 votes against 6,744 for the Liberal and 3,454 for the Conservative. All these votes demonstrated that the ILP was not a negligible electoral force, but they also showed that the majority of the working class, even in strong industrial areas, still gave their support either to the Liberals or to the Conservatives. Nevertheless, the activity of ILP members within the unions was a vital factor in winning the TUC decision which led to the formation of the LRC. TUC decision - 1899 The TUC's decision in 1899 to establish a Labour Representation Committee was passed by a far from unanimous vote of 546,000 to 434,000. The sponsors of the motion were the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants and the National Union of Dock Labourers. The main opponents were most of the district unions in the mining and cotton textile industries. This was a serious deficiency because mining and cotton textiles were two industries in which the unions were relatively strong. The successful resolution called upon the leadership of the TUC to invite cooperative, socialist, trade union and other workers' organisations to join in convening a special congress 'to devise ways and means for securing the return of an increased number of labour members to the next Parliament'.10 The terms of the resolution expressed both the strength and the limitations of its supporters. The resolution was focussed on parliamentary representation. It was clearly based upon the assumption that Parliament could and should be used as an instrument for advancing workers' interests. To this extent it could be said that the resolution saw the political way forward in constitutional terms. There was no suggestion that Parliament might be little more than a 'talking shop' and no substitute for workers' organised strength in the workplace. That argument was to become more familiar later with the growth of syndicalist ideas. Nor was there even a hint of revolutionary objectives. Labour Representation Committee At the founding conference of the LRC, held at the end of February 1900, the number of trade union members represented was approximately 545,000. In addition, the ILP were represented on a membership of 13,000, the Social Democratic Federation on 9,000 and the Fabian Society on 861. The two largest unions represented at the conference were the Amalgamated Society of Engineers with 85,000 members and the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants with 54,000 members. The significant absentees were most of the district organisations of the miners and most of the organised cotton textile workers. The number of members represented at the 1899 TUC was 1,200,000 and at the 1900 TUC, 1,250,000. Thus fewer than half the membership of the TUC were represented at the founding conference of the Labour Representation Committee. At the founding conference of the LRC it was reported that the Cooperative Union, who had been invited to attend, were not present because they were 'moving in the direction of Parliamentary representation in their own particular way'.11 The ILP, the SDF and the Fabian Society had, however, accepted the TUC's invitation and had worked with the Parliamentary Committee of the TUC in drawing up the arrangements for the conference. At the conference a number of motions were debated. The outcome was the adoption of resolutions expressing support for 'working-class opinion being represented in the House of Commons by men sympathetic with the aims and demands of the labour movement' and whose candidatures were promoted by organisations within the constitution of the LRC: and the formation of a distinct Labour Group in Parliament, with their own Whips and policy. This latter resolution went on to say, however, that the Labour Group 'must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interest of labour...'.12 The proposition that that there should be a distinct Labour Group in Parliament with its own Whips and policy was moved by Keir Hardie as an amendment to a motion from the SDF insisting that the 'distinct party' of labour should be 'based upon a recognition of the class war'.13 In his speech proposing the amendment Hardie was clearly seeking maximum support among the affiliated trade unions and did not want the unions to be divided on 'recognition of the class war'. He left no doubt, however, of his intention that the proposed new Labour Group should be independent of other political parties. He said: 'It aimed at the formation in the House of Commons of a Labour Party, having its own policy, its own Whips, and acting in all that concerned the welfare of the workers in a manner free and unhampered by entanglements with other parties'. Hardie said that he wanted to avoid 'the scandal which in the past had pained earnest men on both sides of seeing trade unionists opposing socialists and vice-versa'. Keir Hardie's amendment was carried.14 Other decisions of the founding conference confirmed that the LRC should be a federal organisation, drawing together affiliated trade unionists and members of socialist organisations, including in particular the Independent Labour Party, the Social Democratic Federation and the Fabian Society. The new LRC was not committed to a socialist objective, though the inclusion of socialist organisations implied that it was not anti-socialist. The main guiding principle was to seek independent labour representation. It was hoped that in due course cooperative organisations would become affiliated to the LRC. Between the founding conference of the LRC in February 1900 and the 1906 General Election, after which the successful candidates endorsed by the LRC began to describe themselves as belonging to the Labour Party, the labour movement moved forward towards more effective political independence. Even so, it co-existed with continuing strong sentiment among many workers and trade unionists in favour of the Lib-Labs. Many trade unionists supported cooperation wherever possible with the Liberals with a view to securing local Liberal support for candidates drawn from the trade union movement. Taff Vale judgement The decisive factor in strengthening the trend towards support for independent labour representation came not from debate on ideology but from the need to do something about the judgement of the courts concerning the Taff Vale railway strike of 1900. In 1901 the highest court in the land, the judicial bench of the House of Lords, held that the funds of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants were liable for damages arising out of a strike of its members. This decision reversed the hitherto common understanding of the law - at least for the previous 30 years - that trade unions could not be sued for damages in such circumstances. The crucial importance of the Taff Vale judgement was that it enfeebled by legal decision the ability of trade unions to protect and advance their members' interests by strike action. In effect it took away the right of workers to withdraw their labour in an industrial dispute. There was little point in having a nominal right to strike if, when exercising this right, the workers' trade union became liable for damages. This simple but fundamental lesson on the need to secure independent labour representation for a change in the law did more than anything else between 1900 and 1906 to attract trade union support for the LRC. At the first annual conference of the LRC held in February 1901 - as distinct from the founding conference held a year earlier - the affiliated trade union membership was reported as 339,579. At the founding conference unions with a membership of more than 550,000 had been represented. The biggest union at the founding conference, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, was not represented at the 1901 conference. There was still no sign of the big increase in affiliated membership which was to take place before the next General Election in 1906. The House of Lords' judgement on the Taff Vale case was given in July 1901, approximately six months after the LRC conference. It had the immediate effect of awakening sections of the trade union movement to the need for political representation to help change the law and restore trade union immunity against such claims for damages. At the 1902 conference of the LRC it was reported that the affiliated trade union membership had risen by more than 115,000 to 455,000. During the following two years support for the LRC among the unions continued to grow. At the 1903 conference it was reported that the affiliated membership had jumped to 847,315, far exceeding the number represented at the founding conference in 1900. For the first time the majority of trade unionists affiliated to the TUC were now also affiliated to the LRC. Among the new affiliates was the Association of Lancashire Textile Workers. With an affiliated membership of 103,000 it was the largest union affiliated to the LRC. The Amalgamated Society of Engineers, with 84,000 members, also returned to the fold. At the 1903 conference there were 65 trade unions affiliated to the LRC. By 1904 this number had risen to 127. In the course of one year the number of affiliated Trades Councils more than doubled from 21 to 50. By the time of the 1904 conference of the LRC, held in Bradford, it was reported that the affiliated trade union membership had again risen significantly; this time to 956,025. The number of affiliated trade unions had risen from 127 to 165 and the number of Trades Councils from 50 to 76. By now the LRC had attracted the support of the main textile unions in Lancashire. Most of the organised miners were, however, still outside the LRC, though the Lancashire and Cheshire Federation of Miners, who were represented at the founding conference in 1900 and then dissociated themselves from the LRC, had rejoined in 1904. At the 1905 conference of the LRC it was reported that there had been a slight reduction in the affiliated membership. This was due, however, to a change in the funding arrangements. It did not indicate any real decline in support. An immense task Despite the growth of support for the Labour Representation Committee from among the unions there was still an immense task to win the wider working class for independent labour political action. At the 1900 general election only two LRC candidates were successful. They were Keir Hardie at Merthyr and Richard Bell, of the railwaymen, at Derby. At Merthyr Hardie won one of two seats. The other seat was won by a Liberal. There was no Conservative candidate but there were two Liberal candidates. At Derby, where there were also two seats, Bell was elected together with a sole Liberal candidate against two Conservative opponents. Eleven other LRC candidates, mostly fighting under ILP auspices, were defeated. At the same General Election five miners were elected from mining areas but none of them fought under the banner of the LRC. Three other Lib-Labs were also elected. Two independent socialists who contested the 1900 General Election were defeated, including George Lansbury, who lost to a Conservative at Bow and Bromley. The 1900 General Election was admittedly fought under difficult conditions for the LRC. Most of its candidates were opposed to the Boer War at a time when 'jingo' sentiment was being aroused among the population. The result of the election, which represented a setback from the advances secured by the ILP in the General Election of 1895, was a measure of the task facing the political labour movement even in predominantly working class areas. Despite the uphill task before it, the LRC made some significant electoral advances between the 1900 and the 1906 general elections. It had three by-election victories, most notably in Barnard Castle where Arthur Henderson narrowly defeated both Liberal and Conservative opponents in a three cornered contest. Arthur Henderson came from the Ironfounders' Union, and the LRC report presented to the 1904 conference said that Arthur Henderson's victory had given a great impetus to the movement. The 1906 General Election At the 1906 elections the Liberal Party swept to victory. A Conservative majority of 74 in the previous parliament was replaced with a Liberal plus Labour majority of 271, including no less than 30 Labour Members. There were also 83 Irish Nationalist MPs, giving the new Liberal Government a potential overall majority on most issues of 354. In addition to the new MPs elected as Labour candidates there were also 24 successful trade union candidates, including 13 miners, who fought as Lib-Labs. Behind this electoral victory of the Liberals and the advance registered for Labour candidates were a number of important social changes. Britain's leading role in world trade was being challenged by other industrialised countries, notably Germany. Germany itself, however, went through a serious depression in the early 1900s. In Britain there was a rise in unemployment. All kinds of remedies were being suggested, including the introduction of tariff protection in place of free trade, the introduction of controls on immigration, the curbing of drunkenness, and measures by local authorities to reduce the working hours of their employees to not more than eight per day. The mood in Britain was also affected by the outbreak of unrest in Germany and the 1905 revolution in Russia. In the aftermath of the Boer War there was also serious questioning about the motives of imperialism. For trade unionists there was the very important issue of the challenge represented by the Taff Vale judgement of the House of Lords. Sections of the ruling circles in Britain, principally around the Liberal Party, saw the need in these circumstances to offer and to pursue a programme of social reform. In this way, as they saw it, they would be better able to maintain their economic power whilst accommodating to some extent the demands for social improvements being made by the developing working class movement. The 1906 election was fought by the Liberals on a programme of support for free trade and sympathy towards limited social reform. This programme won a wide response, not least among the enfranchised section of the urban working class. Many workers feared that tariff protection would lead to a fall in international trade and British exports and would thus result in increased unemployment. Similarly, they feared that protection would lead to higher prices for imported food and thus bring about a rise in living costs. Although the Labour Party, as it was now called, registered a marked advance in the 1906 General Election it did so very much in the shadow of the Liberals. Of the newly elected 30 Labour MPs no less than 24 had not had to face a Liberal opponent in the election. In addition to the Labour Party candidates there were also 13 candidates who fought independently under the auspices of the Social Democratic Federation or as socialists. They were all defeated. The results for Labour were significantly different in various regions of Britain. In Lancashire, where nearly all the Labour candidates had straight fights with the Conservatives, 13 out of 16 were elected. It was an indication of the strength of feeling on the issues of free trade and social reform. In the industrial districts of Yorkshire, on the other hand, the majority of the Labour candidates and all the independent socialist candidates had to face both Liberals and Conservatives. In Scotland there were no Liberal-Labour partnerships and only two Labour candidates were successful. Thus although the 1906 General Election marked a significant step forward for Labour the struggle for real political independence and, even more, for a commitment to socialism was far from over. It was the socialists, in their various identities, who had led the struggle for an independent political labour movement. However, the winning of majority trade union support had been secured around the issue of the right of trade unions to undertake strike action without liability for claims for damages from employers. The commonly-held notion that it was the unions that formed the Labour Party contains an important element of truth but it is not the full truth. Without the ideas of the socialists and the ideological struggle they conducted in earlier years, both inside and outside the unions, there would have been no independent political party associated with the working class movement. 2. Labour representation and socialism Continuing controversy The efforts made before 1900 to win support for the idea of an independent political party of the labour movement have already been outlined. These efforts did not cease, nor did the arguments about a socialist commitment cease, with the formation of the LRC. They found expression in one form or another at every annual conference of the LRC up to the time of the 1906 General Election when the LRC transformed itself into the Labour Party. The controversy was not only between the socialists and the non-socialists. It was also between those, identified mainly with the Social Democratic Federation, who wanted to proclaim a commitment to socialism and the waging of the class struggle, and those, around Hardie for example, who were also socialists but who felt that it was essential to 'keep on board' the trade unions with more limited or even different objectives. At the 1901 LRC conference, the ILP sponsored a number of successful resolutions in favour of municipal trading, adult suffrage, opposition to imperialism and opposition to the continuation of the Boer War. The ILP was not successful with a motion calling for the transfer of private monopolies to public control and the substitution of cooperative production for competitive production for profit. The conference declined to take a decision on the motion by carrying a proposition for the 'previous question'. It did so after an amendment had been moved by the SDF urging that candidates who did not recognise 'the class war as the basis of working class political action' should not be supported by the LRC.15 At the same conference a successful resolution was moved by James Sexton on behalf of the Dock Labourers, recognising the need for the unions to use political power to defend their existence but deprecating 'the introduction of mere party politics into the trade union movement'.16 It was an indication that some active trade unionists had more limited political objectives than the socialists. Nonetheless, they continued to support the LRC. In the late summer of 1901 the conference of the SDF decided to withdraw from the LRC. This took place at the very time that more unions were beginning to support the LRC as a result of the Taff Vale case. It was a sectarian mistake which separated a group of socialists from the effort to create an independent federal party of the working class movement. At the 1902 conference the LRC reported that there had been controversy surrounding a by-election at Dewsbury because of the insistence of the SDF in putting forward its own candidate, whereas the ILP and the local Trades Council wanted agreement on an LRC candidate. The ILP and the Trades Council finally decided to take no part in the contest. Harry Quelch stood for the SDF and polled 1597 votes. The LRC said that the vote would have been 'materially increased' had the forces of labour been united.17 The ILP attempted but failed at the 1902 conference of the LRC to amend a motion calling for trade union and labour support for the LRC by including a reference to socialist organisations. The defeat of this attempt may have been a reaction on the part of some trade unionists to the withdrawal of the SDF but it was also an indication that many unions had not yet been won for a socialist commitment. At the 1903 conference of the LRC there was an even clearer indication of the divided views of unions about a socialist commitment. Jack Jones of the West Ham Trades Council moved a motion expressing support for the replacement of capitalism by a 'system of public ownership of all the means of production, distribution and exchange'. The motion was seconded by the ILP but on a card vote was defeated by 295,000 to 291,000. Another motion, moved by the Electrical Trades Union, calling for 'the recognition of the class war' and the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange was defeated on a hand vote by 86 to 35.18 By the time of the 1904 conference of the LRC, when trade union support for independent political action had reached a new high level, there was something of a change in mood among delegates. The chairman of the conference, John Hodge of the Steel Smelters, said in his opening address that 'the success of our movement has been phenomenal'. He referred to 'our socialist friends' as part of the total membership, spoke of the need for a newspaper 'which would voice our opinions and be under our control', and contrasted the position of labour in the House of Commons with 'the strength, power and determination' of the labour movement outside Parliament.19 Arthur Henderson MP, on behalf of the Ironfounders, moved a successful resolution calling for a compulsory levy on all affiliated societies for a Parliamentary Fund. Philip Snowden, on behalf of the ILP, moved a successful resolution which pointed out that tariff protection would not help working people but would enable the landlords to extract a heavier toll than ever from the labour of the nation. The resolution also pointed out that under free trade the position of the working class remained deplorable. It concluded with a call for 'the complete emancipation of labour from landlordism and capitalism'.20 The West Ham Trades Council again sought to commit the LRC to overthrow the capitalist system and to replace it with a system of public ownership of 'all the means of production, distribution and exchange'. The 'previous question' was moved but was defeated. On a hand vote the resolution of the West Ham Trades Council was lost by 413 votes to 300. At the 1905 LRC conference there was an important debate on a proposal to confine the LRC to affiliated trade unions. This would have meant the exclusion, among other organisations, of the ILP. This proposal was submitted by the General Union of Carpenters and Joiners and its spokesman argued that if the LRC were confined to unions it would attract more support. It brought a vigorous reply from George Barnes of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. He said that the purpose of the proposal was to 'chuck out' the socialists. He was opposed to it. Barnes emphasised that that before the LRC was formed the socialists had everywhere been raising their voices in preparation for the formation of such a body. He particularly singled out for praise the members of the ILP. The Carpenters' resolution was overwhelmingly defeated.21 In another debate Harry Quelch, who was now representing the London Trades Council, objected to the LRC being represented at an international parliamentary group of socialists. Quelch, who was himself a socialist and supporter of the SDF, felt that it was inconsistent for the LRC, which he said had repudiated socialist principles at home to pose as a socialist organisation on the continent. Keir Hardie replied by pointing out that it had been accepted that bodies representing the need for independent working class organisation would be eligible to participate. On a card vote the criticism voiced by Quelch on behalf of the London Trades Council was rejected by 600,000 votes to 194,000. The 1905 conference of the LRC also debated the extent of the independence of the labour movement. The issue was not, however, clearly posed in a motion and amendment tabled for debate. The debate was notable for speeches from Hardie and Snowden, both speaking on behalf of the ILP, appealing for strict independence from both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. Some of the other speakers in the debate suggested that in the absence of an LRC candidate in a constituency support might be given to a candidate not associated with the LRC but who, nevertheless, had shown sympathy for trade union policies on specific issues. Hardie urged that the delegates should 'not mix up their movement with either Liberalism or Conservatism' but should 'magnify and glorify the policy of independence'.22 The debate reached an inconclusive end. The 'previous question' was moved as a way of avoiding a decision. It was carried on a show of hands, but with many delegates abstaining. The 1905 conference was notable for two decisions expressing international solidarity. The first was with Russian trade unionists in their demands for elementary political and social rights, 'so long and so shamefully withheld from them by the Government of the Czar'.23 Only a few days earlier demonstrators in Russia, including striking workers, had been killed following repression by the authorities. The conference of the LRC decided that a fund should be opened to help the strikers and the widows and orphans of those who had been killed. In another resolution the conference expressed support for German miners who were on strike. Another significant decision taken by the 1905 conference was a commitment to public ownership. The successful resolution, moved by W Atkinson of the Paperstainers and seconded by Will Thorne of the Gasworkers, read as follows: 'This annual conference of the LRC hereby declares that its ultimate object shall be the obtaining for the workers of the full results of their labour by the overthrow of the present competitive system of capitalism and the institution of a system of public ownership of all the means of production, distribution and exchange.'24 This resolution appeared to commit the LRC to the objective of socialism. But this decision should be considered in conjunction with the decision of the same conference to avoid a straight declaration of political independence. A delegate from the Amalgamated Society of Engineers had reminded the conference during the debate on independence that they should not forget that the bulk of trade union members were divided into Liberals and Conservatives. The 1906 General Election, though it marked a significant advance for Labour, demonstrated that the bulk of working class voters were still inclined to give their votes to other parties, particularly to the Liberals. Even when they voted for successful LRC candidates it was more likely than not that it was with the sympathy of the local Liberal Party. The role of the socialists The emergence in 1906 of the Labour Party (the name adopted by the group of MPs elected with LRC support) was the culmination of approximately 40 years of effort to secure labour representation in Parliament. The creation of a party of labour capable of winning representation in Parliament had been made possible by the support of a substantial section of the trade union movement following the judgement of the House of Lords in the Taff Vale case. In other words, experience of the reality of the hostility both of employers and the highest court in the land towards the fundamental human right of workers to withdraw their labour in an industrial dispute was the decisive factor in bringing change. Nevertheless, such a change would not have been possible without the persistent advocacy of independent labour representation over a number of years by a minority, not only in society as a whole but also within the trade union movement. This minority, at least from the middle 1880s onwards, consisted predominantly of people who described themselves as socialists. i. The ILP Foremost among this group, though they did not establish themselves as a political party until 1893, were the members of the Independent Labour Party. A central role was played by Keir Hardie. The ILP articulated a preference for the independence of the political labour movement. This was in spite of the lack of strong theoretical or even practical coherence among its adherents, and the fact that some of its leaders were inclined to seek Liberal sympathy and support. It also expressed a commitment to socialism. It often did so in terms which emphasised the immorality of capitalism, for example the gross inequalities in society. This kind of appeal aroused a response from the Nonconformist working class of the northern cities. Another feature of the ILP was that it unashamedly directed its appeal to the industrial workers. Among its leaders were people who had been drawn to the labour movement by their experience of trade unionism and industrial struggle. The ILP, throughout the early years of its existence, never lost its roots among industrial workers and among active trade unionists. It conducted vigorous propaganda, even though its official membership around the turn of the century was not more than about 13,000. The number of members that regularly paid their dues may have been even less. There were also ILP leaders who continued to believe that wherever possible accommodation should be sought with the Liberals, and that policies should not be adopted that might alienate Liberal sympathies. The most prominent such leader was Ramsay MacDonald, whom the ILP successfully nominated as the first secretary of the LRC. MacDonald eventually succeeded to the leadership of the Labour Party, and became Prime Minister in the first Labour Government in 1924. MacDonald was influential in ensuring that in the 1906 General Election a substantial number of LRC candidates, including some members of the ILP, did not have to face Liberal opponents. To this end, he conducted negotiations secretly with the Liberal leadership. It has been said that Keir Hardie himself had knowledge of these negotiations but did not object. MacDonald could not have maintained his influence over so many years if his viewpoint had been repugnant to all others in the leadership of the ILP. The plain fact was that among the leaders of the ILP there were different views, ranging from left to right. Lenin was highly critical of the ILP, though not of all its leading people.25 In 1912, for example, he wrote sympathetically of Fred Jowett, a former textile worker who became a Labour MP and eventually a Cabinet Minister, and had been associated with the ILP from its founding conference in 1893. Lenin also recognised that among the rank-and-file of the ILP were many who opposed the Lib-Lab inclinations of some of the leaders. Nevertheless, his view was that the ILP was 'very frequently independent of socialism but dependent upon the Liberals'.26 This trend was reflected even more strongly in the Labour Party after 1906. It was reinforced in 1909 when the Miners' Federation decided at long last to affiliate to the Labour Party. Most of the miners' MPs, who were Lib-Labs, joined the Labour group in the House of Commons. My own view is that the ILP, despite the weaknesses and equivocation of many of its leaders, played an important role in establishing the LRC in 1900. Without the ideas it helped to popularise - ideas about independent labour representation, criticism of the failings of capitalism and the importance of the industrial working class as a force for social change - the movement towards an independent political party based upon workers' interests and committed to a socialist objective would have been even further delayed. ii. The SDF The SDF had originated in the Democratic Federation, founded in 1881 by H M Hyndman, a wealthy stockbroker who had been strongly influenced by Marx's Capital. Unfortunately Hyndman interpreted his new-found beliefs in a dogmatic manner and was intolerant of any trend within the developing labour movement that he felt was not doctrinally pure. He had also offended Marx by presenting Marx's economic ideas in a pamphlet, England for All (1881), without acknowledging their source by name. In a letter written in 1883 Engels described Hyndman as 'an arch-conservative and arrantly chauvinistic but not stupid careerist, who behaved pretty shabbily to Marx'.27 In the very early stages of the LRC the Social Democratic Federation sought to commit the new organisation to an acceptance of the 'class war'. It did not succeed. In August 1901 the SDF withdrew from the LRC and thus isolated itself from the growing number of unions that were being won for the idea of independent political action through the LRC. Nonetheless, the SDF was important in the history of the Labour Party. Despite its sectarianism, the SDF helped to train numerous men and women who played an outstanding part in the development of the labour movement, nearly always on the left. It also contributed in large measure towards the early circulation of militant socialist ideas. Among those who at various times were identified with the SDF were Will Thorne, Tom Mann, George Lansbury and Harry Quelch. At the 1895 General Election the SDF fought unsuccessfully in four seats. Its best vote was at Burnley, where Hyndman polled 1,493 votes against more than 5,000 each for a Liberal and a Conservative. Lansbury, who fought Newington Walworth, polled 203 votes. This represented less than 5% of the combined Conservative and Liberal vote. In the 1900 General Election, when standing as a socialist candidate in Bow and Bromley, Lansbury was again unsuccessful. On that occasion, however, he polled 2,558 votes against 4,403 for a successful Conservative. There was no Liberal candidate. At the 1906 General Election the SDF contested seven seats, but again without success. Their vote, however, showed a substantial increase. Hyndman narrowly missed being elected in Burnley, where he fought against a successful Lib-Lab candidate and a Conservative. Among the rank-and-file of the SDF there was a significant body of opinion at various times in favour of unity with the ILP. It did not, however, secure majority support. The ILP was regarded as too compromised with non-socialists. However, in 1911 the SDF's successor organisation, the Social Democratic Party, was joined by a breakaway group from the ILP and a number of independent socialists to form the British Socialist Party. Hyndman's views on foreign policy were not popular in the BSP, and he was soon displaced from its leadership. In 1916 he was expelled from the BSP; that same year the BSP affiliated to the Labour Party. iii. The Fabian Society The Fabian Society was founded in 1883-84, at much the same time as the SDF. It was, however, a very different organisation. A very good summary of its early history and of the distinctive views that it advanced are to be found in Cole's British Working-Class Politics, 1832-1914. The society was formed by a small middle-class group who advocated the public ownership of a wide range of services, much greater equality in society and the promotion of social welfare and what would now be called social security. They rejected revolution as a means of social change in Britain and instead urged that public support should be sought by the exposure of the failings of capitalism and the advocacy of carefully thought out measures of social reform. They were of the view that these necessary social reforms could be secured by persuasion within the existing institutions of society or by developing and changing these institutions. The early Fabians drew much of their inspiration from the English Radical tradition. It has been widely accepted that they owed very little or even nothing to the ideas of Marx and Engels. This contention, however, was challenged in 1962 by A M McBriar. His examination of the evidence led him to the view that 'the initial Marxist influence on the Fabian society is a reason why the Fabians took up a definitely socialist standpoint, why they did not content themselves with a left-wing Radical position.'28 Even so, the commitment of the Fabians to gradualism is hardly compatible with the dialectics of Marxism and its recognition of the relationship between quantitative and qualitative change. There is no question also that the early Fabians did not accept Marx's theory of value. G D H Cole, who had a very detailed knowledge of the history of the Fabian Society, said that the Fabians 'were from the very beginning, above all else, collectivists'.29 This distinguished them from many of the exponents of the Radical tradition. On the other hand, one of the most influential of Radicals, Joseph Chamberlain, was as early as the 1870s a firm advocate of municipal ownership and enterprise, despite his success and wealth as a manufacturer. These ideas enabled him to initiate far-reaching municipal reforms in Birmingham. He was sometimes described as the father of municipal or gas and water socialism. The early Fabians were not of one mind. There were differences between them. They never sought a large membership and their influence was gained largely as a result of the publication of informative and well-argued tracts. At various times many of the prominent figures in the ILP and later in the LRC passed through the ranks of the Fabian Society. The society supported the formation of an independent labour political party and was, for example, represented not only at the founding conference of the LRC but also, earlier, at the founding conference of the ILP. Nevertheless it was not prepared to sink its identity within any one political party. Other influences In this short review of the organisations that initiated the formation of the LRC no reference has so far been made to other organisations that contributed to the growth of opinion for a politically independent labour movement and for socialism. In 1884 some critics of Hyndman within the SDF, led by William Morris, broke away to form the short-lived Socialist League. They included Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling. Fred Jowett, later to become prominent in the ILP, was also involved. An important influence in the 1890s in the spread of socialist ideas was the journal, The Clarion. It was founded in 1891 and the main inspiration behind it was the journalist Robert Blatchford. It was a weekly publication and it was a measure of the support it aroused that auxiliary organisations came into existence to promote its message. The best known were the Clarion Cycling Club and the Clarion Vans, both of which carried the socialist message from one area to another. Blatchford's book, Merrie England, achieved the remarkable sale of more than a million copies. back to Contents 3. The lessons for today For today's labour movement the first lesson to be drawn from the formation of the LRC in 1900 is of the importance of socialist ideas among those who are seeking change. The LRC was not committed to a socialist objective; its goal was independent labour representation. But the main advocates of independence and the main organisers of the movement for independence in the 1890s were socialists. This was not an accident or a mere coincidence. The socialists wanted to establish an independent labour movement because they recognised that without independence the labour movement would continue to exist as an appendage of the two main political parties, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. The closest relationship had tended to be with Liberal Party, although but this had not precluded support for the Conservative Party by a few union leaders in special circumstances. Most of the socialists in the years immediately before the turn of the century accepted that there would be issues on which they would take a view similar to the Liberals. However, they held that there was a fundamental divergence between socialists and Liberals on the need for a different kind of social system. The socialists believed that the elimination of periodic mass unemployment and gross inequality was impossible so long as the economic system was based upon the private ownership of productive resources and so long as the dominating motive of economic activity was the pursuit of private profit. Thus independent labour representation was seen by socialists not as an end in itself but as an essential staging post on the road to an effective socialist movement with policies clearly distinguishable from the Liberals and the Tories. A socialist commitment Despite occasional successful resolutions in favour of the extension of social ownership it was not until 1918, with the adoption of Labour and the New Social Order, that the Labour Party finally formally asserted its independence and socialist commitment. By this time Keir Hardie, who personified in his own history the struggle towards independence and a socialist objective, had died. However, some Labour Party leaders, not least Ramsay MacDonald, were still influenced by the old ideas and were not committed to a socialist transformation of society. Between 1906 and 1918 there were a number of contributory causes to the change in the orientation of the Labour Party. Immediately after 1906 the newly elected Labour MPs, with significant exceptions, found it difficult to differentiate themselves from the Liberals. The First World War, with its imperialist rivalries and enormous loss of life - and against which many socialists had warned - gave an impetus to radical social ideas and to the desire for change. The Russian revolutions of 1917, particularly the October Revolution, shook the world edifice of capitalism and opened a new era in world history. Roots in the labour movement The second lesson for the contemporary labour movement is that socialists should work and seek support for their ideas in all organisations where opinions and actions can influence the course of events. In other words, there should be no place for sectarian exclusion. This was the historic error of the SDF in 1901-02. In contrast in these early years the ILP had roots in the trade union movement and did not sever its links with organised labour. Experiences from the early life of Keir Hardie and the part played over many years by Tom Mann are particularly instructive. They knew how to link immediate issues of concern to working people with their longer-term social vision. In the case of Hardie his own progress was illustrative of the connection between the aspiration for independent labour representation and his growing conviction of the need for socialist commitment. The third lesson to be drawn from the formation of the LRC is the need for conviction politics. Hardie and those who fought with him knew that they wanted independent labour representation as an instrument for immediate reforms within capitalism but also as a means for bringing about a change in the social system. They took account of opinion outside their own ranks, and this influenced their immediate policies. However, they did not submerge their commitment to socialism because of what they were told about the hostility of the majority of the public. Their publicity at its best exposed social evil and was persuasive, but had nothing in common with the false art of the modern 'spin-doctor', whose main purpose is often to deceive rather than to tell the truth about reality. The fourth lesson is of the importance of democracy, both within society and within the labour movement. The LRC was concerned with winning representation in the institutions of the state and local authorities. Parliament was seen as a body through which it was possible to introduce social changes for the benefit of the common people. Hence Parliament should be elected by universal adult suffrage from equal electoral districts and its members should be paid so that eligibility was in reality open to all. This support for a representative parliament does not imply that democratic activity outside it is in some way in conflict with the notion of democracy. On the contrary, Parliament and extra-parliamentary activity are complementary. The early advocates of independent labour representation rightly saw the importance of trade unionism as an instrument for the advancement of workers' interests. Parliamentary representation and activity outside it were both regarded as necessary. The task today The main task today, following the tradition of the men and women who contributed to the formation of the LRC, is to win the labour movement for policies that will serve the independent interests of working people and help lay the foundations of a socialist society. This is very different from the policy of the present Labour Government, which is to consolidate capitalism whilst avoiding some of the excesses of the Thatcher regime. New Labour is not a socialist party. The leaders of New Labour are continuing the politics of the SDP that broke away from the Labour Party in the early 1980s. The SDP was finally submerged in the Liberal Democrats but the ideas and policies of its founders are very similar to those now dominant in New Labour. New Labour has introduced a number of changes to modify the harshness of the Thatcherite legacy. They include the national minimum wage, the removal of some of the provisions of the anti-union legislation, their replacement with new provisions affecting trade union recognition and employment rights, a scheme to promote youth employment, the lifting of the ban on trade union organisation at GCHQ, limited improvements for pensioners, more funds for education and the NHS and constitutional changes affecting the House of Lords and devolution for Scotland and Wales. All this and other changes do not represent any kind of fundamental challenge to capitalism. They are no more - and in some respects a good deal less - than changes introduced by earlier governments in Britain that made no claim to represent the labour movement. The purpose of this kind of reform, though not to be rejected, is primarily to make capitalism more acceptable. New Labour's commitment to the consolidation of capitalism is shown by its decisions to extend private ownership and influence through the so-called Private Finance Initiative, affecting new hospitals and local services, through the introduction of private capital into London Underground and the partial privatisation of air traffic control. It is shown also by the role given to private firms in parts of the prison service and even in the public sector of education. Whatever the limitations of the former Clause IV, part 4 of Labour's constitution it contained a clear commitment to the extension of social ownership. It was replaced by a new clause that speaks of the 'enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition'.30 This was a symbolic change to mark the abandonment of Labour's traditional advocacy of a widening area of social ownership. Not surprisingly, New Labour has done nothing to reverse the extensive programme of privatisation of Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997. All the utilities and enterprises privatised by the Tories remain in private ownership. The pledge of New Labour not to increase the top rate of direct taxation, following the steep cuts introduced by the Conservatives, coupled with the continuing failure to do anything effective about the big increases in rewards given to the top 'fat cats' of industry and commerce has meant the perpetuation of the Thatcherite legacy of gross inequality. Indeed, inequality has continued to widen in Britain under New Labour. Millions of children, according to official figures, live in conditions of poverty. The failings of the National Health Service are still the subject of widespread public comment. Despite increased funding there remains an acute shortage of resources for health care. Millions of pounds could be found for bombing Yugoslavia, and thousands of British troops can still be stationed overseas, but every discussion about the funding of the NHS and education is met by official warnings about costs. The education system in Britain is still grotesquely deformed by the division between the public and the private sectors. Since New Labour came to office welfare reform has been seen not as a means of extending and improving social provision against the hazards of life, deprivation and poverty in retirement but as a way of saving money. Means-testing is being extended and the way is being prepared for an ever-increasing role for insurance companies and other private organisations. On trade union rights, Tony Blair said before the last General Election that after the promised changes the law on industrial relations in Britain would remain the most restrictive in the Western world. How right he was! The main framework of the Tories' repressive laws remain intact. Within days of assuming office the government of New Labour abdicated responsibility for interest rates and handed over control to a committee of unelected bankers and academics with terms of reference that pay no regard to the level of employment. Britain's manufacturing industry has continued to decline and the low level of investment in industry suggests that this decline will continue. On constitutional changes the signs are that New Labour's preference will be for a second chamber with a substantial element of appointees. On voting systems they sought the views of a committee headed by the prominent Liberal Democrat, Lord Roy Jenkins. So far New Labour has dithered between one system and another. On European Monetary Union the Government appears committed in principle to joining, with all the consequences that might have on employment. The rate of unemployment in Europe is higher than in Britain. The real restraint on the Government in relation to the single currency is the hostility of the majority of the electorate. In international affairs New Labour has proved itself to be the most enthusiastic supporter of American policy for the expansion of capitalism throughout Eastern Europe. One instrument for this is NATO. New Labour's bellicose support for the bombing of Yugoslavia marked its rejection of the Charter of the United Nations. NATO has become the focus of its policy. New Labour is not a socialist party but within its ranks there are thousands of socialists. In the effort to change the policies of the labour movement the socialists of today need to act in the same manner as the socialists of 100 years ago. They must seek to extend their influence within the organisations of the labour movement. Events will provide the opportunities. Notes 1 See e.g. G D H Cole British Working Class Politics 1832-1914 (Routledge, London, 1941); Henry Pelling, The Origins of the Labour Party (OUP, London, 1965). Shorter but, nevertheless, informative accounts are to be found in chapters of Clement Attlee's The Labour Party in Perspective (Gollancz, London, various eds) and A L Morton and George Tate's The British Labour Movement 1770-1920 (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1956). Additionally, the reports of the foundation conference of the LRC and the early annual conferences up to and including 1905, were reprinted in one volume by Hammersmith Bookshop in 1967. 2 Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, (Penguin, London, 1975), p. 118. 3 Cole, op. cit., p. 50. 4 See Report of the Labour Representation Conference 1900, in The Labour Party Foundation Conference and Annual Conference Reports 1900-1905 (Hammersmith Bookshop, London, 1967), p. 31. (Pagination as in original reports.) 5 See Cole, op. cit., p. 53 6 ibid., p. 72. 7 Eric Hobsbawm Labour's Turning Point 1880-1900 (Harvester, Brighton, 1974), p. 35 8 ibid., p. 118. 9 Kenneth Morgan, Keir Hardie: Radical and Socialist (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1975) p. 34. 10 Cole, op. cit., p. 153. 11 Report of the Labour Representation Conference 1900, p. 9. 12 ibid., pp. 10-13.	i don't know
Which letter comes between rho and tau in the Greek alphabet?	Greek Letters: Delta, Alpha, Omega, Gamma, Pi, Theta, Nu, Epsilon, Phi, Tau ... - LLC Books - Google Books 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Greek_Letters.html?id=Xai1SQAACAAJ Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 50. Chapters: Delta, Alpha, Omega, Gamma, Pi, Theta, Nu, Epsilon, Phi, Tau, Beta, Lambda, Chi, Zeta, Mu, Xi, Digamma, Koppa, Sampi, Omicron, Iota, Upsilon, Greek alphabet, Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering, San, Sigma, Rho, Iota subscript, Stigma, Kappa, Sho, English pronunciation of Greek letters, Movable nu, Iota adscript. Excerpt: Sampi (modern: ancient shapes: , ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used in addition to the classical 24 letters of the alphabet to denote some type of a sibilant sound, probably or, in some eastern Ionic dialects of ancient Greek in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It remained in use as a numeral symbol for 900 in the alphabetic ("Milesian") system of Greek numerals. Its modern shape, which resembles a inclining to the right with a longish curved cross-stroke, developed during its use as a numeral in minuscule handwriting of the Byzantine era. Its current name, sampi, originally probably meant "san pi," i.e. "like a pi," and is also of medieval origin. The letter's original name in antiquity is not known. It has been proposed that sampi was a reincarnation of the archaic letter san, which was originally shaped like an M and denoted the sound in some other dialects. Besides san, names that have been proposed for sampi include parakyisma and angma, while other historically attested terms for it are enacosis, sincope, and o charaktir. As an alphabetic letter denoting a sibilant sound, sampi (shaped ) was mostly used between the middle of the 6th and the middle of the 5th centuries BC. although some attestations have been dated as early as the 7th century BC. It has been attested in the cities of Miletus, Ephesos, Halikarnassos, Erythrae, Teos (all situated in the region of Ionia in Asia Minor), in the island of Samos, in the Ionian colony of Massilia, and ...	Sigma
"What is the collective name for the stories by Kipling that includes ""How the Camel Got His Hump"" and ""How the Leopard Got His Spots""?"	Greek Alphabet to Latin Alphabet never adopted this later Greek letter. The Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet from Greek colonies at Pithekoussai (on the island of Ischia) and Cumae. In turn the Romans adopted their alphabet from the Etruscans. The Etruscans abandonned the Greek letter names, calling the letters simply by their sounds, much as we do today. These Greek colonists were from Euboea and thus used their own local version of the Greek alphabet at the time they colonized Italy. One can see its influence where the Euboean gamma, delta, and sigma clearly resemble the modern Roman C, D, and S, which the Ionian forms do not. The Euboean alphabet also used the X symbol rather than the Phoenician samekh for the consonant combination /ks/. Since X did not come with the Phoenician alphabet, it was placed at the end. (Most western Greek alphabets did not include the samekh symbol at all, but apparently the Euboean one did, since the Etruscans list it in their model alphabet, although they did not use it in practice. The Romans never even listed the samekh symbol.) The Greeks used the Semitic waw in two places: for digamma, which has the consonant sound of English w, and in upsilon, where it originally had the sound of oo in "moon". The Etruscans used F (digamma) for a /v/ sound and wrote our /f/ sound as FH. The Romans simply used F for the sound we know. Digamma disappeared after a while from the Greek alphabet itself. Upsilon became the Etruscan and Roman V. Later the Romans added the Greek upsilon itself at the end of the alphabet as Y to transcribe Greek loan-words. At first the Romans omitted zeta and placed the newly invented G in its place, and later they added zeta back in at the end of the alphabet to transcribe Greek loan-words. Qoppa, in Greek an alternative for kappa, made its way into Etruscan and Latin as Q, even though it then disappeared from the Greek alphabet. The redundant letter san disappeared from Greek but made its way into the Etruscan alphabet, though not into the Latin one.	i don't know
Cobalt is a shade of what colour?	Cobalt Color Definition in Desktop Publishing Cobalt is a silvery, bluish-gray metal ore. But when cobalt salts and aluminum oxide are mixed you get a beautiful shade of blue. The color cobalt or cobalt blue is a medium blue , lighter than navy but bluer than the lighter sky blue colors (a strong azure ). In pottery, porcelain, tiles, and glass-making the cobalt color comes from the addition of cobalt salts. With the addition of varying amounts of other metals or minerals cobalt can be more magenta or more purple. Cobalt \| Hex #0047AB \| RGB 0,71,171 \| CMYK 100,58,0,33 Cobalt (Web color) \| Hex #3D59AB \| RGB 61,89,171 Cobalt \| Hex #6666FF \| RGB 102,102,255 Cobalt is a cool color . Cobalt blue color is soothing, peaceful, and can also suggest richness. Like azure, nature, stability, calmness are some of its qualities. While we generally think of cobalt as blue, there are other cobalt color pigments (found in oil and watercolor paints, for example) which incorporate more greens or reds, such as: continue reading below our video How to Backup Everything Cobalt Violet (RGB: 145,33,158 cobalt violet deep) Cobalt Green (RGB: 61,145,64)	Blue
Which bank, the fourth largest investment bank in the USA, filed for bankruptcy on September 15th 2008?	Fifty Shades of (Cobalt) Blue \| Weddingbee Fifty Shades of (Cobalt) Blue by Mrs. Waterfall on June 25th, 2013 @ 3:08 pm As soon as we got engaged, inspiration hit me in the form of bridesmaids’ dresses and I knew exactly what I wanted! Blue! Specifically, cobalt blue. Little did I know how difficult this would be to define to everyone around me. Cobalt blue: not quite royal or navy blue, with a slight hint of purple. Confused? Observe: Image via images.yourdictionary.com I envisioned my girls in long, flowy, chiffon cobalt dresses with a bit of Grecian flair. Here is some of my early inspiration: Dress by Monique Lhuillier / Image via design my heart out Notte by Marchesa / Image via Zimbio Dress by Pamella Roland / Image via The Fashion Court At first, I figured I would embrace the mismatched trend and let each girl pick out a dress to match her own body type and budget, as long as it was long, chiffon, and cobalt blue. That is, until MOH Long Legs not so subtly pointed out to me that I’m the most anal-retentive person she knows and clearly am not nearly a laid-back enough bride to allow each girl to pick a dress without worrying that it’s not the exact shade of blue. So with that, it was back to picking identical dresses that would please three different girls, with three different personalities, body types, and zip codes! I figured we could plan a shopping trip and get everyone to try on dresses together, until BM Green Eyes announced she would not be travelling to Montreal to shop for dresses, so we needed to find a retailer that sold in Canada and the USA. I was heartbroken that I would miss out on the traditional experience of shopping with all my girls, but had no choice but to get over it and get to work. Finding a long, chiffon gown with a sweetheart neckline wasn’t very hard at all; finding one in the correct shade of blue proved to be maddening! I was shown dresses in navy, royal, teal, and even baby blue! One of my early favorites was the long Arabelle by J.Crew (swoon!). Unfortunately, we could not find a J.Crew retailer to try on this dress. Dress by J.Crew / Image via Lemoncrate Another contender was this chiffon gown by Ralph Lauren—the advantage was that it was off the rack. Unfortunately, it was too short for Long Legs. Ralph Lauren Wrapped Bodice Sweetheart Gown / Image via Nordstrom After many dresses tried, there was one designer whose dresses seemed to really flatter my girls, Bill Levkoff . If I’m being honest, the “horizon blue” wasn’t the exact shade of blue I had in mind, but sometimes you have to work with what’s available! We were torn between two models, the 165 and 193. Bill Levkoff, model 165 / Left to right MOH Long Legs, BM Green Eyes, BM Tiny / Personal photo Bill Levkoff, model 1 93 / Left to right MOH Long Legs, BM Green Eyes, BM Tiny / Personal photo In the end, we chose style 193 because it featured a flowier skirt as well as a less prominent sweetheart than the 165. Here is MOH Long Legs showing off the Horizon Blue color that the dresses will come in! Bill Levkoff , model 11 5 / Personal photo It was not easy getting everyone to agree on a dress, and we wound up getting our dress order in right under the wire. Since the girls were spread out all over, they decided to order the dresses online to save some money. A word of advice about the Bill Levkoff size chart: it’s not the most accurate thing in the world! If you’re considering ordering a BL dress, try to find a sample as close to your size as possible and gauge from there. None of my girls ordered the size it said on the size chart, which said to order one or two sizes up from their street clothes. For example, BM Tiny wears a size zero in street, but the BL chart said she needed a four. Luckily they had a four in-store and we were able to see that it was too big on her, so she ordered a two but will need to take it in a bit. Who will your girls be wearing? Tags:	i don't know
Bill Shankly played for Carlisle United from 1932 to 1933. Which club did he play for from 1933 to 1949?	Tournament: Liverpool Fans Presents. Bill Shankly tournament - Chess.com Chess.com Liverpool Fans Presents. Bill Shankly Tournament TD: Start Time: May 23, 2016 72% Complete Liverpool FANS Chess group are happy to present the Liverpool Legend Manager BILL SHANKLY TOURNAMENT! If you are a Liverpool Fan please join our Liverpool fan group. 29 September 1981 (aged 68) Place of death * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (goals) William "Bill" Shankly OBE (2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981) was a Scottish footballer and manager who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool . Shankly came from a small Scottish mining community as one of five brothers who played football professionally. He played as a ball-winning right-half and was capped twelve times for Scotland , including seven wartime internationals. He spent one season at Carlisle United before spending the rest of his career at Preston North End , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1938 . His playing career was interrupted by his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He became a manager after he retired from playing in 1949, returning to Carlisle United. He later managed Grimsby Town , Workington [1] [2] and Huddersfield Town before moving to become Liverpool manager in December 1959. Shankly took charge of Liverpool when they were in the Second Division and rebuilt the team into a major force in English and European football. He led Liverpool to the Second Division Championship to gain promotion to the top-flight First Division in 1962, before going on to win three First Division Championships, two FA Cups, four Charity Shields and one UEFA Cup . Shankly announced his surprise retirement from football a few weeks after Liverpool won the 1974 FA Cup Final , having managed the club for fifteen years, and was succeeded by his long-time assistant Bob Paisley . He led the Liverpool team out for the last time at Wembley for the 1974 FA Charity Shield . [3] He died seven years later at the age of 68. Early life[ edit ] Bill Shankly was born in a small Ayrshire coal mining village, called Glenbuck , whose population in 1913, the year of Shankly's birth, was around 700. People born there would often move to find work in larger coal mines. [4] As a result, Glenbuck became largely derelict and by the time Shankly's ghost writer John Roberts visited it in 1976, there were only twelve houses left, including a cottage owned by Shankly's sister, Elizabeth, whom Roberts described as "the last of the children of Glenbuck". [4] Shankly's parents, John and Barbara, lived in one of the Auchenstilloch Cottages with their ten children; five boys and five girls. [5] Shankly was the ninth child and the youngest boy. [5] Although he was known as Bill throughout his football career, his name in the family was Willie, pronounced "Wullie". [6] His father was a postman who became a tailor of handmade suits but, despite the football pedigree in his family, he did not play himself. [7] All five Shankly brothers played professional football and Shankly claimed that "once, when we were all at our peaks, we could have beaten any five brothers in the world". [4] His brothers were Alec, known as "Sandy" by the family, who played for Ayr United and Clyde ; [8] Jimmy (1902–72), who played for various clubs including Sheffield United and Southend United ; [9] John (1903–60), who played for Portsmouth and Luton Town ; [10] and Bob (1910–82), who played for Alloa Athletic and Falkirk . [11] Bob became a successful manager, guiding Dundee to victory in the Scottish championship in 1962 and the semi-finals of the European Cup the following year. [11] Their maternal uncles, Robert and William Blyth were also professional players and both became club directors at Portsmouth and Carlisle United respectively. [5] Shankly wrote in his autobiography that times were hard during his upbringing and that hunger was a prevailing condition, especially during the winter months. [12] He admitted that he and his friends used to steal vegetables from nearby farms; bread, biscuits and fruit from suppliers' wagons, and bags of coal from the pits. [13] Shankly admitted the act was wrong but claimed it was "devilment more than badness" and the root cause was their constant hunger, but he insists that he and his friends learned from their mistakes and became better people in later years. [14] He was at school from the age of five until he was fourteen. Discipline at both home and school was strict but Shankly said it was character-building. [15] His favourite subject was geography and he played football as often as possible, especially in the school playground, but there was no organised school team. [16] After Shankly left school in 1928, he worked at a local mine alongside his brother Bob. He did this for two years until the pit closed and he faced unemployment. [17] In his autobiography, he described the life of a miner at some length and mentioned many of the problems such as the sheer hard work, rats, the difficulties of eating and drinking at the coal face, but above all the filth: "We were never really clean. It was unbelievable how we survived. Going home to wash in a tub was the biggest thing. The first time I was in a bath was when I was fifteen". [18] While Shankly was employed as a miner, he played football as often as possible and sometimes went to Glasgow to watch either Celtic or Rangers , sharing his allegiance between the two and ignoring the sectarianism that divides Glasgow. [19] Shankly developed his skills to the point that he was unemployed for only a few months before Carlisle United signed him. He wrote that he had his football future worked out in his mind and that, even when working in the pit, he was only "killing time". He always believed that it was only a matter of time before he became a professional player. He explained that, in football terms, he had always been an optimist with a belief in his destiny and that was the basis of his undying enthusiasm for the sport. [20] Shankly's village team was called the Glenbuck Cherrypickers , a name probably derived from the 11th Hussars (the "Cherry Pickers"), but Shankly said: "the club was near extinction when I had a trial and I never actually played for them". [21] Shankly, aged 18, then played part of the 1931–32 season for Cronberry Eglinton , about twelve miles from Glenbuck. He used to cycle to and from the ground. [21] Cronberry were in the Cumnock & District League. [22] Although Shankly had less than one full season at Cronberry, he acknowledged his debt to Scottish Junior Football as he "learnt a lot", mainly by listening to older players and especially his brothers. [21] Carlisle United[ edit ] Shankly had a single season, 1932–33, at Carlisle United, then relatively new to The Football League and playing in the Third Division North , their reserve side playing in the North Eastern League . Shankly was recommended by a scout called Peter Carruthers who had seen him playing for Cronberry. [23] He was invited for a month's trial and said it was the first time he had left Scotland. He was signed after just one trial match for Carlisle's reserves against Middlesbrough reserves , even though Carlisle reserves lost the match 6–0. [24] A local newspaper report said that "Shankly played strenuously and might develop into a useful left back" but, in fact, he developed into a top-class right-half . [25] Shankly made his senior debut on 31 December 1932 in a 2–2 draw against Rochdale and made 16 appearances for the first team. [26] At the end of the season, the reserves won the North Eastern League Cup, defeating Newcastle United reserves 1–0 in the final. In his 1976 autobiography, Shankly stated: "I've still got the medal". [27] At this stage of his career, Shankly was assessed as "a hard running, gritty right-half" [nb 1] whose displays brought him much praise and credit and he was "earmarked as a key young player capable of taking Carlisle on to greater things". [26] He was paid four pounds ten shillings a week at Carlisle which he considered a good wage as the top rate at that time was eight pounds. [28] Shankly was happy at Carlisle which was close to his home at Glenbuck and he had settled in well with almost a guarantee of first team football. When the opportunity came for him to move on, he was not convinced he wanted to leave. [29] Preston North End[ edit ] Soon after the 1932–33 season ended, Shankly received a telegram from Carlisle United asking him to return as soon as possible because another club wanted to sign him. [30] Arriving at Carlisle, he discovered that the interested club was Preston North End who had offered a transfer fee of £500. The terms for Shankly personally were a fee of £50 plus a £10 signing-on fee and wages of five pounds a week. [29] Shankly's initial reaction was that it was not enough and the deal nearly fell through. [29] Shankly's brother Alec pointed out to him that Preston were in the Second Division and a bigger club than Carlisle with the potential to regain First Division status. [31] Alec convinced Bill that the opportunity was more important than what he would be paid immediately: "it's what you're going to get later that counts". Shankly took his brother's advice and signed the Preston contract in a railway carriage. [32] Shankly began his Preston career in the reserves, who played in the Central League which was a higher standard than the North Eastern League. [33] He made his first team debut on 9 December 1933, three months after his 20th birthday, against Hull City . [34] Shankly created an early goal to help Preston win 5–0, earning him praise in a national newspaper for his "clever passing". [35] With his wholehearted attitude and commitment to the team, he quickly established himself as a first-team regular and became a crowd favourite. [34] Preston fulfilled their potential and gained promotion to the First Division as runners-up to Grimsby Town . [34] It was therefore a successful debut season for Shankly who stayed with Preston until he retired in 1949. His wage was increased to eight pounds a week with six pounds in the summer. [36] In a summary of the 1933–34 season, a Preston correspondent, Walter Pilkington, wrote: "One of this season's discoveries, Bill Shankly, played with rare tenacity and uncommonly good ideas for a lad of twenty. He is full of good football and possessed with unlimited energy; he should go far". [34] In his autobiography, Shankly wrote that Preston had more than held their own in the 1934–35 season and the club was not relegated again until the end of the 1948–49 season in which he left them. [36] Shankly developed into "as tough a half back as any in the Football League". [37] The outstanding Northern Ireland international Peter Doherty recalled how Shankly dogged his footsteps in one match and kept muttering: "Great wee team, North End, great wee team", subduing Doherty completely as Preston defeated Manchester City 3–1. [38] In 1936–37, Preston reached the FA Cup Final but were well beaten 3–1 by Sunderland at Wembley Stadium . [39] Preston recovered to reach the 1938 FA Cup Final in which they defeated Huddersfield Town 1–0 with a penalty scored by George Mutch in the final minute of extra time. As well as winning the FA Cup, Preston finished third in the league. [39] That season marked "the pinnacle of Shankly's playing career". [34] Shankly had just reached his 26th birthday when the Second World War began and the war claimed the peak years of his playing career. [34] He joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) and managed to play in numerous wartime league, cup and exhibition matches for Norwich City , Arsenal , Luton Town and Partick Thistle , depending on where he was stationed. [34] On 30 May 1942, he played a single game for Liverpool in a 4–1 win over Everton at Anfield . [34] Shankly was keen on boxing and fought as a middleweight in the RAF, winning a trophy when he was stationed in Manchester. [40] He confirmed in his autobiography that his weight as an RAF boxer was 159 pounds (72 kg) and he was only 6 pounds (2.7 kg) heavier than that in 1976. [40] Shankly met his wife, Nessie, in the RAF (she was in the WAAF and stationed at the same	Preston North End F.C.
Robin's Nest, owned by Robin Masters, is a beach front estate in which US crime drama of the 1980s?	Bill Shankly Archives - Shankly Hotel in Liverpool by georgia Bill Shankly is arguably one of the most famous figures in Liverpool Football Club’s history. Notably leading them to great success during his reign. Shankly, or ‘Shanks’ as he is more affectionately known by Anfield faithful lead Liverpool Football Club to win; three First Division titles, two FA Cups and the UEFA Cup in his fifteen years at the club. Anfield Rennovation Recently, Liverpool Football Club stadium underwent a dramatic redevelopment which saw the main stand increase its capacity by 8,500 seats. Now total capacity at the stadium stands at just over 54,000 people. The new development took a grand total of 643 days to complete and with it came a number of changes. One of which was the replacement of all seats in the Main Stand. A gift that kept on giving When Bill retired from management at Liverpool Football Club, the club gifted him two season tickets for the Main Stand. These seats were row 17, seats 134 and 135 which he regularly used for himself. When Bill passed away in 1981, the Shankly family took over the seats and when Shankly’s grandson Chris Carline was 7 years old, he began regularly attending the game, sitting in the very seats his grandfather was gifted. Chris sat in seat 134 for 27 years, attending all Liverpool Football Club home games until May 2016 when the last home game was played before the redevelopment of the main stand began. A piece of Liverpool history The original seats which were used by Bill Shankly have been transferred into The Shankly Hotel where they can be admired along with a whole host of Shankly Memorabilia which is displayed in the reception area of the hotel and within the Bastion Bar & Restaurant. It’s a huge honour to have these seats with us and we hope you enjoy them as much as Bill and his family have over the years. To book a stay at the iconic Shankly Hotel, please call our reservations team who will be able to help you to make your trip to Liverpool and The Shankly nothing short of magical. Call: 0151 601 8801 Introducing the Shankly Loyalty Card Here at The Shankly Hotel, our guests are at the heart of everything we do. Bill Shankly was devoted to his loyal supporters, friends and family and we feel the same way about each and every guest who walks into the magnificent Shankly Hotel. We only opened our doors 12 months ago but in such a short space of time, we have welcomed guests from all corners of the earth. Whether they’ve bed avid Shankly fans, families or couples looking for a break in the city, The Shankly Hotel has become a home-from-home for many visitors. One of the biggest compliments a hotel or restaurant can receive is returning guests and we’re pleased to say we have a number of regulars who we welcome with open arms each and every time. To thank all of our amazing guests and customers, we’re pleased to launch the exclusive Shankly Loyalty Card which gives members access to exclusive deals and offers throughout the week. The perks included With the Shankly Loyalty Card, guests can enjoy 20% stays from Sunday – Thursday and 10% off stays on Friday & Saturday (minimum two-night stay) Guests at The Bastion Bar & Restaurant can furthermore enjoy 20% off food and drink Monday – Thursday and 10% food & drink from Friday – Sunday. Loyalty members will furthermore receive exclusive offers and invites to our most incredible events. What’s best is that the Shankly Loyalty Card is free; all you need to do is sign up here . by LauraB Where my Grandad won Liverpool’s first ever European trophy with the 1973 UEFA Cup, Jurgen Klopp has the chance to add to what is now an illustrious European history tonight. A mere 43 years on from that great day, the Euro 2016 final. Why I’m not there I’ll get it out the way now; I haven’t travelled for tonight’s game and I’ll tell you why. Mainly because UEFA’s ridiculous decision to stage a major European Final at a stadium that holds around 35,000 people. I mean an average capacity Premier League ground, if you will, leaves a lot to be desired. Europe’s governing body were well aware of that size of some of the sides in this year’s competition. The possibility of those that could join after the first phase of the Champions League was high. A side like Liverpool would bring in 35,000 alone (and the rest). To a wet windy night at the furthest flung destinations of the world. It perplexes me that a destination such as Basel’s St Jakob-Park Stadium was the final choice for such a monumental match. Add to this the fact that at least a third of the 35,000 will go to UEFA, and then a third to each club, allocation for fans would be low. Been there got the t-shirt I’ve been there and done it when it comes to Liverpool (and I’ll never get tired of it), but, with the ticketing situation, I just thought I’d let someone else have a go for once. Thrown into the mix the stress levels of booking flights etc. and I made the calculated decision that I would watch it in the splendid comfort and company of The Shankly Hotel (with Messrs St John, Lawler and Callaghan). In the immediate aftermath of the semi-final, I have to profess I was glad I made that decision. Lads I know who went ran round stressed to the max. Having to identify which whacky route across Europe would be most efficient to get to them to Basel left me satisfied that I’d stood firm on my decision. Second thoughts Sadly, as Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday arrived this week, second thoughts loomed. The lads began uploading photos of their epic journeys to the Swiss City. I have to admit I cast an envious eye at their shenanigans! Matthew, behave yourself out there, mate! Chappy, Bernie, Vinny, The Farmer, Tom, Katie, Motty and all the rest of you, have a great time! Alas, no time to dwell. There is a major European trophy at stake here. It’s the Euro 2016 final. I’m relatively confident ahead of the game as nn paper we should win. But of course paper doesn’t win football games, we all know that. A strong starting XI…? Jurgen spun a trick against Chelsea with his starting team selection. I don’t think anyone would argue that this wasn’t Liverpool’s strongest available XI and should almost certainly be his team for the euro 2016 final barring any mishaps. I liked what he did in respect. West Brom was always going to be a formality in terms of team selection. Going full strength against Chelsea was the manager’s way of throwing down the gauntlet. The players to cementing their place in the starting XI for Basel. For me, the only question mark with respect of the team selection is around Can, a controversial opinion, I’m sure, for some. I’m not his biggest fan. I think he is limited and I don’t think he has the first touch or presence on the ball to play central midfield for a top Premier League club. His performance against Chelsea was poor, with his passing wayward I think he almost played himself out of the team with that showing. Only time will tell and it is win-win if I am wrong, but the jury is out for me. It means that Joe Allen comes into play, and given the lads form over the latter part of the season, who could complain? Credit where credit is due I take my hat off to him in many, many ways. Football is a cruel game, especially at the highest level and especially at a club the size of Liverpool. Joe wasn’t helped out by Brendan Rodgers’ comments that he was ‘Welsh Xavi’ . Given Brendan signed him from Swansea, he became viewed as something of an obsession to our former manager which led to a comedic tag being placed over his head. In short, he became the latest in a long line of players tagged with a comedic persona who fans make a scapegoat out of. You’d have been forgiven in thinking that once Rodgers was ousted, you wouldn’t see him again. However this was not the case. He has embarked on something of a resurgence under Jurgen Klopp; and the now ‘Welsh Piro’ has, in fact, earned the respect of fans across the board. source; empireofthekop.com I use the word respect because that’s exactly what it is. When a player gets stuck in something of a rut, as he did, and is tagged with this persona, it becomes increasingly difficult to escape from it. Players are not stupid. They hear chants from the terraces, they hear ironic cheering and they read papers and social media. When your confidence hits rock bottom, and the fans have no faith in you, usually there is only one escape route – into another club. Putting up a good fight To fight out of this scenario and re-earn the trust, support and respect of the fans is something of an achievement. Not one many can claim to have successfully done. The only other I can think of is a certain Lucas Leiva. Klopp’s decision to allow Joe to actually cross the half way line has proved an inspired one. The Welshman finds himself on the score sheet and amongst the assists all of a sudden. Now we find ourselves on the cusp of the euro 2016 final and Joe Allen, for me, is a very real prospect for a starting berth. Does this come at the expense of Can? Should he? Would he? Could he? Milner’s form has been superb in the last few weeks captain for the team in the absence of Henderson, who I am almost certain will not be fit enough to start. Lallana, Coutinho and Firmino are a given as on their day, all on form they are unplayable and will create and get amongst the goals. The only other suggestion would be Sturridge not starting. Firmino as a false 9 and an extra midfielder coming in there. I just don’t think it is something Klopp should or would do. Dan is a proven talent on his day, and we are in a major European final, and goals win games, simple as that. If I was a betting man, I’d hazard that wee Joe will start from the bench. Klopp seemingly having a soft spot for his German counterpart Can, and the team being will be that which started the Chelsea game. In great company So there it is, all set for tonight. Usually round about now I’d be lapping up the atmosphere with the travelling Kop on the Swiss border. Instead I’ve got a more than able deputy lined up for tonight. Sat in the splendour of The Shankly Hotel with three absolute legends: Ian St John, Ian Callaghan and Chris Lawler , cheering the reds on in a sold-out restaurant. Sitting back and enjoying fine food and the company of the rest of the Shankly family. Fingers crossed we will be watching Jurgen add another chapter to the story my Grandad started all those years ago! by LauraB Widely recognised as footballs greatest manager of all time, Bill Shankly’s career with LFC will be celebrated by fans throughout eternity. A man who was admired for his acid tongued, quick wit fit into the Liverpool ideal like one of their own, his notoriety for memorable quotes and outspoken comments further solidifying his place as “just one of the people on the Kop…” Shankly’s charismatic approach to coaching saw an introduction of innovative techniques raising the skill and fitness levels of his squad. Swapping out the endless pavement pounding runs that had obliterated knees and hips before his arrival, for isolated circuit training and 5-a-side matches. His team were pushed to capacity each session, properly warmed up and down. Even though players were drilled to their breaking points they weren’t being burnt out or injured from pointless fitness regimes, every exercise being a team effort, measured to the best of a player’s individual abilities. His own competitive nature even had him joining the 5-a-side or 3-a-side matches, playing until his opposition were defeated. A great respect for Shankly grew amongst the players born from mutuality, as notably Shankly had no social rules or restraints for his team off field. Sighting “sensible talks” as his only form of discipline, “the stamina and fitness of the players on the field” his only required proof that his advice had been headed. His players were able to train hard, play hard and live happy, this being all that was needed, as far as Shankly was concerned, to deliver success. source; www.theirishkop.com Holding the hearts and souls of Kopites in his hands, by building their beloved team from strength to strength Shankly, accredits his success’ to an understanding of what the fans wanted. Having found his rightful place amongst the people of Liverpool he could anticipate what they needed from their team’s success’ and gave them countless reasons to be proud of their team. Being amongst many tributes to the Bill Shankly legend, The Shankly Hotel stands out as one of the truly unique, home to memorabilia that includes handwritten revolutionary tactical notes and masses of correspondence celebrating him and his contributions to the game of football. It is here his memory lives on through us and his family, as well as those who were privileged enough to work with him and under him. A man who was everything to both players and fans. Providing the football world with relentless warrior-like players that, under his tutelage, became todays celebrated legends in their own rights. The Shankly Hotel are currently hosting an ongoing poll to craft the ultimate dream team, Shankly’s Greatest XI . Getting you, the people, involved in the process this an ultimate line up that, once composed, will be revealed in a celebratory event with as many of the finally selected players as possible in attendance. Who will be amongst your choices for Shankly’s Greatest XI? Get involved and choose from these legendary players, sharing your choices through your Facebook page, and be in with a chance to sit at the table with the peoples chosen legends. by leehill Bill Shankly’s family recently paid a visit to The Shankly Hotel. Currently under development and scheduled to open in August 2015. Family members included Shankly’s daughter, Jeanette Carline, as well as his grandson , Christopher Carline. Checking the progress The family were given a preview of the hotel’s progress and were delighted with how much work has been made on the £20 million development. The first room that has been unveiled to the family features Christopher Carline’s story. He believes he gets his passion for Liverpool FC from his grandfather. Each room throughout the Liverpool hotel will feature stories not just from the Shankly family, but from former Liverpool players and football fans. Each have a story to tell about the late, great Bill Shankly. Christopher recently told the Liverpool Echo: “I wanted to make sure these stories never die and, through the hotel, they can survive.” What we can look forward to The hotel will be based inside a 145,000 square foot site. This will include a Bill Shankly museum that will exhibit family memorabilia. A bar and sports-themed restaurant will also open and will pay tribute to different stages of Bill Shankly’s life. The building, which once served as Liverpool council offices, will also feature a Signature Living hotel , a rooftop garden with an infinity pool, two 175-seat restaurant and a corkscrew slide, which are scheduled to open in 2016. Do you have a Bill Shankly story to tell? Share your story with us for a chance to win a free night stay when the hotel opens, and your name will also be immortalised into the room’s design. Share your Shankly story: shanklyhotel.com/shankly-stories/ by leehill The Shankly Hotel is delighted to announce work will commence on 1st February, 2015, to transform Millennium House into a hotel based on the late, great Bill Shankly. The Shankly Hotel will offer more than just accommodation; it is set to become a major tourist attraction in Liverpool, which will ultimately promote the city as an amazing destination in the UK. Shankly Hotel is part of the Signature Living group, and the new development will follow in the footsteps of 30 James Street, a new Titanic Hotel based along Liverpool’s waterfront. The hotel will undoubtedly garner a lot of attraction from people across the world due to the legacy Bill Shankly left behind. It won’t just be a hotel for fans of Liverpool football club, who Shankly helped pull out from Second Division to become Division One winners, but will celebrate the passion, determination of William Shankly – who is one of football’s greatest ever football managers. You can read more about the development on the Liverpool Echo website. Take a look: www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/signature-living-hires-ascot-find-8399727 Please follow The Shankly Hotel on Facebook and Twitter to follow us on our journey from development through to completion. by Elisabeth Sedgwick Bill Shankly is an inspiration. Not only to football, but to anyone who has ever faced struggles in their life. He was born in the coalmining village of Glenbuck, Ayshire, in 1913, with very humble beginnings; however, through hard work and perseverance, he went onto become one of the greatest football managers of all time. Bill Shankly was undoubtedly a very intelligent man, despite the fact he left education at just 14 years old to begin work at a local colliery. Not shy of hard work, Bill spent two years down the pit; however, he seen football as his way out of it. Professional Football Shankly was one of 50 Glenbuck son’s who escaped the coalmining village to make it in professional football in the first half of the 20th Century; however, none of them would leave a legacy behind quite like William. The Shankly family all shared a passion for the big game, with four of Bill’s brothers all making it as professional footballers. Shankly finally made it as a professional footballer when he signed for Carlisle United in 1932, but it was at Preston North End where he really shone on the pitch, when he joined the club just one year later in 1933. Shankly was a brave right half who made a total of 337 appearances for the club, helping the team to win the FA Cup in 1938; however, his time at Preston North End was interrupted by his service in the RAF in World War II. Like all aspiring footballers dream of, Bill Shankly played for his national team, Scotland, between 1938 to 1943, and often spoke of his “unbelievable pride” when they played against England, winning the match 1-0. What made Shankly different from many of the players on the pitch was that he believed the game should be played fairly, and was proud to say he was “never sent off the field or had (his) name in a referee’s book”. To him, tackling was an art that was all about timing and the sole objective of winning the ball – and he stood by this philosophy through his management career. Shankly was, by no stretch of the imagination, in love with football. During the summer of 1933, he event spent his spare time training, and it is claimed he developed a unique long throw-in by throwing balls over a row of houses, asking the boys of the village to retrieve them for him. Management Career Carlisle United Whilst Shankly was a successful footballer, it was his management career that would define his legacy. Shankly started his managerial career the same way he started as a professional footballer: at Carlisle United. He joined as manager during the 1948-49 season, when the club was in the bottom half of the Third Division North. With sheer hard work and unrivalled skills, Shankly ensured Carlisle United finished 15th in the table, after only being in charge for just a few matches. It was here that Shankly’s management potential was born. Shankly used the power of psychology to motivate his players, falsely informing the team that the opposition were not fit for the match or that the opposition had a tough journey to the ground. After a disagreement with the club over player bonuses, Shankly resigned from the club and took up an offer from Grimbsy Town, following a failed interview at Liverpool FC. Grimsby Town Shankly was to make or break Grimsby Town, as they had been relegated twice in two seasons, dropping from First Division to Third. Some of the club’s best players had also been transferred before he even arrived as manager. However, Bill strongly believed there was more potential at Grimsby Town than at Carlisle United, and was pleased with some of the remaining players he still had to work with. Bill brought new players to the club for low fees, which helped to make a challenge for promotion in 1951-52, but the club finished second, just three points behind Lincoln City. Following a disagreement with the club for their lack of ambition, and due to him and his wife feeling homesick for their native Scotland, Bill Shankly made the decision to take up an offer as manager for Workington to be closer to home. Workington Bill enthusiastically joined the club in 1954, seeing Workington as a challenge he believed he could win. When he joined, Workington were at the bottom of the Third Division North, but by the end of the of the 1954-55 season the team finished at a credible 8th place. During his time at Workington, Shankly was responsible for many of the administration duties, and would often answer calls and deal with mail. However, Shankly’s problem was that Workington shared the ground with a local rugby club, which he believed was ruining the playing surface. On 15th November 1955, Shankly resigned at manager and joined Huddersfield Town, but this time as assistant manager to Andy Beattie. Huddersfield Town Shankly initially joined Huddersfield Town as assistant manager, but took over the role of manager in 1956 when Andy Beattie resigned. Shankly was responsible for the signing of some of football’s most rising talents at the time, including 16-year-old Denis Law, and Huddersfield Town’s most capped player, Ray Wilson. However, Shankly resigned from the club when they intended to sell the team’s best players with no money to buy replacements, and delightfully accepted an offer at Liverpool FC as manager in 1959. Liverpool FC Shankly believed Liverpool had great potential, as the club had been in Second Division for five years prior to his arrival. Bill Shankly knew that in order for the club to succeed, major changes were necessary. Liverpool Football Club was a shadow of the ground fans know and love today, and it is all thanks to the legendary manager who insisted that £3,000 was spent to repair Anfield and water the pitch. He also immediately connected to the club’s supporters, who he believed were “his kind of people”. Few could argue that it was Shankly’s forceful personality that transformed Liverpool. He brought a sense of pride, loyalty and determination that no other Liverpool manager ever had, and his passion for the game was infectious. He also knew that in order to succeed new players would need to be brought in. Shankly separated the wheat from the chaff, bringing in new players that helped the club make history, including the likes of Ian St John, Tommy Lawrence and Ian Callaghan. Despite a shaky start, the team improved season by season, and by the end of Bill Shankly’s management career at the club, Liverpool FC had become a First Division club that had won two FA Cups (1965 and 1974), the UEFA Cup (1973) and the FA Charity Shield in 1964, 1965 and 1966. Retirement With a heavy heart, Bill Shankly called a press conference on 12th July 1974 to announce his retirement from football. He reportedly felt tired from all the years of management, and finally decided the time was right at the age of 60 years old. However, whilst Shankly said goodbye to football, football would not say goodbye to him. Shankly would regularly visit Melwood to watch the LFC players training, then managed by Bob Paisley. He would also often attend Manchester United and Everton games, and praised the clubs for the warm welcome. In honour of his football career, Bill was awarded an OBE in November 1974, attending Buckingham Palace with his wife, Nessie. Bill fell in love with the city of Liverpool as much as the city fell in love with him, so he and Nessie continued to live in their semi-detached house in the West Derby area, which was closely located to Everton’s training ground at Bellefield. Tragically, Bill Shankly died on 29th September 1981 at the age of 68 years old, but his legacy lives on in the hearts of football fans across the world and at Liverpool FC. by Elisabeth Sedgwick Bill Shankly was a self-proclaimed man of the people. He loved the fans as much as the game of football itself, and he was never shy to tell them just how much they meant to him. He was a wonderful manager for so many reasons, but most of all because he cared about the people who made the club, and that was the fans. Shankly himself once said: “At a football club, there’s a holy trinity – the players, the manager and the supporters”. Shankly proved just how much one fan’s words meant to him, when he penned a letter to a 13-year-old boy, Chris Rafferty, whom he met when standing on The Kop. The letter reads: Dear Chris, Received your letter, thanks very much indeed. I really enjoyed your remarks about your loyalty to see me, and of course your mates. I can assure you that what you say to me means more than all the money in the world. I knew before I came to Liverpool that deep down there were thousands of people like yourself who were dying to have a football team. So I worked hard to give you that. I can assure you it was no easy task. However, it worked in the end, and you have a team and a ground, and I am proud of all of you. Give my regards to your Dad, he must be a busy man Chris, as football takes up all your life. Remember me to the boys on the “Kop”. I will come in again to see all of you. “God Bless” W. Shankly. The letter was written in 1976, two years after Shankly retired as manager of Liverpool Football Club, and his influence on his fans was, and still is, as strong as ever. by Chris Happy Birthday Last week saw the 1st birthday fundraiser of The Shankly Family Foundation . For those who may not know; I set the charity up 12 months ago in Grandy’s honour, in what would have been his 100th birthday year; to support grass roots football and provide positive activity for children and young people, two causes that were close to Grandy’s heart. What The Shankly Family Foundation actually does The Foundation is chaired by myself and run by a board of 5 volunteers including me. In 12 months, we have achieved some unbelievable stuff, supporting Liverpool Schoolboys under the grass roots umbrella. We have funded training, equipment and costs for taking the players to tournaments abroad. Sourced coaches and volunteers for the lads whilst and provided FA badges for budding coaches. We delivered the first ever Shankly Family Foundation Cup for local county FA teams in May. This was completely free of charge and achieved a positive activity for children and young people across some of the most deprived areas of the City. We also organised a fully funded Summer Programme for children and young people in Croxteth, Norris Green, Yew Tree, Knotty Ash and Huyton that engaged nearly 1000 participants. Celebrations Last Tuesday saw our first ever fundraising night to commemorate our 1st birthday. It was held at 30 James Street: The Home of the Titanic , the hotel owned and run by Signature living whom we are of course delivering The Shankly Hotel with for August 2015. Whilst on that topic, I can’t thank Lawrence and Katie Kenwright and their staff enough for the help, support and generosity they displayed in the lead up to and delivery of the event. Everything about them and their company conveys the Shankly ethos and the hotel is going to be a sight to behold next year, which will mean our 2nd birthday fundraiser will actually take place, excitingly at The Shankly Hotel. Shankly’s Team Values The main purpose of my blog however is that following the evening; I felt compelled to speak about the warmness, and humility of those members of grandy’s team who attended on the night to speak; in particular Mr Kevin Keegan. We had Ian Callaghan, Chris Lawler, Roy Evans and Kevin Keegan who all answered the call to help raise some funds for the charity, and none of them disappointed. They spoke with a warmness and emotion about my granddad that couldn’t help to elicit a tear, especially to those in attendance from the family like myself. We were regaled with stories and anecdotes that had everything; comedy, facts, emotion, passion and inspiration. It was Mr Kevin Keegan in particular who led the way however. Another Great Man Keegan was debatably the superstar of all the Shankly teams. A hero to millions, a legend and genius of the game; one of the first real global icons of the game. Status like that in modern day football has given birth to one or two diva’s. Not Mr Keegan though and not any of the lads in attendance, all of whom have been schooled in the Shankly arts. I have met him on several occasions but this the most time I have spent in his presence. He is hands down one of the most down to earth, humble and warm people I have ever met. Kevin delivered a power point presentation to the audience. Its topical content was of course about my granddad but in a way that showed Kevin’s life and career story and how grandy influenced that. The audience laughed. The audience cried and the audience were inspired. Keegan and his fellow colleagues speak about grandy with such passion and emotion that it is something to behold. Kevin profoundly proclaimed, “whenever anybody asks us to do something to support Bill Shankly, we are there, no questions asked. That is the impact he had.” As he uttered those words, he fixed his stare on myself and the family. It is both refreshing and proud to witness how one man really did shape their careers and their lives, to the extent that they live to this very day by his visions and values; and that they hold them dear. Auctions and Raffles As the auction and raffles proceeded on the night; the lads even participated; Keegan even successfully bidding for a framed Kenny Dalglish shirt, the man who inherited the famous number 7 from him. As the evening drew to a close; and fans were given the opportunity to meet the lads, have photos taken and have items signed; all stood for whatever time was necessary to meet the wishes of those who had come to meet their heroes. Keegan even brought a replica England shirt from his time playing for his country which he raffled off for The Shankly Family Foundation charity; signing and personalising it for the winner. All done off his own bat as he thought it would be nice and raise some money. Old Values It is at times like this that you ask yourself whether the modern stars of today; many of whom aren’t as good ability wise as those in attendance and many of whom won’t have won half of what these lads won or would be so humble and giving. I suppose the difference is that they haven’t had Shankly as a manager and a mentor, although I do have to say, we can’t stereotype all modern day players and I am sure there are many who hold Shankly-esque values dear. Kevin was keen to highlight his and the lads support for our hotel coming neat year, vehemently proclaiming “This City has a statue and has gates, but it doesn’t have anywhere near enough to celebrate the life and achievements of Bill Shankly. This hotel is a fantastic, exciting idea and something we will wholly support!” A resounding endorsement indeed! Thank you Since the event we have been inundated with people who attended on the night, thanking us for a wonderful evening at a fabulous venue with unbelievable service and company; everyone stating they cant wait for the 2nd birthday bash (at The Shankly Hotel!), but far and away, all commenting on the warmness of Keegan and the ex players. Whilst on this topic; I really have to say a huge thanks to all those who attended, who bought tickets and put their hands in their pockets for raffle tickets and auction prizes. Your generosity really is so appreciated and The Shankly Family Foundation will prosper as a result of these efforts. Before they left, I spoke to the ex players about events and promotions leading up to the opening of The Shankly Hotel next August. All pledged their support. It really is going to be something else! by Christopher William Shankly Carline by Elisabeth Sedgwick Bill Shankly changed Liverpool Football Club forever. He pulled the team out of second division, which ultimately led to the world-class five times Champions League winning club we know and love today. His achievements undoubtedly had an impact not just on the club, but on the team’s legacy, future managers and players. We therefore thought it was high-time we took a look back at some tributes to the great man from past and present Liverpool managers and players. 1. Kenny Dalglish Fellow Scot Kenny Dalglish is one of Liverpool’s finest players and managers, which led to his nickname King Kenny by the club’s supporters. His time playing football at Liverpool were some of the club’s most successful years, as he helped to win six Football League First Divisions, two FA Cups, four League Cups, seven FA Charity Shields, three European Cups and one UEFA Super Cup. His time as manager was just as successful, as his experience, support and management skill resulted in Liverpool winning three First Divisions, two FA Cups and Four Charity Shields. The video below shows just how much of an influence Bill Shankly was not only to Liverpool FC but to Kenny Dalglish. 2. Jamie Carragher Recently retired Jamie Carragher was an integral member of the club since his debt in 1996, and is the club’s second-longest serving player. His honours include two FA Cups, three League Cups, two Community Shields, one Champions League, one UEFA Cup and two Super Cups. Here Jamie talks about Shankly’s influence on Liverpool FC, the supporters and the city of Liverpool. 3. Roger Hunt When Bill Shankly joined Liverpool FC in 1959, the club had been in Second Division for five years, Anfield was in a state of disrepair and there were no means of watering the pitch. Bill Shankly insisted the club spent £3,000 to rectify the problem, and placed 24 players on the transfer list. Roger Hunt, however, remained a part of the team and was a major factor in Liverpool’s success during the 1960s. Roger Hunt was undoubtedly influenced by Shankly during his time with the reds, as the below video demonstrates… 4. Roy Evans Roy Evans is a former Liverpool player who rose through coaching ranks to become a successful football manager. He joined Liverpool in 1994 when the team were in rapid decline, as the club struggled to recover from Kenny Daglish’s departure four years earlier. Roy Evans was pinnacle in assembling one of the most exciting side’s Liverpool FC had ever seen, picking a team of talented players that created an impressive team , which consisted of Steve McManaman, Robbie Fowler, Stan Collymoore and 17-year-old Michael Owen. It was Bill Shankly that spotted potential in Roy Evans, and it was he who suggested the ex-Liverpool player try a career as a coach. Here Evans talks about how Shankly was an inspiration to him, the fans and the club. 5. Brendan Rodgers Brendan Rodgers has recently been hailed by the press as the new Bill Shankly, as he helped the club end the 2014 league season with 101 goals scored – the club’s highest number since the 1895-96 season, and the third-highest in Premier League History. He was also awarded the LMA Manager of the Year Award in May 2014 . Watch Brendan Rodgers speak about how Shankly inspires him and Liverpool FC. Has Shankly inspired you? Tell us how by dropping us a comment below. by Elisabeth Sedgwick There are some football managers that should never be forgotten for their management skills, achievements and the general passion they brought to the game. For this reason, we take a look back at 5 of the greatest managers of all time. 1. Bill Shankly Bill Shankly was a remarkable manager due to his unrelenting passion for the game. After a lengthy career as a professional footballer, playing nearly 300 times in the league for Preston North End and seven times for his native Scotland, he knew the game like the back of his hand, if not better. He was as honest as he was determined, and respected the fans more than the people that signed his pay cheque. One of his most notable management decisions was ensuring the LFC ground was renovated, whilst stripping out team’s average players to introduce talented footballers. He was inspiration to many both on and off the pitch, and changed how Liverpool FC played the game, taking them out of second division and making them champions. 2. Sir Matt Busby Matt Busby was a phenomenal manager, and was the backbone of Manchester United between 1945 to 1969, returning again for the second half of the 1970-71 season. Despite his history as a football player at two of United’s biggest rivals, Liverpool FC and Manchester City, he went on to serve as the longest Manchester United manager in history, helping the team win the FA Cup in 1948 and the league championship in 1952. 3. Bob Paisley Bob Paisley had a lot to live up to following Shankly’s departure from LFC, as it is fair to say the fans fell in love with the Scottish manager. However, Bob Paisley proved he was up to the task, as in 9 years as manager he helped the team take home six league titles, three European Clubs, one UEFA cup, three league cups, five Community shields and the UEFA Super Cup. 4. Brian Clough Brian Clough sealed his fate as one of the country’s finest football managers when he pulled Derby County from Second Division to crown them Champions of England in 1973. Instead of riding high on one successful team, Clough helped pull another team out from Second Division, Nottingham Forest, helping the club win back-to-back European Cups. 5. Sir Alf Ramsey Sir Alf Ramsey is one of the most successful England managers in history, helping the national team win the 1966 World Cup on 30th July 1966. However, he didn’t stop there, as he ensured the club came in thirds in the 1968 European Championship, and his guidance ensured England reached the quarter-final stage of the 1970 World Cup, as well as the 1972 European Championship. Have you got a favourite football manager that’s not listed above? Tell us who your favourites are. We’d love to hear your thoughts. by Chris The second installment of my interview with my mum, Jeanette Shankly. A entertaining follow up from the extremely popular ‘Shankly the Driver’ article published a few weeks back. Here we will talk about what Shanks was like round the house and how he handled DIY. It may come as no shock at all to many of you, having read ‘Shankly the Driver’, that his disastrous skills were not exclusively poor behind the wheel. They also but extended to his home improvement skills too. Mum happily conveys that Grandy did not feel that because he ran one of the biggest football clubs in the world he should be excused from domestic chores. Far from it. Instead he keenly put himself forward as the man of the house when it came to maintenance and repair. No use crying over spilled paint Sadly his enthusiasm wasn’t met with the same level of quality finish. “He was poor at DIY and home related chores. On one occasion he attempted to paint the loft cover and ended up spilling the entire contents of the can of paint down the stairs. We had the front garden wall re-pointed one day; and when he came home; he saw that the pavement and path was a bit messy from the job that had been done. He got out the hose to clean it all down; but sprayed the wall itself and washed out all of the re-pointing that had just been freshly done. When we first moved to Bellefield, your Nanny Ness picked out which wallpaper she wanted for each room; but he ended up putting the wrong paper up in the wrong rooms!” Greenfingers Shankly It seems also; that his domestic mishaps weren’t just related to general DIY, but also apparent in the garden. “He loved the garden and again; tried to help out. He cut the grass quite often and that was fine, but there were other times when his ability to come a cropper came about. Your Nan would often plant bedding plants and flowers; but he would come along and end up either ripping them out or cutting them down as he thought they were weeds! On one occasion, we came home to find he had cut out an entire apple tree thinking is was nothing more than a weed!” Like grandfather like grandson Hearing such stories about Grandy from mum brings a smile to my face, as well as hers. It is lovely to see her remembering such instances so fondly. Naturally this brings her to the extensive comparisons between Grandy and I which everyone has always made, with us being extremely similar. You will all recall in a former blog on here, the story where mum found me cleaning the cooker after we had lost to Leeds at Anfield some years ago. Mum recounted the story saying she was shocked and felt she’d seen the ghost of Grandy in the kitchen as when Liverpool lost, he too came home and cleaned the cooker (something I hadn’t known at the time!). It has to be said that I am something of an obsessively clean person, especially round the house, with a slight touch of OCD some may say. It comes as no surprise therefore that mum relays to me that Grandy was “Immaculate round the house, and nothing was ever out of order.” Mend and make do As we come to the end of the conversation; she recalls another story fondly that pops into her head. Grandy’s dad was a tailor and made suits and other clothing. Therefore Grandy also had an aptitude for this sort of thing and was skilled with a needle and thread. The problem however was that he may have been too skilled. Mum recalls, “He could sew really well as his dad had taught him how to when he was little, but he had a knack for sewing stuff too tight, especially buttons. It would be that bad that you actually couldn’t fasten anything. He bought me a brand new leather jacket and took it upon himself to give the buttons a bit of a once over. I couldn’t wear it after that as it wouldn’t fasten!”	i don't know
Who commanded the English fleet against the Spanish Armada?	The Spanish Armada Museums The Spanish Armada The spectacular but unsuccessful attempt by King Philip II of Spain to invade Elizabethan England in 1588. The Armada is for the English the classic foreign threat to their country and a powerful icon of national identity. The English Fleet gives battle to the Spanish Armada: A Spanish galeas occupies the foreground, an English “race” galleon to her left and right. English ships carry the red cross of St George on a white background: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture The previous battle in the British Battles series is the Battle of Flodden The next battle in the British Battles series is the Battle of Edgehill Battle: The Spanish Armada. Date: June to September 1588. Area of the Armada campaign: The English Channel, the North Sea and the seas around the North and West of Scotland, the Orkneys and the West of Ireland. Combatants in the Armada campaign: The Armada (Spanish for “Fleet”), manned by Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Dutch, Flemings, Irish and English against the English Fleet assisted by the Dutch Fleet. Commanders in the Armada campaign: Spanish commanders were the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Duke of Parma against the English commanders Lord Howard of Effingham, High Admiral of England, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir Francis Drake, Lord Henry Seymour and Sir William Winter. The Armada June to September 1588: Lord Howard in the Ark attacks San Martin, flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia. Both ships carry the red cross on the white background, the crusader symbol and the symbol of St George: click here to buy this picture Size of the navies in the Armada campaign: The Spanish Armada sailed with around 160 ships. The English mobilised up to 200 ships in the Channel. Unknown numbers of Dutch vessels harassed and attacked the Armada and hemmed the Duke of Parma’s forces into their harbour of Dunkirk. Ships, organization, tactics and equipment: The descent of the Spanish Armada on England in 1588 ocurred at a time of profound change in sea warfare. The Spanish represented the old tradition while the English fought with a new design of warship and new tactics. In medieval warfare at sea soldiers added castles to the merchant trading vessel at the front and the rear (fore castle and after castle) and at the top of the mast and fought their fleets as if on land, discharging arrows and handguns, boarding the enemy ships and conducting hand to hand fighting. The ships incorporated by the Spanish in the Armada represented this tradition. The main Spanish vessels were galleons, sailing ships that rode high out of the water with towering fore and after castles from which handheld firearms were discharged; while the crews grappled the enemy ships so that soldiers could board and capture them. Their height and broad beam made these ships awkward to sail. English captains, particularly John Hawkins and Francis Drake, inspired a new form of ship for the Queen’s Navy, the “race ship”, of which around 25 were built. Lower in the water, with a long prow and much reduced fore and after castles, these sleek ships carried more sophisticated forms of rigging, enabling them to sail closer to the wind, making them faster and more manoeuvrable than the Spanish ships. England had no standing army, so her naval vessels were crewed by sailors alone. English fighting ships relied increasingly on gunnery rather than boarding to defeat an enemy. The route of the Spanish Armada in 1588, up the Channel into the North Sea, North About into the Atlantic and down the west coast of Ireland. The map shows the known wrecks of Armada ships. Of the 120 ships in the Armada half were lost many just disappearing. The map shows the sites of the engagements between the Armada and the English Fleet at Eddystone, Portland, Isle of Wight, Calais and Gravelines. Of the Armada’s complement of 30,000 soldiers and sailors 20,000 were lost: map by John Fawkes Initially the English attempted to disable the Armada ships with long range gunfire. This form of gunnery did little damage other than to rigging which was easily replaced. The lesson was learnt and at the Battle off Gravelines the English closed in and fired repeated broadsides into the Spanish ships at short range, inflicting considerable damage and sinking several ships. The different Spanish tradition of sea fighting prevented the Armada from countering English gunfire. Guns in Spanish ships were fired in a single salvo as a prelude to boarding; one soldier remaining by each gun for this duty while the rest of the gun teams took their places among the boarders on deck. The Spanish crews were not trained to load and fire repeatedly during a battle and the carriages and tackles of the guns were not designed or suitable for this function; the system of wheels and tackle restricting recoil rather than easing it. Battle of Gravelines: Vanguard engages two Spanish galleons: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Throughout the Armada’s journey up the Channel and at the Battles of Portland and Gravelines the Spanish struggled unavailingly to bring the nimble English ships within grappling and boarding distance; while suffering constant bombardment that killed many men, sank some ships and damaged others to such an extent that they foundered on the voyage home. After Gravelines it was found that no English ships had suffered hull damage, while many of the Spanish ships were severely damaged by canon fire, much of it below the waterline. Examination of Spanish canon balls recovered from wrecks showed the Armada’s ammunition to be badly cast, the iron lacking the correct composition and too brittle, causing the balls to disintegrate on impact, rather than penetrating the hull. Several guns were found to have been badly cast and of inadequate composition, increasing the danger of bursting and killing or injuring the gun crews. The action off Portland Bill: Queen Elizabeth can be seen watching from a white horse (allegorical: in fact she was in London): Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Detailed records kept in the Spanish archives listed the equipment carried in each ship. From these records it was seen that the Armada carried guns of significantly greater weight than the English fleet. Study of the wrecks found off the Scottish and Irish coasts showed the largest guns not to be part of the ships’ armament but a siege train to be used on land after the invasion. The two fleets were much on a par in terms of size and numbers of operational guns. The wrecked Spanish ships were discovered to contain a significant amount of the ammunition they had brought from Spain, while the English ships are known to have run out of ammunition by the end of the Battle of Portland and required replenishment before the Battle of Gravelines. However, much of the ammunition recovered from the wrecks proved to be of the wrong calibre for the guns carried in the ships. Spanish Armada off the English coast July 1588: picture by Cornelis Claesz Van Wieringen: click here to buy this picture A further important advance in the English service was the predominance of the sea captain over all on board his ship with a single clear chain of command; a principal decisively established by Drake when he hanged a recalcitrant gentleman called Doughty aboard the Golden Hinde. In the Spanish service the sea captain remained a lowly person, forced to defer to military officers and many others. It was never quite clear who gave the decisive orders on a Spanish ship. An interesting example of this dilemma was revealed when the Santa Maria de la Rosa in attempting to anchor in Blasket Sound off the South West coast of Ireland in September 1588, struck the terrible Stromboli rock. The pilot, who should have been entitled to take any decision on the ship’s safety, cut the anchor cable and attempted to hoist a sail to beach the catastrophically damaged vessel. Misinterpreting his actions a Spanish land officer killed him. Winner: The Elements and the English navy. Portuguese galleon: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The Navies in the Armada campaign: The Spanish Navy comprised: The Portuguese Galleons: São Martinho (48 guns: Flagship of the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Medina Sidonia and Maestre de Francisco de Bobadilla, the senior army officer) São João (50 guns). Galeon de Florencia (52 guns). San Cristobel (20 guns). Augusta (13 guns). Julia (14 guns). Merchant vessel commandeered for the Armada: print by Peter Brueghel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Biscayan Ships: Santa Ana (30 guns: Flagship of Juan Martinez de Recalde, Captain General and second in command of the Armada). El Gran Grin (28 guns). Santiago (25 guns). La Concepcion de Zubelzu (16 guns). La Concepcion de Juan del Cano (18 guns). La Magdalena (18 guns). La Maria Juan (24 guns). La Manuela (24 guns). Santa Maria de Montemayor (18 guns). Maria de Aguirre (6 guns). Isabela (10 guns). Patache de Miguel de Suso (6 guns). San Estaban (6 guns). San Cristobal (36 guns: Flagship of Diego Flores de Valdés). San Juan Bautista (24 guns). San Pedro (24 guns). Baltic Hulk or Urca like El Gran Grifin that sank on Fair Isle: print by Peter Brueghel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 San Juan (24 guns). Santiago el Mayor (24 guns). San Felipe y Santiago (24 guns). La Ascuncion (24 guns). Nuestra Senora de Begona (24 guns). La Trinidad (24 guns). San Juan Bautista (24 guns). Nuestra Senora del Rosario (24 guns). San Antonio de Padua (12 guns). Andalusian Ships: Nuestra Senora del Rosario (46 guns Flagship of Don Pedro de Valdés). San Francisco (21 guns). Portuguese galleon: print by Peter Brueghel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 San Juan Bautista (31 guns). San Juan de Gargarin (16 guns). La Concepcion (20 guns). Duquesa Santa Ana (23 guns). Santa Catalina (23 guns). Santa Maria de Juncal (20 guns). San Barolome (27 guns). Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe (1 gun). La Madalena (1 gun). Merchant vessel commandeered for the Armada: print by Peter Brueghel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Levantine Ships: La Regazona (30 guns: Flagship of Martin de Bertandona) La Lavia (25 guns). La Rata Santa Maria Encoronada (35 guns). San Juan de Sicila (26 guns). La Trinidad Valencera (42 guns). La Anunciada (24 guns). San Nicolas Prodaneli (26 guns). La Juliana (32 guns). Santa Maria de Vison (18 guns). La Trinidad de Scala (22 guns). Hulks: El Gran Grifon (38 guns: Flagship of Juan Gómez de Medina) San Salvador (24 guns). Falcon Blanco Mayor (16 guns). Castillo Negro (27 guns). Barca de Amburg (23 guns). Casa de Paz Grande (26 guns). San Pedro Mayor (29 guns). El Sanson (18 guns). San Pedro Menor (18 guns). Barca de Danzig (26 guns). Mediterranean merchant ship commandeered for the Armada: print by Peter Brueghel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Falcon Blanco Mediano (16 guns). San Andres (14 guns). Casa de Paz Chica (15 guns). Ciervo Volante (18 guns). Angel Cure’s Ship. Palace of El Escorial; where Philip II, King of Spain, planned the invasion of England by the Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Glossary: Hulk or Urcas: a cargo ship (many of the Armada Urcas were from the Baltic ports). Xebec: a small three masted Mediterranean sailing ship with lateen and square sails. Galleon: a large sailing ship, square rigged with three or more decks and masts. Galley: a low, flat ship with banks of oars and limited sails. Galeas: a galleon with oars. Pinnace: a small sailing vessel. Hoy: a small sailing vessel. ‘Armada Portrait’ of Elizabeth I, Queen of England: the rival fleets appear top left: Philip II of Spain planned to depose her, calling her the “Heretic Queen”: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Account of the Sanish Armada Mary Queen of Scots: executed by Queen Elizabeth I as the focus for Catholic plotting against the English Crown. Mary’s death may have been the final trigger for the launching of the Armada against England: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 In 1588 King Philip II of Spain launched his “Armada” to conquer England. Philip devised his plan to invade England by means of the Armada during the period 1570 to 1588, his purpose being to depose the heretic Protestant Queen Elizabeth and reinstate the Catholic religion in England. Philip had been the husband of the Catholic Queen Mary and considered himself King of England until Mary’s death in 1558. Armada in Spanish simply means “Fleet”. At the time, the invasion fleet was known to the Spanish as the “Fortunate Armada”, a reference to its supposed divine support. The English ironically called it the “Invincible Armada”. Against her initial inclination, Queen Elizabeth I of England had increasingly become a figurehead for the Protestant struggle in France and the Netherlands, where the Dutch were in revolt against Spanish rule. Her subjects had enraged the Spanish King by raiding his American possessions and even the coastline of Spain itself: Drake sacked Cadiz in 1587 and the Earl of Leicester was leading an English contingent assisting the Dutch revolt in the Netherlands. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and issued an encyclical absolving Catholics from their allegiance to the English Crown, encouraging a series of plots to murder the Queen, who in turn beheaded the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots in 1587, the focus of the plots. Mary’s execution was the final spur for the Spanish invasion of England. Reclusive and autocratic, Philip drew up his detailed plans for the “Armada” in the palace of Escorial, north of Madrid, consulting few and listening to little advice. Philip’s scheme required an enormous fleet of vessels, provided by Spain, his newly acquired kingdom of Portugal and his kingdom of Naples, with such other vessels as could be commandeered, to sail from the Iberian Peninsular to the English Channel and land a substantial Spanish army, partly carried in the Armada, but mainly provided by the Spanish garrison in the Netherlands, on the coast of Kent. Once his army had conquered England, Phillip II would appoint a new king or assume the throne himself. King Philip II of Spain, the architect of the Armada invasion of England in 1588: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The King selected an experienced naval veteran, the Marquis de Santa Cruz, to command the Armada. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, an eminent general and Phillip’s commander against the Dutch rebels, would command the troops brought across the Channel from the Spanish Netherlands. In Phillip’s enclosed mind there was little difference between his design and the will of God. He was confident, as were his religious advisers, that any inadequacy in his planning would be remedied by divine intervention. 180 priests and monks accompanied the fleet and the crews were enjoined to strict religious observance and conduct; swearing by the men and the presence of women in the ships was particularly proscribed. For the Spanish the Armada was a religious crusade marked by a number of crusader emblems. Phillip laboured under several misconceptions: one was that the Catholics of England would assist the invading Spanish troops against their own sovereign (in fact the first contingent of troops for the defence of England was raised by a Catholic nobleman; Viscount Montague). Another was that a seaborne invasion could be effected in the presence of a powerful and undefeated English fleet. A third was that the Spanish forces in the Netherlands could get to sea in spite of the numerous and active Dutch fleet. A fourth was that the Duke of Parma was prepared to commit his professional reputation to such a hazardous scheme. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Spanish commander in the Netherlands who failed to co-operate with the Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Philip wrote a stream of written orders and directions to the Marquis de Santa Cruz and the Duke of Parma setting out in detail every aspect of the operation. In accordance with these instructions the Armada assembled at Lisbon and the necessary ammunition and stores were gathered and loaded onto the ships. In February 1588, with the long gestated plans finally approaching culmination, the Marquis de Santa Cruz died, leaving Philip to find a replacement able to control the disparate and fractious elements within the enormous fleet and its accompanying military force. In the armed forces of 16th Century Spain command could only be effectively exercised by someone of elevated social status, particularly when he would have to work in close co-operation with a nobleman as senior as the Duke of Parma. The king’s choice for command fell on Alonzo Perez de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat of unimpeachable status but devoid of military or naval experience. A striking feature of the Armada campaign is that Medina Sidonia performed this overwhelming obligation so well in spite of his lack of experience; no doubt due in part to his own character but also to the dedication and expertise of his senior deputies. Marquis de Santa Cruz: the intended commander of the Armada who died before it could sail: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Ignoring Medina Sidonia’s anguished pleas to be excused the appointment Philip ordered him to take command of the Armada at Lisbon and sail within two weeks. The Armada comprised squadrons of different types of vessel. The principal naval ships were the great galleons of Portugal, sailing vessels with guns and naval crews. Philip drafted into the Armada vessels built for Mediterranean conditions: pre-eminent among these were the Neapolitan galleys; long low ships with banks of oars pulled by convicts. 3 of the 4 galleys foundered in the storm in the Bay of Biscay early in the journey north. A compromise vessel intended to have the robustness of the galleon and the manoeuvrability of the galley were the galeases, having masts and oars, of which the Armada had four. Central to the Armada was the mass of merchant vessels, known as hulks or urcas, converted for war by the addition of higher fore and after castles and a greater complement of guns and carrying the Spanish army with its artillery and baggage. Many of these ships came from the towns of the Hanseatic League in the Baltic. Flagship of the “hulk squadron” was the Gran Grifon from Rostock. Duke of Medina Sidonia, reluctant commander of the Spanish Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Spanish archives suggest an impressive operation in providing supplies for the expedition, but conceal its inadequacies: stores loaded too early that went bad before the Armada sailed, leaking water barrels, cannon balls of the wrong calibre, food incompetently pickled rotting in the hogsheads. Nevertheless the supplies were sufficient for the fleet to remain at sea for four months, although the ship’s companies that survived to return to Corunna and Santander in late September 1588 arrived near to starvation. The Armada set sail from Lisbon on 28th May 1588 (British date or Old Style), picking its way out of the Tagus River and working north up the Portuguese coast until it reached Corunna on the north west coast of Spain. The journey from Lisbon revealed the unwieldy nature of the Armada. The larger galleons, tall bulky floating castles designed for boarding and hand to hand combat, were slow and unweatherly. Many of the merchant vessels were designed for the easier conditions in the Mediterranean; used only to sailing before the wind, dealing with adverse conditions by simply anchoring and waiting for the wind to shift. Several of the ships incorporated banks of oars; suitable for the Mediterranean, but hazardous in the heavy seas of the Atlantic coast. With its various vessels the Armada could sail at an average of 2 ½ knots with a favourable wind. Ships of the Armada at anchor: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The Armada took three weeks to sail the 300 miles from Lisbon to Cape Finisterre, a journey in which it was struck by disease, hunger and thirst. On arrival off Corunna, Medina Sidonia grappled with the urge to enter the harbour and seek replenishment of his stores. As he waited a savage and unseasonable storm struck the fleet, dispersing many of the ships as far as the Scilly Isles and wrecking several on the French coast including three of the four galleys. The Armada took refuge in Corunna and spent the next month loading further stores while pinnaces rounded up the vessels scattered across the Bay of Biscay. The title page a contemporary English translation of Medina Sidonia’s orders for the Armada. The illustration is of a Portuguese galleon of the Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 During the stay in Corunna Medina Sidonia wrote to Philip II hinting that the initial leg of the journey from Lisbon had shown the Armada not to be capable of fulfilling the role Philip had assigned to it. Philip took no notice. In mid- July 1588, the Armada sailed for England. In the meantime Lord Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of England commanding the English Fleet in Plymouth, urged on by the impetuous Drake, had brought his ships into the Bay of Biscay, intent on attacking the Spanish in Corunna harbour. The southerly wind that enabled the Spanish to sail north prevented Howard’s fleet from sailing further south so that, fearful of missing the Armada, Howard returned to Plymouth, to await the arrival of the Spanish ships in the Channel. After the passage across the Bay of Biscay the Armada arrived off the Scilly Isles on 19th July 1588. Philip’s orders to Medina Sidonia were that he was to sail up the Channel keeping to the English shore until he reached Margate Point, where he was to rendezvous with the ships from Dunkirk carrying Parma’s army and ensure that Parma landed in England. Parma understood Philip’s orders to require the Armada to eliminate the English and Dutch Fleets from the Channel and then escort his transports from Dunkirk to England. Parma had no intention of leaving Dunkirk without the protection of the Armada, if he intended to leave at all. The Spanish Armada leaving Ferroll: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Philip did not appear to appreciate the inconsistency in his plans as to where and how the two commanders were to meet. A staff with a working knowledge of the conditions in the Netherlands would have known of the powerful threat posed by the Dutch navy, making it out of the question to sail transport vessels unescorted from any of the ports available to Parma. At the same time the Armada had not been equipped with pilots familiar with the Netherlands coast so that it was incapable of safely approaching any of Parma’s harbours, situated as they were behind long and dangerous coastal sand banks. Lord Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of England and commander of the English Fleet against the Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 While Philip’s plan was an extraordinary feat, it was fundamentally unworkable. Parma’s resources were already fully stretched in the Netherlands; ultimately Spain would lose the war against the Dutch revolt. Yet Philip expected Parma to spare sufficient forces to land in England, conquer the country and remove Queen Elizabeth from her throne. The English were already fighting in the Netherlands and Parma had first hand experience of the strength and determination of the country and its commitment to the Protestant faith. Parma could spare 16,000 men for the invasion of England from the war against the Dutch, including reinforcements sent to him from Italy and Spain. Medina Sidonia had orders to provide him with a further 6,000 from the Armada, but Parma doubted that he would fulfill this commitment. Parma knew from information coming across the Channel that the English authorities were mobilising up to 200,000 troops across the country to repel the invasion. King James of Scotland, in spite of being the son of the executed Mary Queen of Scots, was committed to supporting Queen Elizabeth. An invasion of England could only end in disaster and disgrace. While not prepared openly to defy his uncle, the King of Spain, Parma appears to have decided to give minimal co-operation. Drake playing bowls on Plymouth Ho as the arrival of the Spanish Armada in the Channel is announced: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture On 19th July 1588 Captain Thomas Fleming in the Golden Hinde glimpsed the Armada through the swirling morning mist off the Lizard and raced for Plymouth, Lord Howard’s home port. Fleming came up the channel into Plymouth with the afternoon tide to find Sir Francis Drake playing bowls with his officers on the Ho, high above the harbour. On hearing of Fleming’s sighting Drake insisted on continuing with the game. That evening with the ebb tide Howard and six of his ships left Plymouth, sailing out into the Channel and heading west, followed the next morning by twenty to thirty more ships. The Armada had also been seen from the land and the first of the chain of beacons fired, alerting the rest of the kingdom from Devon to Northumbria. The beacon fires lit across England warning of the Armada’s arrival in the Channel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 On the night of 20th July 1588 Howard’s and Drake’s ships arrived off the Eddystone Rock where the two fleets caught sight of each other. That night Howard’s vessels worked their way to the west taking the weather gauge from the Spanish. For the rest of the week the Armada made its ponderous way up the Channel, the vulnerable merchant hulks in the centre of its formation surrounded by the fighting ships, while Howard’s faster and more manoeuvrable vessels attempted to pick off the Spanish with long range gunnery. The Armada suffered little damage from the English fire, but two ships were lost: Nuestra del Rosario suffered a damaging collision and was forced to fall out of the formation, eventually being taken by Drake’s Revenge, and San Salvador suffered an explosion in her powder store that blew off a substantial section of the ship’s aft. She was evacuated and set adrift until she was captured and towed into Weymouth, still filled with crewmen killed and injured by the blast. The Armada in the Channel: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 From the moment of his arrival off Cornwall Medina Sidonia pestered the Duke of Parma, with letters delivered to his headquarters in Ghent by the captains of fast pinnaces, pressing Parma to say whether his army was ready to embark and where he would meet the Armada. Parma made no reply. Philip’s instructions were for the Armada to press on to Margate Head, there to meet the Duke of Parma and his fleet which was to have crossed the Channel. Medina Sidonia was expressly ordered not to deviate from his course or to raid any English towns the Armada might pass. Contemporary illustration showing the Armada in crescent formation pursued down the Channel by the English Fleet of Lord Howard of Effingham: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy an engraving from this picture In the absence of confirmation from Parma that he would be at the rendezvous off Margate Head and with increasing evidence of their inability to neutralise the English fleet, Medina Sidonia and his senior officers resolved to meet Parma off the Flanders coast. King Philip had not allowed for this change and the Armada had no pilots familiar with the dangerous and complex coast line of the Low Countries. The only course Medina Sidonia’s senior officers could devise was for the Armada to make for Calais and anchor while contact was made with Parma and his intentions discovered. Sir Francis Drake, one of Lord Howard’s commanders against the Armada and the captain of the Revenge: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 In the meantime the Armada was pursued and harried up the Channel by Howard’s fleet until on 23rd July 1588 the Armada reached Portland Bill where the wind veered to the North East, giving the weather gauge to the Spanish and enabling them to turn and attack the pursuing English ships. A spirited but confused battle ensued. At one point in the engagement Lord Howard ordered a number of ships to follow him in a line ahead attack, reserving fire until close quarters had been reached; the vessels being Victory, Elizabeth, Golden Lion, Mary Rose, Dreadnought and Swallow. It seems unlikely that this attack developed fully. Spanish Armada June to September 1588: the decisive action off Calais; the English attack at midnight led by the eight fire ships that forced the Spanish to cut their cables and escape east up the Channel The English ships inflicted little damage on the Armada, in spite of firing off much of their ammunition, probably because they did not stand in close enough. The Spanish were unable to achieve the essential ingredient for their style of naval warfare, that is by coming alongside the enemy, grappling the ships together and capturing by boarding; the English ships being too nimble. The battle ended inconclusively. On the next day the Spanish contemplated a turn into the Solent, approaching around the east tip of the Isle of Wight, but the wind was not correct and they resumed their progress up the Channel. On 27th July 1588 the Armada anchored off Calais. None of the Spanish officers were happy at the arrangement, but there was no question of taking the Armada’s large ships on up the Channel without local pilots, with the near certainty of grounding on the sandbars that marked the coast to the East. Medina Sidonia sent further urgent messages to Parma in an attempt to discover his intentions and for the first time received a reply; Parma was not yet ready. Spanish Armada June to September 1588: the decisive action off Calais; the English attack at midnight led by the eight fire ships that forced the Spanish to cut their cables and escape east up the Channel: click here to buy this picture The Spanish Fleet anchored in a tight knit group to reduce the danger of being picked off by Howard’s marauding ships. All were aware that this rendered the Armada particularly vulnerable to attack by fire ships and on the next night that was exactly the tactic that was deployed against them. At midnight on 28th July 1588 eight vessels filled with combustible material and manned by skeleton crews sailed down on the Armada. As they approached the anchored fleet the eight ships burst into flames. Alert to the danger of such an attack the Spanish had posted picquet vessels that attempted to tow the fire ships into shallow water where they could be beached until they burnt out, but without success, other than in one instance. The Armada was forced to apply the reserve order; cut anchor cables and sail away to the east as quickly as possible (the loss of the main anchors in this way was to have devastating consequences later when ships attempted to anchor off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland in fierce storms but were driven onto the shore). Battle of Gravelines: at which the English Fleet dispersed the Spanish Armada and forced it into the North Sea: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 With dawn, Medina Sidonia found the Armada scattered and the English fleet in full attack. Other Spanish ships beat back to join the flagship San Martin and a fierce battle took place, known as the Battle of Gravelines from the port on the coast. Battle off Gravelines: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture This time the English closed with the Spanish ships and used their guns at close range, the shots penetrating the wooden hulls of the Spanish ships frequently below the water line. The Spanish inflicted little damage on the English ships. Beaten in the battle the Spanish were carried up into the North Sea; two ships sunk and most of the remainder damaged by gunfire with high casualties among the crew and soldiery. Although the tactical results of the fighting were not decisive the Armada was strategically defeated. It was no longer feasible, if it ever had been to mount a military invasion of England. The only course open to the Armada was to return home. Dutch ship leaves port to do battle with the Armada: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The prevailing winds were westerly and Howard’s fleet lay in the mouth of the Channel. Unable to retrace his steps Medina Sidonia was forced to order his fleet to sail for home by the “North About” route round the tip of Scotland and down the west coast of Ireland; a daunting prospect for a fleet short of food and water, with many of the ships severely battle damaged and unsuited in design for such inhospitable waters. It was a cruel addition that the storms from the Atlantic were that year unseasonably bad. The Spanish possessed no charts that could help them navigate the route around Scotland and Ireland. Medina Sidonia gave his captains sailing instructions running to just a few lines with the most cursory of directions. Ships of the Armada storm tossed on the route “North About” round the Northern tip of Scotland: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Around half of the ships in the Armada were sunk in the storms that raged around Scotland and Ireland in the autumn of 1588. El Gran Grifin was wrecked on Fare Isle to the North of Orkney. San Marcos was wrecked on the Irish coast. San Felipe and San Mateo were grounded in the Netherlands and captured by the Dutch. Florencia was scrapped after her return being beyond repair. El Gran Grin was wrecked off the Irish coast and the surviving crew hanged by English troops. La Maria Juan sank during the Battle of Gravelines. San Juan was wrecked off the coast of Ireland. La Trinidad disappeared and is presumed to have sunk in the Atlantic. San Juan Bautista sailed into Blasket Sound off the south west coast of Ireland and was finally scuttled by Admiral Recalde. Urca Duquesa Santa Ana was wrecked off the coats of Ireland. Santa Maria de la Rosa foundering in Blasket Cove off the South West coast of Ireland. Only one member of the crew survived a sixteen year old Italian boy name Giovanni. Giovanni was interrogated by English officials and then hanged: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Santa Ana reached San Sebastian on the north coast of Spain but blew up. Santa Maria de La Rosa was wrecked in Blasket Sound on 11th September 1588. San Estéban foundered off the Clare coast of Ireland. The surviving crew were hanged. La Lavia: this ship carrying the Armada Judge Advocate General was believed to have foundered off the Irish coast. La Rata Encoronada went aground and was burnt in Blacksod Bay, County Mayo. San Juan de Sicilia blew up in Tobermory Bay in Scotland. La Trinidad Valencera foundered in Kinnagoe Bay, Donegal. La Anunciada was scuttled in the Shannon estuary. Juliana sank off Donegal. Crew survivors are believed to have settled in Ulster. Falcon Blanco Mayor: a Hamburg ship commandeered by the Spanish was taken by Drake in the Channel returning to her home port. Castillo Negro sank off Ireland. Barca de Amburg sank off Ireland although her crew were taken on board other ships that in turn sank. San Pedro Mayor was wrecked on the Devon coast after sailing “North About”. Falcon Blanco Mediano was wrecked off Connemara. Most of the surviving crew were hanged. Santiago foundered off Ireland San Lorenzo ran aground off Calais after the fire ship attack. Patrona reached Le Havre after the North About journey near disintegration. Girona was wrecked off Antrim. Princesa, galley, was wrecked off Bayonne. Diana, galley, was wrecked off Bayonne. Armada ships in deep trouble in storms off the coast of Ireland: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 The main body of the Armada reached Corunna on 11th September 1588, comprising less than half of the ships that had sailed north in late June. Most of the ships were on starvation rations and had run out of water. Several were so badly damaged as to be scrapped. The remaining ships to survive straggled back to the north coast of Spain through October 1588. Queen Elizabeth I at Tilbury addressing her soldiers: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Casualties in the Armada campaign: Contemporary Spanish record state that 65 ships survived the Armada and 65 were lost. Of the lost 41 were major ships. Of the 30,000 soldiers and crew in the Armada probably 20,000 died during the voyage; of wounds, by execution (by the English in Ireland), but mostly of starvation and disease. They continued to die after the Armada reached Spanish ports. It is said that there was no noble family in Spain that did not lose a son in the Armada. The Armada carried a large number of horses and mules for the invasion force. These animals were put over the side in the North Sea as it was considered there was insufficient water for the journey home. An English ship later saw the mass of animals swimming in the sea. English casualties were slight. No ship was lost other than the eight fire ships. Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury when she made her renowned speech: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Follow-up to the Armada campaign: The English admirals remained fearful that the Armada would return from the North Sea and the fleet remained on alert for some six weeks. On hearing news of the disaster Philip II vowed that he would continue his attempts to remove Elizabeth from the throne of England. The Duke of Medina Sidonia returned to his estates, carried during the long journey in a litter. He was banned from attending at court. Recalde, his redoubtable second in command was carried from his ship and died soon afterwards, refusing to see family or friends. Anecdotes and traditions of the Armada campaign: Both Spanish and English ships seem to have flown the red cross on a white background; the Spanish because Philip II considered the Armada to be a crusade to remove a heretic queen and the cross was the crusader emblem; the English because the cross of St George was the national emblem. Spanish ships sinking off the coast of Ireland in a storm: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture Examination of the wrecks off Ireland showed the Mediterranean merchant ships to have been slightly built compared with ships of war or even Atlantic going merchant ships. The sole advantage of these vessels was their greater size and availability. They could only sail before the wind and the bombardment they suffered in the Channel made the chances of their survival during the terrible journey “North About” slight in the extreme. Pope Sixtus V pledged a million ducats as his contribution to the cost of removing the heretic Queen Elizabeth from her throne. Cannily Sixtus V said he would pay the money once the Spanish landed in England. Among the many foreign vessels commandeered by the Spanish for the Armada was the Florencia, a galleon belonging to the Duke of Tuscany. The Florencia, on her maiden voyage to the East Indies put into Lisbon where she was seized for service in the Armada. By the time the Florencia returned from the voyage “North About” she was ruined beyond repair. In case any member of the Armada’s crews missed the religious context of the expedition Philip II set the watchwords for the fleet as: Sunday- Jesus, Monday- Holy Ghost, Tuesday- Most Holy Trinity, Wednesday- Santiago, Thursday- The Angels, Friday- All Saints and Saturday- Our Lady. As part of the mobilisation of the South of England, the Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth’s favourite and erstwhile English commander in the Netherlands, gathered 5,000 troops at Tilbury in the Thames Estuary. The Queen reviewed Leicester’s force. Elizabeth is reported to have spoken to her officers and said “… I may have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart of a King of England.” A startling feature of the “Spanish Armada” was the contrast in treatment Spanish prisoners received from the English depending on where they were captured. Spanish officers and crew taken in the Channel or wrecked on the Scottish coast seem to have been treated with consideration and repatriated as soon as Parma sent a ship to collect them. On the other hand those taken by the English in Ireland after escaping from their foundering ships were all hanged or beheaded, other than very senior officers. The explanation, such as it is seems to have been that the English Lord Deputy in Ireland, Sir William Fitzwilliam feared that the Spanish would arm and lead an Irish revolt, which to some extent is what did happen. Fitzwilliam was never sure whether vessels coming ashore were from the Armada or a new Spanish descent specifically aimed at fomenting revolt in Ireland. Fitzwilliam’s instruction to his subordinates along the coast of Ireland stated: “… we authorise you to make inquiry by all good means, both by oath and otherwise, to take all the hulls of ships, stores, treasures, etc. into your hands and to apprehend and execute all Spaniards found there of what quality so ever. Torture may be used in prosecuting this inquiry.” When the Armada was in the North Sea two ship’s captains were arrested and sentenced to death for failing to keep station on the flagship, a capital offence in the Spanish navy. One was hanged and the other, Francisco de Cuellar of the San Pedro was reprieved by Medina Sidonia only to be ship wrecked on the coast of Ulster several days later while still in the custody of the Judge Advocate General, who sadly was drowned. De Cuellar survived, thanks to the assistance of a local Irish chief whose castle he defended against the English. De Cuellar crossed to Scotland where he and some one hundred and twenty wrecked Spaniards were collected by a ship sent from the Netherlands by the Duke of Parma. This ship was attacked by the Dutch and wrecked on the coast of Flanders, leaving De Cuellar one of three survivors to return to Spain. Captain Alonso de Leiva, captain of La Rata Encoronada, shipwrecked three times on the coast of Western Ireland, finally dying: Spanish Armada June to September 1588 Captain Alonso de Leiva abandoned his stranded ship, La Rata Encoronada in Blacksod Bay, County Mayo and after capturing a small Irish castle with his crew marched across country to join the Urca Duqesa Santa Ana, moored in the next bay. De Leiva was wrecked for a second time off the coast of Donegal when the Santa Ana was driven ashore by the storms. Again de Leiva and his men took a castle and held it against the English, leaving it to join the galeas Girona. Girona set sail for Spain only in her turn to be smashed on the Antrim coast with complete loss of life, including the intrepid de Leiva. The West Highland terrrier breed is said to have been bred from dogs that came ashore with the wreck of Spanish Armada ships on the coast of West Scotland. The “Westies” were part of the ship’s complement having the task of keeping down the rat population. Several Armada ships sank around the Orkney Islands off the north east coast of Scotland. Spanish seamen survived the wrecks to settle on the Islands where their descendants are to this day known as the ‘Dons’. Also surviving the wrecks were a number of chickens, the forbears of an island breed still known as ‘Armada chickens’. Another animal tradition is that the tail-less Manx cats came from a wrecked Spanish Armada ship. The vessel is said to have foundered on Spanish Rock off the coast of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the cats swimming ashore and becoming an established breed on the island. The cats originally came on board the ship in the Far East. After the North About journey five Armada ships came into Blasket Sound off the South West coast of Ireland in early September 1588: San Juan, Juan Martinez de Recaldo’s ship, San Juan Bautista, Santa Maria de La Rosa, a second San Juan Bautista and an unidentified smaller ship. Recaldo, remarkably, led the first two ships on 11th September 1588 through a gap in the reef little wider than the ships themselves, having sailed the coast some years before on an earlier Spanish incursion to Ireland. The two ships remained in the Sound for some days shadowed by English troops on the coast. The Santa Maria suddenly appeared, plunging through the reef and sank with no survivors. Later the second San Juan Bautista, in a near derelict condition and the unknown frigate arrived. Recaldo refused to leave the sound until he had removed as many of the guns from the second San Juan Bautista as he could and set the ship on fire. Both the San Juan and the first San Juan Bautista reached Spain. Eight crewmen sent ashore from the San Juan to find a water source were captured by the English and interrogated through an escaped oarsman from the wrecked Portuguese galley Diana called David Gwynne. Gwynne also interrogated the sole survivor from the Santa Maria, a sixteen year old boy called Giovanni, the son of an Italian pilot. It seems likely that Gwynne deceived the English authorities as to his language skills. All the captured crew were hanged after their interrogation. On 10th September 1588 the San Estéban and another Spanish ship came ashore off the coast of County Clare. The Sheriff of Clare, Boetius Clancy, acting on the instruction of the Lord Deputy executed all the survivors in an area known since that day as the Field of Hangings. From that time, every seven years a service has been held at a church in Spain formally to curse the name of Boetius Clancy the Sheriff of Clare for his murder of the Spanish prisoners. Ghosts of members of the crew from the wrecked Spanish Armada ship San Esteban, hanged by Boetius Clancy, Sheriff of Clare after they had been captured and tortured are said to haunt the beach below Doonagore Castle on the coast of County Clare. On 15th September 1588 three Spanish ships were wrecked on the Sligo coast; one thousand bodies were counted on the single stretch of beach. Several of the Spanish ships reached Spain in a sinking condition; one urca going down in harbour. The galleon Santa Ana exploded and sank at Santander, while another ship ran aground, the crew too exhausted to take in the sails and anchor. Thousands of Spanish crew died of disease and exhaustion in the months following the return of the Armada. The Falcon Mayor, a hulk from Hamburg, returned to her home town and resumed normal maritime life. In 1589 she was recognized by Drake sailing in the Channel and taken. The Armada campaign was enormously costly for Spain. Philip II was forced to take out large loans and increase taxation significantly to meet the expenses including claims for compensation from owners of foundered ships. The Armada campaign was expensive for England as well. Philip II ordered two enquiries into the conduct of officers of the Armada in an attempt to establish the reasons for its failure. The religious authorities in Spain were at a loss to explain why God allowed the Armada to fail: it was finally decided the reason was that the Spanish had taken too long to evict the Moors from Granada in the previous century. Queen Elizabeth reviews the Earl of Leicester’s troops at Tilbury when she made her renowned speech: Spanish Armada June to September 1588: click here to buy this picture References of the Armada campaign: The literature on the Armada is extensive. A sample: The Voyage of the Armada by David Howarth. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingley. Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada by Colin Martin. The previous battle in the British Battles series is the Battle of Flodden The next battle in the British Battles series is the Battle of Edgehill	Earl of Effingham
The Hassan II Mosque, opened in 1993, with the world's tallest minaret, is in which country?	The Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada Primary Sources Even before the execution of Mary Stuart , King Philip II of Spain began considering the invasion of England. He had been angered by the actions of Francis Drake in the West Indies and Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester, invasion of the Netherlands. His plan was for a great fleet to sweep the English Channel and leave it clear for Alexander Farnese , Duke of Parma, and his Spanish infantry to cross over from the Netherlands. Philip issued instructions to Alonso Pérez de Guzmán , 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, to "invade and conquer England, taking the Queen alive at all costs". (1) Details of the planned invasion reached England's spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham , as early as December 1585. Walsingham, with his aggressive, almost fanatical desire to protect and promote his fledgling Protestant religion, had long feared Spanish military action against England. This initial information came from a merchant who had heard about it in Italy. However, Walsingham was unconvinced by the story. (2) Building the Spanish Armada In the spring of 1586, Queen Elizabeth heard reports that Spain was preparing a huge invasion force to send against England. When she told Walsingham about this he said his agents in Spain saw no signs of such preparation in Spanish harbours. One of his well-informed spy reported that only eighteen ships in the entire Spanish fleet were ready for sea. A few weeks later the Queen heard from a sea-captain that he had seen a fleet of twenty-seven galleons in Lisbon Harbour. She summoned Walsingham, berated him, and threw a slipper in his face. (3) In early 1587 Walsingham received alarming intelligence of the Spanish build-up. An estimated 450 ships were now in and around Lisbon, with 74,000 soldiers being mustered in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Flanders. He was also told that there were also 1,200 gunners and 8,912 sailors already in Spain, together with "accumulated provisions including 184,557 quintals of biscuit, 23,000 quintals of bacon, 23,000 butts of wine, 11,000 quintals of beef and 43,000 quintals of cheese." (4) Defence of England Throughout 1586 ships were being built and assembled along the Channel coast, and in England the Privy Council ordered the setting up of beacons at prominent places so that news of a Spanish invasion could be communicated to those with responsibility of defending the country. Francis Drake asked the Queen for fifty ships to attack the Armada while it was still on the coast of Spain. He argued that a blow struck in Spanish waters would weaken the determination of Spanish forces and raise morale in England. (5) Drake eventually received permission and arrived in Cadiz and destroyed the ships and stores assembled there. (6) Drake also managed to capture the vast and richly loaded San Philip, one of the largest of the treasure-ships ever to fall into English hands. (7) Sir John Hawkins , the treasurer and controller of the Royal Navy, was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy. William Cecil gave him the responsibility for providing enough ships to deal with the Spanish Armada. According to Harry Kelsey , the author of Sir John Hawkins (2002), Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was "effusive in his praise for the ships" that Hawkins was able to supply. (8) George Gower , Elizabeth I (1588) The Spanish Armada left Lisbon on 29th May 1588. It numbered 130 ships carrying 29,453 men, of whom some 19,000 were soldiers (17,000 Spanish, 2,000 Portuguese). Also on board were 180 monks and friars, 167 artillerymen and a hospital staff of 85 (which included five physicians, five surgeons and four priests). The Commander-in-chief, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán , took with him 50 servants. (9) The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers led by Alexander Farnese , Duke of Parma. (10) According to Juan Bentivollo, and Italian who saw the Spanish Armada leave for England: "You could hardly see the sea. The Spanish fleet was stretched out in the form of a half moon with an immense distance between its extremities. The masts and rigging, the towering sterns and prows which in height and number were so great that they dominated the whole naval concourse, caused horror mixed with wonder and gave rise to doubt whether that campaign was at sea or on land and whether one or the other element was the more splendid. It came on with a steady and deliberate movement, yet when it drew near in full sail it seemed almost that the waves groaned under its weight and the winds were made to obey it." On hearing the news that the ships had left Spain, Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the English fleet into squadrons. Francis Drake , John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other senior commanders of the fleet. Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumph (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250). It has been claimed that after the fleet sailed for England Philip II remained kneeling before the Holy Sacrament, without a cushion, for four hours each day. (11) Sidonia kept his ships in tight formation to give them protection from the English ships. The galleons and large ships were concentrated in the centre. By July the Armada was in the Channel. The Tudor historian, William Camden , described it as being "built high like towers and castles, rallied into the form of a crescent whose horns were at least seven miles distant". (12) English land forces were divided into an army of 30,000 under Henry Carey , 1st Baron Hunsdon based at Windsor , whose main task was to defend Queen Elizabeth and 16,000, who were to prevent an attack on London . (13) Elizabeth proved to be a rousing and fearless leader, planning to ride at the head of her army to wherever along the coast the enemy might seek to land, while her fleet went out to battle, Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester, in command of the ground forces, managed to dissuade her from this. He recommended instead that Elizabeth address her troops at Tilbury , where she gave a defiant and patriotic speech. Standing in front of her soldiers Elizabeth told them: "I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king." (14) Attack at Calais On 21st July the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone rocks. At the end of the first day's fighting, only one ship was sunk, the San Salvador . During the fighting a tremendous explosion tore out the Spanish ship's stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner's carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold. (15) Admiral Pedro de Valdés and his flag-ship, Nuestra Senora del Rosario , collided with another Spanish vessel, breaking her bowsprit and bringing down the halyards and forecourse. As it was the Admiral's ship, it had 55,000 gold ducats on board, in order to buy supplies from foreign ports. The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled ship. (16) The Armada anchored at Calais and the Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk : "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy's fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail. That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place. Spartacus E-Books (Price £0.99 / $1.50) Anne Boleyn Medina Sidonia was right to be worried by such an attack. This was the opportunity that Charles Howard of Effingham, the English commander, had been waiting for. It was decided to use eight fairly large ships for the operation. All the masts and rigging were tarred and all the guns were left on board and were primed to go off of their own accord when the fire reached them. John Young, one of Drake's men, was put in charge of the fire-ships. (17) Soon after midnight the eight ships were set fire to and sent on their way. The Spaniards were shocked by the size of the vessels. Nor had they expected the English to use as many as eight ships. The Spanish patrol ships were unable to act fast enough to deal with the problem. The Spanish captains also began to panic when the guns began exploding. They believed that the English were using hell-burners (ships crammed with gunpowder). This tactic had been used against the Spanish in 1585 during the siege of Antwerp when over a thousand men had been killed by exploding ships. The fire-ships did not in fact cause any material damage to the Spanish ships at all. They drifted until they reached the beach where they continued to burn until the fire reached the water line. Medina Sidonia, on board the São Martinho , had remained near his original anchorage. However, only a few captains had followed his orders and the vast majority had broken formation and sailed into the open sea. (18) Engagement At first light Medina Sidonia and his six remaining ships left Calais and attempted to catch up with the 130 ships strung out eastwards towards the Dunkirk sandbanks. Some Spanish ships had already been reached by the English fleet and were under heavy attack. San Lorenzo , a ship carrying 312 oarsmen, 134 sailors and 235 soldiers, was stranded on the beach and was taken by the English. Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could now only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship. As the Amanda moved up the east coast of England the "pursuing English ships passed the bodies of the mules and horses the Spaniards had thrown into the sea". (19) English chart showing the route of the Spanish Armada (c. 1590) With their formation broken, the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English ships loaded with guns that could fire very large cannon balls. The Spanish captains tried to get their ships in close so that their soldiers could board the English vessels. However, the English ships were quicker than the Spanish galleons and were able to keep their distance. Bernado de Gongoro, a priest on one of the Spanish ships, complained: "The enemy did not dare to come alongside because he knew the advantage we had. The Duke offered him battle many times and he never wanted it, but only to fire on us, like a man who had better artillery with longer range." (20) Sir John Hawkins reported to Sir Francis Walsingham : that despite the success they were having they were desperately short of gunpowder: "All that day Monday we followed the Spaniards with a long and great fight, wherein there was great valour showed generally by our company... In this fight there was some hurt done among the Spaniards... Our ships, God be thanked, have received little hurt... Now their fleet is here, and very forcible, it must be waited upon with all our force, which is little enough. There should be an infinite quantity of powder and shot provided... The men have long been unpaid and need relief." (21) The Spanish fleet, battered and defeated, made its way along the Scottish coast. They were desperately short of supplies and it has been estimated that four or five men died each day from starvation. It was decided to throw all the horses overboard to save water. When the ships reached the Irish Sea a great storm blew up and threw against the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. One Irishman, Melaghin McCabb, boasted that he had dispatched eighty Spaniards with his axe. (22) Of the 30,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely. (23) Victory On 2nd August 1588, the English fleet headed home. By the time the fleet reached port, most of the ships had exhausted their supplies. Sir John Hawkins showed concern for his men: "The men have long been unpaid and need relief." However, the Queen had declared that the expenses of war must be stopped as soon as possible. The men also suffered from disease and "a sort of plague swept through the ranks, and men died by the dozens". William Cecil asked why so much money was needed if so many men were dying. Hawkins explained that it was necessary to give the back pay of dead men to their friends, who would deliver it to the families. (24) Charles Howard of Effingham, the English commander, was also angry that his men had not received their wages. He was also disturbed by the condition of his men. The lack of fresh water caused an outbreak of disease. As they were still waiting for their wages to be paid they were even unable to buy fresh food for themselves. Howard wrote bitterly: "It is a most pitiful sight to see, here at Margate, how the men, having no place to receive them into here, die in the streets. I am driven myself, of force, to come a-land, to see them bestowed in some lodging; and the best I can get is barns and outhouses. It would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly to die so miserably." (25) Queen Elizabeth claimed that her forces had the help of God in the victory. She ordered the issue of a commemorative medal that stated: "God blew and they were scattered." (26) According to Philippa Jones , the author of Elizabeth: Virgin Queen (2010): "The defeat of the Spanish Armada in July 1588 heralded the highest point in Elizabeth's rule, and was a victory that lent England not only a strong sense of national pride, but also the sense that God was on the side of a Protestant victory against the Catholic enemy." (27) Primary Sources (A1) Letter from Philip II to Count Feria, the Spanish ambassador in England (12 February, 1559) Tell her (Elizabeth) from me that... I must warn her to consider deeply the evils which may result in England from a change in religion... if this change is made all idea of my marriage with her must be broken off. (A2) Letter from Count Feria to Philip II (19 March, 1559) Queen Elizabeth... said that so much money was taken out of the country for the Pope every year that she must put an end to it... she kept repeating to me that she was a heretic and consequently could not marry your Majesty. (A3) Pope Gregory XIII, letter to his ambassador in Spain (1580) Since that guilty woman (Elizabeth) ... is the cause of so much injury to the Catholic faith... there is no doubt that whosoever sends her out of the world... not only does not sin but gains merit... And so, if those English gentlemen decide actually to undertake so glorious a work, your Lordship can assure them that they do not commit any sin. (A4) Petruccio Ubaldino came from Italy but was living in London during 1588. The change of religion threatened by the Spaniards will not so much encourage their rebellion as anger them. It being easier to find flocks of white crows than one Englishman (whatever his religion) who loves a foreigner, either as a master or companion. (A5) L. Ortiz Munoz, The Glorious Spanish Empire (1940) The greatest armada the world had seen was prepared... The Invincible Armada of the Imperial Spanish Fleet was for the first time conquered. But not by the men, nor by the squadrons, it put out to fight. It was vanquished by the elements, against which valour and human daring are impotent, because it is God who rules the seas. Only against the hurricane and the gales did we lose, because the Lord wished it, the naval supremacy of the world. (A6) James Oliphant, A History of England (1920) Though the English ships were smaller and fewer than those opposed to them, they were better built and better manned... their skillful use of artillery gave them a great advantage. (A7) King Philip II , letter to Duke of Medina Sidonia (May 1588) You should see that your squadrons do not break battle formation and that their commanders, moved to greed, do not give pursuit to the enemy and take prizes. (A8) Juan Bentivollo was an Italian who observed the Spanish Armada on the way to England in 1588. You could hardly see the sea. The Spanish fleet was stretched out in the form of a half moon with an immense distance between its extremities. The masts and rigging, the towering sterns and prows which in height and number were so great that they dominated the whole naval concourse, caused horror mixed with wonder and gave rise to doubt whether that campaign was at sea or on land and whether one or the other element was the more splendid. It came on with a steady and deliberate movement, yet when it drew near in full sail it seemed almost that the waves groaned under its weight and the winds were made to obey it. (A9) In Lisbon, the Duke of Medina Sidonia gave instructions to the Spanish captains (8 May, 1588) It is of great importance that the Armada should be kept well together... Great care must be exercised to keep the squadron of hulks always in the middle of the fleet... No ship belonging to the Armada shall separate from it without my permission... Any disobedience of this order shall be punished by death. (A10) After he arrived in Corunna from Lisbon, the Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a letter to King Philip II of Spain (24 June 1588) Many of our largest ships are still missing... on the ships that are here there are many sick... these numbers will increase because of the bad provisions (food and drink). These are not only very bad, as I have constantly reported, but they are so scanty that they are unlikely to last two months... Your Majesty, believe me when I assure you that we are very weak... how do you think we can attack so great a country as England with such a force as ours is now? (A11) In June 1588 a ship from Cornwall called the Mousehole was on the way to France to collect a cargo of salt. On 27th July the captain of the Mousehole saw the Spanish Armada. He decided to return to England to report what he had seen. Being bound for France to collect salt, I encountered great ships between Scilly and Ushant... they were Spaniards... three of them gave chase... but I managed to escape... They were all great ships, and as I might judge... from 200 tons to 800 tons. Their sails were all crossed over with a red cross. (A12) A sailor aboard the Spanish ship San Lorenzo later reported what happened on the night of 7th August 1588 at Calais Harbour. The eight ships, filled with artificial fire, advanced in line... they went drifting... with the most terrible flames that may be imagined... the ships of the Armada cut their cables at once, leaving their anchors, spreading their sails, and running out to sea. (A13) Geronimo de Torre was a Catholic priest aboard the Paloma Blanca. In his log he described the Battle of Gravelines (8 August 1588) The San Mateo was a thing of pity to see, riddled with shot like a sieve... If they had not managed to get the water out of her, she must have gone to the bottom with all hands. All her sails and rigging were torn... of her sailors many perished, and of her soldiers few were left. (A14) Bemado de Gongoro was a priest aboard the Rosario. He later described what happened at the Battle of Gravelines. The enemy did not dare to come alongside because he knew the advantage we had. The Duke offered him battle many times and he never wanted it, but only to fire on us, like a man who had better artillery with longer range. (A15) Antonio de Vanegas, was a sailor aboard the Spanish ship San Martin. The enemy... did well because of the extreme nimbleness and the great smoke that came from their artillery. (A16) Pedro Coco Calderon was aboard the San Salvador. He later reported what happened on 11th August 1588. The Duke of Medina Sidonia ordered.. the captain of the Santa Barbara, to be hanged; and condemned to the galleys other ship captains... this was because on the day of the battle they allowed themselves to drift out of the fight. (A17) Report sent by Bemadino Mendoza, Spanish ambassador in France to King Philip II (20 August 1588) The English lost seven ships, and amongst them three of the largest the Queen possessed... Drake was wounded in the legs by a cannon ball... As the London people were so alarmed, Don Pedro de Valdez and the rest of those who were captured... had been taken in carts to London, so that the people might see that some prisoners had been captured; the rumour being spread that the Armada had been defeated. (A18) Report sent by Bemadino Mendoza, Spanish ambassador in France to King Philip II (23 September 1588) The Queen of England... has been much injured by your Majesty's Armada... She has lost 4,000 men and over 12 ships, two of them the finest she possessed, and she is now sorry she went to war. (A19) John Hawkins , letter sent to Francis Walsingham after the battle of Gravelines (July, 1588) All that day Monday we followed the Spaniards with a long and great fight, wherein there was great valour showed generally by our company ... In this fight there was some hurt done among the Spaniards... Our ships, God be thanked, have received little hurt. . . Now their fleet is here, and very forcible, it must be waited upon with all our force, which is little enough. There should be an infinite quantity of powder and shot provided... The men have long been unpaid and need relief. (A20) In September a report reached King Philip II of Spain from Calais in France. The spy I sent to England has returned... the Spanish Armada is beyond Newcastle in Scotland... The ships are in very bad condition... It is reported that horses had to be thrown overboard because of a lack of water. (A21) Nicholas Gorgas was the captain of the English ship Susan Pamell. In 1597 he wrote about why the English defeated the Armada. Our swiftness in out sailing them, our nimbleness.... carrying more artillery than the Spanish ships.. discharging our cannons... double for their single-having far better gunners. (A22) Thomas Fenner was captain of the English ship Nonpariel. After the Battle of Dunkirk he wrote a report on what he thought would happen to the Spanish ships that had fled towards Scotland (23 September, 1588. Their masts and sails are much spoiled... I believe they will pass about Scotland and Ireland to take themselves home... when the season of the year is considered, and the long distance they have to travel... it will be to their great ruin... In my opinion... many of them will never see Spain again. (A23) Juan de Nova was on board the Trinidad Valancera. On 14 September, 1588 the Trinidad Valancera ran aground on the Irish coast at Donegal. We were about two days landing our men... We had nothing to eat but our horses... The English told us that if the Spanish did not surrender at once, 3,000 of the Queen's troops would cut their throats... in view of this and that his men were dying of hunger... the colonel decided to surrender... The next morning, at daybreak, the enemy came to separate the officers who were among the soldiers, and put them inside a square... The remaining soldiers were then made to go into an open field, and men armed with guns on one side and a body of cavalry on the other, killed over 300 of them with lance and bullet. (A24) Juan de Saavedra was a Spanish army officer on board the ship Zuniga. In his diary he recorded what happened when he reached Liscannor Bay on the west coast of Ireland (23 September 1588). We were in dire need of food... nearly 80 of our soldiers and galley slaves had died of hunger and thirst, the inhabitants refusing to allow us to obtain water; nor would they sell us food. To survive, we took up arms and obtained supplies by force. (A25) Francisco de Cuellar was captain of the San Pedro. His ship sunk in Donegal Bay in September, 1588. When he arrived back in Spain in October 1589 he wrote about his experiences. There sprang up so great a storm... we were driven ashore upon rocks... Many were drowning inside the ships, others were throwing themselves into the water, vanishing from sight; others were clinging to rafts and barrels.... when one of our people reached the beach, two hundred savages fell upon him and stripped him of what he had... they maltreated and wounded without pity, all of which was clearly visible from the battered ships - within an hour all three ships were broken in pieces... more than one thousand were drowned. (A26) On 1 October 1588, Sir Richard Bingham, Governor of Cannaught in Ireland sent a report to the English government. After the Spanish fleet had rounded Scotland, and were heading homewards, bad weather caused many ships to be wrecked... About 6,000 or 7,000 men have been cast away on these coasts... some 1,000 escaped to land... which since were all put to the sword. (A27) Petruccio Ubaldino was born in Italy but was living in England in 1588. After the defeat of the Armada he interviewed several English sailors who had taken part in the fighting. In 1589 he published his account of how the Spanish Armada was defeated. After meeting the English fleet... and seeing that, with the type of ships they had which were a good deal smaller than the Spanish, they were able to get very near to the much larger ships and fight against them to their own advantage, the Spaniards confessed... they had lost much of their hope in the victory of their fleet... The English ships... not crowded out with useless soldiers, but with decks clear for the use of artillery... could harm the enemy, at any moment which suited them best. (A28) After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Walter Raleigh described the tactics used by Lord Howard of Effingham, the English Lord Admiral. The Spaniards had an army aboard their ships and Howard had none; they had more ships than he had, and of larger size... had he entangled himself with those great and powerful vessels, he would have greatly endangered England. (A29) Juan de Recalde was Vice-Admiral of the Spanish Armada. After he arrived in Santander he sent King Philip II a report where he criticised the people who had served in the Spanish Armada. I heard great complaints about the command of ships in the Spanish Armada being given to young fellows just because they were nobles. Very few of them knew what to do, and their officers were no better. (A30) Duke of Medina Sidonia , letter to King Philip II of Spain after the battle of Gravelines (July, 1588) This Armada was so completely crippled and scattered that my first duty to your Majesty seemed to save it, even at the risk which we are running in undertaking this voyage, which is so long and in such high latitudes. Ammunition and the best of our vessels were lacking, and experience had shown how little we could depend upon the ships that remained, the Queen's fleet being so superior to ours in this sort of fighting, in consequence of the strength of their artillery and the fast sailing of their ships. (A31) Walter Raleigh , The History of the World (c. 1610) He that will happily perform a fight at sea must believe that there is more belonging to a good man of war upon the waters than great daring, and must know there is a great deal of difference between fighting loose and grappling. To clap ships together without consideration belongs rather to a madman than to a ship of war; for by such an ignorant bravery was Peter Strozzi lost at the Azores when he fought against the Marquis of Santa Cruz. In like sort had the Lord Charles Howard, Admiral of England, been lost in the year 1588 if he had not been better advised than a great many malignant fools were who found fault with his behaviour. (A32) L. Ortiz Munoz, The Glorious Spanish Empire (1940) The greatest armada the world had seen was prepared. It was called invincible. One fine day in June 1588, it unfurled its sails before the wind in Lisbon harbour. There were ten squadrons with a total of a hundred and thirty sail, galleons, ships of the line, galleys, hookers, caravels, tenders and cutters. In command of the fleet was the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a loyal man of proud lineage and great wealth, but in no wise versed in naval science. Aboard the fleet sailed seven army regiments numbering nineteen thousand men, and a further eight thousand sailors and two thousand oarsmen. It was the posthumous achievement of the genius of the Marquis of Santa Cruz, almost a floating city, with all its services marvellously arrayed. The ships built in Antwerp by Farnese were to join this armada; and a part of the seasoned Regiments of Flanders, numbering twenty-six thousand men, were to join this army. The ten squadrons of the Empire advanced upon the Atlantic with crushing impetus. But soon there befell that adversity which was to herald worse evils. A storm lashed the galleys in the latitude of Finisterre, and the Armada had to regroup in Corunna. Then again they sailed in imposing majesty and perfect formation to give battle to the British fleet. In England the news produced a thrill of horror. Greater still was the panic when at dawn on the 30th of July, in the Port of Plymouth, the sun showed on the horizon the splendid advance of those enormous galleons with their high prows, tall poops, billowing sails and waving standards. They moved on steadily. They formed a crescent and their line stretched for seven miles. The English squadron, smaller in number and size, but lighter and more agile, was anchored in the port. The Spanish admiral deliberated as to what was best to do. The most capable captains were hotly of the opinion that not a moment should be lost in taking advantage of the magnificent opportunity. This was the time to attack the enemy fleet and annihilate it. But the Duke turned down the idea. The King had ordered that the squadron should not give battle until the ships of Farnese joined it, The opportunity and the initiative having been lost - even the favouring wind - the English fleet, seeing ours pass by, harried it cunningly, making use of its agility. Our ships suffered slight losses in this first skirmish. But at last the Armada made fast at Calais, where it awaited Farnese. This was the beginning of calamity. The English hatched a plot. During the night they sent in some ships which had been set on fire. The alarm was raised. Men began to think they were like the terror-ships laden with gunpowder which had been encountered at Antwerp. The Duke, hasty and inexperienced, dashed out to the open sea to fight his adversary. A terrible wind from the south-east was stirring the waves. The rain began in a flood. Lightning and thunderbolts lighted the thick darkness. The hurricane beat upon the galleons and played havoc with them, delighting in scattering them and sending them crashing into one another, or against the coastal reefs, sweeping over them and sinking them. When dawn came, the fleet was broken and dispersed. Heroism did not suffice against the attack of the English ships. The storm came on again and the damage was made greater still. The Duke ordered a retreat, to save what remained of the vessels. But the way back was by North Scotland and Ireland, and the squalls there delivered the final blow and wrought further havoc upon the fleet. The Invincible Armada of the Imperial Spanish Fleet was for the first time conquered. But not by the men, nor by the squadrons, it put out to fight. It was vanquished by the elements, against which valour and human daring are impotent, because it is God who rules the seas. Only against the hurricane and the gales did we lose, because the Lord wished it, the naval supremacy of the world. (A33) Charles Howard , letter to William Cecil (20th August, 1588) It is a most pitiful sight to see, here at Margate, how the men, having no place to receive them into here, die in the streets. I am driven myself, of force, to come a-land, to see them bestowed in some lodging; and the best I can get is barns and outhouses. It would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly to die so miserably. (A34) Philip II talking to the survivors of the Armada (1588) I sent you to fight with men, and not with the weather. (A35) Inscription on the Armada medal issued by Elizabeth I in 1588 God blew with His wind, and they were scattered. Student Activities	i don't know
Who played Old Deuteronomy and Bustopher Jones in the original London production of Cats in 1981?	The Original London Cast The original London cast This the Cats cast which made the debut in London, May 11th, 1981. Main characters: Old Deuteronomy/Bustopher Jones - Brian Blessed Quaxo/Mistoffelees - Wayne Sleep Rum Tum Tugger - Paul Nicholas Skimbleshanks - Kenn Wells Seeta Indrani playing the role of Cassandra. This picture was taken from Catsmusical.com . Thanks to Carbucketty for allowing its use.	Brian Blessed
Which singer and actress is known as The Divine Miss M?	Old Deuteronomy \| 'Cats' Musical Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia — Three Words Old Deuteronomy is considered to be a kind and just leader to the Jellicle Tribe. He is described as being wise in his many years and is respected and beloved by most the of the Jellicle Tribe. While he is 'old and tottery' and 'must go slow', he is fairly lively and dances along with a variety of songs performed for him. He is one of the larger cats, though he isn't mocked for his girth like Bustopher Jones is. He is an ancient cat who has lived 'many lives in succession.' He appears to have some degree of psychic powers with which he guides the other Jellicles through dance and song. The poem describes a bucolic English village, where he lives peacefully. He is believed to live near the vicarage, as he rests 'on the vicarage wall'. He seems to care about Grizabella's feelings, trying to accept her, but she doesn't notice until the end. According to actor Ken Page , "He's probably the father of a lot of them." Role — Casting Calls Old Deuteronomy is one of the main characters in the show. He is introduced in (" Old Deuteronomy "), but he also plays a major role in a number of other songs: (" The Moments of Happiness ", " Invitation to the Jellicle Ball ", " The Ad-dressing of Cats ".) He is kidnapped by Macavity , but brought back by Mistoffelees . He chooses Grizabella to ascend to the Heaviside Layer at the end of the show. In the original London production, Brian Blessed played Old Deuteronomy and Bustopher Jones , however in all other productions Old Deuteronomy is not doubled with other roles. Appearance Edit Old Deuteronomy is a large, old, grey cat. His wears a full, fluffy robe. His costume appears grey but is made of a mixture of greys, dull brown and black. The actor who plays Old Deuteronomy usually appears in the ensemble during Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats . He wears an ensemble costume that resembles Munkustrap as a silver tabby, but with sparser, lighter stripes. Sometimes the actor is given looser fitting "pajama" style garments rather than a skin-tight unitard, as he is not expected to be a dancer. He is often referred to as "Young Deut" or "Chorus Deut", however the Broadway Revival has dubbed this character "Victor" (unrelated to Victor the ensemble character). Original design, John Napier 1981	i don't know
Which Hanoverian King was married to Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen?	BBC - History - William IV z William IV © William IV was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1830. He was known both as the 'Sailor King' and as 'Silly Billy'. His reign saw the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. William was born at Buckingham Palace in London on 21 August 1765. He was the third son of George III and Queen Charlotte and as such was not expected to succeed to the throne. At the age of 13 he began a career in the Royal Navy. He enjoyed his time at sea, seeing service in America and the West Indies and becoming admiral of the fleet in 1811. In 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence. From the early 1790s until 1811, William lived with his mistress, the actress Dorothy Jordan. They had 10 children who took the surname Fitzclarence. In 1811, William's oldest brother George became prince regent (later George IV) when their father was declared insane. The death of the prince regent's only daughter in 1818 resulted in a scramble among George's brothers to marry and produce heirs. The same year, William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. With the death of George III's second son, William became heir and then, with the death of George IV, king in June 1830. He was initially very popular. His insistence on a simple coronation contrasted with the extravagance of his brother's reign. William's reign was dominated by the Reform crisis. It began almost immediately when the Duke of Wellington's Tory government, which William supported, lost the general election in August 1830. The Whigs, led by Lord Grey, came to power intent on pushing through electoral reform against strong opposition in the Commons and the Lords. Another general election in 1831 gave the Whigs a majority in the Commons but the Lords continued to reject the Reform Bill. There was a political crisis during the winter of 1831-1832, with riots in some parts of the country. The king eventually agreed to create enough new Whig peers to get the bill through the House of Lords, but the Lords, who had opposed it, backed down and it was passed. The 1832 Reform Act abolished some of the worst abuses of the electoral system and extended the franchise to the middle classes. William died on 20 June 1837, without surviving children. His niece Victoria succeeded him.	William IV
What is the name of the international airport with IATA code DSA built on the site of the former RAF Finningley?	Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Queen of the United Kingdom \| Unofficial Royalty Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Queen of the United Kingdom by Susan Flantzer Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Photo Credit – Wikipedia On November 6, 1817, a great tragedy struck the British Royal Family. Twenty-one year old Princess Charlotte , the only child of George, Prince of Wales, died after delivering a stillborn son. At the time of her death, Charlotte, who was second in line to the throne, was the only legitimate grandchild of King George III, despite the fact that thirteen of his fifteen children were still alive. Her death left no legitimate heir in the second generation, and prompted the aging sons of King George III to begin a frantic search for brides to provide for the succession. One of the sons was William, Duke of Clarence (the future King William IV) . William had never married, but had lived for 20 years with actress Dorothea Jordan . Together they had ten illegitimate children , all of whom used the surname FitzClarence. William and Dorothea had separated in 1811 and Dorothea received a yearly allowance and the custody of their daughters, while William received the custody of their sons. There was a stipulation that Dorothea not return to acting to retain the allowance and the custody of her daughters. However, she did return to acting to help a son-in-law with a debt. William then got custody of their remaining daughters and Dorothea lost her allowance. She moved to France to escape creditors and died in poverty in 1816. Soon after the death of Princess Charlotte of Wales, negotiations began for the marriage of William to Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen and the engagement was announced on April 19, 1818. William was 52 and Adelaide was 25. Adelaide Louisa Theresa Caroline Amelia (in German Adelheid Luise Therese Karoline Amalie) was born in the Elisabethenburg Palace in Meiningen (now in Germany) on August 13, 1792. She was the elder daughter and first child of George I, reigning Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Princess Louise Eleanore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg . Adelaide’s father died when she was 11 years old and she, along with her younger siblings Ida and Bernhard , who became the reigning duke, were carefully raised by their mother and received an excellent education. Adelaide and her mother traveled to England for her wedding and arrived in London on July 4, 1818. They stayed at Grillon’s Hotel where they were visited an hour after their arrival by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV) and William, who met his bride for the first time. William and Adelaide were married on July 14, 1818 at Kew Palace in the presence of an ailing Queen Charlotte who died in November of the same year. It was a double wedding as William’s brother Edward, Duke of Kent and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who had married in May at Coburg, were remarried by the Anglican rite at the same time. Despite the age difference, William and Adelaide’s marriage was a happy one. Adelaide was a good influence on William keeping his eating, drinking, and behavior in line. She was also a kind stepmother to the six children of William and Dorothea Jordan who were still at home. Adelaide loved children, but was destined not to have one of her own. Her first child was born prematurely on March 27, 1819 as a result of Adelaide being ill with pleurisy. The baby girl was baptized Charlotte Augusta Louisa and died the same day. Adelaide suffered a miscarriage on September 5, 1819. On December 19, 1820, Adelaide gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide , six weeks prematurely. Princess Elizabeth, who had been healthy despite being premature, died 12 weeks later on March 4, 1821 of the then inoperable condition of a strangulated hernia. Twin boys were stillborn on April 23, 1822. A child of William and Adelaide would have succeeded to the throne as William’s two elder brothers (George IV and Frederick, Duke of York) had no surviving children. Adelaide wrote to her widowed sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent, “My children are dead, but your child lives, and she is mine too.” That child was Queen Victoria. Adelaide had close and loving relationships with her stepchildren and step grandchildren, with her brother and sister’s children, and with William’s nieces and nephews, the future Queen Victoria and the Cambridge children. Queen Victoria used the name Adelaide in honor of her aunt when she gave birth to her first child Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise and Adelaide was one of the godparents. Recumbent effigy of Princess Elizabeth of Clarence in the Grand Corridor of Windsor Castle, Photo Credit – Wikipedia William succeeded to the throne when his brother King George IV died on June 26, 1830 and both William and Adelaide were crowned on September 8, 1831. During William’s reign, Adelaide was admired by the British people and helped her husband with the proper etiquette and often covered many of his gaffes. Both William and Adelaide were very fond of their niece Princess Victoria of Kent who was the heiress presumptive and wanted to be closer to her. However, the Duchess of Kent did not allow this. In addition, she was rude to Queen Adelaide by refusing to recognize the Queen’s precedence, ignoring her letters, and taking space in royal stables and apartments for her own use. At a dinner, in front of Queen Adelaide, the Duchess of Kent, Princess Victoria of Kent and many guests, King William announced that the Duchess of Kent did not know how to behave and he was insulted by her behavior. He furthered said that he hoped he did not die until Victoria was 18 so that the Duchess would not serve as Regent. The King, Queen, and Duchess never fully reconciled, but Victoria always viewed the King and Queen with kindness. King William IV and Queen Adelaide, Photo Credit – Wikipedia King William IV died of heart failure on June 20, 1837 at Windsor Castle and Victoria had turned 18 on May 24. Adelaide had stayed at her husband’s side for three weeks, not sleeping in her bed for the last 10 days. Adelaide was the first Queen Dowager in more than a century, the last one being Catherine of Braganza, King Charles II’s widow. She survived William by 12 years, dying on December 2, 1849 at the age of 57. She was buried after a simple funeral in accordance with her wishes in the Royal Tomb House beneath St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle where her husband had been buried.	i don't know
Who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945 for discovery of the exclusion principle?	The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Wolfgang Pauli The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 was awarded to Wolfgang Pauli "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 15 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/>	Wolfgang Pauli
Which party did George Galloway represent as MP for Bradford West from 2012 to 2015?	Pauli, Discovery Exclusion Principle - Timeline Index Timeline Index Pauli, Discovery Exclusion Principle Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle," involving spin theory, underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry. More on this Website	i don't know
A bust of which architect and gardener by William Woodington is in Crystal Palace Park in London?	An autumnal walk around Crystal Palace park, London Borough of Bromley, south London, England, updated January 2008 - photo feature An autumnal walk around Crystal Palace Park Dinosaurs, sphinxes and stations. (Photos November 2007, words Feb 2008, © urban75) Fresh from our trudge around Sydenham , we braved the fading light and f-f-freezing temperatures to take a stroll around Crystal Palace park. Crystal Palace transmitter, built in the mid-1950s on the site of the old Aquarium. At 222 m (728 ft) high, the tower was the tallest structure in London until the skyscraper at One Canada Square tower at Canary Wharf was built in 1991. The remains of one of Brunel's pumping stations, used to supply the fountains in the old Crystal Palace. Inside the Crystal Palace Museum. Stairs, sphinxes and transmitter. Crystal Palace colonnade. With funds raised by public subscription, this bust of the master architect Sir Joseph Paxton was unveiled at a Fete in June 1873, marking the 20th year of the Palace. Now stuck forlornly by a car park on a cheap-looking brick plinth, the Grade II listed bust originally stood on a huge brick affair looking towards the Palace building over a large pool. The back of Joe's 'ead revealing the name of the sculptor, William Woodington. Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, opened in 1964. Curious white pyramid things. Football ground with the 15,000 capacity athletics stadium in the background. We stopped off for a tea in the no-frills cafe in the park. With the light fading fast and the park about to close, we took a walk by the lake where you can find 'life-sized' models of dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. In 1852, the sculptor Waterhouse Hawkins was hired by the Crystal Palace company to create 33 life-size concrete models of extinct dinosaurs, a job that took some three years. Collaborating with the English biologist and palaeontologist, Sir Richard Owen and other leading scientists, Hawkins was given some idea of the size and look of the models, with one of the Iguanodons (above) being so large that a 20-strong dinner party was held inside on December 1853. The lack of light added an air of mystery and realism to some of the concrete models. A look across the lake. An Ichthyosaur seen next to a Plesiosaur. Modern deer sculpture. You can still feel some of the grandeur of the impressive Crystal Palace (Low Level) station, which was opened on 10 June 1854 by the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway to take the crowds to the Palace. Sporting French and Brighton Pavilion influences, a 720ft (216m) colonnade used to provide sheltered access to the Palace. The cavernous station serves lines to London Victoria, West Croydon, London Bridge , Beckenham Junction and Smitham. The station stands by the junction of two lines, with the these platforms serving the Sydenham route, with more modest platforms on the southern spur to Beckenham Junction. In 1911, the line was electrified between Balham and Crystal Palace on 12 May 1911, and the timetabled journey time of fifteen minutes to Victoria has never been equalled.	Joseph Paxton
Two countries joined the United Nations in September 1947 - Yemen and which other, one month after its creation?	Crystal Palace Campaign home Link to Call-in Inquiry information Master Plan Note [Ed note: Master Plan - about 60 applicants from a world-wide collection of architectural and landscape architects initially applied.This was reduced to 20 by Bromley Council and the LDA. The short list of seven for interview was then generated by a selection panel consisting of a variety of advisory architectural practices and landscape architects and included two members who were from the local community. Following the interviews, this team then picked Latz and Partner as the Master Planners. The Master Plan was delivered to Bromley Council in November 2007.] Sir Joseph Paxton (1803-1865), gardener & architect, creator of the original Crystal Palace in Hyde Park in 1851. Regeneration Plan A number of items were extracted from the Master Plan and a limited scope defined to conform to the original but at a lower budget. The selection process involved consultation with the local community and others and begins the process of regeneration to the Master Plan blue-print. Cafe: The starting point was the sketch in the master plan but developed into the current barn-shape which gives a distinct rural flavour to the profile. A green roof was considered but added to the cost - a stronger structure was needed to support the weight of the roof and there was the problem of maintenance. The high ceiling at the top level, formed by the roof apex creates a special barn atmosphere in the interior but will contribute to higher sound reverberation times. A walkway links the top level and the boating lake (see above image; people in the trees are at lake level and the walkway is on the far side of the building!). All-in-all, this a very good, high quality design in keeping with the budget available, but as always, it will be important to get the details right both in design and construction. Deadline: for tenancy/operator bids - Thursday 27 August 2015....full document (Bromley press release) link . EXCITING MOMENT On behalf of the London Development Agency Robin Buckle delivers the Master Plan to Bromley Council. The deed was done on the 1st November (2007), and acknowledged by Bromley Council on 2nd November. This is the first of three elements of the planning application - the other two concern 'listed buildings' and the 'conservation area'. Bromley will shortly formally register the document and will then begin the normal consultation/comment process. Because of the size of the application (count the boxes!), special arrangements are being made to view it at Bromley Headquarters and the process will extend longer than usual simply to give everyone a chance to read and comment on the huge amount of material. As soon as more detail about the planning registration number, viewing etc. becomes available it will appear here! Exciting Moment... This is the culmination of the Master Planning phase of the move to regenerate the Park and the result of a vast amount of work commissioned by the LDA. This phase was one of the most expansive consultation process of any planning application of this type. The consultation kept the Master Planners informed about community aspirations and directly influenced many of the choices they made. It gave many thousands of people a chance directly to have their say. The Crystal Palace Campaign have always promoted consultation. We initiated the Dialogue Process more than five years ago and have supported it since. We will continue to do so in the phases to follow. Our supporters can be proud of the achievements so far and look forward to the new future for Crystal Palace Park. Grouped items see Themes page...or try our SEARCH page for site searching. Baffled by ACRONYMS? Try our Glossary page. "There is no city like London. It is a wonderfully diverse and open city providing a home to hundreds of different nationalities from all over the world. I can't think of a better place than London to hold an event that unites the world." - Nelson Mandela... see....London 2012 Olympic bid website there will be more activity than before later in 2011 including information on meetings, consultation and participation - the more emails we have, the better For old "Season's Greetings" messages and various other archived material go to Archive Index . First "uploading" of the web site - 4th October 1998. Website moved server - June 2007. Every effort is being made to keep the contents informative, up to date and accurate. However... comments on the contents please e-mail webmaster Last updated: 13 January 2016; archived seasons greetings to A47 NOTE: if you don't have the "frames" of this website up and running, you might have entered this website awkwardly click here>>> go to index.htm to get to the best screen arrangement. Browsers: these web pages are tested with Internet Explorer and Safari. Archive: much material is archived - see index - e.g. A18 for Who We Are and Core principles. -------keep coming back to this site, it's always changing----- Sir Joseph Paxton - the leading photograph above is of a sculpture by W.F.Woodington , 1869: it now stands facing the sports stadium, Paxton's back is towards the old Palace site! In 1823 Paxton moved to the Horticultural Society in Chiswick and entered the date of his birth as 1801 - an action which mislead many an historian. In fact he was born on 3rd August 1803 in a small village called Milton Bryan a few miles south-east of Milton Keynes in Bedfordshire. He died on the 8th June 1865 at Rockhills in Sydenham, south London, having seen his great building, Crystal Palace, for the last time in May of that year. He was wheeled in a chair through a flower show and, although surrounded by the plants he had always loved, he was unable to complete the journey. The bust was cleaned in August 2012. You are the Click on the Sphinx to get a higher resolution picture (it's a great screen background). Good story of progress for fixing the sphinxes - see CSG website .	i don't know
Adam Clayton, The Edge and Larry Mullen Jr are three members of which band formed in 1976?	U2 - Biography - IMDb Biography Jump to: Mini Bio (1) \| Trivia (9) Mini Bio (1) U2 has been perhaps the biggest music act in the world since the late 1980s to the current day. They take prominent stands on human rights issues, expressed through their lyrics and other public statements and actions. The band's lead singer, Bono , has become quite prominent in charity movements and has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The band consists of Bono , lead singer and songwriter; The Edge , lead guitar, keyboards, vocals; Adam Clayton , bass guitar; Larry Mullen Jr. , drums. Their manager is Paul McGuinness (1978-2013). The band formed in Dublin, Ireland, in 1976. The three members who strongly identified themselves as Christians (all except Clayton) decided to pursue and promote the band's career in a manner that would be consistent with their religious beliefs, which are heavy on social action. Theology professor Eugene Peterson says the band has "little patience with media-driven aspects of the Christian religion and a church and culture that shows little concern for justice and poverty and sickness". The band's popular 1983 song "Sunday Bloody Sunday" commemorated the slaughter of innocent civilians during the Irish troubles. It called for a renunciation of violence, a sentiment that resonated greatly with the people of Ireland. Throughout the 1980s, the band used this song to campaign against the Irish Republican Army's (IRA) efforts to raise money to fuel continued armed conflict. The IRA sent a threat to U2 that if they continued their campaign, they would be kidnapped. The band continued anyway. The band's 1984 album "Unforgettable Fire" was named after paintings made by the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs. The album's songs "Pride" and "MLK" were both tributes to the modern-day leader they most admire, Martin Luther King . Another song, "Bad", was about heroin addiction, which was a serious problem in their hometown of Dublin at that time. U2 were major participants in the historic and seminal "Live Aid" concert of 1985, which raised funds for relief from a severe drought in Ethiopia. The band was seen by many of the 1.5 billion people who viewed the concert on live television, and Bono's unscripted leap into the crowd captured the imagination of all. The more than 75 performing groups raised some $250 million for the charity. In the months following the concert, U2's record sales skyrocketed and have never come back down. In 1986, the band headlined a promotional tour to support Amnesty International, and the effort reportedly tripled the organization's membership. In the 1990s, the band's music and concerts mocked the excesses of commercialism. Some critics failed to understand that Bono's exaggerated on-stage personas during the "Zoo TV" tour were parodies, and thus concluded that the band had given in to what they in fact were criticizing. In the early 2000s, U2 shifted from stadium extravaganzas to performing in smaller arenas where they were closer to their audiences. In 2004, the band teamed up with iPod for an innovative promotional campaign. U2 continues their work for charity and social action. They promoted the Northern Ireland Peace Accords, raised money for the survivors of the Omagh bombing, played in devastated Sarajevo following the war there, helped bolster the shaky economy of New York City by playing there following the September 11 terrorist attacks, participated in the Live 8 series of concerts to relieve Third World debt, and continue to promote the Make Poverty History campaign. Bono has become prominent in efforts to end poverty and seek relief from AIDS and promote trade for Africa. He has become quite celebrated for these efforts apart from his music and he often finds himself publicly hobnobbing with presidents and finance ministers to promote these charitable ends. U2 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005. By that year, they had won 22 Grammy awards, a historic record surpassed only by Stevie Wonder . - IMDb Mini Biography By: Roger Burns <[email protected]> Trivia (9) They were the fourth band to appear on the cover of "Time" magazine. The others were The Beatles , The Band and The Who .	U2
The adjective navicular means shaped like which object?	U2 \| Punknews.org Recent Stories U2 are a rock band from Dublin, Ireland. The band consists of Bono (vocals and guitar), The Edge (guitar, keyboards, and vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar) and Larry Mullen, Jr. (drums and percussion). The band formed in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency. By the mid–1980s, however, the band had become a top international act, noted for their anthemic sound, Bono's impassioned vocals, and The Edge's textural guitar playing. Their success as a live act was greater than their success at selling records until their 1987 album The Joshua Tree[1] increased the band's stature "from heroes to superstars," according to Rolling Stone.[2] U2 responded to the dance and alternative rock revolutions, and their own sense of musical stagnation by reinventing themselves with their 1991 album Achtung Baby and the accompanying Zoo TV Tour. Similar experimentation continued for the rest of the 1990s. Since 2000, U2 have pursued a more traditional sound that retains the influence of their previous musical explorations. U2 have sold more than 140 million albums worldwide[3] and have won 22 Grammy Awards,[4] more than any other band.[5] In 2005, the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone magazine listed U2 at #22 in its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.[6] Throughout their career, as a band and as individuals, they have campaigned for human rights and social justice causes, including Amnesty International, the ONE Campaign, and Bono's DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) campaign.	i don't know
Denver Broncos won the Super Bowl in February. This was the first time that the tradition of naming each game using Roman numerals was not used. So this game was Super Bowl what number?	Super Bowl 50 \| Know Your Meme Know Your Meme Uvuvwevwevwe Also Trending: Updated Mar 25, 2016 at 01:05PM EDT by Brad . Added Feb 03, 2016 at 10:44AM EST by Ari Spool . Like us on Facebook! PROTIP: Press 'i' to view the image gallery, 'v' to view the video gallery, or 'r' to view a random entry. This submission is currently being researched & evaluated! You can help confirm this entry by contributing facts, media, and other evidence of notability and mutation. Status San Francisco, Califormia Tags Facebook Twitter Wikipedia Overview Super Bowl 50 was the 50th National Football League (NFL) championship game between the Denver Broncos and the Carolina Panthers at Levi’s Stadium in San Francisco, California on February 7th, 2016. The game ended in the Broncos’ victory against the Panthers by 24-10, which marked the team’s third Super Bowl championship title in the NFL history. Background Season Championship Winners The Carolina Panthers won their NFC Championship 49-15 over the Arizona Cardinals, finishing the season with a 15-1 record and bringing the team to their second Super Bowl appearance since the founding of the franchise in 1995. Their star quarterback, Cam Newton, ran two touchdowns in that game, and celebrated each by doing the popular touchdown dance, The Dab . The Denver Broncos, who are helmed by Peyton Manning, the second-oldest quarterback to ever play and a five-time MVP, had a winning 12-4 season, beating the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship 20-18. They are one of only four teams to make it to the Super Bowl eight times. [4] According to the experts’ prediction, the game will reach more than 115 million households when it airs on CBS at 3:30 pm (PST), which would surpass the record-setting viewership of the previous year’s Super Bowl XLIX ] The Name In June 2014, the NFL announced that the upcoming 50th Super Bowl would be officially branded as Super Bowl 50 in Arabic numerals, departing from the long-running tradition of naming each Super Bowl game using the Roman numeral system, in order to avoid any confusion over what would have been known as Super Bowl L. The league would return to the roman numeral system for Super Bowl 51. [2] Halftime Show Announcement On December 3rd, 2015, the NFL announced that the British rock band Coldplay would be headlining the halftime show, while joined by American celebrity singers Bruno Mars and Beyoncé ] In addition, on February 2nd, the NFL announced that Lady Gaga would sing the National Anthem, and that Academy Award-winning deaf actress Marlee Matlin would perform in sign language. [3] Notable Developments Pregame Highlights Super Bowl 50 Statue Defacement As part of the promotional campaign surrounding the Super Bowl, the NFL placed statues of the number 50 around the city of San Francisco. These states were quickly defaced by residents, who created rude anagrams from the words Super Bowl and knocked the statues over. [5] After the repeated vandalism, the NFL removed some of the statues. [6] A photograph of a vandalized statue Puppy Bowl For the 12th consecutive year, Animal Planet planned to host the Puppy Bowl, a mock football game staged with puppies for players, as a pre-game companion to the Super Bowl. [8] The Puppy Bowl would also feature a Kitty halftime show and Chicken cheerleaders. For the first time ever, the Puppy Bowl was available as a virtual reality experience through 360° puppy practice scrimmages, available to watch before the competition’s broadcast via the Discovery VR app and YouTube 360°. [9] On February 3rd, 2016, as a promotional event, the taxi service Uber was delivering dogs from humane societies to visit people Chicago, New York, and Washington DC, with the opportunity for people to adopt the puppies they met. In order to meet the puppies, Uber users could find the car via it’s puppy-shaped icon. [10] Highlights Chris Martin at Halftime Show At approximately 8 p.m. (EST), the halftime show kicked off with Coldplay playing their hit songs, including “Viva la Vida,” “Paradise,” and “Adventure of a Lifetime,” before they were joined by Bruno Mars’ performance of his 2015 pop funk hit Uptown Funk and Beyoncé’s live debut of her latest new single “Formation” (shown below). Despite Coldplay being billed as the headliner of the event, many American viewers at home quickly took note of the fact that Chris Martin, the British band’s frontman and ex-husband of Gwyneth Paltrow, seemed outshined by the star power of his co-performers. At 8:48 p.m. (EST), Internet comedian Josh Ostrovsky , a.k.a @TheFatJew, posted a still shot of the three singers performing on stage together with the caption “when u tryin to fit in” to his Instagram account (shown below), garnering more than 291,000 likes in less than 24 hours. “ ” Eli Manning’s Reaction As the game drew to a close with the Denver Broncos leading over the Carolina Panthers by six points (16-10) in the fourth quarter, the Broncos’ star quarterback Peyton Manning virtually sealed the team’s victory by scoring the final touchdown with three minutes remaining on the field. After the touchdown, the main camera immediately cut to the luxury suite of the Manning family to capture their reactions; while most family members in the box seemed ecstatic and cheered on for the Broncos, Eli Manning, Peyton Manning’s younger brother and quarterback for the New York Giants, oddly stood out from the rest as he stood almost solemnly with an unimpressed look on his face (shown below). At 10:10 PM (EST), Viner Alex Kennedy uploaded a video clip of Eli Manning’s reaction to the touchdown, which instantly went viral with more than 38 million views within the first 24 hours. From there, other viewers at home began chiming in on Eli’s puzzling reaction with jokes about sibling rivalries, many of whom speculated that Eli may have felt intimidated as Peyton caught up on his once-exclusive bragging right of being a two-time Super Bowl champion quarterback. Notable Advertisements Some brands, like Kia, Skittles, Budweiser and the NFL, released their promotional spots in advance of their Super Bowl airing, gaining considerable views. [11] Search Interest External References	50
The children Bella, Fizz, Jake and Milo are characters in which children's TV series?	John Elway sees "tougher" Broncos this year through gutsy close wins :: Jenkers John Elway sees "tougher" Broncos this year through gutsy close wins Following last year's playoff buzzkill, Broncos general manager John Elway couldn't hide his disappointment with the team's lifeless performance. A year later, the Broncos sit one win away from the Super Bowl, having exhibited "kicking and screaming" through mental toughness. "(Coach) Gary (Kubiak) has done that. You look at the games we've won this year and how we've won. They have all been tough hard-fought football games, and they've all been close. We had to make plays at the end," Elway told a select group of reporters on Thursday at Dove Valley. "The mindset is play for 60 minutes. We haven't consistently played well for 60 minutes, but our mindset has been there. That's why this team is a tougher team. Last year was a good year, but this year is attributed to Gary and his staff. The guts of this football team is that we've been in tough football games and figured out a way to win them." The Broncos finished 13-4, earning the AFC's top playoff seed, and will host the Patriots on Sunday in the conference championship game. However, they dealt with adversity through injuries, none more notable than quarterback Peyton Manning's six-week absence. Elway praised Kubiak's handling of the "delicate" situation, and said there have been no discussions about how the club will move forward next season at quarterback. Manning, 39, has one year remaining on his contract, and backup Brock Osweiler, who went 5-2 as a starter, will be a free agent. "We are staying in the moment," said Elway, who will meet with Manning at season's end. "Everybody wants to know where Peyton is going, but he's staying in the moment. He's going to have plenty of time to think about what he wants to do in the offseason." Elway believes Manning is growing "more comfortable" under center. He spent half this snaps there in last Sunday's 23-16 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Broncos run better out of the formation, and finished with 109 yards on 33 carries last week, while allowing only one sack. "The offensive line has battled through a lot of criticism," Elway said. "But I think they played their best game last week. So hopefully we are peaking at the right time" In Elway's fifth season in charge — all of which have resulted in AFC West titles — the Broncos have undergone a jarring transformation. Two seasons ago, Manning fueled the most prolific offense in NFL history, throwing 55 touchdown passes. This season, Manning has nine TDs in 11 games, but the Broncos defense ranks first in fewest yards allowed and fourth in points. Elway is fine with this blueprint moving forward. "I would like us to be a little more consistent offensively. You'd like to have top five on both sides. ... But I like what we are doing offensively having played in it," Elway said. "You can win world championships with it." John Elway during pregame prior to the Denver Broncos Pittsburgh Steelers game on Jan. 17, 2016 in the Divisional Round Playoff game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High Stadium. (Eric Lutzens, The Denver Post) Troy E. Renck: [email protected] or @troyrenck Get sports news and updates right in your inbox Sign up to receive news alerts and a daily roundup of all things Colorado sports delivered to your inbox. They Said It: Tom Brady on why it’s tough to play in Denver New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady spoke with the media on Thursday, Jan. 21, 2016 about the AFC championship game against the Denver Broncos. Here is some of what he said: Q: Why is it so difficult to play in Denver? Is it the elevation, the fans or is it just that theyre a good team? TB: I think its all those things. The level of competition and the quality of their players and coaches is what makes it a great team and a great organization. Theyve been that way for a long time. So, they have a great tradition there and weve played a lot of good Bronco teams. [Weve] beat them a couple times, but theyve beat us most of the time, so Id like to get to that No. 3 in the win column this weekend. Q: Julian Edelman seems to get a kick out of it every time you run the ball. He calls you the Clydesdale. Whats your reaction to that, and on a serious note, the way youve extended plays even if its not running how well do you feel youre doing that relative to maybe a different point earlier in your career?TB: Its definitely something that Ive worked a lot at the last couple of years, because there was a point where I felt like that was becoming a real problem for me as a player not being able to extend anything. So, I think thats been a big point of emphasis the last two or three years, was how to buy everybody more time. I think weve done a better job of that the last couple years than I did maybe four or five years ago. So, if its to move to throw, I think thats always a good thing, because were probably gaining more yards than it would be if I start running. But if I have to run, I think that could be a pretty frustrating thing for a defense, too, because theyre saying, How could I let this guy run? Of all the things, this guy? Q: And the Clydesdale?TB: Yeah, I probably looked like a Clydesdale when I was running in that Combine video 16 years ago, too. So, at least I havent slowed down. At least Ive maintained it [and] hopefully Ive improved it a little bit. Q: When youre preparing to face a team that has Peyton Manning on the other sideline and you know what an excellent quarterback he is, does that bring out the best in you as you prepare for the week knowing that youre going to have to be on top of your game?TB: Yeah, I think hes an incredible player and anytime you face that caliber of player and there are a lot of great quarterbacks in the NFL [and] Peyton has been one of the best to ever play youve got to be at your best. You cant play anything less than your best and expect to win, because hes going to play well and hes going to have that team playing well. Like I said, turnovers and short fields, thats stuff they live for in Denver and theyve done a great job of that all season, but the turnovers and returns for touchdowns and so forth, but Peyton has been just incredible. You know its going to take your best effort as an offense to match what theyre doing on their offense, and hopefully our defense plays great. But we as an offense have to do our job regardless, and go out there and try to play our very best. Q: In terms of turnovers, is ball security something that takes on even greater importance in the playoffs, considering last weekend just how close those final scores ended up being?TB: Yeah, they do. Turnovers are a big part of every game. We talk about that as a strong correlation over the course of the entire season. You look at teams with the top turnover ratios and how many times a team, they win or lose depending on the amount of turnovers, usually. We have like a 95 percent winning percentage when we dont turn the ball over. So, I think one of our top goals every week is to not turn it over, because if we dont turn it over, weve got a great chance of winning. Now, you cant snap it and kneel down three times and then punt. Theres no risk to any plays that youre taking, [but] I dont want to fire it into triple coverage for a four-yard gain, because the chance is its going to get intercepted and lead to points and losses and so forth. I think as a quarterback, over the course of the game, if youre down 10 in the fourth quarter, youve got to switch in your mind, youve got to take more chances. I dont think you need to do that in the first quarter. Thats something that Ive learned thats part of my ball security. You know, tackles, they have their own version of ball security; theyve got to keep the guys who theyre blocking out of the middle of the pocket so they cant strip sack the quarterback, which is a big challenge when you face Von Miller, DeMarcus Ware, [Shane] Ray and [Shaquil] Barrett. Receivers, they have their version, both catching it they dont want to bat it up and get it intercepted, or they dont want to get stripped when they get it. Running backs, they have their version. Ball security is a team-wide thing. Its not just a quarterback interception thing, or a running back fumble thing. Everyone plays a part. So, when we do it well and it leads to wins, I think everyone on offense feels really good about it. Q: Is it all silent count when youre in Denver, and does it give you an advantage at all to have been out there previously and see what you can or cannot do? What happens when youre on the road versus at home, where youre able to move guys all over the place at home?TB: Yeah, its definitely silent count there. And I think a big part of it is just the verbal cadence and how that relates to where the tackles and tight ends are. The center can hear you, Id say, pretty much the entire game when youre under center. But everybody getting off on the same count is really important. At home its easy because its verbal and the communication is pretty easy. When you go on the road, you still want everyone on the offense to go on the right rhythm and really jump the count, but you can only do that on a silent count, because no one can obviously hear me verbally when were on the road. Q: What about moving guys? I mean, you move guys around a lot at home. Sometimes you just say, Im not going to be able to do it.?TB: Yeah, absolutely. Its really easy to just spit out a word as opposed to signal something, or youd have to come up with thousands of signals for all of the things that we do. Its really when the play clock becomes an issue, and I think the adjustments at home are easier. I think thats why you have a little more margin of error at home, just with your communication, because I can switch protections, or I can switch an identification, or I can change a route, or I can change a formation really quickly. Whereas on the road, I dont think you really have that luxury. Tom Brady (Associated Press file) Q: Two years ago in this same spot, you didnt have Rob Gronkowski. Everybody knows how important Gronk is to this offense, so what do you remember about that game not having him, and how much do you talk to him during the week about a game plan coming up? TB: Yeah, a couple years ago that was a big challenge to go in there and beat them. They were on fire that year, and we just got off to a slow start that game. So, we just played from behind the entire game. [We] made a couple of plays at the end, but it really wasnt that close. Weve got to get off to a much better start this week. Q: And your relationship with Gronk and how much you guys talk during the week?TB: All the time. Were in constant [communication]. Quarterback, receiver, tight end, were always in constant communication. There are only so many skill guys you have, so youre always talking to the guys that youre throwing the ball to, and the kind of adjustments that I expect, and the new plays that are put in, and body language stuff that they need to do on certain routes so I can anticipate throws. Its all the time. Q: How much does experience in this game, for this team at this time of year, how much of all of that matters?TB: The only thing thats going to matter is those three hours on Sunday. Talking about what were going to do, or thinking about what were going to do, I think thats all part of your preparation, but its going to come down to how well we execute on Sunday. You may not have any experience Malcolm Butler didnt have any experience in a Super Bowl last year and won the game for our team. So, whoever is called upon has to go out and make the play at that particular moment, and if you make great plays, youve got a great chance of advancing. If you dont, youll be watching in two weeks. Super Bowl 50: Why No Roman Numerals For 2016 NFL Championship Game? Will It Switch Back In 2017? Typically, we deal with Roman numerals twice in our life or throughout the calendar year. Those out-of-place middle school math classes, and the NFLs Super Bowl. Except this year, only middle schoolers have to deal with the confounded, lettered numbers as the NFL opts for traditional Arabic numerals for Super Bowl 50. The Feb. 7 contest, pitting the AFC and NFC Champion at Levis Stadium in Santa Clara, California, will be the first time the league hasnt used Roman digits since the title games fourth iteration. Super Bowl V, way back in 1971, was the first time the league used Roman numerals and it has ever since. The NFL, and in particular its 32 owners and league commissioner Roger Goodell, have withstood major changes to their game and their brand. Players are often fined for altering their jerseys, even if its to honor a former player or deceased family member, and the league routinely controls its viral content by removing videos from web sites to drive attention and traffic back to its main site. But this is the Super Bowl, the NFLs most important event and brand, and the leagues had these plans for quite some time and addressed the one-year switch prior to Super Bowl XLVIII (49) between the New England Patriots and Seattle Seahawks. "When we developed the Super Bowl XL logo, that was the first time we looked at the letter L," NFL vice president of brad and creative Jaime Weston said to ESPN. "Up until that point, we had only worked with X's, V's and I's. And, at that moment, that's when we started to wonder: What will happen when we get to 50?" Last June, the league unveiled Super Bowl 50s logo, with the traditional numbers flanking the coveted Lombardi Trophy. Following this years game, the NFL will switch back to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI in 2017 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. The NFL is expected to continue using Roman numerals for subsequent Super Bowls. Danny Amendola: Going up against Broncos' defense "amps up our preparation" FOXBORO -- No one needs extra motivation when the game on the line can lead to a trip to the Super Bowl. But it doesn't hurt when the opposing team has the type of reputation as the best in the business. That's the situation for Sunday's AFC championship at Sports Authority Field at Mile High in Denver when the Pats visit the Broncos. The hosts will trot out a defense that was the top-ranked unit in the league in the regular season. From a feared pass rush that includes linebackers Von Miller and DeMarcus Ware to a secondary that includes former Patriots cornerback Aqib Talib and hard-hitting safety T.J. Ward, players and coaches alike in Foxboro have spoken to the overall lack of weaknesses in the Denver defense. All that has done is make the Pats hope for Sunday to come quicker even more. "Obviously, they're great competitors and great athletes and well coached and all that," Pats receiver Danny Amendola said. "That amps up our preparation, our days leading up to game day and out on game day, too. We're excited about the opportunity." Unlike the first game, Amendola will be out on the field to test his skills against Talib and Co. So will fellow receiver Julian Edelman, who also missed the initial matchup. The Pats' offense looked more like its normal self against the Chiefs in the divisional round last Saturday. The motivation to prove the offense can be more consistent than its last trip to Mile High will be evident. "It was fun (having a healthier complement back for the Chiefs game)," Amendola said. "We love playing together. There's a lot of guys in this locker room who have been here for a while or are just getting here who are ready to step up and make plays." That re-stocked arsenal may have the team believing in its ability more, but Amendola doesn't necessarily buy into that. "We're confident in our game plan and our preparation," Amendola said, "and whoever's out there is willing and able to make the plays to move the ball and score points and try to get us in the best position to win the game." Spangalang releases Broncos beer just in time for AFC championship Denver’s Spangalang Brewing releases Orange Crushsicle, a citrus session ale, in honor of the Broncos’ playoff run. (Courtesy of Spangalang Brewing). It is a smart marketing move for breweries to introduce football-themed beers right before big games, like Sunday’s AFC championship game with the Denver Broncos versus the New England Patriots. Spangalang Brewery of Denver is clearly run by a bunch of football fans, tapping a new beer in advance of the big game. Orange Crushsicle — a nod to the Broncos vaunted Orange Crush defense from years ago — will debut at the brewery. The brewers say it is a “fast-finishing, super-quaffable session beer (of just 4.3 percent alcohol by volume).” Its additions include orange juice, bitter and sweet orange peel and a dose of vanilla. The beer is available only on tap at the brewery. Its the beer equivalent of a Dreamsicle frozen treat, said Spangalangs Darren Boyd, with refreshing orange citrus notes wrapped around subtle vanilla flavors. Its a guaranteed winner weve brewed in honor of the future AFC champion Denver Broncos. Local craft beer drinkers will love it, but its way too much for people from New England. Boyd said he will set aside a special keg of the beer for Tom Brady for after the game. Just before kickoff were going to drop the pressure on the beer by a few PSI,” he said, referring to the infamous allegations of the Patriots’ deflating game balls from last year’s playoffs. “It’ll be a bit flat and more to his liking, something to enjoy while he wipes away the tears.” Spangalang Brewery is located at 2736 Welton St. in Denvers historic Five Points neighborhood. Other breweries also have caught the sports bug. We reported last month that Factotum Brewhouse will be releasing “Oatmaha,” a tribute beer to the Broncos’ quarterback Peyton Manning. It is a collaboration between Factotum and Indianapolis Tow Yard Brewing Co., since Manning played for both the Indianapolis Colts and the Broncos. The beer will be available in cans beginning in March. Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning: The final chapter? (CNN) - Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Yes, there even has been drama in the last year. One year later, there still isn't a conclusion to the Deflategate saga for Brady. In September, a federal judge vacated Brady's four-game suspension that the NFL imposed on him for Deflategate. After Brady won in court, the NFL appealed the decision. Today, the legal battle drags on: Oral arguments in front of a three-judge panel at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are scheduled for March 3. After the Deflategate story broke, Brady and the NFL Players Association filed documents that included the New England Patriots quarterback's emails. That's when Manning unexpectedly was brought into the mix. In one email from November 2014, Brady wrote, "Manning needs things to be perfect to succeed, weather, his system, etc." In another email referencing the Broncos quarterback, Brady wrote, "I've got another 7 or 8 years. He has 2. That's the final chapter. Game on." It didn't sound like a big deal to Manning, though, who pointed out back in training camp that many have speculated on this for a long time. "He apologized that my name was kind of brought up into this," Manning told CNN in September. "It was no harm, no foul. It was an unnecessary apology. Tom and I have had a good friendship throughout our careers, and we'll continue to have a good friendship long after we play. I really didn't give it a whole lot of attention." Last month, Manning was forced to go on the defensive himself, vehemently denying a claim in an Al Jazeera documentary that he was among a number of professional athletes who may have been provided human growth hormone, or HGH, by an Indiana doctor. Shortly after the story broke, Brady offered Manning his support. "I fully support Peyton and my friendship with him over the years," Brady said on his weekly appearance on the "Dennis & Callahan" show on WEEI. "He's a guy that I can always count on and he's been someone who has always been so supportive of me. We'll have lifelong friendships." Manning echoed the sentiment on Wednesday. "Tom has always been in support of me, and I always try to be the same for him." Is this the end? It's inevitable: Manning and Brady have to retire eventually. Could this season be Manning's last? His mind is as sharp as ever, but Manning's numbers have dropped, and his health and arm strength have been concerns. He was removed from a game against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 10 in favor of backup Brock Osweiler. He missed six games this season with a partially torn plantar fascia in his left heel. In fact, football fans were robbed of what should have been Brady vs. Manning XVII in November, when Manning was sidelined with the injury. Instead, it was Osweiler who directed the Broncos to a 30-24 win in overtime. Only guarantee from NFL's overtime rules is unhappy loser Green Bay linebacker Clay Matthews summed up the problem with the NFL's current overtime rule quite nicely when not even Aaron Rodgers' latest heroics could save the Packers from yet another playoff loss. "When you are on the losing side, you want to see it changed," Matthews said. Rodgers never touched the ball after two amazing throws to get the Packers to overtime at Arizona. Once there, Rodgers watched helplessly from the sideline as the Cardinals ended Green Bay's title hopes 26-20. The loss prompted yet another wave of calls for the NFL to make its overtime rules more equitable, even if it means simply following college football's lead to give both teams a chance to score. "Yeah, let's go college rules," Matthews said. "Start at the 25-yard line or whatever it is and go at it. I'm sure it will be talked about, but it (stinks) we didn't have an opportunity." The NFL created sudden-death overtime rules for preseason and regular season in 1974, needing only a field goal to win on any possession. The league tweaked the rules for the 2010 playoffs and incorporated the changes into the regular season in 2012. Now both teams get a chance to possess the ball — unless the team receiving the opening kickoff scores a touchdown on that series. Since the 2010 playoffs, five postseason games have gone to overtime with three won on the opening possession. Rodgers and the Packers — yes those guys again — lost two of those three. Seattle won the NFC championship last year 28-22 while scoring less than 3 1/2 minutes into overtime while Rodgers was stuck on the sideline. Green Bay guard TJ Lang isn't so sure the rule should be changed, and he has plenty of company around the league. "Everyone knows how it goes," Lang said. "You have to stop them from getting a touchdown when you get a chance and (we) didn't get it done. I'm not going to complain about the rules." For some NFL players, ending the game as quickly as possible is almost equally important. So forget copying college football, where the overtime rules seem very even-handed compared to the NFL. Each team is guaranteed one possession starting at the opponent's 25 yard line. If the game goes to a third overtime, teams must attempt a 2-point conversion instead of kicking the extra point after touchdowns. The result since its institution in 1996? Only three games have gone as far as seven overtimes. "No way, man," Denver offensive lineman Ryan Harris said Wednesday. "This is the NFL. You have to earn everything you get. You can't be put on a yard line and say, 'Hey, here, play the game.' That's part of the joy of the NFL. Every single inch has to be earned." Arizona visits Carolina on Sunday night for a berth in the Super Bowl after the Cardinals' OT win. Four of the past eight NFC championship games have gone to overtime, though count Cardinals president Michael Bidwell among those fine with the current rules. "Some days you get the toss and you're able to drive down the field, other days you're not," Bidwell said Tuesday on Arizona Sports 98.7. Part of the reasoning is that scoring touchdowns in overtime usually isn't easy, at least not this season. According to STATS, teams scored TDs on 51.7 percent of drives reaching the 25 in regulation in 2015. That number plummeted to 13.3 percent in overtime. New England visits Denver for the AFC championship game after missing out on the AFC's No. 1 seed partly because of an overtime decision by Patriots coach Bill Belichick on Dec. 27. He chose to kick after winning the coin toss in overtime, then lost 26-20 to the Jets with quarterback Tom Brady never touching the ball in overtime. But Belichick never has liked the NFL's current overtime rule. His solution? Simply add more time to the clock, just like basketball. Continue the game from where regulation concluded? Perhaps. But no more coin toss and decisions whether to kick or receive or which goal to defend in overtime. Belichick sees that keeping strategy a part of the game. "We've lost that with the rules that we have now, and the rules in college have lost that too," Belichick said in October 2012 on WEEI radio. "So if that's something we want to take away from the game, we've taken it away. We've added something else. If that's better, maybe some people think it is. I personally like the end of the game strategy that football has. I think it's one of the greatest parts of the game, and I hate to see that given up for a different set of rules in overtime." AP Sports Writers Jimmy Golen, Pat Graham, Bob Baum and Genaro C. Armas contributed to this report. Follow Teresa M. Walker at twitter.com/teresamwalker Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning: The final chapter? (CNN) - Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Broncos LB Von Miller praises Tom Brady as one of the best QBs in NFL While New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady has been labeled a crybaby and a whiner by members of the Denver Broncos defense, veteran outside linebacker Von Miller took sometime to cease the trash talk and complimented Brady as one of the best quarterbacks in the game. Speaking to the media on Wednesday, Miller only spoke of Bradys skill as a top quarterback in the NFL and why he is hard to defend. Unlike teammates Antonio Smith and Malik Jackson, the talented linebacker focused more on what Brady does with the football and not his communication with the referees. Hes one of the best quarterbacks to play in the [NFL], Miller told reporters via WEEI. Miller went on to compliment how quick Brady gets rid of the football, especially with Julian Edelman back in the mix. Despite an inconsistent offensive line, Bradys ability to get the ball out in less than two seconds make it hard for pass rushers such as Miller to get to the 38-year-old quarterback. You said two seconds? Sometimes I only need one, Miller joked. Its quick, were just going to have to be tight in the secondary and that little window we get, we have to get there. No excuses, we just have to get there, plain and simple. Von Miller finished the season with 11 sacks and was able to get to Brady in the two teams first meeting. In that game, however, Brady did not have Edelman and Danny Amendola to throw to. Tight end Rob Gronkowski also got hurt towards the end of that game. #TBT: A look at history of the Broncos-Patriots in the playoffs From Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception to the twilight of Tebowmania in Denver, there have been some big memories from past Patriots-Broncos playoff games. Denver and New England have faced each other four times in the postseason, with the Broncos leading the series 3-1. In the four meetings, the winning team has advanced to the Super Bowl three times. However, in each of those three years, the advancing team has failed to bring home the Lombardi Trophy. Who will win this go-around? We saw who won in our Madden NFL 16 simulation on Wednesday, but this is the NFL and, you know, any given Sunday. New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady (12) runs it in for a touchdown in the fourth quarter. The Denver Broncos take on the New England Patriots in the AFC championship game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High in Denver on Jan. 19, 2014. (AAron Ontiveroz, The Denver Post) Here's a look at the history of the postseason meetings between the Broncos and the Patriots: 1986 season Broncos 22, Patriots 17 in AFC divisional game What happened later?The Broncos would lose 13-6 to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXI. From the game story: The Denver Broncos have done this before, but it was nine long years ago in another day and another time and it seemed as if it might never happen again. Sunday, it did. Sunday, the Broncos won an American Football Conference semifinal playoff game and advanced into the AFC championship game next Sunday at 10:30 in the morning, MST, against the Cleveland Browns in Cleveland's Municipal Stadium. Sunday, they beat New England 22-17 and they're one victory away from the Super Bowl. 2005 season Broncos 27, Patriots 13 in AFC divisional game What happened later?The Broncos lost 34-17 in the AFC championship game to the Pittsburgh Steelers. From the game story: Good morning, Denver. Sorry, Boston, but it's time to get up. For better or worse, fans in both cities should be so much wiser about their football teams today. Tom Brady is not perfect. Champ Bailey is not Leon Lett. The New England Patriots, for only the second time in five years, will not be world champs. The Broncos do not need John Elway or Terrell Davis to win a playoff game. Sign up to receive news alerts and a daily roundup of all things Colorado sports delivered to your inbox. In an AFC second-round playoff game Saturday night that often stammered and stuttered, but always was tense and fierce, the Broncos defeated Brady and the defending Super Bowl champion Patriots 27-13 at Invesco Field at Mile High. 2011 season Patriots 45, Broncos 10 in AFC divisional game What happened later?The Patriots would lose 21-17 to the New York Giants at Super Bowl XLVI. From the game story: From a deep hole early in the 2011 season, the Broncos climbed determinedly. They got up and took off on a journey, not stopping until they went much further than expected. The Broncos kept going, traveling to places they had not seen in years. And then, abruptly, the Broncos discovered they had gone too far. They found themselves on the same field as the mighty New England Patriots in a high-stakes playoff game, with the winner to play in the AFC championship. The Broncos were not worthy. Far as they have gone this season, the 45-10 whipping they received here on a bitter-cold Saturday night from ruthless coach Bill Belichick and his world-class talented Patriots proved the Broncos still have a long, long, long way to go. 2013 season Broncos 26, Patriots 16 in AFC championship game What happened later?The Broncos would lose 43-8 to Seattle at Super Bowl XLVIII. From the game story: Freebie orange pompoms waved in rhythm with the music. The orange-clad, sellout crowd — finally freed from Peyton Manning's orders to stay quiet — let loose with loud, uninhibited roars. Sports Authority Field at Mile High shook from the Broncos' logo at midfield to the highest seat way up in section 535. Start spreadin' the news: For the first time in 15 years, the Broncos are going to the Super Bowl. Where have you gone, John Elway? Oh, wait a minute. Elway the five-time AFC champion quarterback is now Elway the AFC champion front-office executive. This latest trip to the NFL championship game was earned by taking the most honorable of final steps: The Broncos defeated the nearly dynastic New England Patriots 26-16 on a made-for-Peyton warm Sunday afternoon in the AFC title game. CHEW ON THIS • Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning's career comes full circle, columnist Mark Kiszla writes. • Manning isn't the focus of Denver's offense anymore. • Broncos cornerback Bradley Roby says Rob Gronkowski comment got him amped up. • Francois Beauchemin's late-game heroics gave the Avs a win over the Sabres Wednesday night. • N athan MacKinnon wouldn't mind playing with one of his old teammates again. • Why are the Colorado Rapids chasing Tim Howard? MLS reporter Daniel Boniface answers this and more in the Rapids Mailbag. WATCH THIS This guy does amazing short celebrity impersonations. HAPPY BIRTHDAY "The Golden Bear" turns 75. Does Jack Nicklaus still have it? Check out his 102-foot put from 2010. Joe Nguyen: [email protected] or @joenguyen Broncos Restrict AFC Championship Game Ticket Sales to Rocky Mountain Region The franchise took steps to discourage fans from the northeast, and those living outside markets rooting for the Broncos, from acquiring seats. As theDenver Postreports, “Tickets will only be sold to those with a billing address in the Rocky Mountain region, including Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, western Kansas and Wyoming.” Crowd noise, weird weather, and altitude already make Denver a tough place for visitors to escape with a win. The restrictions on ticket sales add to this difficulty for this weekend’s road team. Beyond the ticket source discouraging sales to non-Broncos fans, the secondary market presents added difficulties for travelers looking to root on the defending Super Bowl champions. Average admission prices on the secondary market run about $170 more for Broncos-Patriots than for the Panthers-Cardinals game in Charlotte. The Manning-Brady Bowl always makes for a hot ticket. But given the possibility that this Sunday’s game may be the last such contest, the tickets run even hotter. Priceline.com and TiqIQ note an average ticket price for the contest of $846.83. The cheapest tickets on the secondary market currently go for $354. They estimate round-trip airfare from Boston to Denver and back running between $364-$1,202 and note that three- and four-star hotels go for between $79 and $359 a night near the stadium. But it’s free on the television in your man cave, and if you live in the northeast corner of the country the Denver Broncos want you to watch from the warmth of your couch. Patriots notebook: Pats dismiss Broncos' trash talk FOXBORO — Patriots coachBill Belichickset the tone for the work week yesterday before practice, knocking aside the use for trash talk and ensuring it carried down to his players. Sure, tight endRob Gronkowskigot caught up in it Tuesday night, but there wasn’t a peep in the locker room yesterday. “We’re focused on the Denver Broncos and the game, so all the rest of that is a bunch of hot air,” Belichick said. CornerbackMalcolm Butlergot straight to the point when asked about the verbal barrage coming out of Denver. “That doesn’t win football games,” Butler said. “It doesn’t bother me.” Broncos defensive endsMalik JacksonandAntonio Smithhave calledTom Bradya “whiner” and a “crybaby” who throws “tantrums” while trying to get calls from the officials. Earlier, ironically, Broncos linebackerBrandon Marshalltried to work the officiating staff by saying Gronkowski gets open because “he pushes off.” And Broncos cornerbackChris Harrissaid the best way to tackle Gronk is to “hit him in his knees.” Brady addressed once again being the target of an opponent’s jabs. And he’d love to get the benefit of a flag or two while he’s at it. “If the refs want to throw the flag, I love when they throw flags on the defenders, absolutely,” Brady said. “It advances our team, so that’s just part of football.” Wide receiverBrandon LaFellhad Brady’s back, too. After years of absorbing verbal abuse from the Ravens and Jets, among others, the Patriots have shown they won’t yak back. “He’s not a whiner,” LaFell said of Brady. “He’s a winner.” Jimmy gets loud It’s always one of the most entertaining weeks of the season, as Patriots backup quarterbackJimmy Garoppolohas to emulatePeyton Manning’s mannerisms on the practice field. And yes, that includes a whole lot of “Omahas,” and those yield some back-and-forths with members of the defense and even the scout team offense. “Someone will always have something to say. I’ll put it that way,” Garoppolo said. “There are always critics, I guess you’ll call them, but they’re just giving me a hard time.” Obviously, there’s a lot more to it than mimicking Manning’s most notorious pre-snap signal, which is typically used as a signifier to call for the snap on his next sound. Manning is a master manipulator at the line of scrimmage, so Garoppolo takes it to heart that he has to be on point to help out the Patriots’ starting defense. “He’s a very smart quarterback,” Garoppolo said. “He’s not going to really get them in any bad plays at any point in the game. He’s going to do a great job of reading the coverage pre-snap, getting them into the right play. And post-snap, whatever happens from there, he’s going to put the ball in the right spot. “It all ties together really. Being Peyton, he does so many things at the line of scrimmage with the cadence, and they’re at home so they can use that. “We’d be here all day if I (disclosed) everything to you.” It’s always a challenge for the backup quarterback to balance both acts in a given week, as Garoppolo is primarily in charge of ensuring he’s up to speed with the Patriots’ calls in case of emergency. But he must also give an important look to his defense. “It’s my job to get the defense, not actually out of a rhythm, but getting used to the cadence and just keep them guessing and keep them moving,” Garoppolo said. “It’s a lot of work. You’re studying your offense, getting ready for their defense. And then all of a sudden switch it around and you’re the scout team quarterback, and you’ve got to study Peyton Manning. There’s a lot of balancing going on.” Losing a leader Belichick has been particularly close with linebackerJerod Mayosince drafting him in the first round in 2008, so he took it to heart Tuesday when the seven-time captain was placed on injured reserve for the third consecutive season. “It’s tough,” Belichick said. “I feel bad for Jerod. Nobody’s worked harder than he has, and I know how disappointed he is and we all are. And I personally am because I’ve seen the hard work that he’s put in, so it’s very unfortunate. “ Injury notes Defensive endChandler Jones’ knee avoided the injury report after he hurt it in the fourth quarter against the Chiefs, so the Patriots have declared that ailment to be good to go. Jones was still limited with toe and abdomen injuries during the week-opening walkthrough. Special teams captainMatthew Slater(shin), linebackerJamie Collins(back), centerBryan Stork(ankle) and linebackerDarius Fleming(shin, back) were new additions to the injury report. Slater missed the walkthrough but has not been ruled out, contrary to an erroneous report yesterday. Collins was limited. CornerbackJustin Coleman(concussion) was removed from the report. Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning XVII: The final chapter of an epic rivalry? Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Yes, there even has been drama in the last year. One year later, there still isn't a conclusion to the Deflategate saga for Brady. In September, a federal judge vacated Brady's four-game suspension that the NFL imposed on him for Deflategate. After Brady won in court, the NFL appealed the decision. Today, the legal battle drags on: Oral arguments in front of a three-judge panel at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are scheduled for March 3. After the Deflategate story broke, Brady and the NFL Players Association filed documents that included the New England Patriots quarterback's emails. That's when Manning unexpectedly was brought into the mix. In one email from November 2014, Brady wrote, "Manning needs things to be perfect to succeed, weather, his system, etc." In another email referencing the Broncos quarterback, Brady wrote, "I've got another 7 or 8 years. He has 2. That's the final chapter. Game on." It didn't sound like a big deal to Manning, though, who pointed out back in training camp that many have speculated on this for a long time. "He apologized that my name was kind of brought up into this," Manning told CNN in September. "It was no harm, no foul. It was an unnecessary apology. Tom and I have had a good friendship throughout our careers, and we'll continue to have a good friendship long after we play. I really didn't give it a whole lot of attention." Last month, Manning was forced to go on the defensive himself, vehemently denying a claim in an Al Jazeera documentary that he was among a number of professional athletes who may have been provided human growth hormone, or HGH, by an Indiana doctor. Shortly after the story broke, Brady offered Manning his support. "I fully support Peyton and my friendship with him over the years," Brady said on his weekly appearance on the "Dennis & Callahan" show on WEEI. "He's a guy that I can always count on and he's been someone who has always been so supportive of me. We'll have lifelong friendships." Manning echoed the sentiment on Wednesday. "Tom has always been in support of me, and I always try to be the same for him." Is this the end? It's inevitable: Manning and Brady have to retire eventually. Could this season be Manning's last? His mind is as sharp as ever, but Manning's numbers have dropped, and his health and arm strength have been concerns. He was removed from a game against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 10 in favor of backup Brock Osweiler. He missed six games this season with a partially torn plantar fascia in his left heel. In fact, football fans were robbed of what should have been Brady vs. Manning XVII in November, when Manning was sidelined with the injury. Instead, it was Osweiler who directed the Broncos to a 30-24 win in overtime. "There's nobody that has more respect for Peyton than me, outside of probably his parents and his brothers," Brady said ahead of that November game. "If anybody can appreciate what he's accomplished, it's me, so he's just been remarkable in every part of his career. He's been a tremendous player." Brady, meanwhile, said earlier this season that he'd like to play "maybe 10 more years." That's likely a stretch, but the 38-year-old has been playing some of the best football of his career. In his 16th season, Brady threw for 4,770 yards and 36 touchdowns in the regular season and is one of the front-runners for NFL MVP. "All I can say about Tom Brady is he plays the position the way it's supposed to be played," Manning said this week. "He's extremely talented. He's a very hard worker, very competitive guy and he just plays the position the right way. When you do that, there's a reason you play for a long time and play well for a long time. "There have been a lot of different players that have played in 16 of those games but as the quarterback, it's always been a great honor and privilege to have competed against him that many times over the course of the past 16, 17 years he and I have been in the league together." Manning isn't carrying the Broncos this season; their defense is. However, it's only fitting -- especially if it's the last time -- to see Brady vs. Manning on this stage when the two take the field Sunday. "It's a credit to both of them, because you don't have the rivalry that they've had if you don't last as long as both of them have lasted," Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak said Wednesday. "They've both been so successful. They're two Hall of Fame football players, two Hall of Fame people. They're leaders on their football team wherever they've been -- Peyton has been a couple of places. It's pretty special." TM & © 2016 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved. Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning XVII: The final chapter of an epic rivalry? - KPAX.com \| Continuous News \| Missoula & Western Montana By Jill Martin CNN (CNN) -- Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Yes, there even has been drama in the last year. One year later, there still isn't a conclusion to the Deflategate saga for Brady. In September, a federal judge vacated Brady's four-game suspension that the NFL imposed on him for Deflategate. After Brady won in court, the NFL appealed the decision. Today, the legal battle drags on: Oral arguments in front of a three-judge panel at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are scheduled for March 3. After the Deflategate story broke, Brady and the NFL Players Association filed documents that included the New England Patriots quarterback's emails. That's when Manning unexpectedly was brought into the mix. In one email from November 2014, Brady wrote, "Manning needs things to be perfect to succeed, weather, his system, etc." In another email referencing the Broncos quarterback, Brady wrote, "I've got another 7 or 8 years. He has 2. That's the final chapter. Game on." It didn't sound like a big deal to Manning, though, who pointed out back in training camp that many have speculated on this for a long time. "He apologized that my name was kind of brought up into this," Manning told CNN in September. "It was no harm, no foul. It was an unnecessary apology. Tom and I have had a good friendship throughout our careers, and we'll continue to have a good friendship long after we play. I really didn't give it a whole lot of attention." Last month, Manning was forced to go on the defensive himself, vehemently denying a claim in an Al Jazeera documentary that he was among a number of professional athletes who may have been provided human growth hormone, or HGH, by an Indiana doctor. Shortly after the story broke, Brady offered Manning his support. "I fully support Peyton and my friendship with him over the years," Brady said on his weekly appearance on the "Dennis & Callahan" show on WEEI. "He's a guy that I can always count on and he's been someone who has always been so supportive of me. We'll have lifelong friendships." Manning echoed the sentiment on Wednesday. "Tom has always been in support of me, and I always try to be the same for him." Is this the end? It's inevitable: Manning and Brady have to retire eventually. Could this season be Manning's last? His mind is as sharp as ever, but Manning's numbers have dropped, and his health and arm strength have been concerns. He was removed from a game against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 10 in favor of backup Brock Osweiler. He missed six games this season with a partially torn plantar fascia in his left heel. In fact, football fans were robbed of what should have been Brady vs. Manning XVII in November, when Manning was sidelined with the injury. Instead, it was Osweiler who directed the Broncos to a 30-24 win in overtime. "There's nobody that has more respect for Peyton than me, outside of probably his parents and his brothers," Brady said ahead of that November game. "If anybody can appreciate what he's accomplished, it's me, so he's just been remarkable in every part of his career. He's been a tremendous player." Brady, meanwhile, said earlier this season that he'd like to play "maybe 10 more years." That's likely a stretch, but the 38-year-old has been playing some of the best football of his career. In his 16th season, Brady threw for 4,770 yards and 36 touchdowns in the regular season and is one of the front-runners for NFL MVP. "All I can say about Tom Brady is he plays the position the way it's supposed to be played," Manning said this week. "He's extremely talented. He's a very hard worker, very competitive guy and he just plays the position the right way. When you do that, there's a reason you play for a long time and play well for a long time. "There have been a lot of different players that have played in 16 of those games but as the quarterback, it's always been a great honor and privilege to have competed against him that many times over the course of the past 16, 17 years he and I have been in the league together." Manning isn't carrying the Broncos this season; their defense is. However, it's only fitting -- especially if it's the last time -- to see Brady vs. Manning on this stage when the two take the field Sunday. "It's a credit to both of them, because you don't have the rivalry that they've had if you don't last as long as both of them have lasted," Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak said Wednesday. "They've both been so successful. They're two Hall of Fame football players, two Hall of Fame people. They're leaders on their football team wherever they've been -- Peyton has been a couple of places. It's pretty special." TM & © 2016 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved. Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning XVII: The final chapter of an epic rivalry? Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Yes, there even has been drama in the last year. One year later, there still isn't a conclusion to the Deflategate saga for Brady. In September, a federal judge vacated Brady's four-game suspension that the NFL imposed on him for Deflategate. After Brady won in court, the NFL appealed the decision. Today, the legal battle drags on: Oral arguments in front of a three-judge panel at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are scheduled for March 3. After the Deflategate story broke, Brady and the NFL Players Association filed documents that included the New England Patriots quarterback's emails. That's when Manning unexpectedly was brought into the mix. In one email from November 2014, Brady wrote, "Manning needs things to be perfect to succeed, weather, his system, etc." In another email referencing the Broncos quarterback, Brady wrote, "I've got another 7 or 8 years. He has 2. That's the final chapter. Game on." It didn't sound like a big deal to Manning, though, who pointed out back in training camp that many have speculated on this for a long time. "He apologized that my name was kind of brought up into this," Manning told CNN in September. "It was no harm, no foul. It was an unnecessary apology. Tom and I have had a good friendship throughout our careers, and we'll continue to have a good friendship long after we play. I really didn't give it a whole lot of attention." Last month, Manning was forced to go on the defensive himself, vehemently denying a claim in an Al Jazeera documentary that he was among a number of professional athletes who may have been provided human growth hormone, or HGH, by an Indiana doctor. Shortly after the story broke, Brady offered Manning his support. "I fully support Peyton and my friendship with him over the years," Brady said on his weekly appearance on the "Dennis & Callahan" show on WEEI. "He's a guy that I can always count on and he's been someone who has always been so supportive of me. We'll have lifelong friendships." Manning echoed the sentiment on Wednesday. "Tom has always been in support of me, and I always try to be the same for him." Is this the end? It's inevitable: Manning and Brady have to retire eventually. Could this season be Manning's last? His mind is as sharp as ever, but Manning's numbers have dropped, and his health and arm strength have been concerns. He was removed from a game against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 10 in favor of backup Brock Osweiler. He missed six games this season with a partially torn plantar fascia in his left heel. In fact, football fans were robbed of what should have been Brady vs. Manning XVII in November, when Manning was sidelined with the injury. Instead, it was Osweiler who directed the Broncos to a 30-24 win in overtime. "There's nobody that has more respect for Peyton than me, outside of probably his parents and his brothers," Brady said ahead of that November game. "If anybody can appreciate what he's accomplished, it's me, so he's just been remarkable in every part of his career. He's been a tremendous player." Brady, meanwhile, said earlier this season that he'd like to play "maybe 10 more years." That's likely a stretch, but the 38-year-old has been playing some of the best football of his career. In his 16th season, Brady threw for 4,770 yards and 36 touchdowns in the regular season and is one of the front-runners for NFL MVP. "All I can say about Tom Brady is he plays the position the way it's supposed to be played," Manning said this week. "He's extremely talented. He's a very hard worker, very competitive guy and he just plays the position the right way. When you do that, there's a reason you play for a long time and play well for a long time. "There have been a lot of different players that have played in 16 of those games but as the quarterback, it's always been a great honor and privilege to have competed against him that many times over the course of the past 16, 17 years he and I have been in the league together." Manning isn't carrying the Broncos this season; their defense is. However, it's only fitting -- especially if it's the last time -- to see Brady vs. Manning on this stage when the two take the field Sunday. "It's a credit to both of them, because you don't have the rivalry that they've had if you don't last as long as both of them have lasted," Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak said Wednesday. "They've both been so successful. They're two Hall of Fame football players, two Hall of Fame people. They're leaders on their football team wherever they've been -- Peyton has been a couple of places. It's pretty special." Denver plans Broncos fans rally on Orange Friday Jan. 22 Mayor Michael Hancock has declared Jan. 22 Orange Friday in the city as the Denver Broncos prepare for the AFC Championship game Sunday against the New England Patriots. The city will host a fan rally Friday in Larimer Square downtown from noon to 1:30 p.m., the city said in a news release. "Broncos Country is hungrier than ever for another AFC Championship and Denver will be back out in orange to cheer on our Denver Broncos," said Hancock, who during his senior year in high school was Huddles the Broncos mascot. "So break out your jeans and jerseys one more time because the march to the Super Bowl continues, and our fans have their back every step of the way." The fan rally will include team alumni, the Denver Broncos Cheerleaders, Miles the Mascot, Thunder, and the Stampede, according to the news release from the city. Bert Norton of Centennial waves a Broncos flag she has owned since 1978, in front of the City and County Building in Denver on Jan. 26, 2014. The noon rally brought out scores of supporters and included an appearance by Gov. John Hickenlooper and Denver Mayor Michael Hancock. (Denver Post file) Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning: The final chapter? Tom Brady and Peyton Manning will soon square off for the 17th time in their storied careers. Once again, the stakes are high: The winner of Sunday's AFC Championship Game in Denver between the New England Patriots and Denver Broncos advances to Super Bowl 50. It's yet another installment of an epic quarterback rivalry that's enthralled NFL fans since 2000. Brady leads the series 11-5, but they're 2-2 against each other in the playoffs. Most recently, Manning has had the upper hand; the last two times he faced New England in the playoffs, Manning emerged victorious. Brady and Manning are surefire locks for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. One or the other has represented the AFC in nine of the past 14 Super Bowls, earning Super Bowl MVP honors in four of those contests. "I think playing someone 17 times is pretty cool, especially someone as great as him," Brady said Wednesday. "To play against those Peyton Manning-led teams, you know you've got to play 60 minutes, and you're going to be in for a tough game, and they're going to take advantage of opportunities that they get." It's a thrill for the players and coaches around them, too. "You have two great quarterbacks that are at the pinnacle parts of their careers, and they've been so consistent from the adversity that they've been through, throughout their whole career," Broncos outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware said Wednesday. "Now, the clash of the titans is here again. You have an opportunity -- when you're a young kid, you watch those games or you play them on the video games, but now you're on the field with those guys. You're getting that roar from the crowd or you're getting that feeling from the next teammate beside you. That next teammate, for me, is Peyton. I think that's a big, monumental thing for me. I'm really excited to be playing this week and be part of this experience." But is Brady vs. Manning XVII the last time fans -- and their teammates -- will get to see this legendary rivalry? This year just feels a little different. Manning turns 40 in March. Brady is 38. And while Brady's numbers are as good as they've ever been, the future looks uncertain for Manning. Manning hasn't revealed his future plans, but there has been wide speculation that this season could be his last. "I have felt very fortunate to play 18 years like I have, and I know how hard I've worked to play this long," Manning said Wednesday. "When I look across at the New England Patriots and see Tom Brady is their quarterback, I just know how hard he's worked, as well. To play as well as he has over the course of his career, with the success that he has had and the team's success, I have a lot of respect for him. He's earned that respect. He and (Patriots head coach) Bill Belichick have earned all the respect and all of the accolades that they get." Ranging from respect to drama, here's a snapshot on what this Brady-Manning rivalry includes. Mutual respect There's a word that keeps coming up in all of this: Respect. Neither player likes talking about the other, often insisting that it's about the teams and not the two quarterbacks. But that hasn't stopped the media from asking Brady and Manning to talk about each other countless times over the years. The two are friends and express mutual admiration. "I've just got great respect for the way he plays the position," Manning said Wednesday of Brady. "He takes care of himself physically and always answers the bell, every single season and every single week. There's definitely high respect from me and I appreciate some of the things he's said about me as well." When asked about Manning this week, Brady said he respects many things about the Broncos quarterback and his game, citing Manning's consistency and his ability to "always seem to come through" in games. "He's just been an incredible player, incredible leader for his team," Brady said. "They've won so many games. Every team he's been a part of, they won." On Wednesday, Belichick also gave high praise for Manning. "We've had tremendous battles against him through the years," Belichick said. "There isn't a player off our team that I don't have any more respect for than Peyton Manning. His preparation, his consistency, his skills -- I would never, ever, ever underestimate him under any circumstance." Staggering record numbers It's impossible not to compare one quarterback with the other, and both have staggering career numbers. Of the two, Brady is known for his playoff performances. The Patriots QB is the all-time leader in career playoff passing yards (7,647), touchdowns (55), completions (711) and attempts (1,127). He and Joe Montana are the only players to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Manning, meanwhile, is known more for his regular-season accolades. He has an NFL-record five MVP awards; Brady has two. Manning is tied with Brett Favre for the most regular-season wins by a starting quarterback in NFL history. Manning owns the record for the most passing touchdowns (509) in pro football history and is the NFL's career leader in passing yards with 71,940; Brady is fifth with 58,028. As for the postseason, Manning's 15 all-time appearances are the most in NFL history for a quarterback. Manning ranks second in playoff history in passing yards (7,022), completions (619) and attempts (972), trailing only Brady. Manning also ranks fourth all-time in touchdown passes with 38. Brady has started in six Super Bowls, a record for an NFL quarterback. He has won four, a record he shares with Terry Bradshaw and Montana. Manning has appeared in three Super Bowls and won one. Scandals Yes, there even has been drama in the last year. One year later, there still isn't a conclusion to the Deflategate saga for Brady. In September, a federal judge vacated Brady's four-game suspension that the NFL imposed on him for Deflategate. After Brady won in court, the NFL appealed the decision. Today, the legal battle drags on: Oral arguments in front of a three-judge panel at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are scheduled for March 3. After the Deflategate story broke, Brady and the NFL Players Association filed documents that included the New England Patriots quarterback's emails. That's when Manning unexpectedly was brought into the mix. In one email from November 2014, Brady wrote, "Manning needs things to be perfect to succeed, weather, his system, etc." In another email referencing the Broncos quarterback, Brady wrote, "I've got another 7 or 8 years. He has 2. That's the final chapter. Game on." It didn't sound like a big deal to Manning, though, who pointed out back in training camp that many have speculated on this for a long time. "He apologized that my name was kind of brought up into this," Manning told CNN in September. "It was no harm, no foul. It was an unnecessary apology. Tom and I have had a good friendship throughout our careers, and we'll continue to have a good friendship long after we play. I really didn't give it a whole lot of attention." Last month, Manning was forced to go on the defensive himself, vehemently denying a claim in an Al Jazeera documentary that he was among a number of professional athletes who may have been provided human growth hormone, or HGH, by an Indiana doctor. Shortly after the story broke, Brady offered Manning his support. "I fully support Peyton and my friendship with him over the years," Brady said on his weekly appearance on the "Dennis & Callahan" show on WEEI. "He's a guy that I can always count on and he's been someone who has always been so supportive of me. We'll have lifelong friendships." Manning echoed the sentiment on Wednesday. "Tom has always been in support of me, and I always try to be the same for him." Is this the end? It's inevitable: Manning and Brady have to retire eventually. Could this season be Manning's last? His mind is as sharp as ever, but Manning's numbers have dropped, and his health and arm strength have been concerns. He was removed from a game against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 10 in favor of backup Brock Osweiler. He missed six games this season with a partially torn plantar fascia in his left heel. In fact, football fans were robbed of what should have been Brady vs. Manning XVII in November, when Manning was sidelined with the injury. Instead, it was Osweiler who directed the Broncos to a 30-24 win in overtime. "There's nobody that has more respect for Peyton than me, outside of probably his parents and his brothers," Brady said ahead of that November game. "If anybody can appreciate what he's accomplished, it's me, so he's just been remarkable in every part of his career. He's been a tremendous player." Brady, meanwhile, said earlier this season that he'd like to play "maybe 10 more years." That's likely a stretch, but the 38-year-old has been playing some of the best football of his career. In his 16th season, Brady threw for 4,770 yards and 36 touchdowns in the regular season and is one of the front-runners for NFL MVP. "All I can say about Tom Brady is he plays the position the way it's supposed to be played," Manning said this week. "He's extremely talented. He's a very hard worker, very competitive guy and he just plays the position the right way. When you do that, there's a reason you play for a long time and play well for a long time. "There have been a lot of different players that have played in 16 of those games but as the quarterback, it's always been a great honor and privilege to have competed against him that many times over the course of the past 16, 17 years he and I have been in the league together." Manning isn't carrying the Broncos this season; their defense is. However, it's only fitting -- especially if it's the last time -- to see Brady vs. Manning on this stage when the two take the field Sunday. "It's a credit to both of them, because you don't have the rivalry that they've had if you don't last as long as both of them have lasted," Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak said Wednesday. "They've both been so successful. They're two Hall of Fame football players, two Hall of Fame people. They're leaders on their football team wherever they've been -- Peyton has been a couple of places. It's pretty special." Patriots Beat: Family means so much to players FOXBOROUGH, Mass. We view Tom Brady as someone who is larger than life, a football legend who lives a lifestyle few can imagine, married to a supermodel, earning millions of dollars playing a game we love. All professional athletes, to a degree, are viewed in this way. We are envious of their talent, their earnings, their job, their celebrity status. But one thing we tend to forget all too often is they are people, too. Just like you and me. This week the New England Patriots are preparing to play the Denver Broncos for the AFC championship and a chance to advance to the Super Bowl. It’s their fifth consecutive trip to the conference final, a feat matched by only one other team, the high-flying Oakland Raiders of 1973-77. To have a chance to defend their Super Bowl championship won last February, the Patriots, who advanced with a 27-20 win over Kansas City last Saturday, are going to have to put countless minutes of preparation into Sunday’s game in Denver. It will include film review, positional meetings, team meetings, practices and more film review. It will include taking your work home with you. “When you’ve played in this game and you’ve lost and you’ve played in this game and you’ve won, you know how fine of a line it is as far as preparation, how you play, how you execute, what gets done,” said safety Devin McCourty. “It’s such a fine line, so you understand if it’s watching an extra game of film, getting the guys together for an extra hour or something and watching some film, you know that could be the difference.” Still, they all have personal lives, and many are married with children. At this time of year, when the stakes are so incredibly high, they have to find a balance or an incredibly understanding family. Brady is, of course, married to Giselle Bundchen and has three children: sons John and Ben, and daughter Vivian. Linebacker Rob Ninkovich is married to Paige and they have a daughter, Avielle. Special teams ace Matthew Slater is married to Shahrzad and they have a son, Jeremiah, born in November. For them, it’s not always an easy balancing act. Brady said his preparation now is much different than early in his career, when he was single, but that his family has settled into a routine that allows him to continue working at home. “It is different,” he said. “When your daughter doesn’t get any sleep at night and you’re up, that’s part of us being parents and dealing with things at home and stuff. There’s a lot less time to recover if you miss nights of sleep, (but) I think things are pretty efficient for me this time of year. I’ve been at it and my kids are getting a little older now, too. So at least I’ve had a few years to kind of get into a routine. “I think that’s probably a challenging thing for a lot of players in our career. Family is a big part of everyone’s life, and then to add it to a really busy football schedule, it’s a lot of give and take. It takes a lot of support to have.” And Slater knows where the most support comes from. “My wife is the MVP,” he said. He said she allows him to do what he needs to do to get ready for the game, while taking care of business at home. “But my family will always be the most important thing to me, and football will always come after my family,” he said. “Definitely, there is time management involved; I can’t dilly-dally around here like I used to. But I’m excited about what’s going on at home and obviously excited about what’s going on here.” Dilly-dally? “I’ve been known to have some long conversations with guys after hours, hang around the training room after hours,” he said. “So I take care of my business and get out of here now.” All part of the learning curve when you become a new dad, I guess. Slater now knows that football, as important it is to a man whose father, Jackie, was one of the greatest to ever play at his position (offensive tackle), can’t always come first. Ninkovich, who has played in an incredible 115 consecutive games, said his family understands completely what he needs to do now because the season can end very suddenly. “You do as much as you can here, obviously while you’re in the building, and then when you go home, instead of watching TV you just watch some tape on your iPad,” he said. “After the season is over I have time, but right now it’s all into what I can do to play well.” Because, he said, his focus now has to be on going against one of the greatest quarterbacks that ever played in Denver’s Peyton Manning. “So, really, that’s watching as much tape as I can, giving myself an advantage on anything,” he said. “I think at this time, like Devin said, you do everything you can to make sure you’re as prepared as possible.” And his family understands? “Yeah,” he said. “It’s my job.” Only guarantee from NFL's overtime rules is unhappy loser Green Bay linebacker Clay Matthews summed up the problem with the NFL's current overtime rule quite nicely when not even Aaron Rodgers' latest heroics could save the Packers from yet another playoff loss. "When you are on the losing side, you want to see it changed," Matthews said. Rodgers never touched the ball after two amazing throws to get the Packers to overtime at Arizona. Once there, Rodgers watched helplessly from the sideline as the Cardinals ended Green Bay's title hopes 26-20. The loss prompted yet another wave of calls for the NFL to make its overtime rules more equitable, even if it means simply following college football's lead to give both teams a chance to score. "Yeah, let's go college rules," Matthews said. "Start at the 25-yard line or whatever it is and go at it. I'm sure it will be talked about, but it (stinks) we didn't have an opportunity." The NFL created sudden-death overtime rules for preseason and regular season in 1974, needing only a field goal to win on any possession. The league tweaked the rules for the 2010 playoffs and incorporated the changes into the regular season in 2012. Now both teams get a chance to possess the ball unless the team receiving the opening kickoff scores a touchdown on that series. Since the 2010 playoffs, five postseason games have gone to overtime with three won on the opening possession. Rodgers and the Packers yes those guys again lost two of those three. Seattle won the NFC championship last year 28-22 while scoring less than 3 1/2 minutes into overtime while Rodgers was stuck on the sideline. Green Bay guard TJ Lang isn't so sure the rule should be changed, and he has plenty of company around the league. "Everyone knows how it goes," Lang said. "You have to stop them from getting a touchdown when you get a chance and (we) didn't get it done. I'm not going to complain about the rules." For some NFL players, ending the game as quickly as possible is almost equally important. So forget copying college football, where the overtime rules seem very even-handed compared to the NFL. Each team is guaranteed one possession starting at the opponent's 25 yard line. If the game goes to a third overtime, teams must attempt a 2-point conversion instead of kicking the extra point after touchdowns. The result since its institution in 1996? Only three games have gone as far as seven overtimes. "No way, man," Denver offensive lineman Ryan Harris said Wednesday. "This is the NFL. You have to earn everything you get. You can't be put on a yard line and say, 'Hey, here, play the game.' That's part of the joy of the NFL. Every single inch has to be earned." Arizona visits Carolina on Sunday night for a berth in the Super Bowl after the Cardinals' OT win. Four of the past eight NFC championship games have gone to overtime, though count Cardinals president Michael Bidwell among those fine with the current rules. "Some days you get the toss and you're able to drive down the field, other days you're not," Bidwell said Tuesday on Arizona Sports 98.7. Part of the reasoning is that scoring touchdowns in overtime usually isn't easy, at least not this season. According to STATS, teams scored TDs on 51.7 percent of drives reaching the 25 in regulation in 2015. That number plummeted to 13.3 percent in overtime. New England visits Denver for the AFC championship game after missing out on the AFC's No. 1 seed partly because of an overtime decision by Patriots coach Bill Belichick on Dec. 27. He chose to kick after winning the coin toss in overtime, then lost 26-20 to the Jets with quarterback Tom Brady never touching the ball in overtime. But Belichick never has liked the NFL's current overtime rule. His solution? Simply add more time to the clock, just like basketball. Continue the game from where regulation concluded? Perhaps. But no more coin toss and decisions whether to kick or receive or which goal to defend in overtime. Belichick sees that keeping strategy a part of the game. "We've lost that with the rules that we have now, and the rules in college have lost that too," Belichick said in October 2012 on WEEI radio. "So if that's something we want to take away from the game, we've taken it away. We've added something else. If that's better, maybe some people think it is. I personally like the end of the game strategy that football has. I think it's one of the greatest parts of the game, and I hate to see that given up for a different set of rules in overtime." ___ AP Sports Writers Jimmy Golen, Pat Graham, Bob Baum and Genaro C. Armas contributed to this report. ___ AP NFL websites: http://www.pro32.ap.org and http://www.twitter.com/AP_NFL ___ Follow Teresa M. Walker at www.twitter.com/teresamwalker The only guarantee from NFL's overtime rules is an unhappy loser followed by more suggestions for changes Green Bay linebacker Clay Matthews summed up the problem with the NFL's current overtime rule quite nicely when not even Aaron Rodgers' latest heroics could save the Packers from yet another playoff loss. "When you are on the losing side, you want to see it changed," Matthews said. Rodgers never touched the ball after two amazing throws to get the Packers to overtime at Arizona. Once there, Rodgers watched helplessly from the sideline as the Cardinals ended Green Bay's title hopes 26-20. The loss prompted yet another wave of calls for the NFL to make its overtime rules more equitable, even if it means simply following college football's lead to give both teams a chance to score. "Yeah, let's go college rules," Matthews said. "Start at the 25-yard line or whatever it is and go at it. I'm sure it will be talked about, but it (stinks) we didn't have an opportunity." The NFL created sudden-death overtime rules for preseason and regular season in 1974, needing only a field goal to win on any possession. The league tweaked the rules for the 2010 playoffs and incorporated the changes into the regular season in 2012. Now both teams get a chance to possess the ball — unless the team receiving the opening kickoff scores a touchdown on that series. Since the 2010 playoffs, five postseason games have gone to overtime with three won on the opening possession. Rodgers and the Packers — yes those guys again — lost two of those three. Seattle won the NFC championship last year 28-22 while scoring less than 3 1/2 minutes into overtime while Rodgers was stuck on the sideline. Green Bay guard TJ Lang isn't so sure the rule should be changed, and he has plenty of company around the league. "Everyone knows how it goes," Lang said. "You have to stop them from getting a touchdown when you get a chance and (we) didn't get it done. I'm not going to complain about the rules." For some NFL players, ending the game as quickly as possible is almost equally important. So forget copying college football, where the overtime rules seem very even-handed compared to the NFL. Each team is guaranteed one possession starting at the opponent's 25 yard line. If the game goes to a third overtime, teams must attempt a 2-point conversion instead of kicking the extra point after touchdowns. The result since its institution in 1996? Only three games have gone as far as seven overtimes. "No way, man," Denver offensive lineman Ryan Harris said Wednesday. "This is the NFL. You have to earn everything you get. You can't be put on a yard line and say, 'Hey, here, play the game.' That's part of the joy of the NFL. Every single inch has to be earned." Arizona visits Carolina on Sunday night for a berth in the Super Bowl after the Cardinals' OT win. Four of the past eight NFC championship games have gone to overtime, though count Cardinals president Michael Bidwell among those fine with the current rules. "Some days you get the toss and you're able to drive down the field, other days you're not," Bidwell said Tuesday on Arizona Sports 98.7. Part of the reasoning is that scoring touchdowns in overtime usually isn't easy, at least not this season. According to STATS, teams scored TDs on 51.7 percent of drives reaching the 25 in regulation in 2015. That number plummeted to 13.3 percent in overtime. New England visits Denver for the AFC championship game after missing out on the AFC's No. 1 seed partly because of an overtime decision by Patriots coach Bill Belichick on Dec. 27. He chose to kick after winning the coin toss in overtime, then lost 26-20 to the Jets with quarterback Tom Brady never touching the ball in overtime. But Belichick never has liked the NFL's current overtime rule. His solution? Simply add more time to the clock, just like basketball. Continue the game from where regulation concluded? Perhaps. But no more coin toss and decisions whether to kick or receive or which goal to defend in overtime. Belichick sees that keeping strategy a part of the game. "We've lost that with the rules that we have now, and the rules in college have lost that too," Belichick said in October 2012 on WEEI radio. "So if that's something we want to take away from the game, we've taken it away. We've added something else. If that's better, maybe some people think it is. I personally like the end of the game strategy that football has. I think it's one of the greatest parts of the game, and I hate to see that given up for a different set of rules in overtime." AP Sports Writers Jimmy Golen, Pat Graham, Bob Baum and Genaro C. Armas contributed to this report. AP NFL websites: http://www.pro32.ap.org and http://www.twitter.com/AP_NFL Follow Teresa M. Walker at http://www.twitter.com/teresamwalker	i don't know
"""For he tonight shall lie with Mistress Ford"" is a line from which Shakespeare play?"	The Merry Wives of Windsor - Act 5, Scene 5 The Merry Wives of Windsor Please see the bottom of this page for related resources. [Enter FALSTAFF disguised as Herne] FALSTAFF The Windsor bell hath struck twelve; the minute draws on. Now, the hot-blooded gods assist me! Remember, Jove, thou wast a bull for thy Europa; love set on thy horns. O powerful love! that, in some respects, makes a beast a man, in some other, a man 5 a beast. You were also, Jupiter, a swan for the love of Leda. O omnipotent Love! how near the god drew to the complexion of a goose! A fault done first in the form of a beast. O Jove, a beastly fault! And then another fault in the semblance of a fowl; think 10 on 't, Jove; a foul fault! When gods have hot backs, what shall poor men do? For me, I am here a Windsor stag; and the fattest, I think, i' the forest. Send me a cool rut-time, Jove, or who can blame me to piss my tallow? Who comes here? my 15 [Enter MISTRESS FORD and MISTRESS PAGE] MISTRESS FORD Sir John! art thou there, my deer? my male deer? FALSTAFF My doe with the black scut! Let the sky rain potatoes; let it thunder to the tune of Green Sleeves, hail kissing-comfits and snow eringoes; let 20 there come a tempest of provocation, I will shelter me here. MISTRESS FORD Mistress Page is come with me, sweetheart. FALSTAFF Divide me like a bribe buck, each a haunch: I will keep my sides to myself, my shoulders for the fellow of this walk, and my horns I bequeath your husbands. 25 Am I a woodman, ha? Speak I like Herne the hunter? Why, now is Cupid a child of conscience; he makes restitution. As I am a true spirit, welcome! [Noise within] I think the devil will not have me damned, lest the oil that's in me should set hell on fire; he would never else cross me thus. 35 [ Enter SIR HUGH EVANS, disguised as before; PISTOL, as Hobgoblin; MISTRESS QUICKLY, ANNE PAGE, and others, as Fairies, with tapers ] MISTRESS QUICKLY Fairies, black, grey, green, and white, You moonshine revellers and shades of night, You orphan heirs of fixed destiny, Attend your office and your quality. Crier Hobgoblin, make the fairy oyes. 40 Elves, list your names; silence, you airy toys. Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap: Where fires thou find'st unraked and hearths unswept, There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry: Our radiant queen hates sluts and sluttery. 45 They are fairies; he that speaks to them shall die: I'll wink and couch: no man their works must eye. [Lies down upon his face] SIR HUGH EVANS Where's Bede? Go you, and where you find a maid That, ere she sleep, has thrice her prayers said, Raise up the organs of her fantasy; 50 Sleep she as sound as careless infancy: But those as sleep and think not on their sins, Pinch them, arms, legs, backs, shoulders, sides and shins. MISTRESS QUICKLY Search Windsor Castle, elves, within and out: 55 Strew good luck, ouphes, on every sacred room: That it may stand till the perpetual doom, In state as wholesome as in state 'tis fit, Worthy the owner, and the owner it. The several chairs of order look you scour 60 With juice of balm and every precious flower: Each fair instalment, coat, and several crest, With loyal blazon, evermore be blest! And nightly, meadow-fairies, look you sing, Like to the Garter's compass, in a ring: 65 The expressure that it bears, green let it be, More fertile-fresh than all the field to see; And 'Honi soit qui mal y pense' write In emerald tufts, flowers purple, blue and white; Let sapphire, pearl and rich embroidery, 70 Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee: Fairies use flowers for their charactery. Away; disperse: but till 'tis one o'clock, Our dance of custom round about the oak Of Herne the hunter, let us not forget. 75 Pray you, lock hand in hand; yourselves in order set And twenty glow-worms shall our lanterns be, To guide our measure round about the tree. But, stay; I smell a man of middle-earth. FALSTAFF Heavens defend me from that Welsh fairy, lest he 80 transform me to a piece of cheese! PISTOL Vile worm, thou wast o'erlook'd even in thy birth. MISTRESS QUICKLY With trial-fire touch me his finger-end: If he be chaste, the flame will back descend And turn him to no pain; but if he start, 85 It is the flesh of a corrupted heart. PISTOL Corrupt, corrupt, and tainted in desire! 90 About him, fairies; sing a scornful rhyme; And, as you trip, still pinch him to your time. SONG. Fie on lust and luxury! Lust is but a bloody fire, 95 Fed in heart, whose flames aspire As thoughts do blow them, higher and higher. Pinch him, fairies, mutually; Pinch him for his villany; 100 Pinch him, and burn him, and turn him about, Till candles and starlight and moonshine be out. [ During this song they pinch FALSTAFF. DOCTOR CAIUS comes one way, and steals away a boy in green; SLENDER another way, and takes off a boy in white; and FENTON comes and steals away ANN PAGE. A noise of hunting is heard within. All the Fairies run away. FALSTAFF pulls off his buck's head, and rises ] [Enter PAGE, FORD, MISTRESS PAGE, and MISTRESS FORD] PAGE Nay, do not fly; I think we have watch'd you now Will none but Herne the hunter serve your turn? MISTRESS PAGE I pray you, come, hold up the jest no higher 105 Now, good Sir John, how like you Windsor wives? See you these, husband? do not these fair yokes Become the forest better than the town? FORD Now, sir, who's a cuckold now? Master Brook, Falstaff's a knave, a cuckoldly knave; here are his 110 horns, Master Brook: and, Master Brook, he hath enjoyed nothing of Ford's but his buck-basket, his cudgel, and twenty pounds of money, which must be paid to Master Brook; his horses are arrested for it, Master Brook. Sir John, we have had ill luck; we could never meet. I will never take you for my love again; but I will always count you my deer. FALSTAFF I do begin to perceive that I am made an ass. FORD Ay, and an ox too: both the proofs are extant. 120 And these are not fairies? I was three or four times in the thought they were not fairies: and yet the guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my powers, drove the grossness of the foppery into a received belief, in despite of the teeth of all 125 rhyme and reason, that they were fairies. See now how wit may be made a Jack-a-Lent, when 'tis upon ill employment! Sir John Falstaff, serve Got, and leave your desires, and fairies will not pinse you. 130 And leave your jealousies too, I pray you. FORD I will never mistrust my wife again till thou art able to woo her in good English. FALSTAFF Have I laid my brain in the sun and dried it, that 135 it wants matter to prevent so gross o'erreaching as this? Am I ridden with a Welsh goat too? shall I have a coxcomb of frize? 'Tis time I were choked with a piece of toasted cheese. SIR HUGH EVANS Seese is not good to give putter; your belly is all putter. 140 'Seese' and 'putter'! have I lived to stand at the taunt of one that makes fritters of English? This is enough to be the decay of lust and late-walking through the realm. Why Sir John, do you think, though we would have the 145 virtue out of our hearts by the head and shoulders and have given ourselves without scruple to hell, that ever the devil could have made you our delight? FORD What, a hodge-pudding? a bag of flax? MISTRESS PAGE Marry, sir, we'll bring you to Windsor, to one Master Brook, that you have cozened of money, to whom you should have been a pander: over and above that you have suffered, I think to repay that money 165 will be a biting affliction. PAGE Yet be cheerful, knight: thou shalt eat a posset to-night at my house; where I will desire thee to laugh at my wife, that now laughs at thee: tell her Master Slender hath married her daughter. 170 [Aside] Doctors doubt that: if Anne Page be my daughter, she is, by this, Doctor Caius' wife. [Enter SLENDER] Whoa ho! ho, father Page! PAGE Son, how now! how now, son! have you dispatched? SLENDER Dispatched! I'll make the best in Gloucestershire 175 know on't; would I were hanged, la, else. PAGE I came yonder at Eton to marry Mistress Anne Page, and she's a great lubberly boy. If it had not been i' the church, I would have swinged him, or he 180 should have swinged me. If I did not think it had been Anne Page, would I might never stir!--and 'tis a postmaster's boy. Upon my life, then, you took the wrong. SLENDER What need you tell me that? I think so, when I took 185 a boy for a girl. If I had been married to him, for all he was in woman's apparel, I would not have had him. Why, this is your own folly. Did not I tell you how you should know my daughter by her garments? 190 I went to her in white, and cried 'mum,' and she cried 'budget,' as Anne and I had appointed; and yet it was not Anne, but a postmaster's boy. MISTRESS PAGE Good George, be not angry: I knew of your purpose; turned my daughter into green; and, indeed, she is 195 now with the doctor at the deanery, and there married. [Enter DOCTOR CAIUS] Vere is Mistress Page? By gar, I am cozened: I ha' married un garcon, a boy; un paysan, by gar, a boy; it is not Anne Page: by gar, I am cozened. MISTRESS PAGE Why, did you take her in green? 200 Ay, by gar, and 'tis a boy: by gar, I'll raise all Windsor. [Exit] This is strange. Who hath got the right Anne? PAGE My heart misgives me: here comes Master Fenton. [Enter FENTON and ANNE PAGE] How now, Master Fenton! Pardon, good father! good my mother, pardon! 205 Now, mistress, how chance you went not with Master Slender? MISTRESS PAGE Why went you not with master doctor, maid? FENTON You do amaze her: hear the truth of it. You would have married her most shamefully, Where there was no proportion held in love. 210 The truth is, she and I, long since contracted, Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us. The offence is holy that she hath committed; And this deceit loses the name of craft, Of disobedience, or unduteous title, 215 Since therein she doth evitate and shun A thousand irreligious cursed hours, Which forced marriage would have brought upon her. FORD Stand not amazed; here is no remedy: In love the heavens themselves do guide the state; 220 Money buys lands, and wives are sold by fate. FALSTAFF I am glad, though you have ta'en a special stand to strike at me, that your arrow hath glanced. PAGE Well, what remedy? Fenton, heaven give thee joy! What cannot be eschew'd must be embraced. 225 When night-dogs run, all sorts of deer are chased. MISTRESS PAGE Well, I will muse no further. Master Fenton, Heaven give you many, many merry days! Good husband, let us every one go home, And laugh this sport o'er by a country fire; 230	The Merry Wives of Windsor
Who assassinated Martin Luther King Junior?	The Merry Wives of Windsor - Act 2, Scene 1 The Merry Wives of Windsor Please see the bottom of this page for related resources. ACT II SCENE I [Enter MISTRESS PAGE, with a letter] MISTRESS PAGE What, have I scaped love-letters in the holiday- time of my beauty, and am I now a subject for them? Let me see. 'Ask me no reason why I love you; for though Love use Reason for his physician, he admits him 5 not for his counsellor. You are not young, no more am I; go to then, there's sympathy: you are merry, so am I; ha, ha! then there's more sympathy: you love sack, and so do I; would you desire better sympathy? Let it suffice thee, Mistress Page,--at 10 the least, if the love of soldier can suffice,-- that I love thee. I will not say, pity me; 'tis not a soldier-like phrase: but I say, love me. By me, Thine own true knight, Or any kind of light, With all his might For thee to fight, JOHN FALSTAFF' What a Herod of Jewry is this! O wicked world! One that is well-nigh worn to pieces with 20 age to show himself a young gallant! What an unweighed behavior hath this Flemish drunkard picked--with the devil's name!--out of my conversation, that he dares in this manner assay me? Why, he hath not been thrice in my company! What 25 should I say to him? I was then frugal of my mirth: Heaven forgive me! Why, I'll exhibit a bill in the parliament for the putting down of men. How shall I be revenged on him? for revenged I will be, as sure as his guts are made of puddings. 30 Mistress Page! trust me, I was going to your house. MISTRESS PAGE And, trust me, I was coming to you. You look very ill. Nay, I'll ne'er believe that; I have to show to the contrary. MISTRESS PAGE Faith, but you do, in my mind. 35 Well, I do then; yet I say I could show you to the contrary. O Mistress Page, give me some counsel! MISTRESS PAGE O woman, if it were not for one trifling respect, I could come to such honour! 40 Hang the trifle, woman! take the honour. What is it? dispense with trifles; what is it? MISTRESS FORD If I would but go to hell for an eternal moment or so, I could be knighted. What? thou liest! Sir Alice Ford! These knights 45 will hack; and so thou shouldst not alter the article of thy gentry. We burn daylight: here, read, read; perceive how I might be knighted. I shall think the worse of fat men, as long as I have an eye to make difference of 50 men's liking: and yet he would not swear; praised women's modesty; and gave such orderly and well-behaved reproof to all uncomeliness, that I would have sworn his disposition would have gone to the truth of his words; but they do no more adhere 55 and keep place together than the Hundredth Psalm to the tune of 'Green Sleeves.' What tempest, I trow, threw this whale, with so many tuns of oil in his belly, ashore at Windsor? How shall I be revenged on him? I think the best way were to entertain him 60 with hope, till the wicked fire of lust have melted him in his own grease. Did you ever hear the like? MISTRESS PAGE Letter for letter, but that the name of Page and Ford differs! To thy great comfort in this mystery of ill opinions, here's the twin-brother of thy 65 letter: but let thine inherit first; for, I protest, mine never shall. I warrant he hath a thousand of these letters, writ with blank space for different names--sure, more,--and these are of the second edition: he will print them, out of doubt; 70 for he cares not what he puts into the press, when he would put us two. I had rather be a giantess, and lie under Mount Pelion. Well, I will find you twenty lascivious turtles ere one chaste man. MISTRESS FORD Why, this is the very same; the very hand, the very 75 words. What doth he think of us? MISTRESS PAGE Nay, I know not: it makes me almost ready to wrangle with mine own honesty. I'll entertain myself like one that I am not acquainted withal; for, sure, unless he know some strain in me, that I 80 know not myself, he would never have boarded me in this fury. MISTRESS FORD 'Boarding,' call you it? I'll be sure to keep him above deck. So will I if he come under my hatches, I'll never to sea again. Let's be revenged on him: let's 85 appoint him a meeting; give him a show of comfort in his suit and lead him on with a fine-baited delay, till he hath pawned his horses to mine host of the Garter. MISTRESS FORD Nay, I will consent to act any villany against him, that may not sully the chariness of our honesty. O, 90 that my husband saw this letter! it would give eternal food to his jealousy. MISTRESS PAGE Why, look where he comes; and my good man too: he's as far from jealousy as I am from giving him cause; and that I hope is an unmeasurable distance. 95 You are the happier woman. MISTRESS PAGE Let's consult together against this greasy knight. Come hither. [Enter FORD with PISTOL, and PAGE with NYM] FORD Well, I hope it be not so. PISTOL Hope is a curtal dog in some affairs: 100 Sir John affects thy wife. FORD Why, sir, my wife is not young. PISTOL He wooes both high and low, both rich and poor, Both young and old, one with another, Ford; He loves the gallimaufry: Ford, perpend. 105 [Aside] I will be patient; I will find out this. NYM [To PAGE] And this is true; I like not the humour of lying. He hath wronged me in some humours: I should have borne the humoured letter to her; but I have a sword and it shall bite upon my necessity. 120 He loves your wife; there's the short and the long. My name is Corporal Nym; I speak and I avouch; 'tis true: my name is Nym and Falstaff loves your wife. Adieu. I love not the humour of bread and cheese, and there's the humour of it. Adieu. 125 'The humour of it,' quoth a'! here's a fellow frights English out of his wits. FORD I will seek out Falstaff. PAGE I never heard such a drawling, affecting rogue. FORD If I do find it: well. 130 I will not believe such a Cataian, though the priest o' the town commended him for a true man. FORD 'Twas a good sensible fellow: well. PAGE [MISTRESS PAGE and MISTRESS FORD come forward] MISTRESS PAGE Whither go you, George? Hark you. 135 How now, sweet Frank! why art thou melancholy? FORD I melancholy! I am not melancholy. Get you home, go. MISTRESS FORD Faith, thou hast some crotchets in thy head. Now, will you go, Mistress Page? MISTRESS PAGE Have with you. You'll come to dinner, George. 140 Look who comes yonder: she shall be our messenger to this paltry knight. [Aside to MISTRESS PAGE] Trust me, I thought on her: she'll fit it. What sayest thou, my bully-rook? SHALLOW [To PAGE] Will you go with us to behold it? My merry host hath had the measuring of their weapons; and, I think, hath appointed them contrary places; for, believe me, I hear the parson is no jester. 185 Hark, I will tell you what our sport shall be. [They converse apart] Hast thou no suit against my knight, my guest-cavaleire? None, I protest: but I'll give you a pottle of burnt sack to give me recourse to him and tell him 190 my name is Brook; only for a jest. Host My hand, bully; thou shalt have egress and regress; --said I well?--and thy name shall be Brook. It is a merry knight. Will you go, An-heires? SHALLOW Have with you, mine host. 195 I have heard the Frenchman hath good skill in his rapier. Tut, sir, I could have told you more. In these times you stand on distance, your passes, stoccadoes, and I know not what: 'tis the heart, Master Page; 'tis 200 here, 'tis here. I have seen the time, with my long sword I would have made you four tall fellows skip like rats. Host Here, boys, here, here! shall we wag? PAGE Have with you. I would rather hear them scold than fight. [Exeunt Host, SHALLOW, and PAGE] FORD Though Page be a secure fool, an stands so firmly 205 on his wife's frailty, yet I cannot put off my opinion so easily: she was in his company at Page's house; and what they made there, I know not. Well, I will look further into't: and I have a disguise to sound Falstaff. If I find her honest, I lose not 210 my labour; if she be otherwise, 'tis labour well bestowed. [Exit]	i don't know
Who wrote How to Cheat at Cooking published in 1971?	Delia's How to Cheat at Cooking: Amazon.co.uk: Delia Smith: 8601300063072: Books Delia's How to Cheat at Cooking One of these items is dispatched sooner than the other. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:Delia's How to Cheat at Cooking by Delia Smith Hardcover Â£16.59 Only 8 left in stock (more on the way). Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery in the UK. Details Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery in the UK. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Ebury Press; 1st Edition edition (15 Feb. 2008) Language: English Product Dimensions: 20.3 x 1.9 x 27.9 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description Review "I really see Delia as a sunbeam of rational thoughts, striking through the clouds of food fashion...If any of these ingredients gives you a shudder, just ask yourself, who's more likely to be right: you or Delia? No, you lummox, it's not you." (Zoe Williams The Guardian) "Delia's first new book in four years is set to become one of the biggest selling publications of all time...At 66, Delia is the mistress of mumsiness. I salute the queen of ease and an unashamed advocate of instant mashed potato." (Amanda Platell Daily Mail) "Like any priestess worth her salt, she has absolved us of our guilt by occasionally employing time-saving devices, from ready-made sauces to pre-grated cheese...Yet when the timer has pinged and the cake has risen, Delia is The One" (The Independent) "With Delia's How To Cheat at Cooking, Middle Britain's culinary saint has turned into a mischevious little devil...Oh, saint Delia. You have sinned and how we love you." (Richard and Judy Daily Express) "I love Delia. I love the way she has introduced the pleasure of cooking into so many people's lives....The way I look at it is this. There is a whole world of cooking that lies between soaking your own beans and the microwave-head's instant chilli con carne. Somewhere along that line most of us will probably say 'No, I'm not going to do that - I don't have the time' or 'No, I'm not skipping that bit, it would be cheating the very people I am cooking for'. Somewhere along that line lies Delia's How To Cheat. No, I won't be buying her suggestion of ready-sliced and cooked onions...But I know that there are many people who will find that those canned onions in olive oil and a packet of frozen pastry will mean the difference between making their kids a lovingly home-made pie and giving them a defrosted one from Iceland." (Nigel Slater Observer Food Monthly) Book Description	Delia Smith
Who was twice married to actress Natalie Wood?	Delia Smith DELIA SMITH BIOGRAPHY This is a very short biography and if you want more information you can visit the contributor's website where you will usually find contact details. If you wish us to pass a message on email us . Delia Smith is Britain's best-selling cookery author. UK sales of all her cookery books total over sixteen million. She has been writing recipes for thirty-four years, having become cookery writer for the Daily Mirror's new magazine in 1969. By that time she had already worked in a restaurant in London, spent a summer working in Italy and researched traditional English recipes in the British Library Reading Room. Her first book was How to Cheat at Cooking (1971) and the following year she started writing a column in the Evening Standard. From the beginning, hers has been a practical and inspirational approach to cooking healthy, delicious food. In 1973 Delia began her television career with a BBC 1 series entitled Family Fare. During this time she wrote several books, including Frugal Food (1976) and Delia Smith's Book of Cakes (1977). Delia's appetising, easy-to-follow recipes were gradually transforming Britain's eating habits. Delia Smith's Cookery Course, first shown and published in three parts between 1978 and 1980, began a television and publishing phenomenon. Since then the hardcover omnibus edition has sold over two million copies. Delia followed this with three more highly acclaimed television series and accompanying books: One is Fun! (1985), Delia Smith's Christmas (1990) and Delia Smith's Summer Collection (1993). The latter broke all her previous records and continues to be a top bestseller all year long. In autumn 1995 Delia Smith's Winter Collection was published, accompanied by a twelve part BBC 2 television series. By January 1996, it had sold 2.4 million copies, becoming the fastest selling book on record. 1998 saw the publication and transmission of the first part of the landmark book and TV series Delia's How to Cook in which Delia gathers together all the techniques, information and recipes she believes people need in order to cook successfully. Delia's How to Cook Part Two followed in 1999 / 2000 and Delia's How to Cook Part Three in 2001 / 2002, with combined sales of all three titles reaching more than 3.5 million. Delia's Vegetarian Collection (2002) has sold more than 170,000 copies. Delia is Consultant Food Editor for Sainsbury's The Magazine which she and her husband launched in 1993. The magazine has won numerous awards and now has an official readership of three million. In 1980 Delia put together a Food Aid cookery book as her contribution to the Band Aid charity. And in 1997 Delia's Red Nose Recipes raised over £1 million for Comic Relief. One of Delia's great passions in life is football. She has been a Director of Norwich City Football club since 1996, and in 1999 established Delia's Canary Catering at the Club, which offers a range of business, consumer and conference catering services. In 2001, Delia launched her own website www.deliaonline.com , enabling her to be directly in touch with her readers. Delia received an OBE in the Queen's 1995 New Year's Honours List.	i don't know
Which African country has the Kwanza as its currency?	Angola Currency Falls to Record Low as Central Bank Devalues - Bloomberg Bloomberg the Company & Its Products Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere Login Bloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Customer Support Advertising Bloomberg Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Customer Support Angola Currency Falls to Record Low as Central Bank Devalues Paul Wallace Angola’s central bank devalued its currency as the drop in oil prices cut the main source of government revenue and export earnings. The rate for the kwanza was weakened to 116.8745 per dollar on Friday, compared with 110.518 on Thursday, according to prices on Luanda-based Banco Nacional de Angola’s website. The currency dropped to 118.13 on the interbank market before paring losses to trade 6.2 percent weaker at 117.71 as of 2:33 p.m. in the capital, still a record low on a closing basis. “It is rare to have such a drastic move in the kwanza,” Charlie Hampshire, the London-based head of trading at INTL FCStone Inc., which specializes in frontier market currencies, said by e-mail. “A move of this nature has not occurred since 2009.” The most important business stories of the day. Get Bloomberg's daily newsletter. The latest political news, analysis, charts, and dispatches from Washington. You will now receive the Politics newsletter Markets The most important market news of the day. So you can sleep an extra five minutes. You will now receive the Markets newsletter Technology Insights into what you'll be paying for, downloading and plugging in tomorrow and 10 years from now. You will now receive the Technology newsletter Pursuits What to eat, drink, wear and drive – in real life and your dreams. You will now receive the Pursuits newsletter Game Plan The school, work and life hacks you need to get ahead. You will now receive the Game Plan newsletter Angola, Africa’s second-largest oil producer, is struggling to cope with crude prices that have slid more than 40 percent over the past year. The government in February cut its 2015 budget by 26 percent to 5.4 trillion kwanza ($46 billion), while predicting the fiscal gap will reach 7 percent of gross domestic product. The southwest African country plans to borrow $25 billion this year to plug the shortfall, according to a Finance Ministry proposal obtained by Bloomberg News . Further Weakness “They’ve allowed for continual depreciation in recent months, but this move is stronger,” Samir Gadio, the head of African strategy for Standard Chartered Plc in London, said by phone. “There’s a massive black market premium and the exchange rate was not in line with fundamentals. It’s still misaligned. The balance of probabilities is” for further weakness, he said. Finance Minister Armando Manuel said by phone he was on a trip to the Middle East and referred requests for comment to the central bank. Amelia Borja, a spokeswoman for the BNA, as it is known, didn’t answer three phone calls or immediately reply to text and e-mail messages. Yields on $1 billion of securities due August 2019 and guaranteed by the Angolan government rose 34 basis points to 6.59 percent on Thursday, the highest since April 1, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Angola’s foreign reserves fell by 13 percent to $26.2 billion between May and the end of March, according to central bank data. The kwanza has weakened 17 percent against the dollar since the end of June. That’s the fourth most among 24 African currencies tracked by Bloomberg and compares with 18 percent for Nigeria’s naira. Angola’s gross domestic product of about $124 billion is the third biggest in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa, according to the World Bank. “The devaluation supports our view that headline GDP growth will fall to around 1 percent in 2015,” John Ashbourne, Africa economist at Capital Economics Ltd. in London, said in an e-mailed note. “A further depreciation remains possible.” Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal.	Angola
The Laphroaig & Bowmore whisky distilleries are found on which Scottish island?	African coins and currency COINS & CURRENCY OF AFRICA AFRICAN COINS FEATURE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN MONEY Six member nations of the African Development Bank issued a series of coins, each of which features a form of traditional money used in the member nation. Each coin bears the denomination of 1500 CFA Francs. The coins are 27mm nickel-plated steel and are dated 2005. One side features an Elephant’s head and a map of Africa while the other features a form of traditional money. The Cameroon issue features a Mambila. Three pieces of Spear Money is shown on the coin of the Central African Republic. A Manilla is shown on the Chad issue. A Katanga Cross is on the coin from the Congo Republic. A pair of Cowrie shells is on the Equatorial Guinea coin. The Gabon coin shows a piece of Throwing Knife Money. Each coin has a mintage of only 2005 pieces! Individually they are interesting coins. As a set they display the wide range of items used for money in Africa prior to the introduction of coins and currency. Item CM-PRIM CAMEROON 1500 FRANCS 2005 Mambila Br.X26 Unc. $12.50 Item CF-PRIM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 1500 Francs 2005 Spear Money Br.X12 Unc. $17.50 Item TD-PRIM CHAD 1500 Francs 2005 Manilla Br.X19 Unc.$19.50 Item CG-PRIM CONGO REPUBLIC 1500 Francs 2005 Katanga Cross Br.X46 Unc. $17.50 Item GQ-PRIM EQUATORIAL GUINEA 1500 Francs 2005 Cowries Br.X124 Unc. $17.50 Item GA-PRIM GABON 1500 Francs 2005 Throwing knife Money Br.X16 Unc. $17.50 Item AFRICA-PRIM SET OF ABOVE 6 AFRICAN COINS PICTURING PRIMITIVE MONEY Unc. $89.50 AFRICAN BI-METALLICS CELEBRATE VISITS BY POPE JOHN PAUL II In 2007 five African nations: Cameroons, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Republic and Gabon, each issued a bi-metallic 4500 Franc coins to commemorate a visit that Pope John Paul II made to their country. Well, actually they issued them to make money from collectors. Each coin pictures the Pope and lists the date of his visit The Central African Republic and Congo issues also show an airplane, while the Chad issue also shows the Popemobile. The reverse of the coins all show a map of Africa and an elephant head. Because these nations use the common currency of the Central African Monetary Union they issue few coins of their own. Item CM-32 CAMEROON 4500 FRANCS 2007 PAPAL VISIT KM32 UNC. $20.00 Item CF-13 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 4500 FRANCS 2007 PAPAL VISIT KM13 UNC. $20.00 Item TD-28 CHAD 4500 FRANCS 2007 PAPAL VISIT KM28 UNC. $25.00 Item CG-49 CONGO REP. 4500 FRANCS 2007 PAPAL VISIT KM49 UNC $20.00 Item GA-17 GABON 4500 FRANCS 2007 PAPAL VISIT KM17 UNC $25.00 Item AFRICA-POPE SET OF ABOVE 5 4500 FRANC COINS, UNC. $99.75 SCARCE BI-METALLIC AFRICAN PRESIDENTS COINS In an effort to improve relations with top African leaders, (and perhaps secure contracts to issue more coins), the Africa Mint issued a series of coins in 2003 honoring the Presidents of various African nations. Each of the four bi-metallic coins are 28mm in diameter and bear the denomination of 6000 Francs. Included are Mathieu Kerekou of Benin, Paul Biya of Cameroon, Mamadou Tandja of Niger and Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo. Each coin pictures the respective president, the national flag superimposed upon a map of the nation, along with the dates President’s term in office. Only one President (Kerekou of Benin) actually retired when his term was up. The reverse of the coins picture an elephants head on a map of Africa, along with an inscription honoring the President. Only 500 of each coin was issued. Item BJ-PRES BENIN 6000 FRANCS 2003 Br.X41 PRES. KEREKOU UNC. $29.50 Item CM-PRES CAMEROON 6000 FRANCS 2003 Br.X27 PRES. BIYA UNC. $29.50 Item NE-PRES NIGER 6000 FRANCS 2003 Br.X14 PRES. TANDJA UNC. $59.95 Item TG-PRES TOGO 6000 FRANCS 2003 Br.X22 PRES. EYADEMA UNC. out Item CI-PRES IVORY COAST 6000 FRANCS 2003 KM7, Br.X7 PRES. GBAGBO UNC. $39.50 RECENT ANGOLA COIN SET This recent 5 coin set from Angola includes the 50 Centimos, 1, 5 and 10 Kwanzas dated 2012 and the 2014 20 Kwanzas. The 5, 10 and 20 Kwanzas are bi-metallic. The 20 Kwanzas depicts Queen Njinga Mbande, who led an armed resistance against Portuguese rule in the mid-17th century. The 5 and 10 Kwanzas feature the coat of arms of Angola on one side and the denomination on the other. A shifting image is incorporated in the “0” of the 10 Kwanzas that changes from “BNA” to “10” as the coin is moved. The 1 Kwanzas and 50 Centimos has the denomination on one side and the logo of the National Bank of Angola on the other. Item AO-SET5 ANGOLA 5 COIN SET, 50 CENTIMOS - 20 KWANZAS 2012-2014, UNC. $17.50 ELEPHANT FROM THE BELGIAN CONGO This brass 1 Franc coin of the Belgian Congo (now the Congo Democratic Republic ) features a striding elephant. First issued in 1944, during World War II, it was also struck in 1946 and 1949. It is 19.2mm in diameter. The coin is always popular with coin collectors and elephant lovers. Item BECON1F BELGIAN CONGO 1 FRANC 1944-49 ELEPHANT KM26 Fine $3.00 SCARCE BELGIAN CONGO RUANDA-URUNDI COINS Belgian Congo Ruanda-Urundi was an administrative unit that was made up of the three territories that Belgium controlled in Africa. Those territories now make up the independent nations of the Congo Democratic Republic , Rwanda and Burundi . The territories covered a vast area of almost 80 times the size of Belgium! We are pleased to offer this 1959 5 Franc from this vast African territory. The 28mm aluminum coin features a palm tree on one side and the Belgian arms on the other. The scarce, short-lived series ceased after the Congo gained independence in 1960. Item BC-RU-5F BELGIAN CONGO RUANDA-URUNDI 5 FRANCS 1959 KM3 BU $12.00 MULTI-CURRENCY COIN FROM BENIN This unusual coin of Benin is denominated in three different currencies! The coin is denominated in the local currency: 1500 CFA Francs, a common currency used by a number of African nations that were once French colonies. More unusual is that the coin is also denominated as 2.30 Euros and 3.45 Swiss Francs. The 2005 coin was issued to honor (and sell at) the 2005 coin fairs in Basel, Switzerland and Piacenza, Italy. The coin features a map of Europe highlighting the 25 members of the European Union plus Switzerland one one side, and a map of Africa on the other. The coin has a mintage of only 2005 pieces. Item BJ-EU BENIN 1500 FRANCS, 2.30 EUROS, 3.45 SWISS FRANCS, 2005 KM44, Br.X44 UNC. $8.50 BOTSWANA WILDLIFE SET Botswana, a large country located in southern Africa, chose to honor its native wildlife on its latest series of coins. The seven-sided 5 Thebe shows the Toko bird. A galloping Oryx is on the 10 Thebe. The 25 Thebe shows a Zebu. A flying eagle holding a fish is on the 50 Thebe, a running Zebra is on the seven-sided 1 Pula, a rhinoceros is on the seven-sided 2 Pula and a caterpillar is on the bi-metallic 5 Pula. The coins date from 2001 to 2007. All seven coins are Uncirculated.. It is an attractive and popular set. Item S-BW-SET07 BOTSWANA 7 COIN SET 5 THEBE - 5 PULA, 2001-07 BU $17.00 BURUNDI COIN SET Burundi is a small, landlocked nation in central Africa. Because it does not have a mint of its own, it rarely issues coins. The four coin set includes the most recent coins of Burundi, though some are decades old. Included is the 2011 nickel-plated steel 50 Francs depicting a drummer holding a drum on his head. Drumming is an important part of Burundi’s culture and their drummers have achieved worldwide fame. The 2011 nickel-plated steel 10 Francs depicts bunches of bananas. Both coins have the name of the country and legends in three languages on the obverse. The 1980 5 Francs and the 2003 1 Franc both feature the national arms and are struck in aluminum. Item BI-SET4 BURUNDI 4 COIN SET, 1 - 50 FRANCS 1980-2011 KM19-22 UNC. $8.00 COLONIAL COINS FOR FRENCH CAMEROON After World War I, the German colony of Cameroon was divided between France and Great Britain. France issued this 1 Franc for French Cameroon in 1948. The reverse features a Loder’s Gazelle. In 1960 Cameroon was granted independence. The obverse features Marianne, the personification of the French Republic, and steam ships. The 23mm aluminum coin is Brilliant Uncirculated. Item CM-1F CAMEROON 1 FRANC 1948 KM8 BU $3.00 Also see: FIRST COINS OF TOGO & CAMEROON SCARCE SOCCER COINS FROM CAMEROON To commemorate the 2006 World Cup Soccer Games in Germany, two versions of the 2006 nickel-plated iron 1500 Francs coins were issued by Cameroon. The coins are quite similar. They both depict a player kicking a ball into the Brandenburg Gate and a map of Africa on the obverse, and an elephant head and a map of Africa of the reverse. The only difference between the two is that one version has a small Brandenburg Gate “privy mark” behind the player and the other does not. The coins have a mintage of only 5000 pieces each. Item CM29-NP CAMEROON 1500 FRANCS SOCCER KM29 WITHOUT “privy mark” UNC. $19.95 Item CM30-PRIV CAMEROON 1500 FRANCS SOCCER KM30 WITH “privy mark” UNC. $19.95 Item CM-BTH BOTH OF THE ABOVE BRANDENBURG SOCCER COINS, UNC. $35.00 STRANGE PYGMY COINS FROM CAMEROONS These two 2004 dated 750 Franc coins from the Cameroons are a bit unusual. Both coins have the same design; however one is bi-metallic while the other struck in blue cobalt plated iron., giving it a slight blueish tinge. They honor the Pygmies and feature a small standing pygmy on one side. The other side features an elephant’s head on a map of Africa. The coins are 20mm in diameter. Only 2500 of the blue cobalt plated iron coins were struck and 2005 of the bimetallic coins were struck, making them rather scarce. Item CM-25 CAMEROONS 750 FR. BLUE COBALT PLATED IRON KM25 UNC. $19.95 Item CM-25A CAMEROONS 750FR. BI-METALLIC PYGMY COIN, KM25a UNC. $29.95 CAMEROON HONORS POPE BENEDICT ON BI-METALLIC COIN Cameroons issued this bi-metallic 4500 Franc coin shortly after the ascension of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. The coin features a terrible, toothy portrait of Pope Benedict XVI. It makes the Pope look like a vampire. A map of Africa and an elephant's head is on the reverse. Item CM-POPE05 CAMEROON 4500 FRANCS 2005 BENEDICT XVI KM24 UNC. $19.50 CAPE VERDE CELEBRATES 40th ANNIVERSARY WITH BI-METALLIC Cape Verde is a group of ten islands located 350 miles (570 km.) off the coast of Western Africa. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975. To celebrate the 40th anniversary of independence, and the 40th anniversary of its central bank it issued this circulating 28.5mm bi-metallic 250 Escudos dated 2015. One side, commemorating 40 years of development and features a school teacher, windmills, a family and other images. The other side commemorates the 40th anniversary of Banco de Cabo Verde. It includes the national arms and various monetary and financial symbols (looks like the designer had fun with the wingdings fonts). Item CV-250E CAPE VERDE 250 ESCUDOS 2015 40th ANNIVERSARY, UNC. $15.00 LEOPARD ON CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC COIN A leopard, crouching on a tree limb and about to pounce, is featured on this 1976 10 Sengi coin from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The 17mm aluminum coin has the date and denomination on the obverse. Item CD-10C CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 10 SENGI 1967 KM7 UNC. $3.00 SCARCE DJIBOUTI COIN SET Djibouti, is a small desert nation at the mouth of the Red Sea. This 3 coin set from Djibouti consists of the 1999 dated 10, 20 and 50 Francs. According to the Standard Catalog of World Coins the coins have a mintage of only 1800 each and the set has a catalog value of $27.00. Our price is MUCH less. The aluminum-bronze 10 and 20 Francs coins show a large steamship alongside a traditional dhow. The copper-nickel 50 Francs pictures a pair of camels. The reverse of the coins features the national emblem of Djibouti which features a spear, shield and two machetes. Item DJ-SET99 10, 20 & 50 FRANCS 1999 KM23-25 BU OUT BRITISH EAST AFRICAN COIN FROM THE SHORT REIGN OF EDWARD VIII Edward VIII reigned for less than a year in 1936, before he renounced the throne in order that he could marry Mrs. Wallace Simpson, an American divorcee. This bronze 10 Cents from British East Africa is one of the few coins that were issued in the name of Edward VIII during his brief reign. One side of the 30mm coin shows four elephant tusks. The other shows the imperial crown and the name of the monarch. The coin has a center hole to make it easy for natives to carry it on a string and to make it easily distinguishable from other coins. British East Africa is now the independent nations of Uganda , Kenya , Tanzania and Somaliland. Item E.AF-ED8 EAST AFRICA 10 CENTS 1936 EDWARD VIII KM14 Fine-VF $3.00 SCARCE FIRST COIN OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA This 1969 aluminum-bronze 1 Peseta coin was one of the first issued by Equatorial Guinea, formerly known as Spanish Guinea, after gaining its independence from Spain in 1968. It was formerly known as Spanish Guinea, which included Rio Muni and Fernando Po Island. The coin depicts a pair of elephant tusks, a traditional form of wealth on one side and the national arms on the other. The coin was used only briefly as a new currency was introduced in 1975. Item GQ-1 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 1 PESETA 1969 KM1 UNC. $4.00 ERITREA WILDLIFE COIN SET This 1997 six-coin set are the only coins issued for circulation by Eritrea since it gained its independence from Ethiopia in 1991. Featured on the front of the coins is native African wildlife. The 100 Cents depicts a Elephant mother and her calf. A Greater Kudo is on the 50 Cents. The 25 cents has a Grevy's Zebra. An Osterich is on the 10 cents. The 5 Cents pictures a leopard sitting on a tree branch. The 1 Cent features a Red-Fronted Gazelle. The reverses of the coins depicts soldiers carrying the Eritrean flag. The coins are struck in nickel-plated steel and are Brilliant Uncirculated. Item S-ER-SET97 ERITREA 6 COIN SET: 1 - 100 CENTS 1997 KM43-48 BU $7.50 SILVER GERSH OF ABYSSINIA Abyssinia, now known as Ethiopia, was an ancient kingdom. Its kings traced their ancestry to King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. It was the oldest Christian nation, having converted in the fourth century. The obverse of this silver 1 Gersh features Emperor Menelik II, who during his rule from 1889 to 1913 modernized, unified and greatly expanded his kingdom. The reverse shows the Lion of Ethiopia carrying a Coptic cross. The coin was struck at the Paris mint and is dated 1891 in the Ethiopian calendar, though it was minted from 1903 until 1928AD. Item ET-GERSH ABYSSINIA (ETHIOPIA) SILVER GERSH KM12 VG-Fine $6.00 FIRST COIN OF THE EQUATORIAL AFRICAN STATES The Equatorial African States was a currency union formed in 1961 from the former French Equatorial African colonies of Central African States, Congo, Gabon and Chad. It issued a common currency, tied to the French Franc, for all member nations. This 31mm copper-nickel 50 Francs was one of the first coin issued by the Equatorial African States. The coin lists the names of the four founding members of the currency union and depicts three giant elands. In 1975 it changed its name to the Central African States. The coin was struck at the Paris mint and is Brilliant Uncirculated. Item EAS-50F EQUATORIAL AFRICAN STATES 50 FRANCS 1961 KM3 BU $12.00 ETHIOPIA COIN SET INCLUDES NEW BIMETALLIC This recent six coin set from Ethiopia includes the 1 Cent to the new bi-metallic 1 Birr, dating from 1977 to 2010. All six coins feature a lion’s head on the obverse. The 1 Cent shows a farmer and two oxen. The 5 Cents features a soldier. The 10 Cents shows a Mountain Nyala. The 25 and 50 Cents features Ethiopians with upraised arms carrying tools and weapons. The bi-metallic 1 Bir shows a balance scale and is dated EE2002 (AD2010). Item ET-SET6 ETHIOPIA 6 COIN SET 1 CENT – 1 BIRR, UNC. $18.50 ATTRACTIVE, POPULAR COIN SET FROM GAMBIA Gambia occupies a long (295 miles, 475km.), narrow (7 to 35 miles, 11 to 48km.) strip of land along the banks of the Gambia river in Western Africa. The British purchased it in 1588 making it the first possession in what was to become Britain's once vast African empire. It was granted independence in 1970. In 1998, its newly elected government introduced a new series of coins featuring the nations coat-of-arms on one side. The other side featured important cultural items for this small African nation. The bronze 1 Butut features the nations chief export: peanuts. A native sailboat is on the 5 Bututs. The 10 Bututs shows a native partridge. An oil palm is on the 25 Bututs. It is an attractive, yet inexpensive coin set. Item S-GM-SET4 GAMBIA 4 COIN SET, 1 - 25 BUTAT, 1998 KM54-57 UNC. $3.75 GERMAN EAST AFRICA WORLD WAR I EMERGENCY COINS With the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, German East Africa soon found itself isolated due to an effective British naval blockade. The one German warship in the region, the light cruiser SMS Kï¿½nigsberg led British Royal Navy on a merry chase, sinking both military and merchant ships, before being forced back to German East Africa due to engine problems. The British were forced to tie twenty ships and ten aircraft before finding and trapping the crippled German ship. The Germans eventually scuttled the ship, salvaging what they could, rather than letting it fall to the British. On land, German Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck, with a small force of some 3500 German and 12,000 native soldiers and porters engaged in an effective guerilla war against the British. He managed to tie up well over 40,000 British soldiers, caused extensive British casualties, and compelled Britain to commit significant resources to this minor colonial theater. Though he frequently retreated, he was never defeated. After the war he was honored by both the Germans and British as a brave and resourceful commander. The Germans needed money to pay their troops and purchase supplies. Utilizing equipment salvaged from the Kï¿½nigsberg and other ships, a crude mint was set up in Tabora. These 20 Heller coins were struck in brass and copper at the Tabora mint utilizing hand cut dies. Metal for the coins came from many sources, including spent cartridges, artillery shell casings, wiring, and metal salvaged from the Kï¿½nigsberg. One side depicts the imperial German crown, the date “1916”, the initials “D.O.A.” (for Deutsch-Ostafrika, or German East Africa) and the “T” mintmark for Tabora. The other side has the denomination surrounded by two laurel branches. 1.5 million brass 20 Heller coins were struck before the Tabora was abandoned to British and Belgian forces. The coins are approximately 29mm in diameter. German East Africa encompassed what is today the nations of Rwanda, Burundi, most of Tanzania as well as small portions of Mozambique, Kenya and Uganda. The banknote and coins are important World War I emergency issues made in an embattled colony cut off from its mother country. Item GEA-20HBRASS GERMAN EAST AFRICA 20 HELLER 1916 BRASS KM15a F-VF $22.00 BI-METALLIC COIN KENYA COIN SET This set includes four bi-metallic coins of Kenya, the 5, 10, 20 and 40 Shillings. The lower three denominations are dated 2010 and picture the nation’s first President, Jomo Kenyetta, on the front. The coins have a redesigned reverse, which features the denomination in larger characters and a smaller coat-of-arms than previous issues. The odd 40 Shilling denomination was issued in 2003 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Kenyan independence. It depicts Mwai Kibaki who was the President at the time. The Kenyan coat of arms is on the reverse. These may be the last coins of Kenya to portray a person. A change in the Kenyan constitution prohibits the further use of portraits on coins and currency in an effort to reduce tribal rivalries. Item KE-SET4 KENYA 4 COIN SET 5 - 40 SHILLINGS 2003-2010, KM35.2-37.2 & KM33, UNC. $7.50 OLD, UNCIRCULATED ELEPHANT HALF CENT FROM LIBERIA A striding elephant is featured on the obverse of this Uncirculated 1941 1/2 Cent coin from Liberia. The reverse features the arms of Liberia which includes an African oil palm, sailing ship and the rising sun. The 18mm coin was struck in the United States at the Philadelphia mint and has a mintage of 250,000 pieces. Liberia was settled by freed American slaves starting in 1822. In 1847 they formed the Republic of Liberia, Africa's first republic. Its government and flag was modeled after that of the United States. It is an attractive old, high-grade animal coin at a reasonable price. Item LR-10 LIBERIA 1/2 CENT 1941 KM10a BU $3.00 LESOTHO 50th ANNIVERSARY BI-METALLIC The Kingdom of Lesotho celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence from Great Britain with this 2016 bi-metallic 5 Maloti coin. An unflattering portrait of King Letsie is on the obverse. Beneath him is the date and a small basotho hat, which serves as an emblem of the nation. The reverse features the arms of Lesotho. Item LS-5M-16 LESOTHO 5 MALOTI 2016 50th ANNIVERSARY UNC. $6.00 BI-METALLIC LESOTHO UNITED NATIONS COMMEMORATIVE Lesotho issued this 24mm bi-metallic 5 Maloti coin in 1995 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. One side depicts the United Nations Emblem while the other has the arms of Lesotho. Lesotho, formerly known as Basutoland, is a constitutional monarchy completely surrounded by South Africa. Item LS-UN LESOTHO 5 MALOTI 1995 UNITED NATIONS, KM67 BU $9.75 RECENT NOTES AND COINS FROM LIBYA Banknotes images are reduced size Colonel Muammar Gaddafi ruled Libya as a dictator from the time he seized power in a coup in 1969 until he was deposed and killed in the Libyan Civil War in 2011. This blue 2004 1 Dinar note of Libya depicts Gaddafi on the front and the Mawlai Muhammad Mosque in Tripoli on the back. It is a rather odd portrait, with his hand held up against his face. I am not sure if he was suffering from a toothache or was slapping himself for messing up his country. The note measures 142mm x 71mm. Since his overthrow Libya has been engaged civil wars between two governments, tribal groups and ISIS all trying to gain control of the oil rich nation Despite the political chaos, the Central Bank of Libya seems to have been able to keep the economy running. In 2013, on the second anniversary of Gaddafi’s overthrow, it released a new 1 Dinar banknote. The colorful red, purple, blue and green note features joyous, anti-Gaddafi protestors waving the traditional Libyan flags that were used by the rebels. The back the Libyan flag and doves. The note features numerous anti-counterfeiting measures including an advanced holographic security thread and a watermark of Omar El Mukhtar, who led the resistance against the Italian colonization of Libya. In 2014 the Central Bank released four new coins into circulation to replace the Gaddafi era coins.. The 27mm bi-metallic 1/2 Dinar features an ancient Roman tomb from Ghirza (Qirza) that is in the Jamahiriya Museum in Tripoli. The 26mm "Nordic Gold" 1/4 Dinar features a palm tree. The 26mm 100 Dirhams depicts Berber Granaries in Kabaw. The 23mm 50 Dirhams appears to depict a well. Both are nickel-plated steel. All four coins have a shifting latent image that changes as the coin is moved. The latent images on the ï¿½ and ï¿½ Dinars change from the denomination to a crescent moon. Those on the 50 and 100 Dirhams change from a star to a crescent moon. The reverses of the four coins have the denomination and both the AH and AD date. Item PM-LY-GAD-1D LIBYA 1 DINAR NOTE (2004) GADDAFI P68 UNC. $6.00 Item PM-LY-REV-1D LIBYA 1 DINAR NOTE (2013) REVOLUTION P76 UNC. $5.00 Item LY-SET14 LIBYA 4 COIN SET: 50 DIRHAMS - 1/2 DINAR, 2014 UNC. $13.00 FIRST COIN OF MADAGASCAR ISSUED DURING WORLD WAR II In 1943 Madagascar issued its first coins, including this bronze 50 Centimes. After Germany invaded France in World War II, the French colony of Madagascar declared its allegiance to Free France rather than submit to German rule. It arranged to have coins struck at the South African mint. The coin includes a number of patriotic French symbols in order to emphasize their independence from the Germans. The obverse features a rooster, the national symbol of France, a shield with the letters “RF” for “Republique Francaise”, and the name of the colony. The reverse shows a Patriarchal Cross and the French mottos “Liberte Egalite, Fraternite” and “Honneur, Patrie”. Item MG-50C MADAGASCAR 50 CENTIMES 1943 KM1 VF $5.00 ATTRACTIVE MADAGASCAR COINS HIGHLIGHT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE This six coin set from the Republic of Madagascar reflects the nation's agricultural heritage. The 1 Ariary features a Pointsettia on one side and the head of a Zebu on the other. The 2 Ariary pictures a Vanilla plant and the Zebu head. A rice plant is featured on the 5 Ariary. A man cutting peat is on the seven-sided 10 Ariary. A farmer plowing a field is on the 20 Ariary. The Avenue of the Baobabs is depicted on the eleven sided 50 Ariary. The towering trees line a dirt road. They are all that is left of what was once a dense forest. The coins date from 1996 to 2005 and are Brilliant Uncirculated. The set catalogs for $37.50, however our price is much less. Item MG-SET6 MADAGASCAR 6 COIN SET 1 - 50 ARIARY 1996 - 2005 BU $19.50 Also see: ATTRACTIVE MADAGASCAR BANK NOTE SET MALAWI COIN SET INCLUDES WILDLIFE This 7 coin set from Malawi includes some wonderful wildlife coins. An Eagle in flight is featured on the brass 1 Kwacha. The 50 Tambala is a seven sided brass-plated-steel coin showing the nations coat-of-arms. A mother elephant stroking her calf with her trunk is featured on the 20 Tambala. Corn, an important staple in the countries diet, is on the 10 Tambala. The Purple Heron is on the steel 5 Tambala. The bronze 2 Tambala features a spectacular Paradise Wydah bird. The bronze 1 Tambala shows two fish. The obverse of the coins feature the nations arms on the lower three denominations and President Bakili Muluzi on the higher denominations. The coins are dated 1995 or 1996. The coins are Uncirculated though the bronze coins may have some spots. Item MW-SET7 MALAWI 7 COIN SET 1995-96 (KM28-34) $9.00 SCARCE MAURITANIA COIN SET The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a former French colony located in north-west Africa. It has two official languages, Arabic and French, so one side of their coins is in Arabic with an AH date and the other side is in French with an AD date. We offer a set of the five current coins of Mauritania: the 1/5 Ouguiya, which was struck only a single year in 1973, the 2003 1 Ouguiya, the 2004 5 Ouguiya, the 2004 10 Ouguiya, and the 2004 20 Ouguiya. All five coins are Uncirculated. It is an interesting set of coins that is difficult for collectors to find. Item S-MR-SET5 MAURITANIA 5 COIN SET 1/5 - 20 OUGUIYA, UNC. $17.50 MAURITANIA COIN SET INCLUDES NEW BI-METALLICS Mauritania’s issued a bi-metallic 2010 50 Ouguiya and a bi-metallic 2009 20 Ouguiya. Both coins are included in this 4 coin set. Also included are the 2009 copper-plated steel 5 Ouguiya and the 2009 nickel-plated steel 10 Ouguiya. The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a former French colony located in north-West Africa. It has two official languages, Arabic and French, so one side of their coins is in Arabic with an AH date and the other side is in French with an AD date. Item MR-SET09 MAURITANIA 4 COIN SET 5 – 50 OUGUIYA, 2009-2010 UNC. $17.00 2012 MOROCCO 3 COIN SET This 3 coin set from Morocco includes a 2012 brass-plated steel 10 Santimat, a 2012 nickel plated Steel 1 Dirham and a 2002 bi-metallic 10 Dirhams. The 1 and 10 Dirham have King Mohammed VI on the front. The 10 Santimat features a bee and a flower. The arms of Morocco are on the back of all three coins. Item MA-SET3 MOROCCO 3 COIN SET: 10 SANTIMAT - 10 DIRHAMS, 2012 UNC. $9.00 RARE BANKNOTES OF THE MOZAMBIQUE COMPANY AND THE BANCO DE BEIRA Reduced size images The 1885 Congress of Berlin carved up Africa, granting various European nations control over of the continent. The boundaries that were set in the conference still make up most of the national boundaries in Africa today. Portugal was granted control over Mozambique; however it did not have the economic or military resources to control the vast territory. In 1891 it granted The Mozambique Company (Companhia de Moï¿½ambique) a 50 year concession over the central region of Mozambique. The Company was given almost complete control over the region, including the right to exploit resources, collect taxes and require the natives to engage in forced labor. It ran the Post Offices and issued its own currency. It developed the port of Beira and built a railroad to the landlocked British colonies of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. However it did not have the financial resources needed to develop the rest of its territory and often failed to meet its obligations to the Portuguese government. Most of its income came from its ability to tax and its power to use conscripted labor on its plantations. In 1919 the Mozambique Company and the Banco Nacional Ultramarino (the Portuguese National Overseas Bank) created a joint venture called the Banco da Beira to issue currency in territory controlled by the Mozambique Company. Because most of the company's trade was with the British colonies it chose to issue its notes in the British Pound Sterling. Lower denomination notes were issued in Centavos, with 100 Centavos equal to 1 Pound Sterling. The bank issued far more currency than it had reserves, resulting in the severe depreciation in the value of its currency. The bank was liquidated in 1929 and the Mozambique Company took over the issuance of currency within its territory. Because of the company's poor performance and changes in the Portuguese government, the company's concession was not renewed when it expired in 1942. The Portuguese Government assumed direct control of the region. The currency issued by the Bank and the Company was recalled and punch cancelled. From the Banco da Berira we have the 1 Pound note dated September 15, 1919. It was one of the first notes issued by the Bank. The note is punch cancelled. From the Mozambique Company we have the 20 Centavos note dated November 25, 1933 and the 5 Pound note dated January 15, 1934 in AU-Uncirculated condition. Both notes are punch cancelled "PAGO 5.11.1942" (PAID November 5, 1942), which was shortly after the Company lost its concession. All the notes were printed in London by Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. They are fascinating notes from a private company that ran a country. Item PM-MZ-R1P BANCO DA BEIRA 1 POUND STERLING BANKNOTE 1919 PR6 VG-cancelled $14.00 Item PM-MZ-R20C MOZAMBIQUE COMPANY 20 CENTAVOS BANKNOTE 1933 PR29 AU-UNC.-cancelled $12.00 Item PM-MZ-R5P MOZAMBIQUE COMPANY 5 POUND STERLING BANKNOTE 1934 PR33 VF-XF-cancelled $15.00 LAST COINS OF PORTUGUESE MOZAMBIQUE Portugal granted Mozambique its independence in 1975. This six coin set includes some of the last coins issued by Portuguese Mozambique. The coins all have a similar design, with the denomination on one side and the coat-of-arms of Portuguese Mozambique and the date on the other. The set includes the copper-nickel 10 and 5 Escudos and the bronze 1 Escudo, 50 Centavos and 20 Centavos, all dated 1973 or 1974, as well as the bronze 10 Centavos dated 1960 or 1961, which were the last years they were issued. Item MZ-PSET6 PORTUGUESE MOZAMBIQUE 6 COIN SET, 10 CENTAVOS - 10 ESCUDOS, 1961-74 BU $20.00 Item MZ-20c PORTUGUESE MOZAMBIQUE 20 CENTAVOS 1974 KM88, from above set BU $5.00 SCARCE 1975 MOZAMBIQUE COIN SET In 1975 Mozambique gained independence from Portugal, who had ruled the area for hundreds of years. Coins were ordered for the newly independent country, including the aluminum 1 Centimo, and the bronze 2, 5 and 10 Centimos. Mozambique President Samora Machel had himself pictured on the obverse of the coins. The reverses featured native plants. The coins never entered general circulation. In a fit of vengeance, the new government of Mozambique ordered all those of Portuguese ancestry to leave the country within 24 hours. They were allowed to take only 20kg. (44 pounds) of their possessions. Many had lived in Mozambique for generations. Though they were not able to take their possessions, they did take their knowledge. The country immediately fell into total economic collapse. By the time the coins arrived in Mozambique they were worthless. Only a few escaped the melting pot. Item MZ-SET4 MOZAMBIQUE 1, 2, 5 & 10 CENTIMOS 1975 KM90-93 UNC. $195.00 2006 COIN SET FROM NIGERIA INCLUDES BI-METALLICS In 2006 Nigeria issued three new coins: a 50 Kobo, a bimetallic 1 Naira and a bimetallic 2 Naira dated 2006. Taira pictures the national assembly building. The 1 Naira portrays Herbert Maculay, one of the leaders of the Nigerian independence movement. Ears of corn are on the 50 Kobo. The coins are Uncirculated, however there may be a few minor spots. Item NG-SET06 NIGERIA 3 COIN SET 50 KOBO - 2 NAIRA 2006, UNC. $7.50 DANCING ELEPHANTS & KISSING GIRAFFES FROM RHODESIA & NYASALAND Great Britain issued a joint coinage for their African colonies of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The attractive coins feature native wildlife. The 1958 1/2 Penny shows two giraffes that appear to be kissing, while the 1962 1 Penny features a pair of dancing elephants! The reverses have the name of the colonies, denomination and date. Both coins are bronze and have a center hole so they could be strung together by natives who often did not have pockets. Rhodesia & Nyasaland is now the independent countries of Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabawe . Both coins are Uncirculated. Item R+N-SET2 RHODESIA & NYASALAND 1/2 & 1 PENNY 1958,1962 UNC. $9.50 LION ON SCARCE, SHORT-LIVED COIN OF RWANDA-BURUNDI After Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960, Belgium issued a coin for what was left of its African territories: Rwanda and Burundi. Only a single coin type was issued for the joint territory of Rwanda-Burundi: a brass 1 Franc. This brass 1961 brass 1 Franc coin features a walking lion on one side. The other has the names of the territories and the denomination. In 1962 Rwanda and Burundi were both granted independence Item RWBU-1F RWANDA-BURUNDI 1 FRANC 1961 KM1 UNC. $6.00 MODERN RWANDA COIN SET In April 1994 a plane crash killed the Presidents of both Rwanda and Burundi. Extremist Hutus took control of Rwanda and began a slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. In a period of about 100 days an estimated 800,000 to 1 Million Rwandans were slaughtered. Most were hacked to death by machetes. Teachers massacred their students. Priests allowed the massacre of parishioners hiding in their church. Neighbors murdered neighbors. Those that did not participate in the killing were frequently killed themselves. In July Tutsi rebels overthrew the extremist Hutu government and begin a long process of reconciliation. This a six coin set that includes the 2007 bi-metallic 100 Francs and the 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Francs (also called Amafaranga) dating from 2003 to 2009 The the coins picture important crops, including sorghum, coffee, bananas, and corn on one side, and the national arms on the other. Both sets are Uncirulated. Item S-RW-SET6 RWANDA 6 COIN SET 1 - 100 FRANCS, 2003-09 UNC. out Item S-RW-100F RWANDA BI-METALLIC 100 FRANCS 2007 KM32 from the above set UNC. $6.00 PRETTY RWANDAN BANKNOTES Reduced size images Rwanda recently released a new 1000 Franc note dated 01.05.2015. The front depicts the Rwanda Ethnographic Museum which was built in 1987 along with a sparkling green image of a dove. The back depicts a Golden Monkey. We also have available the scarce and 1998 5000 Francs note from Rwanda. It was one of first notes issued after the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 and was the highest denomination the country had ever issued. The front depicts the highly regarded traditional Intore dance. The back depicts the National Bank Building. The pretty pink note catalogs for $50.00, however our price is much less. Both notes are Uncirculated and incorporate watermarks in their designs. Item PM-RW-1000F RWANDA 1000 FRANCS 2015 UNC. $9.00 Item PM-RW-5000F RWANDA 5000 FRANCS 1998 P28 UNC. $29.50 SCARCE BI-METALLIC COINS OF SAHARAWI The Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, also known as Saharaui, is what used to be the Spanish Sahara or Western Sahara. In 2004 Saharawi issued two bi-metallic 500 Peseta coins. One coin features a cute pair of Fennecs, a long eared desert fox that is native to Saharawi. The other commemorates the 28th anniversary of nation’s independence (though in reality it is largely controlled by Morocco) and features a map of the country. The obverse of both coins features the arms of Saharawi, which includes a pair of rifles. The coins are 26mm in diameter and have a mintage of only 5000 pieces each. Item EH-FEN SAHARAWI 500 PESETAS 2004 FENNEC FOXES KM51 UNC. $29.95 Item EH-IND SAHARAWI 500 PESETAS 2004 INDEPENDENCE KM52 UNC. $29.95 ABOLITION OF SLAVERY SILVER COIN SET This set includes all seven silver 2007 dated 2500 Franc coins commemorating the 100th anniversary of Great Britain's abolition of slavery issued for the members of the West African States. Britain's abolition of slavery put pressure on other nations, including the United States and France, to abolish slavery as well. The coins are privately issued silver Essai (pattern) coin. Each is 27mm in diameter, contains .25 troy oz of .999 fine silver and has a mintage of just 850 pieces each. The coins depicts the heroes of the Abolition of Slavery movement on one side and the issuing nations arms on the other. Included is Olaudah Equiano (also known as Gustavus Vassa) on the Benin coin. William Wilburforce is on the Burkina Faso coin. The seal of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade is on the Ivory Coast coin. Frederick Douglas is pictured on the Mali coin. Senegal pictures Franï¿½ois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture. Togo honored French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher. Because the members of the West African States utilize a common currency, they have issued few coins under their own name. Item BJ-SILVER BENIN SILVER 2500 FRANCS 2007 BU $24.50 Item BF-SILVER BURKINA FASO SILVER 2,500 FRANCS 2007 BU out Item CI-SILVER IVORY COAST SILVER 2500 FRANCS 2007 BU out Item ML-SILVER MALI SILVER 2500 FRANCS FREDERICK DOUGLAS 2007 Br.E5 BU $24.50 Item NE-SILVER NIGER SILVER 2500 FRANCS JOHN BROWN 2007 Br.E12 BU $39.50 Item SN-SILVER SENEGAL SILVER 2500 FRANCS 2007 BU out Item TG-SILVER TOGO SILVER 2500 FRANCS VICTOR SCHOELCHER 2007 Br.E2 BU $18.00 ATTRACTIVE SOMALIA COIN SET This attractive set includes fourcoins from the war-torn African nation of Somalia. Included are the the 2000 dated 10 Shilling that features a camel, the 2001 brass 25 Shillings depicting a soccer player, the copper-nickel 2002 50 Shilling pictures a mandrill and the brass 2002 100 Shilling pictures the Queen of Sheba, who according to legend, ruled the region in ancient times. The arms of Somalia supported by two leopards is on the obverse. Item SO-SET4 SOMALIA 4 COIN SET 10 - 100 SHILLINGS, 2000-2002, UNC. $4.00 Also see: 2013 SOMALIA SET FEATURE AFRICAN WILDLIFE, INCLUDES BI-METALLIC SOMALILAND COIN SET After the collapse of the government of Somalia in the 1990's, the northern portion of the country, once known as British Somaliland, declared independence. Despite the lack of international recognition, it has one of the better functioning governments in Africa. This set contains five coins of Somaliland. Sir Richard R. Burton, the 19th century explorer and writer who explored the area, is portrayed on the 2002 5 Shilling coin. Another 2002-dated 5 Shilling coin pictures a chicken. A mother and baby Elephant is ont he 2005-dated 5 Shilling. A monkey is on the2002-dated 10 Shilling coin, while a greyhound dog is on the 2002-dated 20 Shilling coin. It is an interesting and attractive set. Item SOML-SET5 SOMILILAND 5 COIN SET, 2002-05, 5-20 SHILLINGS, KM3-6 BU $4.50 Also see: SIGNS OF THE WESTERN ZODIAC ON COINS OF SOMALILAND LAST COINS OF BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA The bronze 1960 1/2 and 1 Penny were two of the last coins of British ruled South Africa. In 1961 the white minority government of South Africa declared itself a republic, withdrew from the British Commonwealth and replaced the South African Pound with the Rand. Both coins have a similar design. The obverses depicts the young head of Queen Elizabeth. The reverses features the Dutch East India Company sailing ship Dromedaris. The ship, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck, brought the first white settlers to South Africa in 1652. Both coins are Uncirculated. Item ZA-SET2 SOUTH AFRICA 1/2 & 1 PENNY, 1960 KM45-46 UNC. $4.00 FIRST COINS AND BANKNOTE OF SOUTH SUDAN After a long civil war, South Sudan finally gained its independence from Sudan in July 2011. South Sudan released their first coins; the 10, 20 and 50 Piastres in 2015. The bi-metallic 1 and 2 Pound coins, dated 2015, were not released until 2016. The 25mm 1 Pound coin depicts mother Nubian Giraffe and her calf. The 27mm 2 Pounds coin features an African shield and spears. The copper-plated steel 10 Piasters features an oil derrick. A Shoebill Stork from the Northern Bahr-el Ghazal State flag is on the brass-plated steel 20-Piasters. The nickel-plated steel 50 Piastres features a Northern White Rhino. All five coins are dated 2015. The obverses of all the coins show the national emblem of South Sudan and the date. We also have the South Sudan 1 Pound note in Crisp Uncirculated condition. It pictures and has a watermark of John Garing, a leader in the countries independence movement who died in a helicopter crash in 2005. The back of the note depicts a heard of giraffe. Item SS-SET5 SOUTH SUDAN 5 COIN SET: 10, 20, 50 PIASTRES, 1 & 2 POUNDS UNC. $24.00 Item PM-SS-1P SOUTH SUDAN 1 POUND NOTE, P1 UNC. $4.00 SWAZILAND SET INCLUDES NEW ISSUES This attractive seven coin set from Swaziland includes some new issues. The new 2011 copper-plated steel 5 Cents shows an Arum Lily. The new 2011 copper-plated steel 10 Cents features sugar cane. An Elephant head is shown on the new 2011 copper-nickel 20 Cents. The Swazi arms supported by a lion and an elephant are on the 12-sided 2007 50 cent. The 2011 brass 1 Lilangeni shows the king's mother, who wields significant power in this tradition based nation. The 2010 2 Emalageni shows a lily. The 2008 5 Emalageni commemorates the King’s 40th Birthday. King Msawati III, is on the front of all the coins. The set catalogs for $24.25, however our price is MUCH less. Item S-SZ-SET7B SWAZILAND 7 COIN SET 5 Cents - 5 EMALAGENI 2007-2011 BU $8.00 WILDLIFE COINS OF TANZANIA Animals are featured on this high-catalog value set from Tanzania. Tanzania, located on the coast of Africa, was founded when Tanganyika, formerly German East Africa, merged with Zanzibar in 1964. The set includes the multi-sided1976 5 Senti which shows a sailfish, the scalloped 1979 10 Senti which shows a Zebra, the 1979 20 Senti which shows an Ostrich, the 1989 50 Senti which shows a rabbit and the 1992 1 Shillingi features an outstretched arm holding a torch. the coins are Brilliant Uncirculated and together catalog for over $14.00. Our price is MUCH less.. Item S-TZ-SET5 TANZANIA 5 COIN WILDLIFE SET 5 Senti - 1 Shilling, 1975-1992 BU $5.00 LOW MINTAGE 1996 ATLANTA OLYMPIC PATTERN COINS FROM TANZANIA Error Obverse Corrected Obverse In the 1990's a firm in London named the International Currency Bureau, Ltd, commonly known as ICB , attempted to win contracts to issue coins for various third world nations. They would design and strike a limited number of pattern coins for each country in hopes of winning a contract. Though many of their issues were attractive, they were unable to win any major contracts. After a few years they went bankrupt and were liquidated. In 1996 ICB produced a number of pattern 2000 Shilingi coins for Tanzania. The coins all commemorated the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta Georgia, the Olympics Centenary and the 15th Anniversary of the Independence of Tanzania. The 38mm coins were struck in various metals, with both reeded and unreeded edges. The reverse features various Olympic athletes. The obverse featured the arms of Tanzania and the denomination. Unfortunately for the initial series of coins they misspelled the denomination as "Shillingi" rather than "Shilingi" on the reverse. Only 25 of each variety of the coins with the mispelled error reverse were struck. ICB then redesigned the obverse and struck another series of coins with the same reverse dies but using the corrected obverse dies. 100 of each variety of the corrected coins were struck. We recently acquired a very limited number of these scarce and attractive pattern coins. They are some of the scarcest 1996 Atlanta Olympic coins available! The coins are all denominated as 2000 Shillingi or 2000 Shilingi and are Proof. Some of the brass issues may be be slightly toned. Items are listed by the Bruce number as listed in the Unusual World Coins book. Item TZ-X3d.1 HURDLER/ERROR REVERSE, ALUMINUM, REEDED (Mintage 25) $45.00 Item TZ-X8e.2 BOXERS/CORRECTED REVERSE, Gilt Alloy, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X8e.2 BOXERS/CORRECTED REVERSE, COPPER, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X9a.1 DISCUS/CORRECTED REVERSE, BRASS, REEDED (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X9b.1 DISCUS/CORRECTED REVERSE, Gilt Alloy, REEDED (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X10b.2 HURDLER/CORRECTED REVERSE, Gilt Alloy, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X10d.2 HURDLER/CORRECTED REVERSE, ALUMINUM, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X13a.1 SPRINTER/CORRECTED REVERSE, BRASS, REEDED (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X13b.2 SPRINTER/CORRECTED REVERSE, Gilt Alloy, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 Item TZ-X13d.2 SPRINTER/CORRECTED REVERSE, ALUMINUM, PLAIN EDGE (Mintage 100) $29.50 RECENT TANZANIA COIN SET FEATURES WILDLIFE This Tanzanian coin set includes the four denominations currently in circulation, including the recently released 500 Shilling coin. All four coins feature native wildlife on the reverse and a politician on the obverse. The reverse of the recent 500 Shillings features an African Buffalo along with a shifting image that changes from the numeral "500" to "BOT" as the coin is moved. A pair of lions is on the reverse of the 200 Shillings. Both coins depict Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, the first President of Zanzibar on the obverse and are dated 2014. Four running impalas are on the reverse of the 100 Shillings. The obverse features Julius Nyerere, who led Tanganyika to independence, and became the first President of Tanzania after it was unified with Zanzibar. The seven-sided 50 Shilingi features a rhinoceros and her calf. An oxpecker bird sits atop the rhino. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, the second President of Tanzania is on the obverse. The 100 and 50 Shillings are dated 2015. Item TZ-SET4 TANZANIA 4 COIN SET 50 - 500 SHILLINGS, 2014-2015 UNC. $8.50 FIRST COINS OF TOGO & CAMEROON Following World War I, France acquired portions of the former German colonies of Togoland (Togo) and Kamerun ( Cameroon ). These 1 and 2 Franc coins were minted for the French colonies of Togo and Cameroon from 1924 to 1926 at the Paris Mint. They were the first coins issued for each of these territories. The aluminum-bronze coins all have a similar design. Marianne, the national symbol of France is on the obverse. The name of the territory denomination and three branches are on the reverse. The 1 Franc is 22mm in diameter, the 2 Franc is 27mm. The Togo 2 Francs has been cleaned. Item TG-SET2 TOGO 1 & 2 FRANCS 1924-26 KM2 & 3 F-VF-cleaned $25.00 Item CM-SET2 CAMEROON 1 & 2 FRANCS 1924-26 KM2 & 3 F-VF $22.00 TOPLESS WOMAN ON TOGO BIMETALLIC COIN From Togo comes this bi-metallic 6000 Francs dated 2003 picturing a topless Guin Woman. The Guin are one of the tribes that make live in Togo. The coin has a mintage of only 1200 pieces. The reverse pictures athe head of an elephant and superimposed over a map of west Africa. Item TG-GUIN TOGO 6000 FRANCS 2003 GUIN WOMAN BIMETAL Br.X 21 UNC $29.50 COINS OF THE WEST AFRICAN STATES The West African States is a monetary union that issues notes and coins for the nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bisseau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger and Togo. All the member countries use the same notes and coins for circulation, thought they have issued non-circulating coins for collectors. This four coin set includes the steel 1 Franc and the aluminum-bronze 5, 10, and 25 Francs. The obverese of each coin depicts a Taku Ashanti gold weight. The Ashanti tribe made brass weights for weighing gold, though the weights themselves would often pass for The Taku Ashanti gold weight design is the emblem of the Central Bank of West African States (Banque Centrale des ï¿½tats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest or BCEAO). The 1 Franc has a large numeral "1" on the reverse. The reverse of the 5 Francs has the head of a Gazelle. The 10 Francs depicts people getting water from a well. A woman performing chemistry is on the 25 Francs. The coins are dated from 1991 and are Uncirculated. Item S-WAS-SET4 WEST AFRICAN STATES 4 COIN SET, 1-25 FRANCS 1991 UNC. $5.00 SCARCE WEST AFRICAN COINS The West African States is a monetary union made up of former French colonies in Western Africa. They all use a common currency and the same coins in all the countries. Until now, the member nations have issued few, if any coins under their own name. In 2003 coins were issued for all seven members of the West African States through the West African Development Bank. Benin issued a nickel-plated steel 1500 Franc coin that features a buffalo and a bird. Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, released its first coin ever. It is a bi-metallic (aluminum-bronze/copper-nickel) 6000 Franc coin that features birds and a Rhinoceros. From Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) comes its first coin since 1966. It is a nickel-plated steel 1500 Franc coin that features a pair of elephants embracing each other with their trunks. The nickel-plated steel 1500 Franc coin of Mali features a Gazelle under a tree. Niger issued its first coin since 1968, and its first ever non-precious metal coin. It is a brass-colored 3000 Francs that features a lion. Senegal issued its first ever non-precious metal coin. It is an aluminum-bronze 3000 Franc coin that features a Galago, a small primate that is commonly called a Bush Baby. Togo issued three bi-metallic 6000 Franc coins. The first features a pair of embracing elephants. Another features a bare-breasted Guin woman. The third features Gnassingbe Eyadema, who has served as President of that nation continuously since 1967, making him the longest ruling leader in Africa. The coin lists the dates of his Presidency as 1967 - 2003, as he had previously had announced he would retire in 2003. Like so many African rulars, he decided not to retire after all. (suprise, suprise!). The coins have a mintage of only 1200 pieces each. As might be expected, most of the coins were grabbed by government and bank officials upon their release. Because these nations have issued so few coins, they are avidly sought after by one-coin-from-a-country collectors, as well as animal collectors. We sold out of most issues the first time we offered these, however were lucky enough to find a new supply. Item BJ-1500 BENIN 1500 FRANCS 2003 BUFFALO & BIRD KM40, Br.X40 UNC. $12.50 Item BF-6000 BURKINA FASO 6000 FRANCS 2003 BIRDS & RHINO BI-METAL KM1, Br.X1 UNC. $49.50 Item CI-1500 IVORY COAST 1500 FRANCS 2003 ELEPHANTS KM6 Br.X6 UNC. $19.50 Item ML-1500 MALI 1500 FRANCS 2003 GAZELLE, KM17 Br.X17 UNC. $12.50 Item NE-3000 NIGER 3000 FRANCS 2003 LION KM12 Br.X12 AU-UNC. $15.00 Item TG-ELEP TOGO 6000 FRANCS 2003 ELEPHANT BI-METAL KM20 Br.X20 UNC. $39.50 Item TG-GUIN TOGO 6000 FRANCS 2003 GUIN WOMAN BIMETAL KM21 Br.X21 UNC $29.50 Item TG-PRES TOGO 6000 FRANCS 2003 PRESIDENT EYADEMA BI-METAL KM22 Br.X22 UNC. out OLD ZANZIBAR COIN Zanzibar was for many years a rich and important trading post off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. It is the world's leading producer of Cloves. After centuries of foreign domination, it achieved independence in 1860, only to fall under British control 30 years later. This copper 1 Pysa was struck for only one year, 1882, during that brief period of independence. Today Zanzibar is part of Tanzania . Item ZANZ1 ZANZIBAR 1 PYSA 1882 KM1 Fine-VF $7.00 ZIMBABWE TRILLION DOLLAR BILLS! Reduced size images On January 16. 2009 Zimbabwe released the highest denomination notes ever issued by a national government: the $10 Trillion, $20 Trillion, $50 Trillion and $100 Trillion bills. Despite the government "outlawing inflation" (which is about as effective as outlawing the tides from rising), inflation soared to an estimated 231 million percent per year in 2008, the highest ever in history. Rather than attempting to solve the problem the government just kept printing money in order to pay the army and government employees. There was a severe shortage of everything, except freshly printed bills. On February 2, 2009 Zimbabwe did a Trillion to 1 currency revaluation and the short-lived notes were replaced. About the same time, Zimbabwe’s citizens were allowed to use foreign currencies and the discredited Zimbabwe dollar ceased to be used. We are pleased to offer all four of these Trillion Dollar denominated notes, including the scarce $20 Trillion and the ever popular $100 Trillion. The front of the notes picture the Chiremba Balancing Rocks. The back of each note features two vignettes of Zimbabwe. They are a fascinating lesson on what happens when the government creates too much money. All four notes are crisp Uncirculated. Item PM-ZW-$10TRL ZIMBABWE $10 TRILLION NOTE 2008, P88 UNC. $7.00 Item PM-ZW-$20TRL ZIMBABWE $20 TRILLION NOTE 2008, P89 UNC. $15.00 Item PM-ZW-$50TRL ZIMBABWE $50 TRILLION NOTE 2008, P90 UNC. $29.75 Item PM-ZW-$100TRIL ZIMBABWE $100 TRILLION NOTE 2008, P91 UNC. $59.75 Item PM-ZW-$TRLSET SET OF ABOVE 4 ZIMBABWE NOTES: $10 TRILLION TO $100 TRILLION, UNC. $99.75 ZIMBABWE PETROL RATION COUPONS USED FOR MONEY As Zimbabwe's economy spiraled into complete collapse due to its incompetent government policies, corruption, and massive inflation, shortages developed for most essential items. Petrol (Gasoline) and Diesel were rationed. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe issued the ration coupons which were required in order to purchase fuel. Because of the rapidly depreciating currency, fuel ration coupons soon became a parallel currency. Even though fuel was often not available, many merchants accepted the ration coupons rather than the Zimbabwe Dollar in payment for goods and services, as their value was more stable. We offer a set of two unissued Zimbabwe fuel ration coupons. One is good for 5 Litres (Liters); the other is good for 20 Litres (about 5 gallons). The coupons were released around 2005 and could be used to purchase either Petrol or Diesel. They are an interesting item that was used for money during a time of economic crises. Item PM-ZW-PETROL SET OF 2 ZIMBABWE PETROL RATION COUPONS, 5 & 20 LITERS UNC. $4.00 ZIMBABWE 2003 COIN SET In 2003 Zimbabwe minted two new high denomination coins, a 10 Dollar coin picturing a water buffalo and a 25 Dollar coin showing a group of soldiers. By the time the coins were designed and minted, ongoing inflation made them almost worthless, so they were not released to circulation at that time. In August 2008 Zimbabwe revalued their currency for the second time by removing 10 zeros from the currency. As part of the 2008 revaluation, the 2003 dated $10 coin (worth $100,000,000,000.00 of the old currency) and $25 (replaces $250,000,000,000.00 of the old currency) were finally released. The coins however circulated only very briefly as inflation continued to increase and within a few weeks the coins were again worthless. Item ZW-SET2 2 COIN SET 10 DOLLARS & 25 DOLLARS 2003, KM14 & KM15 UNC. $7.50 ZIMBABWE’S "BOND COINS" In 2009, after a decade of hyper-inflation, Zimbabwe allowed foreign currency to circulate. The U.S. dollar and South African Rand displaced quickly the discredited Zimbabwe dollar and Zimbabwe ceased issuing its own coins or currency. Because of a shortage of small change, Zimbabweans were forced to take small items such as candy, cigarettes or pens as change. In December 2014 Zimbabwe attempted to remedy the situation by introducing a new series of coins denominated in U.S. cents. The new coins are called “Bond Coins” because they are backed by a $50 Million bond held by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. The coins have not been widely accepted due to continued distrust of the government. The four coins released were the 1, 5, 10 and 25 Cents. In March 2015 a 2014 dated 50 Cent Bond coin was released. All five coins have similar designs. One side has the denomination and the words “BOND COIN”. The other side features date “2014” over the repeated initials RBZ (for Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe). Interestingly, the name of the country appears nowhere on the coin. The plated-steel coins were struck at the South African mint in Pretoria. Item ZW-BOND ZIMBABWE SET OF 5 BOND COINS 1 - 50 CENTS, 2014 UNC. $10.00 Item ZW-50C ZIMBABWE 50 CENT BOND COIN 2014 from above set UNC. $5.00 ALSO SEE:	i don't know
At which Yorkshire football club was Bill Shankly manager between 1956 and 1959, before he left to begin his legendary tenure at Liverpool?	The Football League THE FOOTBALL LEAGUE (The Football League championship trophy) Formation of the Football League A director of Aston Villa, William McGregor, was the first to set out to bring some order to a chaotic world where clubs arranged their own fixtures, along with various cup competitions. (William McGregor) On 2 March 1888, he wrote to the committee of his own club, Aston Villa, as well as to those of Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End, Stoke and West Bromwich Albion; suggesting the creation of a league competition that would provide a number of guaranteed fixtures for its member clubs each season. His idea may have been based upon a description of a proposal for an early American college football league, publicised in the English media in 1887 which stated: "measures would be taken to form a new football league ... [consisting of] a schedule containing two championship games between every two colleges composing the league". The first meeting was held at Anderton's Hotel in London on 23 March 1888 on the eve of the FA Cup Final. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester at a further meeting on 17 April at the Royal Hotel. The name "Association Football Union" was proposed by McGregor but this was felt too close to "Rugby Football Union". Instead, "The Football League" was proposed by Major William Sudell, representing Preston, and quickly agreed upon. Although the Royal Hotel is long gone, the site is marked with a commemorative red plaque on The Royal Buildings in Market Street. The first season of the Football League began a few months later on 8 September with 12 member clubs from the Midlands and North of England: Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke (renamed Stoke City in 1926),West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers. These were comparatively primitive times, when players did not wear shirt numbers and stayed on the pitch at half-time; goalkeepers sported the same tops as outfield players; and two umpires officiated the game, referring only occasionally to a touchline referee. The introduction of the penalty kick was three years away, as were goal-nets to prevent the frequent disputes over whether the ball had passed between the posts. The first season’s fixtures had been drawn up as late as 23rd July 1888. Another fact that will raise eyebrows today is that the League programme had been running for 11 weeks before the system of two points for a win and one for a draw was agreed upon (some of the 12 founding clubs had argued that points should be awarded only for a victory). First things first Years of debate over who scored the first ever goal in league football anywhere in the world when research at the British Library showed that Bolton Wanderers forward Kenny Davenport’s strike at approximately 3.47pm on Saturday 8th September, 1888 was the first ever goal in The Football League. The match between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Aston Villa played the same day kicked off at 3.30pm rather than 3.00pm as previously thought by the game’s historians. Consequently, the own goal scored in that match by Aston Villa full-back Gershom Cox after 30 minutes would not have been the first ever goal. (The old Pikes Lane stadium, where the first League goal was scored) Kenny Davenport 1862-1908 Kenny Davenport was born in Bolton and played for Bolton Wanderers for nine seasons after joining the club from local rivals Gilnow Rangers in 1883. Two years later he became Bolton’s first ever England international when he played in a 1-1 draw against Wales at Blackburn. As an ever-present in the first League season he also scored 11 goals. Normally an inside-left, Davenport made 56 League and twenty-one FA Cup appearances for Wanderers, scoring 36 goals. He left the club to play for Southport in 1892, just two years after he made his second appearance for his country, when he scored twice in a 9-1 victory against Ireland in Belfast in 1890. Davenport died in 1908 aged 46. (Match information from the local newspaper for Villa versus Wolves (left) and the first League goalscorer, Kenny Davenport (right)) What were the original rules? At the beginning of the season it was decided that whichever team won the most games would be champions. A few weeks in this was deemed unfair as it made drawing no better than losing, so the League decided to award points: 2 for a win, 1 for a draw. In the end, this rule change made little difference; had it stayed in the "most wins" format, the only change would have been the move of Accrington to 10th and the elevation by one place of Everton, Burnley and Derby County. Beginning with the season 1894–95, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded), or more properly put, goal ratio. In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first five seasons of the league, that is until the season 1893–94 re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. One exception being in the 1889-90 season where Aston Villa and Bolton Wanderers finished level on 19 points and it was agreed the neither would face re-election. So, what other League 'firsts' can be verified? The first 10,000 attendance came for Everton’s 5-2 defeat of Accrington at Anfield – yes, Anfield, their original home before relocating to Goodison Park - where there was another late kick-off due to the tardiness of the visiting team. Accrington’s John Horne suffered a cracked rib and became the first goalkeeper replaced by a team-mate (substitutes were not sanctioned until 1965). A week later came The Football League’s first 10-goal thriller, if you will – a 5-5 draw between Blackburn and Accrington -- and Rovers’ first scorer, Jack Southworth, went on to play violin in the Halle Orchestra. The first player cautioned was a Scot, Alec Dick, of Everton, “for striking a Notts County player and using foul language”, offences for which he publicly apologised. In the early years of association football, hacking was still a widespread means of dispossessing an opponent. Perhaps with that in mind, William McGregor said proudly in 1891 that “not a single fatal accident” had been recorded. The first transfer between League clubs had not been long in coming either, Preston’s Archie Goodall switching to Aston Villa in October 1888. Although no fee changed hands, McGregor, who was also a Villa director, made it clear he opposed such deals. The Father of the League would have been even less impressed, one suspects, by the 'market' in players that swiftly developed. When Dan Doyle left for Celtic in 1892 it was reported that Everton sought to lure him back with wages of £5 per week - and the tenancy of a pub. Villa were the League’s first runners-up, Stoke the first wooden spoonists although they were re-elected at the annual meeting in 1889. Of the new applicants, Newton Heath, who became Manchester United, received a solitary vote. Stoke’s reprieve was short-lived. At the end of the second season they lost their place and joined the Football Alliance, formed by clubs aspiring to League status. In came Sunderland, signalling the end of the even split between six Midland clubs and six from Lancashire. Expansion The League's expansion continued into Yorkshire in 1892, when it was agreed to have a 16-club First Division and a 12-strong Second Division. Sheffield Wednesday, representing the city renowned as 'the cradle of football', were voted in with Nottingham Forest, and Newton Heath. The south remained virgin territory for the League for another year. Woolwich Arsenal, from south-east London, then became members, as did Newcastle United and Liverpool (who replaced Bootle, thereby ending the first fierce Merseyside rivalry, between Bootle and Everton, and launching another). (The 1905 Woolwich Arsenal team.) Modern problems Newcastle’s first game was away to Arsenal, the sort of pairing which would set 21st-century observers quipping about the mischievousness of the fixture computer. After travelling by overnight train and going sight-seeing in the capital, some players were said to be asleep when they arrived at the ground in Plumstead. They drew 2-2 before the long haul back to the north-east. With the two-tier League came Test matches, a kind of Victorian play-off system to decide promotion and relegation. At the end of 1892/93, Newton Heath stayed up by beating Small Heath (later Birmingham City) in one such game. However, the Tests were discredited in 1898. Stoke and Burnley -- both knowing a draw would ensure survival for one and promotion for the other -- acted out a mutually convenient barren stalemate without a single shot on goal. Automatic promotion and relegation was promptly introduced. Preston were to retain the title won in that first season and finished second in the next three campaigns. Yet having proposed the commissioning of the handsome Football League championship trophy, they never actually lifted it. Rival powers poured into the void. Sunderland, dubbed 'The Team of All the Talents', were champions in only their third season, 1892/93, repeating the feat two years later. Aston Villa won five championships (and three FA Cups, including the double in 1897) before Queen Victoria’s death in 1901 – when Liverpool, nine years after their formation, took their first title. Notts County were the only one of the 12 founder members to finish in the top six. Another measure of the pace of change that year was Preston’s relegation. One of their directors, Tom Houghton, proposed that the League increase the First Division to 20 clubs, thereby keeping the one-time Invincibles up. He was unsuccessful. The West Riding of Yorkshire was then a rugby league stronghold. The Football League’s desire to make inroads there was underlined by the election of Bradford City to the Second Division in 1903 before they had so much as played a game. The first of many for United Five years later, City were in the First Division and by 1911 their claret and amber ribbons adorned the FA Cup. In the final they beat Newcastle, who themselves went from issuing statements bemoaning the lack of support to carrying off the championship trophy in 1904/05, 1906/07 and 1908/09. In between the second and third of those triumphs came Manchester United's first title. By 1910, United had moved to Old Trafford - and the rest is history. (The 1911 FA Cup winning Bradford City team.) Newcastle's third title was tarnished by an incredible 9-1 home loss to Sunderland. The Tyne-Wear reserve derby was being contested simultaneously at Roker Park, where the man deputed to post the score from St James’ Park was attacked when it reached 1-7. Locals assumed he was making it up. While Newcastle were pre-eminent in importing Scots, their captain, Colin Veitch, was a Geordie. The England international was also a playwright, composer and conductor, chairman of the Players' Union, and later a journalist independently minded enough to incur a ban from the St James’ press enclosure. The final season before the Great War, 1913/14, showed how far The Football League had come. Blackburn were champions, Preston went down again and Chelsea, formed less than a decade earlier, finished eighth. Curiously, two of the today’s great powerhouses, Manchester City and United, were locked together on points in 13th and 14th place respectively, as were Everton (15th) and Liverpool (16th). In the Second Division, Bradford Park Avenue pipped Woolwich Arsenal and Leeds City to second spot behind Notts County. Many of the England's finest went off to engage in an altogether more deadly conflict, but the template for the greatest League in the world had been established. Between the Wars When the Football League resumed after the Grest War on 30th August 1919, it included an additional four clubs and make up two divisions of 22. The League's expansion continued apace and the crowds followed, relishing the camaraderie and escapism of football. The following season, the leading clubs from the Southern League were invited to form a third division, which was split regionally the following year into the Third Division South and Third Division North. With one team from each division promoted to the Second Division, the two relegated clubs would be assigned to the more appropriate regional division, though Midlands clubs like Mansfield or Walsall would sometimes be moved from one to the other to maintain equal balance. In 1923, The League's membership increased again to four equal divisions of 22 clubs, which was maintained until after the Second World War. After 15 years of debate, there was a notable change on the pitch too as the offside law was amended to reduce the number of opponents required between the attacking player and goal from three to two. This led to a significant increase in the number of goals scored, with the 4,700 strikes recorded in the last season of the old rule rocketing to 6,373 in the new law’s debut campaign. Supporters drank in the added goalmouth action but more goals didn’t always mean higher standards, as defences struggled to adjust and the likes of William ‘Dixie’ Dean forged grand reputations. Dean plundered a League record unlikely to be bettered in 1927/28, when his 60 strikes helped Everton to title glory and pipped George Camsell’s record set only a season earlier in Middlesbrough colours. (Everton's Dixie Dean on the ball at Goodison Park in 1930.) The legend of Herbert In an era of expansion and innovation, it was one man who took up the task of expanding minds. Herbert Chapman, a former Tottenham Hotspur journeyman, had been pushing the boundaries right from his playing days – if not with his footballing skills but by sporting yellow boots more akin to modern times. Talent-spotter, organiser, motivator and businessman, Chapman set about revolutionising the role of manager and though many might suggest Sir Alex Ferguson is the greatest, the mould was first cast by a Yorkshireman at Huddersfield Town. Chapman joined Town in 1920 and in spite of limited budget, resource and enthusiasm amongst the club’s fanbase, he transformed The Terriers into a title-winning force between 1924 and 1926, before taking the magic touch back to North London – though this time with Arsenal. Another trio of consecutive titles, a feat matched only by Liverpool to this day, confirmed his legendary status. Invention and modernisation were the foundation of his then unparalleled success, as new formations with a greater emphasis on defending allowed his teams to combat the tricky new offside rule. Ironically it was a striker in Chapman’s ranks, Charlie Buchan, who pushed for a more defensive approach in an era when 2-3-5 was the formation of choice. It was only after a 7-0 thrashing at the hands of Newcastle that Chapman considered the new approach, but there was no doubt who perfected it. Scoring goals was no less important to the Arsenal manager’s success, illustrated by the record sum paid to Bolton Wanderers for David Jack. At £10,890, his was the first five-figure transfer fee, but they would soon become commonplace as the market rapidly expanded. Chapman would go on to ask Everton to name their price for the irresistible Dixie Dean, but fearing the reaction of their fans the offer was declined. A rare failure. Chapman was one of the game's first modernisers. As well as introducing new tactics and training methods, he championed innovations such as floodlighting, European club competitions, numbered shirts and white balls, all of which came to fruition after his premature death from pneumonia in 1934. (The Herbert Chapman statue outside Arsenal's Emirates Stadium) The Highbury model Arsenal were involved in another slice of history under Chapman, as their clash with Sheffield United became the first match to be broadcast live on BBC radio on January 22nd, 1927. A simple chart of the pitch was made, with eight areas assigned a number so that listeners could follow where the action was taking place. Henry Wakelam then provided the running commentary during the First Division match, while a colleague called out the numbers alongside him. A year later the Gunners again played their part in another first, as they and Chelsea donned the first numbers on shirts in August, 1928. It would not become compulsory until some eleven years later. They would not hold the record for most goals by one player in a single game however, despite striker Ted Drake racking up seven strikes in the 1935-36 season. That same season saw two players better that tally, with the surreally named Bunny Bell hitting nine for Tranmere Rovers and Luton Town’s John Payne going one better at the expense of Bristol Rovers. Payne would go on to score 55 goals for The Hatters the following season, a club record to this day. Meanwhile, Tranmere were the victors in the League’s highest scoring game, hammering Oldham Athletic 13-4 in Division 3 North on Boxing Day, 1935. Such records mattered little in an era of domination for Arsenal, who even after Chapman’s untimely passing continued to swell the trophy cabinet, winning the Division 1 title five times and the FA Cup twice in all. Their dominance provoked widespread dislike among opposing fans and in rival boardrooms, but the Highbury club’s model was duly copied and helped drive the game forward. The Gunners could not lay sole claim to success in the 1930s, however, with the ‘team of boys’ at West Bromwich Albion winning a unique double unlikely to be repeated as they topped the Second Division and won the FA Cup in 1931. Led by Dixie Dean’s unparalleled scoring prowess, Everton also enjoyed a streak of silverware that took in title victories in the top two divisions and the cup in three successive seasons. Man City and Sunderland also enjoyed league and cup triumphs. (Everton's Dixie Dean holds up the FA Cup.) Tale of two wars The Great Depression defined the 1930s and football provided a welcome escape. By this time the Pools had firmly established itself as part of the Saturday ritual for thousands of fans, having been born in the previous decade. First handed out at Old Trafford in 1923, the coupons gained a huge customer base, with life-changing winnings available in exchange for a small sum. There were wider benefits too, with the Post Office benefitting from an abundance of payments by postal order and taxation on winnings keeping government onside. While it was hugely popular with supporters, the footballing authorities had long been unimpressed and in 1936, they launched the infamous Pools War in an effort to shut the operators down. Moral objections and fears that betting would corrupt the game had been simmering for some time, to the extent that two-years prior a Football League committee had refused to sanction an opportunity to begin taking a share of pools company’s profits. Presented by Watson Hartley, the idea was revisited in 1935 when the Liverpool accountant returned with the concept that as owners of the fixture list, The League should charge newspapers, sports publications and pools companies for the right to use them. Rather than achieve his goal, Hartley only succeeded in giving the committee a means to take on their nemesis. Having received assurances over their legal right to copyright, it was League President Charles Sutcliffe who proposed the advantage be used to eradicate betting on the sport, by initially withholding fixtures until the last possible moment and thereby crippling the ability to produce coupons in advance. The first weekend this was enforced was Saturday, 29th February but secrecy proved difficult to maintain and newspapers managed to publish full fixture lists. Attendances suffered enormously and with clubs damaged more than the pools providers, the ‘war’ was swiftly brought to an end within a fortnight. It would take more than twenty years for The Football League to be legally granted copyright for the fixture list. Set against a backdrop of Nazi Germany re-entering the Rhineland, however, it was not long before the debate over gambling on football paled into insignificance. A month into the 1939/40 season, it was time for football to take a back seat. Football's Heyday Having been suspended in 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War, the League returned to action seven seasons later and the nation greeted it like an old friend. The public's appetite for live sport was insatiable and aggregate crowds for the first season back were in excess of 35 million. Attendances continued to boom and in 1948-49, the all-time high was set at 41,244,295, at a time when the estimated UK population was just 50 million. The record crowd for a league match had come the season before, as 83,260 turned up to watch Manchester United host Arsenal. Expansion continued to accommodate more clubs and their growing number of fans, with the Third Divisions including 24 clubs by 1950, pushing the total number of team to 92. By 1958 the split Third Divisions were no longer regionalised, but divided into third and fourth tiers and so the modern structure was established. The Wizard of the Dribble With many of the interwar stars now retired and the next generation having missed seven years of development, the quality of football on show was no match for the level of interest. There were some players that survived the unwanted interlude, however, and no individual captured supporter affection like Sir Stanley Matthews. His career spanned four decades, beginning as a 19-year-old in Stoke City colours and ending at the incredible age of 50 with the same club. It was with Blackpool that he most closely identified, however, as the ‘wizard of the dribble’ wowed the watching masses with an exceptional talent for beating defenders that had to be seen to be believed. The only player to have been knighted during his playing career, Matthews set numerous records including the oldest man to play a First Division match and to score a goal. He eventually retired in 1965, a Football League icon and national institution. Other stars of the era included Arthur Rowley, whose 21-year career saw him amass a record to make even Dixie Dean glower with envy – 433 league goals in 619 appearances. There were new heroes from abroad too, with few better illustrations than 1956 FWA Footballer of the Year Bert Trautmann. The former Luftwaffe paratrooper settled in Lancashire following a spell as a prisoner of war, but his on-field skills softened attitudes and attracted acclaim sufficient for him to become the first non-British player to earn the award. (Fulham's Arthur Rowley gets a shot away.) Tale of Two Managers If Herbert Chapman was the managerial giant of the 1930s, Matt Busby would pick up the reigns in the post-war years. Like Chapman, there was a hint of irony about his later success with Manchester United given he had spent his career playing for rivals Man City and Liverpool, but Busby made more impact in his time on the pitch. In 1945, Busby was appointed Manchester United manager and with a crop of promising players, he helped elevate the club to a new level. His impact was immediate and four second-place finishes in five seasons was just the beginning. The title was secured three times in the seasons leading up to the Munich Air Disaster in 1958, in which eight United players were among the 23 people killed. Despite the heart-wrenching setback, Busby rebuilt the team almost from scratch and added two further League titles in the 1960s. He did have to share the managerial limelight, however, as further south Stan Cullis was making history of his own at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Cullis admitted modelling his style on Busby’s as a player, but once in management the pair had very different ideas. Known for developing so-called ‘kick-and-rush’ football, the former Wolves player (he made over 150 appearances for Wolves) set about making his team a powerhouse of world football. Wider success was built on three top flight titles between 1954 and 1959, not to mention a European clash with Honved of Budapest – a team featuring the mighty Puskas – which they won and duly crowned themselves and The Football League the world’s best. (Manchester United manager Matt Busby with his players at training.) Floodlight Football Long after his passing, Herbert Chapman's vision of floodlit football was finally realised on February 22, 1956, when Portsmouth played Newcastle United in a League match at Fratton Park. The debut was held up by more than 90 minutes courtesy of a fuse failure but once corrected, it proved a big hit with the fans. Coupled with the white ball, which itself had only been introduced in 1951, evening games became synonymous with added excitement and were soon the norm across The League. These matches meant easing fixture congestion in bad weather, but more importantly opened up new revenue streams. Having been appointed three years earlier, Alan Hardaker made perhaps his most notable contribution as Secretary of The Football League in 1960 by proposing a new knockout competition – The League Cup. Aston Villa were fitting winners of the first final, which was played over two legs, and it was only seven years on that the final became a one-off game at Wembley Stadium. Television companies were also fond of midweek football under the lights and with ITV competing with the BBC, the income opportunity was plain to see. In spite of fears around damaging attendances, the first League televised match went ahead in 1960, with Blackpool v Bolton Wanderers the fixture to write itself into history. (Wembley Stadium under the glow of floodlights in 1955.) The Maximum Wage First touted in the 1890s as a means to combat player poaching, the maximum wage had come into force from the 1901/02 season and restricted players to receiving no more than £4 per week. While this had risen to £20 by the early 1960s, a campaign began to bring this restrictive practice to an end entirely. Spearheaded by the Professional Footballers' Association, and in particular by Chairman Jimmy Hill, the case for abolition was taken to the Ministry of Labour. In a new era of commercial growth and televised games, there was more money in the game than ever before, yet players were not only subject to wage caps, but also to the ‘retain and transfer system’ which restricted movement even when their contract came to an end. Both were now subject of an official dispute and with foreign leagues offering far richer rewards – Leeds United’s John Charles was alleged to have received a £10,000 signing-on fee when he moved to Juventus – and public opinion swayed by the likes of Sir Stanley Matthews, the players had the upper hand. Even so, it took the threat of strike action to bring the matter to a head. Having rejected League proposals to first increase and then abolish the maximum wage alone, the growing threat of a League campaign without its professionals saw The League concede in January 1961. Though the battle against the retain and transfer would rumble on until George Eastham’s High Court victory over his transfer from Newcastle to Arsenal, the maximum wage was abolished with immediate effect. (George Eastham - pictured on the right - outside the High Court in 1961) Players were free to negotiate their own terms and Fulham's Johnny Haynes immediately became the first player to receive £100 a week. The move did little to stem the flow of talent to foreign shores; Haynes’ England teammate Jimmy Greaves moved to AC Milan and in the same year, Manchester City became the first English club to be involved in a six-figure transaction when they accepted Torino’s £100,000 offer for Denis Law. The English game continued to thrive, however, as Bill Nicholson led his 1961 Tottenham Hotspur side to the first League and Cup Double since Aston Villa's at the end of the previous century. Division Four winners Peterborough United were also worthy of attention given their incredible forward line – led by 50-goal Terry Bly – set a new record of 134 league goals. Bly remains the last player to have scored a half century of league strikes in one season. Boom and Bust The 1960s ushered in a glorious era for English football, as The Football League’s finest made their mark at home and abroad. Silverware was shared between Sir Matt Busby’s latest incarnation at Manchester United – a team that featured luminaries such as Denis Law, Bobby Charlton and the irrepressible George Best – and Bill Shankly’s famous Liverpool side. Up on Merseyside, Shankly had taken over at Liverpool when the Reds were struggling in the Second Division but quickly laid the foundations for future success, winning the title in 1964 and 1966. Recognised as one of the great motivators, the confident Scot was also known for his quick wit and many a quote became ingrained in football folklore. “Some people believe football is a matter of life and death,” he famously mused, “I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” In 1964, Liverpool’s clash with Arsenal was the first to be featured on the brand new Match of the Day programme on BBC2, a game they won 3-2. They would be picked out for the first colour broadcast in November 1969 too, meeting West Ham United. Coverage was also growing in print media, too, as Football League Review magazine hit the shelves a year later. Across Stanley Park, Everton vied to keep up with the neighbours and paid £100,000 for Blackpool’s Alan Ball – a first between two English clubs – in 1966. It proved a busy year for Ball. (Alan Ball posing in his Everton shirt in 1969.) Best of the Best? Considered by many to be the most talented player of his generation – and arguably of all-time – George Best captured the hearts of both football supporters and adoring female fans. He was the embodiment of the new celebrity footballer, performing wonders on the pitch while living a high-profile glamourous life of it. Having joined Manchester United as a 16-year-old, Best would debut for the club just a year later and go on to score 137 goals in 361 league games, despite mainly operating as a winger. Sir Matt Busby described him as “the most gifted player I have ever seen” and he collected sufficient honours to support the notion, including two league titles, a European Cup and individual rewards as English and European Player of the Year in 1968. The contrasts with the likes of previous stars like Sir Stanley Matthews made his playboy lifestyle a point of contention for the purists, but Best was undoubtedly an icon of his era and is still remembered as a genius of the game. (Manchester United's George Best in 1970) Red the Colour After Arsenal became only the fourth club to complete the League and Cup double, clinching the 1971 Championship at Tottenham, the 1970s were dominated by sides managed by Brian Clough and Bob Paisley. Clough radically transformed Derby County and Nottingham Forest, winning three League titles between them, and back-to-back European Cups with Forest. Domestically the side in red went 42-league games without defeat, setting a new Football League record, and broke new ground in the transfer market too when they paid £1,000,000 to prise Trevor Francis from Birmingham in 1979. Paisley, meanwhile, stepped out of the shadows of Bill Shankly in 1974 and in the next nine years led Liverpool to six League titles, three European Cups, one UEFA Cup and three League Cups before handing over to Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish. That wasn’t the end of the success, however, and by the end of the ‘80s Liverpool had won the League 11 times in 18 seasons. During this time the Anfield outfit had become a hugely marketable commodity and took advantage by becoming the first to put a sponsor on their shirt. Sponsorship was a growing force and The League itself would soon follow suit, making its cup competition the first to bear a sponsor’s name in the title after an agreement with the Milk Marketing Board. The Milk Cup would last four years before a new sponsor, Littlewoods, took over in 1986 – a marked change from the days of the Pools War. In the interim Canon took the title sponsorship of The Football League for the first time, as new revenue streams continued to boost the game’s coffers. (Liverpool manager Bob Paisley holds the League Championship trophy aloft in 1983.) Football’s Lowest Ebb While television audiences and newspaper coverage continued to reflect the nation’s obsession with football, the game was rapidly heading towards crisis point. Decaying stadiums and football hooliganism were taking their toll on attendances and in May 1985, two tragedies within a matter of weeks would take the game to a new low. Within three weeks of the Heysel disaster, which saw 39 deaths in the Brussels stadium and English clubs subsequently banned from European competition, there was a traumatic blow on home soil at Valley Parade, home of Bradford City. Celebrating lifting the Division Three trophy before their final league game of the season with Lincoln City, the main stand was ravaged by the worst fire disaster in English football history. More than 200 people were injured and 56 lost their lives. (The fire memorial outside of Bradford City's Valley Parade.) Time for a Change Before 1965 teams were forced to play on with a less-than-full complement of injured players were unable to continue; the introduction of one named substitute per team allowed an injured player to be replaced. Keith Peacock of Charlton was the first to come off the bench in August 1965, as he entered the fray in a Division Two match with Bolton Wanderers. The next season it was agreed the allotted substitute could be used at the manager’s discretion, but not until 1987 would the number of replacements be upped to two per team. Further rule changes arrived in the following decade, as The Football League scrapped the two-up, two-down promotion and relegation system in 1973, and replaced it with three-up, three-down. Three years later, the criteria for separating clubs finishing on the same number of points was changed from goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded) to goal difference (the difference between goals scored and goals conceded). Sandwiched in between, the first Football League game to be played on a Sunday was a London derby in Division Two between Millwall and Fulham. Played at The Den, the Lions’ season-high 15,143 attendance saw Brian Clark score the first ever Sunday strike. In 1981, it was decided to award three points for a win, rather than two, in a further effort to encourage attacking football. The idea was the brainchild of Coventry City Chairman and BBC Broadcaster Jimmy Hill and would go on to be used throughout the world. With the new rule in force, York City became the first team to breach the 100-point mark as they won Division Four in 1982/83. In 32-years since the rule change, only nine further clubs have achieved the distinction. Later that year, The Football League Trophy was launched under the title ‘Associate Members Cup,’ reflecting the fact Division Three and Four clubs were not classed as full members at the time. (Brian Clark and his Millwall team-mates celebrate the first Football League goal scored on a Sunday in 1974.) A New Promotion Automatic promotion and relegation was brought in between the Fourth Division and the Football Conference in 1986/87, while simultaneously another defining innovation was approved – the Play-Offs. First mooted by League Secretary Alan Hardaker in the 1970s, the idea was picked up by Brentford Chairman Martin Lange and it was he who would go on to be labelled their creator-in-chief. Lange had initially suggested the Play-Offs be introduced into the Third and Fourth Divisions as part of the Heathrow Agreement, which was focused on reducing the number of sides in the top flight. Such was the excitement around the idea, however, that the Second Division would adopt them too as clubs recognised the opportunity to extend the excitement of a season for fans of clubs outside the automatic promotion places. This in turn helped ease tensions between the top two tiers in the short-term, while having an undeniable impact on attendances and end-of-season drama right up until the modern day with crowds having more than doubled since their introduction. A New Dawn Football had reached crisis point during the 1980s and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives was its nadir. Enough was deemed enough and the Taylor Report which followed would help lead football into better times. The changes made to stadia would transform the matchday environment and allow the authorities to turn the tide in the battle with the hooligan element. The cost of transforming football’s architecture was estimated at £300 million but Taylor insisted: “The years of patching up grounds, of having periodic disasters and narrowly avoiding others by muddling through on a wing and a prayer must be over.” Breaking Away The events at Hillsborough overshadowed the game as the ‘80s drew to a close but on the pitch, there was still plenty to adore about the game. Neutrals gasped and Arsenal celebrated in jubilant fashion as Michael Thomas burst through the Liverpool defence in the 1988/89 title decider at Anfield and scored the decisive goal that took the title to North London. Growth continued in the transfer market too, with £2million fees paid for both Tony Cottee and Paul Gascoigne in England. There had been keen competition throughout the 1980s between terrestrial broadcasters for the rights to screen live League matches. However, the arrival of satellite television changed the landscape forever. It coincided with the FA unveiling their ‘Blueprint for Football’ document, which put forward the idea of a Super League of 18 clubs, a proposal the top clubs had been discussing for several years in an attempt to keep more of The League's revenue and voting rights for themselves. The Football League resisted the proposals strongly producing its alternative plans in the ‘One Game One Team One Voice document’. However, on 14 June 1991, 16 First Division clubs signed a document of intent to join the newly formed Premier League, and eventually all 22 top flight clubs tendered their resignations from The League. By September, the breakaway league had become official. The Premier League struck a five-year television deal with Sky Sports and the BBC, worth £304 million, while The Football League sealed a £24 million deal with ITV for live coverage of its games. (West Ham United's Tony Cottee celebrates scoring a goal against Coventry City in 1996.) Onwards and Upwards The three-division Football League regrouped with 70 clubs in the first three seasons after the split, before expanding to the present-day 72 club set-up when the Premier League reduced to 20 clubs. The divisions were renamed Divisions One, Two and Three to reflect the changes. Suggestions that the split would be the death knell of many professional football clubs proved unfounded as football at all levels boomed in the new satellite television era. The Football League flourished in the face of adversity and in 2001 signed a three-year, £315 million broadcasting deal with ITV Digital, the biggest in its history. However, by March 2002 the channel was in administration leading to serious repercussions for member clubs. More than 30 would go into administration in the immediate aftermath. The appointment as Chairman of Sir Brian Mawhinney (now Lord Mawhinney), the former Chairman of the Conservative Party, in January 2003, proved to be the catalyst for a drive towards good governance and a raft of measures that would improve the financial position of clubs in the post ITV Digital era. Over the next 18 months The Football League pioneered a host of measures, including publishing club payments to agents, a 'sporting sanction' of 10 points for clubs entering administration, a 'fit and proper persons' test for club directors and majority shareholders and the introduction of an independent non-executive director on The Football League Board. The League also underwent a substantial re-branding, under which it sought to reclaim its heritage by renaming the divisions ‘The Championship’, ‘League 1’ and ‘League 2’. As part of the initiative, The League developed a series of community initiatives, including encouraging young supporters to attend matches at minimal cost under the 'Fans of the Future' campaign. "Over the last few years the League's standing has been enhanced, both commercially and competitively, as we have delivered real football for real fans," Lord Mawhinney said in 2007. William McGregor would doubtless have approved. (Lord Brian Mawhinney presents the new Football League logo in 2004.) 2009-2013 - A New Era In November 2009 Lord Mawhinney announced he was standing down as Chairman of The Football League after seven years at the helm. Greg Clarke, the former Chief Executive of Cable and Wireless Communications Plc, was named as his replacement. In 2012/13 after two years of detailed discussions, The Football League and its clubs agreed a Financial Fair Play framework to operate in all three divisions. In the Championship, clubs have introduced a breakeven approach based on the UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations. It will require clubs to stay within pre-defined limits on losses and shareholder equity investment that will reduce significantly over a five season timeframe. In League 1 and League 2, clubs have implemented the Salary Cost Management Protocol (SCMP) that has been in use in the latter division since 2004/05. The SCMP broadly limits spending on total player wages to a proportion of each club’s turnover. The Football League today represents the largest single body of fully professional clubs in world football. Its clubs employ more than 20,000 full and part-time staff and have more than 10,000 professional, apprentice and schoolboy footballers on their books. Attendances in the modern era are at their highest levels for 50 years with the 17.1m fans that watched matches during the 2009/10 season representing a significant increase on the 10.9m that watched matches in 1992/93, the first season after the split with the Premier League. The Championship alone has become the fourth most watched league in Europe with only Germany's Bundesliga, the Premier League and Spain's La Liga boasting more fans through the turnstiles, with The Football League's top division attracting even more supporters than Italy's Serie A and France's Ligue 1. Crowds in Leagues 1 and 2 also comfortably outstrip those recorded at comparable levels of football in all Europe's other major footballing nations.	Huddersfield Town A.F.C.
The name of which popular game comes from the Swahili word for build?	The Football League THE FOOTBALL LEAGUE (The Football League championship trophy) Formation of the Football League A director of Aston Villa, William McGregor, was the first to set out to bring some order to a chaotic world where clubs arranged their own fixtures, along with various cup competitions. (William McGregor) On 2 March 1888, he wrote to the committee of his own club, Aston Villa, as well as to those of Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End, Stoke and West Bromwich Albion; suggesting the creation of a league competition that would provide a number of guaranteed fixtures for its member clubs each season. His idea may have been based upon a description of a proposal for an early American college football league, publicised in the English media in 1887 which stated: "measures would be taken to form a new football league ... [consisting of] a schedule containing two championship games between every two colleges composing the league". The first meeting was held at Anderton's Hotel in London on 23 March 1888 on the eve of the FA Cup Final. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester at a further meeting on 17 April at the Royal Hotel. The name "Association Football Union" was proposed by McGregor but this was felt too close to "Rugby Football Union". Instead, "The Football League" was proposed by Major William Sudell, representing Preston, and quickly agreed upon. Although the Royal Hotel is long gone, the site is marked with a commemorative red plaque on The Royal Buildings in Market Street. The first season of the Football League began a few months later on 8 September with 12 member clubs from the Midlands and North of England: Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke (renamed Stoke City in 1926),West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers. These were comparatively primitive times, when players did not wear shirt numbers and stayed on the pitch at half-time; goalkeepers sported the same tops as outfield players; and two umpires officiated the game, referring only occasionally to a touchline referee. The introduction of the penalty kick was three years away, as were goal-nets to prevent the frequent disputes over whether the ball had passed between the posts. The first season’s fixtures had been drawn up as late as 23rd July 1888. Another fact that will raise eyebrows today is that the League programme had been running for 11 weeks before the system of two points for a win and one for a draw was agreed upon (some of the 12 founding clubs had argued that points should be awarded only for a victory). First things first Years of debate over who scored the first ever goal in league football anywhere in the world when research at the British Library showed that Bolton Wanderers forward Kenny Davenport’s strike at approximately 3.47pm on Saturday 8th September, 1888 was the first ever goal in The Football League. The match between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Aston Villa played the same day kicked off at 3.30pm rather than 3.00pm as previously thought by the game’s historians. Consequently, the own goal scored in that match by Aston Villa full-back Gershom Cox after 30 minutes would not have been the first ever goal. (The old Pikes Lane stadium, where the first League goal was scored) Kenny Davenport 1862-1908 Kenny Davenport was born in Bolton and played for Bolton Wanderers for nine seasons after joining the club from local rivals Gilnow Rangers in 1883. Two years later he became Bolton’s first ever England international when he played in a 1-1 draw against Wales at Blackburn. As an ever-present in the first League season he also scored 11 goals. Normally an inside-left, Davenport made 56 League and twenty-one FA Cup appearances for Wanderers, scoring 36 goals. He left the club to play for Southport in 1892, just two years after he made his second appearance for his country, when he scored twice in a 9-1 victory against Ireland in Belfast in 1890. Davenport died in 1908 aged 46. (Match information from the local newspaper for Villa versus Wolves (left) and the first League goalscorer, Kenny Davenport (right)) What were the original rules? At the beginning of the season it was decided that whichever team won the most games would be champions. A few weeks in this was deemed unfair as it made drawing no better than losing, so the League decided to award points: 2 for a win, 1 for a draw. In the end, this rule change made little difference; had it stayed in the "most wins" format, the only change would have been the move of Accrington to 10th and the elevation by one place of Everton, Burnley and Derby County. Beginning with the season 1894–95, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded), or more properly put, goal ratio. In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. During the first five seasons of the league, that is until the season 1893–94 re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. One exception being in the 1889-90 season where Aston Villa and Bolton Wanderers finished level on 19 points and it was agreed the neither would face re-election. So, what other League 'firsts' can be verified? The first 10,000 attendance came for Everton’s 5-2 defeat of Accrington at Anfield – yes, Anfield, their original home before relocating to Goodison Park - where there was another late kick-off due to the tardiness of the visiting team. Accrington’s John Horne suffered a cracked rib and became the first goalkeeper replaced by a team-mate (substitutes were not sanctioned until 1965). A week later came The Football League’s first 10-goal thriller, if you will – a 5-5 draw between Blackburn and Accrington -- and Rovers’ first scorer, Jack Southworth, went on to play violin in the Halle Orchestra. The first player cautioned was a Scot, Alec Dick, of Everton, “for striking a Notts County player and using foul language”, offences for which he publicly apologised. In the early years of association football, hacking was still a widespread means of dispossessing an opponent. Perhaps with that in mind, William McGregor said proudly in 1891 that “not a single fatal accident” had been recorded. The first transfer between League clubs had not been long in coming either, Preston’s Archie Goodall switching to Aston Villa in October 1888. Although no fee changed hands, McGregor, who was also a Villa director, made it clear he opposed such deals. The Father of the League would have been even less impressed, one suspects, by the 'market' in players that swiftly developed. When Dan Doyle left for Celtic in 1892 it was reported that Everton sought to lure him back with wages of £5 per week - and the tenancy of a pub. Villa were the League’s first runners-up, Stoke the first wooden spoonists although they were re-elected at the annual meeting in 1889. Of the new applicants, Newton Heath, who became Manchester United, received a solitary vote. Stoke’s reprieve was short-lived. At the end of the second season they lost their place and joined the Football Alliance, formed by clubs aspiring to League status. In came Sunderland, signalling the end of the even split between six Midland clubs and six from Lancashire. Expansion The League's expansion continued into Yorkshire in 1892, when it was agreed to have a 16-club First Division and a 12-strong Second Division. Sheffield Wednesday, representing the city renowned as 'the cradle of football', were voted in with Nottingham Forest, and Newton Heath. The south remained virgin territory for the League for another year. Woolwich Arsenal, from south-east London, then became members, as did Newcastle United and Liverpool (who replaced Bootle, thereby ending the first fierce Merseyside rivalry, between Bootle and Everton, and launching another). (The 1905 Woolwich Arsenal team.) Modern problems Newcastle’s first game was away to Arsenal, the sort of pairing which would set 21st-century observers quipping about the mischievousness of the fixture computer. After travelling by overnight train and going sight-seeing in the capital, some players were said to be asleep when they arrived at the ground in Plumstead. They drew 2-2 before the long haul back to the north-east. With the two-tier League came Test matches, a kind of Victorian play-off system to decide promotion and relegation. At the end of 1892/93, Newton Heath stayed up by beating Small Heath (later Birmingham City) in one such game. However, the Tests were discredited in 1898. Stoke and Burnley -- both knowing a draw would ensure survival for one and promotion for the other -- acted out a mutually convenient barren stalemate without a single shot on goal. Automatic promotion and relegation was promptly introduced. Preston were to retain the title won in that first season and finished second in the next three campaigns. Yet having proposed the commissioning of the handsome Football League championship trophy, they never actually lifted it. Rival powers poured into the void. Sunderland, dubbed 'The Team of All the Talents', were champions in only their third season, 1892/93, repeating the feat two years later. Aston Villa won five championships (and three FA Cups, including the double in 1897) before Queen Victoria’s death in 1901 – when Liverpool, nine years after their formation, took their first title. Notts County were the only one of the 12 founder members to finish in the top six. Another measure of the pace of change that year was Preston’s relegation. One of their directors, Tom Houghton, proposed that the League increase the First Division to 20 clubs, thereby keeping the one-time Invincibles up. He was unsuccessful. The West Riding of Yorkshire was then a rugby league stronghold. The Football League’s desire to make inroads there was underlined by the election of Bradford City to the Second Division in 1903 before they had so much as played a game. The first of many for United Five years later, City were in the First Division and by 1911 their claret and amber ribbons adorned the FA Cup. In the final they beat Newcastle, who themselves went from issuing statements bemoaning the lack of support to carrying off the championship trophy in 1904/05, 1906/07 and 1908/09. In between the second and third of those triumphs came Manchester United's first title. By 1910, United had moved to Old Trafford - and the rest is history. (The 1911 FA Cup winning Bradford City team.) Newcastle's third title was tarnished by an incredible 9-1 home loss to Sunderland. The Tyne-Wear reserve derby was being contested simultaneously at Roker Park, where the man deputed to post the score from St James’ Park was attacked when it reached 1-7. Locals assumed he was making it up. While Newcastle were pre-eminent in importing Scots, their captain, Colin Veitch, was a Geordie. The England international was also a playwright, composer and conductor, chairman of the Players' Union, and later a journalist independently minded enough to incur a ban from the St James’ press enclosure. The final season before the Great War, 1913/14, showed how far The Football League had come. Blackburn were champions, Preston went down again and Chelsea, formed less than a decade earlier, finished eighth. Curiously, two of the today’s great powerhouses, Manchester City and United, were locked together on points in 13th and 14th place respectively, as were Everton (15th) and Liverpool (16th). In the Second Division, Bradford Park Avenue pipped Woolwich Arsenal and Leeds City to second spot behind Notts County. Many of the England's finest went off to engage in an altogether more deadly conflict, but the template for the greatest League in the world had been established. Between the Wars When the Football League resumed after the Grest War on 30th August 1919, it included an additional four clubs and make up two divisions of 22. The League's expansion continued apace and the crowds followed, relishing the camaraderie and escapism of football. The following season, the leading clubs from the Southern League were invited to form a third division, which was split regionally the following year into the Third Division South and Third Division North. With one team from each division promoted to the Second Division, the two relegated clubs would be assigned to the more appropriate regional division, though Midlands clubs like Mansfield or Walsall would sometimes be moved from one to the other to maintain equal balance. In 1923, The League's membership increased again to four equal divisions of 22 clubs, which was maintained until after the Second World War. After 15 years of debate, there was a notable change on the pitch too as the offside law was amended to reduce the number of opponents required between the attacking player and goal from three to two. This led to a significant increase in the number of goals scored, with the 4,700 strikes recorded in the last season of the old rule rocketing to 6,373 in the new law’s debut campaign. Supporters drank in the added goalmouth action but more goals didn’t always mean higher standards, as defences struggled to adjust and the likes of William ‘Dixie’ Dean forged grand reputations. Dean plundered a League record unlikely to be bettered in 1927/28, when his 60 strikes helped Everton to title glory and pipped George Camsell’s record set only a season earlier in Middlesbrough colours. (Everton's Dixie Dean on the ball at Goodison Park in 1930.) The legend of Herbert In an era of expansion and innovation, it was one man who took up the task of expanding minds. Herbert Chapman, a former Tottenham Hotspur journeyman, had been pushing the boundaries right from his playing days – if not with his footballing skills but by sporting yellow boots more akin to modern times. Talent-spotter, organiser, motivator and businessman, Chapman set about revolutionising the role of manager and though many might suggest Sir Alex Ferguson is the greatest, the mould was first cast by a Yorkshireman at Huddersfield Town. Chapman joined Town in 1920 and in spite of limited budget, resource and enthusiasm amongst the club’s fanbase, he transformed The Terriers into a title-winning force between 1924 and 1926, before taking the magic touch back to North London – though this time with Arsenal. Another trio of consecutive titles, a feat matched only by Liverpool to this day, confirmed his legendary status. Invention and modernisation were the foundation of his then unparalleled success, as new formations with a greater emphasis on defending allowed his teams to combat the tricky new offside rule. Ironically it was a striker in Chapman’s ranks, Charlie Buchan, who pushed for a more defensive approach in an era when 2-3-5 was the formation of choice. It was only after a 7-0 thrashing at the hands of Newcastle that Chapman considered the new approach, but there was no doubt who perfected it. Scoring goals was no less important to the Arsenal manager’s success, illustrated by the record sum paid to Bolton Wanderers for David Jack. At £10,890, his was the first five-figure transfer fee, but they would soon become commonplace as the market rapidly expanded. Chapman would go on to ask Everton to name their price for the irresistible Dixie Dean, but fearing the reaction of their fans the offer was declined. A rare failure. Chapman was one of the game's first modernisers. As well as introducing new tactics and training methods, he championed innovations such as floodlighting, European club competitions, numbered shirts and white balls, all of which came to fruition after his premature death from pneumonia in 1934. (The Herbert Chapman statue outside Arsenal's Emirates Stadium) The Highbury model Arsenal were involved in another slice of history under Chapman, as their clash with Sheffield United became the first match to be broadcast live on BBC radio on January 22nd, 1927. A simple chart of the pitch was made, with eight areas assigned a number so that listeners could follow where the action was taking place. Henry Wakelam then provided the running commentary during the First Division match, while a colleague called out the numbers alongside him. A year later the Gunners again played their part in another first, as they and Chelsea donned the first numbers on shirts in August, 1928. It would not become compulsory until some eleven years later. They would not hold the record for most goals by one player in a single game however, despite striker Ted Drake racking up seven strikes in the 1935-36 season. That same season saw two players better that tally, with the surreally named Bunny Bell hitting nine for Tranmere Rovers and Luton Town’s John Payne going one better at the expense of Bristol Rovers. Payne would go on to score 55 goals for The Hatters the following season, a club record to this day. Meanwhile, Tranmere were the victors in the League’s highest scoring game, hammering Oldham Athletic 13-4 in Division 3 North on Boxing Day, 1935. Such records mattered little in an era of domination for Arsenal, who even after Chapman’s untimely passing continued to swell the trophy cabinet, winning the Division 1 title five times and the FA Cup twice in all. Their dominance provoked widespread dislike among opposing fans and in rival boardrooms, but the Highbury club’s model was duly copied and helped drive the game forward. The Gunners could not lay sole claim to success in the 1930s, however, with the ‘team of boys’ at West Bromwich Albion winning a unique double unlikely to be repeated as they topped the Second Division and won the FA Cup in 1931. Led by Dixie Dean’s unparalleled scoring prowess, Everton also enjoyed a streak of silverware that took in title victories in the top two divisions and the cup in three successive seasons. Man City and Sunderland also enjoyed league and cup triumphs. (Everton's Dixie Dean holds up the FA Cup.) Tale of two wars The Great Depression defined the 1930s and football provided a welcome escape. By this time the Pools had firmly established itself as part of the Saturday ritual for thousands of fans, having been born in the previous decade. First handed out at Old Trafford in 1923, the coupons gained a huge customer base, with life-changing winnings available in exchange for a small sum. There were wider benefits too, with the Post Office benefitting from an abundance of payments by postal order and taxation on winnings keeping government onside. While it was hugely popular with supporters, the footballing authorities had long been unimpressed and in 1936, they launched the infamous Pools War in an effort to shut the operators down. Moral objections and fears that betting would corrupt the game had been simmering for some time, to the extent that two-years prior a Football League committee had refused to sanction an opportunity to begin taking a share of pools company’s profits. Presented by Watson Hartley, the idea was revisited in 1935 when the Liverpool accountant returned with the concept that as owners of the fixture list, The League should charge newspapers, sports publications and pools companies for the right to use them. Rather than achieve his goal, Hartley only succeeded in giving the committee a means to take on their nemesis. Having received assurances over their legal right to copyright, it was League President Charles Sutcliffe who proposed the advantage be used to eradicate betting on the sport, by initially withholding fixtures until the last possible moment and thereby crippling the ability to produce coupons in advance. The first weekend this was enforced was Saturday, 29th February but secrecy proved difficult to maintain and newspapers managed to publish full fixture lists. Attendances suffered enormously and with clubs damaged more than the pools providers, the ‘war’ was swiftly brought to an end within a fortnight. It would take more than twenty years for The Football League to be legally granted copyright for the fixture list. Set against a backdrop of Nazi Germany re-entering the Rhineland, however, it was not long before the debate over gambling on football paled into insignificance. A month into the 1939/40 season, it was time for football to take a back seat. Football's Heyday Having been suspended in 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War, the League returned to action seven seasons later and the nation greeted it like an old friend. The public's appetite for live sport was insatiable and aggregate crowds for the first season back were in excess of 35 million. Attendances continued to boom and in 1948-49, the all-time high was set at 41,244,295, at a time when the estimated UK population was just 50 million. The record crowd for a league match had come the season before, as 83,260 turned up to watch Manchester United host Arsenal. Expansion continued to accommodate more clubs and their growing number of fans, with the Third Divisions including 24 clubs by 1950, pushing the total number of team to 92. By 1958 the split Third Divisions were no longer regionalised, but divided into third and fourth tiers and so the modern structure was established. The Wizard of the Dribble With many of the interwar stars now retired and the next generation having missed seven years of development, the quality of football on show was no match for the level of interest. There were some players that survived the unwanted interlude, however, and no individual captured supporter affection like Sir Stanley Matthews. His career spanned four decades, beginning as a 19-year-old in Stoke City colours and ending at the incredible age of 50 with the same club. It was with Blackpool that he most closely identified, however, as the ‘wizard of the dribble’ wowed the watching masses with an exceptional talent for beating defenders that had to be seen to be believed. The only player to have been knighted during his playing career, Matthews set numerous records including the oldest man to play a First Division match and to score a goal. He eventually retired in 1965, a Football League icon and national institution. Other stars of the era included Arthur Rowley, whose 21-year career saw him amass a record to make even Dixie Dean glower with envy – 433 league goals in 619 appearances. There were new heroes from abroad too, with few better illustrations than 1956 FWA Footballer of the Year Bert Trautmann. The former Luftwaffe paratrooper settled in Lancashire following a spell as a prisoner of war, but his on-field skills softened attitudes and attracted acclaim sufficient for him to become the first non-British player to earn the award. (Fulham's Arthur Rowley gets a shot away.) Tale of Two Managers If Herbert Chapman was the managerial giant of the 1930s, Matt Busby would pick up the reigns in the post-war years. Like Chapman, there was a hint of irony about his later success with Manchester United given he had spent his career playing for rivals Man City and Liverpool, but Busby made more impact in his time on the pitch. In 1945, Busby was appointed Manchester United manager and with a crop of promising players, he helped elevate the club to a new level. His impact was immediate and four second-place finishes in five seasons was just the beginning. The title was secured three times in the seasons leading up to the Munich Air Disaster in 1958, in which eight United players were among the 23 people killed. Despite the heart-wrenching setback, Busby rebuilt the team almost from scratch and added two further League titles in the 1960s. He did have to share the managerial limelight, however, as further south Stan Cullis was making history of his own at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Cullis admitted modelling his style on Busby’s as a player, but once in management the pair had very different ideas. Known for developing so-called ‘kick-and-rush’ football, the former Wolves player (he made over 150 appearances for Wolves) set about making his team a powerhouse of world football. Wider success was built on three top flight titles between 1954 and 1959, not to mention a European clash with Honved of Budapest – a team featuring the mighty Puskas – which they won and duly crowned themselves and The Football League the world’s best. (Manchester United manager Matt Busby with his players at training.) Floodlight Football Long after his passing, Herbert Chapman's vision of floodlit football was finally realised on February 22, 1956, when Portsmouth played Newcastle United in a League match at Fratton Park. The debut was held up by more than 90 minutes courtesy of a fuse failure but once corrected, it proved a big hit with the fans. Coupled with the white ball, which itself had only been introduced in 1951, evening games became synonymous with added excitement and were soon the norm across The League. These matches meant easing fixture congestion in bad weather, but more importantly opened up new revenue streams. Having been appointed three years earlier, Alan Hardaker made perhaps his most notable contribution as Secretary of The Football League in 1960 by proposing a new knockout competition – The League Cup. Aston Villa were fitting winners of the first final, which was played over two legs, and it was only seven years on that the final became a one-off game at Wembley Stadium. Television companies were also fond of midweek football under the lights and with ITV competing with the BBC, the income opportunity was plain to see. In spite of fears around damaging attendances, the first League televised match went ahead in 1960, with Blackpool v Bolton Wanderers the fixture to write itself into history. (Wembley Stadium under the glow of floodlights in 1955.) The Maximum Wage First touted in the 1890s as a means to combat player poaching, the maximum wage had come into force from the 1901/02 season and restricted players to receiving no more than £4 per week. While this had risen to £20 by the early 1960s, a campaign began to bring this restrictive practice to an end entirely. Spearheaded by the Professional Footballers' Association, and in particular by Chairman Jimmy Hill, the case for abolition was taken to the Ministry of Labour. In a new era of commercial growth and televised games, there was more money in the game than ever before, yet players were not only subject to wage caps, but also to the ‘retain and transfer system’ which restricted movement even when their contract came to an end. Both were now subject of an official dispute and with foreign leagues offering far richer rewards – Leeds United’s John Charles was alleged to have received a £10,000 signing-on fee when he moved to Juventus – and public opinion swayed by the likes of Sir Stanley Matthews, the players had the upper hand. Even so, it took the threat of strike action to bring the matter to a head. Having rejected League proposals to first increase and then abolish the maximum wage alone, the growing threat of a League campaign without its professionals saw The League concede in January 1961. Though the battle against the retain and transfer would rumble on until George Eastham’s High Court victory over his transfer from Newcastle to Arsenal, the maximum wage was abolished with immediate effect. (George Eastham - pictured on the right - outside the High Court in 1961) Players were free to negotiate their own terms and Fulham's Johnny Haynes immediately became the first player to receive £100 a week. The move did little to stem the flow of talent to foreign shores; Haynes’ England teammate Jimmy Greaves moved to AC Milan and in the same year, Manchester City became the first English club to be involved in a six-figure transaction when they accepted Torino’s £100,000 offer for Denis Law. The English game continued to thrive, however, as Bill Nicholson led his 1961 Tottenham Hotspur side to the first League and Cup Double since Aston Villa's at the end of the previous century. Division Four winners Peterborough United were also worthy of attention given their incredible forward line – led by 50-goal Terry Bly – set a new record of 134 league goals. Bly remains the last player to have scored a half century of league strikes in one season. Boom and Bust The 1960s ushered in a glorious era for English football, as The Football League’s finest made their mark at home and abroad. Silverware was shared between Sir Matt Busby’s latest incarnation at Manchester United – a team that featured luminaries such as Denis Law, Bobby Charlton and the irrepressible George Best – and Bill Shankly’s famous Liverpool side. Up on Merseyside, Shankly had taken over at Liverpool when the Reds were struggling in the Second Division but quickly laid the foundations for future success, winning the title in 1964 and 1966. Recognised as one of the great motivators, the confident Scot was also known for his quick wit and many a quote became ingrained in football folklore. “Some people believe football is a matter of life and death,” he famously mused, “I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” In 1964, Liverpool’s clash with Arsenal was the first to be featured on the brand new Match of the Day programme on BBC2, a game they won 3-2. They would be picked out for the first colour broadcast in November 1969 too, meeting West Ham United. Coverage was also growing in print media, too, as Football League Review magazine hit the shelves a year later. Across Stanley Park, Everton vied to keep up with the neighbours and paid £100,000 for Blackpool’s Alan Ball – a first between two English clubs – in 1966. It proved a busy year for Ball. (Alan Ball posing in his Everton shirt in 1969.) Best of the Best? Considered by many to be the most talented player of his generation – and arguably of all-time – George Best captured the hearts of both football supporters and adoring female fans. He was the embodiment of the new celebrity footballer, performing wonders on the pitch while living a high-profile glamourous life of it. Having joined Manchester United as a 16-year-old, Best would debut for the club just a year later and go on to score 137 goals in 361 league games, despite mainly operating as a winger. Sir Matt Busby described him as “the most gifted player I have ever seen” and he collected sufficient honours to support the notion, including two league titles, a European Cup and individual rewards as English and European Player of the Year in 1968. The contrasts with the likes of previous stars like Sir Stanley Matthews made his playboy lifestyle a point of contention for the purists, but Best was undoubtedly an icon of his era and is still remembered as a genius of the game. (Manchester United's George Best in 1970) Red the Colour After Arsenal became only the fourth club to complete the League and Cup double, clinching the 1971 Championship at Tottenham, the 1970s were dominated by sides managed by Brian Clough and Bob Paisley. Clough radically transformed Derby County and Nottingham Forest, winning three League titles between them, and back-to-back European Cups with Forest. Domestically the side in red went 42-league games without defeat, setting a new Football League record, and broke new ground in the transfer market too when they paid £1,000,000 to prise Trevor Francis from Birmingham in 1979. Paisley, meanwhile, stepped out of the shadows of Bill Shankly in 1974 and in the next nine years led Liverpool to six League titles, three European Cups, one UEFA Cup and three League Cups before handing over to Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish. That wasn’t the end of the success, however, and by the end of the ‘80s Liverpool had won the League 11 times in 18 seasons. During this time the Anfield outfit had become a hugely marketable commodity and took advantage by becoming the first to put a sponsor on their shirt. Sponsorship was a growing force and The League itself would soon follow suit, making its cup competition the first to bear a sponsor’s name in the title after an agreement with the Milk Marketing Board. The Milk Cup would last four years before a new sponsor, Littlewoods, took over in 1986 – a marked change from the days of the Pools War. In the interim Canon took the title sponsorship of The Football League for the first time, as new revenue streams continued to boost the game’s coffers. (Liverpool manager Bob Paisley holds the League Championship trophy aloft in 1983.) Football’s Lowest Ebb While television audiences and newspaper coverage continued to reflect the nation’s obsession with football, the game was rapidly heading towards crisis point. Decaying stadiums and football hooliganism were taking their toll on attendances and in May 1985, two tragedies within a matter of weeks would take the game to a new low. Within three weeks of the Heysel disaster, which saw 39 deaths in the Brussels stadium and English clubs subsequently banned from European competition, there was a traumatic blow on home soil at Valley Parade, home of Bradford City. Celebrating lifting the Division Three trophy before their final league game of the season with Lincoln City, the main stand was ravaged by the worst fire disaster in English football history. More than 200 people were injured and 56 lost their lives. (The fire memorial outside of Bradford City's Valley Parade.) Time for a Change Before 1965 teams were forced to play on with a less-than-full complement of injured players were unable to continue; the introduction of one named substitute per team allowed an injured player to be replaced. Keith Peacock of Charlton was the first to come off the bench in August 1965, as he entered the fray in a Division Two match with Bolton Wanderers. The next season it was agreed the allotted substitute could be used at the manager’s discretion, but not until 1987 would the number of replacements be upped to two per team. Further rule changes arrived in the following decade, as The Football League scrapped the two-up, two-down promotion and relegation system in 1973, and replaced it with three-up, three-down. Three years later, the criteria for separating clubs finishing on the same number of points was changed from goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded) to goal difference (the difference between goals scored and goals conceded). Sandwiched in between, the first Football League game to be played on a Sunday was a London derby in Division Two between Millwall and Fulham. Played at The Den, the Lions’ season-high 15,143 attendance saw Brian Clark score the first ever Sunday strike. In 1981, it was decided to award three points for a win, rather than two, in a further effort to encourage attacking football. The idea was the brainchild of Coventry City Chairman and BBC Broadcaster Jimmy Hill and would go on to be used throughout the world. With the new rule in force, York City became the first team to breach the 100-point mark as they won Division Four in 1982/83. In 32-years since the rule change, only nine further clubs have achieved the distinction. Later that year, The Football League Trophy was launched under the title ‘Associate Members Cup,’ reflecting the fact Division Three and Four clubs were not classed as full members at the time. (Brian Clark and his Millwall team-mates celebrate the first Football League goal scored on a Sunday in 1974.) A New Promotion Automatic promotion and relegation was brought in between the Fourth Division and the Football Conference in 1986/87, while simultaneously another defining innovation was approved – the Play-Offs. First mooted by League Secretary Alan Hardaker in the 1970s, the idea was picked up by Brentford Chairman Martin Lange and it was he who would go on to be labelled their creator-in-chief. Lange had initially suggested the Play-Offs be introduced into the Third and Fourth Divisions as part of the Heathrow Agreement, which was focused on reducing the number of sides in the top flight. Such was the excitement around the idea, however, that the Second Division would adopt them too as clubs recognised the opportunity to extend the excitement of a season for fans of clubs outside the automatic promotion places. This in turn helped ease tensions between the top two tiers in the short-term, while having an undeniable impact on attendances and end-of-season drama right up until the modern day with crowds having more than doubled since their introduction. A New Dawn Football had reached crisis point during the 1980s and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives was its nadir. Enough was deemed enough and the Taylor Report which followed would help lead football into better times. The changes made to stadia would transform the matchday environment and allow the authorities to turn the tide in the battle with the hooligan element. The cost of transforming football’s architecture was estimated at £300 million but Taylor insisted: “The years of patching up grounds, of having periodic disasters and narrowly avoiding others by muddling through on a wing and a prayer must be over.” Breaking Away The events at Hillsborough overshadowed the game as the ‘80s drew to a close but on the pitch, there was still plenty to adore about the game. Neutrals gasped and Arsenal celebrated in jubilant fashion as Michael Thomas burst through the Liverpool defence in the 1988/89 title decider at Anfield and scored the decisive goal that took the title to North London. Growth continued in the transfer market too, with £2million fees paid for both Tony Cottee and Paul Gascoigne in England. There had been keen competition throughout the 1980s between terrestrial broadcasters for the rights to screen live League matches. However, the arrival of satellite television changed the landscape forever. It coincided with the FA unveiling their ‘Blueprint for Football’ document, which put forward the idea of a Super League of 18 clubs, a proposal the top clubs had been discussing for several years in an attempt to keep more of The League's revenue and voting rights for themselves. The Football League resisted the proposals strongly producing its alternative plans in the ‘One Game One Team One Voice document’. However, on 14 June 1991, 16 First Division clubs signed a document of intent to join the newly formed Premier League, and eventually all 22 top flight clubs tendered their resignations from The League. By September, the breakaway league had become official. The Premier League struck a five-year television deal with Sky Sports and the BBC, worth £304 million, while The Football League sealed a £24 million deal with ITV for live coverage of its games. (West Ham United's Tony Cottee celebrates scoring a goal against Coventry City in 1996.) Onwards and Upwards The three-division Football League regrouped with 70 clubs in the first three seasons after the split, before expanding to the present-day 72 club set-up when the Premier League reduced to 20 clubs. The divisions were renamed Divisions One, Two and Three to reflect the changes. Suggestions that the split would be the death knell of many professional football clubs proved unfounded as football at all levels boomed in the new satellite television era. The Football League flourished in the face of adversity and in 2001 signed a three-year, £315 million broadcasting deal with ITV Digital, the biggest in its history. However, by March 2002 the channel was in administration leading to serious repercussions for member clubs. More than 30 would go into administration in the immediate aftermath. The appointment as Chairman of Sir Brian Mawhinney (now Lord Mawhinney), the former Chairman of the Conservative Party, in January 2003, proved to be the catalyst for a drive towards good governance and a raft of measures that would improve the financial position of clubs in the post ITV Digital era. Over the next 18 months The Football League pioneered a host of measures, including publishing club payments to agents, a 'sporting sanction' of 10 points for clubs entering administration, a 'fit and proper persons' test for club directors and majority shareholders and the introduction of an independent non-executive director on The Football League Board. The League also underwent a substantial re-branding, under which it sought to reclaim its heritage by renaming the divisions ‘The Championship’, ‘League 1’ and ‘League 2’. As part of the initiative, The League developed a series of community initiatives, including encouraging young supporters to attend matches at minimal cost under the 'Fans of the Future' campaign. "Over the last few years the League's standing has been enhanced, both commercially and competitively, as we have delivered real football for real fans," Lord Mawhinney said in 2007. William McGregor would doubtless have approved. (Lord Brian Mawhinney presents the new Football League logo in 2004.) 2009-2013 - A New Era In November 2009 Lord Mawhinney announced he was standing down as Chairman of The Football League after seven years at the helm. Greg Clarke, the former Chief Executive of Cable and Wireless Communications Plc, was named as his replacement. In 2012/13 after two years of detailed discussions, The Football League and its clubs agreed a Financial Fair Play framework to operate in all three divisions. In the Championship, clubs have introduced a breakeven approach based on the UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations. It will require clubs to stay within pre-defined limits on losses and shareholder equity investment that will reduce significantly over a five season timeframe. In League 1 and League 2, clubs have implemented the Salary Cost Management Protocol (SCMP) that has been in use in the latter division since 2004/05. The SCMP broadly limits spending on total player wages to a proportion of each club’s turnover. The Football League today represents the largest single body of fully professional clubs in world football. Its clubs employ more than 20,000 full and part-time staff and have more than 10,000 professional, apprentice and schoolboy footballers on their books. Attendances in the modern era are at their highest levels for 50 years with the 17.1m fans that watched matches during the 2009/10 season representing a significant increase on the 10.9m that watched matches in 1992/93, the first season after the split with the Premier League. The Championship alone has become the fourth most watched league in Europe with only Germany's Bundesliga, the Premier League and Spain's La Liga boasting more fans through the turnstiles, with The Football League's top division attracting even more supporters than Italy's Serie A and France's Ligue 1. Crowds in Leagues 1 and 2 also comfortably outstrip those recorded at comparable levels of football in all Europe's other major footballing nations.	i don't know
In Greek Mythology who was the ferryman who carried the dead to the underworld across the River Styx?	Charon, the Ferryman of Hades Charon, the Ferryman of Hades In Greek mythology, Charon (or Kharon) was the ferryman who carried the souls of the dead into the underworld, across the Acheron river. In Roman mythology, he carried them across the river Styx. He was the son of goddess Nyx and of the primordial deity Erebus. He was represented as an old and ugly man, with a dirty beard and a crooked nose. In Roman poetry, he looked even worse - Virgil portrays him as a filthy man, with an unkempt beard and eyes burning like fire, dressed in a dirty tunic and having a greasy girdle. Also, in these more recent representations, he is ill-tempered and scolds the shadows of the dead all the time. Charon the ferryman was usually represented in art in his boat, with one hand on the steering pole or on an oar and the other hand resting on the boat or inviting the shadows to come. The souls of the deceased were guided by Hermes , who was also a psychopomp ("guide of the souls"). For his services, he was paid the so-called "Charon's obolus" - that's why dead people were buried with a coin in their mouth or on it (an obolus or a danake). Several ancient towns were exempt from this "tax", either because they had been kind to a god, or because they were considered "shortcuts" to the underworld, so there was no need to pay for such a short trip (ancient sarcasm, if I may say so!). The people who didn't receive a proper burial and thus had no obolus were left to wander on the shores of the river Acheron for one hundred years. That's why for the ancient Greeks it was so important to give a respectable burial to the deceased. For instance, Antigone risked her life by burying her brother, Polynices, because he was considered a traitor and the king of Thebes forbid everyone to bury him. Plato tells us that the souls of the deceased were judged and then, according to their sins, they were taken by Charon to different areas where they were purified from their sins or where they received punishment. Charon also had to ferry some living people, even if he didn't really want to. Among them were the hero Heracles, who easily convinced Charon by using his club, and Orpheus, who probably convinced him with his song, when he got into the underworld. After returning to the world of the living and looking back, he lost Eurydice for the second time. Orpheus could see her taken by Charon to the other shore; as much as he wanted to return to Hades, Charon refused to ferry him again. Psyche went to the underworld sent on an errand by Venus; she took with her two coins, so as to pay Charon her way back, too. In Roman literature, in Virgil's Aeneid, the hero Aeneas descends into the afterworld, accompanied by the Sybil, who shows Charon a golden bough, in order to convince him to let the hero across the river. (I liked it how, when a human boards the boat, as he is very heavy, the water gets in between the boards). Last, but not least, Charon also appears in Dante's Inferno (from the Divine Comedy), as a demon with fire eyes, who beats with his oar the souls who don't get on his boat fast enough. Here are some pictures of Charon:	Charon
In tennis, who was the first woman to win all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year?	Two of Pluto’s Moons Get Names From Greek Mythology’s Underworld - The New York Times The New York Times Space & Cosmos \|Two of Pluto’s Moons Get Names From Greek Mythology’s Underworld Search Continue reading the main story Photo An image, taken in 2012, by the Hubble Space Telescope of Pluto and its moons. The two small moons labeled P4 and P5 have been renamed as Kerberos and Styx. Credit Mark Showalter/SETI Institute; NASA; ESA, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images For an astronomical body that circles the Sun but is not officially a planet, Pluto has a lot going on, out there four billion miles from the Sun where comets and other icy bodies roam. Among other things, Pluto has a retinue of at least five — count ’em, five — moons circling it. On Tuesday the International Astronomical Union announced names for two of these moons, the fourth and fifth to be discovered. Moon No. 4 is now Kerberos, after the many-headed dog that guarded the entrance to the underworld in Greek mythology. Moon No. 5 is Styx, named for the river that souls had to cross over to get to Hades, or the underworld, and the goddess who ruled over it. Those names, of course, are familiar ones in the Plutonian family. In Greek mythology, Pluto, also known as Hades, was the lord of the underworld, a place that was also sometimes called Hades. Pluto’s other moons are Charon, named for the ferryman who carried dead souls across the river Styx; Hydra, a multiheaded monster that helped guard the entrance to the underworld; and Nix, the mother of Charon. In 2011 and 2012, Kerberos and Styx were discovered by a team led by Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute , which searches for extraterrestrial life, using the Hubble Space Telescope . Each is estimated to be 20 or so miles in diameter, making them the smallest of Pluto’s moons so far. By astronomical tradition, the discoverer of a new planet or moon is entitled to suggest names for it to the International Astronomical Union, which has about 11,000 members in 93 countries and was founded in 1919 to promote international scientific cooperation. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Dr. Showalter, however, said he thought it would be more fun to throw it open to the public, and held an Internet contest in which people could vote for names for the moons. He was impressed, he said in an e-mail, by the amount of thinking and creativity that went into the suggestions. “There were a lot of weird names,” he wrote. “A few suggested ‘Potato and Potahto,’ which I thought was pretty funny. Lots of children wrote in to suggest their siblings as ‘minions of Hades.’ ” Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy The favorite name turned out to be Vulcan, which is both the Greek god of fire and, perhaps more significantly, the home planet of Mr. Spock, the “Star Trek” character played by Leonard Nimoy. Dr. Showalter submitted the names Vulcan and Cerberus — which was later changed to the Greek spelling Kerberos to avoid confusion with an asteroid — to the Working Group for Planetary Nomenclature and the Committee on Small Body Nomenclature of International Astronomical Union. The astronomical union rejected Vulcan because it had already been used as the name for a hypothetical planet between Mercury and the Sun, and it had no connection to the mythological underworld. Instead the moon-namers chose Kerberos and the next runner-up, Styx. It was not the first time that citizens with stars in their eyes had been disappointed by the astronomical union, which has a tangled history with Pluto. It was the union that, back in 2006, tossed Pluto out of the club of planets , after years of debate that reached into classrooms and planetariums. In an election at the union’s triennial meeting, in Prague, the group voted to define a planet as an object that was round, orbited the Sun, and had cleared everything else out of its orbital path. Pluto is round and circles the Sun but its region of the solar system is cluttered with thousands of small icy objects. And so Pluto was demoted to being a “dwarf planet.” Tell it to Kerberos, Styx, Charon, Nix and Hydra. Correction: July 5, 2013 An article on Wednesday about the naming of two of Pluto’s moons misidentified the year in which Pluto was demoted from planet status. That decision, by the International Astronomical Union, took place in 2006, not in 2003. A version of this article appears in print on July 3, 2013, on Page A14 of the New York edition with the headline: Two of Pluto’s Moons Get Names From Greek Mythology’s Underworld. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
The Raspberry, Blueberry and Dewberry all belong to which family of plants?	Gooseberry & Currant and Barberry Grape Family (Vitaceae) Grapes are one of the oldest cultivated plants. They are classified as true berries because the fruit wall or pericarp is fleshy all the way through. The cultivation of grapes dates back more than 5,000 years in Egypt, and they were highly developed by the Greeks and Romans. Today there are nearly 200 cultivated varieties. Modern cultivars have all been derived from two main species, the European (Mediterranean) Vitis vinifera (a tight-skin grape with wine-like flavor) and the North American V. labrusca (a slip-skin grape with Concord-type flavor). In the European tight-skins, which are used for wines, the skin does not separate readily from the pulp. North American slip-skin grapes are generally more hardy than the European. The fruit is round with a more watery flesh and a thin skin that slips off very easily. The North American V. labrusca is also called the fox grape and is the source of the famous cultivar discovered in Concord, Massachusetts. Concord grapes are the most important American grape for juices, jellies and preserves. They are also used for certain wines. Some of the best wines and popular eating grapes, such as 'Thompson Seedless' and 'Red Seedless' are cultivars of V. vinifera. Sterile, triploid cultivars have been developed that do not produce seeds because of synaptic failure during Meiosis I resulting in non-viable gametes. Several varieties of grapes are dried and used for raisins. The best raisin grapes are selected for flavor, reduced stickiness and soft texture. In the United States, most raisins are produced in California's Central Valley. Concord grapes are used for jellies, jams and juices. Jellies are made from fruit juice, pectin and sugar. Jams contain the actual crushed fruit. The fermentation of grapes is brought about through the action of wild yeasts which are present on the skins of the fruit (whitish powder). The maximum alcoholic content of natural wines is about 12 to 16% (24 to 32 proof). Higher alcoholic content will kill the yeast cells. Brandy is made from distilled wines and has a much higher alcoholic content (up to 140 proof). Red wines are made from grapes with colored skins (with anthocyanin), while white wines are made from white grapes (or red grapes with skins removed). In dry wines the sugar is almost completely fermented. In sweet wines fermentation is stopped before all the sugar is converted. Viticulture (the cultivation of grapes) and enology (the study of wine making) are enormous topics beyond the scope of this section of WAYNE'S WORD. They are discussed in more detail in the required textbook for Plants and People ( Botany 115 ). Two popular varieties of seedless grapes in California: 'Thompson Seedless' (left) and delicious 'Red Flame' (right). Grapes are considered a true berry because the entire pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy. Grape Vineyard in California's Wine Country of Napa Valley A native California wild grape (Vitis girdiana) that grows in canyon bottoms and along streams in southern California. This species often forms massive vines that drape over large trees such as coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). It intergrades with the very similar V. californica of central and northern California. Unlike the tight-skin V. vinifera of Europe, this is a slip-skin grape in which the skin readily slips off of the juicy, seed-bearing pulp (see arrow). For years it has been known that people in France who consume red wines on a regular basis have a reduced risk of coronary heart disease compared with the United States. This data is paradoxical considering that the French also consume a lot of fatty foods, such as pastries. A phenolic compound in the grape skins called resveratrol was discovered that seems to inhibit the plaque build-up or clogging of arteries (atherosclerosis) by increasing the level of high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the blood. Beneficial HDLs carry cholesterol away from the arteries so that it doesn't form plaque deposits in the arterial walls. Resveratrol also reduces blood platelet aggregation or clotting (thromboses) within blood vessels. Resveratrol belongs to a class of plant chemicals called phytoalexins. They are used by plants as a defense mechanism in response to attacks by fungi and insects. One interesting phytoalexin called psoralen comes from the leguminous herb Psoralea. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Psoralen has been used in the treatment of certain cancers, including T-cell lymphomas in AIDS patients. Sprawling mass of wild grape (Vitis girdiana) in late fall, following a steep canyon on the desert escarpment of Mt. San Jacinto in southern California. The taller trees in distance are California sycamore (Platanus racemosa). Another potentially valuable herbal medicine from Vitis vinifera is grape seed extract, a mixture rich in bioflavonoids, specifically proanthocyanidins. The proanthocyanidins appear to enhance the activity of vitamin C through some unknown synergistic mechanism. Vitamin C protects cells from the damaging oxidation of free radicals, thus preventing mutations and tumor formation. The bioflavonoids in grape seed extract may also reduce the painful inflammation of swollen joints and prevent the oxidation of cholesterol in arteries which leads to fatty deposition (plaque) in the arterial walls. Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae) Sea Grape The sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) belongs to the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae), along with rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), wild rhubarb (Rumex hymenosepalus), buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum), and a huge genus of California herbs and shrubs called wild buckwheat (Eriogonum). Although it is not related to grapes or even a member of the grape family (Vitaceae), the sea grape produces clusters of edible berries that greatly resemble true grapes. The sea grape is native to the Florida Keys, islands of the Caribbean region, and the Caribbean shores of Central America. On exposed, windy shores it grows as a sprawling shrub but in more sheltered areas it grows as a tree, reaching a height of 50 feet (15 m). The ripe fruits are sour, but they contain large amounts of pectin which makes them especially useful for jellies and jams. Some historians have suggested that the sea grape was one of the first beach plants encountered by Columbus when he arrived in the Caribbean region in the fifteenth century. Sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), a member of the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae). Photographed at Cahuita National Park on the Caribbean shore of Costa Rica. Rose Family (Rosaceae) Blackberry, Thimbleberry and Raspberry Blackberries and raspberries are classified as aggregate fruits because they are clusters of one-seeded drupelets, each cluster of drupelets developing from a single flower. The drupelets are typically eaten as a cluster, and not individually. Like other fruits, the origin of blackberries and raspberries is very complicated and there are numerous cultivated varieties that have been developed through the centuries. The main red raspberries grown commercially come from Rubus idaeus, a widespread North American species. The origin of many cultivars of true blackberries include the North American black raspberry R. occidentalis, the European cut-leaved blackberry (R. laciniatus), and the Pacific blackberry or dewberry (R. ursinus). The latter species is also the source of the 'Loganberry,' 'Youngberry' and 'Boysenberry.' Actually, a cross between an octoploid California blackberry (possibly R. ursinus) and a European raspberry, first discovered in the garden of Joshua Logan, gave rise to the loganberry, a popular fruit in the western United States, where it is used for pies and jams. North American blackberries are also the source of an edible purple dye used to label meats with the familiar USDA ratings. Aggregate fruits of a blackberry (Rubus ursinus) in coastal northern California showing the individual drupelets, each with a separate style. Although the one-seeded drupelets represent separate ripened ovaries, each aggregate cluster of drupelets develops from a single white flower. [Note: This species might be a hybrid blackberry; the widespread weedy R. procerus also grows in the area.] Another introduced blackberry called the Himalayan blackberry (R. procerus) is harvested for edible fruit in the Pacific northwestern United States. [Note: In The Jepson Manual of California plants (1993), this species is listed as R. discolor.] It is a rampant, weedy vine that forms impenetrable, prickly thickets along roadsides and in vacant fields. An attractive western North American shrub with simple (undivided) leaves and without prickles is called thimbleberry (R. parviflorus). Although mulberry fruits superficially resemble blackberries, they are very different. Mulberry trees (Morus species) belong to the mulberry family (Moraceae). The fruits are called multiple fruits because they are composed of many drupelets, each arising from separate, small flowers without petals. They do not arise from a single flower as in aggregate fruits like raspberries and blackberries. Flower and aggregate fruit of thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), a native shrub in the mountains of the western United States. This photo was taken on Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, California. Although the one-seeded drupelets represent separate ripened ovaries, each aggregate cluster of drupelets developed from a single white flower. Aggregate fruits of the raspberry, a commercially-grown hybrid of (Rubus idaeus). Although the one-seeded drupelets represent separate ripened ovaries, each aggregate cluster of drupelets develops from a single white flower. Note the individual hair-like styles that arise from each of the numerous drupelets. The most obvious difference between these fruits and blackberries is their red color. Strawberry The strawberry is another very beautiful aggregate fruit that develops from a single white flower. It is composed of numerous, small, yellowish-brown, one-seeded fruits (called achenes) which are embedded in a swollen, fleshy, red receptacle. The tiny achenes are only found in the outer (surface) tissue of the strawberry receptacle, and produce the slight, gritty texture of the fruit. Most of the common cultivated varieties come from Fragaria x ananassa, a hybrid between Virginia strawberry F. virginiana of eastern North America and the widespread beach strawberry F. chiloensis of North and South America. The generic name Fragaria is derived from the Latin fragrans, referring to the sweet fragrance of the fruit. Strawberries are an attractive and delicious fruit with a high content of vitamins A and C. Aggregate fruit of a hybrid strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) showing the individual yellowish-brown, one-seeded achenes embedded in the red, fleshy receptacle. Although the one-seeded achenes represent separate ripened ovaries, each strawberry is produced from a single white flower. Heath Family (Ericaceae) Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry & Bearberry The heath family (Ericaceae) is known for many native shrubs in the chaparral and subalpine regions of North America and Eurasia, and for some of our most beautiful ornamental shrubs, such as azaleas, rhododendrons and mountain laurels. It is also known for some popular berries that come from shrubs of the genus Vaccinium, including blueberries (V. corymbosum and V. angustifolium) and cranberries (V. macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos). Most commercially-grown huckleberries belong to the closely-related genus Gaylussacia. There are also many other native species called blueberries, cranberries, bilberries and huckleberries that are relished by bears and other animals in the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains of North America, including V. occidentale, V. ovatum, V. nivictum, V. caespitosum and V. globulare. In general, they all have dark blue or purple, many-seeded berries that develop from an urn-shaped or bell-shaped corolla. Globe huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare), a native huckleberry in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The fleshy, tart berries are a favorite food of bears and people. Hawaiian huckleberry or "ohelo'ai" (Vaccinium reticulatum), an endemic huckleberry that colonizes lava flows on the island of Hawaii. The fleshy, tart berries were a favorite food of the native Hawaiian people. This colorful shrub was photographed near the rim of Kilauea Crater. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), a prostrate, North American shrub that grows in acidic, boggy soils. A number of cultivated varieties are grown commercially. The fruit is a fleshy, many-seeded berry that is too acidic to be eaten raw. It is used in drinks, jellies, pies, muffins, puddings, ice cream, and the traditional "cranberry sauce" of Thanksgiving dinners. The heath family also includes mazanita (Arctostaphylos), a very large genus of shrubs. One attractive species is bearberry (A. uva-ursi), a common prostrate shrub of the Rocky Mountains with bright red berries relished by bears and other wildlife of the region. The fleshy berries were collected by native Americans for food. A yellowish dye was also obtained from the leaves. Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), a native shrub in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges of western North America. Strawberry Tree Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), a native species in southern Europe and Ireland. The sweet, mealy fruits are eaten raw and are made into sherberts, preserves and alcoholic drinks. It is closely related to the madrone tree (A. menziesii) of the Pacific coastal region of the U.S. Summer holly (Comarostaphylis diversifolia), a chaparral shrub in the coastal mountains of southern California. It belongs to the heath family (Ericaceae), along with manzanita (Arctostaphylos), mission manzanita (Xylococcus), madrone (Arbutus), azalea (Rhododendron) and blueberries (Vaccinium). The bumpy, red fruits (berries) resemble small versions of the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo). Saxifrage Family (Saxifragaceae) Gooseberry & Currant Currants and gooseberries belong to the genus Ribes in the saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae). This large North American genus is sometimes placed in its own family, the Grossulariaceae. In the California mountains, the prickly Ribes shrubs with nodal spines are called gooseberries, while the unarmed shrubs are referred to as currants. In both groups, the sepals, petals and stamens arise from the rim of a tubular calyx tube or hypanthium above the ovary. The shriveled hypanthium often remains attached to the berry after it has ripened. Mountain gooseberry (Ribes roezlii) from Cuyamaca Peak in San Diego County, California. The fleshy berries are covered with slender spines. The withered hypanthium tube (from which the petals, sepals and stamens arise) is still attached to the berries. Unlike the unarmed wild currants, the gooseberry shrubs have nodal spines and may be painfully prickly if you attempt to walk through them. Fushsia-flowered gooseberry (Ribes speciosum), a native California shrub with spiny branches, shiny green leaves, and bright red pendant flowers. This chaparral species in common in shaded canyons of coastal mountains. Mountain currant (Ribes nevadense) from Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, California. The glandular-hairy, blue-black berries have a whitish bloom or powder that readily wipes off. The withered hypanthium tube (from which the petals, sepals and stamens arise) is still attached to the upper side of the berries. Winter Currant (Ribes indecorum): View of leaves and 2 inflorescences. Winter Currant (Ribes indecorum): Close-up view of an individual flower. Winter Currant (Ribes indecorum): Close-up view of a developing fruit. Barberry Family (Berberidaceae) Left: Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), one of several species of barberry in the Pacific northwest region of the United States. It is often classified in the genus Mahonia. The berries are used in pies, jellies, jams, beverages and confections. Fermented berries are made into barberry wine. Right: Zereshk (zirishk) or Indian barberry (B. vulgaris). The dried fruits (known as zereshk or zirishk) are used like raisins in desserts and rice dishes in the Middle East.	Rose
Coimbra is the oldest university in which European country?	Why You Should be Eating More Blueberries and Raspberries \| One Green Planet Why You Should be Eating More Blueberries and Raspberries August 14, 2013 LIKE OGP ON FACEBOOK : Nothing quite tastes like summer more than a handful of fresh-picked berries. Blueberries and raspberries, two of the most popular berries out there, shine like jewels in any dish from breakfast bowls to desserts to an array of berry baked goods. Don’t let these berries mesmerize you with their just their bright colors though; these berries are jam-packed (jam, get it?) with phytonutrients and antioxidants. So, let’s break it down one berry at a time and discover the health benefits offered by both blueberries and raspberries. Blueberries Did you know blueberries are the only fruit native to North America? Use that for your fun fact of the day. Blueberries were enjoyed by Native Americans for hundreds of years before anyone else even knew the little blue guys existed. Still today, the United States cultivates and supplies over half of all the blueberries on a global basis. Belonging to the Heath family, along with cranberries, blueberries grow in clusters and range in size from that of a small pea to a marble. They boast deep blue colors with maroon to purple-black hues. Vibrant colors, like those of blueberries, are a give-away for health benefits. Compounds called flavonoids and anthocyanins create the pigments while also helping to reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease by providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The synergistic properties of flavonoids and anthocyanins, paired with additional phytonutrients from blueberries, protect against more than just cancer and heart disease too. Adding blueberries to a healthy diet can strengthen many body systems including the muscle, nervous, and regulatory systems. Recent research has been especially focused on nervous system protection and the potential benefits this leads to in cognition . Nerve cells are naturally at high risk of oxygen damage and they require antioxidant protection at all times. With the antioxidants from blueberries maintaining smoothly working nerve cells, healthy cognitive function is good to go! See this article for more on berries and memory . Now, take advantage of that healthy cognition of yours and check out the nutrient list. Nutrients in 1 cup (148 g): 36% Daily Value of Vitamin K 25% Daily Value of Manganese 24% Daily Value of Vitamin C 14% Daily Value of Fiber Hidden between dark leafy greens, blueberries are actually also a great source of vitamin K! Vitamin K helps maintain healthy blood flow and the phytonutrients in blueberries take it one step farther by protecting blood components from oxygen damage that could lead to clogging. For more info on vitamin K and delicious plants, check out this article. You can get the most bang for you buck nutritional-wise by munching on blueberries at their ripest. And, freezing is always a good option for stocking up to enjoy the fruit later without damaging those precious phytonutrients! Same goes for raspberries, featured next. Raspberries Raspberries have a sweet yet tangy flavor bursting from tiny individual fruits that make up the raspberry as a whole. Because of this structure, raspberries are considered “aggregate” fruits. Among the 200 plus species, there are three basic groups of raspberries: red (most common), black, and purple. These three groups share similar nutritional profiles so pick whichever group is most convenient for you! Raspberries belong to the Rose family of plants along with apples, apricots, blackberries, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, and even almonds are a distant cousin. Check out the nutrient list for raspberries to see how they stand out from their other family fruits. Nutrients in 1 cup (123 g): 54% Daily Value of Vitamin C 41% Daily Value of Manganese 32% Daily Value of Fiber 12% Daily Value of Vitamin K Current research is underway to study the potential link between obesity and raspberry consumption. A phytonutrient abundant in raspberries called rheosmin, also known as raspberry ketone , has the ability to increase enzyme activity, oxygen consumption, and heat production in certain types of fat cells thus putting fat metabolism into warp speed and decreasing the risk of obesity as well as fatty liver disease. Additionally, raspberry ketone decreases the activity of a fat-digesting enzyme released by the pancreas. Less fat digestion = less absorption of fat! Besides protecting against obesity, raspberries contain other phytonutrients with anti-inflammatory benefits. One such phytonutrient is called ellagic acid which helps prevent the over-activity and overproduction of certain pro-inflammatory enzymes. Ellagic acid also teams up with raspberries’ antioxidants to signal for programmed cell death among potential or existing cancer cells. This berry really doesn’t mess around when it comes to maintaining good health so be sure to stock up! With the perfect size for grab-and-go snacking, burst of juicy sweetness in each morsel, and health benefits galore, which berry will you choose? Indecisive? Have both :) One Green Planet blueberry recipes here One Green Planet raspberry recipes here Image source: Dano /Flickr	i don't know
Luguvalium was the Roman name for which North Western English city?	Pastscape - Detailed Result: LUGUVALIUM ROMAN FORT LUGUVALIUM ROMAN FORT DESCRIPTION + / - The site of the Roman fort at Carlisle. Dendrochronology indicates the south defences were constructed in the autumn/winter of AD 72-3. It covered approximately 3.2 hectares, considerably larger than previously thought, and contained many timber buildings. Dendrochronological dating indicates reconstruction of the fort within its defensive perimeter occurred within the autumn/winter of AD 83-4. The fort was demolished in circa AD 103-5, and then rebuilt in timber. The fort was not abandoned following the construction of Hadrian's Wall, but at some point during Hadrian's reign a marked change in occupation occurred, with widespread internal re-planning. This is in all likelihood due to the construction of the fort at Stanwix less than 1km to the north, and the fort at Carlisle subsequently became less of a major military base. The fort was demolished around the middle of the second century, perhaps as a consequence of the Antonine reoccupation of southern Scotland. Widespread silting in the second half the second century is suggestive of abandonment of the fort. A building was erected in the south-east quadrant sometime after AD 165, and was associated with a road. Timber buildings were also present. At some time in the early third century the fort was rebuilt in stone in a conventional form. Few structural changes were made before the fourth century when some remodelling occurred. Occupation continued well into the fifth century. The levelled remains of the fort were covered by 'dark earth', although many walls were probably upstanding for many centuries, and were probably only robbed to ground level in the medieval period. MORE INFORMATION & SOURCES + / - (Centred NY 397561 - sited from plan, Authority 2). The first clear evidence for Roman military occupation of Carlisle came in 1892, when parts of a turf and timber platform, thought to represent an Agricolan fort, were discovered under Tullie House (4). The platform is the base of a building 40 feet wide from north to south, and the known length, not the full length, 220 feet east to west. (See illustration card) (1). The exact position and limits of the fort are uncertain, but it seems probable from its scale and nature that it was a large fort, restricted by natural limitations up to circa 8 acres, and therefore possibly legionary. The platform has been generally accepted as the base of the northern rampart of a fort, but excavations to the north of this site in Annetwell Street in 1978 located a double portal entrance flanked by projecting towers, recessed into a turf and timber rampart discovered in 1973. (See illustration card). This gateway is now thought to be the southern gateway of the timber fort which extended over the area now occupied by the castle (see NY 35 NE 1.1), and not the Cathedral (see NY 35 NE 45) as previously thought (3). The fort is of 2 phases. Evidence of the earliest occupation was found during excavations in 1954-6, when 2 pre-Hadrianic levels were discovered. The lowest level is Flavian, and is thought to represent the Agricolan bridgehead fort stage built as the western terminus of the Stonegate (RR 85), and as protection for crossing the River Eden. The second phase is attributed to a Trajanic reconstruction after demolition circa AD 100 (5). As a result of excavations at Tullie House in 1954 and 1955 it is now known that the early military site was re-planned for civilian use. The 1st century fort was evacuated by the army early in the 2nd century, possibly on the establishment of the wall fort at Stanvix. (6) (1-8) Finds from the fort site in Annetwell Street include wooden remains of ink writing tablets, a fragment of an unstratified red sandstone altar, measuring 0.40m by 0.36m, a fragment of a red sandstone sculptured relief, measuring 0.12m by 0.15m by 0.09m and two carved heads, interpreted as Genii, depicting figures wearing mural crowns. (See illustration card). (9-11) Illustration. (13) Additional information from recent excavations and watching briefs. (14) - (29) A turf and timber Roman fort was established in the early AD 70s and limited excavations close to the castle have located parts of the south and west defences incuding a waterlogged but well-preserved timber gateway. Futher excavation found that the fort's defences were moved further south in the second century and this may imply an enlargement of the fort area. In the third century the fort appears to have been enlarged again, limited excavation in Abbey Street and Castle Street found evidence for the defences of a stone fort south of the earlier defences. The fort was in use until the AD 330s. (30) Scheduled (31) A number of important excavations were undertaken in the fort between 1998 and 2001. Carlisle's City Council's Gateway (Millennium) Project greatly enhanced the understanding of the origins and development of the fort. Excavations were focused in the south part of the fort, including the probable praetentura and a small area of the latera praetorii. Dendrochronology indicates the south defences were constructed in the autumn/winter of AD 72-3. It covered approximately 3.2 hectares, considerably larger than previously thought and contained many buildings. Dendrochronological dating indicates reconstruction of the fort within its defensive perimeter occurred within the autumn/winter of AD 83-4. The fort was demolished in circa AD 103-5, and then rebuilt in timber. The fort was not abandoned following the construction of Hadrian's Wall, but at some point during Hadrian's reign a marked change in occupation occurred, with widespread internal re-planning. This is in all likelihood due to the construction of the fort at Stanwix less than 1km to the north. The installation was demolished around the middle of the second century, perhaps as a consequence of the Antonine reoccupation of southern Scotland. Widespread silting in the second half the second century is suggestive of abandonment of the fort. A building was erected in the south-east quadrant sometime after AD 165, and was associated with a road. Timber buildings were also present. At some time in the early third century the fort was rebuilt in stone in a conventional form. Few structural changes were made before the fourth century when some remodelling occurred. Occupation continued well into the fifth century. The levelled remains of the fort were covered by 'dark earth', although many walls were probably upstanding for many centuries, and were probably only robbed to ground level in the medieval period. (32) Located on the English Heritage map of Hadrian's Wall 2010. (33) SOURCE TEXT ( 1) Royal Archaeological Institute The Archaeological Journal (D Charlesworth) 135, 1978 Page(s)115-117 ( 2) edited by W S Hanson and L J F Keppie 1980 Roman frontier studies 1979: papers presented to the 12th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies BAR international series 71 (i) Page(s)201-11 ( 3) Current archaeology (M McCarthy) 68, 1979 Page(s)269-270 ( 4) by Eric Birley 1961 Research on Hadrian's Wall Page(s)137 ( 5) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society (R Hogg) 64, 1964 Page(s)58-9 ( 6) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society (R Hogg) 55, 1956 Page(s)72 ( 7) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies (R Goodburn) 10, 1979 Page(s)281 ( 8) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies (F O Grew) 11, 1980 Page(s)359-360 ( 9) Council for British Archaeology Group 3: Archaeological newsbulletin (T Podley) 21, 1983 Page(s)9 (10) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies (Hassell & Tomlin) 12, 1981 Page(s)379 (11) Trust for British Archaeology and Council for British Archaeology Rescue news : the newspaper of RESCUE, the British Archaeological Trust (Coles & Orme) 31, 1983 Page(s)1, 8 (12) edited by P R Wilson, R F J Jones and D M Evans 1984 Settlement and society in the Roman north Page(s)65, 70 (13) by Anne Johnson 1983 Roman forts of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD in Britain and the German provinces Page(s)84 (14) by M R McCarthy, H R T Summerson and R G Annis 1990 Carlisle Castle : a survey and documentary history English Heritage archaeological reportsNo.1 (1985) - no.24 (1994) no.18 Page(s)4-6 (15) by T W Potter 1979 Romans in north-west England : excavations at the Roman forts of Ravenglass, Watercrook and Bowness on Solway Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society research series1 (1979) - vol.1 (16) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 88, 1988 Page(s)87 (17) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 94, 1994 Page(s)67 (18) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society 91, 1991 Page(s)31-48 (19) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 13, 1982 Page(s)410 (20) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 14, 1983 Page(s)290-2 (21) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 15, 1984 Page(s)280 (22) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 16, 1985 Page(s)274-6 (23) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 17, 1986 Page(s)437 (24) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 18, 1987 Page(s)275 (25) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 19, 1988 Page(s)438,495 (26) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 23, 1992 Page(s)45-109 (27) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 20, 1989 Page(s)335 (28) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 21, 1990 Page(s)320,366 (29) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 22, 1991 Page(s)299, 301,235 (30) Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Britannia : a journal of Romano-British and kindred studies 25, 1994 Page(s)263	Carlisle
Which actor portrayed the fictional detective Columbo on screen?	Kingdoms of British Celts - Brigantes Brigantes (Britons) Incorporating the Carvetii, Gabrantovices, Lopocares, Setantii, and Textoverdi The powerful Celtic Brigantes counted as their territory all of the north of England except Humberside. They seem in fact to have been a collection of amalgamated tribes that took their name from the Celtic goddess Brigantia (as did the Brigantii tribe in the Alps and the Brigantes of Ireland ). The Brigantes had few hill forts and their settlements were mostly in the form of small hill crofts. They were neighboured to the east by the Parisi , to the south by the Corieltavi and Cornovii , and to the north by the Novantae , Selgovae , and Votadini . (See the map of most of Europe's tribes around the first centuries BC and AD to view the tribe's location in relation to all other Celts.) The Brigantes name is a relatively simple one to break down. The Gallo-Brythonic word 'briga' supplies the base, meaning 'hill, high'. In the branches of the language that descended from P-Celtic this became 'bryn' in Welsh, and 'bre' in Cornish, Breton, and Cumbric. In Q-Celtic Gaelic it became 'beinn'. Long before the P-Celtic variations had assumed their final form (although it is entirely unclear at precisely which point!), the word had been appropriated by these northern Britons, either to describe their habitat as 'the highlanders', or their powerful military situation as 'the superior, elevated ones'. Add on a plural suffix and you have Brigantes. While the word originally referred to a hill, it was extended to include a fort in its meaning, as these were usually on hilltops. Then this was extended in turn to refer to the goddess of the home or main fort on the hill. The word is cognate with English 'burg, berg', and the German 'birg', all meaning 'mountain', although this was also later transferred to describe a fortified settlement. Subdivisions (or sub-tribes) seem to have existed, for instance, the later Elmetians in the district of Leeds, and others on the northern fringe of Northumbria, such as the Carvetii in the region of Carlisle (Roman Luguvalium, founded AD 79), who may themselves have only become distinctly separate when the Romans founded Luguvalium. Directly east of them along the line of the Wall were the Lopocares and the Textoverdi, while in Lancashire were the Setantii, and on the North Yorkshire coast were the Gabrantovices. Some or all of these may only have become apparent after the Roman conquest of Northern Britain. A recent discovery also mentions the Anavionenses, who are assumed to be part of the Novantae on their border with the Brigantes. The Carvetii (pronounced car-vet-ee) appear to have been particularly prominent amongst the Brigantine splinter tribes or subdivisions. The tribe's name is cognate with 'cervus', a deer in Latin. It can be speculated that they may have been followers of the god Cernunnos, the deer-antlered god. As 'cervus' is Latin, one would assume that the Gaulish equivalent would be 'carvus'. Then there is the Latin suffix '-id' ('descended from'), and this name indicates that the Gaulish equivalent is '-et'. So Gaulish 'carvus' + '-et' is exactly cognate to the Latin 'cervus' + '-it'. The Latin suffix, '-id', the stem of '-is', is a suffix of nouns that have the general sense 'offspring of', or 'descendant of', occurring originally in loanwords from Greek ('Atreid', 'Nereid'). In addition, '-ita' is another form in Latin. Though the Latin is apparently borrowed from Greek, it seems possible that it may also have been borrowed from Gaulish. The tribe were the followers of a god with deer antlers, making them his deer (a similar example exists in the Picts of Fib). The Gabrantovices tribal name (pronounced gab-ran-to-we-ches) probably has 'gabros' at its core. This means 'goat', or even 'horse' (cognate with both 'capra' and 'cabal', 'goat' and 'horse'). Horse seems more likely as this was a far more prestigious animal to the Celts. The second element may be anatī-, meaning 'soul', which is related to anatlā-, meaning 'breath'. And then there is the last element, 'vic', which may be wīk-ā- (?), meaning 'fight', and wik-ari- (?), meaning 'fierce', and wik-e/o-, again meaning 'fight'. Since the Celts put modifiers after the nouns this could be rendered into English along the lines of the 'fighting horse spirits' - dramatic enough for any Celts! As for the the Lopocares name (pronounced lo-po-car-ees), the 'p' would be a 'k' in proto-Celtic roots, which leaves lok- (?), meaning 'blame'. Oddly, this is very similar to the Norse god, Loki, raising the question of just how old this tradition might have been. Could he have been borrowed from Celts too (see article)? If so then the second element is 'dear' (beloved), which equates to 'cara', and would appear to give a meaning along the lines of 'beloved of Loki'. Admittedly, that's a bit of a stretch. The Setantii name may be a misspelling (pronounced set-ant-ee), something that is entirely possible with ancient authors. If so, it may be sedos, a stag, plus 'anti' ('anati'), meaning 'soul' and providing the very eloquent 'souls of stags' as a name. And the Textoverdi is a straightforward option between two choices (pronounced text-o-verd-ee). If 'verdi' is the proto-Celtic 'werdos' then it would be the verb 'to say', or a noun meaning 'speech'. If it is 'wertos' then it would be 'worth' or 'value'. That might make sense as '[they who] obtain valuables' which would suit the Celtic magpie sensibilities. Overall, the Brigantes territory was vast, and probably formed of a looser confederation rather than a single kingdom. The later Romano-British kingdom of Rheged was a west-coast evolution of this tribal territory, while Bernaccia , Deywr , and Ebrauc occupied much of the east coast, emerging initially as part of the 'Kingdom of North Britain ' in the late fourth century. (Additional information by Edward Dawson and Rhys Saunders, from The Oxford History of England: Roman Britain, Peter Salway, and from External Link: Brythonic Word of the Day .) c.555 BC The hill fort of Castle Hill (in modern Huddersfield in Yorkshire) is constructed in the early Iron Age period, using a site that has been occupied for about 1500 years previously. It covers the entire hill top, being made up of a triple system of ramparts and ditches. Unfortunately, much of the modern remains are not Iron Age. Instead they date from alterations made to the hill top in the Middle Ages. The scheduled ancient monument of Castle Hill in Huddersfield is dominated by its Victorian tower, but the site shows signs of settlement since at least 2000 BC c.430 BC The hill fort of Castle Hill is burnt, although the exact circumstances are unknown. The power of the Brigantes (or their fifth century BC antecedents) grows slowly throughout the north, indicating a mostly peaceful evolution, but this may be a rare example where armed forced is used to put down resistance. AD 43 - 69 Husband and co-ruler. 43 Initially, the pastoral Brigantes accept the arrival of the Romans and act as a client kingdom, although the defences of Castle Hill are improved. 47/48 An outbreak of violence among the Brigantes forces the Roman Governor to break off his campaign against the Deceangli and deal with the rebellious faction, but the existence of an anti-Roman faction in the north is now clear. 51 Cartimandua betrays the High King , Caractacus (Guiderius), following his defeat in the territory of the Ordovices . Instead of providing him with shelter and support in his on-going fight against the invaders, she hands him over to them in bonds. 57 Cartimandua's husband, Venutius, leads a rebellion against her, probably as a ring-leader of the anti-Roman faction. The Romans put down the rebellion, and Venutius and Cartimandua bury their differences and are reconciled. Venutius apparently retains his position as co-ruler. 69 Second husband of Cartimandua and co-ruler. 69 Cartimandua deserts her husband for his armour-bearer, Vellocatus (a name that shows again the 'vello' component that is common in Celtic names. Despite the general trend for linguists to give 'duello' (a fight) as the origin of 'bello' ('war), it seems much more likely that 'bello' / 'vello' is a Celtic-Italic root for 'war', and that 'duello' is formed from 'du' plus 'vello', which gives a 'fight between two'. Note that the name Vellocatus uses the same elements as the name of former High King Catuvellanus, but in reverse sequence. It seems likely that 'cat' means 'battle' and 'vello' means 'war'). The infuriated Venutius foments revolt within their scandalised tribe and summons help from outside. Roman Governor Vettius Bolanus sends a force of auxiliary cavalry and infantry which, amid some bitter fighting, can do little more then rescue the queen. Cartimandua disappears from history. 69 - 72 Former co-ruler and now sole independent ruler. 72 - 79 Faced with the fact that their northern border now has a hostile tribe on it instead of a cooperative client tribe, the Romans invade under the new Governor Petillius Cerialis (who had made a notable escape from total defeat during the Boudiccan rebellion in AD 61). Following a hard campaign, the Brigantes under Venutius are conquered in AD 73, but continued unrest leads to the Brigantine territory being annexed by Rome in AD 79. Isurium (Aldborough, near Ripon) appears to be a Roman creation at this time which serves as the administrative centre of Brigantine territory. Luguvalium (Carlisle) is also founded. A Flavian date can also be ascribed to many first military sites such as Ambleside at the head of Lake Windermere, showing that the Carvetii had probably been involved in the Brigantine resistance. Some archaeological evidence from the island of Lambay, and a second century map by Ptolemy, reveal the possibility that some Brigantine elements flee to Ireland and settle there. It is only towards the end of the century that Brigantine artefacts start to appear in Ireland , in the Cork/Waterford area of the later Munster . 80 - 82 Roman Governor Agricola leads two invading columns into Lowland Scotland from the territory of the Brigantes . Over the course of three years the Votadini , Selgovae and Novantae tribes are subdued, and in AD 82, the Romans secure the Novantae western coast up to the Clyde to also contain the Damnonii tribesmen there and perhaps to prevent Irish landings. The 'crossing' mentioned by Tacitus into Novantae territory is probably a seaborne assault across the Solway Firth from the coast near Luguvalium in Brigantes territory. c.100 - 105 The northern Brigantes apparently revolt, perhaps under the leadership of Arviragus, a possible candidate for High King (as is any British chieftain who refuses to surrender to the Romans ). Arviragus seems to be responsible for the burning of the auxiliary fort at Corstopitum, as well as others, as the British tribes of lowland Scotland stage a major uprising. By AD 100 the Romans give up Scotland, and fully establish their defences along the Tyne-Solway line. Geoffrey of Monmouth claims Arviragus as the father of Marius of the Silures . 117 The Brigantes in the north revolt again, although no other details are known. It is in this century that Ptolemy records the existence of Portus Setantiorum (the Port of the Setantii). The study of Roman roads suggests that it is located near the modern port of Fleetwood, which is off Rossall Point at the mouth of the River Wye, confirming the likelihood that the port has since vanished beneath the sea. The Setantii (or Segantii or even Sistuntii) are a sub-division of the Brigantes who are located in what is now Lancashire, possibly in territory reaching from the River Mersey in the south to the southern reaches of Cumbria, bordering the Carvetii, another Brigantine sub-division. 138 The Brigantes revolt as Emperor Antonius is pushing north from Hadrian's Wall towards the line upon which his own Antonine Wall will be constructed immediately following this revolt. The revolt itself is quickly put down. 154 - 155 Despite over two generations of possible Romanisation (although the process is never fully effective outside of the south and east of Britain ), the Brigantes revolt again, burning down Ilkley fort (Olicana). They are soon overcome and the fort rebuilt. As a punishment, the Brigantes suffer the loss of their territories, which are broken up. It seems possible that either two civitates are formed, or an imperial estate. For a time the civilian population is probably administered under direct military rule organised and overseen by the Roman Governor before a civil administration is appointed. This modern artist's impression of Ilkley fort and town (vicus) shows the Roman-era settlement which was lost to history and was only rediscovered after 1865 c.158 - 160s Roman forts in the Pennines are reoccupied, most likely as part of the process of denying the Brigantes their territory. It could be at this time that the civitas Carvetiorum is formed out of north-western Brigantes territory, with a capital at Luguvalium (modern Carlisle). This could also be the period in which the local British tribes in the vicinity of Leeds (Loidis) detach themselves from the Brigantes and form an alliance with the Romans, who have always found it convenient to rule by alliances with local chiefs. It is these Loidis Britons who later emerge as the Elmetians . c.200 In 2013, a carved stone head of a possible Roman god is found in an ancient rubbish dump in County Durham (the north-eastern corner of Brigantes territory). The discovery is made at Binchester Fort, near Bishop Auckland, as a team is digging through an old bath house, close to the site of a small Roman alter discovered two years beforehand. The twenty centimetre sandstone head dates from the second or third century and is similar to the Celtic deity, Antenociticus, who is thought to be worshipped in the area in times of war. A similar head with an inscription identifying it as Antenociticus had already been found in Newcastle in 1862. Antenociticus is one of a number of gods known only from the northern frontier, a region which seems to have a number of its own deities. Antenociticus is not mentioned at any other Romano-British site or on any inscriptions from Europe, which is why it is identified as a local deity. The name Antenociticus or Anociticus appears to be composed of the elements 'night' plus the prefixes 'ante-/ande-' (against) or 'an-' (not). This would indicate an Apollo or Balder-type solar deity. Amusingly there is also the slight possibility that the noun is the word for 'naked' instead of night. So 'not naked' or 'against nudity' in that case. (The Prettanik Isles (Britain and Ireland combined) were known for social mores against both nudity and hairiness. Caesar reports that the Britons shaved their whole bodies, leaving only the hair on their heads and upper lips, and those short.) A side view of the head of Antenociticus which measures ten centimetres from front to back and twenty from the top of the head to the base 314 Three bishops of the British Church participate in the Roman Church 's Council of Arles: Eborius of York (Brigantes territory), Restitutus of London, and Adelphius of Lincoln ( Corieltavi territory) or possibly Colchester ( Trinovantes territory). Given that York and London are leading positions in the material copied and expanded upon by Geoffrey of Monmouth, it is possible that these three bishops are the most senior members of the church in Britain . No other Roman-era sees are known for the country. c.369? Vindicianus Roman magister of the Brigantes (or Parisi ). Almost certainly as part of the rebuilding of Britain and the restoration of the army following the Barbarian Conspiracy, a tower and fort at Ravenscar are built 'from the ground up', according to an inscription found there. The magister, Vindicianus, is responsible, but it is unclear whether the inscription refers to the original construction or its later rebuilding at this time. 4th century During the later part of the century, the Roman military command in Northern Britain gradually evolves into a Celtic military structure, presumably under the aegis of Coel Hen. Encompassing much of the Brigantes' territory, this military structure apparently emerges as the 'Kingdom of Northern Britain', which is governed from Ebrauc . As the military command evolves into a Celtic royalty, the kingdom soon breaks up into separate territories which eventually include Bernaccia , Caer Guendoleu , Dunoting , Elmet , Rheged , and The Pennines .	i don't know
On this day in 1865, which murderous actor was shot dead by Boston Corbett, a Union soldier in Port Royal, Virginia U.S.A.?	The American Scholar: The Man Who Shot the Man Who Shot Lincoln - Ernest B. Furgurson The Man Who Shot the Man Who Shot Lincoln The hatter Boston Corbett was celebrated as a hero for killing John Wilkes Booth. Fame and fortune did not follow, but madness did. By Ernest B. Furgurson March 1, 2009 For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother’s womb; and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men; and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven’s sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. —Matthew 19:12 One morning in September 1878, a tired traveler, five feet four inches tall, with a wispy beard, arrived at the office of the daily Pittsburgh Leader. His vest and coat were a faded purple, and his previously black pants were gray with age and wear. As he stepped inside, he lifted a once fashionable silk hat to disclose brown hair parted down the middle like a woman’s. Despite the mileage that showed in his face and clothes, he was well kept, and spoke with clarity. He handed the editor a note from an agent at the Pittsburgh rail depot, which said: “This will introduce to you Mr. Boston Corbett, of Camden, N.J., the avenger of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Corbett is rather bashful, but at my solicitation he concluded to call on the Leader editor as an old soldier.” The newspaperman realized that this was no joke. He remembered the photographs of this man, spread across the North after he shot the assassin John Wilkes Booth 13 years earlier, in April 1865. He invited him to sit and talk. Corbett told him that he was homeless, almost penniless, and headed to Kansas to stake a claim. The railroad agent had suggested that he come to the newspaper to tell his story, on the chance that someone would help him on his way. Asked what had happened since he entered history by shooting Booth that early morning in Virginia, Corbett said that despite his fame, he had nothing. The photographer Mathew Brady had taken his portrait, and published it by the thousands, but all the hero got in return was a few copies. He had worked at his trade of hat finisher in New York, then lived in Camden while employed in Philadelphia. He showed the editor his credentials as a guard at the great Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. Now his luck had run out. He lost his job in Philadelphia and could not find work, so decided to head for wide-open Kansas, determined to get there if he had to walk. So far he had paid $4.21 for rail fare, but had come on foot much of the way to Pittsburgh. That morning he had sought out the local manager of the Pennsylvania Railroad, without success. He was going back that afternoon. The editor of the Leader did not say how long they talked, or record how much Corbett told him about his earlier life. But Corbett was always willing to tell how he got his name: Born in London in 1832, he came to America with his family when he was seven. They settled in Troy, New York, where he learned the hat trade, soon becoming a journeyman and taking his skills to other cities around the East. The beaver hats then so much in style were made of animal furs matted and repeatedly washed in a solution containing mercury nitrate, a process called carroting because it turned the fur a distinct shade of orange. Hat finishers like Corbett labored in close quarters, inhaling vapors laden with mercury. A year after he married, his young wife died with their stillborn daughter. He was despondent, and began wandering, working by day and drinking by night. Adrift in Boston, he underwent a born-again experience inspired by a Salvation Army evangelist. He felt a calling. It shook his life so profoundly that he decided to change his name to honor the place where he first saw the light, as Christ had changed the names of Saul and Simon when he called them. Since then Corbett’s first name had been not Thomas, but Boston. There was much more to his story: In Boston, he let his hair grow long in imitation of Jesus, became a street-corner preacher, and harangued his fellow workers for cursing and wenching. But the streets were still full of sin, and he was young, only 26, and lonesome. One night in July, two women mocked him and beckoned him down from his soapbox. He was tempted. Fearful that he could not resist such strumpets, he went to his room, took a pair of scissors, and carefully castrated himself. Then he proceeded to a prayer meeting, had dinner, and took a walk before seeking emergency aid at Massachusetts General Hospital. In his own mind, he had done as the Bible said: he had made himself a eunuch “for the kingdom of heaven’s sake.” He said years later that he felt divinely instructed; he wanted to “preach the gospel without being tormented by animal passions.” The grisly experience may have removed him from sexual temptation, but the rest of his life proves that it did not remove his manhood. After weeks recovering, he moved to New York and became a loud and constant presence at the Fulton Street Meeting, a lunchtime prayer gathering in lower Manhattan organized by the Young Men’s Christian Association. He was too fervent for his co-worshipers, who called him a fanatic. When he testified or led prayers, he added an emphatic “er” to his words, saying “Lord-er hear-er our prayer-er.” In his loud shrill voice, he shouted “Amen” and “Glory to God!” to approve anything he liked. Those around him tried to shush him, but failed. Corbett was living in this emotional fever when war came in 1861, and he enlisted in the 12th New York Volunteers two days before the regiment sailed for Washington. He was eager to get at the Rebels: “I will say to them, ‘God have mercy on your souls’—then pop them off.” Morning and night, he prayed in the corner of his tent, despite the jeers of rough fellow soldiers. His resistance to military authority, to any authority below that of Christ, got him into the guardhouse, and sometimes had him marching back and forth with a knapsack full of bricks. Even then he kept his Bible in hand, ranting at his comrades for their sins. He was not afraid of the highest brass; in parade formation in Washington’s Franklin Square, when colonel and future general Daniel Butterfield cursed the regiment for misbehavior, Corbett stepped forth and defied him to his face. He was punished, but not repressed. He announced that he would quit the army when his first hitch was up, no matter what. When the hour came, he was on picket duty, but laid down his weapon and marched off. A court martial fined him two months’ pay, yet he kept reenlisting. The 12th New York Volunteers were among the 12,500 Union troops captured, then paroled by Stonewall Jackson’s Confederates at Harper’s Ferry just before the battle of Antietam in September 1862. The following year, Corbett switched to Company L of the 16th New York Cavalry, a regiment that spent much of its time chasing John Mosby’s Confederate raiders on the outskirts of Washington. By mid-1864, U. S. Grant had marched the great Federal army from its winter camps along the Rapidan River to the suburbs of Richmond, a hundred miles south of the Union capital. But behind the lines, Mosby’s partisan horsemen still harassed Federal outposts and communications, striking and then disappearing into the northern Virginia countryside, tying down many times their own numbers and keeping Washington on edge. That June, Mosby’s riders surprised Corbett and a detachment from Company L who were looking for them near Centreville. Official records say the Union troopers were loafing about after a meal and unprepared when the Rebels struck; Corbett’s version was: “I faced and fought against a whole column of them, all alone, none but God being with me, to help me, my being in a large field and they being in the road.” Harper’s Weekly would make him a hero, reporting that the Yankee cavalrymen “were hemmed in . . . and nearly all compelled to surrender except Corbett, who stood out manfully, and fired his revolver and 12 shots from his breech-loading rifle before surrendering, which he did after firing his last round of ammunition. Mosby, in admiration of the bravery displayed by Corbett, ordered his men not to shoot him, and received his surrender with other expressions of admiration.” But when Corbett was out of Mosby’s hands, he got what turned into a death sentence to thousands of other captives—he was sent first to Lynchburg, then to the pine woods of Georgia, into the hellhole of Andersonville prison. Soldiers of both sides suffered in prison camps North and South, but Andersonville was the worst of the horrible lot. Although it existed for barely a year, about 45,000 captured Union troops were sent there, and of these nearly 13,000 died of disease, malnutrition, and exposure to the elements. Corbett endured, preaching, praying, and comforting his fellow inmates. “Bless the Lord,” he said later, “a score of souls were converted, right on the spot where I lay for three months without any shelter.” After the war, he would testify for the prosecution in the long-running trial of Captain Henry Wirz, commandant of the camp, the only Confederate soldier executed for war crimes. Corbett told of seeing prisoners dragging ball and chain in the sun; he said the place “was in a horrible condition of filth”; the swamp around the stream that flowed through the stockade “was so offensive and the stench so great that he wondered that every man there did not die; the maggots were a foot deep”; prisoners dug roots and dried them to eat; men who carried the dead out to be buried were allowed to bring back firewood, only to hear taunts of “That’s right; sell off a dead man for wood!” from fellow sufferers. When Corbett himself was sent out to gather firewood, he managed to slip away, but within hours was tracked down by hounds and brought back. Then, after Corbett had been held for five months, General Grant allowed the resumption of prisoner exchanges. Because Corbett was suffering with scurvy, diarrhea, and fever, he was among the emaciated but lucky hundreds sent back north, a skeleton on crutches. Of 13 other Yankees captured with him, only one survived. Corbett stayed in an Annapolis hospital three weeks, until he was strong enough to take 30 days’ leave. He had reason to be deeply vengeful as he rejoined his regiment at Vienna, Virginia, 10 miles west of Washington. Writing to a woman who had tended soldiers returning from Andersonville, he said the thousands of their comrades lying under Georgia soil were “monuments of the cruelty and wickedness of this Rebellion—the head of all the rebellions of earth for blackness and horror. Those only can feel the extent of it who have seen their comrades, as I have, lying in the broiling sun, without shelter, with swollen feet and parched skin, in filth and dirt, suffering as I believe no people ever suffered before in the world.” On April 15, the morning after John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, the 16th New York deployed into a cordon thrown about Washington in hopes of snaring the attacker before he could escape to the South. The troopers did not realize the president had died until they approached the capital and saw flags at half-mast. The regiment split into detachments that rode out to follow every rumor of Booth’s whereabouts. Between these sorties, Corbett was asked to lead prayer one night at Washington’s Wesley Chapel. “O Lord,” he intoned, “lay not innocent blood to our charge; but bring the guilty speedily to punishment.” The regiment had the honor of riding in the president’s funeral procession on April 19, a solemn procession along Pennsylvania Avenue between thousands of mourning citizens and buildings draped in black. For another five days, Corbett and his detachment continued their vigil until a bugle sounded “Boots and Saddles” and brought them running to their stable. They mounted up, and with Lieutenant Edward Doherty leading, they clattered to the office of Lafayette C. Baker, chief of War Department detectives, across from Willard’s Hotel at 14th and Pennsylvania. Doherty went in, emerged with two other detectives, and rushed with 26 cavalrymen to the Sixth Street wharf to board the steamer John S. Ide. They set out down the Potomac toward Fredericksburg in pursuit of the assassin. Booth and David Herold, one of his accomplices, had escaped into southern Maryland, where they hid at Dr. Samuel Mudd’s house, then in swamps and barns until they borrowed a rowboat and slipped across the wide Potomac into Virginia. Following a tip, Doherty’s troopers came ashore at Belle Plain on Aquia Creek at about 10 o’clock that Monday evening and spread across the country, rapping farmers out of bed for questioning. The next day they tracked Booth to the Rappahannock River, and they shuttled over it on a rude scow that carried eight men and horses at a time. That night they traced him to the Garrett farm, just west of Port Royal. After a detective threatened the reluctant Garrett with hanging, the farmer’s son pointed to the barn where the fugitives were hiding. That is where Corbett picked up the story three weeks later, when he testified before the military court trying the remaining conspirators. He told how the soldiers surrounded the barn, and Lieutenant Doherty and the detectives carried on a long back-and-forth conversation with Booth, trying to persuade him to give up. “He positively declared he would not surrender, saying, ‘Well, my brave boys, you can prepare a stretcher for me. . . . Make quick work of it; shoot me through the heart.’” But Booth said his accomplice wanted to come out, so Herold emerged and was quickly searched and tied up. Immediately after that, detective Everton J. Conger set fire to hay in the barn. Corbett said, “The position in which I stood left me in front of a large crack—you might put your hand through it, and I knew that Booth could distinguish me and others through these cracks in the barn, and could pick us off if he chose to do so.” He could have shot Booth easily, but “as long as he was there, making no demonstration to hurt any one, I did not shoot him, but kept my eye on him steadily.” Then he saw Booth “taking aim with the carbine, but at whom I could not say. My mind was upon him attentively to see that he did no harm, and when I became impressed that it was time that I shot him, I took steady aim on my arm, and shot him through a large crack in the barn.” When Booth’s body arrived at the Washington Navy Yard, Corbett was immediately proclaimed a hero by the public. He sat for photographer Brady, in several poses alone and in one standing with Doherty. The newly promoted captain towers over him, but Corbett stands at ease with his forage cap tilted over his eyes, his pistol holster huge on one hip, his other hand grasping his saber, his boots tall and polished. His cavalry brothers found him, this strange little sergeant, “cheerful and heroic under circumstances of intense suffering and great provocation.” But Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, detective chief Baker, and others were not interested in Corbett as hero; they were furious that he had shot Booth before he could be captured. They wanted the assassin alive, to question him and to conduct a show trial, trying to prove that the conspiracy involved Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who had not yet been caught. Some charged that Corbett had acted against orders, others that he fired without orders. He insisted that he pulled the trigger only when he saw the assassin raise his carbine. On the scene, Corbett had explained simply that “Providence directed my hand.” Days later, he wrote a letter, published by The New York Times, refuting “many false reports in the papers charging me with violation of order, &c.” Lieutenant Doherty had cleared him of blame, he said, and commended him to General Grant for his action. Corbett wrote that “when I saw where the ball had struck him—in the neck, near the ear—it seemed to me that God had directed it, for apparently it was just where he had shot the President.” Corbett was offered one of Booth’s pistols as a keepsake, but declined it. When someone offered him $100 for the pistol with which he had shot Booth, he also declined, saying it belonged to the government. But if the government wished to reward him, he said, it might let him keep his little horse. It was not worth much, but he had become attached to it after riding it through so much history. The Committee on Claims conducted more than a year of hearings before deciding to award Lafayette Baker and the detective, ex-colonel Conger, $17,500 each from the $75,000 reward posted by the Federal government. That generated so much public protest that the committee’s report was disapproved. But after it was revised, the biggest single share still went to Conger, while the enlisted cavalrymen who chased Booth down, including the sergeant who shot him, got precisely $1,653.85 each. That did not sustain Corbett long; by some accounts, he was robbed of his share soon after he got it. He returned to New York, back at the downtown prayer meetings where he had spoken before the war. He preached temperance to shipyard workers, and ventured onto the lecture circuit. But that career fizzled because his advertised lectures invariably turned out to be raging sermons instead. In 1869 he found work as a hatter in Philadelphia and became pastor of a Methodist mission across the Delaware River in Camden. Stacked in one corner of his kitchen there, he kept half-a-dozen rough benches for use by the worshipers who came to hear his nightly sermons. When a reporter asked him about John Wilkes Booth, he said: “I felt I was doing my duty to my God and my country. To this day I feel justified in my course. Were the ghosts of 20 assassins to arise against me, they could not disturb a calm Christian spirit.” Corbett was Christian, but not calm. Losing his job was not the only reason he left Philadelphia and headed west. He was not pursued by the ghosts of 20 assassins, but he had received threatening letters; he suspected that he was targeted by Confederate sympathizers bent on revenge. He stayed briefly with an ex-comrade in Company L, who wrote that Corbett had “been driven from pillar to post,” that “he preaches with a pistol in his pocket,” that “after he says his prayers he lies down at night with a loaded revolver under his pillow,” that “he moans pitifully” in his sleep. “It almost seems my house was haunted while he was there.” Although Corbett was “a good man, a pure and devout Christian of spotless life,” his friend went on, “I declare I was glad when he was gone, he was so unhappy, so uneasy, so strange. He is no lunatic. He is no fool. He is a good man in every way. But wherever he goes he says Nemesis pursues him, and the troubled spirits of revenge will not let him rest. He is in constant fear of assassins.” Corbett made it to Cloud County, Kansas, and homesteaded 80 acres on seemingly worthless land 18 miles southeast of Concordia. He was convinced that admirers of Booth had created a secret order sworn to avenge him. He built himself a sod and stone dugout, with holes in the walls so he could fire out at interlopers. He lived as a recluse, wandering the countryside on his cherished little black horse Billy. A friend said he always had a “watchful, wary countenance . . . he always seemed to be on the lookout for something.” Often when he saw someone approaching, he dismounted, drew his pistol and lay waiting in the grass until he saw who it was. He was a deadly marksman—one Kansan alleged that he had seen him bring down a barn swallow with his pistol. Neighbors said he fired warning shots if they happened to ride across the borders of his claim. Such behavior brought him before a hearing in Concordia, where he whipped out his gun and shouted “Lie, lie, lie!” But because it was Corbett, the authorities sent him back to his shanty with just a warning. He was active with the local Salvation Army, and a friendly judge tried to help him by arranging lectures, but as before he drove audiences away with his “shouting, ranting, street preacher religion—‘Repent and ye shall be saved!’” A Presbyterian minister invited him to talk about his war experiences, and Corbett took the occasion seriously, even buying a new coat and shirt. But what he delivered was another shouted “disconnected exhortation.” Other war veterans sympathized with Corbett; an old cavalryman and legislator arranged a job for him as a doorkeeper in the Kansas House of Representatives at Topeka. This worked out for a few months, but each day his piety was offended by the doings of the prairie politicians around him. Eventually, on February 15, 1887, he could stand it no more. Just after the morning prayer, he drew his pistol and threatened the speaker of the House, abruptly adjourning the legislature. He kept the floor, waving his weapon and threatening legislators, reporters, and staff. There are many versions of exactly what provoked him; one says he was disrespected by the House staff, another that he exploded when he heard pages mocking the opening prayer. As he raged, lawmakers hid under desks and spectators scattered; he held the floor until police crept up behind him, grabbed his pistol, and took him away. After long testimony, a probation judge in Topeka declared Corbett “hopelessly insane” and committed him to the state asylum. A reporter recalled his shooting of Booth, and said sadly that the “bloody deed, which so effectually blighted his life . . . has finally followed him into a straight-jacket.” Sadly, but not finally: Occasionally Corbett threw fits of anger at the asylum, but at other times he was a model patient and was allowed to join his fellow inmates in outdoor exercises. But on May 26, 1888, when a friend of the superintendent’s son came visiting and tied his “smart Indian pony” near the gate, the old cavalryman saw his chance. Dawdling behind his group, pretending to admire the spring blossoms, he leaped into the saddle and galloped away. The patients he left behind shouted excitedly, but this was not unusual at the asylum, so at first attendants did not realize what had happened. They spotted Corbett when he was half a mile down the road, “whipping that pony at every jump” with the rawhide whip the boy had left hanging on the saddle. “To all appearance the only reason that pony was running was because he couldn’t fly,” said a witness. “At a turn in the road, Corbett looked back and swung his straw hat around his head, and thus waved farewell to the hospital and his late companions.” A few days later, a letter came saying the horse could be reclaimed at Neodesha, Kansas, 75 miles south. Corbett had spent two nights there with an old soldier who had suffered with him at Andersonville. He borrowed train fare, covering it with a draft on the $15 he had left in a Concordia bank. Then he departed, saying he was headed for Mexico. What happened to him after that is not known, but widely rumored. Every few months some newspaper out west reported that he had appeared in a neighboring county, or was working in the gold fields of Nevada, or had died in a Minnesota forest fire. In 1900, a Topeka patent medicine magnate said a certain John Corbett had been peddling his products up and down Texas and Oklahoma for several years, always being careful not to step over the Kansas line. He was convinced that this Corbett was really Boston. But among other discrepancies, this Corbett stood six feet and weighed 188 pounds; after extensive interviews and depositions, he was convicted of perjury in trying to collect Boston’s abandoned property and $1,300 in accumulated government pension. In 1913, after chasing rumors for a quarter century, state officials concluded that “it is safe to say that no one in Kansas knows the whereabouts of Boston Corbett.” In 1958, Boy Scouts erected a stone monument on Corbett’s homestead, decorated with a plaque and a pair of big pistols. The phrase “mad as a hatter” was already familiar more than 150 years ago; it had appeared in Edinburgh’s Blackwood Magazine in 1829, and Thackeray used it in Pendennis in 1850, when Corbett was learning the hat trade at which he worked for two decades or more. Through the years, doctors began to recognize the poisonous side effects of the mercury used in many medical treatments and in industrial procedures. Among the victims’ symptoms they listed irritability, nervousness, fits of anger, anxiety, insomnia, low self-control, exaggerated response to stimulation, fearfulness, and violent behavior. The worst damage to humans came from mercury made airborne into tiny droplets and breathed into the lungs—exactly what had happened to Boston Corbett. On December 1, 1941, the U.S. Public Health Service banned the mercury process in hat making. Ernest B. Furgurson is a former Washington and foreign correspondent for the Baltimore Sun and has written six books of history and biography, including, most recently, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War.	John Wilkes Booth
For which formula one team was Michael Schumacher driving when he first won the drivers’ championship?	The Knights of the Golden Circle: ~ The Escape Of John Wilkes Booth ~ Knights of the Golden Circle, Sons of Liberty, Order of American Knights. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle Tuesday, April 12, 2016 ~ The Escape Of John Wilkes Booth ~ The gentleman most definitely escaped that night from Ford's Theater for good after a well placed shot into the head of a tyrant and murderer... Abraham Lincoln. Another cover up by the Federal Government...they never caught him! Evidence of that being the case is presented here now with more to follow soon. Skid... 1st Virginia regiment with booth This photograph is said to have been taken at the execution of john brown. others say it was taken in 1861. whatever the case may be, booth is pictured here. he is the gentleman on the left brandishing a dagger... ~ John Wilkes Booth's Derringer ~ Philadelphia Derringer or "Booth Derringer" Morphological Characteristics Muzzle to end of breech plug 2.16 Lock-plate center 1.90 Front outside of barrel 1.01 Middle outside of barrel 0.95 Outside of hammer 1.06 Inside trigger guard 1.04 Butt width 1.37 Members of John Wilkes Booth's family recently came forward, claiming a sensational story has been passed down in their family -- a story that has been kept secret from outsiders for years. The secret? John Wilkes Booth, President Abraham Lincoln's assassin, did not die at a farm near Port Royal, Va., as the history books say. Instead, he escaped justice and lived for decades before committing suicide in 1903. Family members want to prove their story by comparing DNA from bone samples taken by U.S. Army doctors in April 1865 from the body of the man purported to be Booth and compare them to bone samples of Booth's brother Edwin. The supposed Booth bone samples currently reside at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C. Edwin Booth is buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass. The mystery was recently the subject of an episode on The History Channel's "Decoded" series. Booth's Flight and Death? According to the history books, Booth was tracked down 12 days after Lincoln's assassination at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He was shot and killed in a tobacco barn on April 26, 1865. Against the explicit orders of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the assassin was shot by Sgt. Boston Corbett with his Colt revolver through the barn's boards. Wounded and paralyzed, Booth was dragged from the barn to the farmhouse porch. He died three hours later. The barn and the farmhouse no longer stand. Although Sgt. Corbett claimed he shot Booth because he thought the assassin was preparing to use his weapons, he later simply said because "Providence directed me." The government's version of the events has been questioned by historians in documentaries, books, and movies for decades. "If the man who killed Abraham Lincoln got away and a giant hoax was perpetrated on the American people, then we should know about it," historian Nate Orlowek told The Philadelphia Inquirer Descendants Want Answers Today, descendants of Edwin Booth, who died in 1893, have agreed to exhume his body in an effort to put the family drama to rest. "I just feel we have a right to know who's buried there,'' said Lois Trebisacci, 60, who told The Boston Globe she is Edwin Booth's great-great-great granddaughter. "I'm absolutely in favor of exhuming Edwin," said Joanne Hulme, 60, the historian in the Booth family. "Let's have the truth and put this thing to rest." Family members want to recover a bone sample from Edwin for DNA analysis. They say a reliable bone sample from the supposed body of Booth recovered in the barn could also be obtained. If the DNA is a match, that would end the controversy by proving that John Booth was killed in the barn. But if it doesn't match, the American history record as it is currently known would change. John Wilkes Booth would make the news again, almost 150 years after Lincoln's murder, with the discovery that someone else was killed in the barn, and the body passed off as Booth's. One Theory Follows Family History Some armchair historians and conspiracy theorists contend the real Booth was never in the barn that day and escaped to live in the Southwest. According to their theory, while Booth was living in Texas in 1877, he confessed to Lincoln's assassination to a friend, attorney Finis Bates upon becoming gravely ill. At that time, Bates claimed Booth had assumed the pseudonym "John St. Helen." But St. Helen eventually recovered. Bates later asked him about his strange confession, but St. Helen seemed to not recall saying anything and denied he was Booth. The man later left Texas for whereabouts unknown. On Jan. 13, 1903, in Enid, Okla., a man by the name of David E. George committed suicide. In his last dying statement, the man confessed to his landlord that he was in fact John Wilkes Booth. Upon hearing the news of the confession, Bates traveled to Enid to view the body, which he recognized as the man he had known as "St. Helen." Bates had the body mummified. The body appeared in carnival sideshows across the country for years as Lincoln's assassin, with the last reported sighting in 1976. Bates published The Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth in 1907, which contains an account of St. Helen's confession. At least one member of the Booth family thinks all of the new publicity and attention would certainly make Lincoln's assassin smile. "John Wilkes Booth is probably loving this," Trebisacci said. "Just being an actor, I'm sure he loves the controversy." Sources: Philadelphia Inquirer, The Boston Globe, AOL Finis L. Bates ~ Author General Albert Pike ~ C.S.A. General Pike identified Booth around 1884 - 1885...read the encounter below. Albert Pike was an attorney, Confederate officer, writer, and Freemason. Pike is the only Confederate military officer or figure to be honored with an outdoor statue in Washington, D.C. Born: December 29th, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. Died: April 2nd, 1891 in Washington D.C. After The Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas Pike was faced with charges that his troops had scalped soldiers in the field. Major General Thomas C. Hindman also charged Pike with mishandling of money and material, ordering his arrest. Both these charges were later found to be considerably lacking in evidence; nevertheless Pike, facing arrest, escaped into the hills of Arkansas, sending his resignation from the Confederate Army on July 12th, 1862. He was at length arrested on November 3rd under charges of insubordination and treason, and held briefly in Warren Texas but his resignation was accepted on November 11th and he was allowed to return to Arkansas. I find it interesting that General Pike is honored with a statue in Washington D.C. He was born in Boston, a Confederate of questionable character, a Freemason and was on legal business from Washington D.C. when he sited Booth. There's something here that just smacks of not being quite right regarding his associations with all of the aforementioned. Skid... The administration, led by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, ordered that a single photograph be taken of Booth’s corpse, says Bob Zeller, president of the Center for Civil War Photography. On April 27, 1865, many experts agree, famed Civil War photographer Alexander Gardner and his assistant Timothy O’Sullivan took the picture. It hasn’t been seen since, and its whereabouts are unknown. Photo courtesy of Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Alexander Gardner Alexander Gardner’s work as a Civil War photographer has often been attributed to his better known contemporary, Mathew Brady. It is only in recent years that the true extent of Gardner’s work has been recognized, and he has been given the credit he deserves. Gardner was born in Paisley, Scotland in 1821, later moving with his family to Glasgow. In 1850, he and his brother James traveled to the United States to establish a cooperative community in Iowa. Returning to Scotland to raise more money, Gardner purchased the Glasgow Sentinel, quickly turning it into the second largest newspaper in the city. On his return to the United States in 1851, Gardner paid a visit to the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, New York, where he saw the photographs of Mathew Brady for the first time. Shortly afterward, Gardner began reviewing exhibitions of photographs in the Glasgow Sentinel, as well as experimenting with photography on his own. In 1856, Gardner decided to immigrate to America, eventually settling in New York. He soon found employment with Mathew Brady as a photographer. At first, Gardner specialized in making large photographic prints, called Imperial photographs, but as Brady’s eyesight began to fail, Gardner took on more and more responsibilities. In 1858, Brady put him in charge of the entire gallery. With the start of the Civil War in 1861, the demand for portrait photography increased, as soldiers on their way to the front posed for images to leave behind for their loved ones. Gardner became one of the top photographers in this field. After witnessing the battle at Manassas, Virginia, Brady decided that he wanted to make a record of the war using photographs. Brady dispatched over 20 photographers, including Gardner, throughout the country to record the images of the conflict. Each man was equipped with his own travelling darkroom so that he could process the photographs on site. In November of 1861, Gardner was granted the rank of honorary Captain on the staff of General George McClellan. This put him in an excellent position to photograph the aftermath of America’s bloodiest day, the Battle of Antietam. On September 19, 1862, two days after the battle, Gardner became the first of Brady’s photographers to take images of the dead on the field. Over 70 of his photographs were put on display at Brady’s New York gallery. In reviewing the exhibit, the New York Times stated that Brady was able to “bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. If he has not brought bodies and laid them in our door-yards and along streets, he has done something very like it…” Unfortunately, Gardner’s name was not mentioned in the review. Gardner went on to cover more of the war’s terrible battles, including Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and the siege of Petersburg. He also took what is considered to be the last photograph of President Abraham Lincoln, just 5 days before his assassination. Gardner would go on to photograph the conspirators who were convicted of killing Lincoln, as well as their execution. After the war, Brady established a gallery for Gardner in Washington, DC. In 1867, Gardner was appointed the official photographer of the Union Pacific Railroad, documenting the building of the railroad in Kansas as well as numerous Native American tribes that he encountered. In 1871, Gardner gave up photography to start an insurance company. He lived in Washington until his death in 1882. Regarding his work he said, “It is designed to speak for itself. As mementos of the fearful struggle through which the country has just passed, it is confidently hoped that it will possess an enduring interest. Courtesy of Civil War Trust The DNA of John Wilkes Booth: Nothing to Lose and Much to Learn about a Tragic Love Story John Wilkes Booth The National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C., and the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, possess three vertebrae specimens that, according to the government , come from the body of the man who killed President Abraham Lincoln. The vertebrae were taken from John Wilkes Booth during the official autopsy performed on April 27, 1865. Booth had been killed a day earlier, April 26, 1865, after being shot by Union sergeant Boston Corbett at Garrett’s farm in Virginia. However, there is an ongoing effort today by Booth's descendents, using the services of DNA specialists , to prove John Wilkes Booth did not die at Garrett's farm on April 26, 1865, but actually lived for an additional forty years, dying in his early sixties. Booth's descendents have long believed John Wilkes Booth escaped the Union's attempts to capture him. Joanne Hulme, a distant Booth relative, wrote on March 2011 , "At no time did any of John Wilkes Booth's family identify the body at Garrett's farm; not on the Montague, not at Weaver's Funeral Home, and not at the barn. The goverment could have brought the Booth family forth, but chose not to. Joseph Booth, John's brother, said numerous times that neither he nor Edwin Booth ever identified the body." Over 95% of all Booth descendents today believe the so-called 'body in the barn' was not that of forefather John Wilkes Booth. The body buried at the Arsenol Lincoln's Secretary of War Edwin Stanton ordered the body in the barn to be immediately and secretly buried in the Old Penitentiary on the grounds of the Washington Arsenal , land now a part of Ft. McNair. A grave was dug beneath the prison floor on the evening of April 27, 1865, and the remains, wrapped in an army blanket and placed in a gun box, were lowered into a hole and covered by a stone slab. One photograph of the body had been taken during the Booth autopsy and it was given to Stanton, but the photograph immediately disappeared. Unlike Booth's diary which was also given to Stanton and disappeared but then reaapeared two years later , the autopsy photograph, which could have identified the body as Booth's, never reappeared. Nearly four years later in February of 1869, President Andrew Johnson ordered the body exhumed and given to the family. Ironically, in Baptist Alley behind Ford's Theater, the very alley in which Booth had made his escape after assassinating the President four years earlier, the casket was opened and the decomposed body, now a skeleton, was for the first time shown to a representative of the Booth family. The skeleton was then taken to Baltimore and re-buried in February 1869 in the Booth family plot at Green Mount Cemetery , Baltimore, Maryland. Booth's granddaughter Izola Forrester wrote in her 1937 book This One Mad Act that it was common knowledge in the Booth family that John Wilkes Booth did not die in the barn at Garrett's farm. Blanche DeBar Booth , John's niece, swore in an affidavit late in her life that her uncle John tried to contact her after the turn of the century, and that both Edwin Booth (John's brother) and Mary Ann Holme's Booth (John's mother) had personally met with John Wilkes Booth after his alleged death in April 1865. Circuit Court for Baltimore, Maryland In October of 1994 a petition was filed in the Circuit Court for Baltimore, Maryland to "exhume the alleged remains of John Wilkes Booth from Green Mount Cemetery (in Baltimore)." Two descendents of Booth, a great niece named Lois White Rathbun and a second cousin named Virginia Eleanor Kline, filed the petition. The Booth family was assisted by historian Nathaniel Orlowek , historiographer and professor Arthur Ben Chitty from University of the South, and Washington D.C. super lawyer Mark S. Zaid. The cause for the petition was the belief that John Wilkes Booth was not shot and killed on April 26, 1865 at Garrett's farm , but escaped Virginia and eventually lived in Tennessee and Texas under the alias "John St. Helen" and then eventually moved to Oklahoma under the alias "David E. George" where Booth eventually died in Enid, Oklahoma on January 13, 1903 (see Statement of Case: Appellate Brief ). Judge Joseph H.H. Kaplan ruled against the Booth family and declared the body buried at Green Mount could not be exhumed. After losing on appeal, the Booths turned their attention in 2010 on an effort to exhume the body of John's brother, Edwin Booth, buried in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge MA . Once Edwin's body is exhumed, DNA will be compared to the vertebrae taken from the body in the barn. If the DNA of Edwin Booth matches the vertebrae the government claims to be from John Wilkes Booth, then the "Booth Legend" will be laid to rest. If not, the interest in the man named John St. Helen/David E. George will explode. Either way, there remains an incredible and mostly unexplored story of love, tragedy and mystery--the story of David E. George. The Suicide of David Elihu George David E. George David Elihu George committed suicide in Room #4 of the Grand Avenue Hotel in Enid, Oklahoma on Tuesday morning, January 13, 1903 by drinking strychnine poison . Mr. George was in his early sixties at the time of his death, and little was known about him when he died. David George had come to Enid just a few weeks earlier, in December 1902, and lived in the Grand Hotel paying for a week's rent at a time. He went about town verbally advertising himself for hire as a house painter. Mr. George was in his early sixties, was known to drink heavily at night in the bars on the town square, was occasionally seen by the proprietors of the hotel sitting in the lobby reading vaudeville and/or theatrical journals. He also possessed an affinity for quoting Shakespeare. Very little else was known about this stranger-- until after he died . The Enid Wave published in its January 13, 1903 afternoon edition a one paragraph article about the David E. George suicide. A local pastor, Rev. E.C. Harper, brought the nickel paper home and read the headline to his wife Jessica. The couple had moved to Enid just a year earlier from El Reno, Oklahoma . While her husband was a pastor in El Reno in 1900, Mrs. Harper had attended to a "David George" on his sick bed. The deathly ill man had confessed to Jessica Harper that he was "John Wilkes Booth ," wishing to clear his conscience of "killing the greatest man who ever lived." Mr. George, would eventually recover from his serious illness of 1900, and continued to work in El Reno, never mentioning again his alleged real identity. Mrs. Harper and others in El Reno, including Rev. E.C. Harper, dismissed the George's 1900 'Booth confession' as either the delusions of a sick man or the deception of an insane man. The Grand Hotel, Enid, Oklahoma today Upon reading the Enid newspaper account of David E. George's suicide that Tuesday evening, January 13, 1903, the Harpers wondered if this "David E. George" who died earlier that morning at the Grand Hotel could be the same David George they had known in El Reno. Mr. Harper went down to the town square and entered the Penniman Furniture Store , which doubled as a funeral parlor, and viewed the George body. With no known relatives in Enid, the body was under the care of embalmer W.H. Ryan. Rev. Harper saw the George's body and realized it was the same man that he and his wife had known in El Reno. The minister suggested to W.H. Ryan that government authorities should be notified because "this man confessed to my wife that he was John Wilkes Booth." It was the next day, January 14, 1903, that the Enid newspapers had a field day with the testimony of Rev. and Mrs. Harper. Enid officials did handwriting analysis of David George's and John Wilkes Booth's handwriting and noted uncanny similarities. The body of George was carefully examined and several distinguishing and unique features in common with Booth were noted. The death of David E. George and his "Booth confession" to Mrs. Harper spread throughout the country via newspapers. Finis Bates Enter Memphis, Tennessee attorney Finis Bates . Mr. Bates read in the Memphis newspaper the story about David George's suicide and wondered if this man who confessed to being Booth could be the same man Bates knew as "John St. Helen" years earlier in Texas. Thirty years before, in the early 1870's, Finis Bates was a young lawyer in Granbury, Texas . He had represented a man named John St. Helen in a tax and licquor license case. In late 1872 Bate's client, John St. Helen, became ill. St. Helen called for his attorney to come see him. Just like David E. George would later confide to Mrs. E.C. Harper in 1900 that he was in fact John Wilkes Booth, so too John St. Helen confessed to Finis Bates that he was John Wilkes Booth. However, unlike Mrs. Harper, the curious young lawyer who heard the confession took St. Helen at his word and probed his client about the Lincoln assassination. Bates transcribed St. Helen's answers to his questions and would later discover that John St. Helen knew facts and information about the case that the government had not yet released to the public in 1872. Shortly after confessing he was Booth and giving to his attorney specific details of the Lincoln assassination, John St. Helen disappeared . Finis Bates would eventually move to Memphis, Tennessee where he became what was then called Attorney General (assistant D.A.). Bates worked for over twenty-five years seeking further information about John St. Helen and/or anybody who claimed to have seen John Wilkes Booth after 1865. In 1900 Finis Bates filed paperwork with the federal government, giving them information from the notes he transcribed during John St. Helen's 1872 "confession." Bates requested that the government's John Wilkes Booth reward money be given to him (Bates) on the premise that the government had made a mistake and killed the wrong man in the barn at Garrett's farm. Bates argued to the government that he (Bates) knew the current identity of Booth (John St. Helen) and that he could help the government capture him. The government sent a form letter back to Bates saying Booth had already been captured and killed. After reading of the death of David E. George and his confession to being Booth, Finis Bates would make his way to Enid, Oklahoma by train in the spring of 1903 to see if George could in fact be the man he knew as John St. Helen. Finis Bates entered Penniman's Funeral Home and, according to Mr. W.H. Ryan, turned white as a sheet when he saw David E. George's body and exclaimed, "My old friend! My old friend John St. Helen!" Finis Bates believed so much that David E. George/John St. Helen was in fact John Wilkes Booth that he went on to stake his professional reputation on proving it. He was not alone. The first President of the Oklahoma Historical Society, W.P. Campbell, believed David E. George/John St. Helen was John Wilkes Booth. The two books these two men wrote defending their views are available on-line . The titles of the two narrative books are self explanatory: John Wilkes Booth: Escape and Wanderings until Final Ending of the Trail at Enid, Oklahoma, January 12 (sic), 1903, by W.P. Campbell, and The Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth: Or, the First True Account of Lincoln's Assassination, Containing a Complete Confession by Booth (published 1907) by Finis Bates. These two books are lampooned by many, but Bates' book became a bestseller (70,000 copies) within just a few months of its publication in 1907. Both these men wrote emphatically that John Wilkes Booth died in Enid, Oklahoma on January 13, 1903. The impending DNA tests by the Booth family will either destroy their century old Booth escape premise or the DNA tests will cause many historians who have mocked Bates and Campbell to re-read their material with greater focus.What picques my curiosity is the life of John St. Helen/David E. George from 1865-1872 and how he came to first encounter attorney Finis Bates in Granbury, Texas. Where did John St. Helen/David E. George come from? Who was he? What about his family? If he is proven not to be Booth, how long did he carry out his Booth deception? It is incontrovertible David E. George and John St. Helen are the same man. One does not have to come close to believing David E. George is John Wilkes Booth to see that David E. George is John St. Helen. Where was John St. Helen prior to appearing in Texas in 1872? I believe the answers to these questions form the beginning of understanding a tragic love story, regardless of your view of "The Booth Legend." The Mystery of the Love Story Begins In early February 1903, not quite four weeks after David E. George died in Enid, the mayor of El Reno (Booth's former place of residence for at least three years immediately prior to Enid), received a letter from Mrs. Charles Levine of New York City. The Enid Eagle, Enid's morning paper, reported on this letter in its February 19, 1903 edition. Mrs. Levine wrote that she was the daughter of John Wilkes Booth, and if indeed, David E. George was Mr. Booth, she was entitled to his estate, an estate that the papers were then reporting to be quite sizable (later discovered to be untrue). Most modern historians, including C. Wyatt Evans , dismiss Mrs. Levine's letter as an attempt by a greedy easterner to either glean money or gain fame by inserting herself into the David E. George drama playing out in Enid, Oklahoma. C. Wyatt Evans lumps Mrs. Charles Levine into a very broad category of other crazy "interlopers" who tried to profit from the George death, and only devotes one paragraph to Mrs. Levine in his otherwise excellent book The Legend of John Wilkes Booth: Myth, Memory and a Mummy . Evans places his information about Mrs. Levine in the same paragraph as his description of quack "palm reader" who also sought to profit from the George story by reading the dead man's hand. I believe, respectfully, that C. Wyatt Evans is wrong about Mrs. Levine's motives for "inserting herself" into the George drama in Enid. Marriage License of John W. Booth to Louisa J. Payne February 1872 Mrs. Charles Levine was born Laura Ida Elizabeth Booth in Payne's Cove, Tennessee, near Chattannooga in 1873. She was the daughter of Louisa Holmes Payne and John Wilkes Booth (see marriage certificate to the left). Louisa J. Payne was a Confederate Civil War widow. Her first husband, Confederate soldier C.Z. Payne, died in 1865 toward the end of the war. Louisa was left to care for her young son McCager (or "Cage"). Louisa worked as a seamstress for the recently opened University of the South in Sewannee, Tennessee. In 1871 Louisa met a man named Jack Booth who claimed he was a "distant cousin" to John Wilkes Booth. Louisa fell in love, and she married Jack in February 1872. However, after the wedding, Jack told Louisa that he had a past, and his name was not really Jack . When she pressed him for the truth, Jack told her he was actually John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of the Republican President. Louisa, a devout Christian and southern Democrat, could forgive her husband for his war actions and personal deceptions to her, but she insisted that he sign their marriage certificate with his God-given name. And so, on February 24, 1872, a new certificate was signed in the presence of Rev. C.C. Rose, listing the marriage of John Wilkes Booth and Louisa Payne. The late historiagrapher for University of the South, Dr. Arthur Ben Chitty , did extensive research into Louisa Payne and her marriage to the man claiming to be John Wilkes Booth. Dr. Chitty eventually discovered the marriage certificate itself. Dr. Chitty archived at The University of the South several audio tape interviews of men who personally knew McCager Payne, who in 1872 became John Wilkes Booth's step-son. Dr. Chitty discovered that McCager had intimate knowledge while a youth that his stepfather was actually John Wilkes Booth. As a newly married couple Louisa and John Wilkes Booth moved to Memphis, Tennessee because, as Louisa would later say, "my husband had been told he would be paid a large sum of money owed him for his offical work on behalf of the Confederacy." While in Memphis, Louisa overheard some men on the street discussing her husband and pointing out where the "skunk" was now living. Louisa informed John that men knew who he was and his life was in danger. John told Louisa that it would be better if they separated for a season. He would go to Texas and she should go back to Tennessee until things cooled off. John promised Louisa that he would return to Tennessee after things settled down. Louisa went back east to Payne's Cove Tennessee and the man claiming to be John Wilkes Booth headed south. Unbeknown to the couple at the time, Louisa was pregnant with John's child. Louisa Payne would give birth to Laura Ida Elizabeth Booth , named after one of John Wilkes Booth's sisters, while living alone in Tennessee in early 1873. Her second husband, the man she first knew as "Jack Booth," but later laimed to be "John Wilkes Booth" went to Granbury, Texas -- and would change his name to John St. Helen. Historian Steven Miller suggests that John St. Helen, the man who confessed to being "John Wilkes Booth" to attorney Finis Bates, is a different man from the person who married Louisa Payne. My research on a book about the Lincoln assassination and the bizarre connections to Enid, Oklahoma suggests they are the same man. This man--Jack Booth/John St. Helen, David E. George, is either a deluded and deceptive man who pretended to be John Wilkes Booth for over four decades, or as many in the family of John Wilkes Booth now believe, this man was actually John Wilkes Booth himself. DNA testing in 2011 could help solve the mystery. Back in Tennesee during 1873 Louisa Booth received financial help from the family of her deceased first husband (C.Z. "Zeb" Payne). She went to work caring for her son McCager and her newborn infant girl. Louisa kept hope that her husband would return to her from Texas, but she never heard from him. In 1879, seven years after marrying the man who claimed to be John Wilkes Booth, beautiful 36 year old Louisa Payne was raking and burning leaves in her front yard when her dress accidentally caught fire. Louisa ran to the creek in an attempt to extinquish the flames, but the burns on her body would prove to be fatal for her. Before she died, Louisa called her six-year-old daughter Laura Ida Booth and her fourteen-year-old son McCager Payne to her bedside. The mother informed her children that Ida's father was John Wilkes Booth . McCager would later tell friends at the mill where he worked late in his life that he already knew John Wilkes Booth was his stepdad because of conversations he had overheard between his mom and stepdad when he was a boy. Caught listening in one time by his step-dad, McCager was threatened that if the boy told anyone that his step-dad was John Wilkes Booth, "I will kill you." After the death of her mother young Laura Ida Booth would go to live with friends and family. Laura Ida Booth eventually became an actress herself and married a fellow actor named Charles Levine in New York City. When Mrs. Charles Levine heard of David E. George's death in Enid, Oklahoma in early 1903, and that David E. George had claimed to be "John Wilkes Booth" before he died, Mrs. Levine sent her letter to the the mayor of El Reno claiming George's estate "if indeed he is John Wilkes Booth." Mrs. Charles Levine was serious in her query about Booth's estate, believing herself to be his daughter. Her letter should also be taken seriously by historians. Again, one of two options is possible regarding the man who appears as Jack Booth/John St. Helen/David E. George/ and who fathered Laura Ida Booth: (1). Either this man is a devious and/or deluded individual who kept up a false front for four decades about being John Wilkes Booth, or (2). This man is actually John Wilkes Booth. To take the latter position opens oneself up to ridicule from mainstream historians. I remain personally unpersuaded. What is certain, however, is this: The DNA testing of the vertebrae from 'the body in barn' will either be a match to John Wilkes Booth and lay to rest the "Booth Legend" or the DNA testing will NOT provide a match and the escape theories for Lincoln's assassin will explode. Either way, historians ought to give Laura Ida Elizabeth Booth (Mrs. Charles Levine) and the letter she wrote to the mayor of El Reno in February 1903 far more serious attention than they are currently being given.	i don't know
In which ocean are the Seychelles located?	Seychelles Map / Geography of Seychelles / Map of Seychelles - Worldatlas.com The Republic of Seychelles is an archipelago of 115 islands located in the Indian Ocean , northeast of Madagascar . Pre- European colonization the islands were known by Arab navigators on trading voyages, but were never inhabited. Eventually Seychelles was settled by France in the 18th century, but it wasn't long before the British fought for control. A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Although the new governor to the islands was British , he governed according to French rules, and allowed previous French customs to remain intact. Slavery was completely abolished in 1835, and the island nation subsequently began to decline as exportation decreased. The anti-slavery stance was taken very seriously by the British government, and conditions started improving when it was realized that coconuts could be grown with less labour. In the late 19th century, Seychelles became a place to exile troublesome political prisoners, most notably from Zanzibar, Egypt , Cyprus and Palestine . Independence for the islands came in 1976, after the Seychelles People's United Party was formed and led by France-Albert Rene, campaigning for socialism and freedom from Britain . Socialism was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. President France-Albert Rene, who had served since 1977, was re-elected in 2001, but stepped down in 2004. Vice President James Michel took over the presidency and in July 2006 was elected to a new five-year term. Upon independence in 1976, economic growth has steadily increased, led by the tourism sector and tuna fishing. In the past few years, the government has also created incentives for foreign investments. Per capita, Seychelles is the most indebted country in the world and currently had a population of 90,024. See Also	Indian Ocean
Nutria is the name given to the fur of which semi aquatic rodent?	North Island, Seychelles Islands - Indian Ocean View the North Island Layout: Island Layout Images View Villa Layout and Schematic: Villa Design NORTH ISLAND RATES: North Island Rates NORTH ISLAND RESORT - SEYCHELLES ISLANDS North Island is one of the forty granitic islands of the Seychelles, which are located around the two main islands of Mahé and Praslin. Because North Island has long been uninhabited, is extremely fertile, and has an abundance of fresh water, the new owners came up with a concept which they have called, "Noah's Ark". The plan is to turn back the island's environmental clock two hundred years through rehabilitation and by re-introducing many of the critically endangered Seychelles species slowly over time, so that visitors are able to enjoy viewing some of this endangered wildlife. In this same way, North Island is a sanctuary for its guests - those who seek an unspoiled tropical haven of peace and tranquility. With its four beaches, located at each end of the compass, and the small number of guests accommodated at any time, the island ensures a private and wonderful tropical beach and island experience. North Island is outside of the cyclone belt of the Indian Ocean, making it a safe and enjoyable year-round destination. The "barefoot luxury Robinson Crusoe" development on North Island is unashamedly aimed at providing the very best in privacy, location, accommodation, services and facilities to the most discerning and privileged world travelers. The island is larger than Monte Carlo, yet only has 12 guest villas! Be assured that the staff on North Island will go to every length to pamper you, to enrich you and to rejuvenate your soul. But the essence of North Island remains one of sustainable, ecologically sensitive utilization os a precious, natural treasure. Accommodation For images of North Island, click North Island Photos North Island's architect's, Silvio Rech and Lesley Carstens, and a team of craftsmen from Africa, Zanzibar, Bali and the Seychelles, have created a fusion of cultures and architectural styles to produce a "Robinson Crusoe luxury paradise" unlike any other. The extensive facilities include 11 incredible air-conditioned guest villas, each with its own private pool, a central dining room, lounge, kitchenette and library. There is also a beautiful health spa and gym, a breathtakingly lovely swimming pool hewn into a granitic outcrop and a "Tropical Heat" Sunset Bar tucked away on Grande Anse on the western side of the island. The 11 guest villas have been lovingly handcrafted on the island from wood, local stone and glass, with thatched "alang alang" roofs. With a footprint of over 450 square metres, each villa is completely self-contained and comprises a luxuriously proportioned bedroom, a writing and change-room area with a huge en-suite bathroom, a large marble bath and an outside shower for those who can't get enough of the fresh island air. Air-conditioning, overhead "punkah punkah" fans and fully retracting sliding windows (for 270-degree views) provide a pampering environment for the enjoyment of the balmy ocean breezes. An additional study or bedroom is equipped with a DVD/CD system, internet access, and can also be arranged to serve as accommodation for children. The kitchen leads off the expansive sun-deck and covered lounge area. Guests can elect to enjoy their meals in their villa or in the Island's main dining area. A private plunge pool and sala completes the exclusive sanctuary within a sanctuary. A full butler service catering for your every need includes in-villa meals or delicious picnics on secluded beaches. A lounge, dining room and library, scenically located health spa and gym, world-class dive centre, and a rim-flow swimming pool are all built into a granitic outcrop. A sunset bar and restaurant are tucked away on the western beach of the island. Activities include mountain biking, gym, guided walks, snorkelling, fishing, boating, sea kayaking, and scuba diving. Spa and Activities Some of the possible activities possible on North Island include swimming and sunbathing on 4 private beaches, excellent snorkelling right off the beaches, and fantastic reef and wall scuba diving with visibility up to 40 metres! Enjoy massage and health therapy in the Spa or in the comfort of your private villa. Visit the gymnasium, take nature walks with the resident ecologist, or go birding with the resident naturalist. Other activities include deep sea fishing, windsurfing, guided sea kayaking, hobie sailing, yacht charters, boating trips to explore neighboring islands, mountain biking, and golf at the 18-hole Lamuria Resort on Praslin Island (a private helicopter charter will be arranged at extra cost). Dining and Cuisine Besides its exceptional beauty, North Island has long been renowned for its fertility and also for the richness of the fishing grounds wherein it nestles. It is not surprising therefore, that North Island’s lodge should draw upon these exceptional natural resources. The cuisine is based on the very finest natural products lovingly prepared in a sumptuous array of exotic dishes. The cuisine of North Island is based on the diversity and cultural influences which, in part, make up the Seychellois Creole flavour. Culinary aspects of Seychelles, France and southern Indian spices are combined with the organic resources of North Island and the abundance on offer from the Indian Ocean. Balanced together with simplicity, expect a feast that will awaken all of your senses. There is a “no menu” concept of dining on North Island and the chef, David Godin, speaks to each guest, explains the North Island cuisine concept, finds out personal food preferences and then develops the menus daily around this information. During your stay on North Island, you can be sure of a memorable culinary experience, complimented by an impressive cellar with some of the world’s great wines and champagnes. Please let us know well in advance of any special dietary requirements. The "Noah's Ark" Program "We bought North Island in recognition of its potential as a Noah's Ark; a sanctuary where natural habitats could be rehabilitated and where critically endangered Seychelles fauna and flora could be reintroduced and given a place to regenerate?. On this beautiful island we built an exclusive luxury lodge and have, where possible, utilised materials reaped from the rehabilitation process. In doing so, we have paid particular attention to capturing the true essence of North Island, a rare experience in harmony with the environment." Wilderness Safaris initially became involved in the purchase of North Island specifically because of the potential for the island to become a Noah's Ark sanctuary where natural habitats and functioning ecosystems could be restored and where endangered Seychelles fauna and flora could be re-established. The concept and establishment of an eco-sensitive lodge on the island was preceded by years of research and coordination with government conservation bodies, with all parties committed to ensuring the protection of the natural environment and biodiversity. Ten years down the line, the conscientious pursuit of such policies is now reaping its just rewards.	i don't know
Which South American country is nicknamed The Land of Grace?	Venezuela Facts on Largest Cities, Populations, Symbols - Worldatlas.com Ethnicity: Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people GDP total: $402.1 billion (2012) GDP per capita: $13,200 (2012) Language: Spanish (official), indeginous dialects Largest Cities: (by population) Maracaibo, Caracas, Valencia, Barquisimeto, Ciudad Guyana, Petara, Maracay, Ciudad Bolivar Name: Upon seeing Venezuela, Christopher Columbus remarked that is must be paradise. He nicknamed the region Land of Grace. On a later expedition, Amerigo Vespucci said that the land reminded him of his home city Venice, Italy. He named the region "Venezuela" meaning "little Venice" in Italian. Some scholars believe that the original name may have come from an indigenous people who called themselves the "Veneciuela". National Day: July 5 Religion: Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%	Venezuela
In which year was the world’s first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 launched?	Andes Mountains \| mountain system, South America \| Britannica.com Andes Mountains Alternative Titles: Cordillera de los Andes, Los Andes, The Andes Related Topics Andes Mountains, also called the Andes, Spanish Cordillera de los Andes or Los Andes, mountain system of South America and one of the great natural features of the Earth. The Southern and Central Andes and Patagonia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Central and Northern Andes and the Amazon River basin and drainage network. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Northern Andes and the Orinoco River basin and its drainage network. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Andes consist of a vast series of extremely high plateaus surmounted by even higher peaks that form an unbroken rampart over a distance of some 5,500 miles (8,900 kilometres)—from the southern tip of South America to the continent’s northernmost coast on the Caribbean. They separate a narrow western coastal area from the rest of the continent, affecting deeply the conditions of life within the ranges themselves and in surrounding areas. The Andes contain the highest peaks in the Western Hemisphere . The highest of them is Mount Aconcagua (22,831 feet [6,959 metres]) on the border of Argentina and Chile (see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Aconcagua ). The Andes are not a single line of formidable peaks but rather a succession of parallel and transverse mountain ranges, or cordilleras, and of intervening plateaus and depressions. Distinct eastern and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental —are characteristic of most of the system. The directional trend of both the cordilleras generally is north-south, but in several places the Cordillera Oriental bulges eastward to form either isolated peninsula-like ranges or such high intermontane plateau regions as the Altiplano (Spanish: “High Plateau”), occupying adjoining parts of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. A brief introduction to the Andes Mountains and the Andean condor. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Some historians believe the name Andes comes from the Quechuan word anti (“east”); others suggest it is derived from the Quechuan anta (“copper”). It perhaps is more reasonable to ascribe it to the anta of the older Aymara language, which connotes copper colour generally. Physical features Espinhaço Mountains There is no universal agreement about the major north-south subdivisions of the Andes system. For the purposes of this discussion, the system is divided into three broad categories. From south to north these are the Southern Andes , consisting of the Chilean, Fuegian, and Patagonian cordilleras; the Central Andes, including the Peruvian cordilleras; and the Northern Andes , encompassing the Ecuadorian, Colombian, and Venezuelan (or Caribbean) cordilleras. Geology The Andean mountain system is the result of global plate-tectonic forces during the Cenozoic Era (roughly the past 65 million years) that built upon earlier geologic activity. About 250 million years ago the crustal plates constituting the Earth’s landmass were joined together into the supercontinent Pangaea . The subsequent breakup of Pangaea and of its southern portion, Gondwana , dispersed these plates outward, where they began to take the form and position of the present-day continents. The collision (or convergence) of two of these plates—the continental South American Plate and the oceanic Nazca Plate —gave rise to the orogenic (mountain-building) activity that produced the Andes. Many of the rocks comprising the present-day cordilleras are of great age. They began as sediments eroded from the Amazonia craton (or Brazilian shield)—the ancient granitic continental fragment that constitutes much of Brazil—and deposited between about 450 and 250 million years ago on the craton’s western flank. The weight of these deposits forced a subsidence (downwarping) of the crust, and the resulting pressure and heat metamorphosed the deposits into more resistant rocks; thus, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone were transformed, respectively, into quartzite, shale, and marble. Approximately 170 million years ago this complex geologic matrix began to be uplifted as the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate was forced under the western edge of the South American Plate (i.e., the Nazca Plate was subducted ), the result of the latter plate’s westward movement in response to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. This subduction-uplift process was accompanied by the intrusion of considerable quantities of magma from the mantle, first in the form of a volcanic arc along the western edge of the South American Plate and later by the injection of hot solutions into surrounding continental rocks; the latter process created numerous dikes and veins containing concentrations of economically valuable minerals that later were to play a critical role in the human occupation of the Andes. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The intensity of this activity increased during the Cenozoic Era, and the present shape of the cordilleras emerged. The accepted time period for their rise had been from about 15 million to 6 million years ago. However, through the use of more advanced techniques, researchers in the early 21st century were able to determine that the uplift started much earlier, about 25 million years ago. The resultant mountain system exhibits an extraordinary vertical differential of more than 40,000 feet between the bottom of the Peru-Chile (Atacama) Trench off the Pacific coast of the continent and the peaks of the high mountains within a horizontal distance of less than 200 miles. The tectonic processes that created the Andes have continued to the present day. The system—part of the larger circum-Pacific volcanic chain that often is called the Ring of Fire—remains volcanically active and is subject to devastating earthquakes. Physiography of the Southern Andes Mountain Ranges The Fuegian Andes begin on the mountainous Estados (Staten) Island, the easternmost point of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, reaching an elevation of 3,700 feet. They run to the west through Grande Island, where the highest ridges—including Mounts Darwin , Valdivieso, and Sorondo—are all less than 7,900 feet high. The physiography of this southernmost subdivision of the Andes system is complicated by the presence of the independent Sierra de la Costa. The Patagonian Andes rise north of the Strait of Magellan . Numerous transverse and longitudinal depressions and breaches cut this wild and rugged portion of the Andes, sometimes completely; many ranges are occupied by ice fields, glaciers, rivers, lakes, or fjords. The crests of the mountains exceed 10,000 feet ( Mount Fitzroy reaching 11,073 feet) north to latitude 46° S but average only 6,500–8,400 feet from latitude 46° to 41° S, except for Mount Tronador (11,453 feet). North of Lake Aluminé (Argentina) the axis of the cordillera shifts to the east up to a zone of transition between latitude 37° and 35° S, where the geographic aspect and geomorphic structure change. This zone marks the most commonly accepted northern extent of the Patagonian Andes; there is some disagreement, however, about this limit, some placing it farther south, at the Gulf of Penas , (47° S) and others considering it to be to the north, around 30° S. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The line of permanent snow becomes higher in elevation with decreasing latitude in the Southern Andes: 2,300 feet in Tierra del Fuego, 5,000 feet at Osorno Volcano (41° S), and 12,000 feet at Domuyo Volcano (36°38′ S). A line of active volcanoes —including Yate, Corcovado, and Macá—occurs about 40° to 46° S; the southernmost of these, Mount Hudson of Chile , erupted in 1991. Enormous ice fields are located between Mount Fitzroy (called Mount Chaltel in Chile) and Lake Buenos Aires (Lake General Carrera in Chile) at both sides of Baker Fjord; the Viedma, Upsala, and other glaciers originate from these fields. Other notable features are the more than 50 lakes found south of 39° S. Those depressions that are free of water form fertile valleys called vegas, which are easily reached by low passes. Magnificent and impenetrable forests grow on both sides of these cordilleras, especially on the western slopes; these forests cover the mountains as high as the snow line , although at the higher altitudes toward the north and in Tierra del Fuego the vegetation is lower and less dense. Both Argentina and Chile have created national parks to preserve the area’s natural beauty. Physiography of the Central Andes The Central Andes begin at latitude 35° S, at a point where the cordillera undergoes a sharp change of character. Its width increases to about 50 miles, and it becomes arid and higher; the passes, too, are higher and more difficult to cross. Glaciers are rare and found only at high elevations. The main range serves as the boundary between Chile and Argentina and also is the drainage divide between rivers flowing to the Pacific and the Atlantic. The last of the southern series of volcanoes, Mount Tupungato (21,555 feet) is just east of Santiago, Chile. A line of lofty, snowcapped peaks rise between Tupungato and the mighty Mount Aconcagua. To the north of Aconcagua lies Mount Mercedario (22,211 feet), and between them are the high passes of Mount Espinacito (16,000 feet) and Mount Patos (12,825 feet). South of Anconcagua the passes include Pircas (16,960 feet), Bermejo (more than 10,000 feet), and Iglesia (13,400 feet). Farther north the passes are more numerous but higher. The peaks of Mounts Bonete, Ojos del Salado , and Pissis surpass 20,000 feet. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The peak of Tres Cruces (22,156 feet) at 27° S latitude marks the culmination of this part of the cordillera. To the north is found a transverse depression and the southern limit of the high plateau region called the Atacama Plateau in Argentina and Chile and the Altiplano in Bolivia and Peru. The cordillera grows wider as it advances into Bolivia and Peru, where the great plateau is bounded by two ranges: the Occidental and the Oriental. Northward, to latitude 18° S, the peaks of El Cóndor, Sierra Nevada , Llullaillaco , Galán, and Antofalla all exceed 19,000 feet. The two main ranges and several volcanic secondary chains enclose depressions called salars because of the deposits of salts they contain; in northwestern Argentina, the Sierra de Calalaste encompasses the large Antofalla Salt Flat. Volcanoes of this zone occur mostly on a northerly line along the Cordillera Occidental as far as Misti Volcano (latitude 16° S) in Peru. The western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental descend gradually to the Atacama Desert along the coast. At about 18° S the trend of the Cordillera Occidental changes to a northwesterly direction. The Cordillera Oriental to the east, lower and built on a broad bed of lava, is cut and denuded by rivers with steep gradients, fed by heavy rainfall. It has two sections. The southern portion is 150 miles wide and—with the exception of Chorolque Peak in Bolivia (18,414 feet)—of relatively low elevation. The northern section in Bolivia, called Cordillera Real , is narrow, with higher peaks and glaciers; the most important peaks, at over 21,000 feet, are Mounts Illimani and Illampu. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano At about latitude 22° S the Cordillera Oriental penetrates into Bolivia and describes a wide semicircle to the north and then to the northwest; to the west the Altiplano reaches its broadest extent. The Altiplano—500 miles long and 80 miles wide—is one of the largest interior basins of the world. Varying in elevation from 11,200 to 12,800 feet, it has no drainage outlet to the ocean. Roughly in the centre of the plateau is a great depression between the two cordilleras. Lake Titicaca , the highest navigable lake of the world (110 miles long), fills the northern part of the depression; the Desaguadero River flows south through the depression, draining Titicaca water into the smaller Lake Poopó . As the Andes enter Peru , the Cordillera Occidental runs parallel to the coast, while the Cordillera Real from Bolivia ends in the rough mountain mass of the Vilcanota Knot at latitude 15° S. From this knot ( nudo), two lofty and narrow chains emerge northward, the Cordilleras de Carabaya and Vilcanota, separated by a deep gorge; a third range, the Cordillera de Vilcabamba , appears to the west of these and northwest of the city of Cuzco. The three ranges are products of erosive action of rivers that have cut deep canyons between them. West of the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, the Apurímac River runs in one of the deepest canyons of the Western Hemisphere. The city of Cuzco lies in the valley west of the Cordillera de Vilcanota at an altitude of nearly 11,000 feet. The Peruvian Andes traditionally have been described as three cordilleras, which come together at the Vilcanota, Pasco, and Loja (Ecuador) knots. The Pasco Knot is a large, high plateau. To the west it is bounded by the Cordillera Huarochirí, on the west slope of which the Rímac River rises in a cluster of lakes fed by glaciers and descends rapidly to the ocean (15,700 feet in 60 miles). Ticlio Pass, at an altitude of some 15,800 feet, is used by a railway. Many small lakes and ponds are found on the knots, with Lake Junín (about 20 miles long) being the largest. North of the Pasco Knot, three different ranges run along the plateau: the Cordilleras Occidental, Central, and Oriental. In the Cordillera Occidental, at latitude 10° S, the deep, narrow Huaylas Valley separates two ranges, Cordillera Blanca to the east and Cordillera Negra to the west; the Santa River runs between them and cuts Cordillera Negra to drain into the Pacific. Cordillera Blanca is a complex highland with permanently snowcapped peaks, some among the highest of the Andes (e.g., Mount Huascarán , at 22,205 feet). At times, the glaciers that rise there are broken off by earthquakes and rush down the slopes, demolishing vegetation and settlements in their paths. Cordillera Negra, so named because it is not covered with snow, is lower. The two ranges join together at latitude 9° S. The Marañón River , which runs northward between the Cordilleras Occidental and Central at about 6° S, changes its direction of flow to the northeast, penetrating into a region of narrow transverse water gaps ( pongos) that cut the cordillera to reach the Amazon basin. These include Rentema (about one and one-fourth miles long and 200 feet wide), Mayo, Mayasito, and Huarcaya gaps and—the most important— Manseriche Gap, which is seven miles long. Between the Cordilleras Central and Oriental, the Huallaga River runs in a deep gorge with few small valleys; it cuts the eastern cordillera at Aguirre Gap (latitude 6° S). The Cordillera Oriental ends in the Amazon basin at 5° S. The permanent snow line reaches an altitude of 19,000 feet in Mount Chanchani (about latitude 16° S) and declines to about 15,000 feet in Cordillera Blanca and to 13,000 feet on Mount Huascarán. Permanent snow is less common north of 8° S, the puna grasslands end, and the so-called humid puna, or jalca, begins. Mountains become wider and smoother in appearance, while vegetation changes to heathland and trees. The altitude diminishes, and passes are much lower, as at Porculla Pass (7,000 feet) east of Piura. Physiography of the Northern Andes A rough and eroded high mass of mountains called the Loja Knot (4° S) in southern Ecuador marks the transition between the Peruvian cordilleras and the Ecuadorian Andes . The Ecuadorian system consists of a long, narrow plateau running from south to north bordered by two mountain chains containing numerous high volcanoes . To the west, in the geologically recent and relatively low Cordillera Occidental, stands a line of 19 volcanoes, 7 of them exceeding 15,000 feet in elevation. The eastern border is the higher and older Cordillera Central , capped by a line of 20 volcanoes; some of these, such as Chimborazu Volcano (20,702 feet), have permanent snowcaps. The outpouring of lava from these volcanoes has divided the central plateau into 10 major basins that are strung in beadlike fashion between the two cordilleras. These basins and their adjacent slopes, which are intensively cultivated , contain roughly half of Ecuador’s population. A third cordillera has been identified in the eastern jungle of Ecuador and has been named the Cordillera Oriental. The range appears to be an ancient alluvial formation that has been divided by rivers and heavy rainfall into a number of mountain masses. Such masses as the cordilleras of Guacamayo, Galeras, and Lumbaquí are isolated or form irregular short chains and are covered by luxuriant forest. Altitudes do not exceed 7,900 feet, except at Cordilleras del Cóndor (13,000 feet) and Mount Pax (11,000 feet). North of the boundary with Colombia is a group of high, snowcapped volcanoes (Azufral, Cumbal, Chiles) known as the Huaca Knot. Farther to the north is the great massif of the Pasto Mountains (latitude 1°–2° N), which is the most important Colombian physiographic complex and the source of many of the country’s rivers. Three distinct ranges, the Cordilleras Occidental, Central, and Oriental, run northward. The Cordillera Occidental , parallel to the coast and moderately high, reaches an elevation of nearly 13,000 feet at Mount Paramillo before descending in three smaller ranges into the lowlands of northern Colombia. The Cordillera Central is the highest (average altitude of almost 10,000 feet) but also the shortest range of Colombian Andes, stretching some 400 miles before its most northerly spurs disappear at about latitude 8° N. Most of the volcanoes of the zone are in this range, including Mounts Tolima (17,105 feet), Ruiz (17,717 feet), and Huila (18,865 feet). At about latitude 6° N, the range widens into a plateau on which Medellín is situated. Between the Cordilleras Central and Occidental is a great depression, the Patía-Cauca valley, divided into three longitudinal plains. The southernmost is the narrow valley of the Patía River , the waters of which flow to the Pacific. The middle plain is the highest in elevation (8,200 feet) and constitutes the divide of the other two. The northern plain, the largest (15 miles wide and 125 miles long), is the valley of Cauca River , which drains northward to the Magdalena River . The Cordillera Oriental trends slightly to the northeast and is the widest and the longest of the three. The average altitude is 7,900 to 8,900 feet. North of latitude 3° N the cordillera widens and after a small depression rises into the Sumapaz Uplands , which range in elevation from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. North of the Sumapaz Upland the range divides into two, enclosing a large plain 125 miles wide and 200 miles long, often interrupted by small transverse chains that form several upland basins called sabanas that contain about a third of Colombia’s population. The city of Bogotá is on the largest and most populated of these sabanas; other important cities on sabanas are Chiquinquirá, Tunja, and Sogamoso. East of Honda (5° N) the cordillera divides into a series of abrupt parallel chains running to the north-northeast; among them the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (18,022 feet) is high enough to have snowcapped peaks. Farther north the central ranges of the Cordillera Central come to an end, but the flanking chains continue and diverge to the north and northeast. The westernmost of these chains is the Sierra de Ocaña, which on its northeastern side includes the Sierra de Perijá ; the latter range forms a portion of the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela and extends as far north as latitude 11° N in La Guajira Peninsula . The eastern chain bends to the east and enters Venezuela as the Cordillera de Mérida . On the Caribbean coast just west of the Sierra de Perijá stands the isolated, triangular Santa Marta Massif , which rises abruptly from the coast to snowcapped peaks of 18,947 feet; geologically, however, the Santa Marta Massif is not part of the Andes. The Venezuelan Andes are represented by the Cordillera de Mérida (280 miles long, 50 to 90 miles wide, and about 10,000 feet in elevation), which extends in a northeasterly direction to the city of Barquisimeto, where it ends. The cordillera is a great uplifted axis where erosion has uncovered granite and gneiss rocks but where the northwestern and southeastern flanks remain covered by sediments; it consists of numerous chains with snow-covered summits separated by longitudinal and transverse depressions—Sierras Tovar, Nevada, Santo Domingo , de la Culata, Trujillo, and others. The range forms the northwestern limit of the Orinoco River basin, beyond which water flows to the Caribbean. North of Barquisimeto, the Sierra Falcón and Cordillera del Litoral (called in Venezuela the Sistema Andino) do not belong to the Andes but rather to the Guiana system. Soils The complex interchange between climate, parent material, topography , and biology that determines soil types and their condition is deeply affected by altitude in the Andes. In general, Andean soils are relatively young and are subject to great erosion by water and winds because of the steep gradients of much of the land. In the Fuegian and southern Patagonian Andes , the formation of soils is difficult; the actions of glaciers and of strong winds have left nearly bare rock in many places. Peat bogs, podzols, and meadow soils, all with thick horizons (layers) of humus, are found; drainage is poor. Volcanic soils that are rich in organic material and are well drained occur in the region of lakes. North of latitude 45° S, soils are formed directly on weathered rocks at higher elevations, and reddish brown soils with gravel and quartz are found in the lower zones; erosion is heavy. North of 37° S the Atacama Desert is covered with heavily eroded desertic soils that are low in moisture and organic material and high in mineral salts. This soil type, with few differences, extends along the Cordillera Occidental to north of Peru. From Bolivia to Colombia the soils of the plateau and the east side of the eastern cordilleras show characteristics closely related to altitude. In the Andean páramo embryonic soils black with organic material are found. At altitudes between 6,000 and 12,000 feet, red, brown, and chernozem soils occur on moderate slopes and on basin floors. In more poorly drained locations, soils with a permeable sandy horizon are relatively fertile; these soils are the most economically important in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. The sabana soils of Colombia are gray-brown, with an impermeable claypan in certain levels, resulting in poor drainage. At high elevations soils are thin and stony. On the east side of the eastern cordilleras, descending to the Amazon basin, thin, poorly developed humid soils are subject to considerable erosion. Intrazonal soils (those with weakly developed horizons) include humic clay and solonetz (dark alkaline soils) types found close to lakes and lagoons. Also included in this group are soils formed from volcanic ash in the Cordillera Occidental from Chile to Ecuador. The azonal soils— alluvials (soils incompletely evolved and stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)—occupy much of the Andean massif. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. Climate In general, temperature increases northward from Tierra del Fuego to the Equator, but such factors as altitude, proximity to the sea, the cold Peru (Humboldt) Current, rainfall, and topographic barriers to the wind contribute to a wide variety of climatic conditions. The hottest rain forests and deserts often are separated from tundralike puna by a few miles. There also is considerable climatic disparity between the external slopes (i.e., those facing the Pacific or the Amazon basin) and the internal slopes of the cordilleras; the external slopes are under the influence of either the ocean or the Amazon basin. As mentioned above, the line of permanent snow varies greatly. It increases from 2,600 feet at the Strait of Magellan, to 20,000 feet at latitude 27° S, after which it begins descending again until it reaches 15,000 feet in the Colombian Andes. Precipitation varies widely. South of latitude 38° S, annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches, whereas to the north it diminishes considerably and becomes markedly seasonal. Farther north—on the Altiplano of Bolivia, the Peruvian plateau, and in the valleys of Ecuador and the sabanas of Colombia—rainfall is moderate, though amounts are highly variable. It rains only in very small amounts on the west side of the Peruvian Cordillera Occidental but considerably more in Ecuador and Colombia. On the east (Amazonian) side of the Cordilleras Orientales, rainfall usually is seasonal and heavy. Temperature varies greatly with altitude. In the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes, for example, the climate is tropical up to an altitude of 4,900 feet, becoming subtropical up to 8,200 feet; hot temperatures prevail during the day, and nights are mildly warm. Between 8,200 and 11,500 feet daytime temperatures are mild, but there are marked differences between night and day; this zone constitutes the most hospitable area of the Andes. From 11,500 to 14,800 feet it generally is cold—with great differences between day and night and between sunshine and shadow—and temperatures are below freezing at night. Between about 13,500 and 15,700 feet (the puna), the climate of the páramo is found, with constant subfreezing temperatures. Finally, above 15,700 feet, the climate of the peaks and high ridges is polar with extremely low temperatures and icy winds. As in other mountainous areas of the world, a wide variety of microclimates (highly localized climatic conditions) exist because of the interplay of aspect, exposure to winds, latitude, length of day, and other factors. Peru, in particular, has one of the world’s most complex arrays of habitats because of its numerous microclimates. Plant and animal life The ability of plants and animals to live in the Andes varies with altitude , although the existence of plant communities is also determined by climate, availability of moisture, and soil, while that of animal life is also affected by the abundance of food sources; the permanent snow line is the upper limit of habitation. Some plants and animals can live at any altitude, and others can live only at certain levels. Cats rarely live above 13,000 feet, whereas white-tailed mice usually do not stay lower than 13,000 feet and can live up to 17,000 feet. The camelids (llama, guanaco , alpaca , and vicuña) are animals primarily of the Altiplano (11,200 to 12,800 feet), although they can live well at lower altitudes. It is thought that the condor can fly up to 26,000 feet. Probably the low barometric pressures of high altitudes are less important for vegetation, but altitude amplifies a number of climatic variables—such as temperature, wind, radiation, and dryness—that determine what kinds of plants grow in different parts of the Andes. In general, the Andes can be divided into altitudinal bands, each with typical predominant vegetation and fauna; but latitude imposes differences between south and north, and proximity to the Pacific and to the Amazon basin is reflected in differences between the external and internal slopes of the Cordilleras Occidental and Oriental. A zone at about latitude 35° S separates two different regions of the Andes. To the south, in the Patagonian Andes, the flora is austral (of southern aspect) instead of Andean. Magnificent mid-latitude rain forests of the conifer genus Araucaria and of oak, coigue (an evergreen used for thatching), chusquea, cypress, and larch occur. Characteristics to the north are different. The Cordillera Occidental is extremely dry in the south, slightly humid (with moisture and scarce rainfall) in central and northern Peru, and humid with heavy or moderate rainfall in Ecuador and Colombia. Vegetation follows the climatic scheme: in the south it is poor and desertlike, though at higher altitudes steppe vegetation occurs. Animals include the guemul, puma , vizcacha, cuy (guinea pig), chinchilla , camelids, mice, and lizards; among the birds are the condor, partridge, parina, huallata, and coot. Excluding areas where irrigation methods are utilized, agricultural potential is poor. The east side of the Cordilleras Orientales northward from Bolivia has lush vegetation, most of it tropical forest with a rich jungle fauna. On the plateau (valleys, plains, ranges, and internal slopes of the cordilleras), life again is closely related to altitude. Tropical palms and eternal snows lie within a few miles of each other, where altitude may vary from 1,600 feet in deep gorges to more than 20,000 feet in peaks and ridges. Up to an elevation of 8,000 feet, vegetation reflects the dry tropical and subtropical climate, and agriculture is important: the great coffee industry of Colombia is located mainly in the warm valleys of this zone. Between 8,200 and 11,500 feet lies the most populated zone of the Andes; some of the major cities of the Andean countries are there, and the zone supports the main part of Andean agriculture. Temperatures vary from warm in the valleys to moderate low (down to 50 °F [10 °C]) on the plains, sabanas, and slopes, and there is seasonal rainfall and water from rivers. This zone also is suitable for livestock and poultry farming. Between 11,500 and 13,400 feet relief is usually rough and difficult for agriculture. In Colombia this zone is páramo and sub-páramo, with seasonal rainfall; in Ecuador rain is abundant; and in Peru páramo has from moderate to scarce rainfall. From 13,400 to 15,700 feet (the puna), vegetation consists of plants that resist the cold temperature and nighttime freezing; above 16,000 feet, vegetation is almost absent. Page 1 of 2	i don't know
What word is given to the figure of speech in which an unpleasant or offensive term is described by another milder term?	FIGURE OF SPEECH Flashcards - Cram.com HYPERBOLE Definition: Hyperbole, derived from Greek word meaning “OVER-CASTING” is a figure of speech, which involves an EXAGGERATION OF IDEAS FOR THE SAKE OF EMPHASIS. It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I first saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait. Therefore, a hyperbole is an UNREAL EXAGGERATION to emphasize the real situation. HYPERBOLE My grandmother is as old as a hill. Your suitcase weighs a ton! She is as heavy as an elephant! I am dying of shame. I am trying to solve a million issues these days. It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement HYPERBOLE Examples of Hyperbole from Literature In American folk lore, Paul Bunyan’s stories are full of hyperboles. In one instance, he exaggerates winter by saying: “Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.” Freezing of the spoken words at night in winter and then warming up of the words in the warmth of the sun during the day is an example of hyperbole that has been effectively used by Paul Bunyan in this short excerpt. HYPERBOLE Examples of Hyperbole from Literature From William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”, Act II, Scene II. “Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red.” Macbeth, the tragic hero, feels the unbearable prick of his conscience after killing the king. He regrets his sin and believes that even the oceans of the greatest magnitude cannot wash blood of the king off his hands. We can notice the use of hyperbole in the given lines as how effective it is. HYPERBOLE Examples of Hyperbole from Literature From W.H Auden’s poem “As I Walked One Evening”, I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you Till China and Africa meet, And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street, I’ll love you till the ocean Is folded and hung up to dry The use of hyperbole can be noticed in the above lines. The meeting of China and Africa, the jumping of the river over the mountain, singing if salmon in the street, and the ocean being folded and hung up to be dried are exaggerations not possible in real life. HYPERBOLE Examples of Hyperbole from Literature From “The Adventures of Pinocchio” written by C. Colloid, “He cried all night, and dawn found him still there, though his tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the faraway hills…” The crying of Pinocchio all night until his tears became dry is an example of Hyperbole. HYPERBOLE Examples of Hyperbole from Literature From Joseph Conrad’s novel “The Heart of Darkness”, “I had to wait in the station for ten days-an eternity.” The wait of ten days seemed as if it lasted forever and never ended. HYPERBOLE In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an AMUSING EFFECT. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes COMMON HUMAN FEELINGS remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. IN LITERATURE, usage of hyperbole DEVELOPS CONTRASTS. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a STRIKING CONTRAST is developed. This technique is employed to catch reader’s attention. LITOTES Definition: Litotes, derived from a Greek word meaning “SIMPLE”, is a figure of speech which EMPLOYS AN UNDERSTATEMENT BY USING DOUBLE NEGATIVES or, in other words, POSITIVE STATEMENT IS EXPRESSED BY NEGATING ITS OPPOSITE EXPRESSIONS. For example, using the expression “not too bad” for “very good” is an understatement as well as a double negative statement that confirms a positive idea by negating the opposite. Similarly, saying “She is not a beauty queen,” means “She is ugly” or saying “I am not as young as I used to be” in order to avoid saying “I am old”. Litotes, therefore, is an intentional use of understatement that renders an ironical effect. LITOTES Common Examples: n everyday life, it is common to experience litotes in conversations although not many of the people are aware of this term and its usage. Below are a few common examples of litotes: They do not seem the happiest couple around. The ice cream was not too bad. New York is not an ordinary city. You comments on politics are not useless. You are not as young as you used to be. I cannot disagree with your point of view. William Shakespeare was not a bad playwright at all. He is not the cleverest person I have ever met. She is not unlike her mother. Ken Adams is not an ordinary man A million dollars in not a little amount. You are not doing badly at all. Your apartment is not unclean. Interestingly, the use of understatement in the above examples adds emphasis to the ideas rather than decreasing their importance and the reason is the ironical effect produced by the understatement. LITOTES Examples of Litotes in Literature: (In literature, writers and poets use this figure of speech in their texts in order to communicate novel ideas to readers vividly.) Example 1 “I am not unaware how the productions of the Grub Street brotherhood have of late years fallen under many prejudices.” (Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub) Now just see how Swift has used double negatives to emphasize the point that he is totally aware of it. The irony is that he is aware but he is saying as if he is unaware that he is not. LITOTES Examples of Litotes in Literature: (In literature, writers and poets use this figure of speech in their texts in order to communicate novel ideas to readers vividly.) Example 2 “Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if I had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.” Now read this short piece “Fire and Ice” by Robert Frost very carefully. Calling the destruction caused by the “great” is balanced by an opposing statement “would suffice” that is an understatement. LITOTES Examples of Litotes in Literature: (In literature, writers and poets use this figure of speech in their texts in order to communicate novel ideas to readers vividly.) Example 3 “Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others.” This line has been taken from “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass; An American Slave” by Frederick Douglass himself. He was an African-American social reformer and a writer. He has effectively used litotes to stress that his point that even slaves used to seek dominance over other slaves by stressing the point that they respective masters were much better than that of the others. LITOTES Function of Litotes: Litotes uses IRONICAL UNDERSTATEMENT in order to EMPHASIZE AN IDEA OR SITUATION rather than minimizing their importance. It rather discovers a unique way to ATTRACT PEOPLE'S ATTENTION to an idea and that is by IGNORING it. J.R. Bergmann in his book “Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings” talks about litotes in the following words: “I want to claim that the rhetorical figure litotes is one of those methods which are used to talk about an object in a discreet way. It clearly locates an object for the recipient, but it avoids naming it directly.” This is the best that has ever been said about litotes that to IGNORE AN OBJECT AND STILL TALK ABOUT IT IN A NEGATIVE WAY is the best way to make it appear important and prominent. EUPHEMISM Definition: The term euphemism refers to POLITE, INDIRECT EXPRESSIONS which replace words and phrases considered HARSH and IMPOLITE or suggest something UNPLEASANT. Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that expresses death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term “downsizing” for the rude act of “firing” its employees. Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need of replacing certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation. EUPHEMISM Techniques for Creating Euphemism: Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism. It may be in the form of ABBREVIATIONSe.g. B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc. Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression e.g. faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc. Sometimes, they are ABSTRACTIONS e.g. before I go (before I die). They may also be INDIRECT EXPRESSIONS replacing direct ones which may sound offensive e.g. rear-end, unmentionables etc. Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words e.g. flatulence for farting, perspiration for sweat, mentally challenged for stupid etc. Using technical terms may reduce the rudeness exhibited by words e.g. gluteus maximus. Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its severity e.g. darn, shoot etc. EUPHEMISM Examples of Euphemism in Everyday Life: You are becoming a little thin at top (bald). Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant). He is always tired and emotional (drunk). We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people. He is a special child (disabled or retarded). EUPHEMISM “The Squealer”, a character in George Orwell’s “Animal Farm”, uses euphemisms to help “the pigs” achieve their political ends. To announce the reduction of food to the animals of the farm, Orwell quotes him saying: “For the time being,” he explains, “it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations.” Substituting the word “reduction” with “readjustment” was an attempt to suppress the complaints of other animals about hunger. It works because reduction means “cutting” food supply while readjustment implies changing the current amount of food. EUPHEMISM Function of Euphemism: Euphemism helps writers to convey those ideas which have become a SOCIAL TABOO and are too EMBARRASSING TO MENTION DIRECTLY. Writers skillfully choose appropriate words to refer to and discuss a subject indirectly which otherwise are not published due to strict social censor e.g. religious fanaticism, political theories, sexuality, death etc. Thus, euphemism is a useful tool that allows writers to write figuratively about the libelous issues. INNUENDO (disambiguation) DEFINITION: An innuendo is a figure of speech which indicates an indirect or subtle, usually derogatory implication in expression; an insinuation. Innuendo is 'saying something without saying it', often implying something negative or politically incorrect, through allusion or insinuation. Example She's got a great future in front of her! Is that a gun in your pocket or are you just pleased to see me? Know what I mean? Nudge, nudge! Wink, wink! INNUENDO DISCUSSION: When you are prevented from saying something due to social norms, such as when certain words are forbidden or even from politeness, then it is common to try and get others to understand by using metaphor of some kind. If the person using innuendo does not get the response they require, it is not uncommon for them to increase their attempts, exaggerating the innuendo or using further suggestion. An advantage that innuendo gives the person using it is that it deniable, should they be called out for making improper suggestions. Sexual innuendo is common, particularly in drama that written in times when explicit language could not be used. Used well, it can create a humorous situation, for example by referencing sexually-related parts of the body. Innuendo can also be produced without language, using gestures and substitute items such as melons. Sexual innuendo is also used in flirting and may be unwelcome. Classification: Substitution CLIMAX Definition : Climax, a Greek term meaning “LADDER”, is that is that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point. Climax is a structural part of a plot and is at times referred to as crisis. It is a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline at which the rising action turns around into a falling action. Thus, climax in the point at which a conflict or crisis reaches its peak that calls for a resolution or denouement (conclusion). In a five act play, the climax is close to the conclusion of act 3. Later in the 19th century, the five act plays were replaced by three act plays and the climax was placed close to the conclusion or at the end of the play. CLIMAX Examples of Climax in Literature: In William Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”, the story reaches its climax in Act 3. In the first scene of the act, Romeo challenges Tybalt to a duel after he (Tybalt) killed Mercutio: “And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! Now, Tybalt, take the ‘villain’ back again That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio’s soul Is but a little way above our heads,” As soon as he killed Tybalt, Romeo says: “O! I am Fortune’s Fool!” He realizes that he has killed his wife’s cousin. This juncture in the play is a climax as the audience wonders how Romeo would get out of this mistake. Similarly, it qualifies as a climax because after this act all the prior conflicts start to resolve and mysteries unfold themselves and thus the story moves toward its logical conclusion during the coming scenes. CLIMAX Examples of Climax in Literature: In William Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”, the story reaches its climax in Act 3. In the first scene of the act, Romeo challenges Tybalt to a duel after he (Tybalt) killed Mercutio: “And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! Now, Tybalt, take the ‘villain’ back again That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio’s soul Is but a little way above our heads,” As soon as he killed Tybalt, Romeo says: “O! I am Fortune’s Fool!” He realizes that he has killed his wife’s cousin. This juncture in the play is a climax as the audience wonders how Romeo would get out of this mistake. Similarly, it qualifies as a climax because after this act all the prior conflicts start to resolve and mysteries unfold themselves and thus the story moves toward its logical conclusion during the coming scenes. CLIMAX Examples of Climax in Literature: In Joseph Conrad’s novel “The Heart of Darkness”, the narrative reaches its climax when Marlowe starts his journey in his steam boat, in the direction of the inner station and his final discovery upon reaching the station and meeting “Kurtz”. He was shocked to discover that Kurtz abandoned all norms and morals of his civilization after giving in to the savage customs of the wild Congo. Following this point in the novel, the mystery surrounding Kurtz is unfolded and the questions in the mind of Marlow find their answers automatically when he sees the real situation. CLIMAX Climax as a Stylistic Device: As a stylistic device, the term climax refers to a literary device in which words, phrases and clauses are arranged in an order to increase their importance within the sentence. For example, see how William Shakespeare achieves climax in the passage below taken from his Sonnet “The Passionate Pilgrim”: “Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good; A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it gins to bud; A brittle glass that’s broken presently: A doubtful good, a gloss, a glass, a flower, Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.” The phrase “dead within an hour” is placed at the very end as it marks the climax of the fate of beauty which he introduces as “a vain and doubtful good”. Below is another example of a climax as a stylistic device in “I Have a Dream”, a memorable address of Martin Luther King: “This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” The aforementioned line qualifies as the climax of Martin Luther’s speech which criticizes and rejects racial discrimination suffered by the black Americans at the hands of the Whites. CLIMAX Function of Climax A climax when used as a plot device helps readers understand the significance of the rising action earlier to the point in the plot where the conflict reaches its peak. Climax of the story makes readers mentally prepared for resolution of the conflict. Hence, climax is important to plot structure of a story. Moreover, climax is used as a stylistic device or a figure of speech to render balance and brevity to speech or writing. Being properly employed, it qualifies itself as a powerful tool that can instantly claim the undivided attention of the listeners and readers alike. Hence, its importance cannot be underestimated. ANTI-CLIMAX (BATHOS) Definition : Bathos is literary term derived from a Greek word meaning “DEPTH”. When a writer or a poet, in an effort to be INCREASINGLY EMOTIONAL or PASSIONATE, falls into INCONSEQUENTIAL and ABSURD METAPHORS, DESCRIPTIONS or IDEAS, it is called BATHOS. It should not be confused with pathos. The term was used by Alexander Pope to explain the blunders committed inadvertently by unskilled writers or poets. However, later on the comic writers used it intentionally to create humorous effects. The most commonly used bathos involves a sequence of items that descend from worthiness to silliness. ANTI-CLIMAX (BATHOS) Examples of Bathos: The Mary Tyler Moore Show had an episode that involved the death of the clown Chuckles, who was killed very brutally by a stampeding elephant. Everyone on the station keeps making jokes about it that Mary does not approve of. Later on, when she attends the funeral, she starts laughing hysterically while the rest of the people stare at her exasperated. A method like this one could be used in more absurd styles of humor, such as the television series Police Squad uses bathos very often. The excerpts from The Naked Gun show numerous points where a serious scene is built up only to knock it down subsequently with Frank Drebin’s silly comments. For example: “FRANK: A good cop – pointlessly cut down by some spineless hoodlums. ED: That’s no way for a man to die. FRANK: No… you’re right, Ed. A parachute not opening… that’s a way to die, getting caught in the gears of a combine… having your nuts bit off by a Laplander, that’s the way I want to go! WILMA NORDBERG: Oh… Frank. This is terrible! ED: Don’t you worry, Wilma. Your husband is going to be alright. Don’t you worry about anything! Just think positive. Never let a doubt enter your mind. FRANK: He’s right, Wilma. But I wouldn’t wait until the last minute to fill out those organ donor cards. (The Naked Gun, 1988) ANTI-CLIMAX (BATHOS) Examples of Bathos: Jane Austen is among the few serious writers who used this tool to give a sense of merriness to her novel Northanger Abbey. She used this tool to satirize the extremes of the Gothic fiction of eighteenth century. Jane Austen highlights the ingenuous and imaginative nature of the leading character Catherine Morland. She uses Catherine’s increasingly active imagination to work like bathos in order to parody the plot used in Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic novels and the likes of her. A mysterious chest was used in the Gothic fiction in the eighteenth century as a prop to build on. In the novel The Romance of the Forest authored by Radcliff, a character finds a human skeleton in the chest. Catherine became skeptic when she saw the enormous chest in her room during her stay at the Abbey. Certain questions arose in her mind about that chest and about what it held and why it was placed in her room. Catherine who seemed to be very naïve went on investigating the chest. You can see that the novel at this particular point adopts a very gothic tone. It starts using short clauses that consist of many inauspicious words for instance, ‘trembling hands’, ‘alarming violence’ and ‘fearful curiosity’. The selection of words at this point aids in building up the suspense in the readers’ and audience’s head only to discover consequently that the chest holds folded bed sheet. ANTI-CLIMAX (BATHOS) Examples of Bathos: Another example from the British radio series I’m Sorry I’ll Read That Again also provides us with many bathos examples. John Cleese and Jo Kendall appeared in roles of a couple whose relationship is on the brim of failure. MARY: John – once we had something that was pure, and wonderful, and good. What’s happened to it? JOHN: You spent it all. When Mary says “something pure and wonderful” she actually explains deep, sacred, noble form of love but the description is vague enough for John to manipulate. ANTI-CLIMAX (BATHOS) Functions of Bathos: BATHOSis a device, which if used skillfully, could really build up a nice COMIC SCENE. BATHOS brings a certain degree of wit to a scene by HIGHLIGHTING THE CONTRAST IN TONE. Initially, BATHOS is used to create a SERIOUS and POWERFUL DRAMATIC SITUATION, which might be slightly hard for the comedy writers. So, a comedy writer might try to insert jokes here and there in the middle of a serious scene but it is not wise to do so. It eliminates the element of contrast from the prose by breaking the tempo of the serious scene. PUN Definition : A pun is a play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings. Humorous effect created by puns depends upon the ambiguities words entail. The ambiguities arise mostly in homophones and homonyms. For instance, in a sentence “A happy life depends on a liver” liver can refer to the organ liver or simply the person who lives. Similarly, in a famous saying “Atheism is a non-prophet institution” the word “prophet” is used instead of “profit” to produce a humorous effect. PUN In everyday life, puns are intentionally or accidently used in jokes and witty remarks. The life of a patient of hypertension is always at steak. Why do we still have troops in Germany? To keep the Russians in Czech. A horse is a very stable animal Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana. An elephant’s opinion carries a lot of weight. What is the difference between a conductor and a teacher? The conductor minds the train and a teacher trains the mind. PUN Example of Pun in Literature: In constructing puns, William Shakespeare was a master craftsman. We find many examples of puns in his plays. Let us have a look at some of them: “It is the unkindest tied that ever any man tied.”(Richard III) “winter of our discontent…made glorious summer by this Son of York.”(Richard III) Romeo: “Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead” (Romeo and Juliet) Claudius: “…But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son…” Hamlet: [aside] “A little more than kin, and less than kind. (Kindred)” (Hamlet) PUN Example of Pun in Literature: We notice John Donne use pun in his poem “A Hymn to God the Father”. Read the following lines: “When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done for I have more. That at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretofore And having done that, Thou hast done; I fear no more.” He is playing with his name Donne and with the name of his wife Anne More. Besides, he uses Son, referring to the Christ, instead of sun. PUN Example of Pun in Literature: Oscar Wilde employs pun in his play “Importance of being Earnest”. Jack Earnest tells Aunt Augusta in Act III: “On the contrary, Aunt Augusta, I’ve now realized for the first time in my life the vital Importance of Being Earnest” Similarly, in Act III we see Jack puns his family name again: “I always told you, Gwendolen, my name was Ernest, didn’t I? Well, it is Ernest after all. I mean it naturally is Ernest.” Here Jack discovers his father name which makes him truly earnest. PUN Example of Pun in Literature: Charles Dickens plays around with words in his novel “Great Expectations”. In his opening chapter “Pip” says: “They seemed to think the opportunity lost, if they failed to point the conversation to me, every now and then, and stick the point into me” Not the pun in the use of the word “point”. We see another interesting example in Chapter 2: “Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame.” The writer puns the word “tickle”. PUN Example of Pun in Literature: We notice a unique use of multilingual puns in Vladimir Nabokov’s “Lolita”. For example, the name of a character “Humbert” is a pun in two languages. In French it means “Shadow” and in Spanish it means “man”. Similarly, “Lolita” changing her name to “Dolores” which means pain in Latin and her nick name “Dolly” refers to a toy in English. PUN Function of Pun: Apart from being WITTY and HUMOROUS, puns add PROFOUND MEANINGS to the texts and shapes the way in which the text is interpreted by the readers. By PLAYING WITH THE WORDS, the writers reveal the cleverness of their characters and of course of their own. Besides, puns in a literary works act as a source of comic relief or an intentional effort on the part of the writer to show his / her creative ability in using language. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS A rhetorical question is asked just for the effects or to lay emphasis on some point discussed when no real answer is expected. A rhetorical question may have an obvious answer but the questioner asks rhetorical questions to lay emphasis on the point. In literature, a rhetorical question is self-evident and used for style as an impressive persuasive device. Broadly speaking, a rhetorical question is asked when the questioner himself knows the answer already or the answer is not actually demanded. So, an answer is not expected from the audience. Such a question is used to emphasize a point or draw the audience’s attention. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Common Examples of Rhetorical Questions: Rhetorical questions, though almost needless or meaningless, seem a basic need of daily language. Some common examples of rhetorical questions from daily life are as follows. “Who knows?” “Ok?” “Why not?” Mostly, it is easy to spot a rhetorical question because of its position in the sentence. It occurs immediately after the comment made and proves the opposite of it. The idea again is to make a point more prominent. Some examples are as follows but keep in mind that they are also called tag questions if used in everyday conversation. “It’s too hot today. Isn’t it?” “The actors played the roles well. Didn’t they?” RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature: Rhetorical questions in literature are as important as they are in daily language or perhaps even more. The reason is the significant change a rhetorical question can bring about. The absence or presence of a rhetorical question in some of the most famous lines in literature can change the impact altogether. Occasionally, in literature, a writer asks a rhetorical question and goes on answering it to produce desired effects. A very good example of rhetorical questions in literature is from Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”. Have a look and feel the difference the absence of the two rhetorical questions could have made. JULIET: “Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Belonging to a man. O, be some other name! What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” You must have heard the famous line “What’s in a name?” It’s also become a famous proverb in English. The rhetorical question holds integral value in multiplying the power of the dialogue. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature: Percy Bysshe Shelley ends his masterpiece “Ode to the West Wind” with a rhetorical question. “O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poet achieves the desired effect by asking this rhetorical question instead of making a statement. The answer to this question is not sought, rather an effect is successfully created giving a fine finishing touch to the ode. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature: Mrs. Hladia Porter Stewart in her poem “Creation” employs rhetorical questions to create effect and achieve the desired appeal of the poem. “What made you think of love and tears And birth and death and pain?” Without rhetorical questions in the poem, it could be impossible for the poetess to express herself as impressively as she does using rhetorical questions. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature: The clarifying aspect of the poem “The Solitary Reaper” by William Wordsworth enhances with the use of a rhetorical question. “Will no one tell me what she sings?” Notice, the answer is not expected to this question. The poet prefers a rhetorical question to a plain statement to emphasize his feelings of pleasant surprise. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature: “The Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare also has the effective use of rhetorical questions. Following are some of the most famous rhetorical questions by Shylock in the play. Shylock: “If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?” The questions don’t necessarily need an answer. They are neither questions nor plain statements rather something in between the two extremes. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Function of a Rhetorical Question: Writers employ rhetorical questions for rhetorical effects and we cannot easily condone the impact rendered by a rhetorical question. The idea becomes all the more powerful, and our interest is aroused to read and enjoy the technical and aesthetic beauty a rhetorical question generates. Moreover, it is a requirement in persuasive speeches. SYNECDOCHE Definition: Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material, it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing. SYNECDOCHE Difference between Synecdoche and Metonymy: SYNECDOCHE is often confused with another literary device called metonymy. Both may resemble each other to some extent but are not the same. SYNECDOCHE refers to a whole of a thing by the name of any one of its parts. For example, calling a car “wheels” is a SYNECDOCHE because a part of a car “wheels” stands for the whole car. However, in METONYMY, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it. For example, “crown” that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the king or the queen. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche from Everyday Life: The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”. The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man. The word “sails” refers to a whole Ship. The word “suits” refers to businessmen. The word “boots” refers to soldiers. The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks. “Pentagon” is a synecdoche when it refers to the few decision makers. The word “glasses” refers to spectacles. “Coppers” often refers to coins. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Coleridge employs synecdoche in his poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”: “The western wave was all a-flame. The day was well was nigh done! Almost upon the western wave Rested the broad bright Sun” The “western wave” is a synecdoche as it refers to the see by the name of its part i.e. wave. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Look at the use of synecdoche in the lines taken from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116: “O no! It is an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken.” The phrase “ever-fixed mark” refers to a lighthouse. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Look how Shelly uses synecdoche in his poem “Ozymandias”: “Tell that its sculptor well those passions read Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, The hand that mocked them.” “The hand” in the above lines refers to the sculptor who carved the “lifeless things” into a grand statue. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Observe the use of synecdoche in the following lines from “The Secret Sharer” by Joseph Conrad: “At midnight I went on deck, and to my mate’s great surprise put the ship round on the other tack. His terrible whiskers flitted round me in silent criticism.” The word “whiskers” mentioned in the above lines refers to the whole face of the narrator’s mate. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Jonathon Swift in “The description of the Morning” uses synecdoche: “Prepar’d to scrub the entry and the stairs. The youth with broomy stumps began to trace.” In the above lines the phrase “broomy stumps” refers to the whole broom. SYNECDOCHE Examples of Synecdoche in Literature: Note the use of synecdoche in “The Lady or the Tiger?” by Frank R. Stockton: “His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.” “Faces” refers to the whole persons. SYNECDOCHE FUNCTION: Literary symbolism is developed by the writers who employ synecdoche in their literary works. By using synecdoche, the writers give the otherwise common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention. Furthermore, the use of synecdoche helps writers to achieve brevity. For instance, saying “Soldiers were equipped with steel” is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, knives, daggers, arrows etc.” Like any other literary device, synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid. To insert this “life” factor to the literary works, writers describe simple ordinary things creatively with the aid of this literary device. METONYMY Definition : It is a figure of speech that takes the place of the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated METONYMY Metonymy, Synecdoche and Metaphor: METONYMY is often confused with another figure of speech called SYNECDOCHE. Both resemble to each other but are not the same. SYNECDOCHE refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a SENECDOCHE. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the whole car. In METONYMY, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a METONYMY. METONYMY is different from a metaphor. A METAPHOR draws resemblance between two different things as in “Her face shines like a sun.” Face and sun are two different things without any association but it attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. METONYMY, however, develops relation on the grounds of close associations as in “The White House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it. METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life: England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.) The suits were at meeting. (The suits stand for businesspersons.) Pen is mightier than sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.) The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.) Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.) METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Literature: The given lines are from Shakespeare’s “Julies Caesar” Act I. “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” Mark Anthony uses “ears” to say that he wants the people present there to listen to him attentively. It is metonymy because the word “ears” replaces the concept of attention. METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Literature: This line is from Margaret Mitchell’s novel “Gone with the Wind”. “I’m mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes or it would have ruined the Christmas parties.” Scarlett uses “Georgia” to point out everything that makes up the state: citizens, politician, government etc. It is a metonymy extremely common in the modern world, where a name of a country or state refers to a whole nation and its government. Thus, it renders brevity to the ideas. METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Literature: These lines are taken from “Out, Out” by Robert Frost. “As he swung toward them holding up the hand Half in appeal, but half as if to keep The life from spilling” In these lines, the expression “The life from spilling” is a metonymy that refers to spilling of blood. It develops a link between life and blood. The loss of too much blood means loss of life. METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Literature: These lines are from the poem “Yet Do I Marvel”. “The little buried mole continues blind, Why flesh that mirror Him must someday die,” Countee Cullen uses “flesh” to represent human and questions God why we have to die when we are created in His likeness. METONYMY Examples of Metonymy in Literature: These lines are from Lycidas written by John Milton. “But now my oat proceeds, And listens to the herald of the sea That came in Neptune’s plea, He asked the waves, and asked the felon winds, What hard mishap hath doomed this gentle swain?” In the above mentioned lines, John Milton uses “oat” for a musical instrument made out of an oak-stalk. Thus, “oat” represents the song that the poet is composing next to the ocean. METONYMY FUNCTION: Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention. In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.” Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative to insert this “life” factor to the literary works. MALAPROPISM DEFINITION: Malapropism, from French mal a propos (INAPPROPRIATE), is a use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression. The word malapropism comes from “Mrs. Malaprop”, a character in Sheridan’s comedy “The Rivals”, who has a habit of replacing words with incorrect and absurd utterances producing a humorous effect. A mis-speech is considered malapropism when it sounds similar to the word it replaces but has an entirely different meanings. For instance, replacing acute by obtuse is not a malapropism because both words have a contrasting meanings but do not sound similar. Using obtuse for abstruse, on the other hand, is a malapropism, as there is a difference in meanings and both words sound similar. These characteristics makes malapropism different from other errors in speech such as eggcorns and spoonerism. MALAPROPISM Common Examples of Malapropism: Malapropism is a common phenomenon in our daily life. We find some hilarious examples being quoted in the media. 1. New Scientist, a magazine, reports one of its employees calling his colleague “a suppository (i.e. repository) of knowledge”. The magazine further reports the worker apologized for his “Miss Marple- ism (i.e. Malapropism)”. 2. Richard J. Daley, the former mayor of Chicago, is said to have called “tandem bicycle” as “tantrum bicycle” and also have incorrectly used “Alcoholics Unanimous” instead of “Alcoholics Anonymous”. 3. Bertie Ahern, the former Irish taoiseach, is said to have given a warning to his country against “upsetting the apple tart (i.e., apple cart) of his country’s economic success”. MALAPROPISM Cheer up; I predicate (predict) final victory. His capacity for hard liquor is incredulous (incredible). This does not portend (pretend) to be a great work of art. Fortuitously (fortunately) for her, she won the sweepstakes. MALAPROPISM Examples of malapropism from Literature: In literature, malapropism is employed to create humorous effects. Let us look at some examples of malapropism in literature. In the “Rivals”, Sheridan introduces a character “Mrs. Malaprop” who habitually uses words which mean quite the opposite, having similar sounds to the words she replaces with. It becomes a great source of humorous effect in the play. For example in Act III Scene 3, she tells Captain Absolute: “Sure, if I reprehend anything in this world it is the use of my oracular tongue, and a nice derangement of epitaphs!” In the above passage, she comically replaces apprehend by reprehend, vernacular by oracular, arrangement by derangement and epithets by epitaph. Some other funny instances of malapropism in the same play are “illiterate (i.e. obliterate) him quite from your memory” and “she’s as headstrong as an allegory (alligator).” MALAPROPISM Examples of malapropism from Literature: William Shakespeare uses malapropism in his plays as well. Look at the following example of malapropism uttered by Constable Dogberry in Act III Scene 5 of “Much Ado About Nothing”: “Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons.” Notice the use of comprehended for apprehended and auspicious for suspicious. Similarly, an instance of malapropism can be observed in Act I, Scene 3 of “Twelfth Night”. Sir Toby Belch says: “By this hand, they are scoundrels and subtractors that say so of him. Who are they?” The malapropism here is “subtractors,” which should have been “detractors.” Yet another example comes from the same character in Act I Scene 5 of the same play: OLIVIA: Cousin, cousin, how have you come so early by this lethargy? SIR TOBY BELCH: Lechery! I defy lechery. Here, the use of “lechery” instead of “lethargy” is a malapropism. MALAPROPISM Examples of malapropism from Literature: In chapter 33 of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, Aunt Sally can be spotted for the use of malapropism. She says: “I was most putrified with astonishment,” Here, the use of the word putrified is malapropism and it seems she was thinking of petrified. MALAPROPISM Function of Malapropism: Although it is considered an error in speech, malapropism is a great source of humor in both everyday life as well as literature. In daily life, malapropisms are often unintentional but writers introduce malapropism in their literary works intentionally to produce comic effects. It ensures attention of the readers, as it inserts element of interest in a literary piece. This is the reason why the characters using hilarious malapropisms are often well-known. SPOONERISM EXAMPLES: Spoonerisms are words or phrases in which letters or syllables get swapped. This often happens accidentally in slips of the tongue (or tips of the slung as Spoonerisms are often affectionately called!): Tease my ears (Ease my tears) A lack of pies (A pack of lies) It's roaring with pain (It's pouring with rain) Wave the sails (Save the whales) SPOONERISM At the lead of spite Hiss and lear Go and shake a tower RED HERRING DEFINITION: Red herring is a kind of FALLACY that is an IRRELEVANT TOPIC introduced in an argument to DIVERT THE ATTENTION of listeners or readers from the original issue. In literature, this fallacy is often used in DETECTIVE or SUSPENSE NOVELS to MISLEAD readers or characters to false conclusions. Let us consider a simple example of red herring. A teacher catches a student cheating during a test. The student in response says, “I know I’ve made a mistake. But think of my parents. They’re going to kill me”. The student uses red herring in his response. He tries to appeal to pity to distract his teacher from the real issue. The term red herring means a kind of dried red fish, which has a pungent smell. In fox hunting sport, hounds are prevented from catching the fox by distracting them with the strong scent of red herring. Similarly, a person can be stopped from proving his point in an argument by distracting him to an irrelevant issue. RED HERRING	Euphemism
Which New Zealand Rugby player also has a professional boxing record of 7 wins 0 losses and 3 knockouts as a heavyweight professional boxer?	AP English 3 Study Guide (2014-15 Hopper) - Instructor Hopper at Burleson Centennial High School - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. AP English 3 Study Guide (2014-15 Hopper) AP English 3 Study Guide (2014-15 Hopper) StudyBlue Feeling of fear of something that may happen Trepidation The feeling or fear or agitation of something that may happen Advertisement ) A strong or devoted supporter of a party, belief, or person Partisan a strong supporter of a cause, party or person Partisan a biased view on an issue (to hold position in a particular group) partisan a biased view of a issue orside Partisan A biased view of an issue Inert lacking the ability to move Inert lacking the ability or strength to move Inert Sentence: the bike was inert at the stop sign Advertisement To be subject to hostile treatment persecute To do with harassment and oppression Persecute to attack or humiliate an individual Sentence: The Muslims persecute the Christians in the Middle East Conceive To form a plan in the mind Conceive To form an idea or notion Conceive To form or devise a plan in the mind Sentence: Essential beliefs of a religious faith Creed a statement of the main beliefs of a religious group Somber Grave and gloomy in character Somber gloomy or dismal- serious in a gloomy manner Ordinance A law/decree issued by govt. body Ordinance Order or decree from an authoritative body ordinance an authoritative rule or law Ordinance a rule from an authoritative body Ordinance Rule given by authoritative figure Predilection An established preference for something predilection A tendency to think favorably of something Rankle to cause annoyance or resentment Rankle To cause anger, irritation, or deep bitterness Maraud To roam about looking to harm/steal Maraud To roam, looking for things to steal or attack maraud to roam around and steal stuff Maraud roam looking for people to attack things or things to steal Maraud To roam and attack people for their things Defile To corrupt purity or perfection defile to corrupt through wickedness or filth Defile To desecrate or profane something sacred Perpetuation To make something continually happen Perpetuation to cause, to last indefinetly Repression The act of holding something back Repression The act of pushing down or away (emotions) repression Active holding it down or back Injunction An order issued by a court for a certain action Injunction A court ordered document where someone is refrained from an act injunction A court document that requires someone to do something Injunction a court document requiring a person to do something Dissembling to conceal ones true emotions dissembling to make a false show of Dissembling to hide under, or put on a false apperance Apprehension The fear of something unpleasant Apprehension The anxiety or fear that something bad will happen apprehension Fear that something bad will happen Apprehension anxiety that something bad will happen Apprehensive uneasy or fearful of something that might happen Apprehensive Anxious or fearful or something bad Apprehensive Anxious or fearful that something bad will happen. Abomination Anything greatly disliked or hated abomination Something that causes extreme hate Abomination something that causes extreme loathing or hatred Snivel To cry/sniffle while cowering in fear Snivel To cry while cowering in fear snivel to whine in a sniffling matter Snivel to whine in a sniffling manner Begrudge To envy something someone else has Begrudge Envy of someone or their possession begrudge To envy someone else's enjoyment Corruption Dishonest conduct by those in power Corruption Dishonest or illegal behavior by those in Power Corruption a break down in something that is pure Corruption dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery. Corruption Having a strong desire for revenge Vindictive using power or title to make people respect you formidable Fear or respect through being in possibly large powerful intense or capable Formidable Using the power of fear to make respect Corroborate To make something known indirectly Intimation the action of making something known in an indirect way Calumny The making of false statements to ruin a reputation Calumny False accusation against another person Calumny a false statement to damage someone's reputation Calumny making of a false statement to damage someone's reputation calumny Making out a fake statement to damage one's reputation Titillate To stimulate or excite (mainly in a sexual matter) Titillate to excite pleasurably, usually in a small way (or a sexual manner) titillate To stimulate or excite someone Canny Knowledgable & wise in worldly matters Canny Showing shrewdness (quick thinking) or good judgment Canny very clever and makes intelligent decisions canny Having or showing shrewdness and good judgement especially in money or business Exude To display an emotion openly Exude To release or show outward signs of Exude to display strongly and openly exude To come to an agreement between two opposing sides Arbitrate Seek an agreement between 2 disagreeing parties Arbitrate is to come to an agreement between disputing parties Arbitrate an attempt to come to a common agreement arbitrate Attempt to come to an agreement Iniquity sin; a wicked or evil act iniquity Claiming misinformation about a person's character Defamation To damage the good reputation of someone Defamation the act of defaming or destroying someone's reputation Defamation the act of damaging the good reputation of someone defamation To say something bad about someone else Defamation Action of damaging the reputation Inculcation Installing an idea through repetition Inculcation To frequently instal a belief in someone's mind by repetition Inculcation to convince through repeating over and over Inculcation to implant an idea by repeating it over and over again inculcation To implant by repeating a statement Inculcation To use repetition to implant an idea Enthrall To hold attention as if under a spell Enthrall to capture the attention of or facinate Enthrall to capture the attention of: to fascinate Enthrall The act of atoning for sin Propitiation The act of appeasing a person Propitiation to gain or regain the favor of; appease Propitiation to appease or to satisfy propitiation to appease a god or spirit Licentious a person disregarding the laws of morality Licentious To grow pale from shock or fear Blanch to make or become white or pale Blanch to whiten or make pale blanch To make white or pale, to lose color Exaltation A feeling or state or extreme happiness Exaltation the feeling of extreme happiness Enrapture To receive intense pleasure/joy in a spiritual fashion Enrapture To fill with delight beyond measure Enrapture to feel complete joy, spiritually Enrapture to give pleasure, delight (usually in a spiritual sense) Enrapture Give pleasure or joy to Injuction a court document that requires someone to do something Balant To give intense pleasure or joy to Edifice feeling or attitude of deep respect; veneration reverence Feeling or attitude of deep respect Mirth reported or supposed to be Extortion oppressive or illegal means of extortion oppressive or legal means of Presage indication of something to follow Supposition to lessen fear or doubt Allay to lesson fear or doubt Demurely to earnestly ask for; beg or implore Tediousness irreligious or hedonistic (living for pleasure) person Pagan bitter conflict; struggle or clash Masque excessively vain in clothing, manners, actions foppery Excessive vein in clothing, matters, actions Foppery pleasant to the eye, taste or feeling dulcet pleasing to the eye taste or feeling Dulcet using language with fluency and aptness Eloquence unbeliever; one who does not accept a particular faith Infidel person who lends money and charges interest Gratis without charge or payment; free Gratis With without charger payment: free Gratis severe, harsh in rules or discipline Rigorous Severe, harsh as in rules Malice desire to inflict harm with evil intent Malice utterly hopeless or miserable; contemptible abject praise in writing of a deceased person Suffice enough to satisfy needs or purposes Suffice act or decision serving as a rule or pattern presendent act or decision serving as rule or pattern allegory the device of using character and or story elements symbolically to represent and abstract in addition to the literal meaning Allegory The device of using character and or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example. An author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hop or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with the moral truth or a generalization about Human existence Allegory Device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent and abstraction to the literal meaning Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. Ex: an author may intend the characters to personify an obstruction like hope or freedom. Allegory Device of using character or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. Deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. Allegory using a character or story symbolically to represent abstract from literal meaning. usually deals with moral truth Allegory using character and story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning Allegory The device if using character or story elements as a symbol to represent abstraction in Addison to literary meaning allegory The device of using character and/or story elements to the literal meaning. Allegory Using story elements symbolically to represent an abstract in addition to the literary meaning Allegory The device of using a story character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements alliteration the repetition of sounds,initial constant Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (As in "She sells sea shells"). Alliteration The religion of sounds especially initial coin any sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term in not frequently on the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repution can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and it echo the senses of the the passage Alliteration Repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words Can reinforce meanings or ideas Alliteration repetition of sounds, reinforcing meaning Alliteration Repetition of sounds and consonants at beginning of words alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial constant sounds in two or more neighboring words. alliteration the repot ion of sounds, especially initial constant sounds In 2 or more words Alliteration Repetition of sounds, especially consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words. alliteration the repetition Of sounds in two or more neighboring words "she sells sea shells" Alliteration The repetition of sounds,especially the initial consonant sounds I'm two or more words. Alliteration The repitition of sounds especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial Alliteration a direct or indirectly referencing a book or work of art outside of the writing Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, or work of art. Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book , myth, place or work or art, Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers or allusion Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which us presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. Allusion Direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known Allusion Direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. Allusion A direct or indirect reference Allusion Direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly know Such as an event book myth place or work of art Allusion Direct or I detect reference to something which is presumed as common knowledge allusion a direct or indirect reference to something which is pretty common allusion a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, myth, place, or work of art. Allusion -an indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work with which the author believes the ready will be familiar -intended to strengthen the writers argument Allusion A brief reference to a person, place, event, or passage in a work of literature or the Bible assumed to be sufficiently well known to be recognized by the reader. ambiguity multiple meanings: intentional or unintentional of a word phase sentence or passage Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or not, of word, phrase, sentence, or passage Ambiguity A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. ambiguity multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, or sentence Ambiguity multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage Ambiguity The Multiple meanings of a word phrase or passage ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intention al or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, scentence, or passage. Ambiguity The multiple meanings either intentionally or unintentionally of the word phrase or sentence or passage analogy comparison between two different things or the relationship between them Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing its similarity to smithing more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging Analogy Similarity or comparison between two different things Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or in the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out it's similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing moe vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Analogy Similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogy The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. Antecedent The word, phrase, or clouds referred to by a pronoun. Ex. The school lunch was good. IT was long too. (The antecedent of IT=lunch) Antecedent The word phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asked for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows:"but it is the grandeur or all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of latent principal, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The antecedent if "it" (bolded)is...?[answer:"all truth"] Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. antecedent word phrase or clause ref antecedent the word referred to by a pronoun. Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a noun antithesis The opposition or contest of ideas; the direct opposite. Antithesis The opposition or contest of ideas aphorism a terse statement of know authorship which express a general truth or a moral principle Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a moral proverb.) Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.( if the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb). An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point. Aphorism Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. Address to someone or something that cannot answer; the effect may add familiar or emotional intensity. Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expressed a general truth or a moral principal Can be a memorable summary of the author's point Aphorism Terse statement of known authorship which expresses a truth or moral pronciple Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. Summation of authors point. aphorism a statement where the author expresses a general truth or moral principal. Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principal. Aphorism A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth Aphorism A concise statement or principle or a precept given in concise words atmosphere the emotional nod created by the literally work Atmosphere The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Atmosphere Emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and author's choice of objects Atmosphere The emotion nod created by the entirety for a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice if objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows event. Perhaps it can create a mood. Atmosphere Emotional nod created by the entirety or a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choicely objects that are described. Frequently foreshadows events, and can create mood. Atmosphere The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Atmosphere Emotional nod created hybrid entirety if a literally work established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice if objects that are described Ex. Description of weather can contribute to the atmosphere Atmosphere The emotional nod created by the entirely of a literacy work, establishes partly by the setting and partly by the the author's choice of objects that are described Atmosphere Emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work Atmosphere The emotional nod created by a literary work atmosphere the emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice of objects that are described. ie: gloomy caricature a verbal description the purpose to exaggerate or distort for comic effect Caricature A verbal description, the purpose of which it to exaggerate of distort, for the comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics Caricature Verbal description, purpose to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive features Caricature A verbal description, the propose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for features or other characteristics. Caricature A verbal description to distort Caricature A verbal description to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, someone's distinctive physical features Caricature A verbal description intended to exaggerate or distort for comic effect caricature a verbal description of someone's distinctive physical features or other characteristics, the purpose to exaggerate or distort, Caricature A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic affect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics Caricature Verbal description Caricature A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic defect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as a livery or love Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. Apostrophe Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses and absent or imaginary person Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstaraction apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses and absent or imaginary person abstraction, such as liberty or love. Apostrophe A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent Apostrophe A figure of speech that direct directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction such as liberty or love clause grammatical unit that contains a subject and verb Clause A grammatical into that contains both a subject and a verb Clause A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence . A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in you own writing Clause A grammatical unit that contains and subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete though and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. Clause Unit that has a subject & verb Independent/main: can stand alone, expressed complete thought Dependent/subordinate: can't stand alone, must have an independent Clause A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. ( independent verb, main clause, and dependent verb) Clause A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Clause Subject and verb dep-needs independent and ind-standalone colloquial/ colloquialism use of slang in speech or writing Colloquial! Colloquialism The use of slang or im formalities in speech or writing Colloquial/Colloquialism The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Colloquial/colloquialism The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone . Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. Colloquial/Colloquialism Use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. colloquial/colloquialism the use of slang or in formalities in speech or writing. colloquial the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. not formal writing Colloquial The use of slang or him in for maladies in speech or writing conceit a fanciful experience in the form of extended metaphor or analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Conceit A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor of surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Conceit Fanciful expression, usually in the dorm of an extended metaphor or suprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Conceit A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conciet displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made Conceit A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. Conceit also displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. Conceit A fanciful expression usually in the form or an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays Cleverness The nonliteral, associative meaning of the word; the implied, suggested meaning denotation the strict literal dictionary definition of a word Denotation The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color Denotation Strict, literal, dictionary definition Denotation The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Ex. The de notation of a knife would be a utensil used to cut; the connotation would be fear, violence, anger, etc.) Denotation Literal meaning; dictionary definition of a word to devoid emotion, attitude, or color Denotation Dictionary definition of a word denotation dictionary definition Denotation The strict literal dictionary definition of a word devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. ( Example: the Denotation of a knife would be a utensilios usted to cut;?the connotación of a linde mighty be fuese, violence ánger foreboding. Denotation refers to the writers word choice in clearness correctness and effectiveness Diction Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness Diction Writer's choice of words Diction Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choice, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. Diction, combined with syntax, fig. Language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style. Diction Related oste, refers to the writers word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness Ex- formal, informal, ornate, plain Diction Sim to style, relates to writers word choices Diction Related to style diction refers to the writers word choices especially with regards to the correctness clearness and effectiveness The AP exam should be able to describe an authors diction example formal or informal orNate or plain). And understand the ways in which diction can complement the authors purpose diction combined with syntax figurative language literary devices etc. causes an authors style Diction Refers to the writer's choice of words. Diction The authors use of words. Diction The writers word choices with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. diction related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices Diction Related to style, refers to author's word choice Diction Authors writing style -word use ,clearness Diction Related to style, diction refers to the riders for choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness didactic Greek word- means teaching, these words have aim of teaching or instructing Didactic From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching" Didactic Primary aim of teaching or instructing Didactic "Teaching". Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. Didactic Didactic words Have primary aim of teaching or instructing Didactic Words intended to teach or instruct didactic words that have the primary aim of teaching or instructing Didactic From the Greek DidActic literally means teaching .didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles Didactic Teaching, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. Didactic From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching" didactic words have the primary aim of reaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. Didactic The primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. Didactic From the Greek, literally means "teaching" Didactic Teaching language euphemism Greek word for good speech , more agreeable or less offensive substrate for generally unpleasant word or concept Euphemism From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant work or concept Euphemism More agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept Euphemism "Good speech". More agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Euphemism A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept Ex earthly remains instead of corpse Euphemism Less offensive substitutes for bad words euphemism a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for an unpleasant word or concept. Euphemism More agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Euphemism From the Greek for good speech euphemism are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept euphemism maybe used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement saying earthly remains rather than corpse is an example euphemism Euphemism From the Greek for "good speech" Euphemism From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Euphemism Unpleasant word or concept Euphemism From the Greek for "good speech," euphuism safe a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Euphemism "good speech" Euphemism From the Greek word for "good speech," for a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. euphemism from the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable substitute for a gere ally unpleasant word or concept Euphemism More agreeable, less offensive for a generally unpleasant word or concept Euphemism Less offensive version of saying or concept extended metaphor is a met. that is developed at great length occurring thru out the work Extended metaphor Developed at great length, occurring frequently throughout a work Extended metaphor A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. Extended metaphor A metaphor developed at great length Extended metaphor Great length and occurring frequently in or Throughout work Extended metaphor A metaphor enveloped at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. Extended metaphor A metaphor developed at great strength Extended metaphor Metaphor with great length figurative language writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is meant to be imaginative and vivid Figurative language Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning Figurative language Writing or speech that isn't intended to carry literal meaning and is usually many tot be imaginative and vivid figurative language writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usally meant to be imaginative and vivid Figurative language Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginitive and vivid. Figurative language Not intended to carry literal meaning Figurative Language A device used to produce figurative language Generic Conventions The term describes traditions for each genre Generic conventions Describes or defines a genre Generic conventions Term describes traditions for each genre; help to define genre. Generic conventions Traditions for each genre generic conventions this term describes traditions for each genre. differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing Generic conventions This term describes traditions for each Genre . ; for example they differentiate in esse and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing . On the AP language exam. Try to distinguish the unique features of a writers work from those dictated by convention Generic conventions Describes traditions for each genre; help define each genre Ex differentiate an essay and journalistic writing Generic conventions This term describes generations for this genre; for example, they differentiate an essay journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. Generic Conventions This term describes traditions for each genre. They help define the genre and help find unique features of the writer's work. Generic conventions Describes traditions for each genre. Generic conventions This term describes traditions for each gene. generic conventions this term describes tradition for each genre.these conventions help to define each genre;for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. Generic conventions Generic genres Generic conventions This term describes traditions for each Johndra. These conventions help to define each John; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing figure of speech a device used to produce figurative language Figure of speech A device used to produce figurative language. Some compare dissimilar things. Including apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. Figure of speech A device used to produce figurative language Ex irony metaphor hyperbole simile paradox oxymoron Figure of speech Hey device used to produce figurative language . Many compares dissimilar things . Figures of speech include' hyperbole apostrophe irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile synecdoche and understatement Figure of Speech A device used to produce figurative language. Apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. Figure of speech A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissonant things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement Figure of Speech a device used to produce figurative language, many compare dissimilar things Figure of Speech A device used to produce figurative language. Such as similes, metaphors, hyperboles, apostrophes, and paradoxes. Figure of speech A device used to produce figurative language. Including: apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. figure of speech a device used to produce fig Lang. Figure of Speech A device used to produce figurative lang. many compare dissimilar things, including: apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche and understatement Figure of speech Apostrophe hyperbole irony metaphor (comparing dissimilar things) Figure of speech A device used to produce figurative language. Many compared to similar things. Figures of speech include', hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile an understatement genre the major category into which a literally work fits Genre Major category a work fits in Genre The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. Can be divided by nonfiction ( essays, autobiographies, biographies) and fiction (novels/ short stories). Poetry can be divided by lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided by tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. Genre Category where a literary work fits Genre The major category into which a literary work fits. Genre The major categories into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose poetry and drama . However Genre is a flexible term. Within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions are often called genres themselves. For example ., prose can be divided into fiction novels and short stories or nonfiction essays biographies autobiographies etc. poetry can be divided into lyric dramatic narrative epic etc. drama can be divided into tragedy comity melodrama farce on the AP language exam expect the majority of the passages to be from the following Genre autobiography biography diaries criticism essays and journalistic political scientific and nature writing there maybe fiction or poetry Genre Major category into Whig a literary work fits Poetry, drama, prose, fiction Genre The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. Genre Te major category into which a literary work fits. Basic divisions: prose, poetry, and drama. Genre The major cats forties into which a literary work fits. Genre Major category into which a literary work fits. (Prose, Poetry, Drama) Genre The major categories into which a literary work fit. The basic divisions of literature or prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genre themselves Genre Group a piece goes in homily the term literal means sermon but informally it means serious talk speech or lecture Homily Serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice Homily Term means "sermon", but more informally, including serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Homily "sermon", basically any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice Homily It can include any serious talk speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Homily This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual device. Homily "Sermon" it can include any serious talk speech or lecture involving moral advice Homily "Sermon" serious talk, speech, lecture Homily literally means "sermon" but more informally it can include serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advise Homily This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Homily This term literally means sermon but can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Homily Informal sermon Homily Literally means sermon, but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice Homily This term means "sermon" Homily This term literally means sermon, that more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or literature involving moral or spiritual device Homily This literary term means sermon, but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Homily "Sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Hyperbole A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement often having a comic effect hyperbole a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement Hyperbole A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration Hyperbole Figure speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement Little Greek meaning is overshoot verbalize can have a comic effect however a serious effect is also possible hyperboles produce irony The opposite of hyperbole is understatement Hyperbole A figure of speech using file berate exaggeration or overstatement. Imagery The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions imagery the sensory details of figurative language used to describe arouse emotion Imagery Sensory details or figurative language use to describe Imagery Sensory details or fig. Language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. Imagery Words that appeal to senses imagery the sensory details used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions Imagery The sensory details or figurative language used to describe arouse emotion or represent abstractions on a physical level imagery uses terms relative to the five senses visual auditory tactile gustatory and olfactory on the broader and deeper level however one image can represent more than one thing for example the roads may present a visual imagery well also presenting the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing same degree of perfection author may use complex imagery will simultaneously employing other figures of speech especially metaphor and simile in addition this term can apply to the total of all the images into work on the AP language exam attention to how an author creates imagery and to the fact of this. Imagery Imagery Sensory details or figurative language used to describe around emotion or represent abstractions Imagery The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. Imagery usually uses things that refer to the five senses. Imagery Sensory details imagery The sensory details or figuratively and we can use to describe, arouse emotions, or represent abstractions Imagery Describe to make you see an image Imagery The sensory details or figuratively English used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent obstructions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory , and olfactory. On the broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing Imagery The sensory details or figurative language isd to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. Imagery Descriptive words that appeal to the reader's senses Inference/Infer To draw reasonable conclusion from the information presented Inference A conclusion drawn off reason inference to draw a reasonable conclusion from the info presented Inference/infer To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented in a multiple choice question. For inference to be drawn from a passage the most direct most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice if an inference is implausible unlikely to be the correct answer note that if the answer choices directly stated it is not inferred and it is wrong you must be careful to note the connotation negative or positive the choices Inference/infer To draw a reasonable conclusion from the I formation presented. Inference to draw a reasonable conclusion from the info presented Antecendent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. Irony/ Ironic Contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be ad what is actually true. Irony/ironic The contrast between what was stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. 3 types----- Verbal-when the words literally state the opposite of what the writer is meaning. Situational-when events turn out opposite than expected. Dramatic-when facts are to a character but are known to an audience. Irony/ironic The contrast between what is stated explicitly and is what is really meant where the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true irony is often used to great to create poignancy or humor in general there are three major types of Irone used in language number one verbal irony– when words literally stayed the opposite of the writers or speakers meaning number two situational irony – when events turn out the opposite of what was expected when what the characters and readers think I'll to happen is not what that happens number three dramatic irony – one fax or vans are unknown to a character in a play or peas or fiction but no to the reader audience or other characters in the work Irony/ironic The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony/Ironic The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Such as verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. Irony/Ironic 1: Verbal Irony- when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's meaning 2: Situational Irony- when events turn out the opposite of what was expected 3: Dramatic Irony- when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work Irony/ironic The contrast between what I stated and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Verbal irony- when the words literally state the opposite of the writers meaning. Situational irony- when events turn out the opposite of what was expected. Dramatic irony- when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader. Verbal irony When the words literally state the opposite or the writers meaning Verbal irony When the words literally state the opposite of the speakers meaning Situational irony When events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what happens. Situational irony When events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when the characters and readers think should happen does not happen. Fig. Language Writing or speech not intended to carry literal meaning Irony Contrast between what is implied and what's ment irony the contrast between what is states explicitly and what is really meant Irony Contrast between what is stated and what is really meant Irony The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true (3 types: verbal, situational, and dramatic) irony the contrast between what is explicitly and what is really meant Irony Contrast between what is literally stated and what is really meant Often uses humor Irony The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between with peers to be and what is actually true. Irony 1. Verbal irony- words opposite of writers thinking situational irony- events =opposite of what was expected to happen dramatic irony - facts unknown to character but known to you Irony The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true Verbal irony-when the words literally state the opposite of the writers meaning Situational irony- when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen Dramatic irony-when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader audience or other characters in the work Litotes Understatement that affirms a point by denying opposition litotes opposite of hyperbole. a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying it's opposite "not a bad idea" "not many" "it isn't serious" Litotes A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying it's opposite. Litotes Almost like little tea A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite this is the opposite of hyperbole example: not a bad idea not many it is in very serious I have this tiny little tumor on my brain Litotes A for of understatement that involves making an affirmative point of denying its opposites Litotes A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite (opposite of hyperbole) Litotes A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying it's opposite "Not a bad idea" "Not many" Litotes A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litotes are opposites of hyperboles. Litotes Sentence where main idea is followed by phrases and clauses . loose sentence a type of sentence in which the main idea (Ind. clause) comes first followed by dependent grammatical units such as phases and clauses Loose sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first loose sentence A type a sentence which in the main idea comes first, followed by depending grammatical units such as phrases and clauses Loose sentence Independent clause followed by dep Loose sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent for medical units such as phrases and clauses Metaphor A figure of speech using implied comparison metaphor comparison or unlike things or the substitution of one for the other Metaphor A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphor It figures speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other suggesting some similarity metaphorical language makes writing more vivid imaginative thought-provoking and meaningful Metaphor Figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other Metaphor A figure of speech wishing the implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity metaphor a fig. of speech using implied comparison of seeming unlike things Metaphor Comparison of u similar objects Metaphor Comparison of unlike things Metaphor A figure of speech using implied comparison of seeming unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metonymy Name of one object substituted for another metonymy figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated. "the president declared" ➡️"the White House declared" Metonymy "Changed label" "substitute name" Figure of speech where the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Metonymy A term from the Greek meaning changed label or substitute name is a figure speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it for example the news release that claims the White House declared rather than the president: declared is using metonymy Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sex is as in you like it doublets and hoes how to show itself courageous to petticoats The substitute a term generally carries a more potent emotional impact Metonymy Figure of speech i which the name of one object is substituted for that if another closely associated with it Metonymy A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." It's a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it metonymy fig. of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for what another closely associated with it Metonymy A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Metonymy "Changed label" or "substitute name". The name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Metonymy "Changed label" "substitute name" Figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for another closely associated with it "The White House declared" rather than "the president declared" Metonymy "Changed label" or "substitute name" metonymy A term for the Greek meaning "changed label "or "substitute name, " metonymy figure of speech in which the name of 100 for that another closely associated with it Metonymy Substitute name change name for something close Metonymy The term from the Greek meaning change the label or subs to toot name is a figure of speech, in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it Metonymy Object is substituted with something similar Mood Prevailing atmosphere or emotional work mood the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work Mood The prevailing atmosphere or emotional Aurora of the work setting sound and events can affect the mood mood is similar to tone and atmosphere Mood The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work Similar to tone and atmosphere mood The pre-filling atmosphere of the work Mood Setting mood aurora Mood The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere Mood Telling a story loose sentence/ non periodic sentence a type of sentence which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clause. a work with a bunch seem more informal. "I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy rude and multiple delays." Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea(independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea independent clause comes first followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses if a. Were placed at. The and of the independent clause The clouds would be a complete sentence they were containing many loose sentences often seen informal relaxed or conversational Jennalee loose sentence is Cray loose tile opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long bumpy ride and multiple delays could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence Main idea comes first in sentence Loose Sentence/Non-periodic Sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea (ind. clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. Loose/non-periodic sentence A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by the dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses Informal relaxed Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic a type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses Loose Sentence/ Non-Periodic Sentence e of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses Loose sentence/ non periodic sentence A type of sentence I'm which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by grammatical units such as phrases and causes. Loose sentence: non- periodic sentence Main idea comes first A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated with the sounds of words. onomatopoeia fig. of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words Onomatopoeia Natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which natural sounds are initiated in the sounds of words Buzz hiss hum Words that make you think of sounds onomatopoeia a figure of speech which natural sounds are imitated onomatopoeia A figure of speech which natural sound are intimidated in the sounds of words Onomatopoeia Sounds Onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which natural sounds or imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz is home crack whiny and murmur Oxymoron A figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Oxymoron From the Greek for pointedly foolish an oxymoron is a figure speech weather in the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox simple examples include jumbo shrimp and curl kindness this time does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions but there is a chance that you might find it in messy take note of the fact that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron Oxymoron Figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox oxymoron fig. of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox Oxymoron "Pointedly foolish". The author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Oxymoron Figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox Jumbo shrimp Oxymoron From the greek word for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Oxymoron Contracts to show paradox Oxymoron From the Greek for pointedly fullest, an oxymoron is a figure of speech where in the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox Oxymoron From the Greek for pointedly foolish, an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Paradox A statement that appears to be self contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth of validity Paradox A statement that appears to be at self-contradictory or opposed to commonsense but upon closer inspection contain some degree of truth or validity think of the beginning of begins tell of two cities it was the best of times it was the worst of times paradox a statement that appears to be self contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer look has trusty in it Paradox Self contradictory statements opposes common sense but on closer inspection has some validity paradox self contradictory statement but has truth Paradox A statement that appears to be self contradictory opposed to colon sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity paradox A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contain some degree of truth or Valdity Paradox Self contradictory Parallelism It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. Parallelism Also referred to as parallel construction or Perlow structure this term comes from Greek roots meaning beside one other it refers to the graphical or rhetorical framing of words phrases sentences and paragraphs to get structural similarity this can involve but is not limited to repetition of a gram glad event such as preposition a verbal phrase again the opening of Dickens tell of two cities is an example it was the best time it was the worst of times it was the age of wisdom it was the age of foolishness it was that Epoch of believe it was the epoch of incredulity The effects of parallelism are numerous but frankly they act as an organizing forced to attract the readers attention at emphasis and organization or simply provide a musical rhythm Parallelism The grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity parallelism rhetorical framing of words,phases,sentences out paragraphs to give structural similarly Parallelism Framing of words for structural similarity Parallelism Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meanings "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words or sentences that have similarity. Parallelism repetition of a grammatical element parallelism also referred to as parallel construction color parallel structure, this term comes from the Greek root meaning "sides one another. " Parallelism Structural similarity Parallelism Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from the Greek root meaning the side one other. Ever first to the grammatical rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to get structural similarity Parallelism Using the same grammatical form to express ideas of equal worth Parody A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule Parody Hey work at that closely intimidates the style or contents of another with the specific aim of comic effect or ridicule it exploits. Peculiarities of an author's expression propensity to use many parentheses certain favorite words. Well-written parity offers are glad cement about the original but poorly written parity offers and ineffectual imitation usually an audience must grasp a literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciated the nuncios of the newer work occasionally however priorities take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original Parody Work that closes imitated the style or content of anoter with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule Parody Work that closely imitates the style or content of anther with the specific aim of comic effect Parody Work that imitates the style of another Parody A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comedic effect and/or ridicule. parody a work that imitates another content for comic effect parody work that closely imitates the style or content of another with comic effect parody content another with the specific aim, and/or ridicule Parody A work of art that makes fun of another work of art Pedantic An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly or academic, or bookish. Pedantic And addicted to describe the words phrases or general tone that is overly scholarly academic or bookish and wisdom might be described as show off he using big words for the sake of using big words Pedantic An adjective that describes words phrases or general time that is overly scholarly academic or bookish Show off language Describes overly scholarly word phrases or tone Pedantic Am adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone scholarly, academic or bookish. pedantic using big words for the sake of big words pedantic words, phases, or general tone is overly smart, scholarly or bookish Pedantic An adjective that described words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. pedantic in answer to that describes a word, phrases, or general tone is overly, academic, or bookish Pedantic Adjective that describes word phrases for being show offy Pedantic Describes using big words Periodic sentence Opposite of a loose sentence. A sentence that states it's central meaning in a main clause in the end. Periodic sentence Opposite of loose sentence sentence that presents its central meaning in a main call the band this independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that I cannot stand alone the fact of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety it is a much stronger sentence then the loose sentence Periodic sentence A sentence that has main idea at the end Periodic Sentence A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. Periodic sentences Presents central meaning at the end Periodic sentence Central meaning is in main clause at end Periodic Sentence The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that represents its central meeting in a main clause at the end. Periodic sentence Presents it's central meaning in a main clause at the end. Periodic sentence The opposite of a loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. Periodic sentence The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main cause at the end. Periodic Sentence The opposite of loose sentence periodic sentence the independent clause is preceded by a phrase that can't stand alone periodic sentence presents its central meaning in a main clause that can't stand alone Periodic sentence Opposite of loose sentqmce Periodic sentence The opposite of blue sentence, the sentence that presented central meaning and a main cause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone Periodic Sentence The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents it's central meaning in a main clause that cannot stand alone. Personification A figure if speech in which the author presents it describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification It figures speech in which the author presents for the scribes concepts animals or inanimate objects by and dolling them with human attributes or emotions sonication is used to make these abstractions animals or objects appear more vivid to the reader Personification Describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions Personification The author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification. Figure of speech I. Which the author presents or describes concepts animals or inanimate objects by endowing them with human characteristics or emotions Personification Non human object gets human characteristics Personification Figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts animals or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emptions Personification A figure of speech that gives human like characteristics to an inanimate object personification inanimate objects described w/ human characteristics personification presents and describes concepts animals or inanimate objects by giving then human qualities Personification A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. personification A figure of speech in which the author presents or describe the concept, animals, or inanimate object by and Downling then with human attributes or emotions. Personification Describing of something with human quwties Personification Gives non living things life Personification Giving an inanimate object human characteristics Point of view In literature, the perspective of which the story is told. First person- "I" and is a character in the story. Third person- "he" "she" "it" Omniscient- God like knowledge on all characters. Limited omniscient- knows the thoughts of one character. Point of view In literature the perspective from which a story is told there are general divisions of points of view and many subdivision within those number one – first person narrator tells a story in which the first person pronoun "I" and does a character in the story this murder can be the protagonist a secondary character or an exerting card number two – third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns "he" "she" and "it" there are two main subdivisions to be aware of: hey. Third person on mission in which the narrator with God like knowledge presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters V. Third person limited omniscient in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character present thing only the action of all the remaining characters in addition be aware that the term of you carries an additional meaning when you were asked to analyze the authors point of view the appropriate point for you is to address the authors attitude Point of view Perspective from which a story is told Point of View The perspective from which a story is told (first or third person) Point of view The perspective from which a story is told. 1.) first person narrative- tells the story with first person pronouns ("I"). Narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. 2.) Third person narrator- relates events with the third person pronouns ("he","she," and "it"). -third person omniscient- the narrator with godlike knowledge presents the thoughts and actions of any or al characters. - third person limited omniscient- narrator presents feelings and thoughts of one character. Point of view The perspective from which a story is told 1st person uses "I" and is a character in the story 3rd person relates the events with "he" "she" 3rd person can be omniscient in which they know the thoughts and actions of any/every character Or it can be limited in which they know the emotions of one character Point of View In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two types point of view the first is first person narrative and the second is third person narrative. Point of View 1: First person- narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun "I" 2: Third person- relates the events with the third person pronouns "he" "she" "it" Point of View In literature the perspective from which the story is told Point of view Perspective in which the story is told. 1st- narrator or tells story "I" 3rd- "he", "she", "it" omniscient/limited omniscient Point of view First person or third person Point of view One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction Prose Fiction and nonfiction, including all it's forms. Prose One of the major divisions of genre, all forms of fiction and non fiction. Prose One division of genre; refers to fiction and non fiction including all forms Prose One of the major divisions of genre, refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose One of the major divisions of genre, refers to all forms of fiction and nonfiction prose division of genre, fiction or non fiction Prose One of the major divisions of genre, prose, refers to fiction and non fiction. Prose One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all it's forms prose One of the major divisions of Genre,prose refers to fiction and nonfiction book, including all it's forms. Prose Major divisions of genre Prose One of the major divisions of genre, process refers to fiction and nonfiction and, including all of its forms Prose One of the major divisions of genre, it refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms Repetition The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element if language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. Repetition Duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language Repetition Duplication of any element of language Repetition Duplication of any element of language such as a sound word phrase clause sentence or grammatical pattern repetition to repeat a word phase clause or sentence or grammatical pattern repetition The duplication, either exact or approximate, language, such as a sound, word, phrase, or clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern Repetition Duplication of sound word or phrase Repetition Repeating Repetition Using repeating of a work, phrase or idea to call attention to it and alert the audience that it is important Repetition Use the repeating of a word, phrase, or idea to call attention to it. Rhetoric Governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. Rhetoric From the Greek for "orator" this term describes the principles governing art of writing affectively eloquently and persuasively Rhetoric Art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively Rhetoric Describes the principles overhung the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively Rhetoric Argument Rhetoric From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. Rhetoric Describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. Rhetoric principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently and persuasively Rhetoric "Orator" principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. Rhetoric This term describes the principals governing the art of writing effectively eloquently and persuasively rhetoric the principles governing the art of writing effectively rhetoric from the creek for "OR a T OR, "this term describes the principal governing the art of writing affectively Rhetoric This terms describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively Rhetoric Persuade Rhetoric From the Greek for order, this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively Rhetoric According to Aristotle's teaching the art of finding the best available means of persuading a specific audience in a specific situation Rhetorical modes(modes of discourse)(4) 1. Expository writing; to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. 2. Purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea 3. Purpose of description, is to recreate, or virtually present the reader in the narrative. 4. The purpose of narration is to tell a story. Sarcasm "To tear flesh" Sarcasm involved bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt, or ridicule someone or someone or something. Sarcasm From the group meaning to tear flesh sarcasm involves better caustic language that is meant to hurtds ridicule someone or something and may use irony as a device but not all ironic statements are sarcastic that is intended to. Ridicule when well done sarcasm can be witty and insightful when poorly done it is simply cruel Sarcasm Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to ridicule or hurt someone or somethig Sarcasm Bitter language to hurt or ridicule Sarcasm From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. Sarcasm Bitter caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something Sarcasm Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something Sarcasm "To tear flesh" bitter, caustic language meant to hit or ridicule someone or something. Sarcasm Involved bigger caustic language that is mean to hurt or ridicule someone or something Sarcasm Invokes bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt of ridicule someone or something. Sarcasm From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," it involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something sarcasm bitter language that is meant to hurt something or someone Sarcasm Meant to hurt, ridicule something or someone. sarcasm from the Greek meaning, "two-tier flesh, "sarcasm involved bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt someone or something. Sarcasm Caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something Sarcasm Meant to heart or ridicule somethin Sarcasm From the Greek meaning to tear flash, sarcasm involved better, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something Sarcasm Bitter language Satire A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Satire They work that targets human devices and follies of social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior satire is best seen a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the Satiris irony with parody caricature hyperbole understatement and sarcasm the facts of satire are varied depending on the writers goal but good satire often humorous is thought-provoking and insightful about the human condition son modern Satiris include Joseph Heller catch 22 and Kurt Vonnegut cats cradle player piano Satire Targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform, or ridicule Satire Humor that targets vices follies and reform Satire A work that targets human voices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule Satire A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule Best seen as a wiring style rather that the purpose of writing Satire A work that targets human vices and follows or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule Satire A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutes satire a work that targets human vices and follies for reform or ridicule satire Work that targets human follies to improve thrn Satire Style of writing rather than a purpose Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical, and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words. Their historical and psychological development there connotations and their relation to one another style – the consideration of style has two purposes number one – and a valuation of the some of the choices and author makes in blending diction syntax figurative language another literary devices some authors style or so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author we can analyze and describe an authors personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the authors purpose styles can be called a flowery explicit so send sussing rambling bombastic commonplace incisive laconic etc. number two – classification of authors to a group and comparison of author to similar offers by means of such classification and comparison we can see how an authors style reflects and hopes to the finest Oracle. Such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period or a literary movement such as the romantic transcendental or realistic movement Semantic Study of words Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and physiological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. Semantics Studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words. semantics the meaning of words the historical and psychological development the connotations and the relation to each one another Semantics The Branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their relation to another. Semantics grouped Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, there is Dorko and psychological development, their connotations, and the relation to one another Semantics Classification of authors Semantics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations and their relation to one another style Subject complement The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it, or describing it. Subject complement Their word with any accompanying phrases or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements or completes The subject of the sentence by either number one – renaming it the predicate nominative or number two – describing it the predicate adjective these are defined below number one – the predicate nominative I now own group of nouns or noun clause to rename the subject it's like the product of addictive as follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence example Julia Roberts is a movie star movie star equals predicate nominative and it remains subject Julia Roberts number two – of the predicate objective and addictive a group of objectives or I get the closet follows a linking verb it is a predicate of the sentence and modifies or describes the subject example: Warren remains optimistic optimistic equals predicate directive as it modify the subject Subject Complement 1: Predicate Nominative- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renamed the subject 2: Predicate Adjective- and adjective, a group of adjectives or adjective clause that follows a linking verb Subject Complement The word or clause that follows a linking verb and compliments or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it Subject complement The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subjected the sentence by either renaming it or describing it. Predicate nominative- noun/group of nouns/non clause that renames the subject Predicate adjective- adjective/group of adjectives/ adjective clause that follows a linking verb. Subject complement The word or clause that follows a linking beef and completes the subject of the sentence by either renaming it(predicate nominative) or describing it (predicate adjective) Subject complement The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and compliments, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it. Subject complement The word or clause that follows the linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence subject complement the word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it subject complement the word or clauses that follow a linking verb and complements or completes the subject of the sentence subject complement The word closet that follows A linking verb and compliments, or complete, and the subject of the sentence by either renaming it were describing it Subject complement Subject complement The word or cause that follows a linking verb that compliment, or complete, the subject of the sentence by there one renaming it or two describing it Subject complement Predicate adjective Subject Complement The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, the subject by either 1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or 2) describing it (the predicate adjective) Subject complement The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either remaining it or describing it. T Subordinate clause Contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone, requires an independent clause. Subordinate clause Like all closet is this word group contain both the subject and a verb plus any accompanying phrases on modifiers but I like the cut independent clause the subordinate clause cannot stand alone it does not express a complete thought also caught up in the closet subordinate clause the pains of the main plaza or independent clause completed meeting easily recognize keywords and phrases you really begin this causes for example: although because it less if even though seems as soon as a while who when where how and that example: Yellowstone is a national park in the west that is known for its geysers underlined the phrase equals subordinate clause Subordinate clause Cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought Subordinate clause Clause that can't stand alone Subordinate Clause Like all causes, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers,) but unlike the independent clause, subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Subordinate Clause This word group contains both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone Subordinate Clause Contains both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought Subordinate clause Contains both subject and a verb, cannot stand alone. Subordinate clause This word group contains both a subject and a verb, but can't stand alone; not a complete thought Usually starts with although, because, if, etc Subordinate clause Contains a subject and a verb, and cannot stand alone. Doesn't express a complete thought. subordinate clause word group containing both a subject and a verb that can't stand alond subordinate clause this clause can't stand alone and doesn't express a complete thought Subordinate clause Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause the subordinate clause cannot stand alone. Subordinate clause Doesn't express a complete thought. Also depends on independent clause to complete it's meaning Subordinate clause Subordinate clause This word group contains both the subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought Subordinate clause Subordinate clause cannot stand alone Subordinate clause This word group contains both a subject, verb, but unlike independent clause, the subordinate clause canning stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Subordinate Clause Word group that contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrase or modifiers), but cannot stand alone; does not express a complete thought Subordinate Clause A word group that contains both a subject and a verb but it cannot stand alone. Syllogism "Reckoning together" A deductive system of formal logic that presents 2 premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. Syllogism From the Greek for reckoning. Together a syllogism or syllostic reasoning or syllostic logic is a deductive system a formal logic their presents to premises the first one called major and the second one called minor that is an inevitably lead to a sound the conclusion hey frequently cited example procedures follow major premise: all Minamoto minor premise Socrates is a man conclusion: therefore Socrates is mortal a syllogisms conclusion is valid only if each of the two premed is is valid syllogisms may also present the specific idea first(Socrates) and the general second (all men) Syllogism Deductive system if formal logic that presents two premises Syllogism Main and minor logic that lead to solid conclusion Syllogism A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion Syllogism "Reckoning together" deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises leading to a sound conclusion. Major premises- all men are mortal Minor premises- Socrates is a man Conclusion- therefore, Socrates is a mortal. Syllogism A deductive system of form logic that presents two premises (major and minor) that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion Major: all men are mortal. Only valid if both are valid Minor: Socrates is a man Conclusion: Socrates is a mortal Syllogism A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called major in the second called minor) inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. Syllogism Deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (major, minor) that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion syllogism a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that lead to a sound conclusion syllogism formal logic that presents two presents (major and minor) that lead to a sound conclusion syllogism from the Greek for "reckoning together, "syllogism a formal logic that presents to present Premises Syllogism Divides major from minor Syllogism From the Greek for "reckoning together," it's a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion Symbol/symbolism Generally anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol of something concrete, that represents something more abstract. Symbol/symbolism Generally anything that represents itself and stands for something else usually it is in both something concrete such as an object action character seen the represent something more abstract Elizabeth and symbolism come in the much more complex Symbol Anything that represents itself and stands for something else Symbol Object represents a concept idea etc Symbol/ Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else Symbol literary symbols -harder to find generally recognized Symbolism Generally, anything that represents self and stands for something else. Usually assemble is something concrete such as an object, action, character, or seen that represent something more abstract Symbols/ symbolism Something that represents something else Symbol Something concrete that stands for a notion bigger than itself Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, or occasionally, the whole is used to represent the part. Synecdoche Figure of speech in which a part of something is use to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part Synecdoche Part represents whole or a whole a part Synecdoche Figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or the whole is used to represent a part Ex to refer to a boat as a sail, or a car to wheels Synecdoche A part of something is used to represent the whole or the whole is used represent a part. Synecdoche Figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole synecdoche a part of something is used to represent the whole (car as "wheels") synecdoche a fig of speech which part of something I'd used to represent the whole or occasionally the whole is used to represent a part Synecdoche A figure of speech In which a part of something is used to represent to whole or occasionally the whole is represented as apart synecdoche A figure speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole word, occasionally, though it is used to represent apart. Synecdoche Part of something to describe the whole or the whole to describe part of something Synecdoche Something is used to represent a whole Synesthesia When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Synesthesia When one kind of sensory evokes the sense of another Synesthesia When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another Ex: the sight of red ants make you itchy Synesthesia When one kid of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. synesthesia when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another "taste the pain" Synesthesia One sense stimulates the other Synesthesia Sensory evokes Onomatopoeoa A figure of speech in which metro sounds are imitated in the sounds of words simple examples clued such words as buzz his home crack when he and mom are if you know what examples of onomatopoeia it's a passage not the fact Syntax A set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought. Syntax Syntax of the set of rules in a language it dictates all the words from a different part of the speech or put together in order to convey a complete thought Syntax Set of rules in a language Syntax A set of rules in a language Dictates how words from different parts of speech are out together in order to convey a complete thought syntax rules that dictate how words from different parts of speech are put together in irder to convey a complete thought syntax syntax is a set of rules in a language. Syntax Syntax is a set of rules and a language. It dictate tell words from different parts of speech together in order to convey a complete thought Theme The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Theme The central idea or message of a work the inside it offers into life usually theme is in stated in the fictional works but a nonfiction the theme maybe directly state especially an expository or argument ice writing Theme The central idea or message of work, the inside it offers into life. Thesis A sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Thesis And expository writing the thesis statement is a sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses auditors opinion purpose meeting a provision expository writing is used a judge by analyzing how accurately effectively and thoroughly a rider has prevented this Thesis Sentence or group of sentences that directly expressed the authors opinion, meaning or position Thesis Main sentence that expresses your argument and support Thesis is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's attitude toward his material, the audience or both Thesis Sentence that directly expressed the authors opinion purpose meaning or position thesis In expository writing, the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning or position. Thesis Is the sentence that directly expresses the opinion of the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position thesis the sentence that directly expresses the authors opinion thesis sentence that expresses the authors opinion or meaning Thesis In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directory expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. thesis and expository writing, and the system is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, more position. Thesis Expresses option purpose or meaning Thesis And expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, or position Thesis Directly expresses the authors opinion, purpose, meaning, or position Tone Similar to mood, tone describes the authors attitude towards their material, the audience, or both. Tone Similar to mood describes authors attitude toward his material the audience about tone is easier to determine of been spoken language than in written language Tone Described authors attitude toward his material, the audience or both Tone The attitude of the writer towards the subject of the poem Transition A word or phrase that links different ideas. Transition A word or phrase a links different ideas used especially although not exclusively an expository an argument are you writing transition the effectively signal I shift from one idea to another a few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore consequentially nevertheless for example in addition likewise Transition Word or phrase that links diff ideas Transition A word or phrase that links different ideas Effectively signal a shift from one idea to another transition a word or phase that links different ideas Transition Words that link two ideas Understatement The ironic minimizing of a fact, presents something as less significant than it is. Understatement Byronic minimizing a fact understatement present something as less significant than it is the fact can freakily be humorous and Emphatic Understatement Ironic minimizing of fact, understand that presents something as less significant tha it is Understatement The ironic minimizing of a fact Understatement Ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is Understatement Presents something as less significant than it already is. Understatement The ironic no mixing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. understatement that I am running minimizing fact, understatement present something significant than it is. Understatement Less significant than it id Understatement The Aaronic minimizing of fact, understatement present something as less significant than it is. If I can frequently be humorous or emphatic Understatement The ironic minimizing of fact, presents seething as less significant than it is Wit In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Wit Modern usage intellectually I'm using language that surprises and delights witty statement is humorous was suggesting this because of a power Wit Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights Wit Intellectually amusing language that suprises and delights Wit Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights, humorous. Wit In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprised and delighhts wit amusing lang that surprises and delights wit in modern usage, intellectually assuming language that surprises and delights Wit Intellectually amusing Rhetorical modes This flexible term describes a variety The conventions and the purposes of major a kind of writing The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as modes of this course) are as follows Number one – The purpose of exposition or expository writing is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea relevant. Evidence and appropriate description they pre-language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics Number two – The professor of argumentation it's approved the validity of an idea or points of view by presenting sound reasoning discussion and argument that thoroughly convinced the reader persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of everything the same form of action Number three – The purpose of description is to retrace invents are visually present a person place event direction so that the reader can picture that being discreet sometimes an author engages all five senses and description good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional I'm subjective number four – The purpose of marriage and is to tell the story or narrate event of series events this writing mode frequently uses tools of descriptive writing Rhetorical modes Describes te variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing Rhetorical modes Argument tactics and purposes Rhetorical Modes The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purpose of the major kinds of writing. The "modes of discourse" are exposition, argumentation, description, and narration. Rhetorical Modes 1: Exposition- explain and analyze information by presenting and idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion 2: Argumentation- prove the validity of an idea or point of view by presenting sound reasoning discussion and argument that thoroughly convince the reader 3: Description- recreate invent or visually present a person place event or action so that the reader can picture that being described 4: Narration- tell a story or narrate an event or series or events Rhetorical Modes Describes the variety. the conventions and the purposes of the major kinds of writing Rhetoric modes Variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. Exposition- explain/analyze information presenting an idea Argumentation- prove validity of idea by presenting reasoning Description- visually represent person, place, event or action for the reader to picture Rhetorical modes Deceives variety, the conventions, and purposes of writing Rhetorical modes Variety, the conventions and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. Rhetorical Modes The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purpose of the major kinds of writing rhetorical modes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinda of writing Rhetorical modes Word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, the subject of the sentences Subject compliment Word or clause following linking verb Ursurer Person who lends money Dramatic Irony When facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Dramatic irony When facts or events are unknown to a character in a play of fiction but know to reader Dramatic irony When facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or price of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Infer/ence To draw a reasonable conclusion from the info presented Commotation The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Deportation the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude or color. A- To explain and analyze info by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion Purpose of augmentation. To probe the validity of an idea or point of view by presenting sound reasoning discussion and argument that thoroughly convince the read Purpose of description To recreate invent or visually present a person place event or action so that the reader can picture that being described The purpose of description Is to re-create, and event, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described Purpose of narration To tell a story or narrate an event or series of events Wit/witty Statement that is humors while suggesting the speakers verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks Surprises; delights; amusing The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing pose sensory stimulus evokes the subject experience of another incentive and emotionally violent, verbal denunciation for attack using strong, abusive language synthesia when one current stimulates center to experience The purpose of exposition Is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion The purpose of argumentation Is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and our argument that there really convince the reader The predicate nominative And now, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject The predicate adjective And adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb Natural symbols Objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them Public symbols Those have been invested with meaning by a group Public Symbol Any symbol that is recognized publicly Literary symbols Sometimes also public symbols in the sense that they are found in a variety of work and are more generally recognized. However, work symbol may be more complicated Shylock A Jewish moneylender in Venice. Angered by his mistreatment at the hands of Venice’s Christians, particularly Antonio, schemes to eke out his revenge by ruthlessly demanding as payment a pound of Antonio’s flesh. Portia A wealthy heiress from Belmont. Bound by a clause in her father’s will that forces her to marry whichever suitor chooses correctly among three caskets, is nonetheless able to marry her true love, Bassanio. Antonio The merchant whose love for his friend Bassanio prompts him to sign Shylock’s contract and almost lose his life. possessed of an incorrigible dislike of Jews. Bassanio A gentleman of Venice, and a kinsman and dear friend to Antonio. His love for the wealthy Portia leads him to borrow money from Shylock with Antonio as his guarantor. Gratiano A friend of Bassanio’s who accompanies him to Belmont. While Bassanio courts Portia, he falls in love with and eventually weds Portia’s lady-in-waiting, Nerissa. Jessica hates life in her father’s house, and elopes with the young Christian gentleman, Lorenzo. The fate of her soul is often in doubt: the play’s characters wonder if her marriage can overcome the fact that she was born a Jew Lorenzo A friend of Bassanio and Antonio, is in love with Shylock’s daughter, Jessica. He schemes to help Jessica escape from her father’s house, and he eventually elopes with her to Belmont. Nerissa Portia’s lady-in-waiting and confidante. She marries Gratiano and escorts Portia on Portia’s trip to Venice by disguising herself as her law clerk. Launcelot Gobbo Bassanio’s servant. A comical, clownish figure who is especially adept at making puns, leaves Shylock’s service in order to work for Bassanio. Prince of Morocco A Moorish prince who seeks Portia’s hand in marriage. asks Portia to ignore his dark countenance and seeks to win her by picking one of the three caskets. Certain that the caskets reflect Portia’s beauty and stature, picks the gold chest, which proves to be incorrect. Prince of Arragon An arrogant Spanish nobleman who also attempts to win Portia’s hand by picking a casket. He picks the silver casket, which gives him a message calling him an idiot instead of Portia’s hand. Duke of venice The ruler of Venice, who presides over Antonio’s trial. Although a powerful man, the duke’s state is built on respect for the law, and he is unable to help Antonio. Old Gobbo Launcelot’s father, also a servant in Venice Tubal A Jew in Venice, and one of Shylock’s friends. Balthasar Portia’s servant, whom she dispatches to get the appropriate materials from Doctor Bellario. Who wrote MOV William Shakespeare Ring nerissa and portia give their men rings and they vow not to take them off when they do to them in disguise they are messed with for doing so, test of true love Caskets portias father has three caskets and any man wanted to marry her must pick a casket if they pick the wrong one they can never marry and must leave Writer The speaker/ author of the arguement Context What is the motivation to right? What is the background of the issue? Audience To whom is the text intended? What is the background of the issue? Purpose What does the author intend for the audience to do or believe after they read the text? Logos Using logic, reasoning, and evidence for your position on the subject Pathos Speaking to the emotions and deeply held beliefs, of the audience Ethos Presenting the trust worthiness and authority of the author or speaker (Credibility) in A question to which no answer is expected because the anwser is obvious (Used for emphasis) Can be used in religious, political, literary, wartime, and advertisement settings Propaganda Used in religion, politics, literature, war and advertisement Glittering Generality -uses slogans or simple phrases that sounds good but provide little or no information -cannot be proved true or false because it really sad little or nothing at all Ex. Feels 10 years younger Glittering generality Slogans or simple phrases that sound good but provide little info, cannot be proved Glittering Generality Uses slogans or simple phrases that sound good but provide little or no info Transfer -uses images to bring up strong feelings in order to persuade -often employs symbols, like waving a flag to stir emotions Transfer Images used to bring up strong feelings to persuade, often employs symbols to win approval Transfer Using images to bring up strong feelings in order to persuade Testimonial Using the words and images of a famous person or expert to persuade Testimonial Using the words and images of a famous person or expert Plain folks appeal Often depicts a product as attractive to the ordinary man on the street or women in the house Plain folks appeal Depicts a product attractive to the ordinary person, spokesperson is from humble origins, ordinary language, trying to attract majority Plain Folks Appeal Depicts a product as attractive to the ordinary man or woman from humble origins. Bandwagon Persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it Bandwagon Letting them know everyone's doing it Name calling To make the case possible for his side and the worst case for the opposing view pint by using only facts that support his or her side of the argument Name calling Created fear and arouses prejudice by using negative words to create an unfavorable opinion or hatred against a group, belief, or proposal, often sarcasm in political cartoons Name Calling Creates fear and arouses prejudice by using negative words to create unfavorable opinion or hatred against a group, belief or proposal Red Hearings Misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion Scare Tactics Try to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threading them or predicting unrealistic consequences Scare tactics Try to frighten people into agreeing with the argues by threatening them or predicting unrealistic consequences Scare Tactics Try to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by scaring them. Ad hominem Arguments attach a person's character rather than a persons reasoning Ad hominem Arguments attack a persons character rather than a persons reasoning Ad Hominem Attack a person's character rather than the person's reasoning Hasty generalization Draws conclusions from scanty evidence Hasty Generalization Draws conclusions from little evidence Post Hoc Assuming one thing happens because of an event that happened prior Post hoc Assuming one thing caused another simply because it happened prior to the other Post Hoc Assuming one thing causes another simply because it happened prior to the other. Appeal to pity An attempt to use a comparison on pity to replace a logical argument Appeal to pity An attempt to use compassion or pity to replace a logical argument Appeal to Pity An attempt to use compassion or pity to replace a logical Ad popilum Literally meaning "to the people" it suggests that "everybody knows" something so it has to be right Straw Man Presenting a distorted or exaggerated representation of a position that is easily recognized Straw man A person simply ignored a persons actual position and substitutes a distorted exaggerated or misinterpreted version of that position Straw Man Presenting a distorted or exaggerated representation of a position that is easily refuted. Logos- pathos - ethos Suggest that one action will lead to a series of inevitable and indescribable outcomes Slippery slope One action will lead to a series of bad actions that end in an inevitable and undesirable outcome. The action may not lead to that outcome but you're using fear as a strategy Slippery Slope Suggests that one action will lead to an inevitable and undesirable/desirable outcome Ad populum Meaning "to the people" suggests that everybody knows something so it must be right. Everybody believes it Ad Populum Suggests that 'everybody knows something' so it must be right Card stacking Make the best case possible for your side and the worst for the opposing side by carefully using only those facts that support your side of the argument while attempting to lead the audience into accepting the as a conclusion Red herring Use misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion Belligerent a person that is hostile or angry towards something Belligerent You are hostile or angry towards someone or something Belligerent Being aggressive to something or someone belligerent Angry against something or something Belligerent Using the same grammatical form to express ideas of equal worth Parallelism Uses the repeating of a word, phrase or idea to call attention to it and alert the audience that it is important Repetition A point by point comparison between two things for the purpose of clarifying less familiar of the two subjects Analogy An indirect reference to a person, place, event or literary work with which the author believes the reader will be familiar Uses slogans or simple phrases that sound good but provide little or no information Glittering generality Uses images to bring up strong feelings in order to persuade often employs symbols, like waving a flag to stir emotions and win approval Transfer Using the words and images of a famous person or expert to persuade Testimonial Depicts a product as attractive to ordinary man spokesperson is from humble origins, someone they can trust and already has interests at heart speaker uses ordinary language and mannerisms to reach out Plain folks appeal Persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it Bandwagon Creates for and arouses prejudice by using negative words to create an unfavorable opinion or hatred against a group belief or proposal Name calling Used to make the best case possible for his side and worst for the opposing viewpoint by carefully using only those facts that support his side of the argument while attempting to lead the audience into accepting the facts as a conclusion; not all the info Card stacking Use misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion Red herring Try to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threatening them or predicting unrealistically dire consequences Scare tactics Arguments attack a persons character rather than their reasoning Ad hominem Draws conclusions from scanty evidence Hasty generalization Assuming one thing causes another simply because it happened prior to the other Post hoc An attempt to use compassion or pity to replace a logical argument Appeal to pity "To the people" it suggests that everybody knows something so it must be right Ad populm Presenting a distorted or exaggerated representation of a position that is easily refuted Strawman Suggests that one action will lead to an inevitable outcome Slippery slope Anxious or fearful that something bad will happen Apprehensive Actively being aggressive towards something or someone Belligerent A short, entertaining account of some happening, frequently personal or biographical Appeal to Authority A citation of info from people recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the purpose of strengthening a speaker's or writer's argument Appeal to Patriotism An emotional appeal; appeals to the audience's love of country. Persuading them to act by implying they are treasonous if they choose not to Argument by Analogy A point by point comparison between two things with the purpose of drawing a specific conclusion about the first. Cardstacking Make best case possible for his/her side and the worst for the opposing viewpoint by using only those facts that support his or her side of argument to lead the audience into accept the facts as a conclusion Ami/Amic	i don't know
If a dress is a size 8 in the USA what size is it in the UK?	UK Dress Size Measurements for Sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, & 18 44.1 Understanding UK Dress Sizes UK dress sizes can be downright confusing, the system is not standardised at all, which creates some issues. It's important to understand how UK dress sizing works and how it can affect self image. UK dress sizes are also used in Australia and New Zealand (although many New Zealand stores now give sizes as S, M, L with cm measurements available). Currently Recognised Sizes Most UK dress sizing systems start at about a size 8 and can run to a size 32. Depending on the manufacturer, a UK size 8 dress can correspond with a US size 4 or 6 . However, it is almost certain that the UK size 12 will be smaller than the American size 12, a UK size 14 dress will be smaller than an American size 14 dress and so on for each size number. Therefore, because there are no standard currently in place, you never really know exactly what the match is. If you try on the size that you expect to purchase and it's too small, that doesn't necessarily mean you've gained weight; you might just be dealing with the frustrating size discrepancy which occurs between manufacturers. UK Issues With Brand Variation The biggest frustration that UK shoppers have is the variation between sizes. Different clothing designers and manufacturers are using different measurement sets to designate a particular size. In many instances, it seems that money can buy thin. Simply put, more expensive clothing fudges the most on what size the shopper wears. A more expensive line of clothing is more likely to use a smaller size to identify a dress with larger measurements. The variation is actually quite large. For example, a dress that is labeled a size 14 can have a bust measurement anywhere from 93 to about 101.5 centimetres. The same dresses have a hip measurement ranging between 100 and 108 centimetres. The dress makers at Marks & Spencer was the most accurate, using the smallest measurements for a size 14, while Jaeger dresses were fudged the most using the largest measurements for size 14 in a recent survey. See our Brand Size Guides page for more information. Attempts At Standardisation - BS3666 BS3666 was produced in 1982, by the British Standards Institute , in an attempt to standardise British sizes for women's clothes from the smallest size 8 to the largest size 32, however without any legal requirements for retailers to use the standard, it had little effect. It has since been superseded by EN13402 which uses body dimensions in order to size clothes and was created in order to provide a common set of European clothing sizes . The standard was also quite lax giving ranges for bust measurements and hip measurements for each of the sizes as below: Size See also US Sizes or European Sizes Pressure on UK Women to be a Smaller Size There is a lot of cultural pressure for UK women to "be a smaller size". What many women may not realise, however, is that this is an illusion. The National Sizing Survey indicates that the shape of UK women's bodies have significantly shifted in the last 50 years, but our mental pictures often remain the same. The good news for UK shoppers is that the European Union is promoting a new sizing system, with actual measurements listed on the labels instead of the often-confusing UK dress sizes. This might be one step in helping women get comfortable in their own skins and throw away the often-meaningless UK dress size system.	size 12
Which was the first musical to be penned by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice?	UK Dress Size Measurements for Sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, & 18 44.1 Understanding UK Dress Sizes UK dress sizes can be downright confusing, the system is not standardised at all, which creates some issues. It's important to understand how UK dress sizing works and how it can affect self image. UK dress sizes are also used in Australia and New Zealand (although many New Zealand stores now give sizes as S, M, L with cm measurements available). Currently Recognised Sizes Most UK dress sizing systems start at about a size 8 and can run to a size 32. Depending on the manufacturer, a UK size 8 dress can correspond with a US size 4 or 6 . However, it is almost certain that the UK size 12 will be smaller than the American size 12, a UK size 14 dress will be smaller than an American size 14 dress and so on for each size number. Therefore, because there are no standard currently in place, you never really know exactly what the match is. If you try on the size that you expect to purchase and it's too small, that doesn't necessarily mean you've gained weight; you might just be dealing with the frustrating size discrepancy which occurs between manufacturers. UK Issues With Brand Variation The biggest frustration that UK shoppers have is the variation between sizes. Different clothing designers and manufacturers are using different measurement sets to designate a particular size. In many instances, it seems that money can buy thin. Simply put, more expensive clothing fudges the most on what size the shopper wears. A more expensive line of clothing is more likely to use a smaller size to identify a dress with larger measurements. The variation is actually quite large. For example, a dress that is labeled a size 14 can have a bust measurement anywhere from 93 to about 101.5 centimetres. The same dresses have a hip measurement ranging between 100 and 108 centimetres. The dress makers at Marks & Spencer was the most accurate, using the smallest measurements for a size 14, while Jaeger dresses were fudged the most using the largest measurements for size 14 in a recent survey. See our Brand Size Guides page for more information. Attempts At Standardisation - BS3666 BS3666 was produced in 1982, by the British Standards Institute , in an attempt to standardise British sizes for women's clothes from the smallest size 8 to the largest size 32, however without any legal requirements for retailers to use the standard, it had little effect. It has since been superseded by EN13402 which uses body dimensions in order to size clothes and was created in order to provide a common set of European clothing sizes . The standard was also quite lax giving ranges for bust measurements and hip measurements for each of the sizes as below: Size See also US Sizes or European Sizes Pressure on UK Women to be a Smaller Size There is a lot of cultural pressure for UK women to "be a smaller size". What many women may not realise, however, is that this is an illusion. The National Sizing Survey indicates that the shape of UK women's bodies have significantly shifted in the last 50 years, but our mental pictures often remain the same. The good news for UK shoppers is that the European Union is promoting a new sizing system, with actual measurements listed on the labels instead of the often-confusing UK dress sizes. This might be one step in helping women get comfortable in their own skins and throw away the often-meaningless UK dress size system.	i don't know
Dilma Rousseff has been under a political cloud recently after allegations of finance tampering have led to a clamour for her impeachment, at the time of writing (20/4) of which country is she president?	21 July, 2014 by DhakaTribune - issuu issuu Shraban 6, 1421 Ramadan 22, 1435 Regd. No. DA 6238 Vol 2, No 111 MONDAY, JULY 21, 2014 \| www.dhakatribune.com \| SECOND EDITION 8 \| BODIES PUT ON TRAIN FOR REBEL CITY 7 \| THE BEAR AND THE DRAGON 20 pages \| Price: Tk12 11 \| GERMANY’S WIN AND THE ROBUST ECONOMY THEORY B1 \| THREAT OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT MAKES BB CONSERVATIVE Ramadan extortion bonanza on footpaths Hawkers have to pay a total of Tk670 crore to get space and permission for business Zamila Khan and n Tazlina Mohammad Jamil Khan With the capital’s makeshift footpath-stalls seeing an extra rush of customers ahead of Eid, a large number of unscrupulous people and law enforcers are set to bag at least Tk670 crore by “selling” pavement space and extorting hawkers during the month of Ramadan. In what becomes the biggest haul of the year for them, the gangs earn up to 4.4 times more compared to what they bag during a regular month. Law enforcers also allegedly join the profitmaking frenzy during Eid by extorting the hawkers every day While the city’s rich and the elite head to luxurious shopping malls to buy high-end products, most of the lower-middle income Dhaka residents have to rely on the makeshift shops where they can buy clothing and gift items at an affordable price. As more and more people crowd the pavements ahead of Eid, getting a spot to set up shop on the footpath becomes difficult for the hawkers. To profit from the situation, around 60 groups – some of them with alleged links to the ruling party – are active in the city extorting at least Tk9 crore daily from hawkers. Although the police are supposed to prevent such illegal practices, there are widespread allegations that the law enforcers also join the profit-making fren- zy during Eid by extorting the hawkers every day. According to MA Kashem, president of Bangladesh Hawkers Association, the capital has around 2.5 lakh permanent footpath hawkers; while around 50,000 additional traders have arrived in Dhaka to do business ahead of Eid this year. Sources said each hawker has to pay at least Tk300 every day during Ramadan; on the other hand, the seasonal hawkers have to pay Tk30,000 to “buy” their pavement space and the permanent ones pay Tk10,000 to renew their “permission” to sell on the footpaths. Ahead of Eid, the gangs allegedly collect around Tk400 crore by “selling” pavement spaces, while a further Tk270 crore is also extorted by both goons and corrupt law enforcers during Ramadan from over three lakh hawkers active in the city. During the rest of the year, however, the hawkers have to pay around Tk150 crore a month in total for continuing their business on footpaths, sources said, adding that floating hawkers number around 10,000 at other times. Abul Azad, 35, a farmer from Noakhali, has been coming to Dhaka for the past three years ahead of Eid to sell jewellery. Sitting on his footpath-stall near New Market area, he told the Dhaka Tribune that he “bought” the makeshift stall for one month for Tk25,000. “The footpaths in the capital’s new market area is under control of Ali Hossain group. If anyone wants to start business on the footpath, the group sells spots according to the size,” he said. Ali Hossain, the joint convener of the New Market thana unit of Jubo League, however, denied the allegation, claiming that police middlemen were in- BRTC monitors city ticket counters to check anomaly n Abu Hayat Mahmud and Ashif Islam Shaon PAVEMENT SPACE EXTORTION BY GOONS AND LAW ENFORCERS PAVEMENT TOLL BUSINESS: FACTS REST OF THE YEAR Seasonal Hawkers Permanent Hawkers Daily Toll Monthly Collection 10,000 2.5 lakh Tk100 Tk150 crore PAVEMENT SPACES AND THEIR PRICE SIZE TYPE Boro Bhiti Chhoto Bhiti 5’x3’ 2’x3’ EXTORTION SYNDICATES AND THEIR AREAS New Market RAMADAN 50,000 2.5 lakh Tk300 Tk670 crore Joint Convener of the New Market thana unit of Jubo League Mirpur Mazar Road Publication Secretary of Dhaka Metropolitan (North) Jubo League Gausia PRICE FOR ‘FIXED’ STALLS Tk2-2.5 lakh Tk1-1.5 lakh SPACE RENTAL AND PERMISSION RENEWAL TO SELL ON PAVEMENTS Permission renewal for permanent hawkers: Tk10,000 Pavement space rent for seasonal hawkers: Tk30,000 SLH/DT INFOGRAPHIC volved in such business and his enemies might have spread such rumours. Asked about the issue, Jubo League’s New Market thana unit President Alamgir also told the Dhaka Tribune that no member of his unit was involved in such illegal business. Kalam, 25, who sells shoes at a foot- Ali Hossain path-stall in Mirpur Mazar road, said: “Local Awami League leader Miron’s group controls the footpaths from Mirpur 1 to Mazar Road. I gave the group around Tk30,000 to buy my spot, which was earlier sold at Tk25,000.” Miron, the publication secretary of Dhaka metropolitan (north) unit of Dhaka College area Mirpur 12 Ashraf There are about 60 groups involved in pavement space selling and extortion Jubo League, could not be reached for comments despite repeated attempts. But, Awami League’s Mirpur thana unit President Delwar Hossain admitted that Miron was involved in extorting hawkers and that he had the support of an influential politician.  PAGE 2 COLUMN 5 Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) has begun surveillance of its counters in the capital to ensure that homebound passengers are not charged extra fare ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr. The BRTC started selling advance tickets at seven depots and other terminal counters yesterday. A few BRTC bus leasers and counter managers earlier said they would raise the fare for special services introduced for Eid. BRTC Director Col Md Abdullahel Karim told the Dhaka Tribune: “Today, we have monitored a number bus depots to check if passengers are being charged extra.” P5 TICKETS SOLD OUT IN CTG “With regard to the communication minister’s directive, we have warned all depots, counter managers and bus leasers to avoid involvement in illegal act. If they take additional money from passengers, they would be penalised,” he said. Karim said the surveillance team found no anomaly in the sale of tickets. Last week, Communication Minister Obaidul Quader said stern action would be taken if excessive fare was charged from people who would travel to their hometowns during Eid. He said the sale of tickets would be monitored to prevent any anomaly. Compared to private bus services, fewer people turned up at BRTC depots and counters in the capital to buy tickets. Besides, a few counters opened late, Gabtoli being one of those. This correspondent found Gabtoli counter closed during a visit yesterday morning.  PAGE 2 COLUMN 1 At least 62 dead in fresh Israeli attack on Gaza suburb n Reuters, Gaza/Jerusalem At least 62 Palestinians were killed yesterday in Israeli shelling of a Gaza neighbourhood that left bodies strewn in the streets and thousands fleeing for shelter to a hospital packed with the wounded, Palestinian witnesses and officials said. The Israeli military said militants from Gaza’s dominant Hamas group responded with anti-tank missiles and heavy weapon fire in some of the bloodiest fighting since Israel launched its Gaza offensive 13 days ago. A two-hour “humanitarian ceasefire” in the area, agreed by both sides at the request of the International Committee of the Red Cross, broke down in minutes with each side blaming the other. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas accused Israel of carrying out a massacre and declared three days of mourning. The Israeli military said Hamas had fired rockets and built tunnels and command centres in Shujayea and that it had warned locals to evacuate two days earlier. Its ground forces were backed up by air strikes and artillery, the army added.  PAGE 2 COLUMN 1 A Palestinian man carries children in Shejaia in Gaza which was heavily shelled by Israel on July 20. At least 50 Palestinians were killed with bodies strewn in the street. Thousands fled for shelter to a hospital packed with wounded REUTERS EDCL’s monopoly fetches ultra-profit from lifesaving injections n Moniruzzman Uzzal The government drug manufacturing company EDCL is allegedly exploiting its monopoly over the public hospitals to raise the price of antibiotic injections, charging double or thrice more than what is charged by other pharmaceuticals. According to public rule, if any medicine or injection is available in the Essential Drug Company Limited (EDCL) list, public hospitals must purchase the items from the EDCL without floating any tender. Although the lifesaving injections were not originally on the list of medicines produced by the EDCL, the staterun company is currently producing injections like Ceftriazone, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime and Cepharadine. As hospitals have no other choice but to buy these injections from the EDCL at higher prices, they often do not have adequate funds to buy the required number of drugs to meet the demand, and so patients are forced to buy injections from pharmacies. During the last fiscal year, most public medical college hospitals bought 70% of their drugs from the EDCL and the rest from other pharmaceuticals through the competitive tender process. However, the EDCL is now getting a bigger market share from the public hospitals after it began producing medicines that were not previously on its list. The government-owned company is also charging extra for the new items. Brig Gen Dr Mustafizur Rahman, director of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, admitted that the cost of commonly used antibiotic injections had seen a rapid increase, adding that the hospital was unable to buy enough injections compared to the previous year. Last fiscal year, most public hospitals bought 70% of their drugs from the EDCL and the rest through tender “We have to spend most of the money allotted for MSR [medicine and surgical reagent] to pay the EDCL bill. But we are trying our best to continue to supply antibiotics to the patients free of cost,” he added. Asked about the issue, EDCL Secretary Ratan Kumar refused to comment and instead referred to the DGM of sales for any inquiries. However, the DGM, Abul Kashem Patwary, could not be reached for comments despite repeated attempts. Ceftriazone – one of the most common antibiotic injections being used at the hospitals – was bought earlier  PAGE 2 COLUMN 5 INSIDE 3 \| News Sex workers evicted from Kandapara brothel have sought refuge and new work spaces in hotels and residential areas in Tangail town. Some have taken to walking the streets. 5 \| News Most commuters in Chittagong failed to book advance train tickets ahead of the Eid as all allotted for day one were sold out in just two hours, allegedly because of illicit activities of ticket scalpers. 6 \| Nation Extortion in the name of a number of associations, including the Bus Owners’ and Workers’ Welfare associations, is prevalent on the Sirajganj highway. 9 \| World Six Thai students draft a newsletter celebrating democracy – a meeting that would have barely attracted a glance two months ago, but could now land them in jail. 12 \| Entertainment To protest against the atrocities in Palestine, leading theatre troupe Prachyanat organised a road show at Chobir Haat. They displayed installation and instrumental play. 14 \| Sport Barcelona’s new coach Luis Enrique notched up a 1-0 win Saturday in his first game in charge, a pre-season friendly against second division club Recreativo de Huelva. Girl Summit to help establish girls’ rights n Julfikar Ali Manik Despite some remarkable progress over the past decades, the government is still facing many challenges in ensuring women’s rights especially for girls who go through ordeals including child marriages. There are also problems created by radical Islamist groups who campaign against women development and empowerment because they want to confine them to the four walls. Against this backdrop, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina left Dhaka this morning to attend the first ever Girls Summit 2014 to be held in London tomorrow. Premier Hasina was invited to this summit by British Prime Minister David Cameron with whom she has scheduled a bilateral meeting before joining the summit.  PAGE 2 COLUMN 1 SEHRI & IFTAR TIME Day Ramadan 22/July 21 Ramadan 23/July 22 Sehri – 3.53am 2 DHAKA TRIBUNE Police asked to follow procedures in encounters n Kailash Sarkar In the wake of recent incidents of “encounters,” custodial deaths, torture and extortions centring the Eid-ul-Fitr, the police high-ups yesterday asked the lawmen to refrain from such activities in the future. The top brass observed that crimes had risen sharply during April-June compared to the previous quarter. Around a dozen people were killed in “shootouts” with the police in the last three months. Of them, four were in the capital. Several others died in police custody. These issues were discussed at the “Quarterly Crime Conference” held at the police headquarters, said sources at the meeting chaired by Inspector General of Police Hassan Mahmood Khandker. The meeting observed that the incidents of snatching and looting across the country had increased during this period. In his speech, the police chief directed the field-level policemen to follow rules and procedures properly during the incidents of “encounter” and to contain custodial deaths and torture. According to sources, Hassan Mahmood also asked the policemen not to be involved in extortion on highways that might cause harassment of the people. He also asked them to prevent robberies and ensure smooth movement of vehicles. Additional Deputy IGP (special crimes) Md Zahirul Islam Bhuiyan presented the crime statistics at the conference. He said around 48,000 criminals cases had been filed in the last three months. He, however, mentioned that the number of cases had increased for the filing of additional cases related to the recovery of drugs. l News Monday, July 21, 2014 Hasina’s visit to London significant n Sheikh Shahariar Zaman Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to Britain is very significant as this is the first time after the January 5 election that she is going to any western country, said Foreign Minister AH Mahmood Ali at a press briefing yesterday. “We hope that all bilateral issues will be discussed there,” the minister said. British Prime Minister David Cameron invited Hasina to attend Girls Summit on July 22 and she will be flying today. This invitation is considered significant as the British government and other governments of western countries criticised the government for its one-sided election on January 5. “During her visit, the prime minister will have a bilateral meeting with her British counterpart at 10 Downing Street,” the minister said. After the January 5 this is the first time Haisna will be having a meeting with a top leader of any western country, Mahmood said. The minister refused to make any comments regarding if Bangladesh would raise the issue of deporting BNP leader Tarique Zia from London. Ashraf flays BNP’s Dhaka City unit reshuffle n Tribune Report Awami League General Secretary Syed Ashraful Islam has criticised the BNP for reorganising its Dhaka City unit without holding any convention. “The BNP has made Mirza Abbas the convener of the Dhaka City unit but changing the unit even a hundred times will not affect the government in any way,” Ashraf said yesterday during an iftar hosted by Jubo League. Ashraf, also the LGRD Minister, blamed BNP Chairperson Khaleda Zia for the current crisis of her party. “[Sadeque Hossain] Khoka, Abbas or [Mirza] Fakhrul [Islam Alamgir] are not responsible for the consequences you are facing. It is you [Khaleda]. This has happened as you boycotted the January 5 polls under democratic goverment,” he said. “We have talked to some BNP leaders and they are now very frustrated over the policy adopted by Khaleda.” “Many BNP leaders have fled Dhaka although they have been made members BRTC monitors city ticket counters to check anomaly  PAGE 1 COLUMN 6 “We started selling tickets today and presence of ticket buyers is relatively low. We are hoping more passengers in a day or two,” an official of Motijheel depot said. Habibullah, who bought two tickets for Gopalganj from Fulbaria terminal, said he was charged the regular price. As part of the Eid special service, a total of 900 BRTC buses - 500 from Dhaka and 400 from elsewhere - will run from July 24 to three days after Eid. Advance tickets are available at Motijheel, Gazipur, Joar Sahara, Uthli, Narayanganj, Kallyanpur and Mohakhali depots and other other terminals in the capital. Train ticket sale kicks off People thronged Kamalapur Railway Station in the capital yesterday as railway authorities began selling advanced tickets for Eid. Although selling began around 9am, hundreds of passengers arrived at the station after sehri. By 12 noon, the queues of passengers reached the road in front of the station and more people came to buy tickets as time went by. Those who could finally collect tickets after a long wait were happy. From the station, tickets for Chittagong, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Khulna and other important routes were sold. Yesterday, tickets for July 24 were sold while today, passengers will be collecting tickets for July 25. Tickets for July 26, 27 and 28 will be sold on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday respectively. “Standby tickets will be available on the days of journey. Tickets will not be sold at other stations in the city,” Kamrul Ahsan, divisional railway (Dhaka) manager, said. According to railway officials, a total of 17,000 tickets will be sold from Kamalapur station and 6,800 from Chittagong station before Eid. The counters will remain open from 9am to 5pm and a person can buy a maximum of four tickets at a time. Like the previous years, 5% of the total tickets will be reserved for railway staff and VIPs. Meanwhile, railway officials said 16 CCTV cameras were installed at Kamalapur station to prevent ticket scalping. Additional Armed Police Battalion members and railway police had been deployed at the stations, said Mohammad Abdul Majid, officer-in-charge of railway police. The railway has arranged ten special trains for the east zone, of which four will run on Chittagong-Chandpur route and two on Dhaka-Dewanganj route. Moreover, two extra trains will run on Dhaka-Khulna route and another two on Parbatipur route. For the biggest Eid congregation at Sholakia in Kishoreganj, four extra trains will carry passengers on the day of eid. Ticket touting goes on despite measures Despite the authorities introducing a system to prevent ticket scalping, touts were seen attempting to sell tickets. According to the system, a ticket collect has to first collect a form and fill it out writing the name, address and sex before standing in the queue. However, despite the system, police arrested two youths on allegation of scalping in the morning. “It is a useful system. The sellers check the forms first and then sell tickets. It is a time-consuming process but will help people in the end,” said Khairul Bashar, station manager of Kamalapur station. There were also some people at the station who stood in the queue on behalf of passengers in exchange for money. Railway minister assures hassle-free ticket sale While visting Kamalapur station yesterday, Railway Minister Mujibul Haq said the authorities would try to address problems related to collection of tickets. Many complained to the minister, saying ticket sellers were slow in per- forming their duties which compelled them to stand in the queue for a long time. Several also claimed they were unable to buy tickets online. The minister replied that he would look into the allegations. “Some machines are working slowly which is why the ticket sellers are unable to serve passengers fast. The machines will be replaced next year,” he said. Passengers also urged the minister to increase the daily hour for sales of tickets which currently is eight hours from 9am to 5pm. Meanwhile in Chittagong, all tickets allotted for the first day were sold out in the first two hours into the launching of the advance ticketing schedule. As most commuters failed to manage their desired tickets, ticket seekers blamed irregularities and rampant scalping of tickets, allegedly by both professional scalpers and members of the Bangladesh Railway, for their sufferings. However, Chittagong Railway Station authorities claimed that scalping of tickets had decreased due to strong vigilance of Bangladesh Railway and law enforcing agencies and reasoned that the tickets were sold out in the first two hours of the first day because ticket seekers had been queuing at the station for the last 12 hours. l At least 62 dead in fresh Israeli attack on Gaza suburb  PAGE 1 COLUMN 3 Anguished cries of “Did you see Ahmed?” “Did you see my wife?” echoed through the courtyard of Gaza’s Shifa hospital, where panicked residents of Shujayea gathered in family groups. Inside, bodies and the wounded lay on blood-stained floors. Elderly men there said the Israeli attack was the fiercest they had seen since the 1967 Middle East war, when Israel captured Gaza. Shifa hospital’s director, Naser Tattar, said 17 children, 14 women and four elderly were among the 62 dead, and about 400 people were wounded in the Israeli assault. Death toll tops 400 gaza’s Health Ministry officials said at least 403 Palestinians, many of them civilians, have been killed and about 2,600 wounded in the 13-day offensive, that Israel says it launched to halt mounting cross-border rocket fire by militants. On Israel’s side, two civilians have been killed by cross-border fire and five soldiers have died in fighting. More than 50 Israeli troops have been wounded, hospital officials said. Thousands fled Shujayea, some by foot and others piling into the backs of trucks and sitting on the hoods of cars filled with families trying to get away. Several people rode out of the neighbourhood of 100,000 in the shovel of a bulldozer. Video given to Reuters by a local showed at least a dozen corpses, including three children, lying in rubble-filled streets, though the footage could not be verified independently. As the tank shells began to land, Shujayea residents called radio stations pleading for evacuation. An air strike on the Shujayea home of Khalil al-Hayya, a senior Hamas official, killed his son, daughter-in-law and two grandchildren, hospital officials said. Israel, which has accused Hamas of using civilians as human shields by launching rockets from residential areas, sent ground forces into the Gaza Strip on Thursday after 10 days of air, naval and artillery barrages failed to stop the salvoes. The military said it beefed up its Tarique, the son of former prime minister Khaleda Zia, has been residing in London since 2008 but he has now gone to Saudi Arabia to perform Umrah and meet his mother. In answer to a question the minister said Britain is a democratic country and anybody can have peaceful demonstrations there. If BNP supporters in London wanted to stage a demonstration during the prime minister’s visit, they could, Mahmood said. Hasina will lead a 20-member delegation and is scheduled to come back on July 24. l presence yesterday, with a focus on destroying missile stockpiles and a vast tunnel system Hamas built along the frontier with Israel. “It has been a tough day of combat, but it won’t deter us,” Israeli Finance Minister Yair Lapid said, without referring to events in Shujayea. “The operation is necessary and, if needed, we will broaden it,” he told reporters while visiting wounded Israeli soldiers in a hospital in the southern city of Beersheba. Truce efforts egypt, Qatar, France and the United Nations, among others, have all been pushing for a permanent ceasefire, with little sign of progress. Militants yesterday kept up their rocket fire on Israel. Sirens sounded in southern Israeli towns and in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. There were no reports of casualties on the Israeli side. Qatar was due to host a meeting between Abbas and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Sunday, a senior Qatari source told Reuters. Ban was due to travel to Kuwait, Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Territories and Jordan during the week, a UN statement said. The Qatari source said Abbas would also meet Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal. Western-backed Abbas in April struck a reconciliation deal with Hamas, which seized the Gaza Strip in 2007 from forces loyal to his Fatah movement. The agreement led to the formation of a Palestinian unity government and Israel’s pullout from US-brokered peace talks. Hamas has already rejected one Egyptian-brokered truce, saying any deal must include an end to a blockade of the coastal area and a renewed commitment to a ceasefire reached after an eight-day war in Gaza in 2012. Hostilities escalated following the killing last month of three Jewish students that Israel blames on Hamas. Hamas neither confirmed nor denied involvement. The apparent revenge murder of a Palestinian youth in Jerusalem, for which Israel has charged three Israelis, further fuelled tension. l of the convening committee,” he added. Ashraf said no change in any of BNP’s committee, including the Standing Committee, would work unless Khaleda changed her political strategy. He urged the BNP to stop issuing threats. Lambasting the BNP for its recent statement, the AL general secretary said: “Their statements seem like they will unseat the government and assume power anytime. They will not be able to do anything to the government that was elected by people’s vote.” l Move to impeach judges challenged n Nazmus Sakib A lawyer yesterday challenged the government move to get back power to impeach Supreme Court judges as he lodged a writ petition with the High Court. Petitioner Eunus Ali Akond told the Dhaka Tribune that the bench of Justice Quazi Reza-Ul Hoque and Justice Abu Taher Md Saifur Rahman might hear the plea today. “If the parliament gets back the impeachment authority, the judiciary cannot function independently,” he said. On July 16, Law Minister Anisul Huq hinted that the government had been working on probable restoration of the legislature’s authority over the Supreme Court. On June 26, the Law Commission, the lone government body, suggesting legal reforms, submitted a report on the ways in which backlog of pending cases can be reduced, suggesting restoration of article 96 of the 1972 constitution. Military ruler Ziaur Rahman, also BNP founder, after the assassination of Bangabandhu in 1975, had unlawfully amended Article 96, curtailing the authority of the legislature over the judiciary. Zia also introduced a new provision for the judiciary’s accountability – the Supreme Judicial Council. l Ramadan extortion bonanza  PAGE 1 COLUMN 5 Sources inside different hawkers associations said there are around 60 syndicates in the capital involved in “selling” footpath spaces during Eid, including Shahdat group in Gausia, “Foot” Hanif in Ramna, Rafiq and Sattar in Dhaka College area, Moin group in Islampur, Habib and Mokbul in Mouchak and Malibagh area and Ashraf group in Mirpur 12. MA Aziz, acting president of Dhaka city unit Awami League, denied allegations that ruling party men are involved in the business. He said organisational actions would be taken against anyone found guilty of extorting or “selling” footpath illegally. “These members will not be given any post in the party ranks in future,” he said. Sources said footpaths are “sold” to hawkers under two categories: “Boro Bhiti” covering a 5-foot by 3-foot space, while “Chhoto Bhiti” covering a 2-foot by 3-foot space. For a permanent arrangement, Boro Bhiti spaces are sold for around Tk2 lakh to TK2.5 lakh and Chhoto Bhiti at Tk1 lakh to Tk1.5 lakh. However, to set up a shop for only a month before Eid, the hawkers have to pay at least Tk10,000 to get a space. The extortion ring Many hawkers claimed that they have to pay extortion to the police as well as the local gangs for conducting their business on the pavement. Several hawkers told the Dhaka Tribune that although corrupt police officials daily collected at least Tk100 during most of the year, the rate climbed to Tk300 ahead of Eid. Hawkers Association President MA Kashem said: “We talked to the authorities many times about the extortion issue, but nothing happened. Hawkers still have to pay the money.” Masud, a 39-year-old hawker, told the Dhaka Tribune: “The lineman [middleman] of Uttara West police station collects around Tk50-Tk150 from each shop every day. The extortion rate usually depends on the position of the footpath. The Chunnu group sells footpath from House Building area of Jasimuddin area.” Iajuddin, a hawker in Gulistan, said lineman Shahjalal collected around Tk350 daily from the hawkers who set up shops on the pavement between the intersections of Dainik Bangla and Paltan. Arif Chowdhury, president of National Hawkers’ Federation, told the Dhaka Tribune: “We have agreed to give a fixed amount of toll to the government. Because of extortion, hawkers are facing losses. The government is also being deprived of revenue.” Asked about the corruption claims, Monirul Islam, joint commissioner of the Detective Branch of police, said: “We have taken several steps to resist extortion, and the tendency has reduced from earlier. “If any policeman is involved in such kind of wrongdoing, we will definitely take action.” Responding to graft allegations, Motijheel police station Officer-in-Charge Forman Ali said: “These are only allegations, but no one can give any proof. We believe on evidence. If anyone is caught red-handed, he will be punished.” Rafiqul Islam, officer-in-charge of Uttara West police station, also claimed that no official of the station was involved is such wrongdoing. l EDCL’s monopoly fetches ultra-profit  PAGE 1 COLUMN 5 by the DMCH at Tk26, Tk34 and Tk68 for each vial containing 500mg, 1g and 2g of the drug, respectively. Tender process was used to buy over 50,000 vials of Ceftriazone every month from private pharmaceuticals. However, the same vials are now being bought from the EDCL for Tk98, Tk115 and Tk175, respectively. The 500mg and 1g vials of Ceftazidime – mostly used for treating burn patients - were bought earlier by the DMCH from private pharmaceuticals for Tk40.65 and Tk64.5; the EDCL prices for the same vials are Tk85 and Tk150. Last year, market prices for the 750mg and 1.5g vials of Cefuroxime (ram) injection were Tk40.4 and Tk69.94; but the EDCL is currently charging Tk100 and Tk150 for the same vials. Sephradine (500 mg) was bought for Tk18.30 whereas as the EDCL is currently charging Tk60 per vial. l Comparison of drug prices between tender and EDCL Name Private pharma price (2013) Tk45 Source :DMCH Girl Summit to help establish girls’ rights  PAGE 1 COLUMN 6 This will be Sheikh Hasina’s first visit to any European country in her second tenure after the January 5 election. Meher Afroze Chumki, the state minster for the Women and Children Affairs Ministry, who will accompany the prime minister to the Girl Summit said on Saturday night over the phone that there would be a significant number of participants South Asian countries. She said the problems of the girl child will be a major issue of discussion in the summit as girls still face many challenges like child marriages, trafficking and hazardous work in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. The participating countries will share their experiences of how they are fighting these challenges and on that basis they will hammer out solutions to the problems of the girl child, Chumki said. Government sources told the Dhaka Tribune it had a vision that, by 2012, it would ensure that no girl under 15 is married and would wipe out child marriage entirely by 2035. The UNICEF is a co-host of the summit that is being organised by the UK government. The summit is aimed at mobilising domestic and international efforts to end female genital mutilation (FGM) and forced marriages (CEFM) within a generation. According to the UNICEF’s latest findings Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of child marriages in the world. A recent survey indicates that 64% of women currently aged between 20 and 24 years are married before the age of 18 years, a number which, in 2011, stood at 65%. Two decades ago, the rate of getting married under the age of 15 was 52% but this has now declined to 17%. Even a few years ago it was at 29%. A government official said though the proportion of women marrying in their early teens and under the age of 18 is decreasing, this trend is still not up to expectations. If the rate of decline in early mar- riage remains the same, it will take more than 30 years to eliminate child marriages from the country, and the government wants it to happen much faster, said a source. State Minister for Women Affairs Chumki said, child marriages are much more common in rural areas than in urban areas. Capitalising on the backwardness of women in the rural areas, radical Islamist organisations campaign against the development and empowerment of women. When the world hails the freedom of women and considers women’s participation a key to development and “Girls have the right to reach their full potential” is the slogan of the first Girls Summit, Bangladesh’s Qawmi madrasa-based Islamic fundamentalist organisation the Hefazat-e-Islam is fanatically campaigning against women’s liberty, education and employment. Hefazat-e-Islam Ameer (chief) Shah Ahmed Shafi said in one of his religious sermons, “Women should take care of furniture, bring up children and stay inside their homes.” He preached to women: “You should stay within the four walls of your houses. Sit inside your husband’s home and take care of your husband’s furniture and raise your children, your boy children. These are your jobs. Why do you have to go outside?” Shockingly, he compared women with tamarind, a fruit that any man would like to taste. Shafi also campaigns against sending women to work in garment factories. He also said: “Women go to schools, colleges and universities; let them study till class four or five. After marriage, keeping records of their husbands’ finances is good enough for them.” “We have overcome many challenges and this time we will also take on the challenges thrown at us by the Hefazat,” vowed Chumki. l DHAKA TRIBUNE 3 Monday, July 21, 2014 Evicted sex workers Tangail sex workers demand to be allowed to return to their brothel spread across Tangail town n Our Correspondent, Tangail Sex workers evicted from Kandapara brothel have sought refuge and new work spaces in hotels and residential areas in Tangail town. Some have taken to walking the streets. Others reportedly have also migrated to adjacent areas such as Daulatdia, Jamalpur and Mymensingh brothels. After hours, residential streets, offices, and school and college campuses get converted into sex work premises. Those who have been able to afford the rent have presented their pimps as husbands and moved their work into houses in the area. Others rented homes by saying their husbands worked overseas. Those who couldn’t afford to hire out spaces work in the open and sleep in the slums. Residential hotel owners were reportedly doing brisk business after sex workers faced an ultimatum to vacate their brothel and were evicted after July 12, as the displaced sex workers sought spaces to live and trade in. Hotels in Club Road, Victoria Road, Bara Masjid Road, Bot tola intersection in Tangail town, and Elenga Bus stand in Kalihati upazila faced a heavy influx of sex workers looking for a place to go. A non-government organisation source said 37 of 56 house owners in Kandapara were female, while the remaining 19 were male. Some 803 rooms in the 56 houses served as the work and living spaces of 991 sex workers. Three hundred and sixteen of these sex workers were minors. Sources said a large proportion of the money sex workers earned went to brokers, the police and ruling party musclemen. The remaining money was distributed among the house owners and sex workers. Drug pushers operated in the brothel to feed the needs of workers and their clients alike, creating a local marketplace for drug users in the town. Two previous attempts to evict the brothel, in 2006 and 2010, were unsuccessful. Activists of the Asamajik Karjkolap Protirodh Committee (committee to prevent anti-social activities) said they were unhappy to see evicted sex workers disperse and migrate to new locations. They claimed they had called for the eviction of the brothel for moral reasons but were stunned to find that sex workers had merely scattered across the township and restarted operations. The self-appointed moral watchdog vowed to continue to confront the brothels and had called on law enforcement agencies to help them. Law enforcers told the Dhaka Tribune they were trying to rout the proliferation of sex-work venues in the town. Local residents said the sudden eviction without a rehabilitation plan for sex workers was unwise. l Sex Workers Network, a platform promoting the rights of sex workers, forms a human chain in front of the National Press Club yesterday protesting the recent evictions at Tangail brothel RAJIB DHAR n Adil Sakhawat Sex workers who were recently evicted from a brothel in Tangail, along with sex workers who were similarly evicted a year ago in Madaripur, demanded the right to return to their homes during a protest organised by the Sex Workers Network (SWN) of Bangladesh yesterday. Sex workers and their civil society allies formed a human chain at the National Press Club yesterday where their spokespersons said they had been evict- ed without warning and under duress. Speakers said on July 10, the followers of the mayor of Tangail had given them a three-hour ultimatum to vacate the brothel premises. They said the decision to evict them was allegedly taken at a meeting between Mayor Shahidur Rahman Khan Mukti and local MP Amanur Rahman Khan Rana. On July 12, the local mayor’s followers disconnected the power supply of the brothel area after the sex workers defied the ultimatum, said Chumki Be- Mirpur OC among 10 sued for killing trader n Md Sanaul Islam Tipu Ten people including the officer-in-charge of Mirpur police station were sued yesterday in connection with the death of a garment leftover (jute) trader in police custody. Dhaka’s Metropolitan Sessions Judge Md Jahrul Haque also ordered a judicial inquiry in the case after Mamtaz Sultana Luchi, the widow of victim Mahbubur Rahman Sujan, filed a case before the court. The court recorded the deposition of the plaintiff and ordered authorities concerned to submit the inquiry report by August 18. The accused in the case are Mirpur OC Salauddin Ahmed, Sub-Inspector Zahidur Rahman Zahid, Assistant 12-year-old raped in capital n Tribune Report A 12-year-old girl was raped at her sister’s residence in Mirpur on Saturday. The son of their landlord allegedly raped her. Police said they had arrested Polash, 40, the accused and sent the victim to DMCH for examination. Police also said finding the girl alone, Polash broke in, tied her hands up and put a cloth in her mouth. The girl managed to spit out the cloth and shouted for help. Hearing her scream, neighbours rescued her and handed Polash over to police, said Mirpur SI Afzal Hossain. l Sub-Inspector Raj Kumar, constables Asad and Rashedul, and police sources Mithun, Nasim Sheikh, Foysal, Khokon and Palash. Meanwhile, Salma Ali, executive director of Bangladesh National Women Lawyers’ Association (BNWLA), submitted an application to the court seeking security of the plaintiff. In response to the plea, the court said the application would be forwarded to the Home Ministry. Luchi filed the case under section 15 of the Torture and Custodial Death Act, 2013. On July 17, another Dhaka court placed SI Zahid and his source on a fiveday police remand. According to the case statement, a police team led by SI Zahid stormed into Sujan’s house in Dhanmondi’s Shankar area early on July 13, and assaulted and tortured him in front of Luchi and their five-year-old son for money. SI Zahid also demanded Tk2 lakh as monthly subscription to avoid arrest. If they failed to pay the money, the police official had threatened him to implicate in a case for possessing illegal arms. Meanwhile, SI Zahid kept a pistol and 10 bullets on a table. Later the three were taken to Mirpur police station on a police van. At that time, Luchi was also assaulted on the van. SI Zahid then told someone, presumably the OC, over the walky-talky that he had arrested the “culprit” and tortured him, and asked for further directives. The case says later Sujan was killed in custody at the police station. Mirpur police arrested SI Zahid from Shialbari in Mirpur’s Rupnagar on July 17. He was withdrawn and closed to Rajarbagh Police Lines later in the day. An unnatural death case was filed with the police station. Mirpur police received the post-mortem examination report of Sujan on July 16 evening. It said the businessman died due to “homicide” which prompted the authorities to arrest the sub-inspector. Another accused in the case, OC Salauddin, was transferred to Mirpur police station from Kotwali in the face of protests by journalists in 2012. He was accused of assaulting a female justice-seeker on the judge’s court premises. l Birth certificate mandatory for NID card n Mohammad Zakaria The Election Commission is making it mandatory for the National Identity card seekers to obtain their birth certificates first prior to their registration for NID. Besides, transgender population that earlier registered in the voter list choosing their gender either as “man or as “woman” would now be able to list their names as voters with self-identity. The commission has amended the procedures relating to this and sent the proposed amendment to the Law Ministry, EC acting Secretary Sirazul Islam said. HC: Enact safe food rules in two months n Nazmus Sakib The High Court yesterday asked the government to submit a report before it within two months after publishing a gazette notification on the safe food rules. According to the Safe Food Act, 2013, the government can enact the rules to ensure health safety, which is the purpose of the statute. The bill was passed in parliament on October 7 last year. Deputy Attorney General Al-Amin Sarker said as per an earlier order, he yesterday placed a report on behalf of the Food Ministry. The report said formulation of the rules was at the final stage. It was later sent to the Law Ministry for vetting. The bench of Justice Mirza Hussain Haider and Justice Khurshid Alam Sarkar yesterday ordered the law secretary to submit a compliance report on publishing the gazette of the rules within two months. However, the court told the lawyer that it would allow time-extension, if needed, to implement the order, Al-Amin said. On May 26, the High Court bench of Justice Quazi Reza-Ul Hoque and Justice ABM Altaf Hossain asked the food secretary to place a compliance report on what measures the government had taken to make the Safe Food Act 2013 effective. The bench passed the order following a writ petition filed by Legal Action Bangladesh. l In the proposed registration, applicants must submit their birth registration certificates and the attested copies of PSC, JSC and SSC certificates with the form. The lawmakers, elected representatives of local government body and other gazetted officers would be able to attest the papers. The officials also said if anyone had more than one wife, he must attach his wives’ NID numbers with the form. The commission would use the amendment from an NID to update the voter list in future, the EC officials said, adding that there was not virtually any difference between the proposed registration form and the existing one. The National Identity Registration (Amendment) bill was passed in the parliament in 2013 keeping the provision for providing all citizens with NID cards. But the commission is yet to start collecting information of those worth getting NID. The proposed amendment will pave the way for the transgender community to register as voters using self-identity, added the EC officials. There are around 10,000 transgendered people across the country. l gum, vice president of SWN. After the power was cut, the brothel workers left the premises, fearing for their lives. “Now the evicted sex workers and their children have no place to live and they are shunned by mainstream society,” said ex-president of SWN, Shahnaz Begum. The mayor of Tangail denied the allegations made against him. “I am not the type of person that would evict them from the brothel without offering some sort of rehabilitation. They left the brothel willingly. Their organization never contacted me about their demands. They were evicted by their landlords,” said Mayor Shahidur Rahman Khan. “House owners ordered the sex workers to leave the brothel because they were being harassed by the local people. Forced eviction is a violation. How could I, an elected representative, force them out of their homes?” he questioned. “I promise if they come to me for rehabilitation or for living space, then I will look into it,” Shahidur told the Dhaka Tribune over the phone. His story was disputed by the sex workers’ group. Aklima Akhter Akhi, leader of the Tangail brothel, said: “I informed the local mayor many times about the threats made against us. Even when sex workers were fleeing the brothel in fear for their lives and I asked the mayor to intervene, he did nothing.” Some influential residents of the area tried to have the brothel evicted in 2006. But protests by sex workers and support from the district administration helped the sex workers remain where they were. The protesters demanded the government and local administration step in to help them. They also raised issues regarding ambiguities in the law to be eliminated, for street-walking sex workers to not be arrested, for allocations in the national budget to improve the lives of sex workers and their children, and to protect sex workers from being evicted from brothels. Representatives of Care Bangladesh, Action Aid, ICDDRB, HASAB, UNAIDS, Save the Children, BLAST, and ASK participated in the human chain. l EKRAM MURDER Prime suspect Minar ordered to surrender n Nazmus Sakib The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court yesterday directed BNP leader Mahtab Uddin Ahmed Chowdhury Minar, the prime suspect in the Feni Awami League leader Ekramul Haque murder case, to surrender before a trial court within two weeks. Responding to a state petition, Chamber Judge Hasan Foez Siddique passed the order after staying a High Court order that had granted Minar six months’ bail. During the hearing, Attorney General Mahbubey Alam, assisted by Deputy Attorney General Ekramul Haque Tutul, contended for the state while Barrister Rafique-Ul Huq pleaded for Minar. The suspect was freed from Feni District Jail on July 17 after he got bail from the High Court bench of Justice Borhanuddin and Justice KM Kamrul Kader on health grounds. Deputy Attorney General Tutul told the Dhaka Tribune: “There is a specific allegation against Minar in the first information report. Other accused also said in their statements that the BNP leader was involved in Ekram’s murder on May 20. So, Minar’s freedom may influence the investigation of the murder case.” If Minar did not surrender within the stipulated time, the law enforcers could arrest him, he added. Ekramul Haque, chairman of Fulghazi upazila in Feni, was killed in broad daylight in Feni town on May 20. l 4 News Monday, July 21, 2014 Indictment order in Jabbar case August 14 n Udisa Islam After conducting a hearing on the formal charges, the International Crimes Tribunal 1 yesterday fixed August 14 for passing order on whether to indict fugitive war crimes accused Mohammad Abdul Zabbar, an alleged Peace Committee chairman from Mothbaria, Pirojpur. Prosecutor Rhishikesh Saha took part in the hearing on behalf of the prosecution while Mohammad Abul Hassan, state-appointed defence counsel, stood for Jabbar, a former Jatiya Party lawmaker. The prosecution on May 11 submitted the formal charges against Jabbar, who had played a key role in forming In another charge, the accused on October 6 of 1971 had detained 37 people of Angulkata and Mothbaria, and brutally tortured them the razakar force in Mothbaria. They brought five charges including crimes like murder, genocide, forced conversion and looting against the accused. As per the formal charges, Jabbar was involved in the killing of more than 200 people, arson and loot in 557 houses and forcefully converted about 200 people. Most of the incident took place at Naligram, Tushkhali and Angulkata villages of Mothbaria. Charge number four is related to crime of forceful conversion which the prosecution mentioned as genocide. The tribunal in its observation asked whether a single incident could be recognised as genocide or it needed continuous mental harassment after conversion. The prosecution could not place any satisfactory answer on the matter. The incident has taken place on a day in the last week of May of 1971 when Jabbar along with his accomplices forcefully converted 200 Hindus into Muslim in Tushkhali. As per another charge, the accused on October 6 of 1971 had detained 37 people of Angulkata and Mothbaria, and brutally tortured them. As many as 22 persons were killed. The prosecution placed names of the martyrs in the formal charge. The prosecution also could not answer when the tribunal asked them how they had accused Jabbar for charge number five. Prosecutor Rhishikesh said: “We will probe the crime. Jabbar is responsible for incitement, planning and direction of all the atrocities.” The first charge says Jabbar was involved in the killing of two freedom fighters in Tushkhali and set fire to over 100 houses. The tribunal on July 8 decided to carry on the trial in absentia and appointed the state counsel for the fugitive accused. On May 12, the tribunal issued a warrant of arrest against Jabbar taking into cognisance the charges brought against him. But the law enforcement agencies failed to arrest him. The investigation agency handed over the probe report against Jabbar on April 29. Meanwhile at the tribunal 2, the defence in the trial of Maulana Abdus Subhan continued cross examining 21st prosecution witness Md Shahidullah alias Shahid. The tribunal adjourned the hearing until today leaving the cross-examination incomplete. Following this, the defence resumed questioning Investigation Officer Monowara Begum in the trial against Syed Mohammad Qaisar. The IO placed her deposition on July 7 but the defence could not cross-examine her due to her illness. l A girl falls asleep at Kamalapur Railway Station after waiting long hours with family members to buy advance tickets which went on sale from yesterday MEHEDI HASAN Bangladesh to conserve water potential for biodiversity n Mohosinul Karim Bangladesh is planning to preserve 17% of its terrestrial and inland water as well as 10% of coastal and marine areas – potential for biodiversity and ecosystem services – under protective area network within 2020. “As per our commitment to international agreements, we need to declare 10% of our sea exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPAs) by the year 2020,” Fisheries and Livestock Minister Sayedul Hoque said yesterday. He made the comment while inaugurating a workshop titled “Community-based Climate Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh.” Department of Fisheries organised the two-day workshop at the Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council in association with Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) in the capital. Sayedul said: “The settlements of maritime boundary disputes between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the eastern side and Bangladesh and India in the western side have given Bangladesh enormous right of economic jurisdiction for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of all kinds of coastal and marine resources.” The minister also said the country’s diversified fisheries ecosystem and fishing-based livelihood were subject to various climate-related issues. “But the impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture is yet to be assessed,” he said while urging for more research on this field. DoF’s Director General Syed Arif Azad chaired the inaugural ceremony while Permanent Representative of FAO in Bangladesh Mike Robson also addressed. Researchers and scientists from home and abroad, delegates from the FAO headquarters, development partners and officials from government and non-government organisations are attending the workshop. l Plaintiff testifies in Savar businessman murder Mozammel’s family to get compensation n Nazmus Sakib n Md Sanaul Islam Tipu The Supreme Court directed the Bangladesh Beverage Industries Limited yesterday to pay compensation to the family of Mozammel Hossain Montu, the former news editor of the daily Sangbad. He was run over and killed in the city in 1989 by a Bangladesh Beverage company truck. A five-member bench headed by Chief Justice Md Muzammel Hossain delivered the ruling, disposing of an appeal by the company. On May 11, 2010, the High Court ordered Bangladesh Beverage to pay a compensation of Tk20,147,000. Following an appeal by the company, the Appellate Division reduced the amount of compensation yesterday. l US delegation meets Forest Minister In the witness box yesterday, plaintiff Amin Sarker burst into tears demanding justice for the killing of his elder brother Shamim Sarker by torture under police custody. Dhaka’s Eighth Additional District and Sessions Judge Jewel Rana recorded his deposition and fixed today for cross-examination. In his deposition, Amin said on June 6 last year the accused policemen had detained his brother and nephew from their microbus in Hemayetpur while returning home. “They were taken to Shyamoli Paribahan’s Trinoyoni Petrol Pump. The police demanded Tk5 lakh from them for release, otherwise they were threatened to be shown arrested in a case. Later the police tortured my brother to death, left the body at Mitford Hospital and sped away,” he said. The accused – ASI Akidul Islam, Sub-Inspector Emdadul Haque, and constables Md Mofazzal Hossain, Md Ramjan Ali and Md Yousuf Miah of Savar model police station – were produced before the court during the hearing. The court indicted them on November 18 last year. The IO of the case, OC of Savar police station Md Aminur Rahman, pressed the charge sheet on August 19. He named 45 people as prosecution witnesses. Real estate businessman Shamim was picked up by a team of plainclothes police along with his nephew Saiful Islam, another businessman, from in front of Mollah CNG Pump near Hemayetpur Bus Stand. Following the death of Shamim, the accused policemen were suspended and arrested on June 7. Amin filed the murder case the same day. l n Tribune Report Customs officials display 41kg of gold bars seized at Dhaka airport yesterday. Story on Page 5 A high-power delegation from the USA’s Forest Service, NASA and USAID yesterday met Forest Minister Anwar Hossain Manju at his Secretariat office, says a handout. During the meeting, the lawmaker sought technical help from the team for natural disasters caused by climate change, deforestation. In response, the delegation assured the minister of giving necessary help. They also discussed many bilateral issues in the meeting. l ‘Sardar Karim will remain as a luminary’ Organisations protest Israel's assault on Gaza n Tribune Report Organisations across Bangladesh yesterday protested the ongoing Israeli aggression against Palestinians, as the Israeli ground offensive went into its 13th day and the Palestinian death toll climbed to 410. The organisations expressed solidarity with growing international humanitarian outrage at the rising death toll of Palestinians, mostly civilians, as Israeli heavy bombardment continued unabated and a Red Cross Mosharraf remains in jail as SC stays bail n Nazmus Sakib BNP standing committee member Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain has to remain in prison as the Appellate Division yesterday stayed his bail in a money-laundering case. Following the pleas of state and Anti-Corruption Commission, a five-member apex court bench led by its Chief Justice Md Muzammel Hossain halted his bail till September 2. The petitioners were asked to file petitions against the High Court verdict, seeking the top court’s permission. On July 9, the HC bench of Justice Md Rezaul Haque and Justice Gobinda Chandra Tagore gave the BNP leader conditional bail. l The role of Sardar Fazlul Karim in the struggle of the nation is particularly significant and he will stay as a leading light, said speakers yesterday. Personalities like him devote their lives for the people and the nation, they said yesterday at a programme organised to commemorate the death of the noted philosopher. The meeting was held at Mukti Bhaban where the Communist Party of Bangladesh (CPB) is headquartered and was presided by CPB President Mujahidul Islam Selim. Terming Sardar Fazlul Karim a versatile man, Selim said he never absurdly confined himself to the quest for knowledge. “Rather, he saw the practice as part of the revolutionary activism which is why he never lost his way,” he said. Selim also focused on Fazlul Karim’s lifelong sacrifice for liberation of the nation and emancipation of the people that included his 11-year imprisonment. He said: “Sardar Fazlul Karim had an incredible contribution to the country’s struggle until he died.” Adviser to the CPB Manjurul Ahsan Khan said Fazlul Karim successfully combined theories with practice. “He was always outspoken in his style against the practice of escapism and fraudulence,” he said. “He defied all his limitations to pursue his activities. He will lead the way for us in future as our guardian,” Manjurul added. Kamal Lohani, president of Bangladesh Udichi Shilpi Gosthi, said Fazlul Karim enlightened the nation with his outstanding knowledge, prudence and writings. “His role in every struggle for the nation’s progress, including the 1971 War of Liberation, will always be remembered,” he said. “With his demise, the nation has lost a great philosopher, a guardian, a great teacher, and a torchbearer. The loss is irrecoverable,” said Lohani. Sardar Fazlul Karim has always been affiliated with CPB. Professor Shafiuddin Ahmed, Jubo Union leader Abdullah Al Kafee Ratan also addressed the programme among others. It was moderated by CPB central committee member Aniruddha Das Anjan. l DHAKA TRIBUNE n Tribune Report brokered two-hour truce to evacuate the wounded fell apart as Israeli troops resumed operations shortly after the ceasefire. Dhaka Reporters Unity (DRU) formed a human chain in front of DRU building and Lamp-post held a separate protest in front of IDB Bhaban in Agargaon. In Thakurgaon, Udichi Shilpi Goshthi Thakurgaon unit formed a human chain at Thakurgaon Chowrasta yesterday at noon while Udichi Magura unit staged a demonstration on the deteriorating situation in Palestine at Chowrongee Square in Magura town. Speakers at the different human chain protests made similar comments. They called on the international community and upon Ban Ki-moon, the secretary general of the United Nations, to intervene in the conflict and pressure Israel to halt its aggression. Speakers at the Thakurgaon protest condemned the United States president, Barack Obama, for his government's support for Israel. l Cheated migrants observe sit-in in capital n Rabiul Islam Nineteen migrant workers staged a sitin demonstration in front of Probashi Kallyan Bhaban in the capital’s Eskaton area yesterday, demanding compensation from the Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment for alleged frauds committed by four recruitment agencies. The recruiting agencies are Meghna Trade International Agency, Morning Sun Enterprises, East Bengal Overseas and Idea International Overseas. The protesting migrant workers placed complaints about the recruitment agencies to Khandkar Mosharraf Hossain, the minister, in January this year, after returning from Iraq empty-handed. “The ministry assured us of compensation, but we have yet to get any,” Mozammel Hoque, one of the victims in the demonstration, said. Mozammel said: “I, along three others, met Nurul Islam who told us to call off the sit-in, assuring us that we could be compensated soon. The joint secretary threatened to hand us over to the law enforcers unless we stopped the protest.” The workers threatened to continue the sit-in until their demand was met. “We have taken the due time for the procedure and we have to follow rules,” Nurul Islam told the Dhaka Tribune. “But we will reach a solution soon,” he added. The licences of the recruitment agencies would be cancelled in a week, said the joint secretary, adding that money deposited at the agencies would be forfeited. l DHAKA TRIBUNE 5 Monday, July 21, 2014 Advance train tickets in Chittagong Vermicelli being made unhygienically sold out within two hours in Chittagong A total of 3,650 train tickets were allotted for the first day n Tarek Mahmud, Chittagong Most train commuters in Chittagong yesterday failed to book advance tickets ahead of the Eid-ul-Fitr as all tickets allotted for the first day had been sold out in just two hours into the launching of the ticketing schedule, allegedly due to the illicit activities of ticket scalpers. According to the railway sources, 3,650 train tickets were allotted for the first day, which were sold out within the first two hours after its launching at 9:00am. Talking to the Dhaka Tribune, many commuters at Chittagong Railway Station alleged that scalpers had collected most of the tickets. However, the station authorities claimed that scalping had reduced drastically this year due to strong vigilance of law enforcing agencies. This correspondent, posing as a commuter, contacted some of the listed scalpers of Detective Branch of Chittagong Metropolitan Police, and they all agreed to sell tickets of desired destinations at a much higher price. Md Abul Kalam Azad, station manager of Chittagong Railway Station, however, claimed that the tickets were sold out in the first two hours of the first day as ticket seekers had been queuing at the station for the last 12 hours. He further added Chittagong Railway Station sold 531 tickets for Subarna Express, 591 for Mahanagar Provati, 391 for Paharika Express, 304 for Chandpur Express, 559 for Mahanagar Godhuli, 439 for Meghna Express, 330 for Udoyn Express and 504 tickets for Turna Nishita Express on the first day. “We have 30 CCTVs covering the entire station complex and three separate monitoring teams from Bangladesh Railway (East Zone) to look over the fair ticketing practices. Besides, different law enforcing agencies have their own teams in both on uniform and plaincloths. We also introduced a form for ticket buyers asking some quires to evade ticket scalping. So, the scalping has not been so easy this year,” claimed Azad. During visit in the railway station, Dhaka Tribune found long queues of ticket seekers before every booking counter. Sources said most ticket seekers started queuing from Saturday night while many hired street children or station porters to keep stand in their place on the queue at night in exchange of money. However, the sufferings of most commuters ended in vain when scalpers grabbed a large share of the allotted tickets using various methods. Kazi Muzurul Islam, an employee of a private firm who had been standing in the queue some three hours before the bookings started, had failed to manage four tickets for Branhamanbaria. He said that the frontier ticket seekers mostly purchased four tickets on average which was looking suspicious. Sarwar Ahmed Jamil, a university student, said he found two tickets in- n CU Correspondent stead of four tickets for Dhaka for July 24 while 10 persons in front of him consequently purchased four tickets each. Ishaq, a shop owner and a listed ticket scalper, told this correspondent that he could manage five tickets for Dhaka for July 24, each costing Tk300 more than the actual price. Similarly, Mohammad Helal, a shopkeeper of BRTC area in the city, also offered this correspondent three tickets of Sylhet at a much higher rate. Divisional Commercial Officer Mizanur Rahman of BR (East) told Dhaka Tribune that scalping had occurred but this year its percentage was cut down heavily. “If anyone purchase tickets standing in a line and sold them out of the station area, then what can we do?” he asked. Recently, an intelligence report identified 48 scalpers, a list that included some 11 personnel of Railway Nirapatta Bahini. Three booking clerks of the railway station were also mentioned. l A section of corrupt factory owners have been producing vermicelli in unhygienic condition in the port city putting public health at risk ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr. Sources said many seasonal factories have been allured into making adulterated vermicelli due to the high demand because of eid and marketing those elsewhere in country. To check into the crime, law enforcers and authorities concerned have yet to take any mentionable measures. The sources continued that about 150 vermicelli factories located at city’s Chaktai, Khatunganj, Asadganj, Rajakhali, Char Chaktai and Miakhan Nagar areas were producing vermicelli by using sub-standard raw materials like unrefined plum oil and fat, hazardous chemicals and toxic colour in unhygienic condition. Besides, the factories have no Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution (BSTI) license. SM Harunor Rashid, president of Chaktai Silpo and Traders Association that enrolled 19 factories, said about BIWTC offers special Eid services from Thursday Discussion held on 89th birth anniversary of Tajuddin Ahmed n Abid Azad A discussion was held yesterday, marking the 89th birth anniversary of the country’s first prime minister and Awami League leader, late Tajuddin Ahmed. The program was organised by Jatiya Ganotantrik League, National Awami Party (NAP) Bhashani and Kazi Aref Foundation on Sunday at the capital’s Bangladesh Shishu Kalyan Parishad Auditorium. However, senior Awami League leader Suranjit Sengupta did not attend the programme though he was supposed to be there as chief guest. “Although Tajuddin Ahmed played a vital role during the absence of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in the history of Bangladesh, he is not properly acknowledged and evaluated” said Ekushey Padak winner and renowned poet Asad Chowdhury. “This is not only a shame for the martyrs and patriots who had sacrificed their lives for the liberation of Bangladesh, but also for the nation itself” he added. Journalist and columnist Kabir Chowdhury Tonmoy, NAP Bhashani chief Mostak Ahmed Bhashani and Kazi Aref Foundation chief Kazi Masud Ahmed spoke at the programme, with Former Secretary Sirajuddin Ahmed in the chair. l WEATHER PARTY CLOUDY MONDAY, JULY 21 DHAKA TODAY TOMORROW SUN SETS 6:47PM SUN RISES 5:23AM FORECAST FOR TODAY Dhaka 32 PRAYER TIMES Fajar Sunrise Zohr Asr Magrib Esha 3:59am 5:22am 12:05am 4:45pm 6:47pm 8:12pm SourceL IslamicFinder.org 250 mounds of vermicelli were being produced at the seasonal factories, most of which were using substandard ingredients. While visiting the area, the correspondent found that the workers were seen making vermicelli in a grimy environment and drying them under the open sky without any dust preventive measures. Few factories locked the main entrance in fear of mobile court drive; however, the workers continued work inside the factory to dodge the law enforcers. A seasonal factory owner, seeking anonymity, said a section of businessmen have been marketing vermicelli using the labels of renowned companies. “The BSTI and the district administration have conducted several joint drives on vermicelli factories in the city and fined 13 factories in Chaktai Khatunganj area for violating rules and regulations of production” said KM Hanif, assistant director of BSTI, Chittagong. Due to the drives, such type of misdeed has lessened a little bit, the AD continued. l n Our Correspondent, Barisal The Sramik-Karmachari Oikya Parishad brings out a procession in the capital yesterday, demanding salaries and festival allowances ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr RAJIB DHAR 41kg gold seized at Dhaka airport, four held n Kailash Sarkar In separate hauls, customs officials seized 328 gold bars, weighing around 41kg, at the Shahjalal International Airport yesterday. Officials from the Customs Department and the Customs Intelligence and Investigation Directorate (CIID) made the recovery and also arrested four men connected with the smuggling – Amirul Islam, 27, Mohammad Iqbal Hossain, 32, Mohammad Ali, 50, and Shariful Islam, 32. Hossain Ahmed, Customs Department commissioner at the airport, said gold smuggling seemed to increase before Eid because the smugglers might have assumed that airport vigilance would be minimal. The Customs Department recovered 278 gold bars weighing over 35kg in two separate hauls and arrested three persons, while the CIID personnel seized 50 gold bars weighing around 6kg and arrested another person, according to airport sources. In one of the hauls, the Customs Department officials recovered 270 gold bars weighing around 31kg around 3:30pm from a Biman Bangladesh Airlines plane coming from Thailand and arrested Mohammad Ali and Shariful Islam. “Half of the gold was recovered from inside two seats of the flight, and the rest was found hidden in one of its washrooms,” said the customs commissioner. “The flight came from Thailand, but we have information that the gold came from Dubai. The smugglers took a detour to Thailand to dodge the law enforcers.” In another haul, the Customs officials seized eight more gold bars weighing 4.4kg from Amirul Islam after he arrived in Dhaka from Malaysia around 1am, he said. Ishrat Jahan, assistant commissioner at the Customs Department, said four of the eight bars weighed 1kg each, and the rest weighed around 100g. The CIID, on the other hand, seized 50 gold bars weighing 5.8kg from Iqbal Hossain, who came from Dubai around 2:30am, said Moinul Khan, director general of the CIID. Earlier on Saturday, members of Armed Police Battalion (APBn) arrested the imam of a Civil Aviation Authorities of Bangladesh (CAAB) mosque in the airport with 18 gold bars and US$18,240 after he arrived in Dhaka from Cairo, Egypt. Talking to the Dhaka Tribune, Hos- sain Ahmed, the customs commissioner, said those who were detained at the airport with gold bars were usually just carriers of the smuggled goods, and the main perpetrators remained out of reach. Gold smuggling in Bangladesh increased after India imposed restrictions on gold import in the country. The Indian restrictions prompted gold smugglers to opt for the airports in Bangladesh, said sources at the airport and the intelligence agencies, adding that a section of airport officials and employees here also play key roles in the smuggling process. Several hundred officials and employees of different government and non-government agencies have been arrested for their connection with gold smuggling, the sources said. l Sub-standard materials being used in road repair n Our Correspondent, Rajshahi An allegation has recently surfaced that low quality elements are being used in the road reparation work in the district. Locals alleged that the public money was being wasted as the roads may soon return to their previous sorry states due to the constant downpours of the ongoing rainy season. While visiting, this correspondent found that the sporadic potholes on the Rajshahi-Chapainawabganj Highway and Anmura road were quickly being repaired using sub-standard brick chunks and sacks of sand to get the work done faster than the usual allotted time. After receiving stern orders from the communications minister, the local roads and highways department started the road repair work ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr to ensure smooth travel conditions for the home-bound people. Sources at Rajshahi Roads and Highways Department said the pot- hole repair work on about 300km of highway across all eight districts under the region has been going for a couple of days. During the department’s visit, they noticed that the work had been started on many of the shabby roads. However, no RHD officials were found at the repair spots. Edul Ahmed, assistant deputy engineer of RHD, said no tender was floated for the ongoing renovation work. To ensure the smooth movement of homebound travellers and to stop the roads from getting more damaged during the rainy season, the only work being conducted was the setting of bricks on the potholes. When contacted, RHD (divisional) Executive Engineer AKM Shamsuddin refused to make any remarks about the allegation. Another engineer, wishing not to be named, said the work was being rushed due to the minister’s order that it be done before the occasion of Eid. That was also why quality was not being ensured during the repair work. l A garment worker puts bricks on the damaged portion of the Rajshahi-Chapainawabganj Highway at Godagari in Rajshahi yesterday AZAHAR UDDIN The Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation (BIWTC) will offer specially scheduled launch services for 13 days from Thursday July 24 until August 5, alongside regularly scheduled services, to meet the rush of Eid travellers, said the national river transport company. Five vessels will be added to augment the number of regularly scheduled Dhaka departures, according to MA Matin, deputy general manager (commercial/passenger and ferry) of BIWTC. Barisal and Narayanganj BIWTC stations will provide special tug boats and piloting services and will be prepared for emergencies, the BIWTC official said. BIWTC sources said four paddlewheel steamers, the PS Ostrich, PS Lepcha, PS Mahsud, PS Turn, and a screw-wheel motor vessel, the MV Banglaee, will provide extra tonnage on the routes to Chandpur, Barisal, Jhalakathi, Hularhut of Pirojpur and Morelganj of Bagerhat during the special Eid service period. At least one regular and one special vessel will leave Dhaka each day, bound for different ports, said Gopal Chandra Majumdar, assistant general manager of BIWTC, Barisal. Gopal Chandra said the vessels, with the exception of the MV Banglaee, will stop at Chandpur river port. He said ticket prices for BIWTC carriers will be the same for both regularly scheduled and specially scheduled trips. Aside from the MV Bangalee, he said cabin passengers’ tickets could only be collected from the Dhaka office and deck passengers’ tickets from their respective stations. The BIWTC fare for a oneway journey on the 161 kilometre Dhaka-Barisal route will be Tk1050 per first class cabin seat, Tk630 per second class cabin seat and Tk170 per deck seat, compared with Tk1000-1100 per first class cabin seat (equivalent to second class on a steamer), Tk600 per sofa and Tk230-250 per deck seat charged by private services on the same route. Sea trucks and the BIWTC vessel, LCT Kajal, will connect 11 stations on coastal routes under the Barisal, Bhola, Laxmipur, Noakhali and Chittagong districts including Maju Chowdhurir Hat, Manpura, Shashiganj, Ilisha, Charchenga, Boyarchar, Hatiya, Kumira and Guptachhara. BIWTC coastal ships, MV Monirul Huq, MV Abdul Matin and MV BaroAwlia, will operate on regular and special Eid schedules to connect destinations under Hatiya, Sandwip, and Chittagong ports. Additional ferry trips will also be made on the Paturia-Daulatdia, Mawa-Keorakandi, ChandpurShariatpur, Bhola-Lakshmipur and Laharhat-Veduria river crossings during the Eid holiday rush, BIWTC sources added. Eid-ul-Fitr, the Muslim festival celebrating the end of Ramadan, will likely fall on July 29 or 30, and office holidays will start on July 25. l 6 Nation Monday, July 21, 2014 Extortion rampant on highway At Hatikumrul intersection in Sirajganj, 60-70 people collect toll, from four points n Our Correspondent, Sirajganj Extortionists are running rampant ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr and extortion in the name of a number of associations, including the Bus Owners’ and Workers’ Welfare associations, is prevalent on the Sirajganj highway. Toll is being collected from hundreds of Dhaka-bound and northbound buses around the clock and law enforcers have been said to be turning a blind eye to these acts. According to police sources, on June 6, the deputy inspector general of Rajshahi Range ordered a stop to extortion by traffic and highway police on the Sirajganj highway. Although police complied with the order, extortion in the name of the Bus Owners’ and Workers’ associations goes unchecked. The collectors get 10% of the money. Of the remaining amount, 51% goes to the associations and 49% is deposited in the workers’ fund Toll is collected in the name of welfare money in every northern district and on both sides of Bangabandhu Bridge. Apart from welfare toll, the vehicles are required to pay regular tolls at a number of points, including Mahishluti, Boalia, Ulapara, Bhagabari and Chandaikona. On July 14, Nur Amin, secretary of Bogra District Motor Workers’ Union, and Aminul Islam, acting general secretary of Bogra District Bus Owners’ Group, wrote to the local administration and several ministries, urging officials to take steps to stop the extortion in Chandaikona, but to no avail. Toll is collected at makeshift toll collection points set up on the Sayedabad-Kadda-Hatikumrul highway in Sirajganj. On the south side of the highway, Rafiqul Islam collects toll from buses travelling to the north and on the north side, Montu Sheikh does so from Dhaka-bound buses. At the toll collection points on both sides of the highway, there are 64 people, 32 on each side, who collect the money. Several of them carry batons. Although Tk50 is written on the toll receipt, Tk120 is collected from each of the buses. “The collectors get 10% of the money. Of the remaining amount, 51% goes to the associations and 49% is deposited in the workers’ fund,” said Rafiqul. At Hatikumrul intersection, 60-70 people collect toll, from four points, in shifts. Although welfare toll is not collected there, extortion goes on in the name of other associations. “Tk130-280 is forcefully collected, though it is supposed to be Tk50, from north-bound buses in Bogra,” claimed Komol Paul, general secretary of Raiganj Upazila Workers’ Welfare Cooperative Society. General Secretary of Sirajganj District Motor Workers’ Union Ansar Ali said a decision was made jointly by the workers’ and owners’ associations to collect Tk50 from vehicles as welfare toll. “The rate is supposed to be maintained in all northern districts, including Sirajganj, but in most cases, non-compliance is observed. Failure to maintain consistency in the rate in other districts results in such an anomaly in Sirajganj,” he said. Officer-in-Charge of Bangabandhu Bridge police station (west) Aminul Islam said there was no extortion by police on highway from June 8 after the June 6 directive issued by the DIG. “We learned about extortion by the workers’ and owners’ associations near Kadda traffic outpost. The extortionists there are very shrewd. They flee whenever we carry out drives there,” he said. Traffic Inspector Mahbub Nabi said he had joined recently and would look into the matter. Additional Superintendent of Police Moktar Hossain and Superintendent of Police SM Emran Hossain said no extortion would be allowed on the highway. Despite this, extortion is rampant near Kadda traffic outpost. l People from District Transport Owners-Workers Association collect extortion from different vehicles at the western side of Bangabandhu Multipurpose Bridge in Sirajganj yesterday DHAKA TRIBUNE Extortionists on the prowl in Bagerhat n Tribune Desk Different criminal gangs making use of the names of the operatives of the outlawed parties have started widespread extortion in the district with Eid-ul-Fitr approaching. These extortionists mainly make high bank officials their target this time to fulfill their aim of collecting high amount of money from the illegal source. The criminals claiming themselves to be belonging to different outlawed parties demanded money from 26 officials of state-run Sonali Bank and Agrani Bank in Bagerhat and threatened to kill them or pick up their children if the demanded money is not paid. Such threat for toll has struck many bank officials with panic following which they lodged complaints with the police stations concerned. Meanwhile, police have already beefed up security at the local branches of the banks and launched drives to catch the criminals issuing threats for toll through tracking down their phone calls. However, no extortionists could be arrested as of Wednesday evening. Intelligence officials’ sources said criminals introducing themselves as outlaws have been demanding toll from public representatives, engineers, politicians and businessmen over the last few days. On Monday and Tuesday, the extortionists demanded toll ranging from Tk1 lakh to five lakh over mobile phone from 22 branch managers and four principal officers of Sonali Bank and Agrani Bank in the district, added the sources. Managers of Sonali Bank’s branches in Sadar, Kachua, Morrelganj, Rampal, Mongla, Sharankhola, Chitolmari, Fakirhat and Mollahat and principal officers of its two zonal offices were formed the higher authorities about the matter and wrote to the superintendent of police in Bagerhat requesting him to take necessary measures to ensure security for the threatened bank officers. Similarly, Assistant General Manager M Anwar Hossain of Agrani Bank regional office in the district said extortionists demanded Tk1-5 lakh from six officials of the bank and threatened them with dire consequence unless the money is paid. The Agrani Bank AGM said he has already informed the higher authorities about the incident. However, contacted, Bagerhat Police Super Nizamul Haque Mollah claimed that leaders and activists of the outlawed parties have become inactive in the district due to continued drives by the law enforcers, and confirmed that threats for toll money was issued to the bank officials using the names of the operatives of the outlawed parties. l Seven killed in road accidents in 4 districts College principal assaulted by BCL men n Our Correspondent, Thakurgaon Some members of Pirganj Government College Chhatra League unit allegedly assulted the principal, vice-principal and teachers of the college on Saturday. They vandalised rooms inside the science building, set fire to a teacher’s motorbike and tore a policeman’s uniform. The violence took place after the 11th class admission examination for the 2014-15 session. The admission process for the 11th class started on June 23. The college authority processed the admissions of 826 students, all under the merit list prepared by the Dinajpur Education Board from June 23-25. On June 28, it started selecting students from the wait list for the remaining vacant seats. However, some Chhatra League members, who were also students at the college, started pressuring the authority to admit students of their choice, even if they were not eligible for admission. In the wake of the pressure, the authority had halted the admission process. After 20 days, it resumed the admission process on Saturday. Hearing the news, a group of students led by Pirganj Government College Chhatra League unit President Nur-e-Alam Siddique Biddut, assaulted Vice-Principal Md Moslem Ali. When Principal Abdur Raman and other teachers went to the spot, the students assaulted them too. Upon being informed, police had brought the situation under control, said Officer-in-Charge of Pirganj police station Murshidul Karim. Prof Abdur Rahman said they did not have any security and in this situation it was not possible to continue the admission process. The college authority went to the police station to file a case and submitted the relevant papers. However, it was not certain if police had filed the case or not, he said. The college authority has halted its admission process for the 2014-15 session for an indefinite period. l among those who received threats from the extortionists over phones. Six managers of Agrani Bank’s branches in Sadar, Kachua and Mongla upazila and two of its principal officers were also among the threat receivers. Following such threat, families of the bank officials are said to be passing days in panic. Assistant general manager Ashutosh Mandal of Sonali Bank regional office in Bagerhat said the criminals introducing themselves as officials of the Public Administration Ministry collected cell phone numbers of 18 bank officials on Monday. Later, they introducing themselves as members of the outlawed parties demanded Tk 1-5 lakh from the bank officials over cell phone, AGM Ashutosh Mondol said, adding that the extortionists threatened to kill the bank officials if the demanded money is not paid within the set time. Ashutosh said he has already in- n Tribune Report A makeshift market has been set up along the Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway at Sripur upazila in Gazipur ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr DHAKA TRIBUNE Hawkers' markets at villages pop up ahead of Eid in Gazipur n Our Correspondent, Gazipur Hawkers' markets have popped up at villages along the Dhaka-Mymensingh highway in Sripur upazila of Gazipur ahead of Eid-ul-Fitr. Hawkers say they are selling their goods for quite a cheap price because they do not have to pay any toll like they would have had to if they had set up their shops at the traditional markets. Shoppers say they are buying their goods for a reasonable price and so are happy with shopping at the makeshift markets. A makeshift clothes market has sprung up on the premises of SK Garments Manufacturing Factory at Kewa Purbokhondo village in the municipality. Khalilullah, a shopper, says people are being able to buy their clothes, in- cluding shirts, lungis, sarees, t-shirts and pants, as well as bedsheets and children’s toys for reasonable prices from this market. A lungi and chador seller, Dulal Mia, says: “I sell my products by actually hawking here and there. Since Tuesday, I have been selling lungi and chador here, making more than what I could from hawking every day.” “I have been selling clothes amounting to around Tk15,000 on average since Tuesday,” he said, adding that he sold Tk10,000 worth on Tuesday and Tk 14000 worth on Wednesday. He adds that the sales of clothes are increasing as Eid draws nearer. A hawker, Mintu Mir, who has set up a shop next to Mita Textile at Gorgoria Masterbari, says he hawks from village to village, selling clothes. This time, he has set up his shop here. He said: “I am making very good profit since setting up my shop here on Tuesday. Sales are increasing every day. Though I failed to sacrifice any animal during the last Eid-ul-Azha, I hope to spend this Eid well.” Another hawker, Ahmed Ali, who is selling imitation ornaments and children's toys at the same place, says: “It is quite profitable to sell goods at the popup markets rather than to hawk on foot.” He explains that nobody comes to take any toll from such pop-up markets. Most shoppers are either women or children and so clothes can be sold easily. Sripur Municipality Councillor Kamruzzaman Mandal said: “No toll is imposed on those who are setting up makeshift markets in and around the villages. l At least seven people were killed in road accidents in Gaibandha, Habiganj, Jamalpur, and Dhaka districts yesterday. According to Gaibandha correspondent, an unidentified man was killed as a running train hit a three-wheeler in Shantahar-Lalmonirhat Rail Gate area. Police sources said the man had been killed in the area around 1am as a local train had hit the three-wheeler when it was crossing the area. When contacted, SI Mujibul Islam confirmed the incident. A case was filed in this connection. In Habiganj, a couple was killed in Natun Bazar area under Sadar upazila as a covered van rammed into an auto-rickshaw. According to sources, Sunil Acharya and his wife Rina Acharya were killed in the area at noon when the covered van hit the rickshaw coming from the opposition direction. On information, police recovered the bodies and sent them to hospital morgue. OC Ezajur Rahman confirmed the incident. In Jamalpur, three college students were killed as a tractor plunged into a large pothole at Merurchar in Sadar upazila. According to sources, Jewel, Assadul and Sourav, students of Bakshiganj Keamutullah College, were critically injured when the tractor plunged into the pothole. Later, they were sent to upazila health complex where doctors declared them dead. Bakshiganj police station Officer-inCharge Montasir Rahman confirmed the incident. According to Savar correspondent, an RMG worker was killed in an accident on the Nabinagar-Chandra Highway in Ashulia Baroipara area on the outskirts of Dhaka. According to sources, Monowara Begum, worker of Dipized Express factory, died in the morning as a bus ran over her while she was going to the factory. On information police recovered the body and sent it to Dhaka Medical College and Hospital morgue. Ashulia model police station Officerin-Charge Badrul Alam confirmed the incident. A case was filed in this connection. l 5,000 CFT more wood recovered from UP chairman house Correspondent, n Our Khagrachhari Law enforcers yesterday recovered 5,000 cubic feet more of logs from the residence of a union parishad chairman in Gachhabil area under Manikchhari upazila in Khagrachhari district. Manikchhari police station Officerin-Charge Md Shafiqul Islam said acting on a tip-off, a joint force team raided Gachhabil UP Chairman Abul Kalam Azad’s house around 8am and recovered the wood. Later, they handed over the wood to Manikchhari Upazila Forest Officer, the OC said. When contacted the upazila Forest Officer Noni Gopal confirmed the incident and said a case would be filed against the Chairman and his cohorts under the Forest Act. Earlier, 10,000 cubic feet of wood, worth about Tk1 crore, was recovered from the chairman’s go-down. l DHAKA TRIBUNE The bear and the dragon A Sino-Russian love story and a possible change in the global economic order T n Rajeev Ahmed he recent developments of the Sino-Russian relationship, the US-EU relationship, the US-Japan association, the Syrian crisis, Snowden’s asylum in Russia, and the Ukrainian political crisis in recent times, clearly punctuates the sweetness in the Sino-Russian affair, and the bitterness of the EU-Russia-US relationship. Latest media observations suggest, the vibrant Sino-Russian ties can be very fruitful for South Asian nations, while the crumbling relationships between the US, the EU and Russia are ghastly destabilising the whole of Europe politically, economically, militarily, and even culturally. The Western propaganda projects these events as “the new Cold War.” Pretty soon, this escalating political-polarisation of the world’s leading regionalities will have an impact in this subcontinent as well. Let’s talk about a “motivated by business” love story between a crouching Russian bear, and a hidden Chinese dragon. Very recently, a startling news covered world wide stated that the world’s fastest growing economy, China, and the energy superpower Russia have sealed a 400 billion dollar gas deal. This historical deal, so far, is the biggest between states. According to the deal, the Russian state-owned oil company Gazprom will supply 38 billion cubic metres of gas to the China National Petroleum Corporation for 30 years, starting from 2018. This kind of deal is lucrative due to its huge volume, and its multi-dimensional applications and indications for the global political-economy of the future. For that reason, the deal is a major blow to the West while they were collectively busy showering economic sanctions on the Russian Federation regarding the Ukraine issue. Why will there be a love story between a bear and a dragon? Which sky was the eagle flying in, if it considers itself the ruler of the jungle? What will happen to the historical half-century-long engagements between the eagle and the dragon? Why is the dragon suddenly in love with the bear after being at odds throughout the cold war era? Wasn’t the eagle concerned? It is understandable that the US was concerned about the possible change in the global economic order. It has been pin-popinted by two American think-tanks. US foreign policy expert Zbigniew Brzezinski advocated the importance of Sino-US partnership in his 2009 write-up in the financial times, where he named that proposed relationship the Group of two, or the G2. The article was titled “Group of two that could change the world.” In that advisory article, Brzezinski concluded by saying that the US should work on the expansion of the G8 to G14 or G16 which should include China and other major states in it, and creating an informal G2 of the US and China, paralleling relations between them with Europe and Japan. A similar kind of thought was expressed by another US foreign policy pundit Henry Kissinger in his article published in The Independent on January 20, 2009. It was titled “The world must forge a new order or retreat the chaos” where he backed Brzezinskis idea by saying that the future global economic order will depend on how The deal between Russia and China is lucrative due to its huge volume, and its multi-dimensional applications and indications for the global political-economy of the future China and America deal with each other over the next few years. After a bitter-sweet, silent, long walk together on a road to prosperity for half a century, the unadventurous relationship between China and the US is now in the “pre-separation phase,” and eventually it will tear apart. In defence of my statement, let me first focus on recent Chinese foreign policy statements. If you observe carefully, you will find that the essence of Chinese foreign policy mainly focused on ensuring a peaceful and harmonious environment for the country, creating encouraging conditions for its state of the world.” So, there is no place for Ideological understanding. And the final reason, of course, is the economy. China has a growing concern for their investment in the US (According to the IMF, China is currently the largest holder of foreign currency reserves, 54% of its $3.2tn in foreign reserves are in US dollars). In this regard, China has already warned the world that if America continues to borrow too much money to keep up with the excessive spending, the dollar may collapse. The White House had to reassure the world that investing in the US is the safest in the world. Interestingly, the historical rivalry between Russia and China ended when the world badly needed to get rid of the “West-led” globalisation for its nonsuccess, tyranny, and bedlam economic growth, and “not interfering” in international conflicts which do not affect its vital interests directly or indirectly. So, we see there is no room for China to take the world’s “clash-burden” on its shoulders solely with the US. China has no interest in getting involved even in the Indo-Pak crisis, the Arab-Israel conflicts, or any other conflict as an ally of the US. China has a small peacekeeping force which is operating under specific United Nation programmes. On the other hand, China may not be able to afford a war economy with the US in the foreseeable future. Secondly, the human rights groups, working in the US and/or outside, who voice frequently against China, and want Tibet and Taiwan’s independence, can get exasperated by that daydream of the US and China pact. Thirdly, NATO partners of the US will not accept any close rapprochement towards Beijing. Any utopian Sino-US relationship could hatch brand new possibilities for inter-state relations, and may cause the EU to incline towards Russia. Fourthly, the conflict of ideals between the US and China on capitalism and communism will not perish in the near future; while a wing of the US promotes “democracy” worldwide, their other wing is busy in branding China as “the largest authoritarian Even then, the White House assurance was not enough to relieve or ease the apprehension in China. Understanding the gaping hole between the current position of the respective systems, and the dark future of the few times the opposing ideals have tried to co-operate with the US-led western politico-economic system, the Russian Bear and the Chinese dragon have come closer to form a new economic bloc that can be the most scientific model that has the potential to bring sustainable, mutually prosperous results. For instance, China has geared up the Shanghai Cooperation organisation (SCO) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South-Africa) which are supposed to be the alternatives to the US-lead alliances such as G7. Amongst those mutual prosperity focused organisations, the BRICS has all chances to become the most influential of all international associations. It includes Russia, the energy superpower, the center for knitting the interests of major non-western centers of a multi-polar world. But, history tells us that China and Russia were rivals in the cold war period. Interestingly, their historical rivalry ended when the world badly needed to get rid of the “West-led” globalisation for its non-success, tyranny, and bedlam. Recently, Russian representation and attention in the Asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and EAC (East Asia Community) indicates that the Russian federation is more interested in the Asian relationship than the “expansionist” EU. There are strong reasons for the Sino-Russian declination from the European Union as well. The geographical distance between China and Europe is very far from that of Russia. Russia has the world’s biggest conserved energy and China needs more energy to support its development programmes to keep rolling and progress. On the other hand, if we put some light on the EU, we can clearly see that the recession riddled European Union needs massive changes to its policies because of its failure to protect all of their member countries from the decade long economic downturn. Only Germany sees steady economic growth rate under the umbrella of the EU, but other countries such as Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain have been suffering. However, some western academics proposed that Germany – the leader of EU should take the responsibilities for other nation’s sufferings. The recent EU poll suggested a huge uprising of euro-skeptic parties in Germany, France, Spain, Greece, and the UK. It is a clear sign of people’s dissatisfaction over EU policies, where countries like Greece suffer from 24% unemployment. Taking into account these adverse situations for long-lasting mutual growth, it was very clear to China that Russia is a more suitable candidate for a long-term relationship. On the other hand, the latest Ukraine crisis has added salt to the EU-Russia relationship which was already suffering first degree burns due to the Syria conflict. Now, the EU and the US are jointly and aggressively trying to expand their sphere of influence in Ukraine, a country very important for Russian security, a country in which 40% of the citizens are ethnic Russians. As a result, Russia voiced against that US-EU made conflicts in Ukraine which have already allowed running riots in favour of Neo-nazis, taken a thousand lives, erupted into civil war, and has torn the country to shreds. Later, the western powers collectively threw economic sanctions against Russia for supporting eastern Ukrainean freedom fighters, and these sanctions created a collective push for Russia to move towards Asia briskly, and make strong ties with the eastern nations and states for long-term mutual benefits. The Gazprom Gas deal with China is without doubt a positive consequence of the failure of US-led “Globalisation” effort and a success of the multi-polar doctrine. So, the romantic relationship between a Bear and the Dragon was forced to be unavoidable. What is next? Only the prelude of the love story between a crouching bear and a hidden dragon has been published, and the beginning chapters indicate that the eagles – US-led western powers – are villains who tried to put obstacles in the name of “democracy” and economic sanctions against China and Russia. Let’s wait for the rest of the story. But, keep it in mind that the essence of Sino-Russia multi-polarity has no room for aggression, on the other hand it unleashes the vigor of self-determination in culturally diversified places and countries. So, there is no doubt that this love story between two countries will be a romantic and long-lasting one because of its sustainable ideology against the US-led uni-polar world concept. In this qualitative global context, the increasing centre power of emerging economic partnerships of China, Russia, India, South Africa, and Brazil are extremely important for the world’s prosperity, economic stability, and peace. This is the right time for Bangladesh, when we should dissolve and resolve the differences with our neighbors like India and Myanmar to prepare our country for the new multi-polar challenges and opportunities Even for a foreign trade dependent country like Bangladesh, the ties with India, China, and Russia need to be tightened to attain a sustainable growth rate, to effectively resolve the disputes with India. And bilateral ties with other BRICS countries should go through intensive review. This is the right time for Bangladesh, when we should dissolve and resolve the differences with our neighbours like India and Myanmar to prepare our country for the new multi-polar challenges and opportunities. We should bear in mind that Bangladesh, like so many other developing countries, has the huge financial and business dependency on the west. l Rajeev Ahmed is a freelance contributor. REUTERS World Monday, July 21, 2014 P R AY E R A N D R E M E M B R A N C E F O R M H 1 7 V I C T I M S 1 2 3 4 (1) Young Indian school children of Bright Academy hold candles and prayer messages for the passengers of the crash of a Malaysia Airlines plane carrying 298 people, in Siliguri. (2) Family pictures are displayed showing Arnold Huizen (L), his wife Yodricunda Theistiasih Titihalawa (R) and their daughter Yelena Clarice Huizen (C), Indonesian victims of Malaysia Airlines MH17 crash in Jimbaran, on Indonesia’s resort island of Bali. (3) A woman places flowers at the base of a large sign for the 20th International AIDS Conference, as a tribute to those killed in the Malaysia Airlines flight, in Melbourne. At least six people aboard the flight were heading to the AIDS conference. (4) Flowers and plush toys are left at the site of the crash of a Malaysia Airlines plane in Grabove, in rebel-held eastern Ukraine AFP/REUTERS Bodies put on train for rebel city n AP, Hrabove Armed rebels forced emergency workers to hand over all 196 bodies recovered from the Malaysia Airlines crash site and then had them loaded onto refrigerated train cars bound for a rebel-held city, Ukrainian officials and monitors said yesterday. The surprising, rapid-fire developments yesterday morning came after a wave of international outrage over how the bodies of plane crash victims were being handled and fears that the armed rebels were tampering with evidence at the crash site. Ukraine and the separatists accuse each other of firing a surface-to-air missile at Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 as it flew from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur some 33,000 feet (10,000 meters) above the battlefields of eastern Ukraine. Both deny shooting down the plane. All those onboard the flight — 283 passengers and 15 crew — were killed. Ukraine says Russia has been sending sophisticated arms to the rebels, which Moscow denies. The crash site is close to the Russian border. The rebels have been strictly limiting the movements of international monitors and journalists at the crash site, and Ukraine’s Emergency Ministry said its workers were laboring under duress and forced to hand over the bodies to the armed rebels. Associated Press journalists saw reeking bodies baking in the summer heat Saturday, piled into body bags by the side of the road or still sprawled where they landed in the verdant farmland in eastern Ukraine after their plane was shot out of the sky Thursday. By Sunday morning, AP journalists saw no bodies and no armed rebels at the crash site. Emergency workers were searching the sprawling fields only for body parts. It was immediately not clear Sunday if the rebels and the Ukrainian government were working together or at odds with each other on the bodies — and from their comments, many of officials didn’t appear to know either. Nataliya Khuruzhaya, a duty officer at the train station in Torez, 15 kilometers (9 miles) from the crash site, said she saw emergency workers loading plane victims’ bodies Sunday morning into five sealed, refrigerated train cars. She said the train was scheduled to head to the town of Ilovaysk, 35 kilometers (22 miles) further east toward the Russian border, but no instructions had been given about when it would leave or any possible destinations beyond Ilovaysk. Russian news agencies said the bodies were heading to the rebel stronghold of Donetsk. Ukrainian officials say they expect to have the bodies eventually delivered to government-held city of Kharkiv, but it’s unclear if the rebels will agree to do so. Earlier, Ukrainian Emergency Ministry spokeswoman Nataliya Bystro said recovery workers in the rebel-held territory were forced to give the bodies to the armed gunmen and didn’t know where they were going. “Where they took the bodies — we don’t know,” Bystro told The Associated Press on Sunday. Separatists were not immediately available to comment on her statement. Alexander Pilyushny, an emergency worker combing the crash site for body parts Sunday morning, told the AP it took the rebels several hours to take away the bodies on Saturday. He said he and other workers had no choice but to hand the bodies over to the rebels. “They are armed and we are not,” Pilyushny said. “The militiamen came, put the bodies onto the trucks and took them away somewhere.” Neither Bystro nor Pilyushny could explain what happened to the 102 bodies of plane victims that have not yet been recovered. The US has pointed blame for downing the plane at the separatists, saying Washington believes the jetliner was probably downed by an SA-11 missile from rebel-held territory and “we can- not rule out technical assistance from Russian personnel.” An Associated Press journalist saw a Buk missile launcher in rebel-held territory close to the crash site Thursday just hours before the plane was brought down. The latest US intelligence assessment suggests that more than one missile system was given to the separatists by the Russians in the last week or so. But both Russia and the rebels vehemently deny any role in downing the plane. In a blistering article for the Sunday Times, British Prime Minister David Cameron called the attack a “direct result of Russia destabilizing a sovereign state, violating its territorial integrity, backing thuggish militias and training and arming them.” “We must turn this moment of outrage into a moment of action,” he wrote. In a coded rebuke of German Chancellor Angela Merkel and other European leaders who have blocked efforts to impose tougher sanctions on Russian President Vladimir Putin for Russia’s actions in Ukraine, Cameron said Europe must now “respond robustly.” “For too long, there has been a reluctance on the part of too many European countries to face up to the implications of what is happening in eastern Ukraine,” Cameron wrote. l UN mulls resolution on Ukraine crash site access n Reuters, United Nations The UN Security Council is considering a draft resolution to condemn the “shooting down” of a Malaysian passenger plane in Ukraine, demand armed groups allow access to the crash site, and call on states in the region to cooperate with an international investigation. Australia - which lost 28 citizens - circulated a draft text, seen by Reuters, to the 15-member Security Council late on Saturday and diplomats, speaking on condition of anonymity, said it could be put to a vote as early as Monday. The draft resolution “demands that those responsible for this incident be held to account and that all states cooperate fully with efforts to establish accountability.” It “condemns in the strongest terms the shooting down Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 ... resulting in the tragic loss of 298 lives” and “demands that all states and other actors in the region refrain from acts of violence directed against civilian aircraft.” The United States and other powers have said the plane was likely brought down on Thursday by a surface-to-air missile fired from rebel territory. Can Malaysia Airlines salvage its brand? Islamic State claims wave of Baghdad bombings the past three years. The disappearance of Flight 370 with many Chinese passengers on board also caused a backlash in the crucial China market. Experts don’t see any short cuts to recovery. Is Malaysia airlines to blame? n Agencies Malaysia Airlines is in uncharted territory after the disappearance of Flight 370 in March with 239 people aboard was followed this week by the downing of another of its jets, carrying 298 people, over Ukraine. Before the disasters the carrier had among the worst financial performance of any airline. An even bigger question mark now hangs over the future of Malaysia Airlines, with its brand tied to two almost unfathomable tragedies. How bad is the situation for Malaysia Airlines? Other airlines have come back from disasters but none have experienced two tragedies of such magnitude within the space of four months. “There’s no historical precedent,” said Mohshin Aziz, aviation analyst at Maybank. “It’s completely not their fault, but right now if you ask any customers would they fly with Malaysia Airlines, they’d just have that negative sentiment of I’d rather choose something else.” The airline was already losing about $1.6m a day and has been in the red for The airline was blasted for its erratic response to the disappearance of Flight 370 en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur. Because the whereabouts of the plane was unknown, Malaysia Airlines had little meaningful information for the families of passengers. Communication of what information it did have was often mishandled, compounding the anguish of relatives. The plane, believed to have crashed far off course in the southern reaches of the Indian Ocean, still hasn’t been found. The fate of Flight 17, which was heading to Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam, is far more clear-cut. It was shot out of the sky over an area of Ukraine controlled by pro-Russian separatist rebels. “They are a victim this time, so it is very different from a situation where they have no answers,” said Caroline Sapriel, managing director of CS&A, a company that specializes in reputation management in crisis situations. “The whole world is going to be sympathetic to them.” But another narrative questions why airlines continued to fly over the conflict zone. Malaysia Airlines may face more scrutiny about its risk management decisions once the initial shock of the tragedy dissipates. How should Malaysia Airlines handle the latest tragedy? Clear, consistent and compassionate communications are essential, experts say. “I think their immediate response has been consistent and caring. They are communicating on Twitter and Facebook, they are definitely going out on the commercial media,” said Sapriel of CS&A. That’s important, she said, because “if they weren’t getting the immediate response right, then it just would be the nail in the coffin for them.” Others say that being open and transparent, continuing to assist the families of passengers and crew members while also running a punctual and reliable business will help the airline build on the sympathy about its plight. What can the airline do to rebuild its brand? The airline needs far reaching changes. “I think the Malaysian government is going to look at it eventually and say ‘Do we keep this same name or do we rebrand them?’ Maybe they will feel that they need a new name,” said Sapriel, the reputation management expert. Because of its financial struggles, some analysts had advocated the sale of the state-owned airline to bring in fresh capital, ideas and expertise. Like all international airlines, Malaysia Airlines needs to renew its fleet with modern jets to be competitive, which requires substantial investment. Its capacity to make those investments is further compromised if travelers avoid the airline because of the disasters. But even a partial sale of the airline is unpopular with the airline’s union, the government and sections of the Malaysian public. There are other ways it could make a break with the past, such as installing a new executive leadership. “Malaysia needs to bring in a new CEO and head of flight operations to restore employee and consumer trust in the airline,” said travel consultant Henry Harteveldt of Atmosphere Research. l n Reuters, Baghdad The Islamic State group has claimed responsibility for a wave of car bombs in mostly Shi’ite areas of Baghdad which killed at least 27 people on Saturday. The hardline Sunni Islamist organisation which has led an offensive across northern and western Iraq said two of the explosions were suicide missions by bombers it named as Abu al-Qaaqaa al-Almaani and Abu Abdul Rahman al-Shami - noms de guerre which suggested they were from Germany and Syria. Saturday’s blasts were the deadliest in the Iraqi capital since the Sun- ni insurgency erupted in the northern city of Mosul and then swept through Sunni regions of Iraq towards Baghdad. The first suicide bombing took place at a checkpoint where soldiers, police and Shi’ite volunteer fighters were gathered, the Islamic State said in an Internet statement. The other struck in Kadhimiya, the site of a major Shi’ite shrine. At the same time two car bombs were set off in the west of the capital. “The toll of these blessed operations was the killing and wounding of 150 people,” the statement said, warning of greater attacks to come. l Heavy clashes erupt around Tripoli airport n Reuters, Tripoli Heavy fighting has erupted around Tripoli International Airport, where rival militias have been battling for a week for control of the site, local residents said yesterday. The fighting broke out just days after one powerful militia said it was ready to put an end to heavy clashes that had deepened fears the north African country is becoming a failed state. There were no immediate reports of casualties from Sunday’s clashes. Three years after the fall of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya’s fragile government is failing to assert authority over heavily armed brigades of former rebel fighters who have often clashed over political and economic power. The airport stand-off pits fighters from Zintan in the northwest, who controlled the airport since the ousting of Gaddafi, against armed groups tied to Misrata, a western coastal town. Both are loosely allied with competing Islamist and nationalist political factions. The clashes have all but suspended international flights from Libya, damaged more than a dozen planes parked there and prompted the United Nations to pull its staff out of the North African country because of security fears. l US Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power said on Friday that Washington could not rule out Russian help in firing the missile. Russian President Vladimir Putin urged the pro-Moscow rebels in eastern Ukraine to cooperate and insisted that an international investigation must not leap to conclusions. Moscow denies involvement and has pointed a finger at Kiev’s military. Ukraine and its Western allies accuse Moscow of fueling a pro-Russian uprising that threatens to break up the former Soviet republic of 46 million people. Russia denies orchestrating the unrest and says Ukraine’s attempts to end it by military force are making the situation worse. The draft UN resolution “calls on all states and actors in the region to cooperate fully in relation to the international investigation of the incident, including with respect to immediate access to the crash site.” It “demands that the armed groups in control of the crash site and the surrounding area refrain from any actions that may compromise the integrity of the crash site and immediately provide safe, secure, full and unfettered access to the site and surrounding area.” l Arab League calls Israeli attack in Gaza ‘war crime’ n Reuters, Cairo The head of the Cairo-based Arab League, Nabil el-Araby, described Israeli attacks on Gaza that killed at least 60 Palestinians on Sunday as a «war crime.” Palestinian witnesses and officials said at least 62 Palestinians were killed in shelling of a Gaza neighbourhood that left bodies strewn in the streets and thousands fleeing for shelter. The Israeli military said militants from Gaza’s dominant Hamas group responded with anti-tank missiles and heavy weapon fire in some of the bloodiest fighting since Israel launched its Gaza offensive 13 days ago. “El-Araby (...) considered Israel’s terrible shelling and ground attack operations in the neighbourhood of Shejaia as a war crime against Palestinian civilians and a dangerous escalation,” the Arab League said in a statement on Sunday. Israel says its air strikes, naval barrages and ground assault in Gaza, controlled by Islamist group Hamas, aim to halt rockets fired into Israeli territory. Analysts say its estimates of the size of Hamas’ remaining arsenal will be a key factor in its deliberations on how long to continue the offensive. A two-hour humanitarian ceasefire in the area on Sunday, agreed by both sides at the request of the International Committee of the Red Cross, broke down within minutes with each side blaming the other. l DHAKA TRIBUNE World Thai students mobilise to resist junta rule n AFP, Bangkok Huddled around a table at a university canteen, six Thai students draft a newsletter celebrating democracy – a meeting that would have barely attracted a glance two months ago, but could now land them in jail. They are part of a small but growing troop of undergraduates uniting in Bangkok to resist the curtailment of civil liberties under military rule. “We should write about what isn’t being reported,” says Achara, a 24-yearold languages student spurred into action by the junta’s censorship of domestic media. Democratic rights. Students and the coup. The legality of the takeover. Just some of the ideas she lists in a notepad whose cover reads “Big things often have small beginnings.” These small and sporadic acts of resistance by students – from launching alternative publications to group readings of George Orwell’s anti-authoritarian novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four” – are among the few public expressions against the takeover. That is because even a typical campus debate on a newsletter carries a huge risk in post-coup Thailand, where the line between what the junta deems lawful and illegal is increasingly blurry. Paradorn, a 20-year-old political sciences student, was arrested last month for handing out sandwiches after police thwarted a picnic rally. “I’ve seen authoritarian rule in Thailand before. But I was shocked that 350 officers turned up,” he says at a meeting of anti-coup friends at another Bangkok university. Monday, July 21, 2014 Japan’s Abe vows dialogue with Russia’s Putin in softer line than West n Reuters, Tokyo This June 1 file photo shows a banner carrying a drawing depicting Thai army chief General Prayut Chan-O-Cha and a reference to George Orwell’s famous dystopian novel ‘1984’ is displayed during a gathering at a shopping mall which was broken up by security forces in downtown Bangkok AFP ‘Freedom taken’ Despite agreeing to forsake further political activity and face trial at a no-appeal military court if he breaches the terms of his release – conditions other arrested students have also had to sign – Paradorn remains defiant. “I wasn’t arrested because I did something wrong... My rights and freedom have been taken away. I cannot accept a system that wants to destroy democracy.” Two days before it seized power on May 22, the army banned political assemblies of more than five people. It has responded increasingly aggressively to any form of protest. In June, police arrested a lone student reading “Nineteen Eighty-Four” and eating a sandwich, while others have been detained for displaying a three-finger salute from the “Hunger Games” films – symbols of defiance against the junta. Social media has become another target, with police trawling for dissenting voices, and authorities have even offered citizens a financial reward if they submit evidence linking someone to anti-coup activity. This crackdown on freedom of expression has forced students to become more innovative in their campaigns. To avoid detection, they rely on encrypted mobile apps, secret Facebook groups and even fake identities to plan protests – changing meeting times and locations at the last minute. l Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe pledged to continue dialogue with Russian President Vladimir Putin, taking a softer line with Moscow than some Western powers after the shooting down of a passenger jet over Ukraine. Abe has worked to improve Japan’s relations with resource-rich Russia, a centerpiece of his foreign policy. “Russia should commit constructively to various international issues as a responsible state. To help that I will continue dialogue with President Putin,” Abe said in a speech carried in Japanese media. “Any conflict should be solved not by power but by diplomatic means based on international law,” he said. Ukraine has accused Russia and pro-Moscow rebels of destroying evidence to cover up their guilt in the shooting down of the Malaysia Airlines jet that has intensified a showdown between the Kremlin and Western powers. Calling it “an outrage of unspeakable proportions,” US President Barack Obama stopped short of directly blaming Russia for the incident but warned that he was prepared to tighten economic sanctions. Britain said on Sunday it would seek to persuade other European nations at an EU meeting on Tuesday to ratchet up sanctions on Russia. World leaders have called for a rapid investigation into the shooting down of the airliner which was carrying 298 passengers. The incident could mark a pivotal moment in deteriorating relations between Russia and the West. The United States and Britain said a surface-to-air missile appeared to have been fired from rebel-held territory. In his first year in office, Abe met with Putin five times, while failing to secure a summit with the leaders of neighboring China or South Korea. ‘Russia should commit constructively to various international issues as a responsible state. To help that I will continue dialogue with President Putin’ Closer ties between Tokyo and Moscow, despite a territorial dispute dating from the end of World War Two, are driven by mutual energy interests, as Russia plans to at least double oil and gas flows to Asia in the next 20 years. Japan has been forced to import huge volumes of fuel to replace lost energy from its nuclear power industry, shut down after the 2011 Fukushima disaster. Abe also wants to advance talks on the dispute over islands north of Hokkaido, which Russia says are part of the southern Kuriles but Japan claims as its Northern Territories. l 9 Strongest storm in decades kills 18 in south China n AP, Beijing The strongest typhoon to hit southern China in four decades has killed 18 people, the government said yesterday, while in the Philippines the death toll from the storm’s earlier destruction rose to 94. Typhoon Rammasun killed nine people and left five missing after hitting Hainan island on Friday off China’s southern coast, the civil affairs ministry said in a statement. Nine others died later in the Guangxi region as the storm plowed into the mainland on its way north to Vietnam. The typhoon is the strongest to hit southern China in 41 years, according to the China Meteorological Administration. Wind speeds reached 216 kilometers (130 miles) per hour. l Myanmar finds rape case causing unrest was faked n AP, Yangon Authorities in Myanmar announced yesterday that the alleged rape of a Buddhist woman by two Muslim men that triggered religious violence in the central city of Mandalay was fabricated. Rumors that teashop owners had raped one of their employees set off attacks on Muslims and mayhem over several days earlier this month. One Buddhist and one Muslim man died and 14 other people were injured, and property was damaged. A Home Ministry announcement published Sunday in the Myanma Ahlin newspaper said a third Muslim man wanted to frame the two shop owners for rape charges that he was facing. l Late monsoon starts Indian farmer’s ‘journey to hell’ n Reuters, Shamli, India Indian farmer Asghar Bhura scrapes a living by growing sugarcane, but this year’s late monsoon has left his tiny plot parched and he will earn nothing from his harvest. Bhura will have to go and work for a big grower to feed his family of six, making 250 rupees ($4.00) a day, as he did when India suffered its last severe drought in 2009. “I have no option but to become a bonded labourer just to feed my family one meal a day,” said Bhura, 50, looking at his stunted crop on his third of a hectare of land. Bhura’s borderline existence is shared by many farmers in the district of Shamli, in the sugarcane belt of India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, three hours’ drive north of the capital New Delhi. With this year’s monsoon rains several weeks late, the world’s second-largest sugar and rice producer is on the verge of widespread drought in the face of a developing Pacific Ocean weather event known as El Nino, which is often associated with drought in South Asia. In good years, the four-fifths of local farmers who tend a hectare or less, can get by. In bad years, they slide into debt. Some lose their land. Others are forced into servitude. Hunger for land and water feeds social tensions. In nearby Muzaffarnagar, communal clashes last year killed about 65 people, most of them Muslims, and displaced thousands more. India’s farm sector accounts for about 14% of the economy but two thirds of its 1.2 billion people depend on farming to live. Most poor live on the land. Areas that lack irrigation are most vulnerable when the rains fail. Although the national weather office said on Thursday that the monsoon had covered all of India, rainfall in the first six weeks of the wet season has been more than a third below normal. A poor monsoon could raise imports of cooking oil to India, the leading buyer of vegetable oils. The country may also cede its position as top rice exporter to Thailand. Cane and basmati rice fields in Shamli, a district carved out of Muzaffarnagar three years ago, showed gaping cracks on a recent visit. “For me, my wife and two sons and two daughters, the journey to hell has already started. Our stomachs will be half empty soon,” said Bhura, whose gaunt face and unkempt beard betrayed anxiety and exhaustion. Even if the monsoon revives during the rest of the planting month of July, farmers here expect losses of at least a fifth in summer-sown crops like rice, corn, cane, soybean and cotton. India harvested 348m tonnes of cane last year, with an average sugar content of 11%. Productivity in Uttar Pradesh typically lags that of other growing regions like subtropical Maharashtra due to poorer soils and a less favorable climate. Another two weeks without rain could lower both tonnage and sugar content, possibly to 8%, local farmers reckon. l A farmer plants rice saplings next to a sugarcane crop at a field in Shamli, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh July 19. With this year’s monsoon rains several weeks late, the world’s second-largest sugar and rice producer is on the verge of widespread drought in the face of a developing Pacific Ocean weather event known as El Nino, which is often associated with drought in South Asia REUTERS Indonesia’s democracy faces test as tally comes in n AP, Jakarta After an ugly presidential election campaign, Indonesia is set to declare the winner on Tuesday — but that may not settle a simmering dispute between the two candidates, both of whom claim victory. Unofficial counts by eight polling agencies of the July 9 election have given Joko Widodo, the popular and sneaker-wearing former governor of Jakarta known as “Jokowi,” a slim lead. But Prabowo Subianto, a former general with a checkered human rights record who has drawn voters with his thundering nationalistic rhetoric, insists he has polling data showing he has won, raising speculation that he might may not accept the results if he loses. The tension could threaten Indonesia’s fragile transition to democracy 16 years after it emerged from the long and brutal Suharto dictatorship. The country of 240m is experiencing a slowing economy — the largest in Southeast Asia — and needs leadership to tackle a rap- idly crumbling infrastructure. Once the Election Commission announces the winner, it is highly likely the losing candidate will appeal to the Constitutional Court, the country’s highest. Judges there will have two weeks to rule on any complaints before deciding who won. However, some experts worry that Indonesia’s endemic corruption could affect that decision. Last month, the court’s chief justice was sentenced to life in prison for taking a bribe to adjudicate in favor of a plaintiff in a case related to a disputed provincial election. “That will be a challenge for the Constitutional Court, whose image has already been ruined,” said Mohammad Qodari, a political analyst. Subianto, who has declared assets of $140m and is on his third bid for the presidency, denies any intention to attempt to buy the vote. The results could trigger social unrest such as clashes between supporters of the two candidates. Indonesia has experienced frequent outbreaks of political, ethnic and separatist violence during its transition to democracy. The security situation across the country’s 18,000 islands has improved markedly in recent years, but the unprecedented rancor of the campaign, the first between just two candidates in the country’s history, means that tensions are running high. There were significant smear campaigns in the run-up to the election, and supporters of both men used social media for personal attacks. “On the Jokowi side there are too many parasites, they are a danger to the country,” Subianto supporter and lawmaker Fahri Hamzah tweeted recently. “After the 22nd we will ‘deal’ with them. Just be patient,” he said, using language that could easily be interpreted as menacing. Widodo, a former furniture maker, is widely seen as untainted by the often-corrupt military and business elite that have run Indonesia for decades. He likes to wear casual plaid shirts, listen to heavy metal music and make impromptu visits to the slums. Subianto, late dictator Suharto’s former son-in-law, is seen by some as providing stronger leadership and was endorsed by Islamic-based parties, hard-line Islamic groups and outgoing President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political party. He was trailing behind Widodo for months before the polls but caught up on the back of a well-organized, well-funded campaign that was supported by most of the country’s establishment political parties. His supporters also spearheaded a smear campaign against Widodo, spreading unfounded rumors he is not a Muslim — which could undermine his standing in this Muslim majority nation. Voters for Subianto chose to ignore his links to past human rights abuses. He admits taking part in the abduction of pro-democracy activists during the dying days of the Suharto dictatorship when he was head of the army’s stra- tegic command, saying he was following orders. He was fired from the army as a result, and spent several years in self-imposed exile in Jordan. Unofficial “quick counts” carried out by eight agencies, which tally a sampling of votes around the country, have given Widodo a lead of around 4%, or roughly 6 million votes. The counts have been highly accurate in forecasting the results of previous elections. Independent analysts say there is no reason to think otherwise this time around, and that anything but a Widodo victory by about 4% would be highly suspicious. Four polling firms with links to the Subianto campaign produced tallies that showed him in the lead by differing margins. Earlier this week, the Indonesian Association of Public Opinion Surveyors dismissed two of them from the grouping after they refused to reveal their research methods. The two other pollsters were not members of the association. The Electoral Commission has need- ed about two weeks to collect and tabulate votes from nearly a half-million polling stations across the country’s 33 provinces. The commission’s national leadership is mostly seen as professional and impartial, but the same can’t be said for its official and local or provincial levels. Once the formal results are announced, it might be difficult for Subianto to keep up his campaign. The political coalition that supported his bid might abandon him, preferring to try and get positions in a Widodo administration. Public and media support could wane. “My suggestion is that the two (Subianto and his running mate, Hatta Rajasa) should have a reality check,” Abdillah Toha, a leading member of a political party that supported the pair, wrote in an open letter this week. “I know that deep in their hearts, they know they have lost. They should be just resigned to the results, as gentlemen and statesmen.” l 10 CODE-CRACKER A clean-up job Be heard Write to Dhaka Tribune FR Tower, 8/C Panthapath, Sukrabad, Dhaka-1207 Email [email protected] Send us your Op-Ed articles: [email protected] D haka North City Corporation (DNCC) has launched the “Cleanliness Campaign 2014,” reminding citizens that keeping Dhaka clean is just as much of a responsibility for them as it is for the administration. This is true, of course. It is not realistic to think that the government has the capacity to pick up after every individual instance of littering, retching and spitting, and dumping waste right out on the pavement, activities which are sadly still a part of the everyday sights, sounds, and smells for residents. However, this does not mean that the administration is exempt from doing its own share of the work. Ludicrous amounts of waste are still being sorted openly out on the streets. This not only results in noxious fumes but also eats up a sizeable portion of roads, adding to pavement and traffic congestion. More properly equipped venues are sorely needed in which our waste can be properly sorted. The city corporations need to up their game and adopt good practice from experience in cities around the world. The job of keeping Dhaka clean can also be made easier by being efficient in how each household manages its own waste. Building owners and managers can help reduce waste to an optimum level by engaging in on-site composting and following the awareness-raising ideas of schemes such as the Baridhara Society’s recycling strategy. Every resident needs to play their part in maintaining a healthy and sanitary city. Keeping Dhaka clean is just as much of a responsibility for its denizens as it is for the administration Set clear goals for marine resources B angladesh secured nearly four-fifths of the 25,000 square kilometres of disputed maritime areas which were settled by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at The Hague recently. Together with the 2012 international tribunal ruling, giving Bangladesh the benefit of 111,631 square kilometres disputed by Myanmar, the settlement opens the door to potentially large new maritime resources. Clear delineation of boundaries is particularly helpful in relation to exploring hydrocarbon reserves. The government has encountered lukewarm interest to plans to seek investment in oil and gas exploration. Added legal certainty should help revive interest in tenders to explore these resources. The settlement of disputes over the continental shelf makes it imperative for the government to facilitate comprehensive surveys of resources available in the country’s exclusive economic zone in the Bay of Bengal. A start has been made with the presentation of the country’s first integrated maritime border map by Chittagong University, but much more needs to be done. This is vital not only to assess the scope for exploiting new resources, but also to protect existing habitats and resources. An expanded area for fishing will help provide more food security to supplement costal aquaculture and fisheries. In order to sustainably exploit new resources, however, we need better mapping to allow a proper strategy to be put into place. This will need to include investing in new equipment and improving skills to enable more offshore fishing for a start, let alone permit access to other mineral and seabed resources. The government must not delay on making proper plans. To sustainably exploit new resources, we need better mapping to allow a proper strategy to be put into place www.dhakatribune.com Join our Facebook community: https://www.facebook.com/DhakaTribune Beware of muggers in private cars! July 16 deep purple blue Given the recent activities of law enforcers, who knows if these robbers are law enforcers themselves? How can law enforcers, who act as goons, provide protection to the public? Concerned Citizen Some of the facts are not straight. In most of the cases, the victims’ families contacted the police and did not get any help! And these incidents started before Ramadan and increased manifolds during Ramadan! deep sea fish You don’t have the right information on the Gulshan incident. It happened on June 20. And the guy was released in front of Raddison. I was personally present during the whole situation. Concerned Citizen deep sea fish: And as far as I know the parents contacted the Gulshan police station but did not Drive against vermicelli producers July 17 Md Ashraf Hossain Large quantities of vermicelli are consumed in every Eid festival, and seldom at other times. The production of vermicelli is a good business opportunity for cottage industry. Anyone wanting to pursue this, as a small business, will get an opportunity to make a profit twice a year during Eid festivals. The media has often published news of mobile courts accompanying Bangladesh Standard Testing Institution (BSTI) personnel in a drive against cottage producers of vermicelli. The courts usually impose fines for producing vermicelli without having gotten a license from BSTI. Yet, there is no doubt that according to existing laws, it is legal to produce vermicelli without a license. From the point of view of justice, this phenomenon deserves review. Getting license from BSTI is a very cumbersome process. Speed and money are also factors. The illiterate small cottage producers are not familiar with the bureaucratic procedure of getting a BSTI license. Owing to this provision, big businesses have taken over the vermicelli market and have grabbed the lion’s share, pushing out the small cottage producers. This results in consumers paying at least 50% higher prices. BSTI and police officers of different districts also have been known to raid cottage factories, and fine owners in plea of production without BSTI license or production in an unhygienic environment. In an independent country, this is not wanted. Government agencies should motivate vermicelli producers to produce food items in a hygienic condition, and play a role of development agency, rather than a controlling authority. This is why I would like to urge BSTI to de-list vermicelli from its license required list, and urge the public health department to motivate vermicelli producers to make vermicelli in a hygienic environment. How to solve: Each number in our CODE-CRACKER grid represents a different letter of the alphabet. For example, today 1 represents O so fill O every time the figure 1 appears. You have two letters in the control grid to start you off. Enter them in the appropriate squares in the main grid, then use your knowledge of words to work out which letters go in the missing squares. Some letters of the alphabet may not be used. As you get the letters, fill in the other squares with the same number in the main grid, and the control grid. Check off the list of alphabetical letters as you identify them. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ get any help. And the ransom amount was much higher as far as I remember! In another case, the same Gulshan police were quite reluctant in taking any case and said the victims can solve the issue by paying the ransom! Is it not then obvious that the police also know about who the muggers are? tanvir This has been happening for the past three years. The same Premio and Allion. bazinga I have been a victim of abduction (not any Allion/ Premio case, though) myself. Trust me, they are very skilful in what they do. Unfortunately, the only thing to avoid such incidences is to avoid traveling through empty roads. By the way, it is not possible to draw Tk3m from an account in one day (using plastic of course). SUDOKU How to solve: Fill in the blank spaces with the numbers 1 – 9. Every row, column and 3 x 3 box must contain all nine digits with no number repeating. Our democratic fallacy July 16 nds Dear author, the reasons you have identified, for our people being indifferent towards reclaiming democratic governance in the country, are all well-known, even to ordinary, semi-literate citizens like me. For this knowledge, one need not to be a professor of a university. If you have any genuine interest, then just give up your private university job and join politics like Subash Bose, Nehru, Gandhi, Fazlul Huq, etc, did. Stop posing as the conscience of the nation. Legal battle in the Bay July 17 Vectra “India sees control over South Talpatti as ‘significant gain.” This is what was said by the Indian media, because India tactically won the case, though GOI said the process was solved in an arbitrary fashion but it (India) had not lost. Gaining South Talpatti and exclusive access to Hariabhanga river is the major gain, which India says has huge oil and gas reserves at twice the amount of hydrocarbons as compared to the Krishna-Godavari basin in Andhra Pradesh, and that will benefit India in the long run, as that region contains a massive amount, at nearly 100 trillion cubic feet, of natural gas in a creek about 50km to the south of the mouth of the Hariabhanga, which India had discovered In 2006. So after this verdict, India had its grip over the large oil and gas reserves and had not lost the sea boundary either. India added 6,135sq km more to its existing sea boundary, and the good thing is both Bangladesh and India accepted the verdict. Bangladesh is happy and India is happy. CROSSWORD ACROSS 1 Documents (6) 6 Cover (3) 9 Unaccompanied (5) 10 Large volume (4) 11 Snow vehicles (5) 12 Copy (3) 13 Offer (6) 15 Comfort (4) 18 Excuse (4) 21 Injured (6) 24 Greek letter (3) 25 Proverb (5) 28 Tear (4) 29 Vital organ (5) 30 Strange (3) 31 Held principles (6) DOWN 1 Adhesive (5) 2 Everyone (3) 3 Verses (5) 4 Finish (3) 5 Remainder (4) 6 Burden (4) 7 Obstruct (6) 8 Horned ruminant (4) 14 Short sleep (3) 16 Lessened (6) 17 Tree (3) 19 Depart (5) 20 Declares in positive manner (5) 21 Brave man (4) 22 S African monetary unit (4) 23 Valley (4) 26 Loud noise (3) 27 Obtain (3) CALVIN AND HOBBES Stuck on the road July 16 SD I wonder that everybody – every Tom, Dick and Harry – knows what needs to be done to solve all problems prevailing in the country, but surprisingly the problems refuse to go away, and continue increasing at an exponential rate. PEANUTS YESTERDAY’S SOLUTIONS CODE-CRACKER CROSSWORD Now National Bank stuck in loan tangles July 16 liman chy Oh, here we go. The problems are now heading for private banks from government banks. EU renews call for dialogue over poll-time government July 16 indigo By increasing financial support, the EU is actually beefing up the present illegitimate government that returned to power through a massive electoral fraud. The EU should make its financial support conditional upon holding early democratic elections. SUDOKU Germany’s win and the robust economy theory T n Towheed Feroze he World Cup is over though the aftertaste lingers – it’s hard to suddenly give up the habit that had developed over a period of one month. A bit like Ramadan. After Eid, for the next few weeks, people automatically follow an austere eating habit. This article is not a general piece extolling the world’s greatest sporting event and neither is it a piece which tries to glorify the winning team. Instead, here we try to look into the not-too-apparent messages sent by the World Cup that have both sporting implications and, to an extent, political plus economic ones. Let’s start with German premier Angela Merkel attending the games. After Germany mauled World champions of 2010, Spain, 5-1, Merkel went into the players’ changing room to share a triumphant start to the tournament. A laudable gesture indeed – the leader of the country basking in its sporting success and inspiring the team to carry on till the end. As for the England team, which went out with one miserable point, there’s a long way to cross to become a first rate European outfit. I remember seeing a caricature where the “three lions” insignia was changed to three sobbing sheep. In both the losses, against Uruguay and Italy, the winning goals were scored by players who play in the English League. What a paradox – one of the best leagues in the world yet the national side is so rickety. For Germany, the bubbling confidence of roaring economic prowess was reflected on the field. Many people tend to isolate sports from hardcore economics, but sometimes, these two opposite forces are intertwined. Look at the teams that bowed out from the World Cup with humiliation – Spain, England, and Portugal – three top sides, failing to make it to the last sixteen. Bring the sputtering economies of the three countries into perspective. Bogged down by domestic resentment stemming from scarcity of jobs, these three nations have just crossed the worst recession in decades. Simmering The bubbling confidence of roaring economic prowess was reflected on the field A golden era for Germany But there is more to it than only the celebration of football victory. Germany’s emphatic start to the tournament is but a reflection of its stature as an unfaltering European economic giant, which has become a saviour of sorts for other beleaguered nations. When several European nations struggle to get their economy out of years of slump, painfully overcoming impediments like torpid growth and spiraling unemployment, Germany is the lone shining player among the outof-form ones. She is helping others, forging mutually beneficial alliances, taking an assertive stance while David Cameron and the problem-plagued British economy huffs and puffs to a safe zone. A disgruntled fan said: “England’s terrible performance was only a reflection of how the country is doing in economic terms.” public disenchantment still lingers in these countries. Multiculturalism in Europe – much publicised to showcase societies of tolerance and harmony – has failed, leaving millions in a state of bewilderment. Taking advantage of this opaque state, ethnic divides are widening with several religious sections adopting radical views. Think about the so-called Trojan Schools in the UK, which were propagating prejudiced views among students, in many cases injecting in them with the belief that only their faith is the correct one. Spain has been in turmoil for some time now with the royalty receiving flak for being aloof to the plight of the people. King Juan Carlos thought it was wise to abdicate as news spread that when ordinary Spaniards were coping with unemployment, bleak growth, and an ingrained sense of ma- laise, he was taking an exotic hunting trip in Africa. Portugal is no better. The truth remains – Europe is in still in downturn and that sense of pessimism was present in their games. The exception was of course Germany, which had to bail out several countries and is still going strong herself. To be frank, the decade ahead belongs to Germany – be it in sports or economy. Every country has a golden period, and for the Germans, that time began five years ago. They did not win the last World Cup due to bad luck but with the current trophy, supported by a thriving economy, things can only become better. In sport too, every country has a sparkling period. Italy had it in the 80s, Hungary in the 50s, Brazil in the 50s and then again in the 90s, and Argentina, for a brief period in the late 70s and 80s. The success of the teams reaches an REUTERS apex when they make it to the final stages of the World Cup tournament. Some win it, others don’t, but making it to the last four is a praiseworthy achievement in itself. If we look at the 2014 teams, Argentina was also a title contender. Their loss in the final is not the ultimate failure. On the contrary, if we look at the Argentine football history since 1990, then we see this is the first time in 24 years the team crossed the quarter-finals to make it eventually to the final round. Winning the cup is all about luck and not about performance on the field all the time. In the final game, Argentina played the better football, missing three solid chances. In a World Cup final, only one chance of victory comes. Germany got a fifty-fifty chance, when the ball was received by Goetze on the chest in the D box. Instead of bringing the ball to the ground, he took the volley, acting on instinct. Argentina, also another country making headlines with its fiery president Cristina Fernandez, revived the Falklands’ issue becoming politically vocal in the South American sphere. Once more, sporting prowess matched by vigorous political mood within the domestic sphere. So much has been written about the top teams at the World Cup that in the feverish debates, Asian teams were obscured. Not a single game was won by an Asian team this time – a reminder that while others have gone forward, Asia hasn’t made much progress. It seems, in Asia, people are still living in the successes of the 2002 World Cup when South Korea and Japan both impressed, with the former reaching the semi-finals. As far as golden periods are concerned, Germany is living it – on and off the football field. There was naturally disappointment for other European sides that left the World Cup early. However, with livelihood on a precarious state, future ramifications of sporting failure were possibly superseded by survival instincts. Almost all European nations that went out, quickly switched off from the game, concentrating on other issues. BBC went to the extent of giving a tad too much coverage to the India-England test along with overanalysing an alleged on-the-field row between players. The ultimate lesson is this – solid sporting success is linked to the overall domestic mood of a nation. If the country in question is grappling with social maladies and general displeasure, an impact will automatically be felt in sports. Is Germany thinking about mastering the gentleman’s game now? l Towheed Feroze is a journalist currently working in the development sector. The best way to punish Putin Gaza needs to be saved n Tunku Varadarajan n Shariful Islam and Tania Sultana T wo days after Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine, killing all passengers and crew aboard, the world is contending with a fiendishly difficult question: What is the appropriate punitive response to this atrocity? The civilian airliner was destroyed with a ground-to-air missile of Russian provenance, fired either by Russia-backed separatists or by the Russian military. Moral and political responsibility for the slaughter must lie, ultimately, with Moscow, even as we investigate the forensic sequence of a commander’s chilling order: “Fire!” and an underling’s deadly compliance. Three-hundred people, 189 of them Dutch, are dead at the hands of forces who owe their loyalty to Vladimir Putin, Russia’s president, the man who has thrown his weight behind the armed rebellion in Ukraine. He is in every way the separatists’ godfather. The dismemberment of Ukraine is as much his cause as theirs. So any response has to make him hurt, personally; it has to puncture his ego, his pride. And one certain way to hurt him would be to strip from Russia the right to host the 2018 World Cup. States opposed to Putin’s international lawlessness can (and should) contemplate all manner of economic sanctions against Russia in response to the shooting down of MH17. As it happens, the very day before the plane was felled, the US had restricted access to American capital markets for Rosneft, the Russian oil company and Gazprombank, the financial arm of gas-goliath Gazprom. Yet, while sanctions like these can be painful, they can also make Putin more adamantly resistant to withdrawal from Ukraine. Give the nature of the Russian state and its undemocratic political system, Putin is perfectly equipped to survive a turning of the financial screws. He will, no doubt, portray sanctions as an act of aggression against the people of Russia. So punishing Putin, not the people of Russia, should be our primary aim. How does one punish the autocratic, omnipotent president of a quasi-superpower? It is much harder to do so than to spank the piddling ruler of a smallish rogue state, but options exist. Putin believes that a World Cup in Russia can be sold to his people as an endorsement of his rule. Why should the world become an accomplice in a dictator’s Ponzi scheme of pride? The cup is four years away – perfect time for FIFA to undo formal agreements with Moscow As he preened for the cameras at the World Cup final in Rio de Janeiro on July 13, it was clear that Putin regards Russia’s staging of the cup’s next edition as a propaganda godsend, a global vote for his achievements. Imagine his consternation if he were prevented from putting on such a show. Putin preys on the fact that the West thinks money and sport are neutral, or at least civilising influences. So, when Russian money comes to Wall Street or the City of London, it stops being political for the West. It is also a peculiarly Western conceit that the gathering together for sport has a civilising effect on the nations participating. But for Putin, money and sport are tools, or weapons. Hosting the World Cup is the weapon he uses to prove to his people that he is all-powerful, that there is no point in opposing him. In letting him host that cup, we all become part of that weapon. The cup is four years away, perfect time for FIFA – the governing body of world soccer – to undo formal agreements with Moscow while giving another host every opportunity to provide for the entire infrastructure. Stadiums take up to two years to build, airports need to be upgraded, and a range of hotels must be secured, as must the capacity for domestic rail and road transportation to cope with an influx of hundreds of thousands of fans. As sponsorship contacts are being scripted and haggled over, a passionate drive is in place by pro-Ukraine opponents of Putin to organise a boycott of companies that will sponsor a World Cup in Russia. How long before those companies, which include Anheuser Busch, Visa, Kia Motors, and Sony, start to press FIFA for a change of host? The World Cup is quite unlike the Olympics, where every nation has a right to participate. Qualification is exacting, and a majority of the teams that do qualify are from the West. The Asian powerhouses are Japan and South Korea, and the West African nations who tend to comprise Africa’s contribution to the roster are not beholden to Putin. Mustering a coalition of disapproval for the World Cup should be much easier than it would be for an Olympiad. In all of this lies the chance, also, for FIFA to redeem itself. Under Sepp Blatter, its interminable head, the body has been opaque and corrupt. Now is the moment for FIFA and Blatter to take a rare moral stand and not act as obstacles to the revocation of Russia’s hosting rights. Who should host the Cup instead? May I propose the Dutch, who were among the original bidders for 2018. Unlike Russia, their country is a world soccer power, with an open, democratic society, a civic exemplar. And after the downing of MH17, in which so many of its innocent citizens were killed by men loyal to Putin, a World Cup in The Netherlands would be cosmic justice. l Tunku Varadarajan is a writer-at-large for The Daily Beast. A former editor of Newsweek, he is the Virginia Hobbs Carpenter research fellow in Journalism at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. This piece was previously published in The Daily Beast. Even though the ongoing Israeli assaults on Palestinians have made headlines in the media tens of thousands of times, raised political and academic debates, triggered rallies and processions, and prompted Facebook profiles and statuses around the world to show solidarity with the Palestinians, the predicament of the Palestinians remains the same. But who will actually protect the helpless, unarmed civilians and the innocent children in Gaza? Whose responsibility is it to prevent the gross violations of human rights and preserve the “principle of non-intervention?” The ongoing Israeli attacks through sustained rocket launching and bombings in Gaza have already resulted in at least 280 deaths, including children and pregnant women, injured more than 1900 Palestinians, and created tens of thousands of internally displaced people (IDPs) in the last few days alone. On the contrary, at least 10 Israelis have been injured by rockets fired from Gaza, and one Israeli fatality has been recorded. Each and every day, the number of casualties is increasing drastically. The beginning of Israeli ground invasion is a grave concern for the peace, prosperity, and security of the civilians in Gaza. Unfortunately, Israeli assaults in Gaza have become routine. According to Al Jazeera reports, this is the third war between Hamas and Israel since 2009. How long will such atrocities last? Where is the so-called international community now? Where is the UN Charter’s principle of non-intervention? How long will this injustice and atrocities dominate? It’s time to raise our voices and put an end to this carnage. The world cannot be a silent spectator anymore. Furthermore, the UN Charter focuses on the importance of protecting human rights. For instance, the Charter’s preamble and Articles 1(3), 55, and 56, all highlight the importance of human rights. It is the moral responsibility of the international community to protect the civilians in Gaza from Israeli atrocities. Every individual has the right to protect him/herself from any kind of repression. The Israel-Hamas conflict may escalate throughout the region, becoming a threat to international peace and security. Hence, it is the responsibility of the international community, including the United States and the European Union, to stop Israeli atrocities in Gaza and work towards a reasonable, peaceful, and permanent solution. It must be taken into account that after the 30 years of War (1618-1648), through the Treaty of Westphalia, the state system came into being. To a larger extent, inter-state conflict came to an end and the world found stability and order. But, if in the name of “self-defense” other states start to intervene on the weak, developing states, this might lead to the pre-Westphalian anarchic situation just as Wheeler argued in 2000. So, what’s the point if the chaotic situation is back again? The international community should come forward to handle the Israel-Palestine crisis with a firm hand If the recurring Israeli military operations in Palestine are justified and no exemplary action is taken, this might provide an example to the stronger countries to intervene on the weaker ones to uphold national interests, which might give birth to the chaotic situations prevalent in the 16th and 17th centuries. Therefore, there is no alternative but to preserve the nation-state system and territorial integrity to avoid anarchy. This merits preventing Israeli military assaults and protecting Palestinians. We are in the 21st century, but we keep going back to the sages of warfare where the preferred means of achieving peace is still violence. I seriously doubt this stance where people fight to achieve peace. We should not forget the goals which we entrust upon ourselves to fulfil, which also corresponds to the preamble of the United Nations’ charter which promises to “save the future generation from the scrouge of war.” Still, after almost 70 years of formation of the global platform to discuss and put forth agendas and resolve disputes, the practice of Israeli military intervention in Palestine is quite irrational. Notably, the United Nations came up with a response in 1945 to wars and conflicts for a more stable, secure, and peaceful world which gave the state the principle of “non-intervention.” Finally, in this critical situation, the international community, and above all, every humanitarian organisation, should come forward to handle the Israel-Palestine crisis with a firm hand. If no one can revolt against this crucial crisis, if like ostriches we only bury our heads in the sands of the mythic past, and bind ourselves into their own time, it cannot be made certain that what is happening in Gaza today will not happen in other countries as well. As the proverb goes – when Rome was burning, Nero played the flute. The international community should take immediate and effective steps to solve this crisis without further delay. So, in order to uphold basic human dignity, we need to preserve the principle of “non-intervention” and save the innocent civilians in Gaza. The peaceful settlements that have been developed over time from diplomacy and negotiation should be used to resolve all conflicts. War is not the answer. l Shariful Islam did his Masters in International Relations from Dhaka University and South Asian University. Tania Sultana is pursuing her Masters in Sociology from South Asian University. 12 Entertainment Monday, July 21, 2014 Anjan Dutt to visit Dhaka n Entertainment Desk Famous Indian singer Anjan Dutt known for songs like “Eta ki two-four-four-one-onethree-nine,” “Ronjona ami ar ashbo na,” “Meriyen,” “Kanchonjonga,” is coming to Dhaka on an invitation form Desh TV to perform in their show “Kaaler Gaan” the day after Eid. The show will air live at 9:45 pm. From July 14, he has been acting in Srijeet Mukkhpoddai’s “Nirbak” opposite Bollywood actress Sushmita Sen. He will arrive on Eid day and will return to India after the show. Desh TV has also invited Indian singers Onnesha (4th day of Eid) and Sri Radha Boddhopoddai (6th day of Eid). The audience will also see Lalon, Soulz, SI Tutul, Dhrubotara, Shumona Haq, Labu Rahman, Nakib Khan and Kazi Hablu perform in the show. Aamir Khan rumoured to play baddie in Robot 2 n Entertainment Desk SADIA MARIUM Prachyanat’s call to save children in Gaza n Shadma Malik To protest against the atrocities in Palestine, leading theatre troupe Prachyanat organised a road show on July 19 at Chobir Haat, Shahbagh. They have displayed several forms of art such as installation, instrumental play, and theatre presentation. The performers, including theatre activists, artists, students- all in black- gathered to call for an end to Israeli military action in Gaza. An installation was showed by Shobbo Shachi Hazra depicting three coffins. The symbolic coffin represented a flag, a peace sign and another one against war, coloured in black. These coffins were surrounded by red roses and candles, depicting love and hope. An improvised musical piece was performed by Prachyanat. They performed a short skit that showed the bombing in Gaza, people dying and the last part showed people being mere spectators in the Palestine-Israel conflict. Saiful Islam Jarnal, member of Prachyanat, said: “The aim of the production was to ask for justice and freedom of the Palestinians and demanding victory for humanity.” The theatre troupe is raising funds to save children in Palestine. l After putting up a great show as the villain of “Dhoom 3,” Aamir Khan is all set reprise the villainous avatar in Rajnikanth’s “Robot 2.” If reports of an Indian leading daily are to be believed, the actor has been roped in by Shankar to play the negative character in the sequel of the immensely popular flick. Aamir, who is currently working on “PK” primarily has not cleared the air about his next film. Many speculations have been doing the rounds. But after Salman agreed on “Shuddhi,” and the project with Farhan still being in the haze, reports suggest that the actor is in talks for “Robot 2.” The film was conceptualised keeping SRK in mind who was going to produce the film as well but the project fell out due to creative differences. Though the perfectionist Khan hasn’t finalised anything at all so far, probably it is post the release of “PK” that he will announce his next. l Eid TVProgramme Honeymoon creates buzz in social media n Entertainment Desk Film “Honeymoon” staring Bappi and Mahi, is set to release on the silver screen this Eid. Directed by Shafiuddin Shafi, the film has gained a lot of recognition in the social media. The cast and crew are busy promoting the film online, such as Facebook and Youtube. The film’s trailer has taken the crowd by storm. The audience has expressed their desire to watch the film through shares and comments on the video. Regarding the film, the director said: “I knew from the very beginning that the audience would love this film. We have done everything to make the film enjoyable for the present day crowd. The clothes, music and locations are very attractive.” Besides Bappi and Mahi, the film also stars Syed Hasan Imam and Ahmed Sharif. l Chirkut and Shunno’s fusion n Entertainment Desk Alia Bhatt walked the ramp wearing an outfit designed by celebrated Bollywood designer Manish Malhotra on Saturday Chirkut and Shunno will be seen performing a music fusion for the first time this Eid on Massranga TV. The fusion has a total of eight songs, four from each band. The filming of the programme is complete. Both the bands are very excited to work on this collaboration. “Music Fusion” will be aired on the second day of Eid at 8 pm on Maasranga. l FROM AKHRA TO FUSION: TRANSFORMATION OF BAUL MUSIC (PART-14) New millennium advances and female Bauls n Maqsoodul Haque Fakir Lalon Shah in one of his famous verses said “only worshiping your mother, will lead you to the address of your father” signaling that among Bauls there are no gender biases. Yet as we look back at the evolution of Baul music, there are incredibly no references or names of any female exponents, practitioners or Gurus for that matter. One reason may well have been the entrenched patriarchy in our culture was more malicious in the ages gone by, with women being assigned back seats. The other and more significant aspect could be that on the Sufi paradigm of Bauls and Islamic spirituality, the complex gnosis or Ma’arefat schools of thought, demands that secrecies centering spiritual transmission chains are best protected and preserved by women – not men. Over 200 years ago when “women’s right” was unknown in our - or any other part of the world, among Bauls it was a complete part and parcel of their belief system. Women hold commanding position among Baul as even today and are in many case equated above the male for they not only take on the pain of bearing and rearing children, they have traditionally assisted the male in all cumbersome burdens in activities within our agrarian society. That is not all, other than agriculture, among the hundreds of household chores that they actively participate in, as well as shouldering the protection and preservation of esoteric secrecies in the belief system, most Baul women are also volunteers in the para-military auxiliary forces Ansar and VDP, and have firearms training – everything from pistols, rifles to sub-machineguns! Nonetheless, over times and the historical transformation of Baul music what has stood apart – is for reasons unknown, and despite the dominant male singers in the genre, the female voice has a uniquely compelling ability to convey the pangs, pathos and the deep meanings of Baul songs. Although there are no empirical evidence to the same, many a musicologist have argued that Baul music is essentially a female musical form that has been usurped by the male! Whatever the case may be, among the very few women mentioned in scholarly books on Bauls, we across the earliest name of Layli Begum. From the Kushtia/Chuadanga region, she came into prominence in the 1960’s courtesy of the radio. Staying true to Akhara traditions the name of Kangalini Sufiya who at age 14 left the comforts of her home and ventured out to be a Baul singer is the most prominent. Sufiya is one of the most extensively travelled Baul singer and has visited the US, UK and other European countries and as far off as China, Korea. At age 70 and in very poor health her on-stage presence today continues to enthrall audience as much as her wit, self deprecating humor and candor are legendary. Sufiya has also been featured in the ground breaking academic book “Women Renunciation in South Asia” where she is extensively quoted on Baul sexuality. Among the notable female Bauls from the Akhara tradition, Aklima Begum whose ancestor can be traced back to the earliest “shiri” or “transmission ladder” of Lalon is noteworthy. Aklima has been a practicing Baul as well as a householder and has staked her claim as an outstanding artist and performer since the late 1970s. It was post the appearance of Farida Parvin in the early 1970s that female Baul performers were getting noticed and other than the quality of their voices, they immediately started receiving rave responses from listeners who earlier had no inclination to listen to Baul music at all. Between 1980 to the late 1990’s outstanding singers such as Shehnaz Beli from Abdalpur, Kushtia were rocking the Akharas as well as major folk festivals all across Bangladesh, yet their appearance in the mainstream Bangladesh Television was limited. This was mainly because of intense competition among Bauls, and also apathy of the state run institute to embark upon proper research or creating database of artists. Shehnaz for instance was rarely heard in Bangladesh, yet was well known among the diaspora Bengalis all across the Middle East, Europe and America before her albums back at home finally brought her to media and national limelight – that too after 2000. Among artists still holding on to Akhara traditions and not known in the mainstream despite their tremendous performance and skills as artists are; Zahura Begum from Harishpur, Harinakundu, Jhenaidah, Onjoli Durga Ghosh from Bheramara, Kushtia and Kohinoor Akhter Golapi from Seuria, Kushtia are mentionable. There is undoubtedly hundreds more female Baul artist worthy of mention all across the far flung corners of Bangladesh, who regrettably cannot be mentioned in this series, given space constraints. The advent of the new millennium saw the arrival of the folk-rock fusion band Bangla’s first album Kingkortobbobimurho in 2002, that set a new milestone on the way forward with Baul music. The multi talented vocalist of the band Anusheh Anadil, through her perseverance created a niche audience comprising Dhaka’s educated elite and their English me- dium school and University going children. She sent waves down rural Bangladesh where for years her association with masters of the Akhara tradition such as Fakir Rob Shah and teacher Shafi Mondol among others, gave her rendition of Lalon’s song an unsurpassed acceptability at the grassroots... Taking Baul music to newer heights, in 2007 Bangla performed with likes of Bono of U2, Bob Geldof and Youssou N’Dour in a concert tour of Germany. Baul music thanks to Anusheh earned the millennium prefix of “cool” to Baul music! Following closely on heel with Bangla is the band Lalon – whose lead vocalist Nigar Sumi set new standards of fusing Baul music with rock. Their performances attract audiences all across Bangladesh, as much as they have toured the UK and elsewhere in Europe, the feather to their cap came during a packed performance at the hallowed precincts of the United Nations Headquarters in New York on June 15 of this year with the Secretary General Ban Ki Moon in rapt attendance. l Maqsoodul Haque is a jazz-rock fusion musician and cultural researcher who is writing a series on the transformation of Baul music. Sport DHAKA TRIBUNE Monday, July 21, 2014 13 Uttar Baridhara relegated n Raihan Mahmood Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club forward Shakhawat Hossain Rony celebrates one of his three goals against Uttar Baridhara in the Nitol-Tata Bangladesh Premier League at the Bangabandhu National Stadium yesterday MUMIT M Shakib apologises to all and vows better behaviour in future n Mazhar Uddin Star all-rounder Shakib al Hasan appealed formally to BCB yesterday to reconsider the punishment slapped on him for leaving the country without No Objection Certificate (NOC) to play in the Caribbean Premier League (CPL) and then engaging in a heated argument with head coach Chandika Hathurusingha regarding his return from CPL. Shakib arrived at the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) headquarter in Mirpur in his Toyota Crown car at around 12:15pm yesterday where a large contingent of media was present much before the poster boy of Bangladesh cricket arrived and was ready to catch the star on the camera. After his arrival, the 27-year old went straight to BCB Cricket Operations head Akram EPL clubs hike up ticket prices yet again n Agencies More than half of Premier League clubs have hiked season-ticket prices — despite cashing in on the latest TV deal worth £5.5billion over three years. The Football Supporters’ Federation (FSF) are planning a march in protest and their chairman Malcolm Clarke said: ‘Nine out of 10 fans already think they are paying too much for tickets and these figures only back that point of view. HOW TICKET COSTS HAVE GONE UP Top season ticket price £949 Per cent increase +38 +6.6 QPR ‘Clubs are swimming in cash and the last media deal was worth £5bn. The huge increase would have been enough for clubs to let every fan in for free and they would have been no worse off. ‘Top-flight clubs need to think longterm and cut prices. Never mind all the clever PR strategies clubs come out with, nothing would earn goodwill like dropping prices. ‘The FSF will lead a march on Premier League and Football League HQ on August 14. We would encourage all fans to join us.’ With clubs out to maximise revenues to be able to compete in the Premier League within the constraints of Financial Fair Play, fans are once again paying increased prices and 13 sides have raised season-ticket prices this season. The biggest price hikes have been made by Burnley and QPR, both promoted last season — Burnley have raised the price of their cheapest season ticket prices by a whopping 47 per cent. Substantial rises have also been announced at Stoke and Hull. Burnley chief executive Lee Hoos has defended the increases by pointing out that fans able to watch Premier League football this season and because £100 from this year’s season-ticket price will go towards the 2015/16 season tickets when fans renew. With the Premier League acknowledged as the most lucrative in the world, only two clubs have lowered prices this season. Football for some fans in the North East has come down in price after Mike Ashley announced marginal price cuts at Newcastle and Sunderland kept their prices down, too. l Rashed, Ripon share lead in Metro Chess n Raihan Mahmood Sheikh Rashedul Hasan and Mukitul Islam Ripon jointly led the points table with maximum five points each at the end of the fifth round of the Metropolis Chess Tournament 2100 Rating at the hall-room of the Bangladesh Chess Federation yesterday. Nasim Hossain Bhuiyan and Shahnaz Md. Faruk shared second place with 4.5 points each. In the fifth round, Rashed beat Sanowar Hossain, Ripon beat Matiur Rahman Mamun and Nasim drew with Shahnaz. l Khan’s office to officially inform him about his appeal. Moments later Shakib met coach Chandika Hathurusingha which was the pair’s first meeting since that heated conversation over phone. However, after having a chat of thirty minutes, he came out from Akram Khan’s office and met CEO Nizamuddin Chowdhury to officially submit the appeal letter, and asked the media to wait outside. But BCB media manager Rabeed Imam informed the curious media later that Shakib would not entertain any question today. Shakib then read out a statement written by the all-rounder himself. The statement read: “I am expressing my sincerest of apologies if my behavior embarrassed the BCB, the Bangladesh cricket team and our fans. I accept that as a professional and a cricketer under contract, I didn’t behave in a disciplined and restrained manner on several occasions. I am determined to behave with more restraint in future. I respect the board’s decision, but there is nothing more painful than staying away from cricket. It is my life and I have worn Bangladesh’s colors and BCB’s logo since the Under-15 days. It is my pride. The Bangladesh team is above everything. I give my all when I play for them, and I would do so in future. I have grown up with Bangladesh cricket, and I have an emotional connection with it. From that point of view, I am requesting BCB to reconsider my suspension.” All eyes will now be on BCB to see what decisions they make regarding Shakib’s suspension. l In a match of contrasting fortunes, newly crowned champions Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club thrashed relegation bound Uttar Baridhara 6-0 in the Nitol-Tata Bangladesh Premier Football League at the Bangabandhu National Stadium yesterday. Forward Shakhawat Hossain Rony slammed a hat-trick for the winners whose prowess proved to be too much in the lopsided affair. The loss confirmed Baridhara’s demotion from the top flight this year and sealed their place as the promotee side of the second tier, the Bangladesh Championship League. Jamal would have won by a bigger margin but they faced stiff resistance from Osman Goni, the Baridhara keeper who singlehandedly saved his team from conceding a few more goals. Rony put Jamal ahead in the very sixth minute of the match. Rony’s brilliant interception enabled him to take control of the ball from an opposition defender as he hit the far post net with an angular shot. Haitian forward Wedson Anselme doubled the lead in the 16th minute with a solo effort. The tall forward, receiving the ball from midfield, dodged past two opponent defenders before unleashing a fierce right footer towards the far post net. Rony scored his second and third for Jamal in the 24th minute, playing a neat one-two with partner Toklis Ahmed. Rony completed the job with a right footed grounder from the edge of the box. In the 60th minute Wedson curved a free kick from 20 yards out but Osman managed to tip the ball over the crosspiece. Four minutes later Osman denied Toklis with a reflex save. Rony could have completed his hattrick in the 72nd minute but he failed to head a Toklis corner into an empty net despite being unmarked in the sixyard box. Toklis notched Jamal’s fourth five minutes later with a solo effort, running onto a through pass from Raihan Hasan. Toklis beat the onrushing Osman in the far post with a delicate touch. Rony, however, succeeded in completing his treble in the 89th minute when he volleyed home a Toklis cross into the middle of the net. Wedson completed the rout in the 90th minute with a 20-yarder. Following this win, Jamal took their tally to 61 points from 26 matches while relegation-bound Baridhara remained at the bottom of the table with 12 points from the same number of games. l Shakib submits appeal letter, finally n Mazhar Uddin National all-rounder Shakib al Hasan has appealed to reconsider his punishment and also offered a public apology while handing over the letter to acting CEO of the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB), Nizamuddin Chowdhury, at the Sher-e-Bangla National stadium yesterday. The star cricketer was suspended on July 7 for his “serious misbehaviour” with Bangladesh’s new head coach Chandika Hathurusingha besides clashing with a spectator during the first ODI against India at Mirpur last month. Nizamuddin confirmed that he had received the letter and informed that he will forward it to the board but was unwilling to make any comments. The awaiting journalists were not given the chance to ask any questions as Shakib read out a handwritten statement which he prepared himself. “Shakib al Hasan has submitted a prayer to reconsider the July 7 sanction made by the board of directors. Since this is a board decision, they will decide on it,” said Nizamuddin. Shakib was involved in a few controversies and the most recent one was when he went to take part in the Caribbean Premier League (CPL) Twenty20 without a valid no-objection certificate and later reportedly threatened to quit from Tests and T20 internationals. On his way to the Caribbean, Shakib suddenly returned from England as the BCB asked the 27-year old cricketer to join the ongoing training camp and it was later revealed that he had an argument with Hathurusingha. The Sri Lankan coach reported it to the board and the troubled star was subsequently punished. However, Shakib did have a meeting with the head coach and chairman of the BCB Cricket Operations Committee, Akram Khan, before he handed over his appeal letter to the interim CEO. It was learned that both Shakib and Hathurusingha sought out the issues and were looking forward to curving out a practice schedule for the cricketer. l All-round Jadeja puts India on top n AFP, London Ravindra Jadeja proved a thorn in England’s side with both bat and ball as India took charge of the second Test at Lord’s on Sunday. Jadeja made a dashing 68 before the left-arm spinner struck with his first ball Sunday to have Australia-born opener Sam Robson lbw for seven. At tea on the fourth day England were 18 for one, needing a further 301 runs to reach their imposing victory target of 319. One consolation for England was that captain Alastair Cook, looking to end a run of 26 innings without a Test hundred, was still there on five not out, with first-innings century-maker Gary Ballance unbeaten on one. Only three times in their history have England made more than 300 in the fourth innings to win a Test, most recently when they posted 315 for four against Australia at Leeds in 2001. At lunch, India were 267 for seven, a lead of 243. Three quick wickets early in the second session and England would have been well-placed to end their run of nine Tests without a win. DAY 4, AT TEA England 319 and 18 for 1 (Cook 5, Ballance 1) India 295 and 342 (Vijay 95, Jadeja 68, Bhuvneshwar 52) England need another 301 runs Jadeja made a dashing fifty while tailender Kumar was last man out for 52 - his third fifty in four innings this series. The pair put on 99 for the eighth wicket with Kumar, whose six for 82 in England’s first innings was the second time this campaign he’d taken Test- best bowling figures, more than playing his part. India resumed in overcast conditions on 169 for four, with Murali Vijay 59 not out and captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni unbeaten on 12. The pair put on 79 before Dhoni fell for a laboured 19, caught by second slip Ian Bell off Liam Plunkett (three for 65) before Stuart Binny holed out off parttime spinner Moeen Ali for a duck. After England took the new ball, James Anderson was soon bowling to Jadeja, with both players facing the possibility of being banned as a result of their alleged confrontation in the Trent Bridge pavilion during last week’s drawn first Test. But in sight of his second hundred of the series opener Vijay, who made 146 in Nottingham, fell for 95 when he flicked an Anderson delivery to wicketkeeper Matt Prior after more than six hours at the crease. l India’s Ravindra Jadeja leaves the field after being dissmissed during the fourth day of the second Test against England at Lord’s yesterday AP 14 Sport DHAKA TRIBUNE Monday, July 21, 2014 Enrique wins first friendly as Barca coach n AFP, Huelva Barcelona’s new coach Luis Enrique notched up a 1-0 win Saturday in his first game in charge, a pre-season friendly against second division club Recreativo de Huelva. In the absence of star strikers Lionel Messi, Neymar and new signing Luis Suarez, Enrique gave a workout to substitutes and B-team youngsters such as Joan Roman, 21, who scored Barca’s 65th-minute winner. Seconds earlier Barcelona’s returning first-team forward Gerard Deulofeu, 20, had a powerful shot blocked by Huelva’s goalkeeper Dani Sotres only for Roman to slam home the rebound from close range. Barcelona dominated possession over their Andalusian hosts but laboured to hit their target in the first half. In the second half Enrique changed the line-up, introducing Deulofeu, who has returned to the club after a season on loan to Everton. As well as his saved shot, he hit the crossbar two minutes from full time after being played through by Ibrahim Afellay. The Catalan club’s new goalkeeper, German international Marc-Andre ter Stegen, also played in the second half for his first game in a Barcelona strip. Enrique is overhauling the squad after a disappointing season in which Barcelona narrowly failed to defend their Spanish league title. Barcelona have said goodbye to stalwarts such as Carles Puyol, goalkeeper Victor Valdes and midfielder Cesc Fabregas, and have made several new signings. These include two new goalkeepers, Ter Stegen and Claudio Bravo, and Croatian midfielder Ivan Rakitic. The latter two did not play on Saturday. Argentine ace Messi and Brazil’s Neymar were on holiday after playing for their countries in the World Cup. Uruguay’s Suarez, the club’s latest star signing, is serving a four-month FIFA ban for biting an opponent in the World Cup. l Barcelona players pose with a trophy during the Trofeo Colombino friendly match against Recreativo Huelva at the Nuevo Colombino stadium in Huelva on Saturday Sabella set to decide on Argentina Brazil eye Dunga as Scolari successor future in midweek n Reuters, Buenos Aires With a September friendly looming for Argentina against their World Cup final conquerors Germany, coach Alejandro Sabella is aware of the urgency of a decision on his future. Sabella, whose side lost 1-0 after extra time to Germany in the Maracana final a week ago, told reporters on Friday he would be mulling over his future this weekend and then arrange a Wednesday meeting with Argentine FA chief Julio Grondona. “I know there are friendlies scheduled. In the middle of the week I’ll talk with Julio,” Sabella said. “It’s a situation that can’t wait much, this weekend I’ll think about it and I’ll call Julio to have a meeting with him... I have to feel capable of doing (the job),” the 59-year-old said. Argentina play Germany in Duesseldorf on Sept. 3 in a match that will serve as a warm-up for the world champions’ opening Euro 2016 qualifier against Scotland four days later. Argentina also face Brazil and Hong Kong in friendlies in October. Argentina’s World Cup squad have said they want Sabella to Wilshere’s smoking concerns Wenger n AFP, London Arsene Wenger admits he will speak to Jack Wilshere after the Arsenal midfielder was pictured smoking while on holiday in Las Vegas. Wilshere was criticised by Wenger last season after he was seen smoking a cigarette outside a nightclub and the England international responded by insisting it would not happen again. Yet the 22-year-old was photographed smoking this week during a swimming pool party while on holiday with members of his family. Wenger wants to find out what exactly happened and plans to speak to Wilshere shortly. Speaking after Arsenal’s 2-0 friendly win at Boreham Wood on Saturday, he told his club’s official website: “I know what you can make of pictures - I have to speak to him really to see what hap- pened before I come out publicly. “I’m not deeply concerned by it. I just want to know what happened and before I know what happened, I don’t want to talk too much about it.” A common consensus is that Wilshere’s career has stalled over recent years, with injury and loss of form costing him his place in both the Arsenal and England teams last season. And Wenger insists the coming campaign will be an important one for the talented midfielder if he is to fulfil his potential. “He’s at an age where you want him to move forward,” Wenger said. “He has the potential. I believe for him, the most important (thing) now is to have a good preparation and focus on getting really fit. “Jack is a great player - he has a football brain and he’s ambitious. I’m sure that if he’s injury free, he will have a great season.”l The England midfielder Jack Wilshere (2R) was seen smoking a cigar and cigarettes given to him by his brother last week stay at the helm and prepare the team for the Copa America in Chile next year. “That makes me proud but my decision doesn’t depend on that... It’s down to whether I feel strong enough to give 100 percent,” he said. “If I can’t give the players what I ask of them, it wouldn’t be honest.” Sabella said he was not analysing alterative job offers. “If I leave the national team it won’t be to work elsewhere, it will be to rest.” He added he believed Argentina played their best match of the tournament in the final. “I think that, taking into account who our opponents were, it was our best match at the World Cup. It was very even with the clearest chances for us. We should have won it in 90 minutes, then it got harder physically,” he said. “With Germany it’s hard to go blow for blow because, like great boxers, they have an extraordinary punch.” l Ronaldo not as talented as ‘freak’ Messi : Henry n Agencies Thierry Henry believes that his former Barcelona team-mate Lionel Messi is untouchable in terms of pure talent, even from Cristiano Ronaldo. The Camp Nou star was unseated as Ballon d’Or holder earlier this year by the Real Madrid forward, but he starred in the World Cup as Argentina reached the final and won the tournament’s Golden Ball for his efforts. Henry, who played with Messi at Barca before joining New York Red Bulls in 2010, stressed that he rates Ronaldo but just does not think that the Portugal international - or anyone else in the world - can match Messi toeto-toe for talent. “Lionel Messi is the best player in the world but I respect the amount of work Cristiano Ronaldo has put into the game,” Henry told BBC. “But Messi is just a freak. It is nice for kids to watch as they can see one guy who was given a gift and the other guy who does it through hard work. “Louis Saha used to tell me Ronaldo was the hardest worker at Manchester United. I am not saying Messi does not work hard - but it is more natural. “Ronaldo had to work really hard to reach the top. They have the same mentality but that’s the difference.” Arsenal legend Henry also weighed in on the future on Luis Suarez, who has joined Luis Enrique’s side this summer for €88 million, and suggested that the Uruguayan would be a massive hit in La Liga. “He has everything. He’s in your face, he’s arrogant in a good way, he can volley it, he can score headers,” the Frenchman added. “He has that vicious side to his game - I will not call it cheating. He knows how to score goals. We have seen it against England. They gave him two chances and he scored two goals.” l n AFP, Rio de Janeiro Brazil could appoint former coach Dunga to replace Luiz Felipe Scolari as national team boss, media reports indicated Saturday, despite ex-Corinthians coach Tite being considered the long time favourite. The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) earlier confirmed it will unveil its choice of Scolari’s successor on Tuesday at 11 a.m. (1400 GMT) in western Rio and a clutch of Brazilian newspapers said Dunga, 50, would return for a second spell. Front-runner, at least until Saturday, was believed to be Tite, full name Adenor Leonardo Bacchi, who oversaw wins in the Copa Libertadores and FIFA Club World Cup, at Chelsea’s expense, in 2012. Last Thursday, the CBF Thursday took the wraps off a revamped technical commission under new technical coordinator Gilmar Rinaldi, replacing Carlos Alberto Parreira, the coach of the Brazil side that won the World Cup in 1994. Gilmar - not to be confused with the Gilmar who kept goal for the 1958 and 1962 world champions - was a reserve keeper on the 1994 championship-winning side, which was skippered by Dunga. Dunga, who replaced Parreira in the top job after the 2006 World Cup, went on to lead Brazil to Copa America success in 2007 and then won the Confederations Cup in 2009. But the former Fiorentina midfielder was fired after a 2010 World Cup quarter-final loss to Holland. The CBF would Saturday only reiterate that Marin would present the new man on Tuesday but Rio daily O Dia described Dunga as “close to returning,” highlighting his “good relationship” with Gilmar. Globo indicated for its part reported that Gilmar and Dunga had reached a rapid agreement in principle with the CBF electing not to pursue the Tite option. l AFP Nedved insists Juve key men going nowhere n Agencies Juventus director Pavel Nedved has insisted that the Turin giants have no intention of selling Arturo Vidal and Paul Pogba. Former Juve coach Antonio Conte walked out on the Italian champions this week, with reports suggesting he was unhappy with a lack of transfer activity. Conte was also said to be concerned by talk of Vidal potentially joining Manchester United, while fellow midfielder Pogba has also been linked with a big-money move ahead of the new season. Juve legend Nedved has set the record straight, though, stating that the club plan to keep hold of their sought-after players and will only sell if they receive offers they are unable to refuse. He said: “Anyone who thinks Antonio Conte resigned due to the transfer strategy is wrong. Our plan is clear: we want to keep all our best players, including Vidal and Pogba.l Can injury shades Liverpool win AFC Wimbledon’s 180kg forword Adebayo Akinfenwa fights for possession with Chelsea’s Oriol Romeu on Saturday n AFP, London RESULTS Emre Can suffered a calf injury on his Liverpool debut as the German midfielder limped off during his side’s 2-1 friendly win at Preston on Saturday. Can, who moved to Anfield from Bayer Leverkusen for £10 million earlier this month, started for the first time at Deepdale, but the 20-year-old’s maiden appearance didn’t last long as he was taken off after just 20 minutes due to tightness in his calf. He had already missed the midweek friendly against Danish side Brondby with a minor ankle complaint, but Liverpool Chelsea Arsenal Sunderland West Brom 2–1 3-2 2-0 5-1 0-0 Preston AFC Wimbledon Boreham Wood Darlington Wycombe was cleared to feature against Simon Grayson’s League One outfit. However, after getting a knock early on he was substituted with Jordon Ibe sent on in his place. Can will now be assessed to see if he is fit to fly to the United States for the next stage of Liverpool’s pre-season preparations. That injury blow overshadowed the Reds debut of England striker Rickie Lambert, who helped Brendan Rodgers’ side come from behind to win. Lambert, who supported the Reds as a boy, made his dream move to Anfield from Southampton in June and played 45 minutes at Deepdale before being replaced at half-time. Philippe Coutinho, Fabio Borini -who remains a target of Sunderland -Joe Allen, Martin Skrtel and Jon Flanagan were included in a strong Liverpool line-up, but it was Preston who took the lead through Josh Brownhill. Liverpool, however, scored twice in three minutes in the second half as Suso applied a curling finish in the 74th minute before Kristoffer Peterson side-footed home the winner. Elsewhere on Saturday, Chelsea staged a late fightback to beat League Two minnows AFC Wimbledon 3-2 thanks to two goals from captain John Terry. Nemanja Matic, Mohamed Salah and Kurt Zouma were all named in a young Chelsea line-up that fell 2-0 behind before half-time courtesy of Alan Bennett’s opener after 38 seconds and Matt Tubbs’ penalty. Terry was introduced at the interval and the centre-back scored two goals either side of Salah’s equaliser to seal a second pre-season victory for Jose Mourinho’s men. FA Cup holders Arsenal eased to a 2-0 win at non-league Boreham Wood. Aaron Ramsey started for the Gunners alongside Carl Jenkinson, Nacho Monreal and Wojciech Szczesny but it wasn’t until the 68th minute that Kristoffer Olson gave Arsene Wenger’s side the lead. Benik Afobe then made sure of the victory with a penalty late on. Sunderland beat Darlington 5-1 and West Bromwich Albion drew 0-0 with Wycombe. l Sport DHAKA TRIBUNE Monday, July 21, 2014 McIlroy on cusp of Open glory QUICK BYTES Wozniacki, Vinci to clash for Istanbul title Top seed Caroline Wozniacki will tackle Roberta Vinci for the Istanbul WTA title on Sunday as the magical run of 16-year-old Ana Konjuh was ended at the semi-final stage. Wozniacki made the final with a 6-2, 6-3 win over France’s Kristina Mladenovic while second-seeded Italian Vinci brushed aside Konjuh 6-4, 6-2. Vinci had lost to Konjuh in the first round in Auckland this season in the pair’s only other previous meeting. “The conditions were difficult out there today with the wind, so it made everything a little harder,” Wozniacki said of her clash with Mladenovic. “I just tried to stay focused and play my best tennis and I’m glad it worked out.” Vinci leads Wozniacki 2-1 in head-to-head meetings, including beating the Dane when she was ranked number one in 2011 and also winning their only 2014 encounter. Vinci is also on a roll, winning eight of nine matches since coming out of Wimbledon. –AFP n Reuters, Hoylake Gourcuff named new Algeria coach Frenchman Christian Gourcuff was named the new coach of Algeria on Saturday, replacing Vahid Halilhodzic who took them to the second round of the World Cup in Brazil last month. Gourcuff had long been the earmarked to take over after Brazil but was only formally confirmed after a meeting of the Algerian Football Federation leadership in Algiers on Saturday. The 59-year-old Frenchman will start the job on August 1 and has been given a contract until the end of the next World Cup in Russia, said a federation statement. It means he will also be in charge for the next two African Nations Cups in 2015 and 2017 as well. Gourcuff was last coach of Lorient, leaving the job in May at the end of the Ligue 1 season. He has also coached at Le Mans and Stade Rennes and had a one-year spell in Saudi Arabia. –Reuters Military service casts doubt over Salah’s Chelsea future Rory McIlroy of Northern Ireland reacts after making his eagle putt on the 18th green during the third round of the British Open Championship at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, northern England on Saturday REUTERS n AFP, London Michael Vaughan has joined the list of former skippers questioning whether Alastair Cook should continue as England captain. After nine Tests without a win and 26 innings since he made the last of his England record 25 Test hundreds, Cook’s position has come under intense scrutiny, with the opener out for just 10 in his side’s first innings during the ongoing second Test against India at Lord’s. The likes of Geoffrey Boycott, Alec Stewart and, most recently, Mike Brearley, have suggested the burden of leading England may now becoming too heavy for 29-year-old Essex left-hander Cook to carry. Vaughan said England were in danger of doing permanent damage to Cook’s ability as a batsman if he was allowed to remain as captain. “We have reached the stage with Cook when he cannot be enjoying cricket. You don’t when you are not playing well and the team is struggling,” Vaughan, England’s 2005 Ashes-winning captain, wrote in his Telegraph column. Real Madrid sell Morata to Juve, loan Casemiro to FC Porto DAY’S WATCH Star Sports 1, 3, HD1 4:00PM India Tour of England Second Test, Day 5 Rory McIlroy left the door invitingly ajar for a charging pack led by Rickie Fowler and Sergio Garcia before slamming it shut with a dazzling finish on Saturday to lead the Open by six strokes with one round left. The Northern Irishman began the day four shots clear of Dustin Johnson, was reeled in by inspired American Fowler after 12 holes, but magnificent eagles at the 16th and 18th saw him disappear over the horizon with a 16-under-par total of 200 at a rain-soaked Royal Liverpool course. It is 50 years since a player went into the fourth round of the Open with a bigger lead, on that occasion Tony Lema taking a seven-stroke advantage into Sunday at St Andrews in 1964. Yet for much of the third round on a links course softened to perfection by stormy weather, McIlroy seemed in real danger of missing out on his fair share of the birdie feast which allowed 17 players to shoot sub-70 rounds and 35 to break par. After 13 holes he was level par for the day and, with dark clouds brewing overhead, Fowler was breathing down his neck. He responded with an incredible 3-3-3-3-5-3 climax to move clear and only an extraordinary turnaround on Sunday can prevent him completing a first Open triumph to add to the U.S. Open and U.S PGA titles he won in 2011 and 2012 respectively. “I was conscious that Rickie was getting a little closer or Sergio or whoever it was,” McIlroy, who would break three-times winner Tiger Woods’s Open record of 19 under (set in 2000) with a round 68 or lower on Sunday, told reporters. “But it was nice to be able to come up with the goods when I needed them the last few holes.” Should he close the deal on Sunday, the 25-year-old McIlroy will have completed three legs of the career slam on Sunday, leaving just the Masters title Vaughan voices Cook captaincy fears Mohamed Salah’s Chelsea career is hanging in the balance as he may be ordered to return to Egypt to complete military service, Egyptian media reported. Salah, who completed a move to Stamford Bridge from Swiss club Basel in January, is allowed to live in England on the basis of his participation in an educational programme. However, his registration to that programme has been rescinded by the Minister of Higher Education in Egypt, the football website www.kingfut.com said, meaning the pacy 22-year-old may have to return to the country. If Salah was obliged to return home, he would not be allowed to leave Egypt again until completion of a period of military service, ranging from 12 months to three years. “Salah has expressed his shock about the decision,” Egyptian National Team director Ahmed Hassan said on kingfut.com. “He told me that he is trying to represent Egypt in the best way possible. Is this the best response from the country?” –Reuters Real Madrid said Saturday they have sold Spanish under 21 striker Alvaro Morata to Juventus and were loaning Brazilian midfielder Casemiro to FC Porto. Morato has been a regular in Madrid’s team this year and has scored 11 goals in 52 games for the side overall. Italian champions Juventus confirmed the 21-year-old had signed a five-year deal worth 20 million euro ($27m) to be paid over three years which includes a buy-back clause. The 22-year-old Casemiro played 25 games for Madrid in 2013-2014, but only started four of those. Competition for Real midfield places is heating up with the arrival of German World Cup winner Toni Kroos this week. The Real-Porto accord includes an option to buy. Porto have already bought Dutch defender Bruno Martins Indi this week and taken attacker Cristian Tello on a two-year loan from Barcelona. –AFP 15 Tomic faces Karlovic in Bogota final n AFP, Bogota Australian Bernard Tomic will face defending champion Ivo Karlovic in the Bogota ATP final after edging Victor Estrella 7-6 (7/2) 6-7 (5/7) 7-6 (7/5) in Saturday’s semi-final. Tomic’s appearance in Sunday’s final as a wildcard comes three days after he split with global management company IMG with reports blaming the divorce on concerns over his off-court behaviour. This is the 21-year-old’s first ATP final since January’s Sydney International. “It’s always very tough when I play Victor, he’s a fighter,” said the Australian. “I knew it was going to be a hard match, I tried to stay focussed on my serve and get the win. “Now I’m going for the title,” add- ed the Wimbledon quarter-finalist as a qualifier in 2011. Karlovic beat Czech fourth seed Radek Stepanek 6-4, 3-6, 6-4 in the second semi-final. Tomic’s career has taken a downward turn since making the fourth round of the 2012 Australian Open, a decline which has seen his ATP ranking slip from 27 to a current 124. He withdrew in the first round of the Australian Open against Rafael Nadal and underwent double hip surgery shortly afterwards and then suffered a record 26-minute defeat on his comeback event at Miami. Last year, his father John was banned from attending the French Open, even as a paying spectator, after he was charged with assaulting his son’s hitting partner, Frenchman Thomas Drouet in Madrid. l “It is easy for the England and Wales Cricket Board hierarchy to say it is going to stick by him but it has to ask what is best for the team and for Cook. “The ECB has a responsibility to Cook the person to do the right thing and if that means taking the captaincy away then so be it.” For the 39-year-old Vaughan, Cook’s plight was reminiscent of the situation he found himself in when struggling to combine the roles of England captain and opening batsman. “I went through terrible moments opening the batting and captaining the side. I could not buy a run in my first series against South Africa and really struggled in Sri Lanka. It was killing me going to my room at night hating this job,” he added. “He looked me in the eyes over coffee and said what about dropping down the order to give yourself space and time to gather your thoughts and make the transition from captaincy to batting,” Vaughan recalled. “That one chat with Duncan saved me as a captain. If I had been stubborn and carried on as before I would not have lasted in the job because my form would not have been good enough to stay in the side.” However, Vaughan said a similar move was not an option for Cook and added the best course of action might be simply to remove the captaincy in the hope it allows him to concentrate solely on his batting. The new hierarchy at the ECB installed after England’s 5-0 Ashes thrashing in Australia have staked plenty on Cook’s leadership, even saying the need to support his captaincy was a reason for sending star batsman Kevin Pietersen into international exile. But Vaughan insisted any concerns the management had about being seen to perform a U-turn or “give in” to Cook’s critics missed the point. “English cricket has to get him back to batting consistently at the top of the order,” Vaughan said. “He needs a bit of honest feedback. The ECB and Alastair cannot be stubborn and just carry on because they fear giving in to his critics. “Plenty of great players have had to relinquish the captaincy to carry on being a player.” l missing from his collection. “I’d be in pretty illustrious company,” he added. “So not getting ahead of ourselves, here, but yeah, it would mean an awful lot. I didn’t think that I’d even have the chance at 25 to go for three legs of the Grand Slam. So I’m going to try to put all of that out of my head.” Like McIlroy, Fowler also carded a four-under 68 but three bogeys over the closing five holes left him ruing what might have been as he chases a first major title. Spaniard Garcia, who hit back from a poor start in which he found two greenside bunkers at the first, is seven shots adrift in a tie for third place with Johnson after a round of 69. Frenchman Victor Dubuisson is on eight under. Darren Clarke, the 2011 champion, fired the day’s joint best round of 67 but three-times winner Tiger Woods, who started on the 10th along with half the field, was wallowing in a distant 58th place at three over par after a rusty 73. Last year’s champion Phil Mickelson fared slightly better than his old sparring partner with a one-under 71 but his hopes of retaining the title are over. McIlroy looked anxious early on, finding sand with his second shot at the first and then missing a par putt after an under-cooked bunker shot. His heart was racing at the second when he badly misjudged a birdie putt and left himself an awkward return which he holed. A birdie at the par-five fifth got him back to level par for the day but he was in trouble after driving into deep sodden rough at the long par-four seventh. After chopping out sideways to the fairway he pitched into the green and rattled in a brave 15-foot par putt to put distance between himself and Johnson, who bogeyed. With Fowler snapping at his heels McIlroy was unable to make another birdie until the par-four 11th, only to hand back a shot at the next hole after finding the rough off the tee. l Ferrer ends teenager Zverev’s Hamburg run n AFP, Hamburg Spanish veteran David Ferrer ended the breakthrough run of German 17-year-old Alexander Zverev with a 6-0, 6-1 victory in the semi-finals of the Hamburg ATP tournament on Saturday. The 32-year-old top-seeded Ferrer dismissed Zverev in just 56 minutes to advance to his 44th tour-level final where he will face Leonardo Mayer of Argentina. World number 285 Zverev was the youngest player ever to compete in the semi-finals of an ATP World Tour 500 tournament, having ousted the likes of fifth seed Mikhail Youzhny and number 11 Santiago Giraldo. He had never won a tour-level match coming into Hamburg and is now set to break the world top 200 at around 160, having sat as low as 665 three weeks ago. World number 46 Mayer upset seventh-seeded Philipp Kohlschreiber of Germany, 7-5, 6-4. l Spain’s David Ferrer returns the ball during the semi final against Germany’s Zverev during their ATP tennis tournament in Hamburg, northern Germany on Saturday AFP 16 DHAKA TRIBUNE Monday, July 21, 2014 DHAKA TRIBUNE Monday, June 16, 2014 13 Shakib vows better behaviour in future 14 Sabella set to decide on Argentina future Sport 15 Vaughan questions Cook captaincy SCORECARD, DAY 5 South Africa 1st innings 455-9 decl (D. Elgar 103, J. Duminy 100 no; Perera 4-162) Sri Lanka 1st innings 292 all out (A. Mathews 89, U. Tharanga 83; D. Steyn 5-54) South Africa 2nd innings 206-6 decl. (De Villiers 51; R. Herath 4-79) Sri Lanka 2nd innings (overnight 110-1) U. Tharanga c de Kock b Steyn 14 K. Silva c de Kock b Steyn 38 K. Sangakkara c Amla b Duminy 76 M. Jayawardene c de Kock b Morkel 10 L. Thirimanne c de Villiers b Steyn 12 A. Mathews not out 27 D. Chandimal c de Kock b Morkel 1 D. Perera c de Kock b Steyn 0 R. Herath c de Villiers b Duminy 20 S. Lakmal c Tahir b Morkel 12 S. Eranga c Elgar b Morkel 0 Extras: (b1, lb4, nb1) 6 Total (all out; 71.3 overs) 216 Fall of wickets 1-14 (Tharanga), 2-118 (Silva), 3-138 (Jayawardene), 4-149 (Sangakkara), 5-153 (Thirimanne), 6-158 (Chandimal), 7-161 (Perera), 8-190 (Herath), 9-216 (Lakmal), 10-216 (Eranga) Bowling Steyn 17-3-45-4, Philander 11-4-34-0 (1nb), Morkel 13.3-6-29-4, Tahir 19-464-0, Duminy 10-4-38-2, Elgar 1-0-1-0 South Africa won by 153 runs South African bowlers Morne Morkel, center left, and Dale Steyn cheer each other after defeating Sri Lanka by 153 runs during fifth day of the first Test cricket match in Galle, Sri Lanka yesterday AP Quicks bowl Proteas to rare win in Sri Lanka n Reuters, Galle South African fast bowlers Dale Steyn and Morne Morkel ripped through the Sri Lanka batting lineup to seal a 153run win in the first test on Sunday as Hashim Amla started his captaincy in fine style. Steyn took four for 45 and Morkel finished with four for 29 to dismiss the hosts for 216 shortly before the tea break and seal a first win in Sri Lanka for 14 years. Sri Lanka had started the final day on 110 for one, optimistic of chasing down the 370 victory target after Amla had declared on 206-6, but collapsed under the pressure of the two quicks to lose nine wickets for 106 runs. Steyn ended with match figures of nine for 99 to take the man of the match award after the best bowling figures by a quick at Galle. “His figures speak for themselves, he bowled excellently,” Amla said of Steyn. The lengths he bowled, the pace, the aggression - a great performance from a great bowler. “I could look in the dictionary for a million adjectives to describe him, but I think it suffices to say that it was a great performance by a great bowler.” Steyn started South Africa’s victory push by grabbing an early break- through on Sunday when he had Kaushal Silva edge to wicket-keeper Quinton De Kock to end his innings on 38 and the second wicket stand of 104 with Kumar Sangakkara. Morkel then struck with the first ball after the drinks breaks when Mahela Jayawardene edged behind for 10 to leave Sri Lanka on 138-3. The hosts still held hope, though, with Sangakkara holding firm against the barrage before the former skipper fell to one of the worst balls of the day. The left-hander pulling a woeful long hop delivery from JP Duminy straight to Amla at mid-wicket to depart for 76 and leave the hosts in big trouble on 149-4. Sangakkara could not believe what he had done, staring at the pitch before walking off with his head down. Lahiru Thirimanne was the next to go, falling in similar circumstances to the first innings as he edged a ball from Steyn outside his stumps to AB de Villiers in the slips for 12. Dinesh Chandimal then completed the miserable session by departing for one as he gloved an attempted pull off Morkel to de Kock to leave the hosts six down at lunch. Steyn returned in the second session to take his fourth wicket when he had Dilruwan Perera caught by de Kock for his second duck of the match. It was the fourth wicket to go down for only 12 runs as the hosts fell to 161-7. Duminy then ended Rangana Herath’s 18-ball cameo for 20 when he top edged a sweep and was caught by a darting De Villiers, who ran from slip to short fine leg to take the catch. Morkel wrapped up the victory by claiming the final two wickets in two balls, dismissing Suranga Lakmal at long leg for 12 and then Shaminda Eranga fending a short ball to short leg to leave Mathews unbeaten at the crease on 27. “The bowlers were really hungry Dale and Morne asked for the ball regularly, which was brilliant,” said Amla. “We picked up a few early wickets which made it a lot easier to maintain the pressure.” Sri Lanka captain Mathews blamed his middle order batting for the defeat. “Where we lost the test was the failure of our batsmen to score runs on the first innings,” said Mathews, who reckoned Sri Lanka were at least 100 runs short in their first innings when they folded for 292. “When we started the day at 110 for one, our plan was to go after the target but like in the first innings we didn’t bat well enough.” The second test starts in Colombo on July 24.l Raza, Masakadza rout Afghans in second ODI n AFP, Bulawayo Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg of Germany leads the field after the start of the German Formula One Grand Prix in Hockenheim, Germany yesterday RESULT 1. Rosberg (GER/Mercedes) 1:33:42.914s 2. Bottas (FIN/Williams) at 20.789s 3. Hamilton (GBR/Mercedes) 22.530 4. Vettel (GER/Red Bull) 44.014 5. Alonso (ESP/Ferrari) 52.467 6. Ricciardo (AUS/Red Bull) 52.549 7. Hülkenberg (GER/FI) 1:04.178 8. Button (GBR/McLaren) 1:24.711 9. Magnussen (DEN/McLaren) 1 lap 10. Perez (MEX/Force India) 1 lap 11. Raikkonen (FIN/Ferrari) 1 lap 12. Maldonado (VEN/Lotus) 1 lap 13. Vergne (FRA/Toro Rosso) 1 lap 14. Gutierrez (MEX/Sauber) 1 lap 15. Bianchi (FRA/Marussia) 1 lap 16. Kobayashi (JPN/Caterham) 2 laps 17. Chilton (GBR/Marussia) 2 laps 18. Ericsson (SWE/Caterham) 2 laps AP Leader Rosberg wins German GP n AP, Hockenheim Nico Rosberg won the German Grand Prix on Sunday to stretch his lead in the Formula One drivers’ championship over Mercedes teammate Lewis Hamilton, who finished third after starting 20th. “It’s an amazing feeling to win at home. It’s a very special day,” said Rosberg, who led throughout to become the first German to triumph at Hockenheim since Michael Schumacher won in 2006. Hamilton, who crashed in qualifying and survived a number of scrapes throughout the race, could not get past Valtteri Bottas in the closing laps and the Finn took second to give Williams its 300th F1 podium finish. “It was not easy and required input from all the engineers. Thanks to all the fans. I saw many Finnish flags so thank you,” Bottas said. Hamilton was pushed back to the penultimate row of the grid due to his qualifying crash and a penalty for changing his gearbox, but threaded his way through the field despite a broken front wing caused by a collision with former teammate Jenson Button of McLaren. His super-soft tires wore quickly in his final stint and he did not have the grip to get past Bottas. Rosberg leads Hamilton by 14 points going into next weekend’s race in Hungary. Four-time defending champ Sebastian Vettel was fourth, ahead of Fer- rari’s Fernando Alonso who won his exciting battle with Red Bull’s Daniel Ricciardo for fifth. There was a collision at the first corner between Kevin Magnussen’s McLaren and Felipe Massa’s Williams, which flipped over and slid across the run-off area in a shower of sparks. The McLaren also left the track and Ricciardo had to steer wide around them to avoid the damage, dropping him down to 15th and compromising his race. Magnussen had to pit to repair damage to his left front tire but Massa’s race was over. The Brazilian emerged unhurt from the car to cheers from the crowd. l Sikandar Raza struck 141 runs as Zimbabwe cruised to an eight-wicket oneday international (ODI) triumph over Afghanistan in Bulawayo Sunday. A century from 17-year-old Usman Ghani was pivotal as Afghanistan made 256-7 in 50 overs at Queens Sports Club in the southern Zimbabwe city. But a succession of Afghan bowlers had no answer to right-hander Raza, who combined with Hamilton Masakadza for a 224-run opening partnership. Zimbabwe reached a victory-clinching 257-2 off 43.3 overs. The emphatic victory coupled with a six-wicket win two days ago gave Zimbabwe a 2-0 lead in the four-match series with matches to come on Tuesday and Thursday. Opener Ghani struck 118 runs from 143 balls in a 200-minute stand laced with 12 fours and one six. No other Afghan batsman impressed with the second-best score an undefeated 23 from lower-order Gulbadin Naib. Pakistan-born Raza, who made his ODI debut last year against Bangladesh, averaged over a run a ball as he tormented the visitors’ attack. The knock came off 133 balls and his 171-minute spell of havoc included 11 fours and seven sixes. Masakadza fell on 93 having scored 10 fours and one six. Zimbabwe and Afghanistan are preparing for the 2015 Cricket World Cup in Australia and New Zealand. l BRIEF SCORE Afghanistan 256-7 in 50 overs (Ghani 118, Naib 23 no, Rahmat 22, Nabi 22; Raza 2-25, H Masakadza 2-37, Panyangara 2-58) Zimbabwe 257-2 in 43.3 overs (Sikandar Raza 141, Masakadza 93) Zimbabwe win by eight wickets Zimbabwe lead four-match series 2-0 Sikandar Raza (R) and Hamilton Masakadza run during the second ODI against Afghanistan in Bulawayo yesterday AFP Editor: Zafar Sobhan, Published and Printed by Kazi Anis Ahmed on behalf of 2A Media Limited at Dainik Shakaler Khabar Publications Limited, 153/7, Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka-1208. Editorial, News & Commercial Office: FR Tower, 8/C Panthapath, Shukrabad, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9132093-94, Advertising: 9132155, Circulation: 9132282, Fax: News-9132192, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Website: www.dhakatribune.com The BRICS nations The BRICS group of emerging economic powers meeting in Fortaleza, Brasil 41.6% Threat of political movement makes BB conservative Sources: IMF, World Bank 51 million $US 7,810 $US 6,768 H1 credit growth target to remain at the same level of last half at 16.5% as the central bank unveils monetary policy statement early next week n Jebun Nesa Alo Bangladesh Bank is going to announce a new monetary policy for the first half of the current fiscal year on Sunday next, with a challenge to stimulate investment in private sector. The credit growth target would be set at 16.5%, a senior executive of the central bank said yesterday. The target would then remain same to what it was in the January to June period, which would also remain far short of the period’s target. He said the credit growth in the last six month would be 13.5% at best, portraying sluggish investment. The credit growth remained far below from the programmes estimated in last several monetary policies. “There will be no surprise in the new policy we are going to announce,” said Bangladesh Bank senior adviser Allah Malik Kazmi. He said credit space will be kept almost unchanged as local market would not be so crowded due to inflow of foreign loans. The Monetary Policy Statement would continue with the existing measures to keep inflation below 7% and set the GDP growth above 7% in line with the government target of 7.3% for the fiscal year 2014-15. “We will have policy to divert the liquidity to investment. We have already raised the cash reserve requirement (CRR) to absorb the excess liquidity from the market and have plans to increase it further, if needed,” he said. He said the central bank will take steps to keep stability in the money market, but increase of investment would depend on political situation. “We will take the political situation under consideration in setting the monetary policy programmes as BNP announced to go for movement after Eid festival.” The central bank expects import expenditure will rise this year, but will have no pressure on reserve as it has surplus current account balance. The current account may not remain surplus due to rise in import payment, but it would not be negative, he said. He added that the central bank failed to achieve its target to use the credit growth set in the last few monetary programmes due to lack of confidence among the businesspeople amid political uncertainty. Under the monetary programme for the fiscal year 2013-14, the central bank had set 15.5% credit growth target for the private sector by December 2013 and 16.50% by June 2014. The BB data showed that the credit growth in the private sector stood at 11.39% in May and the central bank is expecting it would stand 13.5% at best at the end of June, which is far below the target. The actual credit growth of the private sector was 16.6% in December 2012, which was far from the target of 18.3%. Then the central bank cut its credit growth target to 10.8% in June 2013 considering the lack of demand and achieved it. But, the gap between the actual and programmed target widened during last two monetary policies amid political unrest. The actual credit growth stood at 10.6% in December 2013 against the programme of 15.5% and in May it stood at 11.39% against 16.8%, according to the Bangladesh Bank data. l Salaries of 10 lakh RMG workers of subcontracting factories uncertain n Ibrahim Hossain Ovi Some 10 lakh workers, who are employed in around 1,200 subcontracting ready-made garment factories, are still facing uncertainties in getting their salaries and bonus before Eid as the factory owners are now facing fund shortage due to order crisis. According to Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), there are 1,200 subcontracting RMG factory in the country employing over 10 lakh workers. Among the subcontracting factories, 800 are fully depend on subcontracting job while rest of the 400 are directly export-oriented factories, which also do subcontract job when they lack work orders. The subcontracting factories cut and make garments in contract and are paid off for that, which is also known as cutting and making (CM) charge. I have got my salary of the last month on Thursday last, which has become a usual scenario for us as it is happening every month, Ahsan, an operator at a subcontracting factory at Badda in the capital, told the Dhaka Tribune. “We may get only bonus before Eid as the factory has not enough funds to pay the monthly salary,’’ said Ahsan quoting a factory official. After the Rana Plaza incident, which killed 1,135 workers and injured over 2,500 last year, global buyers have become more cautious about workers’ safety and also imposed conditions on subcontracting. According to a BGMEA source, factory owners, especially the actual subcontracting factory owners, are facing financial crisis due to lack of enough work orders. ”Subcontracting factories may face problems in paying the workers’ wages and bonus in due time as they are now Committee formed to search site for EPB finalises $33.2bn international convention center export target today n Tribune Report An eight-member committee has been formed to find out a suitable site for setting up an international convention center on 50 bighas of land near Dhaka-Mawa. A committee headed by Public Works Secretary Md Golam Rabbani has been formed to prepare a report on the possible sites, which will be submitted in September next to finally select the project area and sources of funds for setting up the proposed convention center, said Finance Minister AMA Muhith after attending an inter-ministerial meeting held yesterday at the finance ministry at the secretariat in the capital. The meeting was, attended, among others, by LGRD minister Syed Ashraful Islam and Information Minister Hasanul Haq Inu. The meeting opined that an international convention centre might be constructed in the Nobabganj Upzilla Galimpur moza area, which is six kilometer east from Nobabaganj Upzilla head quarters, besides Dhaka -Dohar roadside, and it will be 25 kilometer from zero point of Dhaka city. Proposed convention center site will be on 44 acres, which is now being used as agriculture land. Of the 44 acres, 43.86 acres private land and rest of khas land and there is no establishment in the areas, as per the proposal. “Possible sites of an international convention center may be three but it is not right time to disclose the name of areas because price of the land may be increased in those areas,’’ Muhith pointed out. He also said an international airport and railway station would be set up near the convention center. He said the convention center will establish within two years with most of expenses bear by the government of Bangladesh under Public and Private Partnership initiative. The project will be implemented at a cost of US$300m or Tk2,400 crore with the financial and technical assistance from the Chinese government. Terming Bangladesh is an attractive place not only for the investors but also for huge gathering of people from home and abroad, the finance minister said: We need another international convention centre to tap the opportintunities. As per the proposed infrastructure plan, the centre will house a large gallery with seating capacity of 5,000 spectators, two medium sized galleries, having 500 seats each, 10 seminar rooms, having seating capacity of 200 people each and several offices for the government. The centre will also have a parking lot for 500 cars. The proposed convention centre, which will have an exclusive office for the Prime Minister and offices for some cabinet members. According to the draft plan, the estimated project cost worth Tk2,400 crore would be out sourcing from the public and private sectors. l n Tribune Report Export Promotion Bureau will finalise $33.2bn export target today for the fiscal year 2014-15 with an aim to earn $27.5bn from the nation’s garment sector after making a change to its previous draft of $34.2bn. A meeting to be presided over by Commerce Minister Tofail Ahmed at EPB auditorium will finalise the target which is 8.85% higher than that of the last year’s earning. “Commerce minister will fix the target of export despite global odds and uncomfortable situation of US market in regaining GSP facility of local export,” an EPB official told the Dhaka Tribune yesterday. In the FY2013-14 the country earned $30.17bn posting over 11% growth from the previous year. However, the figure was short of the target which was $30.5bn. EPB data showed the export sec- tor failed to reach targets as set in last two years. In 2011-12, the target was $26.5bn, but the earnings amounted to $24.3bn while in FY2012-13 the achievement was $27bn against the target of $28bn. The country only witnessed a big jump in exports compared to target during the FY2010-11. While the target was $18.5bn, the earnings exceeded $24bn in the year. The performance could have encouraged the EPB to set bigger targets in the following years. However, the export sector has continued to grow over the last several years even in the recent time when the country’s biggest foreign exchange earner garment industry faced trouble after the disastrous Rana Plaza incident. Bangladesh mainly depends on garment, leather, agricultural products, shrimp and jute and jute goods to achieve its export target. l BTRC earns Tk10,000cr in FY14 n Muhammad Zahidul Islam Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) collected Tk10,016 crore as government revenue in the fiscal year 2013-14, which is nearly double compared to the earning one year ago. The collection was driven by spectrum fee for newly launched third generation mobile broadband, second generation licence renewal fee and revenue sharing of the operators along with other fees, according to the regulator sources. In FY2012-13, the BTRC received Tk5,404 crore from operators. Of the amount collected in the just concluded fiscal, BTRC which earns the highest non-tax revenue for government has deposited Tk9,722 crore to Bangladesh Bank. The telecom watchdog officials.The collection would be further boosted if the operators paid outstanding revenues. Teletalk, the state-owned mobile operator, paid only Tk60 crore for 3G licence fees although the total fee was Tk1,627 crore. Other four private mobile operators paid Tk4,250 crore for 3G spectrum. However, the telecom market analysts said although the regulator earned a huge sum, it could not facilitate the market. They said the market expansion has been slow and the regulator has no control over it. “It is a natural cash flow and there is no credit to BTRC from here to collect this huge amount of money. Rather BTRC should spend more money for hiring telecom experts. Only the professionals should lead this sector,” said Abu Saeed Khan, a senior policy fellow of the Colombo-based regulatory think-tank LIRNEasia and a former secretary of Association of Mobile Telecom Operators of Bangladesh (Amtob). BTRC should expand its service and physical presence across the country, he added. The collection in the last fiscal year exceeded the target of Tk9,398 crore. In the first six months of the year, BTRC got Tk6,126 crore revenue, said the regulator sources. l The road-side makeshift shops have been major place of shopping for the low-income people in Dhaka. With Eid-ul-Fitr only a few days away, hundreds of Eid shoppers have started crowding these cheap price outlets. The picture taken yesterday shows the shoe shops built on the footpaths of the city’s busy new market area RAJIB DHAR facing order shortage, which put them in fund crises,” BGMEA vice- president Shahidullah Azim told the Dhaka Tribune. “ We have urged the finance minister to order the banks to pay us fund only for paying bonus and salary before Eid, which could be adjusted after the Eid, when they received funds from the buyers,” said Azim. Azim also noted that May-August is a lean time for the country’s RMG sector, which created shortage in work orders but it would be over soon. ‘We have information that the subcontracting factory owners are facing problems in managing funds to pay the workers’ dues before Eid’ “After the implementation of new wage structure, subcontracting factories are suffering fund shortage badly as the lack of enough work orders make the situation worse,” a subcontracting factory owner, told the Dhaka Tribune, who preferred not to be named. The problem can be resolved only if the buyers allow us subcontracting, increase CM charge and put more order in Bangladesh, he added. Currently, the subcontracting factories are not allowed to perform the job for the supplier without permission of the respective buyers. “We have information that the subcontracting factory owners are facing problems in managing funds to pay the workers’ dues before Eid,” said Rony. He also urged the government and the BGMEA to take necessary steps to avert any unrest in the apparel industry. l Double taxation treaty with Kyrgyzstan likely next month n Asif Showkat Kallol Bangladesh and Kyrgyzstan are close to signing two agreements after seven years of initiative, which include avoidance of double taxation treaty and avert tax fraud agreement between the two countries. Official of the Internal Resources Division said: “We exchanged model drafts for avoidance of double taxation treaty and avert tax dodge agreement in 2007 but the negotiations between Bangladesh and Kyrgyzstan authorities stalled since then for different reasons.” He also said negotiation between the two nations will start again next month as the both parties already agreed. Summary of singing the two agreements between Bangladesh and Kyrgyzstan was placed for endorsement of Finance Minister AMA Muhith last week. According to the summary of Internal Resources Division under Ministry of Finance, the Kyrgyzstan authorities invited the Bangladeshi delegation team to Bishkek on August 4-7 or August 18-21 to finalise the two agreements. Kyrgyzstan authorities had earlier invited the Bangladeshi delegation twice in last seven years but for “unavoidable circumstance” Bangladeshi delegation could not go to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. Internal Resources Division has already formed a five-member team headed by Chairman of National Board of Revenue Md Ghulam Hossain. The team will go to Bishkek on the any of the mentioned dates. They will discuss about the interest of Bangladesh’s exports, investment trade and commerce in Kyrgyzstan. Bangladesh has been exporting pharmaceutical goods, melamine, garments and jute goods to Kyrgyzstan for last couple of years. In FY2013-14, Bangladesh export to Kyrgyzstan was $209,216.90. l B2 Stocks start week with red n Tribune Report and power. Pharmaceuticals sector was the worst sufferer with a fall of more than 3%, pulled down by heavyweight Square Pharmaceuticals that slumped 8%, as its dividend declaration of 30.0% cash and 15% stock for the year ended March 2014 failed to satisfy investors. IDLC Investments said with corporate disclosures and half-yearly earnings floating on board, investors prompted to shuffle their choice across scrips and sectors. The expectation mismatch dwindled scrip-level scenario, especially Square Pharmaceuticals secured worst position in top ten losers’ list, it said. “However, coupled with the news of increased interest rate spread and better half-yearly earning declarations in some banks impulsed investors’ positioning.” Lanka Bangla Securities said first day of the week started with selling frenzy with major large cap stocks closing in negative territory. As quarterly earnings started to come out, investors reacted positively at the end of trading; especially on financial stocks, which squeezed the day’s losses, it said. Beximco continued leading the chart for the fifth consecutive session with Tk30 crore changing hands, followed by Shahjibazar Power Company, Grameenphone, Olympic Industries, FAR Chemical and United Commercial Bank Ltd. l Stocks started the week with red yesterday amid lacklustre trading activities. The market opened on unhappy note as indices tumbled losing almost 50 points till midsession, but some modest buying mainly on financials offset some losses. 'The expectation mismatch dwindled scrip-level scenario, especially Square Pharmaceuticals secured worst position in top ten losers’ list' The benchmark DSEX lost over 18 points or 0.5% to end at 4,374. The Shariah index was down 14 points or 1.5% to 984. The comprising blue chips DS30 closed at 1,591, shedding 12 points or 0.8%. Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) Selective Categories Index, CSCX, fell 35 points to 8,291. Turnover at DSE remained sluggish amounting to Tk260 crore, which was over 4% higher than that of the previous session. The major sectors closed with mixed performance with banks gaining the most 1.4%, followed by non-banking financial institutions Weekly capital market highlights DSE Broad Index : DSE - 30 Index : CSE All Share Index: CSE - 30 Index : CSE Selected Index : DSE LOSERS Company Square Pharma -A BD Fixed Income MF-A Reliance Insur -A Midas Financing-Z Rupali Life Insur.-A Popular Life Insu. -A MBL 1st M. F.-A Meghna Life Ins. -A BD. Thai Alum -B Wata Chemicals -A Closing (% change) -8.01 -5.06 -5.01 -4.85 -4.51 -4.10 -4.00 -3.58 -3.56 -3.55 CSE LOSERS Company Nitol Insurance -A Square Pharma -A Asia Insur. Ltd.-A H.R. Textile -A Padma Islami Life*-N Rupali Life Insur.-A JMI Syringes MDL-A The Ibn SinaA Meghna Life Ins. -A Union Capital -A Closing (% change) -9.31 -7.93 -4.69 -3.68 -3.51 -3.23 -3.05 -3.03 -2.99 -2.96 Turnover (Million Taka) Market Capital Equity (Billion US$) 26.33 Average (% change) -1.19 -7.81 -4.24 -1.47 -3.39 -4.66 -3.07 -3.03 -3.58 -2.96 Closing average 252.12 7.50 58.89 21.63 51.11 171.00 4.93 91.91 27.69 229.56 Closing average 26.68 252.54 18.30 26.80 55.00 50.92 155.85 96.00 94.01 19.68 Weekly closing DSE Million Taka 278.19 71.81 24.30 233.18 121.52 334.95 0.39 257.26 526.66 0.07 34.10 22.19 9.36 91.41 9.78 24.44 32.97 114.62 95.58 353.84 0.35 Weekly high 252.60 7.50 58.80 21.60 50.80 170.90 4.80 91.50 27.10 225.60 Weekly closing 260.00 7.50 60.00 22.30 52.40 171.20 5.10 94.90 28.80 237.00 Weekly high 26.30 253.20 18.30 26.20 55.00 50.90 155.90 96.00 94.10 19.70 28.00 260.00 18.30 27.20 55.00 51.10 158.00 96.00 103.00 19.90 Weekly low 235.00 7.50 58.50 20.90 50.00 170.70 4.70 91.30 25.50 215.00 Weekly low 26.30 248.00 18.30 26.20 55.00 50.80 154.00 96.00 90.00 19.50 Latest EPS 281.711 0.004 0.265 0.173 3.304 0.684 1.598 3.456 11.198 5.863 Turnover in million Shahjibazar Power-N Savar Refractories-Z Apex SpinningA United Insur -A Rupali Bank - A Linde (BD) Ltd. -A Bengal Windsor-A FAR Chemical-N Jamuna Bank -A National Life I -A Closing (% change) 15.40 9.59 5.49 5.45 5.34 5.07 4.92 4.84 4.17 3.82 CSE GAINERS 8.36 0.56 5.84 -6.91 5.33 17.00 -0.36 6.45 0.84 6.24 Latest EPS 0.017 27.673 0.005 0.040 0.028 0.127 0.468 0.048 0.131 0.081 3.24 8.36 1.56 1.62 1.10 5.33 2.08 3.12 6.45 2.08 Latest PE 30.2 13.4 10.1 -ve 9.6 10.1 -ve 14.2 33.0 36.8 Latest PE 8.2 30.2 11.7 16.5 50.0 9.6 74.9 30.8 14.6 9.5 Company Bengal Windsor-A Safko Spinning-A AMCL (Pran) -A Power Grid Co. -A Golden Harvest Agro-N DESCO Ltd. -A UCBL - A IDLC Finance -A AMCL 2nd MF-A Orion Infusions -A Closing (% change) 5.41 4.89 3.97 3.86 3.78 3.65 3.44 3.44 3.39 3.06 Average (% change) 10.68 6.67 3.94 1.57 3.03 2.98 3.99 6.05 2.91 1.76 Average (% change) 4.31 3.21 3.97 3.86 3.83 2.86 2.17 3.46 3.05 2.10 Closing average 48.18 64.00 72.30 31.77 67.76 865.86 44.31 49.25 12.39 226.42 Closing average 44.29 18.99 222.50 43.00 30.06 55.66 26.87 44.57 6.08 43.21 Weekly closing 51.70 64.00 73.00 32.90 69.10 884.60 44.80 49.80 12.50 230.80 Weekly closing 44.80 19.30 222.50 43.00 30.20 56.80 27.10 45.10 6.10 43.80 Weekly high 52.30 64.00 73.70 33.90 71.50 893.00 45.20 50.70 13.00 231.90 Weekly high 45.10 19.30 230.00 43.00 30.50 60.00 27.30 45.20 6.10 44.00 Weekly low 43.70 64.00 70.10 30.50 60.00 836.00 39.00 47.80 10.80 222.20 Weekly low 43.20 17.50 215.00 43.00 29.90 54.20 25.50 43.70 6.00 42.40 Turnover in million 104.773 0.003 3.239 0.019 2.628 5.022 32.829 69.911 2.526 2.434 Turnover in million 3.419 0.031 0.045 0.043 0.352 0.584 4.308 0.981 0.015 0.199 Latest EPS 3.04 0.52 2.24 2.44 3.96 38.76 2.60 3.92 0.60 12.46 Latest EPS 2.60 1.08 5.85 2.13 1.55 0.95 4.64 -0.88 0.99 4.81 Latest PE 15.8 123.1 32.3 13.0 17.1 22.3 17.0 12.6 20.7 18.2 Latest PE 17.0 17.6 38.0 20.2 19.4 58.6 5.8 -ve 6.1 9.0 News, analysis and recent disclosers SQURPHARMA: The Board of Directors has recommended 30% cash dividend and 15% stock dividend for the year ended on March 31, 2014. Date of AGM: 25.09.2014, Time: 10:00 AM, Venue: Factory premises, Kaliakoir, Gazipur. Record Date: 26.08.2014. The Company has also reported NAV of Tk. 22,277.52 million, EPS of Tk. 8.36 and NOCFPS of Tk. 12.90 for the year ended on March 31, 2014. LINDEBD: The Company has informed that the Board of Directors has approved 200% interim cash dividend for the year ending 31st December 2014. Record date for entitlement of interim dividend: 03.08.2014. APEXSPINN: The Board of Directors has recommended 20% cash dividend for the year ended on March 31, 2014. Date of AGM: 28.09.2014, Time: 9:00 AM, Venue: Trust Milonayatan, 545 Puraton Biman Bandar Sarak (Adjacent to Shahid Bir Shresta Jahangir Gate), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka-1206. Record date: 07.08.2014. The Company has also reported net profit after tax of Tk. 18.80 million, EPS with fair valuation surplus of Investment of Tk. 3.35, EPS without fair valuation surplus of Investment of Tk. 2.24, NAV per share of Tk. 49.75 and NOCFPS of Tk. 2.50 for the year ended on March 31, 2014 as against Tk. 18.49 million, Tk. 2.01, Tk. 2.20, Tk. 49.32 and Tk. 18.09 respectively for the year ended on March 31, 2013. STANDBANKL: (H/Y): As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 30.06.2014 (Jan'14 to June'14), the Company has reported consolidated profit after tax of Tk. 644.78 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 1.13 as against Tk. 473.91 million and Tk. 0.83 respectively for the same period of the previous year. Whereas consolidated profit after tax was Tk. 508.43 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 0.89 for the period of 3 months (Apr'14 to June'14) ended on 30.06.2014 as against Tk. 164.30 million and Tk. 0.29 respectively for the same period of the previous year. MJLBD: (H/Y): As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 30.06.2014 (Jan'14 to June'14), the Company has reported consolidated net profit after tax (excluding non-controlling interests) of Tk. 600.16 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 2.52. Whereas consolidated net profit after tax (excluding non-controlling interests) was Tk. 318.26 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 1.33 for the period of 3 months (Apr'14 to June'14) ended on 30.06.2014. FASFIN: (H/Y): As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 30.06.2014 (Jan'14 to June'14), the Company has reported consolidated net profit after tax (excluding non-controlling interests) of Tk. 29.45 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 0.26 as against Tk. 0.57 million and Tk. 0.01 respectively for the same period of the previous year. Whereas consolidated net profit/(loss) after tax (excluding non-controlling interests) was Tk. 15.76 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 0.14 for the period of 3 months (Apr'14 to June'14) ended on 30.06.2014 as against Tk. (10.86) million and Tk. (0.10) respectively for the same period of the previous year. UCBL: (H/Y): As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 30.06.2014 (Jan'14 to June'14), the Company has reported consolidated profit after tax of Tk. 1,939.97 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 2.32 as against Tk. 1,058.61 million and Tk. 1.27 respectively for the same period of the previous year. Whereas consolidated profit after tax was Tk. 977.54 million with consolidated EPS of Tk. 1.17 for the period of 3 months (Apr'14 to June'14) ended on 30.06.2014 as against Tk. 2,058.46 million and Tk. 2.46 respectively for the same period of the previous year. LINDEBD: (H/Y): As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 30.06.2014 (Jan'14 to June'14), the Company has reported net profit after tax of Tk. 294.95 million with EPS of Tk. 19.38 as against Tk. 343.34 million and Tk. 22.56 respectively for the same period of the previous year. Whereas net profit after tax was Tk. 157.29 million with EPS of Tk. 10.34 for the period of 3 months (Apr'14 to June'14) ended on 30.06.2014 as against Tk. 146.95 million and Tk. 9.66 respectively for the same period of the previous year. ISLAMIBANK: The Company has informed that the Board of Directors of the Company has decided to enhance Paid up Capital of Islami Bank Securities Limited, a subsidiary Company of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited from Tk. 270.00 crore to Tk. 472.50 crore subject to approval of Regulatory Authorities. BEXIMCO: The Company has informed that it has credited the bonus shares for the year ended on December 31, 2013 to the respective shareholders' BO Account on July 20, 2014. PURABIGEN: The Company has informed that it has credited the bonus shares for the year ended on December 31, 2013 to the respective shareholders' BO Account on July 15, 2014. First day of the week started with selling frenzy with major large cap stocks closing in negative territory SECTORAL TURNOVER SUMMARY Bank NBFI Investment Engineering Food & Allied Fuel & Power Jute Textile Pharma & Chemical Paper & Packaging Service Leather Ceramic Cement Information Technology General Insurance Life Insurance Telecom Travel & Leisure Miscellaneous Debenture Company Average (% change) -7.72 -5.30 -3.46 -4.76 -4.72 -3.81 -1.40 -3.53 -0.65 0.02 Monday, July 21, 2014 DSE key features Jujy 20, 2014 4374.19425 Stock DHAKA TRIBUNE % change 10.55 2.72 0.92 8.84 4.61 12.70 0.01 9.76 19.97 1.29 0.84 0.35 3.47 0.37 0.93 1.25 4.35 3.62 13.42 0.01 Million Taka 26.72 4.94 2.05 19.78 20.05 26.18 28.70 43.45 35.72 1.49 36.39 0.89 6.14 0.79 0.27 1.68 13.33 15.84 44.11 0.09 CSE % change 8.13 1.50 0.63 6.02 6.10 7.97 0.00 8.73 13.22 10.87 0.45 11.07 0.27 1.87 0.24 0.08 0.51 4.06 4.82 13.42 0.03 Million Taka 304.91 76.76 26.36 252.96 141.57 361.14 0.39 285.96 570.11 35.79 35.59 58.59 10.24 97.55 10.57 24.71 34.65 127.95 111.42 397.95 0.44 Total % change 10.28 2.59 0.89 8.53 4.77 12.18 0.01 9.64 19.22 1.21 1.20 1.98 0.35 3.29 0.36 0.83 1.17 4.31 3.76 13.42 0.01 Prepared exclusively for Dhaka Tribune by Business Information Automation Service Line (BIASL), on the basis of information collected from daily stock quotations and audited reports of the listed companies. High level of caution has been taken to collect and present the above information and data. The publisher will not take any responsibility if any body uses this information and data for his/her investment decision. For any query please email to [email protected] or call 01552153562 or go to www.biasl.net DSE TURNOVER LEADERS Company BEXIMCO Ltd. -A Square Pharma -A Shahjibazar Power-N Grameenphone-A Olympic Ind. -A FAR Chemical-N UCBL - A The Peninsula CTG.-N Envoy Textiles Ltd-N Appollo Ispat CL -N CSE TURNOVER LEADERS Company BEXIMCO Ltd. -A Square Pharma -A The Peninsula CTG.-N FAR Chemical-N Grameenphone-A UNITED AIR-A Appollo Ispat CL -N BSC-A BD Submarine Cable-A UCBL - A Volume shares 8,687,561 1,117,370 2,174,800 306,078 318,622 1,419,500 2,535,551 1,945,200 1,223,103 2,028,600 Volume shares 1,090,437 109,581 286,200 186,000 30,600 475,600 199,800 10,015 26,800 160,359 Value in million 306.73 281.71 104.77 85.88 75.09 69.91 68.27 67.55 65.23 57.60 Value in million 38.46 27.67 9.94 9.13 8.57 5.82 5.67 5.33 4.76 4.31 % of total turnover 11.63 10.68 3.97 3.26 2.85 2.65 2.59 2.56 2.47 2.18 % of total turnover 18.89 13.59 4.88 4.49 4.21 2.86 2.79 2.62 2.34 2.12 Weekly closing 35.50 252.60 51.70 279.30 236.50 49.80 27.20 34.80 53.40 28.20 Weekly closing 35.40 253.20 34.80 49.00 279.50 12.20 28.30 529.50 177.10 27.10 Price change 0.85 -8.01 15.40 -2.03 1.20 4.84 3.42 1.46 1.14 -1.40 Weekly opening 35.20 274.60 44.80 285.10 233.70 47.50 26.30 34.30 52.80 28.60 Weekly high 38.70 260.00 52.30 285.00 237.20 50.70 27.40 35.20 53.80 29.00 Weekly low 31.70 235.00 43.70 270.00 225.00 47.80 23.70 34.30 48.00 28.10 Weekly average 35.31 252.12 48.18 280.57 235.68 49.25 26.93 34.73 53.33 28.39 Price change 0.57 -7.93 1.46 2.94 -2.17 -0.81 -2.08 0.42 -1.12 3.44 Weekly opening 35.20 275.00 34.30 47.60 285.70 12.30 28.90 527.30 179.10 26.20 Weekly high 36.10 260.00 35.20 50.50 284.00 12.40 28.90 536.00 179.50 27.30 Weekly low 32.00 248.00 34.10 47.90 278.90 12.00 28.10 527.25 176.10 25.50 Weekly average 35.27 252.54 34.74 49.10 280.20 12.23 28.40 532.00 177.60 26.87 DHAKA TRIBUNE B3 Monday, July 21, 2014 G20 trade ministers reaffirm growth commitments n AFP, Sydney G20 trade ministers reaffirmed Saturday their commitment to free trade as a central driver of growth and to streamline the flow of goods through borders. The ministers met in Sydney for the latest round of talks among the world's leading economies, with Australia's Trade Minister Andrew Robb saying all nations were still committed to the Bali agreement struck in December. Robb said while some G20 members raised concerns about the deal, which streamlines the global flow of goods, "every country there at the meeting did reaffirm their commitment to all nine (elements of the Bali agreement) being completed". The Bali agreement by the World Trade Organisation's 160 members saw them commit to lowering global trade barriers, with the intention of making it easier for developing countries to trade with the developed world in global markets. French Trade Minister Fleur Pellerin said the G20 also discussed how free trade was key in driving economic growth amid fiscal consolidation and declining government revenues. "We focused a lot on free trade being one of the leverages that we can use to boost growth in France ... investment and trade ... are definitely the main aspects of our growth agenda," Pellerin told AFP. The crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 on Thursday had threatened to overshadow the summit, with both Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Robb meeting the Russian trade representative on the sidelines of the talks. Russia's role in the incident has come under scrutiny amid its possible links to the separatists controlling territory in eastern Ukraine where the aircraft had come down in. "We made requests for Russia to give its unequivocal commitment to facilitate these sorts of immediate ob- Central Women's University holds career-counseling session n Tribune Business Desk Business school of Central Women’s University organised a career-counseling session on July 16 for its student to have better understanding on future professional life. The faculties advised about job opportunities, future academic prospect in home and abroad and the importance of communication skills. The university’s business club has been actively organising workshops for its students. The club had previously organised a workshop on stock trading, which was aimed at teaching the students how the stock trading is done. The representatives from Azam Securities Ltd instructed the workshop. Alongside the workshop, the club has also introduced a wall managing named Brainstorming, where best ideas had been published that were generated by the students. l jectives" of safe access to the crash site and a binding United Nations' Security Council for an independent investigation, Robb said. Earlier Saturday, Robb warned that Canberra may consider trade sanctions against Moscow as a result of the crash, which killed 298 people, including 28 Australians, subject to how it "responds, cooperates and is proactive in seeking answers". Australia, along with several other countries, already has imposed sanctions and travel bans on some Russians and Ukrainians. 'Visitors to this country are people who have done the right thing by this country and lets hope that's exactly what we would find in the weeks and months ahead' Questions over Putin's G20 visit Senior ministers have refused on comment on whether Russian leader Vladimir Putin would be invited to the G20 leaders' summit in Brisbane, Queensland's capital, in November. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said: "Let's wait and see what will happen, but I can give you this assurance - Australia is a self-respecting country. "Visitors to this country are people who have done the right thing by this country and lets hope that's exactly what we would find in the weeks and months ahead." A small protest in Sydney near the talks called for Putin to be blocked from the leaders' summit, with organiser Pete Shmigel from the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations Trade Ministers of the Russian Federation Alexey Ulyukaev (centre), New Zealand Tim Groser (right) and Tawfig bin Fouzan Al-Rabiah of Saudi Arabia listen to Australia's Minister for Trade and Investment Andrew Robb (back on screen) as he makes his opening remarks during the G20 Trade Ministers meeting in Sydney on Saturday AFP calling it a "defining moment" for the international community. Despite the talk of trade sanctions, Robb said the G20 ministers focused on their goal to boost economic growth by an additional 2% over the next five years - an agreement the countries' fi- nance ministers signed up to at a meeting in February. He added that while some countries had put forward ambitious growth agendas during the talks, "there was still quite a lot of room for many countries to take more domestic-related ini- US judge OKs warrant for Google user's emails, stoking debate n Reuters, New York A federal judge in New York has granted prosecutors access to a Gmail user's emails as part of a criminal probe, a decision that could fan the debate over how aggressively the government may pursue data if doing so may invade people's privacy. US Magistrate Judge Gabriel Gorenstein said Friday he had authorized a warrant to be served on Google Inc for the emails of an unnamed individual who is the target of a money laundering investigation. Gorenstein said his decision ran counter to several other judges' rulings in similar cases that sweeping warrants give the government improper access to too many emails, not just relevant ones. But he said the law lets investigators review broad swaths of documents to decide which are covered by warrants. Google did not respond to a request for comment. The ruling came three months after US Magistrate Judge James Francis in New York said prosecutors can force Microsoft Corp to hand over a customer's email stored in an Ireland data center. Microsoft has appealed, in what is seen as the first challenge by a company to a warrant seeking data stored overseas. Companies including Verizon Communications Inc, AT&T Inc, Cisco Systems Inc and Apple Inc have filed briefs in support of Microsoft, as has the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an advocacy group. A hearing is set for July 31 before US District Judge Loretta Preska in New York. The government's ability to seize personal information has grown more contentious since former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden leaked secret documents in June 2013 to media outlets outlining the agency's massive data collection programs. In June, a unanimous US Supreme Court ruled police generally need a warrant to search an arrested suspect's cellphone, citing privacy concerns. Gorenstein's ruling joined a public debate playing out among several magistrate judges, who typically handle warrant requests. It is unusual to issue lengthy opinions on such matters particularly when, as in Gorenstein's case, the judge approves the application. In April, John Facciola, a magistrate in Washington, DC, rejected a warrant for the Apple email account of a defense contractor as part of a kickback investigation, one of several similar opinions he has authored recently. Last year, a Kansas magistrate denied warrant applications for emails and records at Google, Verizon, Yahoo! Inc, Microsoft unit Skype and GoDaddy in a stolen computer equipment case. Both judges said the warrants were overly broad. On the other hand, several US appeals courts have rejected motions to suppress such searches, Gorenstein said. l tiatives" to boost their GDP. Abbott has said said he wants G20 nations to push harder on their growth plans. Business leaders at a B20 summit this week made a series of recommendations on structural reforms and free trade that could boost global growth by India Reliance posts record $1bn Q1 profit n AFP, New Delhi Indian retail-to-energy group Reliance Industries Ltd reported a record $1bn net profit for the financial first-quarter, fuelled by a strong petrochemicals performance. Reliance, controlled by the country's wealthiest man Mukesh Ambani, announced net profit for the three months to June climbed by a betterthan-expected 13.7% to 59.57bn rupees ($1bn) in the same period a year ago. The matter is under arbitration amid claims by the oil ministry that output has fallen because the company failed to drill the number of wells it had pledged The group, which owns a supermarket chain and a telecommunications company but derives most of its earnings from its massive energy operations, has "delivered a record level of consolidated net profit this quarter," Ambani said. The company "has a great pipeline of new projects" that will keep Reliance ahead of rivals, Ambani said in a statement. The performance beat analysts' expectations that the company, which runs the world's biggest refinery complex, would post a net profit of around Public Relations Association of Banks has recently held a get-together meeting in Dhaka. The meeting was presided over by the association’s president and head of PR at Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd, Md Ataur Rahman First Security Islami Bank Limited has recently held its 8th extraordinary general meeting at a hotel in Chittagong. The meeting was presided over by the bank’s vice chairperson Alhaj Mohammed Abdul Maleque. The bank’s stakeholders have approved the proposal of issuing one rights share against every two ordinary shares at the meeting US$3.4tn and create millions of jobs. They included a call for the free flow of goods, services, labour and capital, an effective and transparent regulatory framework, as well as structural reforms that would boost trade and lift infrastructure investment. l 54bn rupees during the first quarter of the 2014-15 financial year. "The petrochemicals business performance highlights the strength of our portfolio-mix," Ambani said. "Alongside, this robust financial performance, we also made significant progress on our growth commitments," he said. The company's strong lineup of new projects "will give Reliance "an enduring competitive advantage". He said that the company was further expanding its retail business in existing markets and "exploring newer markets". Reliance's revenues jumped by 7.2% to 1.1tn rupees ($17.9bn) in the first quarter from a year earlier. The company said that gas output from offshore fields in the KG-D6 block on the country's east coast had fallen by 15% during the quarter from a year earlier. Earlier this month, the government refused to allow Reliance to recover $2.4bn it had invested to develop the D6 offshore gas block as production had fallen dramatically and was significantly below expected volume. The company said the fall in output was mainly due to the shutdown of wells in D1 and D3 fields in the D6 block. The matter is under arbitration amid claims by the oil ministry that output has fallen because the company failed to drill the number of wells it had pledged. The company says that gas, used widely in energy-hungry India for power, is far harder to extract than initially expected. l United Commercial Bank Limited recently held its half yearly conference for its managers in Chittagong zone at Chittagong Club. The conference was presided by the bank’s managing director Muhammed Ali RFL recently opened its Best Buy outlets at East Rampura and Merul Badda in Dhaka. PRAN-RFL Group’s chairperson Lt Col Mahtabuddin Ahmed (retd) inaugurated the outlets Masthead PR, a public relations agency has recently signed an agreement with Banglalink on providing holistic PR solutions at a ceremony held at the head office of Banglalink. Solaiman Alam, marketing director of Banglalink and Salma Adil, chief financial officer of Masthead PR attended the signing ceremony among others B4 Back Page Monday, July 21, 2014 BRICS shake up global economic architecture n AFP, Washington By creating their own multilateral financial institutions, the BRICS emerging-market powers are shaking up global economic governance but remain far from dismantling the post-war system dominated by the West. For the past 70 years, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have been the pillars of the world's economic system, coming to the rescue of countries in trouble and supporting development projects, respectively. But the Bretton Woods institutions are regularly criticised for their inability to reflect the growing and important contributions of the major emerging economies to the global economy. China, the world's second-largest economy, continues to have just slightly more voting power in the IMF than Italy, about five times smaller. And, since their creation in 1944, the IMF and the World Bank have only been led by Americans and Europeans. "Broader global governance reforms have become stalled, despite the many commitments made by advanced economies to emerging markets to give them a more prominent role in international financial institutions and other international forums," said Eswar Prasad, a trade policy professor at Cornell University and a former IMF expert. In this context, the launch Tuesday of a development bank and an emergency reserve fund by the BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa - appears to be a concrete attempt to address those inequities. "If the existing institutions were doing their jobs perfectly, there would be no need to go to the trouble of creating a new bank, a new fund," said Paulo Nogueira Batista, who represents Brazil and 10 other countries at the IMF, in an interview. The mere creation of the two BRICS institutions sends a strong signal to Western powers, where some doubt the ability of the five powerhouses to surmount their individual needs and ambitions. The launches "are significant actions that represent a game changer as they turn statements and rhetoric about cooperation among these countries into reality," Prasad said. 'On the contrary, we wish to democratize it and make it as representative as possible' The BRICS nations The BRICS group of emerging economic powers meeting in Fortaleza, Brasil 41.6% = 10 million In $US Vladimir Putin 1.3 1.3 25% For now, only the BRICS countries will be able to draw from the $50bn in the New Development Bank and $100bn in the Contingent Reserve Arrangement. However, proof of the new institutions' effectiveness will come when other countries knock at their door for money. "Will the BRICS take the financial risk to lend to other countries? And what conditions will they impose?" said an IMF official, who spoke on condition of anonymity. Accustomed to bailing out a country, and being reimbursed, in exchange for austerity conditions, the IMF has of the world‘s territory The International Monetary Fund warned on Friday that the pro-Russia uprising engulfing Ukraine's economically-vital eastern rustbelt had delivered a "notable" blow that would shrink its economy faster than feared. The Fund said upon completing its latest review of the pro-Western leaders' compliance with the terms of a $17bn (12.6bn euro) two-year rescue that Ukraine was facing new headwinds that had not been envisioned when the programme was unveiled at the start of May. It said the economy would probably contract by 6.5 rather the 5% initially forecasted because of revenue collection shortfalls in crisis-hit regions and higher spending on defence. The IMF added that its programme's success now hinged not only on Kiev's ability to adopt urgent but unpopular belttightening measures but also "crucially on the assumption that the conflict will begin to subside in the coming months." The Fund's country mission chief also complimented Prime Minister Ar- seniy Yatsenyuk's government for doing a good job meeting commitments that could see the quick release of a second loan tranche of $1.4bn. "The conflict is putting increasing strain on the program and a number of key elements of the macroeconomic framework have had to be revised," Nikolay Gueorguiev said in a statement. "Economic prospects have deteriorated notably, and GDP is now expected to contract by 6.5% this year, compared to 5% when the programme was adopted," he said. "A shortfall in revenue collections in the east, higher security spending, and lower-than-expected debt collection by Naftogaz will cause fiscal and quasifiscal deficits and financing needs to rise above the programmed path." Gueorguiev added that higher-thanexpected capital outflows were also putting the country's currency and budget forecasts in peril. 'End of Russian trade' The IMF review was completed before Europe's most explosive standoff in decades escalated further on Thurs- CHINA INDIA Dilma Rousseff 2.5 1.8 2.7 1.211 billion $US 1,418 201 million $US 11,171 Sources: IMF, World Bank SOUTH AFRICA Jacob Zuma 2.7 1.9 2.3 1.357 billion 51 million $US 7,810 day with the downing of a Malaysian jet that Kiev blamed on rebels who allegedly receive covert shipments of sophisticated Russian arms. The 298 people who perished on the Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur flight came from around the world and brought down the wraths of governments stretching from the United States to Australia on Russia. Some economists said the incident raised the chances of Washington and its European allies unleashing the most punitive economic sanctions against Russia to date. "The Malaysian Airliner tragedy is a potential game changer," said Chris Weafer of Moscow's Macro-Advisory consultancy. "In the US and Europe, the readiness to incur short-term economic costs and impose more punitive sanctions on Russia has probably gone up," Berenberg Bank economist Holger Schmieding added. Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned that such steps could affect the fate of massive investments made by global energy giants in vast Siberian and Artic oil and gas fields. But Ukraine's bigger concern is that Putin's anger will translate into restrictions on Ukrainian imports that Moscow had already warned about when Kiev signed an historic EU free trade agreement last month. Yatsenyuk told a cabinet meeting on Friday that "we must prepare for a practically complete restriction of bilateral trade with Russia." He said that Ukraine's loss of access to the Russian market would reduce annual exports by $5bn - about seven percent of the country's total. Russia receives about a quarter of all goods shipped abroad by Ukraine and Yatsenyuk failed to explain how came up with the figure. "But Russia is not the only market in the world," the prime minister added. "The government must do everything to help diversify our sales markets over the short term." The European Union estimates that the so-called economic portion of the Association Agreement it sealed with Kiev on June 27 would boost Ukraine's exports to the 28-nation bloc by 1bn euros ($1.35bn) this year. l Singapore Airlines apologises for 'insensitive' MH17 post n AFP, Singapore Singapore Airlines (SIA) has apologised for posting an "insensitive" comment on social media about the Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 crash in crisis-stricken eastern Ukraine. Hours after the Boeing 777-200 passenger jet with 298 people on board went down on Thursday, believed shot by a surface-to-air missile, SIA posted a oneline statement on Facebook and Twitter. It read: "Customers may wish to note that Singapore Airlines flights are not using Ukraine airspace." The comment sparked anger among users of social media. "How about at least acknowledging the terrible event and sending condolences to those families and friends involved instead of this cold, classless update?" wrote a Michael Reif in response. Hundreds of others joined in the condemnation but some defended the airline, saying it was trying to reassure customers concerned about the safety of their flight route. "We are aware that our Facebook and Twitter update on Friday morning may have come across as insensitive to some," SIA said in a Facebook posting late Saturday. "We recognise that the information could have been better communicated and we sincerely apologise if it had offended our customers and anyone else in the online community," it added. l 7.7 7.7 7.5 IMF sees Ukraine's economy shrinking faster than feared n AFP, Kiev Xi Jinping 144 million $US 14,604 Still, many areas of uncertainty cloud the new BRICS structures, giving the IMF and the World Bank a long lead on their fledgling rivals. Battles for influence	Brazil
What is the scientific name for the study of fish?	Shale Archives - The Automatic Earth The Automatic Earth Store and Donations The Automatic Earth's 2017 fundraiser also serves to help the poor and refugees in Greece. See here how and why . To separate donations for Greece from those for the Automatic Earth (please don't forget us!), amounts that end in either $0.99 or $0.37 go straight to Greece. Every penny goes where it belongs, no overhead. Guaranteed. Our Paypal widget is in the top left corner of this site. If you don’t like Paypal, you find an address for checks and money orders on our Store and Donations page. Please give generously. Jan 182017 While I tend to largely agree with this, I also think what makes these discussions obsolete is that I haven’t seen a single person talk about the possibility that EU will not survive as is, or the single market, and what that would in turn mean for Brexit. Not a single one. Meanwhile, Britain has declared mudslinging its new national sport, and that will continue to make predicting anything at all very hard. • Why Theresa May Is Right To Take A Huge Gamble On Hard Brexit (MW) First, there is very little evidence that membership of the Single Market is worth the costs. Every country in the world has access to the single market, under WTO Rules, although occasionally subject to some very minor tariffs. What you lose by leaving is any voice in how the rules of that market are set, and the hassle and paperwork involved in exporting. How much that is really worth, it is hard to judge. What we do know is that ever since the single market was launched in 1992, the EU has been one of the slowest-growing regions in the world, and that trade between its member states has started to decline. If it is so important to an economy, that is, to put it mildly, a bit odd. The only honest position is to say we have absolutely no idea what difference it will make. No country has left the single market before. But given the obligations that come with it — especially open borders and budget contributions — it may well not be worth much. Second, it strengthens the U.K.’s negotiating position. If Britain goes into the haggling over the terms of departure saying it has decided to leave the single market, and that there is nothing it really wants from Brussels, then suddenly the conversation changes. After all, there are two things the EU wants from the U.K.: the net budget contribution, which accounts for 7% of its total spending, and access to our market, given that the U.K. runs a massive trade deficit with Europe. The EU doesn’t have to have either — it will get by OK without them. But they are helpful. If the U.K. can offer both, while asking for virtually nothing in return, it is more likely to get what it genuinely wants — which is mainly free access to Europe for its financial sector. Finally, the politics look right. The Conservative Party has remarkably and quickly reassembled itself as the Brexit Party. That might be the right or the wrong decision, but it is where the majority of the country is right now. After all, Leave won the referendum despite fierce warnings of catastrophe from the rest of the world. Of its opponents, the Liberal Democrats want to go back in, and Labour is hopelessly undecided. If Brexit is a reasonable success — and that simply means it regains control of its borders, and the economy keeps expanding even if it is at a lower rate than before — then the Tories will be rewarded with power for a generation. That makes it a prize worth fighting for. True, the risks are great. The potential disruption to the economy may be a lot worse than anyone yet realizes. The pound could collapse, inflation could soar, and joblessness start to rise. If any of that happens, May will go down as a catastrophic prime minister. But it is more likely she has called this right — and a hard Brexit will turn out to be best the best option available. • Trump Is Waving Adios To The Longstanding ‘Strong Dollar Policy’ (MW) The strong dollar policy—a mantra of Democratic and Republican administrations for more than two decades—may be headed for the scrap heap once Donald Trump is sworn in as president on Friday. Indeed, Trump sent the dollar skittering lower Tuesday after he told The Wall Street Journal that the U.S. currency was “too strong,” in part due to Chinese efforts to hold down the yuan. But while much is made of Trump’s questioning of the need for NATO or the lasting power of the EU, an administration-level push for a weaker currency would hardly be without precedent. It would, however, be an adjustment a generation of investors and traders who came of age in an era when the executive branch at least paid lip service to the notion that a strong dollar was a desirable aim. The tide last shifted during the Clinton administration after Robert Rubin, the former Goldman Sachs chief, took over as Treasury secretary from Lloyd Bentsen in early 1995. Before that, Bentsen and U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor had often used language that inadvertently—or not—tended to weaken the dollar. Bentsen got the ball rolling early in Clinton’s first term, calling for a stronger yen in a February 1993 appearance and shocking currency traders who duly bid up the Japanese currency. As recounted in a 2001 paper by economists Brad DeLong and Barry Eichengreen, Bentsen saw the stronger yen as potentially helpful in alleviating the U.S. trade deficit, while Kantor saw a weaker dollar providing leverage in trade talks. That may sound a bit familiar. Trump made the U.S. trade deficit a centerpiece of his campaign, using it to argue that it was proof the nation is getting its lunch eaten by competitors in a zero-sum world. [..] Douglas Borthwick, managing director of Chapdelaine Foreign Exchange, argued in a note earlier this month that an incoming Trump administration, by throwing out the strong dollar policy, could use the currency as a linchpin in implementing its economic agenda: “With a removal of the Strong USD Policy, the US Dollar will weaken against its global counterparts. This will give the FED the ability to normalize US interest rates, as they can use the weaker USD and the resulting inflation as an excuse for raising rates. The FED will then be used by the Administration as a brake on US Dollar weakness. The weaker USD will also force other countries struggling to get their economies moving to rewrite trade agreements in a way that is more advantageous to the US. In other words, we will see a normalization of US Interest rates, and better negotiated trade deals. Both a win for the new Administration.” • The Issue Is Not Trump, It’s Us (John Pilger) One of the persistent strands in U.S. political life is a cultish extremism that approaches fascism. This was given expression and reinforced during the two terms of Barack Obama. “I believe in American exceptionalism with every fiber of my being,” said Obama, who expanded the United States’ favorite military pastime: bombing and death squads (“special operations”) as no other president has done since the Cold War. According to a Council on Foreign Relations survey, in 2016 alone Obama dropped 26,171 bombs. That is 72 bombs every day. He bombed the poorest people on earth, in Afghanistan, Libya, Yemen, Somalia, Syria, Iraq, Pakistan. Every Tuesday — reported the New York Times — he personally selected those who would be murdered by mostly hellfire missiles fired from drones. Weddings, funerals, shepherds were attacked, along with those attempting to collect the body parts festooning the “terrorist target.” A leading Republican senator, Lindsey Graham, estimated, approvingly, that Obama’s drones killed 4,700 people. “Sometimes you hit innocent people and I hate that,” he said, “but we’ve taken out some very senior members of Al Qaeda.” Like the fascism of the 1930s, big lies are delivered with the precision of a metronome, thanks to an omnipresent media whose description now fits that of the Nuremberg prosecutor: “Before each major aggression, with some few exceptions based on expediency, they initiated a press campaign calculated to weaken their victims and to prepare the German people psychologically … In the propaganda system … it was the daily press and the radio that were the most important weapons.” • Focus Turns To Julian Assange After US Decision To Free Chelsea Manning (G.) The decision by the US president, Barack Obama, to commute the sentence of Chelsea Manning has brought fresh attention to the fate of Julian Assange. On Twitter last week, Assange’s anti-secrecy site WikiLeaks posted: “If Obama grants Manning clemency Assange will agree to US extradition despite clear unconstitutionality of DoJ [Department of Justice] case.” Obama’s move will test the promise. The president commuted Manning’s 35-year sentence, freeing her in May, nearly three decades early. In a statement on Tuesday, Assange said Manning should never have been convicted and described her as “a hero, whose bravery should have been applauded not condemned”. Assange went on to demand that the US government “immediately end its war on whistleblowers and publishers, such as WikiLeaks and myself”, but made no mention of the Twitter pledge. His lawyer said he has been pressing the Justice Department for updates on an investigation concerning WikiLeaks. The transgender former intelligence analyst, born Bradley Manning, was convicted in August 2013 of espionage and other offences after admitting to leaking 700,000 sensitive military and diplomatic classified documents to WikiLeaks in 2010. Assange has been holed up for more than four years at the Ecuadorian embassy in London. He has refused to meet prosecutors in Sweden, where he remains wanted on an allegation of rape, fearing he would be extradited to the US to face espionage charges if he leaves the embassy. In a statement on Tuesday, a lawyer for Assange did not address whether Assange intended to come to the US. “For many months, I have asked the DoJ to clarify Mr Assange’s status. I hope it will soon,” Assange’s lawyer, Barry Pollack, said in the statement. “The Department of Justice should not pursue any charges against Mr Assange based on his publication of truthful information and should close its criminal investigation of him immediately.” Another Assange lawyer, Melinda Taylor, said: “Julian’s US lawyers have repeatedly asked the Department of Justice to clarify Julian Assange’s status and would like them to do so now by announcing it is closing the investigation and pursuing no charges.” • Russia Extends Snowden’s Residency Permit ‘By A Couple Of Years’ (R.) Former U.S. intelligence contractor Edward Snowden has been given leave to remain in Russia for another couple of years, a spokeswoman for the Russian foreign ministry said. “Snowden’s residency in Russia has just been extended by another couple of years,” the spokeswoman, Maria Zakharova, said in a post on Facebook. • Putin Mocks Claims That Trump Was Spied On (AFP) President Vladimir Putin cracked raunchy jokes on Tuesday as he poked fun at claims that Russian secret services filmed US President-elect Donald Trump with prostitutes. Showing he is familiar with the claims in the explosive dossier, Putin launched into a series of ribald jokes about prostitutes, riffing on Trump’s former role as owner of the Miss Universe beauty contest. The unsubstantiated dossier published by American media last week alleged that Russia had gathered compromising information on Trump, namely videos involving prostitutes at a luxury Moscow hotel, supposedly as a potential means for blackmail. In his first public comments on the claims, Putin rubbished the idea that Russian secret services would have spied on Trump during his 2013 visit to Moscow for the Miss Universe final, as alleged in the dossier. “Trump when he came to Moscow… wasn’t any kind of political figure, we didn’t even know of his political ambitions,” Putin said, responding to a journalist’s question at a news conference. “Does anyone think that our special services chase every American billionaire? Of course not, it’s just completely ridiculous.” Putin also questioned why Trump would feel the need to hire prostitutes, given his opportunities to meet beautiful women at the Miss Universe contest. “He’s a grown-up for a start and secondly a man who spent his whole life organising beauty contests and meeting the most beautiful women in the world,” Putin said. “I can hardly imagine that he ran off to a hotel to meet our girls of ‘lowered social responsibility’,” said Putin, adding jokingly “although they are of course the best in the world. “I doubt Trump fell for that.” Putin went on to compare those behind the dossier unfavourably with prostitutes. “The people who order falsifications of the kind that are now circulating against the US president-elect – they are worse than prostitutes, they don’t have any moral limits at all. “The fact that such methods are being used against the US president-elect is a unique case: nothing like this has happened before. “This shows a significant level of degradation of the political elite in the West.” • PBOC Cash Injections Surge To Record $60 Billion Before Holidays (BBG) China’s benchmark money-market rate surged the most in 19 months, with record central bank cash injections being overwhelmed by demand before the Lunar New Year holidays. The People’s Bank of China put in a net 410 billion yuan ($60 billion) through open-market operations on Wednesday, the biggest daily addition since Bloomberg began compiling the data in 2004. That brings the total injections so far this week to 845 billion yuan. The interbank seven-day repurchase rate jumped 17 basis points, the most since June 2015, to 2.58% as of 1:18 p.m. in Shanghai, according to weighted average prices. Demand for cash tends to increase before the Lunar New Year holidays, when households withdraw money to pay for gifts and get-togethers. Month-end corporate tax payments are adding to the pressure this time, with the break running from Jan. 27 through Feb. 2. The PBOC offered 200 billion yuan of seven-day reverse repos and 260 billion yuan of 28-day contracts, compared with 50 billion yuan of loans maturing on Wednesday. “The PBOC aims to ensure that the liquidity situation remains adequate, while the 28-day reverse repo is apparently targeted at covering the holidays,” said Frances Cheung at Societe Generale. “There could also be preparation for any indirect tightening impact from potential outflows.” China’s central bank has been offering more 28-day reverse repos than one-week loans in the past two weeks, while curbing the injection of cheaper, short-term funds amid efforts to lower leverage in the financial system. It drained a net 595 billion yuan in the first week of January, before switching to a net injection of 100 billion yuan last week as the seasonal funding demand started to emerge. • China New Home Prices Rise 12.4% Y/Y In December (R.) Average new home prices in China’s 70 major cities rose 12.4% in December from a year earlier, slowing slightly from a 12.6% increase in November, an official survey showed on Wednesday. Compared with a month earlier, home prices rose 0.3% nationwide, slowing from November’s 0.6%, according to Reuters calculations from data issued by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Shenzhen, Shanghai and Beijing prices rose 23.5%, 26.5% and 25.9%, respectively, from a year earlier. Monthly growth in Shanghai and Shenzhen slowed but was unchanged in Beijing as local governments’ tightening measures took effect. China relied heavily on a surging real estate market and government stimulus to help drive economic growth in 2016, but policymakers have grown concerned that the property frenzy will fuel price bubbles and risk a market crash, with serious consequences for the broader economy. Soaring home prices have prompted more than 20 Chinese cities to tighten lending requirements on house purchases, while regulators have told banks to strengthen their risk management on property loans. • Rustbelt China Province Admits It Faked Fiscal Data For Years (BBG) The rust-belt province of Liaoning fabricated fiscal numbers from 2011 to 2014, local officials have said, raising fresh doubts about the accuracy of China’s economic data just days ahead of the release of the nation’s full-year growth report. City and county governments in the northwestern region committed fiscal data fraud in the period, Governor Chen Qiufa said at a meeting with provincial lawmakers Tuesday, according to state-run People’s Daily. Fiscal revenues were inflated by at least 20 percent, and some other economic data were also false, the paper said, without specifying categories. Chen said the data were made up because officials wanted to advance their careers. The fraud misled the central government’s judgment of Liaoning’s economic status, he said, citing a report from the National Audit Office in 2016. With growth now moderating, officials have sought to improve the credibility of economic data as diffusing financial risks becomes a key policy consideration, along with keeping growth ticking along at a rapid clip. Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics, has said China should prevent fake economic data and increase the quality of its statistics. Liaoning has seen an unprecedented purge of more than 500 deputies from its legislature. The deputies were implicated in vote buying and bribery in the first provincial-level case of its kind in the Communist Party’s almost seven-decade rule, according to the official Xinhua News Agency. Former provincial party chief Wang Min, who led Liaoning from 2009 until 2015, was earlier expelled following corruption allegations by China’s top anti-graft watchdog. • Saudis Claim Victory Over US Shale Industry (AEP) Saudi Arabia’s oil sheikhs insisted defiantly in Davos that they have defeated the challenge of the American shale industry and restored the balance to the global oil markets after two years of trauma and glut. The country’s energy minister Khalid Al-Falih said US oil frackers had survived only by tapping the most prolific wells and would face surging costs once again as recovery builds, while cannibalisation of their plant will prevent a rapid rebound in US output. “Their supply infrastructure has been decimated,” he said, speaking at the World Economic Forum. Mr Al-Falih admitted for the first time that Saudi Arabia’s decision to flood the world crude markets in 2014 and force a collapse in prices was essentially aimed at US shale frackers, a claim always denied in the past. “If we had cut production and kept prices at three-digit levels, they would have kept adding one million barrels a day each year, for year after year. Saudi production would have been three million barrels day less in 2017 under that scenario. It was not sustainable,” he said. US drillers bridle at the suggestion that the Saudis won, insisting that they held Opec and Russia to a standstill, forcing them to capitulate last November with an agreement by 22 states to trim output by 1.2m barrels a day, and even that may not prove enough. “Opec engaged in a price war against US producers and they lost,” said Kenneth Hersh from Energy Capital. “This has brought the cost structure down for the whole world. There is no longer a cartel any more.” Amin Nasser, head of Saudi Aramco, insisted that the job of knocking back shale is largely accomplished and that the market would rebalance by the first half of this year. The cycle is now switching to the opposite extreme. He warned that the world needs $1 trillion of fresh investment in oil projects each year just to keep up with growing demand, and the risk of “price spikes” later this decade is rising fast. The warning was echoed by Fatih Birol, head of the International Energy Agency, who fears a looming oil shortage after an unprecedented collapse in spending on exploration and development over the last two years. “Alarm bells will be ringing if there is no major new investment this year,” he said. • Rising U.S. Shale-Oil Output Threatens OPEC’s Production Pact (MW) The oil market got a stark reminder Tuesday that rising oil production in the U.S. could upend efforts by major producers to bring global supply and demand for crude back in to balance. Just ahead of the settlement for oil futures prices on the New York Mercantile Exchange on Tuesday, the Energy Information Administration released a report on drilling productivity—forecasting a monthly rise of 41,000 barrels a day in February oil production to 4.748 million barrels a day. “That is bearish for oil and a concern for OPEC,” said James Williams, energy economist at WTRG Economics, pointing out that the volume of new oil per rig has climbed because of gains in efficiency. “If maintained, the expected February production gain means production from the shale plays will be up at least a half million barrels per day by the end of the year,” said Williams. Prices for February West Texas Intermediate crude lost the bulk of the day’s gain on Tuesday to settle with a modest 11-cent climb at $52.48 a barrel. “Since rigs are higher now than in December and should continue to increase, that means a half million [barrel-per-day] gain in production by year-end is a conservative estimate,” Williams said. “Most OPEC members expected this, but U.S. shale production will be the closest monitored data after OPEC’s own compliance with quotas,” he said. • Italian Conservative Tajani Wins Race To Head European Parliament (R.) Centre-right politician Antonio Tajani was elected the new president of the European Parliament on Tuesday after defeating his socialist rival, a fellow Italian, in a daylong series of votes. The new speaker, 63, a former EU commissioner and an ally of former premier Silvio Berlusconi, succeeds German Social Democrat Martin Schulz at a time of crisis for the European Union. Britain wants a divorce deal that needs the legislature’s blessing while old adversary Russia and old ally the United States both pose new threats to EU survivors holding together. Schulz’s tenure saw close cooperation with the centre-right head of the EU executive, Jean-Claude Juncker, but ended with recriminations over the end of a left-right grand coalition. That could spell trouble for the smooth passage of EU laws on a range of issues. And the win for Tajani, who beat centre-left leader and fellow Italian Gianni Pittella by 351 votes to 282 in a fourth-round runoff, gives the right a lock on three pivotal EU political institutions. That has stirred some calls for change from either Juncker at the European Commission or Donald Tusk, who chairs the European Council of national leaders. However, there is no clear consensus for such changes. Tajani, mindful of the scars left by an unusually bruising battle over a post which can be a powerful influence on which EU rules are made, promised to be “a president for all of you”. His eventual victory came with backing from pro-EU liberals as well as from the ruling conservative parties of Britain and Poland, both of them sharply critical of the EU’s failings. They bristle at the EU impinging on national sovereignty and see it as bureaucratic and wasteful. • The Bankers Who Fixed The World’s Most Important Number (G.) By the time the market opened in London, Lehman’s demise was official. Hayes instant-messaged one of his trusted brokers in the City to tell him what direction he wanted Libor to move. Typically, he skipped any pleasantries. “Cash mate, really need it lower,” Hayes typed. “What’s the score?” The broker sent his assurances and, over the next few hours, followed a well-worn routine. Whenever one of the Libor-setting banks called and asked his opinion on what the benchmark would do, the broker said – incredibly, given the calamitous news – that the rate was likely to fall. Libor may have featured in hundreds of trillions of dollars of loans and derivatives, but this was how it was set: conversations among men who were, depending on the day, indifferent, optimistic or frightened. When Hayes checked the official figures later that night, he saw to his relief that yen Libor had fallen. Hayes was not out of danger yet. Over the next three days, he barely left the office, surviving on three hours of sleep a night. As the market convulsed, his profit and loss jumped around from minus $20 million to plus $8 million in just hours, but Hayes had another ace up his sleeve. ICAP, the world’s biggest inter-dealer broker, sent out a “Libor prediction” email each day at around 7am to the individuals at the banks responsible for submitting Libor. Hayes messaged an insider at ICAP and instructed him to skew the predictions lower. Amid the chaos, Libor was the one thing Hayes believed he had some control over. He cranked his network to the max, offering his brokers extra payments for their cooperation and calling in favours at banks around the world. By Thursday, 18 September, Hayes was exhausted. This was the moment he had been working towards all week. If Libor jumped today, all his puppeteering would have been for nothing. Libor moves in increments called basis points, equal to one one-hundredth of a percentage point, and every tick was worth roughly $750,000 to his bottom line. For the umpteenth time since Lehman faltered, Hayes reached out to his brokers in London. “I need you to keep it as low as possible, all right?” he told one of them in a message. “I’ll pay you, you know, $50,000, $100,000, whatever. Whatever you want, all right?” “All right,” the broker repeated. “I’m a man of my word,” Hayes said. “I know you are. No, that’s done, right, leave it to me,” the broker said. Aug 012016 August 1, 2016 Posted by Raúl Ilargi Meijer at 8:54 am Finance Tagged with: Abenomics , capital controls , glut , oil , PMI , poverty , Shale , Social Security Comments Off on Debt Rattle August 1 2016 Wyland Stanley Marmon touring car at Yosemite 1919 • Abe’s Fiscal Plan Follows a Long Road of Packages That Failed (BBG) Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s “bold” plan to revive the economy with a $273 billion package leaves him traveling down a well-trod path: it marks the 26th dose of fiscal stimulus since the country’s epic markets crash in 1990, in a warning for its effectiveness. The nation has had extra budgets every year since at least 1993, and even with that extra spending, it has still had six recessions, an entrenched period of deflation, soaring debt and a rapidly aging population that has left the world’s third-largest economy still struggling to get off the floor. While some analysts say the latest round of spending may buy the economy time, few are convinced it will be enough to dramatically change the course. First off, much of the 28 trillion yen announced by Abe last week won’t be spending, but lending. And if previous episodes are any guide, an initial sugar hit to markets and growth will quickly fade amid a realization that extra spending does little to cure the economy’s underlying problems. A Goldman Sachs study found that markets gave up their gains in the first month after the cabinet approved the stimulus in 18 of the 25 packages it studied since 1990. Skeptics of Abe’s latest plan aren’t hard to find. Instead of adding to a debt pile already more than twice the economy’s size, more should be done to tackle thorny structural problems such as a declining labor force and protected industries, according to Naoyuki Shinohara, a former Japanese finance ministry official. “Looking at the history of the Japanese economy, there have been lots of fiscal stimulus packages,” according to Shinohara, who was a top official at the IMF until last year. “But the end result is that it didn’t have much impact on the potential growth rate.” • China July Factory Activity Unexpectedly Dips (R.) Activity in China’s manufacturing sector eased unexpectedly in July as orders cooled and flooding disrupted business, an official survey showed, adding to fears the economy will slow in coming months unless the government steps up a huge spending spree. While a similar private survey showed business picked up for the first time in 17 months, the increase was only slight and the much larger official survey on Monday suggested China’s overall industrial activity remains sluggish at best. Both surveys showed persistently weak demand at home and abroad were forcing companies to continue to shed jobs, even as Beijing vows to shut more industrial overcapacity that could lead to larger layoffs. And other readings on Monday pointed to signs of cooling in both the construction industry and real estate, which were key drivers behind better-than-expected economic growth in the second quarter. The official Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) eased to 49.9 in July from the previous month’s 50.0 and below the 50-point mark that separates growth from contraction on a monthly basis. While the July reading showed only a slight loss of momentum, Nomura’s chief China economist Yang Zhao said it may be a sign that the impact of stimulus measures earlier this year may already be wearing off. That has created a dilemma for Beijing as the Communist Party seeks to deliver on official targets, even as concerns grow about the risks of prolonged, debt-fueled stimulus. “The government has realized the downward pressure is great but they’ve also realized that stimulus to stimulate the economy continuously is not a good idea and they want to continue to focus on reform and deleveraging,” Zhao said. • China’s Love Affair With U.S. Real Estate Fades (BBG) For David Wong, the business of selling homes isn’t as good this year as it was in 2015, and he’s blaming that on a decline in customers from China. “The residential-property market here, especially for those priced between $2.5 million to $3 million, has been affected by China’s measures to control capital flight,” said the New York City-based Keller Williams Realty Landmark broker. “You need to cut the price, or it may take a real long time.” Wong is not the only one who has felt the cooling in the U.S. real estate market for foreign buyers. Total sales to Chinese buyers in the 12 months through March fell for the first time since 2011, to $27.3 billion from $28.6 billion a year earlier, according to an annual research report released by the National Association of Realtors. The number of properties purchased by Chinese also declined to 29,195 units from 34,327 units. While the total international sales saw its first decline in three years, the 1.25% pace is slower than 4.5% recorded for Chinese buying. In terms of U.S. dollar value, the total share of Chinese buying of international sales dropped from 27.5% to 26.7%. [..] The yuan began plummeting in August, driving the Chinese currency to a five-year low versus the U.S. dollar. The Chinese authorities have been compelled to increasingly tighten the noose on cross-border capital flows to defend the yuan and to slow down the burnout of the nation’s foreign-exchange reserves since then. This includes increasing scrutiny of transfers overseas, to closely check whether individuals send money abroad by breaking up foreign-currency purchases into smaller transactions. • For Social Security “Time’s Up – The Pain Must Begin Now” (CH) In 2010, Social Security (OASDI) unofficially went bankrupt. For the first time since the enactment of the SS amendments of 1983, annual outlays for the program exceeded receipts (excluding interest credited to the trust funds). The deficit has grown every year since 2010 and is now up to 8% annually and is projected to be 31% in 2026 and 44% by ’46. The chart below highlights the OASDI annual surplus growth (blue columns) and total surplus (red line). This chart includes interest payments to the trust funds and thus looks a little better than the unvarnished reality. For a little perspective, the program pays more than 60 million beneficiaries (almost 1 in 5 Americans), OASDI (Old Age, Survivors, Disability Insurance) represents 25% of all annual federal spending, and for more than half of these beneficiaries these benefits represent their sole or primary source of income. The good news is since SS’s inception in 1935, the program collected $2.9 trillion more than it paid out. The bad news is that the $2.9 trillion has already been spent. But by law, Social Security is allowed to pretend that the “trust fund” money is still there and continue paying out full benefits until that fictitious $2.9 trillion is burned through. To do this, the Treasury will issue another $2.9 trillion over the next 13 years to be sold as marketable debt so it may again be spent (just moving the liability from one side of the ledger, the Intergovernmental, to the other, public marketable). However, according to the CBO, Social Security will have burnt through the pretend trust fund money (that wasn’t there to begin with) by 2029. Below, the annual OASDI surplus (in red) peaking in 2007, matched against the annual growth of the 25-64yr/old (in blue) and 65+yr/old (grey) populations. The impact of the collapse of the growth among the working age population and swelling elderly population is plain to see. And it will get far worse before it eventually gets better. [..] Americans turning 67 in 2030 will be told that after being mandated to pay their full share of SS taxation throughout their working lifetime, they will not see anything near their full benefits in their latter years. However, those in retirement now and those retiring between now and 2029 are being paid in full despite the shortfall in revenue. They will be paid in full until this arbitrary “trust fund” is theoretically drained. I have no intention of funding, in full, current retirees benefits with my tax dollars only to know I will hit the finish line with a 30%+ reduction that will only worsen over time. My goal is to pay it forward to my kids and then do my best to never to be a burden to them. The SS (OASDI) benefits must be cut now to be in line with revenues. Raise taxes, lower benefits…your choice. But I’m not about to make the old whole so I can then subsequently see my generation go bankrupt in my latter years. • Impact Of Poverty Costs The UK £78 Billion A Year (G.) Dealing with the effects of poverty costs the public purse £78bn a year, or £1,200 for every person in the UK, according to the first wide-ranging report into the impact of deprivation on Britain’s finances. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) estimates that the impact and cost of poverty accounts for £1 in every £5 spent on public services. The biggest chunk of the £78bn figure comes from treating health conditions associated with poverty, which amounts to £29bn, while the costs for schools and police are also significant. A further £9bn is linked to the cost of benefits and lost tax revenues. The research, carried out for JRF by Heriot-Watt and Loughborough universities, is designed to highlight the economic case, on top of the social arguments, for tackling poverty in the UK. The prime minister, Theresa May, has made cutting inequality a central pledge. Julia Unwin, the chief executive of the foundation, said: “It is unacceptable that in the 21st century, so many people in our country are being held back by poverty. But poverty doesn’t just hold individuals back, it holds back our economy too. “Taking real action to tackle the causes of poverty would bring down the huge £78bn yearly cost of dealing with its effects, and mean more money to create better public services and support the economy. UK poverty is a problem that can be solved if government, businesses, employers and individuals work together.” • Did Germany Just Blink? (DQ) Put simply, the EU is a half-way house with too much democracy and nothing in the way of transfer union. “There are too many moving parts in the electoral politics of 28 nation states, and too many conceivable random-like events that could push political and economic developments in one direction or another, with impossible-to-predict consequences and timelines,” the agency added. The perfect case in point is Italy’s banking crisis. If the country’s struggling banks are not saved with a combination of public and private money — a process that, to all intents and purposes, began on Friday with the announcement of Monte dei Paschi’s suspension of the ECB’s stress test as well as a €5 billion capital expansion later this year — the resulting carnage could unleash not only a tsunami of financial contagion but also an unstoppable groundswell of political opposition to the EU. For a taste of just how disastrous the political fallout would be for Italy’s embattled premier, Matteo Renzi, here’s an excerpt from a furious tirade given by Italian financial journalist Paolo Barnard on prime-time TV, addressing Renzi directly: “You went to meet Mrs. Merkel to ask for a minor public funded bail-out of Italian banks and you got a sharp NO. But did anyone tell you that Germany from 2009 onwards bailed out its failing banks with public money? “Banks, that is, with holes in their balance sheets visible from the Moon. Germany bailed them out to the tune of €704 billion. It was all paid for by European taxpayers’ money, public funds that is. “It was done through the EU Commission of Mr Barroso and by Mr Mario Draghi at the ECB. Didn’t you know that Mr Renzi? Couldn’t you have barked this right into Ms Merkel’s face?” Barnard rounded off his rant with a rallying call for Italians to follow the UK’s example and demand an exit from the EU — a prospect that should be taken very seriously given that one of the manifesto pledges of Italy’s rising opposition party, the 5-Star Movement, is to call a referendum on Italy’s membership of the euro. • US Shale Producers Weather Oil Price Storm (AEP) Opec’s worst fears are coming true. Twenty months after Saudi Arabia took the fateful decision to flood world markets with oil, it has failed to break the back of the US shale industry. The Saudi-led Gulf states have certainly succeeded in killing off a string of global mega-projects in deep waters. Investment in upstream exploration from 2014 to 2020 will be $1.8 trillion less than previously assumed, according to consultants IHS. But this is an illusive victory. North America’s hydraulic frackers are cutting costs so fast that most can now produce at prices far below levels needed to fund the Saudi welfare state and its military machine, or to cover Opec budget deficits. Scott Sheffield, the outgoing chief of Pioneer Natural Resources, threw down the gauntlet last week – with some poetic licence – claiming that his pre-tax production costs in the Permian Basin of West Texas have fallen to $2.25 a barrel. “Definitely we can compete with anything that Saudi Arabia has. We have the best rock,” he said. Revolutionary improvements in drilling technology and data analytics that have changed the cost calculus faster than most thought possible. The “decline rate” of production over the first four months of each well was 90pc a decade ago for US frackers. This dropped to 31pc in 2012. It is now 18pc. Drillers have learned how to extract more. Mr Sheffield said the Permian is as bountiful as the giant Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia and can expand from 2m to 5m barrels a day even if the price of oil never rises above $55. His company has cut production costs by 26pc over the last year alone. Pioneer is now so efficient that it already adding five new rigs despite today’s depressed prices in the low $40s, and it is not alone. The Baker Hughes count of North America oil rigs has risen for seven out of the last eight weeks to 374, and this understates the effect. Multi-pad drilling means that three wells are now routinely drilled from the same rig, and sometimes six or more. Average well productivity has risen fivefold in the Permian since early 2012. Consultants Wood Mackenzie estimated in a recent report that full-cycle break-even costs have fallen to $37 at Wolfcamp and Bone Spring in the Permian, and to $35 in the South Central Oklahoma Oil Province. The majority of US shale fields are now viable at $60. • Growing Oil Glut Shows Investors There’s Nowhere to Go But Down (BBG) Money managers have never been more certain that oil prices will drop. They increased bets on falling crude by the most ever as stockpiles climbed to the highest seasonal levels in at least two decades, nudging prices toward a bear market. The excess supply hammered the second-quarter earnings of Exxon Mobil and Chevron. Inventories are near the 97-year high reached in April as oil drillers boosted rigs for a fifth consecutive week. “The rise in supplies will add more downward pressure,” said Michael Corcelli, chief investment officer at Alexander Alternative Capital, a Miami-based hedge fund. “It will be a long time before we can drain the excess.” Hedge funds pushed up their short position in West Texas Intermediate crude by 38,897 futures and options combined during the week ended July 26, according to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It was the biggest increase in data going back to 2006. WTI dropped 3.9% to $42.92 a barrel in the report week, and traded at $41.75 at 12:20 p.m. Singapore time. WTI fell by 14% in July, the biggest monthly decline in a year. It’s down by 19% since early June, bringing it close to the 20% drop that would characterize a bear market. U.S. crude supplies rose by 1.67 million barrels to 521.1 million in the week ended July 22, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration data. Stockpiles reached 543.4 million barrels in the week ended April 29, the highest since 1929. Gasoline inventories expanded for a third week to 241.5 million barrels, the most since April. “The flow is solidly bearish,” said Tim Evans, an energy analyst at Citi Futures Perspective in New York. “It reflects a recognition that the market is, at least for the time being, oversupplied.” • Amid Britain Nuclear Debacle, China’s Xinhua Decries ‘Suspicion’ (R.) China will not tolerate “unwanted accusations” about its investments in Britain, a country that cannot risk driving away other Chinese investors as it looks for post-Brexit trade deals, China’s official Xinhua news agency said on Monday. British Prime Minister Theresa May was concerned about the security implications of a planned Chinese investment in the Hinkley Point nuclear plant and intervened to delay the project, a former colleague and a source said on Saturday.The plan by France’s EDF to build two reactors with financial backing from a Chinese state-owned company was championed by May’s predecessor David Cameron as a sign of Britain’s openness to foreign investment. But just hours before a signing ceremony was due to take place on Friday, May’s new government said it would review the project again, raising concern that Britain’s approach to infrastructure deals, energy supply and foreign investment may be changing. China General Nuclear Power, which would hold a stake of about a third in the project, said on Saturday it respected the decision of the new British government to take the time needed to familiarise itself with the program. Xinhua, in an English-language commentary, said China understood and respected Britain’s requirement for more time to think about the deal. “However, what China cannot understand is the ‘suspicious approach’ that comes from nowhere to Chinese investment in making the postponement,” it said. The project will create thousands of jobs and create much needed energy following the closure of coal-fired power plants, Xinhua added, dismissing fears China would put “back-doors” into the project. “For a kingdom striving to pull itself out of the Brexit aftermath, openness is the key way out,” it said. • Greece Eases Back On Capital Controls In Bid To Reverse Currency Flight (G.) More than a year after they were imposed, capital controls in Greece will be substantially eased on Monday in a bid to lure back billions of euros spirited out of the country, or stuffed under mattresses, at the height of the eurozone crisis. The relaxation of restrictions, whose announcement sent shockwaves through markets and the single currency, is aimed squarely at boosting banking confidence in the eurozone’s weakest member. The Greek finance ministry estimates around €3bn-€4bn could soon be returned to a system depleted of more than €30bn in deposits in the run-up to Athens sealing a third bailout to save it from economic collapse last summer. “The objective is to re-attract money back to the banking system which in turn will create more confidence in it,” said Prof George Pagoulatos who teaches European politics and economy at Athens University. “And there are several billion that can be returned. People just need to feel safe.” As such the loosening of measures initially seen as an aberration in the 19-strong bloc is being viewed as a test case: of the faith Greeks have in economic recovery and the ability of their leftist-led government to oversee it. New deposits will not be subject to capital controls; limits on withdrawals of money brought in from abroad will also be higher; and ATM withdrawals will be raised to €840 every two weeks in a reversal of the policy that allowed depositors to take out no more than €420 every week. [..] From 2008, the year before the country’s debt crisis erupted, until the end of 2015, an estimated 244,700 small- and medium-sized businesses have closed with many more expected to declare bankruptcy this year. The latest move, which follows easing of transactions abroad, is directed at small entrepreneurs, for years the lifeline of the Greek economy, and individual depositors. But while economists are calling the easing of restrictions a significant step to normalisation, Greek finances are far from repaired. Challenges for the prime minister, Alexis Tsipras, are expected to peak – along with social discontent – in the autumn when his fragile two-party coalition is forced to meet more milestones and creditor demands, starting with the potentially explosive issue of labour reform. Further disbursement of aid – €2.8bn – will depend exclusively on the painful measures being passed. • Building a Progressive International (YV) Politics in the advanced economies of the West is in the throes of a political shakeup unseen since the 1930s. The Great Deflation now gripping both sides of the Atlantic is reviving political forces that had lain dormant since the end of World War II. Passion is returning to politics, but not in the manner many of us had hoped it would. The right has become animated by an anti-establishment fervor that was, until recently, the preserve of the left. In the United States, Donald Trump, the Republican presidential nominee, is taking Hillary Clinton, his Democratic opponent, to task – quite credibly – for her close ties to Wall Street, eagerness to invade foreign lands, and readiness to embrace free-trade agreements that have undermined millions of workers’ living standards. In the United Kingdom, Brexit has cast ardent Thatcherites in the role of enthusiastic defenders of the National Health Service. This shift is not unprecedented. The populist right has traditionally adopted quasi-leftist rhetoric in times of deflation. Anyone who can stomach revisiting the speeches of leading fascists and Nazis of the 1920s and 1930s will find appeals – Benito Mussolini’s paeans to social security or Joseph Goebbels’ stinging criticism of the financial sector – that seem, at first glance, indistinguishable from progressive goals. What we are experiencing today is the natural repercussion of the implosion of centrist politics, owing to a crisis of global capitalism in which a financial crash led to a Great Recession and then to today’s Great Deflation. The right is simply repeating its old trick of drawing upon the righteous anger and frustrated aspirations of the victims to advance its own repugnant agenda. It all began with the death of the international monetary system established at Bretton Woods in 1944, which had forged a post-war political consensus based on a “mixed” economy, limits on inequality, and strong financial regulation. That “golden era” ended with the so-called Nixon shock in 1971, when America lost the surpluses that, recycled internationally, kept global capitalism stable. • India Rescues 10,000 Starving Workers In Saudi Arabia (Sky) The Indian government has come to the rescue of more than 10,000 of their starving citizens in Saudi Arabia. Some 16,000 kg of food was distributed on Saturday night by the consulate to penniless workers who’ve lost their jobs and not been paid. The issue came to light when a man tweeted India’s foreign minister Sushma Swaraj saying around 800 Indians had not eaten for three days in Jeddah, asking her to intervene. Investigations found that there were thousands starving across Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Ms Swaraj instructed the consulate to make sure no unemployed worker is to go without food, and is said to have monitored the situation on an hourly basis. She tweeted: “Large number of Indians have lost their jobs in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The employers have not paid wages, closed down their factories. “The number of Indian workers facing food crisis in Saudi Arabia is over ten thousand.” Many workers in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have been living in inhumane conditions after losing their jobs. Hundreds have been laid off without being paid their wages. Indian newspapers reported that one firm – the Saudi Oger company – did not pay wages for seven months. Of its 50,000 employees, 4,000 were Indians. India’s Consul General Mohammad Noor Rehman Sheikh, told a news agency: “For the last seven months these Indian workers of Saudi Oger were not getting their salaries and the company had also stopped providing food to these workers.” [..] India’s junior foreign minister VK Singh has been tasked to travel to Saudi Arabia to put in place an evacuation process which is due to begin soon. He had successfully led the evacuation of a large number of Indians from war-torn Yemen and most recently from South Sudan. There are more than three million Indians living and working in Saudi Arabia and more than 800,000 in Kuwait. Falling oil prices have hit the economy of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries. Jul 192016 July 19, 2016 Posted by Raúl Ilargi Meijer at 3:13 pm Finance Tagged with: conventional , decline , Hubbert , paradox , peak oil , scarcity , Shale , unconventional 14 Responses » M. King Hubbert It’s been a while since we posted an article by our friend Euan Mearns, who was active at The Oil Drum at the same time Nicole and I were. Is it really 11 years ago that started, and almost 9 since we left? You know the drill: we ‘departed’ because they didn’t want us to cover finance, which we said was the more immediate crisis, yada yada. Euan stayed on for longer, and the once unequalled Oil Drum is no more. On one of our long tours, which were based around Nicole’s brilliant public speaking engagements, we went to see Euan in Scotland, he teaches at Aberdeen University. I think it was 2011?! An honor. Anyway, always a friend. And there’s ono-one I can think of who’d be better at explaining the Peak Oil Paradox in today’s context. So here’s a good friend of the Automatic Earth, Euan Mearns: Euan Mearns: Back in the mid-noughties the peak oil meme gained significant traction in part due to The Oil Drum blog where I played a prominent role. Sharply rising oil price, OPEC spare capacity falling below 2 Mbpd and the decline of the North Sea were definite signs of scarcity and many believed that peak oil was at hand and the world as we knew it was about to end. Forecasts of oil production crashing in the coming months were ten a penny. And yet between 2008, when the oil price peaked, and 2015, global crude+condensate+NGL (C+C+NGL) production has risen by 8.85 Mbpd to 91.67 Mbpd. That is by over 10%. Peak oilers need to admit they were wrong then. Or were they? Introduction It is useful to begin with a look at what peak oil was all about. This definition from Wikipedia is as good as any: Peak oil, an event based on M. King Hubbert’s theory, is the point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline. Peak oil theory is based on the observed rise, peak, fall, and depletion of aggregate production rate in oil fields over time. Those who engaged in the debate can be divided into two broad classes of individual: 1) those who wanted to try and understand oil resources, reserves, production and depletion rates based on a myriad of data sets and analysis techniques with a view to predicting when peak oil may occur and 2) those who speculated about the consequences of peak oil upon society. Such speculation normally warned of dire consequences of a world running short of transport fuel and affordable energy leading to resource wars and general mayhem. And none of this ever came to pass unless we want to link mayhem in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Sudan and Nigeria to high food prices and hence peak oil. In which case we may also want to link the European migrant crisis and Brexit to the same. [ One needs to recall that GWI was precipitated over Kuwait stealing oil from Iraq, from a shared field on the Kuwait-Iraq border, leading to the Iraqi invasion of 1991.] The peak oil debate on The Oil Drum was a lightning conductor for doomers of every flavour – peak oil doom (broadened to resource depletion doom), economic doom and environmental doom being the three main courses on the menu. The discussion was eventually hijacked by Greens and Green thinkers, who, not content with waiting for doomsday to happen, set about manufacturing arguments and data to hasten the day. For example, fossil fuel scarcity has morphed into stranded fossil fuel reserves that cannot be burned because of the CO2 produced, accompanied by recommendations to divest fossil fuel companies from public portfolios. Somewhat surprisingly, these ideas have gained traction in The United Nations, The European Union and Academia. It is not my intention to dig too deeply into the past. Firmly belonging to the group of data analysts, in this post I want to take a look at two different data sets to explore where peak oil stands today. Is it dead and buried forever, or is it lurking in the shadows, waiting to derail the global economy again? The USA and Hubbert’s Peak The USA once was the poster child of peak oil. The Peak Oil theory was first formulated there by M. King Hubbert who in 1956 famously forecast that US production would peak around 1970 and thereafter enter an era of never-ending decline (Figure 1). Hubbert’s original paper is well worth a read. Figure 1 From Hubbert’s 1956 paper shows the peak and fall in US production for ultimate recovery of 150 and 200 billion barrels. The 200 billion barrel model shows a peak of 8.2 Mbpd around 1970 that proved to be uncannily accurate. Looking to Figure 2 we see that Hubbert’s prediction almost came true. US production did indeed peak in 1970 at 9.64 Mbpd while Hubbert’s forecast was a little lower at 8.2 Mbpd. The post-peak decline was interrupted by the discovery of oil on the N slope of Alaska and opening of the Aleyska pipeline in 1977 that was not considered in Hubbert’s work. Herein lies one of the key weaknesses of using Hubbert’s methodology. One needs to take into account known unknowns. We know for sure that unexpected discoveries and unexpected technology developments will occur, it’s just we don’t know, what, when and how big. Figure 2 In red, US crude oil production from the EIA shows progressive growth from 1900 to 1970. The oil industry believed this growth would continue forever and was somewhat aghast when M. King Hubbert warned the party may end in 1970 which it duly did. The discovery of oil in Alaska created a shoulder on the decline curve. But apart from that, Hubbert’s forecast remained good until 2008 when the shale drillers and frackers went to work. Hubbert’s 1970 peak was matched by crude oil in 2015 and exceeded by C+C+NGL that same year. Following the secondary Alaska peak of 8.97 Mbpd (crude oil) in 1985, production continued to decline and reached a low of 5 Mbpd (crude oil) in 2008. But since then, the rest is history. The shale drillers and frackers went to work producing an astonishing turnaround that most peak oil commentators, including me, would never have dreamt was possible. Before going on to contemplate the consequences of the shale revolution, I want to dwell for a moment on the production and drilling activity in the period 1955 to 1990. 1955 to 1970 we see that total rigs* declined from 2683 to 1027. At the same time crude oil production grew from 6.8 to 9.6 Mbpd. It was in 1956 that Hubbert made his forecast and in the years that followed, US production grew by 41% while drilling rigs declined by 62%. No wonder the industry scoffed at Hubbert. [* Note that Baker Hughes’ archive pre-1987 does not break out oil and gas rigs from the total.] But then post 1970, as production went into reverse, the drilling industry went into top gear, with operational rigs rising sharply to a peak of 3974 in 1981. But to no avail, production in the contiguous 48 states (excluding Alaska) continued to plunge no matter how hard the oil and its drilling industry tried to avert it. Hubbert must surely have been proven right, and his methodology must surely be applicable not only to the US but to the World stage? The oil price crash of 1981 put paid to the drilling frenzy with rig count returning to the sub-1000 unit baseline where it would remain until the turn of the century. The bear market in oil ended in 1998 and by the year 2000, the US drilling industry went back to work, drilling conventional vertical wells at first but with horizontal drilling of shale kicking in around 2004/05. Production would turn around in 2009. Those who would speak out against peak oil in the mid-noughties, like Daniel Yergin and Mike Lynch, would argue that high price would result in greater drilling activity and technical innovation that would drive production to whatever level society demanded. They would also point out that new oil provinces would be found, allowing the resource base to grow. And they too must surely have been proved to be correct. But there is a sting in the tail of this success story since drilling and producing from shale is expensive, it is dependent upon high price to succeed. But over-production of LTO has led to the price collapse, starving the shale drilling industry of cash flow and ability to borrow, leading to widespread bankruptcy. In fact informed commentators like Art Berman and Rune Likvern have long maintained that the shale industry has never turned a profit and has survived via a rising mountain of never ending debt. Economists will argue, however, that improved technology and efficiency will reduce costs and make shale competitive with other sources of oil and energy. We shall see. Herein lies a serious conundrum for the oil industry and OECD economies. They may be able to run on shale oil (and gas) for a while at least, but the industry cannot function properly within current market conditions. Either prices need to be set at a level where a profit can be made, or production capped to protect price and market share. This of course would stifle innovation and is not likely to happen until there are queues at gas stations. 2008-2015 Winners and Losers BP report oil production data for 54 countries / areas including 5 “other” categories that make up the balance of small producers in any region. I have deducted 2008 production (barrels per day) from 2015 production and sorted the data on the size of this difference. The data are plotted in Figure 3. Figure 3 The oil production winners to the left and losers to the right, 2008 to 2015. The USA is the clear winner while Libya is the clear loser. About half of the countries show very little change. Click chart for a large readable version. What we see is that production increased in 27 countries and decreased in the other 27 countries. One thing we can say is that despite prolonged record-high oil price, production still fell in half of the world’s producing countries. We can also see that in about half of these countries any rise or fall was barely significant and it is only in a handful of countries at either end of the spectrum where significant gains and losses were registered. Let’s take a closer look at these. Figure 4 The top ten winners, 2008 to 2015. The first thing to observe from Figure 4 is that the USA and Canada combined contributed 7.096 Mbpd of the 8.852 Mbpd gain 2008-2015. That is to say that unconventional light tight oil (LTO) production from the USA and LTO plus tar sands production from Canada make up 80% of the global gain in oil production (C+C+NGL). Iraq returning to market in the aftermath of the 2003 war makes up 18%. In other words expensive unconventional oil + Iraq makes up virtually all of the gains although concise allocation of gains and losses is rather more complex than that. Saudi Arabia, Russia, The UAE, Brazil, China, Qatar and Colombia have all registered real gains (5.258 Mbpd) that have been partly cancelled by production losses elsewhere. Figure 5 The top ten losers, 2008 to 2015. Looking to the losers (Figure 5) we see that Libya, Iran, Syria, Sudan and Yemen contribute 2.828 Mbpd of lost production that may be attributed to war, civil unrest or sanctions. I am not going to include Venezuela and Algeria with this group and will instead attribute declines in these countries (0.979 Mbpd) to natural reservoir depletion, although a slow down in OECD technical assistance in these countries may have exacerbated this situation. That leaves the UK, Mexico and Norway as the three large OECD producers that register a significant decline (1.687 Mbpd) attributed to natural declines in mature offshore provinces. Let me try to summarise these trends in a balance sheet: Figure 6 The winner and loser balance sheet. We see that these 20 countries account for 8.463 Mbpd net gain compared with the global figure of 8.85 Mbpd. We are capturing the bulk of the data and the main trends. In summary: Unconventional LTO and tar sands + 7.096 Mbpd Net conventional gains + 2.592 Mbpd Net conflict losses -1.225 Mbpd The sobering point here for the oil industry and society to grasp is that during 8 years when the oil price was mainly over $100/bbl, only 2.592 Mbpd of conventional production was added. That is about 3.1%. Global conventional oil production was all but static. And the question to ask now is what will happen in the aftermath of the oil price crash? One lesson from recent history is that the oil industry and oil production had substantial momentum. It is nearly two years since the price crash, and while global production is now falling slowly it remains in surplus compared with demand. This has given the industry plenty time to cut staff, drilling activity and to delay or cancel projects that depend upon high price. In a post-mature province like the North Sea, the current crisis will also hasten decommissioning. It seems highly likely that momentum on the down leg will be replaced by inertia on the up leg with a diminished industry unwilling to jump back on the band wagon when price finally climbs back towards $100 / bbl, which it surely will do one day in the not too distant future. For many years I pinned my colours to peak oil occurring in the window 2012±3 years. Noting that the near-term peak was 97.08 Mbpd on July 15 2015 it is time to dust off that opinion (Figure 7). The decline since the July 2015 peak is of the order 2% per annum (excluding the Fort McMurray impact). It seems reasonable to presume that this decline may continue for another two years, or even longer. That would leave global production at around 92 Mbpd mid 2018. It is nigh impossible to predict what will happen, especially in a world over run by political and economic uncertainty. Another major spike in oil price seems plausible and this could perhaps destabilise certain economies, banks and currencies. Should this occur, another price collapse will follow, and it’s not clear that production will ever recover to the July 2015 peak. Much will depend upon the future of the US shale industry and whether or not drilling for shale oil and gas gains traction in other countries. Figure 7 The chart shows in blue global total liquids production (C+C+NGL+refinery gains+biofuels) according to the Energy Information Agency (EIA). The near term peak was 97.08 Mbpd in July 2015. The decline since then, excluding the Fort McMurray wild fire impact, is of the order 2% per annum. In the current low price environment, it is difficult to see anything arresting this decline before the end of next year. In fact, decline may accelerate and go on beyond the end of 2017. The dashed line shows the demand trajectory and scheduled balancing of supply and demand by the end of this year. By the end of next year the supply deficit could be of the order 3 Mbpd which on an annualised basis would result in a stock draw of 1.1 billion barrels. But remember, forecasts are ten a penny 🙂 Concluding Thoughts M. King Hubbert’s forecast for US oil production and the methodology it was based on has been proven to be sound when applied to conventional oil pools in the USA. When decline takes hold in any basin or province, it is extremely difficult to reverse even with a period of sustained high price and the best seismic imaging and drilling technology in the world. On this basis we can surmise that global conventional oil production will peak one day with unpredictable consequences for the global economy and humanity. It is just possible that the near term peak in production of 97.08 Mbpd in July 2015 may turn out to be the all-time high. Economists who argued that scarcity would lead to higher price that in turn would lead to higher drilling activity and innovation have also been proven to be correct. Much will depend upon Man’s ability to continue to innovate and to reduce the cost of drilling for LTO in order to turn a profit at today’s price levels. If the shale industry is unable to turn a profit then it will surely perish without State intervention in the market. But from 2008 to 2015, oil production actually fell in 27 of 54 countries despite record high price. Thus, while peak oil critics have been proven right in North America they have been proven wrong in half of the World’s producing countries. Should the shale industry perish, then it becomes highly likely that Mankind will face severe liquid fuel shortages in the years ahead. The future will then depend upon substitution and our ability to innovate within other areas of the energy sector. • Two Children Drown Every Day On Average Trying To Reach Europe (UNHCR) ” If the remaining $1.5 trillion is indeed on the balance sheets of financial institutions, that would represent about 1.5% of the total assets of all the world’s publicly traded banks. [..] U.S. subprime mortgages represented less than 1% of listed banks’ assets at the end of 2007. • Commodities’ $3.6 Trillion Black Hole (BBG) Markets rallied this week after it became clear that some of the world’s biggest oil producers were going to curb production to stop prices from dropping any further. The news also buoyed other commodities, from coal to iron ore. Then everything dropped on Thursday with oil. Before the global financial crisis, a rise in raw-materials prices used to be bad news for the economy and stocks in general. Since central bank easy-money policies took off, that’s become a thing of the past: One possible explanation is the level of exposure that banks and investors have to the industry. The 5,000 biggest publicly traded companies tracked by Bloomberg in the iron and steel, metals and mining, and energy sectors have a combined $3.6 trillion in debt, according to their most recent financial reports, double what they had at the end of 2008. Much of the increase is due to money that was borrowed to dig mines and wells whose output, at previous prices, would have easily repaid most maturing bonds and loans. But as commodity prices have tumbled, so has the ability of companies to meet their obligations. The Bloomberg Commodity Index is still only 3.9% higher than a 25-year low hit on Jan. 20. Five years ago, those companies tracked by Bloomberg had more operating income than debt, on average. Now, it would take them more than eight years’ worth of current earnings, without provisioning for interest, taxes, depreciation or amortization, to clear their combined net obligations. Yield-hungry bond investors sucked up a lot of the debt that was issued and now hold about $2.1 trillion of outstanding notes. They’ll be first to feel the pain considering Standard & Poor’s has already downgraded securities equivalent to 47% of that amount and made some 400 negative-ratings moves in the basic materials and energy sectors over the past 12 months alone. Such scale and depth is reminiscent of the way banks were slaughtered by ratings companies during the 2008 financial crisis. It’s unclear where the other portion of the $3.6 trillion in liabilities lies but probably, most of it is owed to banks. If the remaining $1.5 trillion is indeed on the balance sheets of financial institutions, that would represent about 1.5% of the total assets of all the world’s publicly traded banks. That doesn’t seem very significant, or any cause for concern. But to put it in some context, U.S. subprime mortgages represented less than 1% of listed banks’ assets at the end of 2007. • ‘It’s Going To Be Much Worse Than 2008’ (FS) Bert Dohmen, founder of Dohmen Capital Research, is uber-bearish and believes that it is time for investors to panic (before everyone else does) given a potential collapse of the stock market greater than what we saw in 2008. Here’s what he had to say on Thursday’s podcast: “Over a year ago we said that we are now in a transition year from a bull market to a bear market and from a growing economy to a recession—and this could be a very deep recession… now we see that we are finally there and more and more people are starting to realize it. But I raise the question here, ‘Is it too late to panic?’ Because…the advice given by so many analysts is ‘Don’t panic, don’t sell, don’t panic.’ And I say, ‘Yes, panic!’ And it’s not too late to panic. Panicking at the right time can save you a lot of money… I predict in this bear market you will see the majority of stocks—majority meaning over 50% of the stocks—selling at $5 or less. Okay, just put that into your portfolio and see if you should be selling some stocks… We here other analysts say, ‘Oh, this is nothing like 2008’ and I agree with that, but I say that because I think it’s going to be much worse. 2008 was really a crisis triggered by the subprime mortgage market and the confetti that the Wall Street firms distributed around the world. They took those subprime mortgages, put them into pools, they sold participations in these pools, in these CDOs…they got a triple-AAA rating on all this garbage and sold it around the world and then they started defaulting. That caused ripples throughout the financial system and a global financial crisis, okay; but it was basically a mortgage crisis—that’s how it started. Now, look at what we have currently. We have every major economic zone in the world in financial trouble. You have Japan with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 280%. You have China at 300% debt-to-GDP. China has over $34 trillion of debt and the banking system is flooded with bad loans. The best estimate—and this was two years ago I wrote a book called The Coming China Crisis—and I said the best estimate is that they have $11 trillion of bad loans in the banking system. $11 trillion is the annual GDP of China—this is huge! You have Europe, you have Latin America in trouble, you have Russia in big trouble, you have Saudi Arabia even thinking about doing an IPO on their big oil company in order to make up for the shortfall of oil revenues. You have every major economic zone in the world in big, big trouble including the US and that is why I say this crisis has the potential of becoming much, much worse than the last one.” • Has The Market Crash Only Just Begun? (ZH) Having successfully called the market’s retreat in the fall of 2015, Universa’s Mark Spitznagel is not taking a victory lap as he warns Bloomberg TV that “the crash has only just begun.” Investors are facing the most binary “let’s make a deal” market in history in Spitznagel’s view: choose Door #1 to bet on Keynesianism, central planners, and monetary interventionism; or Door #2 to bet on free markets and natural price discovery. “There is massive cognitive dissonance here,” Spitznagel explains as history teaches us that door #2 is the right choice… but it’s not possible to do that today as investors have been coerced to choose door #1, but when door #1 is slammed open “we will see that dreaded black swan monster.” That is what is going on right now: “Investors want to go with The Fed when it’s working – like David Zervos… the problem is, when do you know that it is not working?” “At some point this stops working…” “the market is going through a resolution process, transitioning from the cognitive dissonance of Door #1 to the harsh reality of Door #2… if everyone were to change doors at the same time, that is a market crash… it can’t be done in a non-messy way.” Must watch reality check behind the smoke and mirrors we call markets… (we note Mark’s excellent analogy starting at around 3:10) • The US Economy Has Not Recovered and Will Not Recover (PCR) The US economy died when middle class jobs were offshored and when the financial system was deregulated. Jobs offshoring benefitted Wall Street, corporate executives, and shareholders, because lower labor and compliance costs resulted in higher profits. These profits flowed through to shareholders in the form of capital gains and to executives in the form of “performance bonuses.” Wall Street benefitted from the bull market generated by higher profits. However, jobs offshoring also offshored US GDP and consumer purchasing power. Despite promises of a “New Economy” and better jobs, the replacement jobs have been increasingly part-time, lowly-paid jobs in domestic services, such as retail clerks, waitresses and bartenders. The offshoring of US manufacturing and professional service jobs to Asia stopped the growth of consumer demand in the US, decimated the middle class, and left insufficient employment for college graduates to be able to service their student loans. The ladders of upward mobility that had made the United States an “opportunity society” were taken down in the interest of higher short-term profits. Without growth in consumer incomes to drive the economy, the Federal Reserve under Alan Greenspan substituted the growth in consumer debt to take the place of the missing growth in consumer income. Under the Greenspan regime, Americans’ stagnant and declining incomes were augmented with the ability to spend on credit. One source of this credit was the rise in housing prices that the Federal Reserves low interest rate policy made possible. Consumers could refinance their now higher-valued home at lower interest rates and take out the “equity” and spend it. The debt expansion, tied heavily to housing mortgages, came to a halt when the fraud perpetrated by a deregulated financial system crashed the real estate and stock markets. The bailout of the guilty imposed further costs on the very people that the guilty had victimized. Under Fed chairman Bernanke the economy was kept going with Quantitative Easing, a massive increase in the money supply in order to bail out the “banks too big to fail.” Liquidity supplied by the Federal Reserve found its way into stock and bond prices and made those invested in these financial instruments richer. Corporate executives helped to boost the stock market by using the companies’ profits and by taking out loans in order to buy back the companies’ stocks, thus further expanding debt. Those few benefitting from inflated financial asset prices produced by Quantitative Easing and buy-backs are a much smaller%age of the population than was affected by the Greenspan consumer credit expansion. A relatively few rich people are an insufficient number to drive the economy. The Federal Reserve’s zero interest rate policy was designed to support the balance sheets of the mega-banks and denied Americans interest income on their savings. This policy decreased the incomes of retirees and forced the elderly to reduce their consumption and/or draw down their savings more rapidly, leaving no safety net for heirs. • Worldwide M&A Activity Falls 23% (Reuters) Worldwide mergers and acquisitions deals have fallen 23% to $336 billion so far this year compared with last year, but cross-border activity by amount targeting U.S.-based companies reached a record high, Thomson Reuters data shows. After hitting a record high by deals value in 2015, worldwide M&A activity has been hurt this year by falling oil prices, worries about slowing growth in China and the health of the financial sector. A trio of deals for U.S. companies topped the list of M&A announced this week, including Chinese company Tianjin Tianhai’s $6.3 billion offer for U.S.-based Ingram Micro, bringing year-to-date China outbound M&A targeting the U.S. to $23.3 billion. China, Ireland and Canada account for 88% of cross-border acquirers in the U.S. so far this year. European M&A activity, which lagged the U.S. in 2015, has hit $92 billion so far this year, up 4% compared with a year ago, after state-owned ChemChina announced it would buy Swiss seeds and pesticides group Syngenta for $43 billion in February. • US Shale Faces March Madness With $1.2 Billion in Interest Due (BBG) The U.S. shale industry must come up with $1.2 billion in interest payments by the end of March as $30-a-barrel oil makes it harder for companies to scrape up the cash needed to stay current on their debts. Almost half of the interest is owed by companies with junk-rated credit, according to data compiled by Bloomberg on 61 companies in the Bloomberg Intelligence index of North American independent oil and gas producers. Energy XXI said in a filing Tuesday that it missed an $8.8 million interest payment. The following day, SandRidge announced that it didn’t make a $21.7 million interest payment. “You’ve seen two of these happen in two days, and I wouldn’t be surprised to see more in the next month as these payments come due,” said Jason Wangler at Wunderlich in Houston. Energy XXI may not be able to meet its commitments in the next 12 months, raising “substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern,” according to a company filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A company representative didn’t return a phone call and e-mail seeking comment. SandRidge “has sufficient liquidity to make these interest payments, but has elected to use the 30-day grace period in connection with its ongoing discussions with stakeholders,” the company said in a statement released Wednesday. “Today’s actions will preserve liquidity and flexibility as we continue to engage in constructive dialogue with our stakeholders,” James Bennett, SandRidge president and chief executive officer, said in the statement. Oil has tumbled about 70% since a June 2014 peak of $107 a barrel. While prices were high, many drillers spent more money than they earned, plugging the shortfall with debt. That debt has become increasingly burdensome as prices collapse. Since the start of 2015, 48 North American oil and gas producers have declared bankruptcy, owing more than $17 billion, according to law firm Haynes & Boone. Deloitte said this week that bankruptcies in the oil and gas industry could surpass levels seen in the Great Recession. • Moody’s Tallies 28 Downgrades In The Energy Sector Since December (MW) Moody’s Investors Service said Friday it has downgraded a total of 28 energy companies since December, as it continues a global review of the troubled sector. The agency surprised investors in January when it placed the credit ratings of 120 energy companies and 55 mining companies from around the world on review for a possible downgrade. The move came after a deep slump in the price of oil and other commodities, hurt by oversupply and the slowdown in China, a major consumer of natural resources. Today’s tally includes issuers that had already been placed on review in December and surprised some in the market. “Moody’s drops another hammer,” is how analysts at credit research firm CreditSights described the move Friday. “Over the past several weeks, it has become increasingly clear in our discussions with clients and in hearing from company managements that the agency was taking a very Draconian view of the sector,” they wrote in a note. Moody’s said it downgraded two energy companies by five notches each, sending them deep into speculative-grade, or “junk” territory. Denbury Resources was cut to Caa2 from Ba3, and Whiting Petroleum was cut to Caa1 from Ba2. The agency downgraded seven energy companies by four notches, nine companies by three notches and five companies by two notches. The agency affirmed ratings on another nine companies. It continues to review a total of 137 global issuers for a possible downgrade. • Why Oil Rout Is Hurting The Global Economy Instead Of Helping (MW) Saudi Arabia saw Standard & Poor’s cut its credit rating cut two notches this week to A-minus—an unsurprising move that nevertheless helps illustrate why collapsing oil prices haven’t seemed to be the economic boon many had anticipated. In a Thursday note, Carl Weinberg, chief economist at High Frequency Economics, used the downgrade—along with cuts in ratings for Bahrain, Oman and Kazakhstan—to remind clients of his explanation of how falling commodity prices can weigh on global growth. Weinberg has calculated that a $100 drop in the price of a barrel of crude would reduce global income from extraction alone by $3.2 trillion, or about 4.5% of world gross domestic product. That’s to say nothing of the impact on global economic activity from oil sales, transportation and exploration. The U.S. benchmark settled below $31 a barrel on Thursday, or about $76 below its mid-2014 high after settling as low as $26.21 earlier this month. Brent crude, the global benchmark, ended Thursday at $34.28. It traded around $115 a barrel in mid-2014. It isn’t wrong to assume that those losses would rebound to the benefit of oil consumers, Weinberg says. But the rub lies in the fact that consumers in oil-importing countries may be more likely to stash those savings away while workers in oil-exporting countries would have been more likely to spend that lost income. That means it can take “years or decades” before that savings is translated into spending. He writes: If purchasing power is transferred from one country to another, and if the countries receiving the windfall have a higher marginal propensity to save than the countries that are paying the transfer, then world GDP will be reduced. So if oil-importing countries tend to have higher incomes and higher savings rates, then world GDP will be reduced. In other words, halving the weekly income of an oil field worker in Nigeria earning near-subsistence wages will likely affect his or her consumption more than reducing the monthly auto fuel bill of a dentist in Belgium by the equivalent amount. Needless to say, the oil market carnage has translated into real fiscal problems for oil-producing nations. It feeds into ideas that this week’s talk of a production freeze that would include OPEC members and Russia—seemingly shot down by Saudi Arabia after Iran refused to comply—was a sign of desperation. While freezing output at record levels wasn’t seen as likely to do much to alleviate a global glut, oil futures have rallied on the idea that producers are at least talking to each other is an important step. Helima Croft, global head of commodities at RBC Capital Markets, said this week’s talks were “one of the first clear acknowledgments by the oil heavyweights that all isn’t entirely well in the current price environment.” It might even lay the groundwork for a “more proactive” approach later in the year after OPEC has had a chance to gauge the impact of Iran’s post-sanctions return to the global oil market as well as the trajectory of non-OPEC production, Croft said in a Tuesday note. ”Recently, some leading Saudi experts have suggested that by the June meeting, those variables will be known, and with the supply-and-demand balance expected to be tighter by then, it will be easier for cartel to pull additional barrels if needed in order to accelerate a price recovery,” she wrote. • China’s Foreign Exchange Reserves Dwindling Rapidly (NY Times) During China’s biggest boom years, its currency could have risen in value as huge sums in dollars, euros and yen flowed into the country. Instead, Beijing tightly controlled the value of the renminbi, buying up much of the inflows and putting them into its reserves instead. That brought angry accusations from the United States and Europe that it was manipulating its currency to help keep Chinese exports inexpensive and competitive in foreign countries. Now that the renminbi faces pressure to fall, China is spending its reserves in an effort to prop up the currency. But many American lawmakers and presidential candidates still accuse China of keeping its currency artificially weak. The reserves are still considerable, more than double Japan’s, which has the world’s second-largest amount. The central bank chief, Mr. Zhou, and others have questioned whether the reserves are too big and the money could be better invested if left in the private sector. Mr. Zhou led a move over the last two years to make it easier for Chinese companies and families to invest their own money overseas, only to find in recent months that the outflows have been disconcertingly fast at times. China has taken steps to stem further flows out of the country. This winter the Chinese authorities arrested the leaders of underground banks that were converting billions of renminbi into dollars and euros. They also made it harder for Chinese citizens to use their renminbi to buy insurance policies in dollars. More quietly, Beijing bank regulators have halted sales within China of investment funds known as wealth management products that are denominated in dollars. Beijing has also instructed bank branches in Hong Kong to limit their lending of renminbi to make it harder for traders and investors to place bets against the Chinese currency in financial markets. “We did receive notice from Beijing in the earlier part of January to be more stringent in approving renminbi-denominated loans,” said a Hong Kong-based China bank executive, who insisted on anonymity for fear of employer retaliation. “It is no fun being caught in the middle, with marketing officers wanting to do more business and the higher-ups telling you to be tougher when reviewing credit proposals.” The erosion of reserves is also politically awkward, given public perception, and Beijing has taken steps aimed directly at shoring them up. • China ‘Removes’ Top Securities Regulator (Reuters) China has removed the head of its securities regulator following a turbulent period in the country’s stock markets, appointing a top state banking executive as his replacement, as leaders move to restore confidence in the economy. The announcement on the official Xinhua news agency on Saturday follows a string of assurances from senior leaders following the Lunar New Year holiday that China will underpin its slowing economy and steady its wobbly currency. Xinhua said Xiao Gang, chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) since 2013, had been succeeded by Liu Shiyu, chairman of the Agricultural Bank of China Ltd. (AgBank) and a former deputy governor of the central bank. “Xiao’s departure is not a surprise following the recent stock disaster. This is a role vulnerable to public criticism because most Chinese retail investors are destined to lose money in such a market,” said Zhang Kaihua, a fund manager of Nanjing-based hedge fund Huyang Investment. Xiao and the CSRC came under fire as China’s Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets slumped as much as 40% in just a few months last summer. In a further blow, a stock index “circuit breaker” introduced in January to limit stock market losses was deactivated after four days of use because it was blamed for exacerbating a sharp selloff. Online media nicknamed Xiao “Mr. Circuit Breaker.” Reuters reported in January that Xiao, 57, had offered to resign following the “circuit-breaker” failure. The CSRC said at the time the information did not conform to the facts. The gyrations in China’s stock markets, an unexpected devaluation of the yuan in August and sharp falls in currency reserves rattled global markets, raising concerns about the health of the economy and Beijing’s ability to steer the country through both a protracted slowdown in growth and a shift away from manufacturing towards services. • Fannie Mae At Risk Of Needing A Bailout (FT) Fannie Mae, the state-sponsored U.S. mortgage backer, is at risk of needing a government bailout that could shake confidence in the housing finance market, senior officials have warned. Fannie Mae’s chief executive and its regulator are sounding the alarm on a decline in the institution’s capital cushion, which is on course to vanish in 2018, when it would have to ask the US Treasury for emergency funds. Their warnings highlight Washington’s inaction on housing policy and its failure to reform the institution, which guarantees nearly $3 trillion of securities and enables 30-year fixed rate loans, following the last financial crisis. Since 2008 Fannie Mae has been in the post-crisis limbo of state-sponsored “conservatorship,” neither fully nationalized nor private, following several unsuccessful attempts by Congress to overhaul it. Because the government does not let Fannie Mae retain profits, Tim Mayopoulos, its chief executive, told the Financial Times on Friday that its capital buffer, which has dwindled from $30 billion before the crisis to $1.2 billion today, was on track to disappear by January 2018. At that point it would be unable to weather quarterly losses and would need to draw on Treasury funds to avoid being placed into receivership. So far investors who own Fannie Mae’s mortgage-backed securities have not been spooked, Mr. Mayopoulos said, but he added: “We are a major source of liquidity to the mortgage markets and it would be better to avoid testing the market as to what the breaking point is well in advance of us getting to that point.” His comments came the day after Mel Watt, Fannie Mae’s top regulator, thrust the issue into the spotlight. Addressing both Fannie Mae and its counterpart Freddie Mac, Mr Watt, director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency, said: “The most serious risk and the one that has the most potential for escalating in the future is the enterprises’ lack of capital.” “If investor confidence in enterprise securities went down and liquidity declined as a result, this could have real ramifications on the availability and cost of credit for borrowers,” he said in a speech. Fannie Mae’s inability to retain profits, which must instead be swept into government coffers, also makes it almost impossible for the institution to exit federal control. • Independent Modelling May Show Way Out Of Oz Housing Bubble (SMH) Independent modelling has dented the Turnbull government’s attack on Labor’s negative gearing policy, finding it will generate billions for the Commonwealth with the vast bulk of revenue coming from just the top 10% of households who negatively gear their properties. The report’s author says the policy would likely slow the pace of house-price growth and boost new housing construction, making it “potentially the biggest housing affordability policy the country has seen.” Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull launched a scathing attack on Labor’s negative gearing policy on Friday, saying home owners across the country would see the value of the family home “smashed” by the “very blunt, very crude” idea. In a clear sign his government is preparing to launch a massive scare campaign in the lead-up to the 2016 election over Labor’s proposal, which is designed to save $32 billion over a decade, Mr Turnbull warned the policy was “calculated” to reduce the value of all homes. n”The Labor Party’s negative gearing policy and its wind-back on the capital gains discount – its increase in tax on capital gains – is a very dangerous one. It’s been very, very poorly thought out,” Mr Turnbull said on Friday. “The consequence of it will be a decline in property prices, every home owner in Australia has a lot to fear from Bill Shorten.” But independent modelling shows there will be “significant” long-term savings from Labor’s proposal to quarantine negative gearing to new housing investments from July 2017, eventually raising between $3.5 to $3.9 billion a year. It also shows Labor’s proposal to cut the capital gains tax discount from 50% to 25% would raise about $2 billion a year in the long term. It shows the vast majority of savings would be at the expense of the top 10% of earners who negatively gear their properties. It also estimates that by restricting negative gearing to new housing, the policy would “increase the share of investment housing devoted to newly built housing” by 10 to 20%. It does not say house prices would drop. “Our modelling shows that negative gearing benefits high-income families with 52.6% of the benefit going to the top 20% of incomes,” the paper says. • Brexit!? France And Germany Can Not Wait (Gefira) If London decides to leave the European Union nobody in Europe will even notice. Great Britain is an entirely separate country, isolated from the European Union and does not participate in the Euro or Schengen Agreement. The EU as a political platform is disintegrating and becoming more and more irrelevant and will be displaced by the European Monetary Union (EMU). The center of power in Europe has shifted from the EU to the EMU and London politicians are fully aware of it. A Brexit will accelerate the process of political integration of the EMU members and make the EU politically less significant. Over the past decade we saw: • Countries can enter the European Union; • The very core values of the European Union can be set aside as we saw happening in Turkey just before the European Commission announced to restart Turkey’s accession negotiations; • Trade relations with Great Britain can be suspended without any upheaval, as we saw it concerning non-EU member Russia; • Borders can be opened and closed as is the case in south-east Europe due to the refugee crisis; • The Dublin Regulation can be dissolved overnight in the face of the fact that more than a million refugees have entered Europe since the summer of 2015; All these events hardly changed the life of the Europeans. Being a member of the European Monetary Union is of another magnitude. The Greek euro crisis changed the lives of millions of Greeks. During the tense days in July 2015, when the future of Greece, the EMU and indirect the future of Europe was at stake, Chancellor Merkel and President Hollande held 24 hours emergency meetings as did the Eurogroup. Great Britain and the European Parliament did not play any role whatsoever in these decisive moments for the future of Europe. Cameron was not even invited to share his opinion. The European Monetary Union is doomed for further political integration; the euro members have no other option but to create a fiscal union and a banking union. Without these two pillars, the whole Euro will fall apart dragging with it the complete Western financial system. A fiscal and banking union means that these countries have to integrate far beyond the European Union framework. Prime Minister Cameron is an annoyance for the already struggling EMU. The European Monetary Union faces extreme difficulties, as on one hand further integration of the Euro countries is inevitable and on the other hand, the widespread support for this integration is eroding. In 2011, French President Sarkozy told Cameron:”We’re sick of you criticizing us and telling us what to do. You say you hate the euro, you didn’t want to join, and now you want to interfere in our meetings”. The EMU countries face a big political problem that is to be solved. Germany and France will never let countries outside the EMU have a say in their affairs as Cameron proposed. The diplomatic words from French Prime Minister Manuel Valls make it all clear to London as he said; “a Brexit is a shock for Europe but still members can not pick and choose rules that suit them”. The UK leaving the EU will make life easier for Paris and Berlin as Figaro writes: “Brexit? An opportunity for Europe, for France and for Paris”. When the UK is outside the EU Frankfurt and Paris will have more opportunities to crush London as a financial center. London could not miss Merkel’s warning against gains for British banks under ‘Brexit’. If the UK decides to leave, Berlin and Paris will do definitely more than prevent London banks from making any gain; they will do everything to establish Paris or Frankfurt as the financial center of the EMU at London’s expense. • Tsipras, Merkel, Hollande Agree On Open Borders Until March 6 Summit (Kath.) Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Francois Hollande on the sidelines of a European Union summit in Brussels on Friday. At the meeting, which reportedly lasted for an hour, the three leaders discussed the refugee crisis and the Greek bailout. According to a close Tsipras aide, the Greek premier reiterated that Greece would not accept any action against its interests. The three leaders agreed that the key with regard to decreasing the migration flow was Turkey and that NATO’s involvement was a positive development. Tsipras reportedly received assurances from Germany and France that assistance would be provided if necessary. A pivotal point in the discussion was that the three leaders stressed that there would be no change in the European borders’ status quo until March 6, when a new summit on the refugee crisis is scheduled to take place, after Turkish PM Ahmet Davutoglu canceled his trip to Brussels following a bomb attack in Ankara which claimed the lives of 28 people on Wednesday. The leaders also agreed that representatives of the institutions should return to Athens as soon as possible in order to complete the review. • EU Summit On Refugee Crisis Ends In Disarray (FT) Chancellor Angela Merkel hoped this week’s EU summit on migration would provide at least a show of European unity in the refugee crisis. Instead, it ended in disarray. An Austrian plan to cap the entry of asylum-seekers at just 80 a day left the German leader isolated, Greece threatening to scupper any deal on Brexit in response, and leaders more divided than ever over the EU’s biggest challenge in decades. European leaders, from Berlin to Vienna to Athens, are now improvising and pursuing often contradictory policies. Ms Merkel took even her own officials by surprise when she demanded another summit on the refugee crisis on March 6, just before three key German regional elections on March 13 and before the onset of spring boosts the numbers crossing the Aegean. Refugee arrivals have picked up, with more than 4,800 arriving in Greece from Turkey on Thursday a rate not far off the autumn peak, when an average of 7,000 people a day were arriving. A backlog is building up along the western Balkans route, where fractious states have had to pull together to cope with the arrival of more than 1m people since the start of 2015. In private, previously optimistic officials are starting to despair, with worries shifting to a potential humanitarian disaster on the bloc s south eastern border. An EU leader said: “It’s a serious situation”. Ms Merkel is still banking on a deal with Ankara to secure the vulnerable Greek-Turkish frontier. As the chancellor said in the early hours on Friday: “It is an absolute given that we must urgently move faster”. But bad luck waylaid even this plan: Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoglu cancelled a planned trip to Brussels to discuss migration following a car-bomb attack in Ankara. After the stormy summit debate, a tired looking Ms Merkel put a brave face on events at the 2.30am press conference, pointing to the efforts made in recent weeks to engage with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan and boost Greece’s sea defences by deploying Nato ships. Meanwhile, Vienna has been accused of trampling on international law, including the Geneva Convention on refugees, throwing already barely enforced rules on asylum into further doubt. “Conventions are like fairies; if you stop believing in them, they die”, said Elizabeth Collett, a director at the Migration Policy Institute. However, the Austrian public backs its chancellor Werner Faymann’s migrant cap, with Der Standard newspaper on Friday defending him, saying that Brussels had scored “an own goal” by criticising Vienna. Ms Merkel, who rarely criticises EU partners in public, said that she had been “surprised” by Mr Faymann. Privately, German officials are furious that an old ally has broken ranks. Brussels had desperately attempted to force member states to abide by the rules, with little success. Despite EU member states agreeing to share out 160,000 refugees from Italy and Greece among themselves, fewer than 600 have actually been moved. While some leaders such as Viktor Orban, Hungary’s prime minister, have noisily disagreed, others — such as Madrid and Paris — have simply dragged their feet. Read more … Here’s warning you once again, Brussels, you’re not going to survive this, somone will have your head on a platter for it, and it ain’t going to be silver. Even this UNHCR piece tries to blame the smugglers, but Europe could have provided safe passage all along. • Two Children Drown Every Day On Average Trying To Reach Europe (UNHCR) Two children have drowned every day on average since September 2015 trying to cross the eastern Mediterranean to find safety with their families in Europe, UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, said today. In a joint statement, issued in Geneva, UNHCR, UNICEF and the IOM warned that the number of child deaths was on the increase and called for more measures to increase safety for those escaping conflict and despair. Since last September, when the tragic death of toddler Aylan Kurdi captured the world’s attention, more than 340 children, many of them babies and toddlers, have drowned in the eastern Mediterranean. The total number of children who have died may be even greater, the sister organisations said, with their bodies lost at sea and never recovered. One of those statistics was seven-year-old Houda from Afghanistan who went missing in a shipwreck off the Greek island of Kos at the end of January. Her mother, father, two sisters and one of her brothers had left Kabul for Istanbul earlier that month after her father, a middle-ranking police officer, received death threats. In Turkey, the family made a deal with a smuggler who promised them an “extra-safe trip in a spacious large boat” to Greece. To pay for the trip, Houda’s father had sold his house and borrowed money from family and friends. At night in a dark bay as they prepared to leave, they saw the boat was little more than a sailing coffin. It was small, old and massively overcrowded with around 80 passengers covering a few metres of deck. They tried to step back, but were forced by the smuggler to board the boat with no questions. Smugglers allow no last-minute change of mind. Houda’s sister Aisha and her brother Aziz survived that deadly trip, along with 26 others, but her mother, father and an older sister perished. Their bodies were recovered. Houda’s was never found. Aisha and Aziz, 16 and 15 respectively, had learned to swim in school and that saved them. The stretch of the Aegean Sea between Turkey and Greece is now among the deadliest routes in the world for refugees and migrants. “These tragic deaths in the Mediterranean are unbearable and must stop,” said UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi. “Clearly, more efforts are needed to combat smuggling and trafficking. Also, as many of the children and adults who have died were trying to join relatives in Europe, organising ways for people to travel legally and safely, through resettlement and family reunion programmes for example, should be an absolute priority if we want to reduce the death toll,” he added. With children now accounting for 36% of those on the move, the chance of them drowning on the Aegean Sea crossing from Turkey to Greece has grown proportionately. During the first six weeks of 2016, 410 people drowned out of the 80,000 people crossing the eastern Mediterranean. This amounts to a 35-fold increase year-on-year from 2015. Aisha and Aziz are now accommodated at a transit facility UNHCR runs with a national NGO offering specialized services to unaccompanied refugee children in Greece until they are assigned to a permanent facility. They wish to reunite as soon as possible with what remains of their family. They have a brother in Germany and hope one day to be able to join him there. “These children expressed incredible dignity and courage throughout the many challenges they faced after the shipwreck. After already identifying the corpses of his own family members at the Coast Guard, Aziz insisted on seeing more pictures in order to recognize fellow travellers and help in their identification so that their families could also find out what had happened to them. They repeatedly expressed their gratitude towards me and other colleagues for the help we provided,” said Georgios Papadimitriou, a senior protection officer with UNHCR. • Iraq Sells Oil For $22 A Barrel, Calls For IMF Help (BBG) Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi said the plunge in oil prices means Iraq needs IMF support to continue its fight against Islamic State, a battle he says his country is winning despite little support from its neighbors. “We’ve been anticipating there would be some drop of prices but this has taken us by surprise,” Abadi said of the oil collapse in an interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. “We can defeat Daesh but with this fiscal problem, we need the support” of the IMF, he said. “We have to sustain the economy, we have to sustain our fight.” The conflict with Islamic State, which swept through swaths of northern Iraq in the summer of 2014, has destroyed economic infrastructure, disrupted trade and discouraged investment. Iraq is now facing the “double shock” of war as well as the crude-oil price drop, and has “urgent” balance-of-payment and budget needs, the IMF said in January as it approved a staff-monitored program to pave the way for a possible loan. Under the program, Iraq will seek to reduce its non-oil primary deficit. “We have cut a lot of our expenditures, government expenditures,” Abadi said in the interview. But the war brings its own costs. “We are paying salaries for the uniformed armies, for our fighters” and their weapons, Abadi said in Davos. Speaking later in a panel session in the Swiss resort, Abadi said Iraqi oil sold on Thursday for $22 a barrel, and after paying costs the country is left with $13 per barrel. He called for neighbors to do more to help. The only country to have provided financial assistance is Kuwait, he said, which gave Iraq $200 million. “Daesh is on the retreat and it is collapsing but somebody is sending a life line to them,” Abadi said, citing victories for his forces in the key western city of Ramadi and using an Arabic acronym for Islamic State. “Neighbors are fighting for supremacy, using sectarianism.” Shiite Iran supports several of the biggest militias aiding Iraqi forces in the fight against Islamic State. Its rivalry with the Middle East’s biggest Sunni power, Saudi Arabia, has flared in recent weeks, complicating efforts to end conflicts in Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Iraq has managed to stop the advance of Islamic State in Iraq but if neighbors continue to inflame sectarianism, successes can be reversed, he said. “We are supposed to be in the same boat,” Abadi said. “In reality, we aren’t.” • American Oil Companies Are Starting To Scream “Mayday” (CNN) Last year, 42 North American drillers filed for bankruptcy, according to law firm Haynes and Boone. It’s only likely to get worse this year. Experts say there are a lot of parallels between today’s crisis and the last oil crash in 1986. Back then, 27% of exploration and production companies went bust. Defaults are skyrocketing again. In December, exploration and production company defaults topped 11%, up from just 0.5% the previous year, according to Fitch Ratings. That’s a 2,000%-plus jump. It’s just the beginning, says John La Forge, head of real assets strategy at Wells Fargo. If history repeats, people should prepare for the default rate to double in the next year or so. No wonder America’s biggest banks are setting aside a lot of money in anticipation that more energy companies will go belly up. Energy companies borrowed a lot of money when oil was worth over $100 a barrel. The returns seemed almost guaranteed if they could get the oil out of the ground. But now oil is barely trading just above $30 a barrel and a growing number of companies can’t pay back their debts. “The fact that a price below $100 seemed inconceivable to so many is kind of astonishing,” says Mike Lynch, president of Strategic Energy and Economic Research. “A lot of people just threw money away thinking the price would never go down.” On the last day of 2015, Swift Energy, an “independent oil and gas company” headquartered in Houston, became the 42nd driller to file for bankruptcy in this commodity crunch. The company is trying to sort out over $1 billion in debt at a time when the firm’s earnings have declined over 70% in the past year. Trimming costs and laying off workers can’t close that kind of gap. “In the 1980s, there was a bumper sticker that people in Texas had that said, ‘God give me one more boom and I promise not to screw it up,'” says Lynch. “People should have those bumper stickers ready again.” The last really big oil bust was in the late 1980s. The Saudis really controlled the price then, says La Forge. Now the Saudis (and other members of OPEC) are in a battle with the United States, which has become a major player again in energy production. No one wants to cut back on production and risk losing market share. “It will be the U.S. companies that go out of business,” predicts La Forge. OPEC countries don’t have a lot of smaller players like the United States does. It’s usually the government that controls oil drilling and production in OPEC nations. La Forge predicts the governments can hold their position longer. As the smaller players run out of cash, they will get swallowed up by bigger ones. “The big boys and girls will snap up a lot of cheap assets,” predicts Lynch. There’s a lot of debate about whether oil prices have bottomed out. Crude oil hit its lowest price since 2003 this week. But even if prices have stabilized, the worst isn’t over for oil companies. “Some companies went under in 1986-’87 even when prices rebounded,” says La Forge. This week, Blackstone (BGB) CEO Stephen Schwarzman said his firm is finally taking a close look at bargains in the energy sector. One of the largest bankruptcies so far is Samson Resources of Oklahoma. In 2011, private equity firm KKR (KKR) bought it for over $7 billion. Now it’s struggling to deal with over $1 billion in debt that’s due this year alone. • US Shale’s Big Squeeze (FT) The boom years left the US oil industry deep in debt. The 60 leading US independent oil and gas companies have total net debt of $206bn, from about $100bn at the end of 2006. As of September, about a dozen had debts that were more than 20 times their earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation. Worries about the health of these companies have been rising. A Bank of America Merrill Lynch index of high-yield energy bonds, which includes many indebted oil companies, has an average yield of more than 19%. Almost a third of the 155 US oil and gas companies covered by Standard & Poor’s are rated B-minus or below, meaning they are at high risk of default. The agency this month revised down its expectations of future oil prices, meaning that many of those companies’ ratings are likely to be cut even further. Credit ratings for the more financially secure investment grade companies are also likely to be lowered this time. Some companies under financial strain will be able to survive by selling assets. Private capital funds raised $57bn last year to invest in energy, according to Preqin, an alternative assets research service, and most of that money is still looking for a home. Companies with low-quality assets or excessive debts will not make it. Tom Watters of S&P expects “a lot more defaults this year”. Bankruptcies, a cash squeeze and poor returns on investment mean companies will continue to cut their capital spending. The number of rigs drilling oil wells in the US has dropped 68% from the peak in October 2014 to 510 this week, and it is likely to fall further. So far, the impact on US oil production has been minimal. Output in October was down 4% from April, as hard-pressed companies squeeze as much revenue as possible out of their assets. Saudi Arabia’s strategy of allowing oil prices to fall to curb competing sources of production appears to be succeeding But Harold Hamm, chief executive of Continental Resources, one of the pioneers of the shale boom, says the downturn in activity is likely to intensify. “We’re seeing capex being slashed to almost nothing,” he says. “At low prices, people aren’t going to keep producing.” He expects US oil production to fall sharply this year, and says people may be surprised by how fast it goes. • Squeezed Primary Dealers Quit European Government Bond Markets (Reuters) A rise in the number of banks giving up primary dealer roles in European government bond markets threatens to further reduce liquidity and eventually make it more expensive for some countries to borrow money. Increased regulation and lower margins have seen five banks exit various countries in the last three months. Others look set to follow, further eroding the infrastructure through which governments raise debt. While these problems are for now masked by the European Central Bank buying €60 billion of debt every month to try to stimulate the euro zone economy, countries may feel the effects more sharply when the ECB scheme ends in March 2017. Since 2012, most euro zone governments have lost one or two banks as primary dealers, while Belgium – one of the bloc’s most indebted states – is down five. Primary dealers are integral to government bond markets, buying new issues at auctions to service demand from investors and to maintain secondary trading activity. Without their support, countries would find it harder to sell debt, forcing them to offer investors higher interest rates. Over the last quarter alone, Credit Suisse pulled out of most European countries, ING quit Ireland, Commerzbank left Italy, and Belgium did not re-appoint Deutsche Bank as a primary dealer and dropped Nordea as a recognised dealer. In that time, only Danske Bank has added to its primary dealer roles in the bloc’s main markets. But even Danske is worried. “I’ve never seen it so bad,” said Soeren Moerch, head of fixed income trading at Danske Markets. “When further banks reduce their willingness to be a primary dealer then liquidity will go even lower…we could have more failed auctions and we could see a big washout in the market.” Acting as a dealer has become increasingly expensive for banks under new regulations because of the amount of capital it requires, while trading profits that once made up for the initial spend have diminished in an era of ultra-low rates. “Shareholders would be shocked if they knew the scale of the costs that some businesses are taking,” said one banker who has worked at several major investment houses with primary dealer functions. The decline in dealers comes as many of the world’s largest financial firms, such as Morgan Stanley and Deutsche Bank, launch strategic reviews that are likely to impact their fixed income operations. The risk that the euro zone could slide back into recession, having barely recovered from its long-running debt crisis, could exacerbate the withdrawal by prompting banks to retreat into their home markets. “It is a negative trend. The opposite that we saw in the first 10 years of the euro,” said Sergio Capaldi at Intesa SanPaolo. “For smaller countries…the fact that there are less players is something that could have a negative affect on market liquidity and borrowing costs.” • US Banks Cut Off Mexican Clients as Regulatory Pressure Increases (WSJ) U.S. banks are cutting off a growing number of customers in Mexico, deciding that business south of the border might not be worth the risks in the wake of mounting regulatory warnings. At issue are correspondent-banking relationships that allow Mexican banks to facilitate cross-border transactions and meet their clients’ needs for dealing in dollars—in effect, giving them access to the U.S. financial system. The global firms that provide those services are increasingly wary of dealing with Mexican banks as well as their customers, according to U.S. bankers and people familiar with the matter. The moves are consistent with a broader shift across the industry, in which banks around the world are retreating from emerging markets as regulators ramp up their scrutiny and punishment of possible money laundering. For many banks, the money they can earn in such countries isn’t worth the cost of compliance or the penalties if they step across the line. U.S. financial regulators have long warned about the risks in Mexico of money laundering tied to the drug trade. The urgency spiked more than a year ago, when the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a unit of the Treasury Department, sent notices warning banks of the risk that drug cartels were laundering money through correspondent accounts, people familiar with the advisories said. Earlier, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency sent a cautionary note to some big U.S. banks about their Mexico banking activities. But the pain Mexican firms are experiencing is relatively new. The fallout is affecting Mexican banks of various sizes such as Grupo Elektra’s Banco Azteca, Grupo Financiero Banorte and Monex Grupo Financiero, and their customers, the people said. Regulators have consistently said they don’t direct banks to cut ties with specific countries or a large swath of customers. But the advisories, which had nonpublic components that haven’t been previously reported, were interpreted by several big banks as a fresh signal that they do business in Mexico at their own peril, according to people familiar with the matter. “All they know is that sanctions are big and revenues are small,” said Luis Niño de Rivera, vice chairman of Banco Azteca, based in Mexico City. “It’s simple arithmetic: ‘I make a million dollars and they’re going to fine me a billion? I won’t do that.’” • Ideological Divisions Undermine Economics (Economist) Dismal may not be the most desirable of modifiers, but economists love it when people call their discipline a science. They consider themselves the most rigorous of social scientists. Yet whereas their peers in the natural sciences can edit genes and spot new planets, economists cannot reliably predict, let alone prevent, recessions or other economic events. Indeed, some claim that economics is based not so much on empirical observation and rational analysis as on ideology. In October Russell Roberts, a research fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, tweeted that if told an economist’s view on one issue, he could confidently predict his or her position on any number of other questions. Prominent bloggers on economics have since furiously defended the profession, citing cases when economists changed their minds in response to new facts, rather than hewing stubbornly to dogma. Adam Ozimek, an economist at Moody’s Analytics, pointed to Narayana Kocherlakota, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis from 2009 to 2015, who flipped from hawkishness to dovishness when reality failed to affirm his warnings of a looming surge in inflation. Tyler Cowen, an economist at George Mason, published a list of issues on which his opinion has shifted (he is no longer sure that income from capital is best left untaxed). Paul Krugman chimed in. He changed his view on the minimum wage after research found that increases up to a certain point reduced employment only marginally (this newspaper had a similar change of heart). Economists, to be fair, are constrained in ways that many scientists are not. They cannot brew up endless recessions in test tubes to work out what causes what, for instance. Yet the same restriction applies to many hard sciences, too: geologists did not need to recreate the Earth in the lab to get a handle on plate tectonics. The essence of science is agreeing on a shared approach for generating widely accepted knowledge. Science, wrote Paul Romer, an economist, in a paper* published last year, leads to broad consensus. Politics does not. Nor, it seems, does economics. In a paper on macroeconomics published in 2006, Gregory Mankiw of Harvard University declared: “A new consensus has emerged about the best way to understand economic fluctuations.” But after the financial crisis prompted a wrenching recession, disagreement about the causes and cures raged. “Schlock economics” was how Robert Lucas, a Nobel-prize-winning economist, described Barack Obama’s plan for a big stimulus to revive the American economy. Mr Krugman, another Nobel-winner, reckoned Mr Lucas and his sort were responsible for a “dark age of macroeconomics”. • A Greek Conspiracy: How The ECB Crushed Varoufakis’ Plans (Häring) A central bank governor in Athens conspires with the President of the Republic to sabotage the negotiation strategy of his government to weaken it in its negotiations with the European Central Bank. After the government has capitulated, this governor, who is a close friend of the new finance minister and boss of the finance ministers wife, and the President of the Republic travel together to the ECB to collect their praise and rewards. This is not an invention, this is now documented. On 19 January the German Central Bank in Frankfurt informed the media that the Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos visited the ECB and met with ECB-President Mario Draghi, and that he was accompanied by the President of the Greek central Bank, Yanis Stournaras. Remember. When the Syriza-led government in Athens was in tense negotiations with the European institutions, the ECB excerted pressure by cutting Greek banks off the regular financing operations with the ECB. They could get euros only via Emergency Liquidty Assistance from the Greek central bank and the ECB placed a strict limit on these. Finance minister Yanis Varoufakis worked on emergency plans to keep the payment system going in case the ECB would cut off the euro supply completely. It has already been reported and discussed that a close aide of Stournaras sabotaged the government during this time by sending a memo to a financial journalist, which was very critical with the governments negotiation tactics and blamed it for the troubles of the banks, which the ECB had intensified, if not provoked. A few days ago, Stournaras himself exposed a conspiracy. He bragged that he had convened former prime ministers and talked to the President of the Republic to raise a wall blocking Varoufakis emergency plan. In retrospect it looks as if Alexis Tsipras might have signed his capitulation to Stournaras and the ECB already in April 2015, when he replaced Varoufakis as chief negotiator by Euklid Tsakalotos, who would later become finance minister after Varoufakis resigned. In this case the nightly negotiating marathon in July, after which Tsipras publicly signed his capitulation, might just have been a show to demonstrate that he fought bravely to the end. Why would I suspect that? Because I learned in a Handelsblatt-Interview with Tsakalotos published on 15 January 2016 that he is a close friend of Stournaras. Looking around a bit more, I learned that Tsakalotos wife is ‘Director Advisor’ to the Bank of Greece. This is the Wikipedia entry: “Heather Denise Gibson is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011). She is the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, current Greek Minister of Finance.” At the time she entered, Stournaras was serving as Director General of a think tank of the Bank of Greece. The friendship of the trio goes back decades to their time together at a British university. They even wrote a book together in 1992. Thus: The former chief negotiator of the Greek government is and was a close friend of the central bank governor and the central bank governor was the boss of his wife. The governor of the Bank of Greece, which is part of the Eurosystem of central banks, gets his orders from the ECB, i.e. the opposing side in the negotiations. He actively sabotaged the negotiation strategy of his government. If this does not look like an inappropriate association for a chief negotiator, I don’t know what would. • Britain ‘Poised To Open Door To Thousands Of Migrant Children’ (Guardian) David Cameron is considering plans to admit thousands of unaccompanied migrant children into the UK within weeks, as pressure grows on ministers to provide a haven for large numbers of young people who have fled their war-torn homelands without their parents. Amid growing expectation that an announcement is imminent, Downing Street said ministers were looking seriously at calls from charities, led by Save the Children, for the UK to admit at least 3,000 unaccompanied young people who have arrived in Europe from countries including Syria and Afghanistan, and who are judged to be at serious risk of falling prey to people traffickers. Government sources said such a humanitarian gesture would be in addition to the 20,000 refugees the UK has already agreed to accept, mainly from camps on the borders of Syria, by 2020. Following a visit to refugee camps in Calais and Dunkirk on Saturday, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn called on Cameron to offer children not just a refuge in the UK but proper homes and education, equivalent to the welcome received by those rescued from the Nazis and brought to the UK in 1939. “We must reach out the hand of humanity to the victims of war and brutal repression,” he said. “Along with other EU states, Britain needs to accept its share of refugees from the conflicts on Europe’s borders, including the horrific civil war in Syria. “We have to do more. As a matter of urgency, David Cameron should act to give refuge to unaccompanied refugee children now in Europe – as we did with Jewish Kindertransport children escaping from Nazi tyranny in the 1930s. And the government must provide the resources needed for those areas accepting refugees – including in housing and education – rather than dumping them in some of Britain’s poorest communities.” Signs that the prime minister may act came after a week in which concern has risen in European capitals, and among aid agencies and charities, about the high number of migrants still pouring into the EU just as cold weather bites along the routes many are taking through the Balkans and central and eastern Europe. With one week of January to go, about 37,000 migrants and refugees have already arrived in the EU by land or sea, roughly 10 times the equivalent total for the month last year. The number of Mediterranean deaths stands at 158 this year. • Germany Scolds Austria For Greek Schengen Threats (AFP) This week Greece slammed a Financial Times report saying several European ministers and senior EU officials believed threatening suspension from Schengen could persuade Greece to protect its borders more effectively. Junior interior minister for migration Yiannis Mouzalas said the report contained ”falsehoods and distortions” but Mikl-Leitner said temporary exclusion was a real possibility. “If the Athens government does not finally do more to secure the (EU’s) external borders then one must openly discuss Greece’s temporary exclusion from the Schengen zone,” Mikl-Leitner said in an interview with German daily Die Welt. “It is a myth that the Greco-Turkish border cannot be controlled,” Mikl-Leitner said. “When a Schengen signatory does not permanently fulfil its obligations and only hesitatingly accepts aid then we should not rule out that possibility,” she added. “The patience of many Europeans has reached its limit ... We have talked a lot, now we must act. It is about protecting stability, order and security in Europe.” Germany’s Steinmeier criticised Vienna’s warning however. “There won’t be any solution to the refugee crisis if solidarity disappears,” he said. “On the contrary, we must work together and concentrate all our efforts to fight against the causes that are pushing the refugees into flight, to reinforce the EU’s outer borders and to achieve a fair redistribution (of asylum seekers) within Europe.” • EU Leaders Consider Two-Year Suspension Of Schengen Rules (Telegraph) The Schengen system of free movement could be suspended for two years under emergency measures to be discussed by European ministers on Monday, as the French Prime Minister warned the crisis could bring down the entire European Union. Manuel Valls said that the “very idea of Europe” will be torn apart until the flows of migrants expected to surge in spring are turned away. On Monday, interior ministers from the EU will meet in Amsterdam to discuss emergency measures to allow states to reintroduce national border controls for two years. The powers are allowed under the Schengen rules, but would amount to an unprecedented abandonment of the 30-year old agreement that allows passport-free travel across 26 states. The measure could be brought in from May, when a six-month period of passport checks introduced by Germany expires. The European Commission would have to agree that there are “persistent serious deficiencies” in the Schengen zone’s external border to activate it. “This possibility exists, it is there and the Commission is prepared to use it if need be,” said Natasha Bertaud, a spokesman for Jean-Claude Juncker. Greece has been blamed by states for failing to identify and register hundreds of thousands of people flowing over its borders. Other states that have introduced emergency controls are Sweden, Austria, France, Denmark and Norway, which is not in the EU but is in Schengen. “We’re not currently in that situation,” Ms Bertaud added. “But interior ministers will on Monday in Amsterdam have the opportunity to discuss and it’s on the agenda what steps should be taken or will need to be taken once we near the end of the maximum period in May.” In a further blow, Mr Valls said that France would keep its state of emergency, which has included border checks, until the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant network is destroyed. “It is a total and global war that we are facing with terrorism,” he said. He warned that without proper border controls to turn away refugees, the 60-year old European project could disintegrate. “It’s Europe that could die, not the Schengen area. If Europe can’t protect its own borders, it’s the very idea of Europe that could be thrown into doubt. It could disappear, of course – the European project, not Europe itself, not our values, but the concept we have of Europe, that the founding fathers had of Europe. • Why Are We Looking On Helplessly As Markets Crash All Over The World? (Hutton) There has always been a tension at the heart of capitalism. Although it is the best wealth-creating mechanism we’ve made, it can’t be left to its own devices. Its self-regulating properties, contrary to the efforts of generations of economists trying to prove otherwise, are weak. It needs embedded countervailing power – effective trade unions, law and public action – to keep it honest and sustain the demand off which it feeds. Above all, it needs an ordered international framework of law, finance and trade in which it can do deals and business. It certainly can’t invent one itself. The mayhem in the financial markets over the last fortnight is the result of confronting this tension. The oil price collapse should be good news. It makes everything cheaper. It puts purchasing power in the hands of business and consumers elsewhere in the world who have a greater propensity to spend than most oil-producing countries. A low oil price historically presages economic good times. Instead, the markets are panicking. They are panicking because what is driving the lower oil price is global disorder, which capitalism is powerless to correct. Indeed, it is capitalism running amok that is one of the reasons for the disorder. Profits as a share of national income in Britain and the US touch all-time highs; wages touch an all-time low as the power of organised labour diminishes and the gig economy of short-term contracts takes hold. The excesses of the rich, digging underground basements to house swimming pools, cinemas and lavish gyms, sit alongside the travails of the new middle-class poor. These are no longer able to secure themselves decent pensions and their gig-economy children defer starting families because of the financial pressures. The story is similar if less marked in continental Europe and Japan. Demand has only been sustained across all these countries since the mid-1980s because of the relentless willingness of banks to pump credit into the hands of consumers at rates much faster than the rate of economic growth to compensate for squeezed wages. It was a trend only interrupted by the credit crunch and which has now resumed with a vengeance. The result is a mountain of mortgage and personal debt but with ever-lower pay packets to service it, creating a banking system that is fundamentally precarious. The country that has taken this further than any other is China. The Chinese economy is a giant Ponzi scheme. Tens of trillions of dollars are owed to essentially bankrupt banks – and worse, bankrupt near-banks that operate in the murky shadowlands of a deeply dysfunctional mix of Leninism and rapacious capitalism. The Chinese Communist party has bought itself temporary legitimacy by its shameless willingness to direct state-owned banks to lend to consumers and businesses with little attention to their creditworthiness. Thus it has lifted growth and created millions of jobs. It is an edifice waiting to implode. Chinese business habitually bribes Communist officials to put pressure on their bankers to forgive loans or commute interest; most loans only receive interest payments haphazardly or not at all. If the losses were crystallised, the banking system would be bust overnight. On top, huge loans have been made to China’s vast oil, gas and chemical industries on the basis of oil being above $60 a barrel, so more losses are in prospect. • China’s Stock Market Value Plummets (Xinhua) China’s declining stock market has resulted in a sharp decrease in the market capitalization of the two bourses in Shanghai and Shenzhen. The market value of the Shanghai and Shenzhen bourses plummeted to 42.74 trillion yuan (about 6.5 trillion U.S. dollars) on Friday’s closing of market, down nearly 9% from the previous week. There are 1,081 and 1,747 listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets, where the price-earnings ratio were 14.54 and 41.38 respectively. China’s has the world’s second-most capitalized stock market behind the United States, after overtaking Japan a year ago. After a bearish week, the Shanghai and Shenzhen bourses were valued at 24.26 trillion yuan and 18.48 trillion yuan respectively by the close of market on Friday. Amid global market turbulence accompanying lackluster domestic economic data, the benchmark Shanghai index lost 8.96% to end at 2,900.97 points, and the Shenzhen index shrank 8.18% to close at 9,997.92 points over the week. On Saturday, China’s securities watchdog vowed to learn a lesson from the stock market rout. “Wild market swings revealed our supervision and management loopholes,” said Xiao Gang, head of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, at a national conference on securities market regulation. “We will improve regulation mechanisms, intensify supervision and guard against risks so as to create a stable and sound market,” Xiao said. • The Ugly Subtext Beneath China’s Two-Track Economy Tale (FT) This week the Chinese government will attempt to take back control of the narrative. The release of its 2015 economic growth estimate on January 19 provides an opportunity for Beijing to argue that a renewed outburst of stock market chaos and currency policy confusion over recent weeks was just surface noise, while the underlying economy remains sound. That China’s once vaunted economic managers suddenly find themselves in this position is a reminder of how dramatically they too can be wrong-footed by events, albeit ones that were under their control until a series of self-inflicted policy errors. Until China’s stock market bubble burst on June 15 — President Xi Jinping’s birthday of all days — the rest of the world was obsessed with the country’s downwards economic growth trajectory. An ill-advised stock market rescue in July, followed by a poorly communicated currency policy adjustment in August, gave the world a bigger issue to worry about — the competence of China’s leadership, or lack thereof. In this context, the second and third quarter gross domestic product estimates, in line with the government’s 7% growth target, were reassuring. Chinese officials now freely admit that the country’s growth story is a tale of two economies. There is the bad old industrial economy — credit-fuelled and investment-led, resulting in chronic overcapacity and unsold apartment blocks. And there is the good new services economy — innovative and consumption-driven. Their key point is that the rise of the latter will balance the decline of the former, as has been the case this year. As a result, they argue, the overall economy will hum along at a “sustainable” rate of about 6.5% over the next five years. This spells trouble for the African, Australian, Russian and South American commodity producers who have grown fat off Chinese demand over the past 20 years. But it should benefit European and US service providers, market access permitting, as well as Japanese and South Korean gadget makers. If only it were that simple. There are at least two known unknowns that could disrupt China’s smooth glide path. The first is what happens to rust-belt regions that have plenty of the old economy but not much of the new. “It will be very difficult for those who work in the old economy to transition into the new economy,” says Chen Long, China economist at Gavekal Dragonomics. “Coal miners do not become internet programmers overnight, or even delivery men.” The second is a potential debt crisis of historic proportions, stemming in part from the government’s fears about the consequences for coal country if they were to turn off the credit taps. In 2007, on the eve of the global financial crisis, China’s overall debt to GDP ratio was 147%. Now it is at 231% and climbing. “They absolutely have no room left for further debt accumulation,” says Rodney Jones at Wigram Capital, an economic advisory firm. “That’s the central issue — not the exchange rate, not the stock market. These are symptoms. The problem is unsustainable growth and continued rapid accumulation of debt, leverage and credit.” • Buckle Your Seatbelts: China Could Rock Markets Next Week (CNBC) Global markets are poised for more volatility next week with key economic data from China expected to show that the world’s second-largest economy continues to grow at its slowest pace since the financial crisis, despite aggressive measures taken by the central bank to boost growth. “There has been ongoing fear bubbling since August that the China slowdown is worse than expected. Investors are nervous that we’ll see a massive downside correction in China’s economy. That’s why this data is so important to markets,” said James Rossiter at TD Securities. China is expected to release fourth-quarter GDP, industrial production and retail sales data Tuesday morning. Wasif Latif at USAA Investments agrees. “These data reports next week could be very important in their power to either confirm or refute the current narrative that China is experiencing a very bad slowdown,” said Latif. The kick-off to 2016 has been challenging to say the least for China which continues to show signs of weakness, particularly on the manufacturing and services front. This downbeat data has pushed investors to alter their global forecasts, readjust earnings expectations and talk about what life with a slowing China means for trading stocks bonds and commodities this year. Markets around the world have been under pressure due in part to China worries. The Shanghai Composite is already down 18% this year and down over 40% from its June 2014 high. Barclays strategists wrote that China remains a key source of turmoil as it affects currencies, commodities and financial volatility. Analysts also point to Beijing’s unpredictable nature in addressing the country’s economic woes and market structure. For instance in the last week, China reversed a new rule on circuit breakers that had brought stocks to a complete halt after just minutes of trading. Questions remain over whether the central bank of China will respond to weak data through its currency, or if the government will intervene in new ways if stocks continue to fall on the domestic markets. • China’s Economy Grew By Around 7% In 2015, Premier Li Says (Reuters) China’s economy grew by around 7% in 2015, with the services sector accounting for half of GDP, Premier Li Keqiang said on Saturday. The premier also said that employment had expanded more than expected and that consumption contributed nearly 60% of economic growth. Li made theremarks at the opening ceremony for the China-backed Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in Beijing. China’s fourth-quarter and full-year 2015 GDP figures are expected to be released on Jan. 19. Analysts polled by Reuters have forecast 2015 growth cooled to 6.9%, down from 7.3% in 2014 and the slowest pace in a quarter of a century. China does not intend to use a cheaper yuan as a way to boost exports and has the tools to keep the currency stable, the premier said, state news agency Xinhua had reported earlier Saturday. “China has no intention of stimulating exports via competitive devaluation of currencies,” the premier said at the meeting in Beijing, which marks China’s previously announced official entry into the bank. Li added that China is capable of keeping the yuan’s exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level, Xinhua reported. After a nearly 3% devaluation in mid August 2015 which rattled markets, China’s yuan has fallen over 1% so far in 2016, as the nation has struggled to contain capital outflows in the wake of a dramatic equity market collapse and weak economic data. Despite recent declines, China has the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves, and policymakers have repeatedly said they have the firepower to keep the yuan stable. • The Fantasy And The Reality Of China’s Economic Rebalancing (CNBC) China’s economic expansion may be far less than official estimates of 6.8% and could be closer to 2.4%, according to a new report. The GDP growth of the world’s second-largest economy has slowed steadily since 2010, although levels remain far higher than those achieved by most developed and many developing economies. Last month, China’s central bank forecast that GDP would slow to 6.8% in 2016 from an estimated in 6.9% in 2015. However, Fathom, a macro research consultancy based in London, claimed in a report that China’s economy is only expanding at 2.4% per annum. “We have long questioned the legitimacy of China’s official GDP statistics. Pointing to only a mild growth deceleration, we find these impossible to reconcile with a whole host of alternative evidence, not least our own measure of China’s economic activity which suggests that growth could be as low as 2.4%,” Fathom said in the report published Friday entitled “The fantasy and the reality of China’s economic rebalancing.” This year, global markets remain alert to any hints that China’s economic slowdown might be accelerating. Major U.S. stock indexes lost around 6% or more last week, as these fears helped fuel a rout in global stocks. International analysts and economists have long suspected that Chinese official GDP figures were inflated. Not many have suggested that annual growth could actually be as low as 2.4%, however. The IMF, for instance, estimates that China’s economy grew by 6.8% in 2015 and forecasts it will expand by 6.3% in 2016. “While there is evidence that the old growth engine, powered by manufacturing, investment and exports, has started to stutter, we find far fewer indicators that point to a pickup in consumption. This is contrary to China’s official GDP breakdown, which suggests that activity in the tertiary sector is not only the largest as a share of nominal GDP but also the fastest growing, with annual growth outpacing that of both primary and secondary industries,” Fathom said. The official GDP data reported by Chinese regional government is particularly questionable. In December, China official news agency, Xinhua, reported that economic levels in parts of China’s northeastern rust belt were overstated. One county in Liaoning province posted extra fiscal revenue of 847 million yuan ($129 million) in 2013, 127% higher than the real figure, according to media reports. • China Stocks Watchdog Acknowledges Flaws in Equities Regulation (BBG) The Chinese equities watchdog has acknowledged loopholes and ineptitude within its regulatory system after a review of the turmoil that’s shaken markets since last June. An immature bourse and participants, incomplete trading rules, an inadequate market system and an inappropriate regulatory system were to blame and regulators will learn from their mistakes, Xiao Gang, chairman of China Securities Regulatory Commission, said in a transcript of an internal meeting of the regulator that was posted on the agency’s website on Saturday. Chinese shares fell into a bear market again on Friday, wiping out gains from an unprecedented state rescue amid waning confidence in the government’s ability to manage the country’s financial markets. The initial collapse in June, which came after cheerleading by state media helped fuel an unprecedented boom in mainland equities, triggered stock purchases by the government, restrictions on trading and a temporary ban on initial public offerings. Xiao was criticized for helping to talk up the market as the bubble developed. “The slumping stock market, fleeing liquidity, speedy deleveraging activities, augmented by self-defeating redemption at mutual funds and selloffs in futures, spiraled into a full-scale crisis like a domino effect,” Xiao said in the transcript. “During the abnormal volatility in the stock market, some institutions let illegal and irregular activities ride instead of taking responsibility to stabilize the market.” It’s been a wild ride for Chinese stock investors. The Shanghai Composite Index more than doubled in the 12 months through May before losing 34% by the end of September as regulators failed to manage a surge in leveraged bets by individual investors. A state-sponsored market rescue campaign sparked a rally toward the end of the year but those gains have been wiped out this month. “The stock market developed so fast that the regulations failed to catch up,” said Ronald Wan, chief executive of Partners Capital International Ltd., an investment bank in Hong Kong. “Only when the laws and regulations improve, can the market develop in a healthy way. That cannot be done in one or two months.” Losses this year were fueled by a controversial circuit-breaker system, which authorities scrapped in the first week of January after finding that it spurred investors to rush for the exits on big down days. The turbulence in China has rippled through global markets this year, contributing to a 8.5% drop in the MSCI All-Country World Index. The CSRC will try to learn from its overseas counterparts but will avoid wholesale adoption of another nation’s regulatory system, said Xiao. IPO reforms will be gradual and the registration system for offerings won’t be settled in one step, he said. China plans to shift to a registration-based system for IPOs, loosening the grip of the CSRC, which has controlled the timing and pricing of listings. • China-Led AIIB Development Bank Aims to Swiftly Approve Loans (AP) The head of the newly opened Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank said the China-led group is aiming to approve its first loans before the end of the year, part of Beijing’s efforts to weave together regional trade partners and solidify its global status. The AIIB officially opened at a ceremony on Saturday in Beijing, formalizing the emergence of a competitor to the Washington-led World Bank and strengthening China’s influence over global development and finance. AIIB’s inaugural president, the Chinese banker Jin Liqun, said Sunday that Asia still faces “severe connectivity gaps and significant infrastructure bottlenecks.” The bank would welcome the US and Japan, two economic powers that have declined invitations to join the organization, said Jin, who was previously a high-ranking official at both the World Bank and Japan-led Asian Development Bank. Washington has said it welcomes the additional financing for development but had expressed concern looser lending standards might undercut efforts by existing institutions to promote environmental and other safeguards. Chinese officials have said the bank will complement existing institutions and promised to adhere to international lending standards. Chinese President Xi Jinping has outlined a broad plan called “One Belt One Road” to deepen trade relations with neighboring countries and open new markets, with the AIIB a key component of that strategy. Leaders in the world’s No. 2 economy have long felt they don’t have proportional influence inside international financial institutions dominated by Western powers. China pledged to put up most of the bank’s $50 billion in capital and says the total will eventually be as high as $100 billion. Xi on Saturday unveiled an additional $50 million fund for infrastructure projects in less-developed countries. • Dallas Fed Quietly Suspends Energy Mark-To-Market On Loss Contagion Fears (ZH) We can now make it official, because moments ago we got confirmation from a second source who reports that according to an energy analyst who had recently met Houston funds to give his 1H16e update, one of his clients indicated that his firm was invited to a lunch attended by the Dallas Fed, which had previously instructed lenders to open up their entire loan books for Fed oversight; the Fed was shocked by with it had found in the non-public facing records. The lunch was also confirmed by employees at a reputable Swiss investment bank operating in Houston. This is what took place: the Dallas Fed met with the banks a week ago and effectively suspended mark-to-market on energy debts and as a result no impairments are being written down. Furthermore, as we reported earlier this week, the Fed indicated “under the table” that banks were to work with the energy companies on delivering without a markdown on worry that a backstop, or bail-in, was needed after reviewing loan losses which would exceed the current tier 1 capital tranches. In other words, the Fed has advised banks to cover up major energy-related losses. The reason for such unprecedented measures by the Dallas Fed? Our source notes that having run the numbers, it looks like at least 18% of some banks’ commercial loan book are impaired, and that’s based on just applying the 3Q marks for public debt to their syndicate sums. In other words, the ridiculously low increase in loss provisions by the likes of Wells and JPM suggest two things: i) the real losses are vastly higher, and ii) it is the Fed’s involvement that is pressuring banks to not disclose the true state of their energy “books.” Naturally, once this becomes public, the Fed risks a stampeded out of energy exposure because for the Fed to intervene in such a dramatic fashion it suggests that the US energy industry is on the verge of a subprime-like blow up. Putting this all together, a source who wishes to remain anonymous, adds that equity has been levitating only because energy funds are confident the syndicates will remain in size to meet net working capital deficits. Which is a big gamble considering that as we firsst showed ten days ago, over the past several weeks banks have already quietly reduced their credit facility exposure to at least 25 deeply distressed (and soon to be even deeper distressed) names. • Wall Street Braces for Bigger Shale Losses After Oil Drops Below $30 (BBG) The Wall Street banks that financed the U.S. shale boom are facing growing losses as oil falls below $30 a barrel. Losses are spreading from bondholders to banks amid the worst oil crash in a generation. Wells Fargo, Citigroup and JPMorgan have set aside more than $2 billion combined to cover souring energy loans and will add to that safety net if prices remain low, the companies reported this week. Losses are mounting as more oil and natural gas producers default on debt payments and declare bankruptcy. Wells Fargo lost $118 million on its energy portfolio in the fourth quarter and Citigroup lost $75 million. “It takes time for losses to emerge, and at current levels we would expect to have higher oil and gas losses in 2016,” John Stumpf, Wells Fargo’s chairman and CEO, said during a Friday earnings call. Oil plunged 36% in the past year, putting an end to the debt-fueled drilling spree that pushed U.S. oil production to the highest in more than 40 years. After years of spending more than they made, shale companies have parked drilling rigs and fired thousands of workers in an effort to conserve cash. In 2015, 42 oil and and gas producers went bust owing more than $17 billion, according to law firm Haynes & Boone. The weakness in oil and gas lending was a hot topic during bank earnings calls this week, and it’s clear that the potential for losses is snowballing the longer prices remain low. Wells Fargo’s energy reserves of $1.2 billion are enough to cover 7% of the $17 billion of the bank’s outstanding oil and gas loans. JPMorgan Chase boosted energy loan-loss reserves by $550 million last year and said it will add another $750 million if oil stays at $30 for 18 months. Citigroup increased reserves by $250 million and that will go up by an additional $600 million in the first half of 2016 if oil prices remain at $30. If oil falls to $25, that number may double. Lenders are walking a tightrope between helping their clients stay afloat and looking out for their own bottom line. Borrowers with risky credit typically put up their oil and gas properties as collateral for their loan. Historically, lenders managed to get all of their money back, even in bankruptcy, by liquidating the assets. However, foreclosing on a troubled borrower comes with the risk that the properties will sell for less than is owed to the bank. • With Liftoff Done, the Fed Revisits a $4.5 Trillion Quandary (BBG) Federal Reserve officials who spent months debating their first interest-rate increase in almost a decade are turning next to the thorny question of what to do with a balance sheet equivalent to the size of Japan’s economy. A month after liftoff, turmoil in global financial markets has pushed out expectations for more rate hikes and raised concern about what tools are available to fight the next downturn. Vice Chairman Stanley Fischer has suggested the $4.5 trillion balance sheet could be maintained as a way to hold down longer-term Treasury yields while the short-term policy rate was lifted. Fischer’s idea – discussed in a Jan. 3 speech partly on strategies for pulling the short-term rate away from zero – was taken up in more practical terms by New York Fed President William C. Dudley Friday. Reinvesting maturing bonds and putting off a reduction in the balance sheet until the federal funds rate is raised somewhat higher “makes sense,” Dudley said. “Having more ‘dry powder’ in the form of higher short-term interest rates seems more desirable than less dry powder and a smaller balance sheet,” he said. Fed Chair Janet Yellen made similar comments in her Dec. 16 press conference, meaning the three most senior officials still view the central bank’s vast holdings of debt as an active policy tool rather than a relic of the financial crisis that needs to be shrunk as soon as possible. “Dudley’s view is if we get to choose our tool” to tighten policy, “then we are going to choose interest rates,” said Michael Hanson, senior economist at Bank of America. That’s the safer choice, Hanson said, because officials are highly uncertain what shrinking the balance sheet would do to financial markets. The preference to maintain trillions in bond holdings for months to come, however, isn’t likely to be popular with all Federal Open Market Committee participants. Richmond Fed President Jeffrey Lacker favors an “expeditious” unwinding of the Fed’s bond holdings. The Fed’s balance sheet swelled to $4.5 trillion in 2014 from about $900 billion in 2008 on purchases of Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities, during three stages of a strategy known as quantitative easing. • Saudi Aramco – $10 Trillion Mystery At The Heart Of The Gulf State (Guardian) The possible selloff of at least part of Aramco, previously considered the country’s crown jewel, has stunned the global energy and investment sectors as much as locals. One Wall Street report claimed an American financial adviser was forced to stop his car because he was laughing so much from sheer incredulity when the Aramco float news broke. But plans for an initial public offering by what may be most secretive – but almost certainly the most valuable – company in the world have been confirmed by its chairman, Khalid al-Falih. “We are considering … a listing of the main company and obviously the main company will include upstream,” he said last week, thereby indicating that the flotation plan could give access to the country’s 260bn barrels of oil reserves and 263 trillion cubic feet of gas. Among the more than 100 oil and gas fields controlled by Aramco – which began life as the California-Arabian Standard Oil Company in 1933 – are Ghawar, the world’s largest onshore oil location, plus Safaniya, the biggest offshore field in the world. The scale of the Aramco empire dwarfs every other corporation in the world. Its oil assets alone are 10 times more than those held by the world’s largest publicly quoted oil company, ExxonMobil. If the Texas-based business has a stock market value of $400bn, that would make Aramco’s oil assets potentially worth $4tn. Energy analysts admit they find it impossible to accurately calculate the exact worth of a company that boasts of producing 9.5m barrels of oil a day – one in every eight of the world’s production. But some estimates go as high as $10tn. That is 10 times the combined value of Apple and Alphabet (the new parent company of Google). They know Aramco has huge oil and gas reserves, a raft of refineries and other business interests, but details are scant. The company does not publish its accounts or even its revenues, never mind its profits. • Market Meltdown Rattles Canadian Investors, Panic Sets In (BBG) A record losing streak in the loonie, plunging bond yields and about $150 billion wiped out in the stock market have left Canadian investors hanging by a thread. Panic is starting to set in. “The word fear is finally starting to come up,” said Martin Pelletier, managing director and portfolio manager at TriVest Wealth Counsel in Calgary. “Clients and people are starting to panic. It’s sinking in, but no one knows what to do.” North American stock markets wrapped up one of their most turbulent weeks in recent memory Friday as oil prices and the dollar plunged further. The commodity-sensitive loonie plumbed depths not seen since 2003 as it fell for an 11th-straight day, losing 0.81 of a U.S. cent to close at 68.82 cents US. The benchmark Standard & Poor’s/TSX Composite Index dropped 262.57, or 2.13%, to 12,073.46 — its lowest close since June 2013 — after rebounding more than 165 points on Thursday. Yields on five-year government bonds fell to a record low of 0.511% Wednesday as speculation builds the Bank of Canada will cut interest rates next week. Canada’s economy, heavily weighed toward resource industries, has been rocked by concerns about the slowdown in China that has pushed the price of West Texas Intermediate crude below $30 for the first time since 2003. Prices for Canada’s heavy crude, which trades at a discount to the U.S. benchmark, have sunk to around $15 a barrel. The February contract for WTI crude fell $1.78 to US$29.42 on Friday, while February natural gas fell four cents to US$2.10 per mmBTU. “Right now … people are looking at oil and saying the price of oil is dropping, ergo the economic outlook doesn’t look good. I think it’s as simple as that,” said Ian Nakamoto, director of research at 3Macs. “If oil rallies like it did (Thursday), I think the markets rise here.” But Nakamoto isn’t betting we’ve seen the bottom for oil just yet. “One thing we do know is the supply is greater than demand, so structurally it looks likes prices still have further to go here on the downside.” • German Lawmakers Urge Merkel To Tell Draghi: End Record-Low Rates (BBG) Lawmakers allied with German Chancellor Angela Merkel say it’s time for the ECB to outline an exit strategy from record-low interest rates and she should tell Mario Draghi so. As Merkel hosted the ECB president for a private meeting in Berlin on Friday, German banks, her party bloc and Bundesbank head Jens Weidmann are pushing for Draghi to explain how he’ll get out of quantitative easing. Designed to counter “economic malaise” as Europe’s debt crisis recedes, the policy is seen by critics as hurting German savers and retail investors, who tend to prefer low-risk investments. “I trust that the chancellor will clearly address the concerns related to the ECB’s policy” when she hosts Draghi at the chancellery, said Alexander Radwan, a member of the German parliament’s finance committee and lawmaker from Merkel’s party bloc. Merkel should help to ensure “that Europe recognizes the limits of central-bank policy,” he said. While ECB policy is out of Merkel’s hands, low borrowing costs for the 19 euro-area nations are adding to dissatisfaction among members of her party, whose loyalty is already strained by euro-area bailouts and a record influx of refugees to Germany. Draghi argues that the central bank’s €1.5 trillion bond-buying program is needed to try to revive inflation and he’s pledged to do more if prices don’t pick up. Merkel and Draghi held what Steffen Seibert, Merkel’s chief spokesman, described as an “informal and confidential” meeting. The chancellor’s office declined to comment on what they discussed. That reticence hasn’t stopped Wolfgang Schaeuble, Merkel’s finance minister since 2009 and one of her key allies, from publicly prodding the ECB and portraying its policies as a threat to financial stability. Monetary policy has fueled a tendency toward “exaggeration in financial markets,” with liquidity spurring nervousness “that’s materializing in China now,” Schaeuble said in Brussels on Thursday. “I will not deny that the low interest rates are worrying us,” Antje Tillmann, the finance-policy spokeswoman of Merkel’s party bloc, said in an interview. Germany can manage the low-rate environment only in the short term “and I hope therefore that this will change. I believe Mr. Draghi knows that we’re waiting for this.” Weidmann warned on Tuesday in Paris that low rates over an extended period squeeze bank profits and risk fueling financial bubbles. • The Business Case For Helping Refugees (Gillian Tett) Last year Hamdi Ulukaya, a Kurdish entrepreneur who created the billion-dollar US-based Chobani yoghurt empire, travelled to Greece to see the swelling refugee crisis with his own eyes. Unsurprisingly, he was horrified by the human suffering that he witnessed, particularly as he shares a cultural affinity with many of the refugees — he grew up near the Syrian border in Turkey, before moving to the US as a student. But Ulukaya was also appalled by something else: the hopelessly bureaucratic and old-fashioned nature of the organisations running the aid efforts. “The refugee issue is being dealt with using [methods from] the 1940s and it’s in the hands of the UN and mostly government and you don’t see a lot of private sector and entrepreneurs involved,” he told me last week. “I decided we have got to hack this — we have got to bring another perspective into this issue, there are technologies that can be used.” So Ulukaya decided to act. Last year he established a foundation, Tent, to channel financial aid and innovation efforts into refugee work. He also declared that he would give half his fortune to refugee causes (he has made an eye-popping $1.4bn from his wildly popular Chobani yoghurts in recent years). And he has stepped up efforts to hire as many refugees as he can at his yoghurt plants, where they currently account for 30 per cent of the total workforce, or 600 people. “There are 11 or 12 languages spoken in our factories,” says Ulukaya. “We have translators 24 hours a day.” Now, however, Ulukaya wants to take his campaign further. At next week’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Davos, he will call on other CEOs to join a campaign to channel corporate money, lobbying initiatives, services and jobs to refugees. Five companies have already signed up: Ikea, MasterCard, Airbnb, LinkedIn and UPS — and Ulukaya says more are poised to join. I daresay some FT readers will shrug their shoulders at this; indeed, as a journalist, part of me feels a little cynical. Over the past couple of years, there has been a string of philanthropy initiatives from American billionaires. And this year’s WEF meeting is likely to produce another wave of pious pledges, not least because many corporate elites will be arriving in Switzerland keenly aware that they need to do more to quell a popular backlash over income inequality. But what makes Ulukaya’s move unusual — and admirable — is his unashamed embrace of the refugee cause. And that illustrates a bigger point: the voice of business has been extraordinarily muted, if not absent, from this wider policy debate. To be sure, some companies, such as American Express, Starbucks, Google and Uniqlo, have made donations to humanitarian groups involved in helping refugees. Others have offered practical services: Daimler, for example, has provided buildings and medical devices. Most companies, however, have avoided getting too embroiled in the issue, preferring to concentrate on less political causes such as medical aid. “With few exceptions, the business community has been absent from the debate about how to best deal with the refugee crisis, not only in the short term but, importantly, in the long term,” says Ioannis Ioannou, a professor at London Business School. • Schäuble Proposes Special EU Tax On Gasoline To Finance Refugee Costs (Reuters) German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble has proposed the introduction of a special tax on gasoline in European Union member states to finance refugee-related costs such as strengthening the continent’s joint external borders. Schaeuble’s proposal drew criticism from members of his own conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), as well as from the Social Democrats (SPD), junior partner in Chancellor Angela Merkel’s ruling coalition. “I’ve said if the funds in the national budgets and the European budget are not sufficient, then let us agree for instance on collecting a levy on every liter of gasoline at a specific amount,” Schaeuble told Sueddeutsche Zeitung newspaper in an interview published on Saturday. “We have to secure Schengen’s external borders now. The solution of these problems must not founder due to a limitation of funds,” the veteran politician said. Asked if all EU countries should increase their payments to Brussels to finance joint refugee-related costs, Schaeuble said: “If someone is not willing to pay, I’m nonetheless prepared to do it. Then we’ll build a coalition of the willing.” Schaeuble gave no details on how high the extra levy on gasoline should be and whether Brussels or the EU member states would be in charge of collecting it. Schaeuble’s was met with criticism across the party political spectrum. “I’m strictly against any tax increase in light of the good budgetary situation,” said CDU deputy Julia Kloeckner who wants to win a regional election in the western state of Rhineland-Palatinate in March. Read more … When describing dead bodies they know nothing about, AP chooses to go with “most likely migrants”. Whereas, obviously, they’re at least as likely to be refugees. They know it, we know it, but the bias is too strong to overcome. Plus, it’s like saying all refugees are migrants. And if you repeat it often enough… Does any of you people ever think about the lack of respect for the dead you promote? • Five Bodies Wash Up On Shore Of Samos (AP) Five people, most likely migrants, have been found dead off the eastern Greek island of Samos, Greek authorities report. The Greek coast guard has recovered the bodies of two men and three women, and are trying to recover the sixth in rough seas, a coast guard spokeswoman told AP. No vessel has been recovered yet. The rescue operation continues, said the spokeswoman, who was not authorized to be identified because of the continuing operation. Samos, which lies very close to the Turkish coast, is one of the main points of entry for migrants, most refugees from Syria and Iraq. • Refugee Crisis Creates ‘Stateless Generation’ Of Children In Limbo (Guardian) Oh, sure: “Manufacturers surveyed by the trade ministry expect to increase production by 0.9% in December and raise it by 6.0% in January. Zero Hedge take: ” • Household Spending plunges 2.9% YoY – worst since March (post-tax-hike) • Jobless Rate jumps to 3.3% (from 3.1%) • Industrial Production drops 1.0% MoM – worst in 3 months • Retail Trade tumbles 1.0% YoY – biggest drop since March (post-tax-hike) • Retail Sales plunges 2.5% MoM – Worst drop since Fukushima Tsunami (absent tax-hike) • Japan Output, Retail Sales Slump, Dampen Recovery Prospects (Reuters) Japan’s factory output fell for the first time in three months in November and retail sales slumped, suggesting that a clear recovery in the world’s third-largest economy will be delayed until early in 2016. While manufacturers expect to increase output in coming months, the weak data casts doubt on the Bank of Japan’s view that an expected pick-up in exports and consumption will help jump-start growth and accelerate inflation toward its 2% target. Industrial output fell 1.0% in November from the previous month, more than a median market forecast for a 0.6% decline, data by the trade ministry showed on Monday. Separate data showed that retail sales fell 1.0% in November from a year earlier, more than a median forecast for a 0.6% drop, as warm weather hurt sales of winter clothing. “We’re finally seeing signs of pick-up in exports, but the economy has yet to make a clear turnaround,” said Takeshi Minami, chief economist at Norinchukin Research Institute. “There’s a risk consumption will remain sluggish and prevent economic growth from picking up,” he said. Japan’s economy narrowly dodged recession in July-September and analysts expect only modest growth in the current quarter, as consumption and exports lack steam. Some analysts warn the economy may suffer a contraction in October-December if household spending remains weak. Taro Saito, senior economist at NLI Research Institute, expects consumption in the current quarter to have risen less than a 0.4% quarter-on-quarter increase in July-September. Wary of soft growth, the government plans nearly $800 billion in record spending in the budget for the fiscal year that will begin on April 1. The BOJ has signalled readiness to expand stimulus if risks threaten Japan’s recovery prospects. The central bank fine-tuned its stimulus programme on Dec. 18 to ensure it can keep up or even accelerate its money-printing. While sluggish emerging market demand dims the export outlook, analysts expect output to gradually increase early in 2016 as automakers ramp up production of new models. Manufacturers surveyed by the trade ministry expect to increase production by 0.9% in December and raise it by 6.0% in January. • Japan Business Lobby Head Won’t Commit To Higher Wages (Reuters) The head of an influential Japanese business lobby won’t pass on the government’s requests to its members to raise salaries next year, a worrying sign that real wages may not increase fast enough to boost consumption in the country. Higher wages are crucial to policymakers’ efforts to break a decades-long cycle of weak growth and deflation. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has won modest wage gains from the largest firms, but this has been slow to filter through the economy. Renewed concern about a slowdown in emerging markets and weak overseas demand could make more companies reluctant to raise wages. This could in turn scupper the government’s efforts to increase consumption and put the Bank of Japan’s 2% inflation target out of reach. “The government is hoping for higher wages, but the Keizai Doyukai, as an organization that corporate executives personally belong to, is not going to tell its members what to do,” said Yoshimitsu Kobayashi, chairman of the Keizai Doyukai, which regularly participates in the government’s corporate policy panels and is one of Japan’s top three business lobbies. “Companies that don’t have money obviously won’t raise wages.” Since taking office in late 2012, Abe has repeatedly asked big business lobbies to encourage their members to raise wages at annual spring salary negotiations with unions. Abe will also raise the minimum wage by about 3% from next fiscal year to encourage salaries to rise more broadly throughout the economy. Many companies have enjoyed record profits recently, so there is room for these companies to offer their workers higher pay, Kobayashi said. Japanese companies also have the funds needed to increase domestic investment in plants, research and develop their workers’ skills, he said. However, around 65% of people work at small and medium-sized enterprises, many of which are losing money and are therefore unlikely to raise salaries or spend extra money on training employees. • China Industrial Profits Fall For Sixth Straight Month (Reuters) Profits earned by Chinese industrial companies in November fell 1.4% from a year earlier, marking a sixth consecutive month of decline, statistics bureau data showed on Sunday. Industrial profits – which cover large enterprises with annual revenue of more than 20 million yuan ($3.1 million) from their main operations – fell 1.9% in the first 11 months of the year compared with the same period a year earlier, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said on its website. The November profits of industrial firms have seen some improvement from the previous month. In October, profits fell 4.6% from a year earlier. “The November industrial profit data matched earlier output data and they showed some signs of stabilizing, which are in line with recent data from other Asian countries,” said Zhou Hao at Commerzbank in Singapore, adding the figures were slightly better than market expectations. The NBS said investment returns for industrial companies in November increased from a year earlier by 9.25 billion yuan ($1.43 billion). The jump in November profits from the auto manufacturing and electricity sectors, up 35% and 51% from a year earlier, respectively, helped narrow overall declines, the statistics bureau said. “Declines in industrial profits narrowed in November, but uncertainties still exist,” said He Ping, an official of the Industry Department at NBS. He added that inventory of finished goods grew at a faster pace last month. Profits of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) among major industrial firms saw a 23% slump in the first 11 months this year from the same period in 2014. Mining remained the laggard sector, with profits falling 56.5% in the same period. Aluminum producer China Hongqiao Group said in early December it would cut annual capacity by 250,000 tonnes immediately to curb supplies. Eight Chinese nickel producers including state-owned Jinchuan Group, said they would cut production by 15,000 tonnes of metal in December and reduce output next year by at least 20% from this year, in a bid to lift prices from their worst slump in over a decade. China’s producer prices have been in negative territory for nearly four years due to weak domestic demand and overcapacity. The country’s top leader last week outlined main economic targets for next year after they held the annual Central Economic Work Conference, where it said the government will push forward “supply-side reform” to help generate new growth engines in the world’s second-largest economy while tackling factory overcapacity and property inventories. • Head Of China Telecom ‘Taken Away’ As Probe Launched (AFP) The head of China Telecom, one of the nation’s big three telecoms firms, is under investigation for “severe disciplinary violations”, the government said Sunday, the latest high-profile target in a corruption crackdown. News of the probe into Chang Xiaobing, 58, was given in a statement on the website of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the watchdog of the ruling Communist Party. The term is normally a euphemism for graft. Chang had been “taken away”, according to an article in the respected business magazine Caijing, which added that he disappeared just days before a meeting of the state-owned company planned for December 28. A memo saying the meeting would be postponed was issued on the evening of the 26th, the article said. Chang’s phone was switched off and he had not responded to multiple calls, it added. In August, after 11 years as chairman and party secretary of China’s second largest telecoms provider China Unicom, Beijing announced Chang would head China Telecom. That decision, Caijing said, was made despite widespread rumours that the executive was under investigation. It sparked speculation about an imminent tie-up between the two industry leaders and the third major player, China Mobile. In April the state news agency Xinhua reported that China was considering merging scores of its biggest state-owned companies to create around 40 national champions from the existing 111. Authorities have been pursuing a hard-hitting campaign against allegedly crooked officials since President Xi Jinping took office in 2013, a crusade that some experts have called a political purge. Several high-profile business leaders have been caught up in the web of graft investigations after authorities pledged they would turn their efforts to the state-owned enterprise system, a bulwark of graft that has resisted multiple attempts at reform. The campaign is seen as an attempt to force executives of state firms, who jealously guard their prerogatives, to toe the party line, reducing resistance to structural reforms intended to bolster the slowing economy. Beijing announced it had begun investigations into the country’s telecom industry earlier this year, while Chang was still at China Unicom. • World Steel Chief Calls Chinese Glut ‘Serious And Critical’ (USA Today) The global steel industry is reeling amid a plunge in steel prices, a flood of low-priced imports from China and other countries, and a collapse in investment in pipes for oil drilling as a result of tumbling crude prices. USA TODAY economics reporter Paul Davidson spoke about these challenges with Wolfgang Eder, chairman of the World Steel Association and CEO of Austrian steel giant Voestalpine. The company has 46,000 employees worldwide and 2,500 workers and nearly two dozen factories in the USA. Q: U.S. steelmakers are awaiting decisions on trade cases against China for illegally dumping steel below cost in this country. Is this a global problem? A: The current Chinese overcapacity problem affects all parts of the world. Chinese plants (are selling) not only to the U.S. but also to Europe. It’s an intensive discussion of what should be the reaction and an ongoing discussion to what extent Europe should follow the U.S. (in filing trade cases). The problem at the moment is enormous. I do hope we will find some balance again in the next months, but at the moment, the situation is a very serious and critical one. Q: What’s the long-term solution? A: In the long run, a solution to the problem can only come from the reduction of capacities. According to OECD (countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ), there are 600 to 700 million tons of overcapacity (worldwide), the largest part in China. That means permanent pressure on margins and prices. Q: Is the plunge in steel prices affecting your company, Voestalpine? A: We are not (selling) any material via the spot market. We do have only high-quality steel, and this steel is only sold based on contracts. We are, of course, the (supplier) for the German auto producers — BMW, Mercedes, Audi, Porsche. So we are one of the largest suppliers for these car producers. They are only buying really high-tech, high-quality material where we can differentiate. Two-thirds (of production) is downstream — we make complete automotive components, exteriors of cars, we produce complete rail tracks. Q: Still, you do make some raw steel, and the drop in prices has affected you, hasn’t it? A: We have started additional cost-cutting measures. We try to avoid layoffs because we do not want to lose highly qualified people. So for the time being, we have (cut staff) in only a very few locations — some in Germany, some in Brazil. And, of course, we try to extend our product range. We intend to sell more automotive parts. Q: Have you been affected by the downturn in oil and gas drilling? A: We have not yet been affected by the weakness in the oil and gas market, but we do expect, looking forward … the second half (of the fiscal year) will be a really more difficult period. Inventories are extremely high now, of oil and gas, but also inventories for all the production equipment are at very high levels. We cannot expect oil and gas levels will come down quickly over the winter as they have reached levels we have never seen before. So it’s unlikely we’ll see recovery of this segment before the summer of next year. • Shale’s Running Out of Survival Tricks as OPEC Ramps Up Pressure (BBG) In 2015, the fracking outfits that dot America’s oil-rich plains threw everything they had at $50-a-barrel crude. To cope with the 50% price plunge, they laid off thousands of roughnecks, focused their rigs on the biggest gushers only and used cutting-edge technology to squeeze all the oil they could out of every well. Those efforts, to the surprise of many observers, largely succeeded. As of this month, U.S. oil output remained within 4% of a 43-year high. The problem? Oil’s no longer at $50. It now trades near $35. For an industry that already was pushing its cost-cutting efforts to the limits, the new declines are a devastating blow. These drillers are “not set up to survive oil in the $30s,” said R.T. Dukes at Wood Mackenzie in Houston. The Energy Information Administration now predicts that companies operating in U.S. shale formations will cut production by a record 570,000 barrels a day in 2016. That’s precisely the kind of capitulation that OPEC is seeking as it floods the world with oil, depressing prices and pressuring the world’s high-cost producers. It’s a high-risk strategy, one whose success will ultimately hinge on whether shale drillers drop out before the financial pain within OPEC nations themselves becomes too great. Drillers including Samson and Magnum Hunter have already filed for bankruptcy. About $99 billion in face value of high-yield energy bonds are trading at distressed prices, according to Bloomberg Intelligence analyst Spencer Cutter. The BofA Merrill Lynch U.S. High Yield Energy Index has given up almost all of its outperformance since 2001, with the yield reaching its highest level relative to the broader market in at least 10 years. “You are going to see a pickup in bankruptcy filings, a pickup in distressed asset sales and a pickup in distressed debt exchanges,” said Jeff Jones at Blackhill Partners. “And $35 oil will clearly accelerate the distress.” • End Of Easy Money For Mini-Refiners Splitting US Shale? (Reuters) Energy companies and oil trading firms that teamed up to build several mini-refineries that convert a swelling surplus of ultra-light U.S. crude into fuels for export seemed like a pretty safe investment bet for a while. The bet was built on several converging dynamics: an ever-rising supply of condensate; a U.S. refining system built to run heavier crudes; and a longstanding ban on crude exports that appeared unlikely to unwind amid partisan paralysis in Washington, D.C. Now, as U.S. oil output reverses its five-year rise and after lawmakers ended the 40-year-old export ban this month, oil executives and analysts question the wisdom of nearly $1 billion worth of so-called condensate splitters built over the past year, and the future of another $1.2 billion planned. Traders are wondering what will happen with existing splitters run by companies such as Kinder Morgan. They also question how the new landscape will affect traders such as BP and Trafigura, which signed long-term contracts to buy all the output from those facilities. Other pending projects without guaranteed buyers could be abandoned, experts say. The once-restricted domestic crude not only faces increased competition. It also is hurt by the inversion of the global oil market, where once-abundant U.S. production is declining while global supplies are rising. This has eliminated the price discount that underpinned their model. “It’s a much different competitive environment now that we don’t have distressed condensate,” said Sandy Fielden, an analyst with RBN Energy. While the same can be said of the nation’s larger, older fleet of full-scale refineries, splitters may be most exposed to the sudden changes, given their dependence on the most deeply discounted variety of oil. “Why would you distill it here if you can distill it elsewhere? The only reason you want to do it here is when it’s cheaper, but now it doesn’t make sense,” said Nick Rados, global business director of feedstocks for IHS Chemical. • China Fines Eight Shipping Lines $63 Million for Price Collusion (BBG) China fined eight shipping lines 407 million yuan ($63 million) in total after finding them responsible for price collusion in the transportation of vehicles and heavy machinery. Japan’s Nippon Yusen, Mitsui OSK lines, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha and Eastern Car Liner, Korea’s Eukor Car Carriers, Norway’s Wallenius Wilhelmsen, Chile’s Cia. Sud Americana de Vapores and its shipping line were the eight indicted after a year-long investigation, the National Development and Reform Commission said in a statement on its website Monday. The companies acknowledge wrongdoing, the top Chinese economic planning agency said. The probe follows similar investigations by the European Union in 2013 and Japan’s Fair Trade Commission. Japanese regulators raided the offices of five shipping lines in 2013 over allegations they discussed raising rates together for transporting cars, and imposed fines on Nippon Yusen and Kawasaki Kisen in January 2014. AP Moeller-Maersk, CMA CGMand MSC Mediterranean Shipping were among companies in the European Union probe. Eukor will accept the Chinese decision and pay a fine of 284.7 million yuan, the company said in a statement on its website. The company also has implemented a competition law compliance program and corrective measures including antitrust compliance training, it said. Nippon Yusen has fully cooperated with the investigation by the Chinese agency and consequently received an immunity from the fine, the Japanese company said in a statement. • The Danger Of Safety (Tengdin) The US Forest Service was created in 1905. Teddy Roosevelt signed the bill in response to a series of disastrous forest fires, like the Great Hinckley Fire of 1894. These fires threatened future commercial timber supplies, and the Federal Government had begun to establish national forest reserves. Why create them, people wondered, if they were just going to burn down? So the Forest Service established a systematic approach to fire control, building a network of roads, lookout towers, ranger stations, and communications. They also offered financial incentives for states to fight fires. With new technology, like airplanes, smokejumpers, and chemicals, they established their 10 am policy: every fire should be suppressed by 10 am the day following its initial report. But a funny thing happened: by eliminating fire from the forest ecosystem, a lot of dead wood and other fuel accumulated over time. This insured that when fires did break out, they would become far more destructive. Moreover, scientists noted that fire was an essential part of many plant and tree life cycles. The Forest Service changed its approach from fire control to fire management-letting naturally occurring fires burn, unless they threatened developed areas. Is this part of what led to the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009? During the 25 years prior, economists had noted that more effective bank regulation and monetary policy had led to a “Great Moderation”-a significant dampening of the business cycle in the US and other developed nations. It’s possible that reduced economic volatility led investors, homeowners, and banks to take on greater risks. In essence, the Fed’s policy of fire suppression allowed toxic assets to be created and distributed throughout the financial ecosystem. Highly regulated (and insured) banks were replaced by (uninsured) shadow banks. These assumed particular risks and contributed to a culture of increased systemic risk. When some of their assets began to unravel, it was impossible to contain the damage. We find a sort of risk-homeostasis in other areas. Anti-lock brakes encourage more aggressive driving; better skydiving gear allows hazardous high-speed maneuvers close to the ground. This is sometimes called the Peltzman effect: people behave as if they want a certain level of risk in their lives. This appears to be the case with ecosystems and economies, too. Are safety measures useless, then? Absolutely not! The rate of accidental fatalities has fallen dramatically over time, and there are also fewer bank failures. But like the US Forest Service, we need to focus on risk management rather than risk reduction. Don’t assume government regulators will control your financial risks. Diversification, analysis, and-above all-not paying too much are still crucial, and always will be. The biggest risk, after all, is believing that we aren’t taking any risk. In a dynamic world, that’s guaranteed to fail. • Britain Needs Dutch-Style Delta Plan To Stem Tide Of Floods (Guardian) When more than 1,800 people died in the wake of the 1953 North Sea flood in the Netherlands, the national reaction was: never again. The resulting Delta programme to close off the south-western river delta from the sea was so bold that its name became synonymous with dealing with a crisis. If an issue needs a major response, you can be sure that a Dutch politician will call for a “Delta plan to tackle X”. It is time that the UK took some of that attitude and got a Delta plan to tackle flooding. Flooding has become an almost annual event in the UK. We are waiting for the next storm and flash flood to hit, with another group – or even the same group – of people evacuated, all followed by the promise of some money for a bit of flood defence work. As a nation, we can no longer afford to accept that. Consider the personal misery for those affected, even in areas not traditionally flood-prone like Manchester and Leeds. Consider that the financial cost of these events will continue to rise – and not only for the government. Every home insurance policy now includes a £10.50 Flood Re levy to subsidise insurance for homes with a high risk of flooding. With the climate changing and becoming more volatile, we can expect heavier rain and more severe storms. Water management systems in the UK, and in particular in England, are unable to deal with what lies ahead. After almost every flood, journalists and policymakers go to the Netherlands to learn how they are adapting to climate change and what lessons there are for the UK. We see Dutch projects in the news, such as a neighbourhood with floating homes that forms part of a major national programme to create space for the rivers. But those lessons never seem to be taken on board. Come the next flood, off they all go to Holland again. For the Dutch, water management goes to the core of their national identity. The country was forged in the battle against water. This common fight led to the pooling of resources and decision-making in regional water authorities – among the oldest democratic institutions in the world – which continue that work today. The national habit of consensus decision-making in tackling major issues became known internationally in the 90s as the “polder model”, echoing its water-based roots. No Dutch politician wants to be part of the generation that fails in the common endeavour against water, and no voter would accept someone caught sleeping on their watch. The Netherlands has adapted to the changing nature of the threat. Today, the biggest danger is not the sea swallowing the land but the rain overwhelming it. The main focus no longer is building higher dykes and bigger dams, like they did after the 1953 flood. Instead, the Dutch have spent the past decade deepening and widening rivers, creating new side canals that provide extra capacity, and setting aside land as dedicated flood plains. This €2.3bn project is still ongoing. All this so that when the water does come, the swollen rivers can expand without flooding homes and causing misery. In Britain, we need to start to realise and accept that flooding is becoming an equally existential issue. There can be no northern powerhouse or sustainable prosperity anywhere if it risks being swept away by the rain. • US Sees Bearable Costs, Key Goals Met For Russia In Syria So Far (Reuters) Three months into his military intervention in Syria, Russian President Vladimir Putin has achieved his central goal of stabilizing the Assad government and, with the costs relatively low, could sustain military operations at this level for years, U.S. officials and military analysts say. That assessment comes despite public assertions by President Barack Obama and top aides that Putin has embarked on an ill-conceived mission in support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad that it will struggle to afford and that will likely fail. “I think it’s indisputable that the Assad regime, with Russian military support, is probably in a safer position than it was,” said a senior administration official, who requested anonymity. Five other U.S. officials interviewed by Reuters concurred with the view that the Russian mission has been mostly successful so far and is facing relatively low costs. The U.S. officials stressed that Putin could face serious problems the longer his involvement in the more than four-year-old civil war drags on. Yet since its campaign began on Sept. 30, Russia has suffered minimal casualties and, despite domestic fiscal woes, is handily covering the operation’s cost, which analysts estimate at $1-2 billion a year. The war is being funded from Russia’s regular annual defense budget of about $54 billion, a U.S. intelligence official said. The expense, analysts and officials said, is being kept in check by plummeting oil prices that, while hurting Russia’s overall economy, has helped its defense budget stretch further by reducing the costs of fueling aircraft and ships. It has also been able to tap a stockpile of conventional bombs dating to the Soviet era. Putin has said his intervention is aimed at stabilizing the Assad government and helping it fight the Islamic State group, though Western officials and Syrian opposition groups say its air strikes mostly have targeted moderate rebels. Russia’s Syrian and Iranian partners have made few major territorial gains. Yet Putin’s intervention has halted the opposition’s momentum, allowing pro-Assad forces to take the offensive. Prior to Russia’s military action, U.S. and Western officials said, Assad’s government looked increasingly threatened. • US Foreign Arms Deals Increased Nearly $10 Billion in 2014 (NY Times) Foreign arms sales by the United States jumped by almost $10 billion in 2014, about 35%, even as the global weapons market remained flat and competition among suppliers increased, a new congressional study has found. American weapons receipts rose to $36.2 billion in 2014 from $26.7 billion the year before, bolstered by multibillion-dollar agreements with Qatar, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Those deals and others ensured that the United States remained the single largest provider of arms around the world last year, controlling just over 50% of the market. Russia followed the United States as the top weapons supplier, completing $10.2 billion in sales, compared with $10.3 billion in 2013. Sweden was third, with roughly $5.5 billion in sales, followed by France with $4.4 billion and China with $2.2 billion. South Korea, a key American ally, was the world’s top weapons buyer in 2014, completing $7.8 billion in contracts. It has faced continued tensions with neighboring North Korea in recent years over the North’s nuclear weapons program and other provocations. The bulk of South Korea’s purchases, worth more than $7 billion, were made with the United States and included transport helicopters and related support, as well as advanced unmanned aerial surveillance vehicles. Iraq followed South Korea, with $7.3 billion in purchases intended to build up its military in the wake of the American troop withdrawal there. Brazil, another developing nation building its military force, was third with $6.5 billion worth of purchase agreements, primarily for Swedish aircraft. The report to Congress found that total global arms sales rose slightly in 2014 to $71.8 billion, from $70.1 billion in 2013. Despite that increase, the report concluded that “the international arms market is not likely growing over all,” because of “the weakened state of the global economy.” • Britain’s New, Open Way to Sell Arms (BBG) Champion cyclist Ryan Perry, a British army captain, was uncharacteristically tipsy the night of Nov. 25, but no one could blame him for enjoying the Champagne. Standing on the stage of a grand 15th century hall in London, the 28-year-old cradled a crystal plaque naming him the army’s sportsman of the year. Seated in front of him was one of the British military’s most influential officers, the chief of the general staff, or CGS. “Yesterday I was riding around Burnley in the wind and rain,” Perry told the crowd, referring to his seaside hometown. “Tonight I’m drinking Champagne with CGS.” Attending the banquet were executives from at least 20 contractors for the U.K.’s Ministry of Defence—including U.S.-based arms manufacturers Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon. They raised glasses with senior military officials, many of whom are directly involved in spending some of the $268 billion in defense procurement the U.K. has planned for the next decade. The contractors paid for the black-tie dinner in the historic Guildhall. The corporations are sponsoring the dinner through Team Army, a charity established in 2011 after an antibribery law went into effect in the U.K. The law was enacted following a string of high-profile corruption cases, including some in defense deals. Team Army’s role is to be in the middle of what were once unofficial big-dollar transactions between generals and defense companies. “It’s as clean as we can make the damn thing,” says Lamont Kirkland, a general who ran the army’s boxing, rugby, and winter sports programs before retiring to lead the charity. Arms makers and other contractors pay Team Army as much as £70,000 ($104,000) for memberships. The members sponsor tables or buy tickets for Champagne receptions and other fêtes. Corporate suites at premier soccer games, rugby matches, and horse races are also used to raise money. Contractors are invited to spend time at the events with the top brass who buy their wares. The charity uses money from the contractors to fund military sports programs, Paralympics, and elite military athletes. Top-draw competitions, including the annual army-navy rugby match at London’s 82,000-seat Twickenham Stadium, are used for more fundraising. Although the official numbers won’t be public until 2016, Team Army raised a record amount this year, Kirkland says. Since 2011 the charity has amassed about $4.5 million for military sports. • China Passes Antiterrorism Law That Critics Fear May Overreach (NY Times) China’s legislature approved an antiterrorism law on Sunday after months of international controversy, including criticism from human rights groups, business lobbies and President Obama. Critics had said that the draft version of the law used a recklessly broad definition of terrorism, gave the government new censorship powers and authorized state access to sensitive commercial data. The government argued that the requirements were needed to prevent terrorist attacks. Opponents countered that the new powers could be abused to monitor peaceful citizens and steal technological secrets. Whether the complaints persuaded the government to dilute the bill was not clear: State news media did not immediately publish the text of the new law. But an official who works for the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress indicated that at least some rules authorizing greater state access to encrypted data remained in the law. “Not only in China, but also in many places internationally, growing numbers of terrorists are using the Internet to promote and incite terrorism, and are using the Internet to organize, plan and carry out terrorist acts,” the official, Li Shouwei, told a news conference in Beijing. Mr. Li, a criminal law expert, said the antiterrorism law included a requirement that telecommunication and Internet service providers “shall provide technical interfaces, decryption and other technical support and assistance to public security and state security agencies when they are following the law to avert and investigate terrorist activities.” The approval by the legislature, which is controlled by the Communist Party, came as Beijing has become increasingly jittery about antigovernment violence, especially in the ethnically divided region of Xinjiang in western China, where members of the Uighur minority have been at growing odds with the authorities. Chinese leaders have ordered security forces to be on alert against possible terrorist slaughter of the kind that devastated Paris in November. Over the weekend, the shopping neighborhood of Sanlitun in Beijing was under reinforced guard by People’s Armed Police troops after several foreign embassies, including that of the United States, warned that there were heightened security risks there around Christmas. • China Approves New Two-Child Birth Policy (WSJ) China’s lawmakers will allow all couples to have two children from the beginning of next year, implementing a new birth policy aimed at mitigating a potential demographic crisis. In a congressional meeting Sunday, Chinese lawmakers approved the new birth policy, which will take effect Jan. 1, 2016, Xinhua reported. Top Communist Party leaders had previously approved the new policy. The announcement sets a timeline for a policy that will replace the country’s controversial 35-year-old one-child policy. The National Health and Family Planning Commission, which implements China’s reproduction policy, said at the time it would move slowly to avoid population spikes. Demographers have warned China’s leaders for the past decade that falling birthrates in the nation may cause a future labor shortage that would endanger economic growth. China has the world’s largest population at 1.37 billion, but its working-age population -those aged 15 to 64- is shrinking. The United Nations projects the number of Chinese people over the age of 65 will jump 85% to 243 million by 2030, up from 131 million this year. Many health experts say that while the new policy will likely enable up to 100 million couples to have additional children, they don’t expect a baby boom. Many Chinese couples say the cost of having children is prohibitive, and some will opt to have only one child. A previous relaxation of China’s one-child policy did not lead to a significant increase in baby numbers. Health officials previously said they are moving to simplify the birth application procedures for couples, who currently have to go through a complicated procedure that can often take months. • Greek Construction Sector Shrinks By 63% Since 2011 (Kath.) As construction continues to slump, the prevalent impression is that all building activity has come grinding to a halt. Yet this is only one side of the coin and mainly concerns private projects. According to data from the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), construction activity (measured by the number of permits issued) throughout the country dropped by 63.47% in the period from 2011 to 2014. Attica has been hit hardest by the economic crisis, with construction nosediving 73.10%, while the greatest losses have been seen in the residential property market. Up until the start of the crisis, 75% of investments in construction went toward residential property. In the third quarter of 2014, this had shrunk to 31%, with losses of €23.29 billion. This is the “big picture” as a walk around any neighborhood in the Greek capital will attest. But there are also the shining exceptions, projects that were started well before the crisis or that defied the circumstances and forged ahead. The most important similarity between these projects is that they have progressed enough so they are no longer at risk of remaining on paper. And, irrespective of their scale, they are all important, if only on a symbolic level because they create a sense that something is happening, that there is movement in the works. • Germany Hires 8,500 Teachers To Teach German To 196,000 Child Refugees (AFP) Germany has recruited 8,500 people to teach child refugees German, as the country expects the number of new arrivals to soar past the million mark in 2015, Die Welt daily reported on Sunday. About 196,000 children fleeing war and poverty will enter the German school system this year, and 8,264 “special classes” have been created to help them catch up with their peers, Die Welt said, citing a survey carried out in 16 German federal states. Germany’s education authority says 325,000 school-aged children reached the EU country in 2015 during Europe’s worst migration crisis since the second world war. Germany expects more than a million asylum seekers this year, which is five times more than in 2014. It has put a strain on its ability to provide services to all the newcomers. “Schools and education administrations have never been confronted with such a challenge,” Brunhild Kurth, who heads the education authority, told Die Welt. “We must accept that this exceptional situation will become the norm for a long time to come.” Heinz-Peter Meidinger, head of the DPhV teachers’ union, said Germany would need up to 20,000 additional teachers to cater for the new numbers. “By next summer, at the latest, we will feel that gap,” he said. • Refugee Crisis Creates ‘Stateless Generation’ Of Children In Limbo (Guardian) Europe’s refugee crisis is threatening to compound a hidden problem of statelessness, with experts warning that growing numbers of children are part of an emerging “stateless generation”. Gender-biased nationality laws in Syria combined with ineffective legal safeguards in the EU states mean that many children born to Syrian refugees in Europe are at high risk of becoming stateless – a wretched condition of marginalisation that affects 10 million people worldwide. Under Syrian law, only men can pass citizenship on to their children. The UN estimates that 25% of Syrian refugee households are fatherless. “A lot of those who are resettled to Europe are women whose husband or partner was killed or lost and are being resettled with their kids or are pregnant at the time, so that is becoming a bigger problem,” said Zahra Albarazi of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, based in the Netherlands. Sanaa* is a 35-year-old single mother who gave birth to her daughter, Siba*, in Berlin last year. “I went to the Syrian embassy and explained my situation but they said they cannot give Siba a passport because the father should be Syrian, and the father and mother married,” Sanaa said. Germany, in common with the rest of Europe, does not automatically grant citizenship to children born there. This means Siba does not have citizenship of any country. Under international treaties including the UN convention on the rights of the child, governments are obliged to grant nationality to any child born on their soil who would otherwise be stateless. But few EU countries have adopted this principle into domestic law and those that have consistently fail to implement it. The UNHCR refugee agency estimates that at least 680,000 people in Europe are without citizenship of any country, although experts say the true figure is likely to be far higher because stateless people are hard to count. The statelessness problem is particularly bad in south-east Asia: in Myanmar alone the UN estimates there are more than 810,000 stateless people. But the situation in Europe is about to get much worse as a result of the unprecedented migration. Up until now, groups such as the Roma and Russian-speaking people from the Baltics have been most affected, although the UN blames statelessness on a “bewildering array of causes”, with people from a wide range of backgrounds finding they are not legally entitled to citizenship of any country. No research has been done into the scale of statelessness among the children of Syrian refugees in Europe, but it is thought that many are likely to be in the same position as Siba. Statelessness in Europe can pose huge problems. Experts say many parents are unaware that their children are stateless. Often the children realise they do not have legal citizenship only when they reach adulthood and find they cannot legally work, marry, own property, vote or even graduate from school. [..] The UN says more than 30,000 babies born to Syrian refugees in Lebanon are at risk of statelessness. And research by Refugees International (RI) this year found that many of the 60,000 children born to Syrian refugees in Turkey since 2011 could be in the same position. • EU To Use Warships To Curb Human Traffickers (Al Jazeera) “Hidden within the German firm is a big finance operation that makes loans to car buyers and dealers and also takes deposits, acting as a bank.” “..more than half Europe’s claimed gains in efficiency since 2008 have been “purely theoretical”, says T&E.” • VW’s Systematic Fraud Threatens To Engulf The Entire Industry (Economist) Class-action lawsuits from aggrieved motorists will arrive at the speed of a turbocharged Porsche. On September 22nd VW announced a €6.5 billion provision to cover the costs of the scandal but that is likely to prove too little. By that stage the company’s value had fallen €26 billion. The financial damage could go further. Hidden within the German firm is a big finance operation that makes loans to car buyers and dealers and also takes deposits, acting as a bank. Its assets have more than doubled in the past decade and make up 44% of the firm’s total. And it may be vulnerable to a run. In previous crises “captive-finance” arms of industrial firms have proven fragile. After the Deepwater Horizon disaster BP’s oil-derivative trading arm was cut off from long-term contracts by some counterparties. General Motors’ former finance arm, GMAC, had to be bailed out in 2009. With €164 billion of assets in June, VW’s finance operation is as big as GMAC was six years ago, and it appears to be more dependent on short-term debts and deposits to fund itself. Together, VW’s car and finance businesses had €67 billion of bonds, deposits and debt classified as “current” in June. This means—roughly speaking—that lenders can demand repayment of that sum over the next 12 months. The group also has a big book of derivatives which it uses to hedge currency and interest-rate risk and which represented over €200 billion of notional exposure at the end of 2014. It is impossible to know if these derivatives pose a further risk, but if counterparties begin to think VW could be done for they might try to wind down their exposure to the car firm or demand higher margin payments from it. If depositors, lenders and counterparties were to refuse to roll over funds to VW, the company could hang on for a bit. It has €33 billion of cash and marketable securities on hand, as well as unused bank lines and the cashflow from the car business. The German government would lean on German banks to prop up their tarnished national champion, 20% of which is owned by the state of Lower Saxony. So far the cost of insuring VW’s debt has risen, but not to distressed levels. Still, unless the company convinces the world that it can contain the cost of its dishonesty, it could yet face a debt and liquidity crisis. • Volkswagen Scandal Spreads Throughout Europe’s Credit Markets (Bloomberg) A week after it admitted to cheating on U.S. emissions tests for years, Volkswagen’s pain is beginning to spread throughout Europe’s credit markets. The Bank of France stopped trading two securities backed by Volkswagen auto loans on Friday, while executives of parts supplier Schaeffler AG find themselves fielding questions about their biggest customer as they drum up support for an initial public offering, according to people familiar with the matters. Since Volkswagen admitted Sept. 18 that it had cheated on U.S. air pollution tests since 2009, the chief executive officer resigned, the company became the target of a joint investigation by 27 U.S. states and the stock price tumbled 28%. Matthias Mueller, the former Porsche chief who was appointed Volkswagen’s CEO Friday, said his most urgent task is to win back trust for the company. “Under my leadership, Volkswagen will do everything it can to develop and implement the most stringent compliance and governance standards in our industry,” he said in a statement. The two Volkswagen-related securities weren’t in an updated list the Bank of France distributed on Friday after being included in the original version sent to investors earlier this week, said the people, who asked not to be identified because they aren’t authorized to discuss the matter publicly. The Paris-based bank is buying asset-backed securities under a ECB purchase program designed to help boost lending in the euro area. Volkswagen Financial Services has €22.8 billion of outstanding asset-backed debt, according to a September presentation on its website. • EU Warned On Devices At Centre Of VW Scandal Two Years Ago (FT) EU officials had warned of the dangers of defeat devices two years before the Volkswagen emissions scandal broke, highlighting Europe’s failure to police the car industry. A 2013 report by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre drew attention to the challenges posed by the devices, which are able to skew the results of exhaust readings. But regulators then failed to pursue the issue — despite the fact the technology had been illegal in Europe since 2007. EU officials said they had never specifically looked for such a device themselves and were not aware of any national authority that located one. The technology is at the heart of a scandal that exploded last Friday when US regulators revealed Volkswagen had used it to rig emissions tests, potentially laying itself open to criminal charges and substantial fines. The Environmental Protection Agency said the defeat devices turn on emissions controls when vehicles are being tested but turn them off during regular driving. This means that while on the road, the cars are able to emit up to 40 times the amount of nitrogen oxides that US environmental standards allow. Initially the focus was exclusively on cars sold by Volkswagen into the US market. But Germany has now said that the company cheated in the same way in Europe as well. The inability of regulators across the EU to expose this deceit has shone a spotlight on the lobbying power of the European motor industry, which has made a huge gamble on diesel. Some 53% of new car sales in the EU are diesels, up from just more than 10% in the early 1990s. Meanwhile the British government came under fire on Friday from the opposition Labour party after it admitted receiving evidence nearly a year ago that some diesel cars were fitted with equipment to rig emissions tests. The Department for Transport received evidence in October 2014 that there was a “real world nitrogen oxides compliance issue” for diesel passenger cars. The evidence was contained in a 60-page report by the International Council on Clean Transportation. It tested 15 vehicles and found they produced an average of seven times the legal limit for the deadly gas. One car produced 25 times the limit. The DfT said the report demonstrated the shortcomings in the old testing system and that ministers had been pushing for the EU to accelerate the introduction of a real-driving emissions test. • VW Bungles Restart With New CEO From Old Guard (Reuters) Matthias Mueller is the wrong chief executive for Volkswagen. The scandal-hit German carmaker on Sept. 25 appointed the 62-year-old CEO of its brand Porsche to replace Martin Winterkorn, who resigned days earlier after VW admitted tampering with its cars to falsify regulatory emissions tests. Just as with new chair Hans Dieter Poetsch, it has chosen an insider when it should have looked beyond its Wolfsburg base. Mueller knows the gigantic carmaker inside out, and has what it takes to fix operational woes. But having been at the group since the late 1970s, he is also a deeply entrenched member of the Wolfsburg old guard. His insider status suggests he is an imperfect investigator of the scandal. From 2007 and 2010, he was the group’s head of product management, responsible for all vehicle projects of the Volkswagen brand. The company started to fit diesel cars with so-called “defeat devices” that manipulated emission tests in 2009. VW’s supervisory board has stressed that the new CEO is personally untainted by the wrongdoing. Investors have no choice but to take its word. But given VW’s investigation is in its early days, it still seems an unnecessary risk, especially as a well-versed auto manager with no Wolfsburg history was readily available. Herbert Diess, the new head of VW’s passenger-car group, was poached from rival BMW earlier this year. The scope of the misconduct is massive, and the scandal is still evolving. This week, Volkswagen has admitted 20% of all its passenger cars sold from 2009 to 2014 might be affected by the emissions manipulations. On Sept. 25, Germany’s transport minister Alexander Dobrindt said VW falsified emission data of light commercial vehicles too. Switzerland banned the sale of affected models. And Bloomberg reported on the same day that executives in Wolfsburg controlled key aspects of the rigged emissions tests, referring to three unnamed people familiar with the company’s U.S. operations. Winterkorn’s speedy exit was the right move. But the departed CEO is still around, as chief executive of Porsche SE, the holding company that owns 50.7% of VW voting shares. The group as a whole urgently needed a proper restart to cope with the emission scandal. For now, it does not look like it is getting one. • More Volkswagen Engines May Be Implicated, German Minister Says (Bloomberg) Volkswagen may also have used software to fake diesel-emission tests in 1.2-liter engines, widening the number of vehicles under scrutiny, German Transportation Minister Alexander Dobrindt said. “There’s also discussion now about 1.2-liter cars being affected,” Dobrindt said in a speech to parliament in Berlin on Friday. “At least for now we believe that possible manipulations can come to light here, too. That’s being further investigated in the current talks with Volkswagen.” So far, the “illegal” tampering with emission controls affects about 2.8 million Volkswagen vehicles in Germany with 1.6-liter and 2-liter diesel engines, including light utility vans, Dobrindt said. Germany’s motor-vehicle certification bureau has asked VW for “a binding statement on whether the company can redress the technical manipulations it has acknowledged so the vehicles can be returned to a condition that meets technical regulations,” said Dobrindt, who set up a government investigating commission this week after Volkswagen’s actions came to light. Volkswagen “has pledged full support for the commission’s work and to cooperate in the investigation,” he said. • Did -Political- Privilege Enable Volkswagen’s Diesel Deception? (Bloomberg) In Italy, the privilege is called potere speciale; in France, action spécifique; in the U.K., it’s a “golden share.” Those are all different names for an ownership stake that gives a government—be it national or local—special powers above any other shareholder. That makes a crucial difference in running a business. Governments, for example, have good reason to prevent jobs from moving to more competitive labor markets. A golden share can help with that. In Europe, most golden shares are held in utilities and telecoms, companies that were state monopolies before being privatized. For more than a decade, the European Union, as it expanded and liberalized its common open market, has been trying to undo the persistence of state control. But there is one golden share that has endured, a German law so breathtakingly exceptional it can only be called what it is in fact called—“das VW-Gesetz,” the Volkswagen Law. It is explicitly designed for a single company. Germany has managed to defend its golden share against the EU because VW had built a reputation as a force for good: responsible corporate citizen, pioneer in environmental progess. That reputation has just run out of Fahrvergnügen. Regulators in the U.S., France, South Korea, Italy, and now Germany have announced investigations into whether Volkswagen purposely designed software so its diesel engines could defeat emissions tests. The company will recall 11 million cars, and its stock has fallen as much as 30% on the news. The company quickly set aside $7.3 billion to cover costs related to the scandal, a figure that may fall short of the mark. On Sept. 21, Martin Winterkorn, Volkswagen’s chief executive officer, apologized, looking panicked. A metallurgist with a Ph.D. who used to run technical development for Volkswagen, Winterkorn has a reputation as an engineer’s engineer. But there was no easy fix here. On Sept. 23 he offered his resignation to the company’s supervisory board. The board quickly accepted. “The damage done,” said a board member at a press conference in Braunschweig, “cannot be measured.” The same day, Stephan Weil, prime minister of Lower Saxony, the state where Volkswagen is headquartered, announced that “whoever’s responsible would be aggressively sued.” He spoke at the same press conference—and on behalf of the company. Weil sits on Volkswagen’s supervisory board, because Lower Saxony owns 20% of the company. Per the Volkswagen Law, Saxony has a controlling interest with virtual veto power—the golden share. Weil is both government minister and owner. This is a coziness that is exceptional even in consensus-driven Germany. Publicly held German companies have two boards. Executives sit on the management board. They are in turn controlled by the supervisory board, which includes shareholders and labor leaders. Broadly, Germany’s dual-board structure preserves executive independence. Yet at Volkswagen, labor has an extra friend on the top board: the state. “You have the voice of the government present in the shareholder meetings,” says Carsten Gerner-Beuerle at the London School of Economics. “That is not something you’d see in any other board.” • Problems at Volkswagen Start in the Boardroom (NY Times) There is a long tradition of scandal and skulduggery in the auto industry, but few schemes appear as premeditated as Volkswagen’s brazen move to use sophisticated software to circumvent United States emissions standards. That such a thing could happen at Volkswagen, Germany’s largest company and the world’s largest automaker by sales — 202.5 billion euros last year — has mystified consumers and regulators around the world. But given Volkswagen’s history, culture and corporate structure, the real mystery may be why something like this didn’t happen sooner. “The governance of Volkswagen was a breeding ground for scandal,” said Charles M. Elson, professor of finance and director of the John L. Weinberg Center for Corporate Governance at the University of Delaware. “It was an accident waiting to happen.” The company, founded by the Nazis before World War II, is governed through an unusual hybrid of family control, government ownership and labor influence. Even by German standards, “Volkswagen stands apart,” said Markus Roth, a professor at Philipps-University Marburg and an expert in European corporate governance. “It’s been a soap opera ever since it started.” Volkswagen’s recent history — a decades-long feud within the controlling Porsche family, a convoluted takeover battle and a boardroom coup — has dominated the German financial pages and tabloids alike. This week, the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung compared Volkswagen’s governance to that of North Korea, adding that its “autocratic leadership style has long been out of date.” It said “a functioning corporate governance is missing.” Until a forced resignation this spring, the company was dominated by Ferdinand Piëch, 78, the grandson of Ferdinand Porsche and the father of 12 children. He reigned over Volkswagen’s supervisory board and directed a successful turnaround at the luxury brand Audi before taking the reins at its parent, Volkswagen, in 1993. Mr. Piëch set the goal of Volkswagen’s becoming the world’s largest automaker by sales, a goal the company achieved this past year. He stepped down as chairman in April after unsuccessfully trying to oust the company’s chief executive, Martin Winterkorn, who himself was forced out this week. One measure of Mr. Piëch’s influence: In 2012, shareholders elected his fourth wife, Ursula, a former kindergarten teacher who had been the Piëch family’s governess before her marriage to Ferdinand, to the company’s supervisory board. Although many shareholders protested her lack of qualifications and independence, they have little or no influence. Porsche and Piëch family members own over half the voting shares and vote them as a bloc under a family agreement. Labor representatives hold three of the five seats on the powerful executive committee, and half the board seats are held by union officials and labor. Of the remaining seats, two are appointed by the government of Lower Saxony, the northwestern German state that owns 20% of the voting shares. Two are representatives of Qatar Holding, Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund, which owns 17% of Volkswagen’s voting shares. Members of the Piëch and Porsche families hold three more seats, and a management representative holds another. Outside views rarely penetrate. “It’s an echo chamber,” Professor Elson said. • Boehner Resigns From Congress: ‘House Leadership Turmoil Would Do Harm‘ (CNBC) House Speaker John Boehner, under fire from conservatives over a looming government shut down, said Friday he will resign from Congress at the end of October. “Prolonged leadership turmoil would do irreparable damage to the institution,” he said. In an afternoon news conference, Boehner became emotional when expressing gratitude to his family and constituents, and said he was proud of what he’s accomplished. However, Boehner said he plans to get as much work done as he can on outstanding fiscal issues before he leaves Congress at the end of October. He said although he doesn’t know what he will do in the future, “I know this, I’m doing this for the right reasons and you know what, the right things will happen as a result.” Boehner, 65, told House Republicans of his decision earlier in the morning. Later, he left a meeting and answered a reporter’s shouted question about how he felt with, “It’s a wonderful day.” President Barack Obama said he was taken by surprise by Boehner’s decision, adding that he called the Republican leader after hearing the news. “John Boehner is a good man. He is a patriot. He cares deeply about the House, an institution in which he has served for a long time. He cares about his constituents and he cares about America,” Obama told reporters at a joint press conference with China’s president. “We have obviously had a lot of disagreements, and politically we’re at different ends of the spectrum, but I will tell you he has always conducted himself with courtesy and civility with me,” Obama said. House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy of California will likely be Boehner’s successor, political observers told CNBC. Boehner said that although the choice of the next speaker is up to members of Congress, he thinks McCarthy would make an “excellent speaker.” • It’s All ‘Perverted’ Now as U.S. Swap Spreads Tumble Below Zero (Bloomberg) At the height of the financial crisis, the unprecedented decline in swap rates below Treasury yields was seen as an anomaly. The phenomenon is now widespread. Swap rates are what companies, investors and traders pay to exchange fixed interest payments for floating ones. That rate falling below Treasury yields – the spread between the two being negative – is illogical in the eyes of most market observers, because it theoretically signals that traders view the credit of banks as superior to that of the U.S. government. Back in 2009, it was only negative in the 30-year maturity, a temporary offshoot of deleveraging and market swings following the credit crisis. These days, swap spreads are near or below zero across maturities. The shift is a result of a confluence of events, says Aaron Kohli, an interest-rate strategist in New York at BMO Capital Markets. It’s a ripple effect of regulations spawned by the credit crunch, combined with large-scale selling of Treasuries and surging corporate issuance. “All of these effects have been pushing swap spreads the same way – lower,” Kohli said. “If this doesn’t go away after quarter-end, it could be the fact that a lot of the structural changes that have taken place in the marketplace are now manifesting. And this might then be one of the most visceral examples.” • Junk-Debt Investors Fight for Scraps as US Shale Rout Deepens (Bloomberg) It’s every U.S. shale investor for himself as the worst oil rout in almost 30 years drags down its latest victims. Investors in $158.2 million of Goodrich Petroleum’s debt agreed to take 47 cents on the dollar in exchange for stock warrants for some note holders and a lien on Goodrich’s oil acreage, according to a company statement today. That puts them second in line if the Houston-based company liquidates its assets in bankruptcy and pushes the remaining holders of $116.8 million in original bonds to the back of the pack. “In the industry it’s called ‘getting primed,’” said Spencer Cutter, a credit analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence. “It’s every man for himself. They’re trying to get in and get exchanged, and if you can’t you’re getting left out in the cold.” Wildcatters attracted billions of dollars during the boom after years of near-zero interest rates sent investors hunting for returns in riskier corners of the market. U.S. high-yield debt has more than doubled since 2004 to $1.3 trillion while the amount issued to junk-rated energy companies has grown four-fold to $208 billion, according to Barclays. Most of the companies spent money faster than they made it even when oil was $100 a barrel and are struggling to stay afloat with prices at $45. Goodrich didn’t name the bondholders who participated in the swap. The largest holder was Franklin Resources, which owned about 24% of the bonds, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Franklin has invested in the debt of other distressed drillers, including Halcon Resources, SandRidge Energy and Linn Energy. This was Goodrich’s second exchange this month. Three weeks ago, the company swapped $55 million on convertible notes for bonds worth half as much. To sweeten the deal, it lowered the share price at which investors can turn their notes into stock to $2. Investors who didn’t participate in Goodrich’s earlier exchange took another hit with today’s swap because it put holders of the new bonds ahead of them in liquidation. Prices fell four cents to 18 cents on the dollar, according to Trace, the bond-price reporting system of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. • Wall Street Braces For Grim Third Quarter Earnings Season (Reuters) Wall Street is bracing for a grim earnings season, with little improvement expected anytime soon. Analysts have been cutting projections for the third quarter, which ends on Wednesday, and beyond. If the declining projections are realized, already costly stocks could become pricier and equity investors could become even more skittish. Forecasts for third-quarter S&P 500 earnings now call for a 3.9% decline from a year ago, based on Thomson Reuters data, with half of the S&P sectors estimated to post lower profits thanks to falling oil prices, a strong U.S. dollar and weak global demand. Expectations for future quarters are falling as well. A rolling 12-month forward earnings per share forecast now stands near negative 2%, the lowest since late 2009, when it was down 10.1%, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S data. That’s further reason for stock investors to worry since market multiples are still above historic levels despite the recent sell-off. Investors are inclined to pay more for companies that are showing growth in earnings and revenue. The weak forecasts have some strategists talking about an “earnings recession,” meaning two quarterly profit declines in a row, as opposed to an economic recession, in which gross domestic product falls for two straight quarters. “Earnings recessions aren’t good things. I don’t care what the state of the economy is or anything else,” said Michael Mullaney, chief investment officer at Fiduciary Trust in Boston. The S&P 500 is down about 9% from its May 21 closing high, dragged down by concern over the effect of slower Chinese growth on global demand and the uncertain interest rate outlook. The low earnings outlook adds another burden. China’s weaker demand outlook has also pressured commodity prices, particularly copper. This week, Caterpillar slashed its 2015 revenue forecast and announced job cuts of up to 10,000, among many U.S. industrial companies hit by the mining and energy downturn. Also this week, Pier 1 Imports cut its full-year earnings forecast, while Bed Bath & Beyond gave third-quarter guidance below analysts’ expectations. • It’s Carnage Out There For Emerging Markets (CNBC) It’s been another week of bloodshed in emerging markets, with the Brazilian real, South African rand and Turkish lira all pummelled to record lows as China growth concerns and uncertainty about U.S. rate hikes continue to bite. Remarks by Fed Chair Janet Yellen late Thursday suggesting the central bank could still raise rates this year sparked fresh selling on Friday, with the Malaysian ringgit and Indonesian rupiah falling to their lowest levels since the Asian financial crisis in 1998. “EM currencies are being squeezed between concerns about the severity of China’s economic slowdown and increasing uncertainty regarding U.S. monetary policy,” Nicholas Spiro at Spiro Sovereign Strategy, told CNBC. “Country-specific vulnerabilities, notably in Brazil and Turkey, are also weighing on sentiment – indeed more so than external factors in the case of many EMs,” he said. A rout in Brazil’s currency – what has shed almost 10% this month and almost 60% this year – against a backdrop of a political crisis and an economy mired in recession, has also soured sentiment towards other emerging markets. “In short, the world is not falling apart. Yet for EM, Brazil is vital,” analysts at Standard Bank said in a note. “Too big to fail but not big to save. IMF, would you please step in and save us all?” To stem the slide, Brazil’s central bank on Thursday warned it would use its foreign exchange reserves to defend the currency. These strong words bought some respite to the real, which bounced more than 5% and off a record low of about 4.248 per dollar hit earlier on Thursday. Brazil isn’t the only country bank taking action to shore up a battered currency. Indonesia’s central bank on Friday said it will announce new steps to increase onshore supply of dollars – part of a move to support the rupiah, which has shed about 20% of its value this year. • Emerging Markets Are Facing a Big Foreign FX Debt Bill (Tracy Alloway) The extent of emerging markets’ foreign-currency borrowing binge is laid bare in new number-crunching from CreditSights. With EM currencies down a collective 15% since the start of the year, the cost of repaying debt and loans denominated in foreign currencies, such as the U.S. dollar and the euro for EM countries, is likely to increase. With that scenario in mind, CreditSights analysts Richard Briggs and David Watts have analyzed cross-border lending data from the Bank for International Settlements and corporate bond index data from Bank of America Merrill Lynch to try to figure out just how big EM’s foreign debt bill could be. First up are the BIS data on cross-border lending, scaled against a country’s foreign currency revenue (i.e. exports). Bank figures range from a mere 6% in South Korea to a whopping 56% in Brazil. Next up are corporate bonds, via BofAML’s hard-currency, emerging-market corporate bond index, as a% of foreign-currency revenue. Brazil dominates again, with a big chunk of its foreign FX bonds having been sold by energy companies. Combine cross-border lending, plus foreign FX corporate bonds, then add a smattering of government debt, and you get the CreditSights chart below, showing total hard-currency borrowing by country Brazil is the standout, followed by Turkey and Colombia. It’s not a pretty chart, and unfortunately, as the CreditSights analysts note, the real picture of emerging markets’ foreign-currency borrowing is probably even uglier. (When it comes to corporate bonds, for instance, the BofAML index excludes dollar or euro-denominated debt that exceeds certain thresholds.) We have tried to capture as much of the hard currency debt as we can reliably get for a cross country comparison using BIS and the bond index data but the actual total will almost certainly be higher given that only BIS reporting banks are included and the bond debt only includes the index eligible deals. Oh dear. • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Sues Petrobras, Auditor for Fraud (WSJ) The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is suing Brazil’s Petróleo Brasileiro SA and its auditor in a New York court, claiming a vast corruption scheme centered on the state-run oil company caused the charitable organization to lose tens of millions of dollars. The foundation, started by the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft and his wife, joins a long list of plaintiffs seeking to recoup money they lost as the scandal hammered the value of their investments in Petrobras shares. It is just the latest bad news for the troubled oil company, which is scrambling to restore its reputation, rebuild investor confidence and pay down ballooning debt amid a global slump in oil prices. Petrobras has long maintained it was a victim of a yearslong bid-rigging and bribery ring that Brazilian prosecutors say was cooked up by suppliers and a few crooked insiders who fleeced the oil company for at least $2 billion. The Gates lawsuit, filed against Petrobras and the Brazilian unit of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP or PwC, alleges that corruption at the oil company was so widespread as to be “institutional” and that wrongdoing was “willfully ignored” by its auditor. “The depth and breadth of the fraud within Petrobras is astounding. By Petrobras’s own admission, the kickback scheme infected over $80 billion of its contracts, representing approximately one-third of its total assets,” the lawsuit said. “Equally breathtaking is that the fraud went on for years under PwC’s watch, who repeatedly endorsed the integrity of Petrobras’ internal controls and financial reports. This is not a case of rogue actors. This is a case of institutional corruption, criminal conspiracy, and a massive fraud on the investing public.” The Gates Foundation filed the lawsuit late Thursday in the Southern District Court of New York. A co-plaintiff in the lawsuit is WGI Emerging Markets Fund, LLC, which managed investments for the Gates Foundation. The Gates Foundation held more than $27 million in Petrobras shares as of 2013, according to a tax filing. • How Much Longer Can Consumers Underpin Canada’s Economy? (Reuters) The Bank of Canada is hoping the average Canadian continues to do the heavy lifting for the economy and gets it out of its rut from the first half of the year, even with dangerously high household debt levels. That may be a big ask. Canada’s average household debt-to-income ratio is back at a record high of 164.6% in the second quarter, driven by mortgages, after inching lower in the previous two quarters. Since the financial crisis Canadian household debt has increased at the second-fastest pace among developed nations, according to a recent McKinsey Global Institute study. Greece topped the list. Citing figures from Ipsos Reid, a 2014 Bank of Canada report concluded that 40% of all household debt was held by borrowers who had a total debt-to-income ratio greater than 250%, compared to the average of 162.3%. This segment of heavily indebted borrowers rose to about 12% in 2014 from around 6% in 2000. Consumer spending – primarily related to the housing market – has been the main driver of the Canadian economy over the past five years. It buoyed and boosted Canada through the worst of the global financial crisis, even as the U.S. housing market and economy crashed. But now Canada’s economy has taken a sharp turn for the worse. The jobless rate hit a one-year high of 7% in August as sharp falls in oil prices took their toll. Even U.S. Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen cited the slowdown in Canada, an important U.S. trade partner, in its concerns about the global economy that led it to hold off yet again on its first rate rise in nearly a decade. • British GCHQ Spies Track “Every Visible User On The Internet” (Intercept) There was a simple aim at the heart of the top-secret program: Record the website browsing habits of “every visible user on the Internet.” Before long, billions of digital records about ordinary people’s online activities were being stored every day. Among them were details cataloging visits to porn, social media and news websites, search engines, chat forums, and blogs. The mass surveillance operation — code-named KARMA POLICE — was launched by British spies about seven years ago without any public debate or scrutiny. It was just one part of a giant global Internet spying apparatus built by the United Kingdom’s electronic eavesdropping agency, Government Communications Headquarters, or GCHQ. The revelations about the scope of the British agency’s surveillance are contained in documents obtained by The Intercept from National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden. Previous reports based on the leaked files have exposed how GCHQ taps into Internet cables to monitor communications on a vast scale, but many details about what happens to the data after it has been vacuumed up have remained unclear. Amid a renewed push from the U.K. government for more surveillance powers, more than two dozen documents being disclosed today by The Intercept reveal for the first time several major strands of GCHQ’s existing electronic eavesdropping capabilities. One system builds profiles showing people’s web browsing histories. Another analyzes instant messenger communications, emails, Skype calls, text messages, cell phone locations, and social media interactions. Separate programs were built to keep tabs on “suspicious” Google searches and usage of Google Maps. The surveillance is underpinned by an opaque legal regime that has authorized GCHQ to sift through huge archives of metadata about the private phone calls, emails and Internet browsing logs of Brits, Americans, and any other citizens — all without a court order or judicial warrant. Metadata reveals information about a communication — such as the sender and recipient of an email, or the phone numbers someone called and at what time — but not the written content of the message or the audio of the call. As of 2012, GCHQ was storing about 50 billion metadata records about online communications and Web browsing activity every day, with plans in place to boost capacity to 100 billion daily by the end of that year. The agency, under cover of secrecy, was working to create what it said would soon be the biggest government surveillance system anywhere in the world. The power of KARMA POLICE was illustrated in 2009, when GCHQ launched a top-secret operation to collect intelligence about people using the Internet to listen to radio shows. The agency used a sample of nearly 7 million metadata records, gathered over a period of three months, to observe the listening habits of more than 200,000 people across 185 countries, including the U.S., the U.K., Ireland, Canada, Mexico, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and Germany. • Industrial Farming Is One Of The Worst Crimes In History (Guardian) At first sight, domesticated animals may seem much better off than their wild cousins and ancestors. Wild buffaloes spend their days searching for food, water and shelter, and are constantly threatened by lions, parasites, floods and droughts. Domesticated cattle, by contrast, enjoy care and protection from humans. People provide cows and calves with food, water and shelter, they treat their diseases, and protect them from predators and natural disasters. True, most cows and calves sooner or later find themselves in the slaughterhouse. Yet does that make their fate any worse than that of wild buffaloes? Is it better to be devoured by a lion than slaughtered by a man? Are crocodile teeth kinder than steel blades? What makes the existence of domesticated farm animals particularly cruel is not just the way in which they die but above all how they live. Two competing factors have shaped the living conditions of farm animals: on the one hand, humans want meat, milk, eggs, leather, animal muscle-power and amusement; on the other, humans have to ensure the long-term survival and reproduction of farm animals. Theoretically, this should protect animals from extreme cruelty. If a farmer milks his cow without providing her with food and water, milk production will dwindle, and the cow herself will quickly die. Unfortunately, humans can cause tremendous suffering to farm animals in other ways, even while ensuring their survival and reproduction. The root of the problem is that domesticated animals have inherited from their wild ancestors many physical, emotional and social needs that are redundant in farms. Farmers routinely ignore these needs without paying any economic price. They lock animals in tiny cages, mutilate their horns and tails, separate mothers from offspring, and selectively breed monstrosities. The animals suffer greatly, yet they live on and multiply. Doesn’t that contradict the most basic principles of Darwinian evolution? The theory of evolution maintains that all instincts and drives have evolved in the interest of survival and reproduction. If so, doesn’t the continuous reproduction of farm animals prove that all their real needs are met? How can a cow have a “need” that is not really essential for survival and reproduction? • Europe’s Refugees Are Modern-Day Pioneers (McArdle) “They lose everything when their boats overturn – everything from their cell phones to their babies,” the Belgian nurse told me. He said it in a matter-of-fact tone that I recognized from my days giving tours of the cleaned-up Ground Zero site. It is not the sound of people who don’t care; it is the sound of people who have been living in the middle of horror for so long that they cannot keep stopping to cry. I cried when I got on the boat to leave the island of Lesbos, walking past the tent city that has sprung up at the docks. I cried all over again when my mother called to ask how my trip to Greece had been. But the refugees weren’t crying. So many of them looked happy, sitting under makeshift tents put together out of reams of netting and whatever cloth they could find. Some smiled as they walked down the road with a backpack or a garbage bag that contained everything they had in the world. Others smiled as they walked down the road without one. Children laughed, men waved, mothers grinned shyly. “They’re safe now,” said one of the doctors at Kara Tepe, the temporary camp where refugees, largely from Syria, wait for passage to the European mainland. “They’re happy because they’re safe.” [..] These hundreds of thousands survived the Taliban, the Islamic State, the Syrian civil war. They survived a perilous crossing, clinging to their children in a flimsy raft. They have finally arrived on safe shores. Where will these refugees go? America is willing to eventually take 100,000 Syrians a year. Where will these refugees go? Europe is squabbling over the distribution of 120,000 people over the next two years. Where will these refugees go? Mostly, no one knows. There is no plan for most of the estimated 4 million who have fled Syria so far, or for the thousands who are still coming every day. Where will these refugees go? The few I was able to talk to had no answer, but they were not afraid. They have had enough to fear. Now they have hope. Europe and the U.S. have seen these people as a problem to be solved, or at best an obligation to be fulfilled. Take another look: These people are pioneers. Future citizens, teachers, engineers, P.T.A. dads, entrepreneurs, valedictorians, doctors. They are following in the footsteps of the immigrants who built the United States: the ones who chose to strike out for unknown territory, heading west with not much more than a knapsack. The modern-day pioneers striving toward Europe shouldn’t have to beg for a chance to build productive lives in Germany or Britain or the U.S. We should be going out to invite them in. We should have started much sooner. • EU To Use Warships To Curb Human Traffickers (Al Jazeera) The EU will use warships to catch and arrest human traffickers in international waters as part of a military operation aimed at curbing the flow of refugees into Europe, the bloc’s foreign affairs chief has said. “The political decision has been taken, the assets are ready,” Federica Mogherini said on Thursday at the headquarters of the European Union’s military operation in Rome. The first phase of the EU operation was launched in late June. It included reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, and involved speaking to refugees rescued at sea and compiling data on trafficker networks. The operation currently involves four ships – including an Italian aircraft carrier – and four planes, as well as 1,318 staff from 22 European countries. Beginning on October 7, the new phase will allow for the seizure of vessels and arrests of traffickers in international waters, as well as the deployment of European warships on the condition that they do not enter Libyan waters. “We will be able to board, search, seize vessels in international waters, [and] suspected smugglers and traffickers apprehended will be transferred to the Italian judicial authorities,” Mogherini said. “We have now a complete picture of how, when and where the smugglers’ organisations and networks are operating so we are ready to actively dismantle them,” she said. The new measures come at a time when Europe is enduring the largest refugee crisis since World War II. An estimated 13.9 million people became refugees in 2014, while an average of 42,500 were displaced from their homes each day due to conflict and persecution, according to the UN refugee agency. Europe has already received more than 700,000 asylum applications in 2015. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development predicts that number will exceed one million by the end of the year. Expanding the operation into Libyan waters is still pending the approval of the EU’s security council and the Libyan government. “We have a lot to do in high seas, and in the meantime we are continuing to work on the legal framework that could make it possible for us to operate also in Libyan territorial waters,” she added. Gerry Simpson, a senior researcher at Human Rights Watch’s refugee programme, described the operation as “lawful but misguided”. “EU officials are misguided when they treat smugglers and traffickers as the root of the refugee problem,” he told Al Jazeera. “The roots of the problem are the violence in their home countries, as well as the conditions in the first countries where they take refuge – Egypt, Libya, Turkey [and] Sudan.” “Instead of wasting tax payers money on tackling smugglers who will always find a way to bring their clients to Europe, officials should pressure or support those first countries of asylum to properly protect and help refugees,” Simpson said. • It Is In Warsaw Not Athens That The March Of The Euro Will Be Halted (Telegraph) Another week, and another Greek crisis looms. It might seem only yesterday that the markets were on tenterhooks over whether the country would finally bring its miserable experiment in sharing a currency with Germany and France to an end, or whether there would be a last-minute compromise that would keep the show on the road for a few more months. Now, with elections due on September 20, and no clear victor likely, the whole circus is about to start up again. Investors could be forgiven for tuning out of the whole saga, and going back to worrying about whether anyone will actually pay £60 for an Apple Pencil, or what dramas lie in store for the Crawley family in the new series of Downton Abbey instead. There is, however, an election coming up that genuinely matters to the future of the single currency – only it is taking place not in Greece, but in Poland. When that country elects a new government next month, the likely victor, the Law & Justice Party, will effectively close off the option of joining the euro one day. In reality, Greece was always too small and chaotic an economy to matter one way or another to the eurozone. But if Poland, along with the other rising economic powers of eastern Europe, turns its back on the euro, then that is far more serious. [..] When the big new countries of eastern Europe joined the EU, all of them were technically committed to joining the single currency as well. A few of the smaller ones have done so. Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia and Lithuania have all joined since the currency was launched. But with a combined population of less than 12m people, none of them has the weight to make much of an impact. The big countries are a different matter. With a combined population of 60m, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are of a similar size, taken together, to Britain or France. Whether they ultimately join or not can have a big impact. From next month, that is going to be increasingly unlikely. Parliamentary elections are likely to result in the Right-wing Law & Justice party taking power. The party’s Andrzej Duda already overturned the odds to win the presidency earlier this year. It is about as keen on the euro as Nigel Farage. Only this week, Duda insisted that if Poland was to ever join the euro there would have to be a referendum: there is more chance of Nicola Sturgeon getting elected MP for Tunbridge Wells than of any country voting to join the euro – it usually gets pushed through without consultation. • The German Counter-Attack On Juncker’s Euro Plans (FT) When Jean-Claude Juncker this week told a packed European Parliament he intends to forge a eurozone system for guaranteeing bank deposits, the European Commission president’s intention was to send a firm message of determination to strengthen the single currency’s foundations. But just days after Juncker’s “state of the union” address, his attempt to sow hopeful seeds has hit stony ground in Berlin, where the plan was taken more as a declaration of war. Germany’s fightback begins when finance ministers gather in Luxembourg on Friday, and is set out in a “non paper” obtained by the FT. Unlike the series of emergency gatherings on Greece this summer, the weekend “informal” meeting of eurozone finance ministers was intended to be a calmer, and above all shorter, stocktaking of the health of the common currency. Now, however, Germany has decided to use it as an opportunity to put down clear red lines in an attempt to redirect the eurozone reform discussion, which gained momentum following the mess of the July Greek bailout deal on what Berlin believes is an unacceptable course. Several other eurozone governments – notably France – were urging a speeding up of the eurozone reforms as a way to build confidence in the single currency after the tremors caused by a near “Grexit”, but the German paper, by so openly breaking with the EC, may instead highlight the deep differences that still exist. For Germany, Juncker’s announcement that he intends to “move swiftly on all fronts – economic, financial, fiscal and political Union,” seems to be viewed as a classic case of Europe seeking to put German taxpayers’ money where the EU’s mouth is. Or, alternatively, of putting the cart of shared financial risks, before the cart of tough creditor discipline. • Brussels Plans Radical New Eurozone Treasury And Euro Parliament (Telegraph) The survival of economic and monetary union will require the creation of new supra-national institutions, including a joint eurozone treasury and a separate euro parliament, according to the single currency’s bail-out chief. Klaus Regling, head of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), joined a clamour of voices in Brussels who are pushing for member states to cede sovereignty in bid to establish a full-blown fiscal union on the Continent. The first step will be the creation of a eurozone finance ministry, backed by a separate chamber for the currency’s 19 member states in the European parliament, said Mr Regling, who oversees the euro’s €500bn rescue fund. The move is necessary to “increase the robustness and minimise the vulnerabilities of the currency union”, said Mr Regling. He added it would “imply a significant transfer of sovereignty, requiring democratic legitimacy”, which could be provided by a “special chamber of the European Parliament composed of deputies solely from euro area Member States”. His comments follow on from Jean-Claude Juncker, president of the European Commission, who is pushing for the creation of a euro treasury, along with a system of common deposit insurance and beefed-up tax and spending powers for the European parliament. Details of the new treasury – which would act as a finance ministry, pooling funds from euro member states – remain sketchy. But the notion has long been championed by France who want to steer EMU away from simply an enforcer of fiscal discipline, into a true economic government of Europe. Paris has also called for the eurozone to have a permanent finance minister. Benoit Couere, France’s executive board member on the ECB, has called for the new treasury to be founded on the principles of the ESM – which currently pools contributions guaranteed by all members states for use in times of emergency financial stress. The ESM will be providing up to €60bn of Greece’s latest rescue deal, and has been deployed to bail-out Spanish and Cypriot banks over the last three years. But plans to forge ahead with a political and fiscal union are likely to meet fierce resistance in Berlin. Germany, Europe’s largest creditor state and biggest contributor to eurozone rescue schemes, has rejected surrendering tax and budget powers to Brussels before tougher rules are put in place to limit spending and punish errant governments – including the French. “It’s much more of a French idea rather than something according to Germany’s vision for the euro,” said Michael Wohlgemuth, director of the Open Europe think-tank in Berlin. “Germans don’t even have a word for ‘treasury'”. • Oil Could Drop as Low as $20, Goldman Says (Bloomberg) The global surplus of oil is even bigger than Goldman Sachs thought and that could drive prices as low as $20 a barrel. While it’s not the base-case scenario, a failure to reduce production fast enough may require prices near that level to clear the oversupply, Goldman said in a report e-mailed Friday. The bank cut its forecast for Brent and WTI crude through 2016 on the expectation that the glut will persist on OPEC production growth, resilient non-OPEC supply and slowing demand expansion. “The oil market is even more oversupplied than we had expected and we now forecast this surplus to persist in 2016,” Goldman analysts including Damien Courvalin wrote in the report. “We continue to view U.S. shale as the likely near-term source of supply adjustment.” Goldman trimmed its 2016 estimate for West Texas Intermediate to $45 a barrel from a May projection of $57. The bank also reduced its 2016 Brent crude prediction to $49.50 a barrel from $62. WTI for October delivery fell as much as 45 cents, or 1%, to $45.47 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange and is heading for a weekly decline. Prices are down 14% this year. Brent for October settlement is 1.7% lower this week. Oil in New York has slumped more than 25% from its June closing peak amid signs the glut will persist. Leading members of OPECs are sustaining output, while Iran seeks to boost supply once international sanctions are lifted. U.S. stockpiles remain about 100 million barrels above the five-year seasonal average. “We now believe the market requires non-OPEC production to shift from our prior expectation of modest growth to large declines in 2016,” Goldman said. “The uncertainty on how and where that adjustment will take place has increased.” The U.S. pumped 9.14 million barrels a day of oil last week, almost 3 million barrels above the five-year seasonal average, according to data from the Energy Information Administration. While the EIA this week cut its 2015 output forecast for the nation by 1.5% to 9.22 million barrels a day, production this year is still projected to be the highest since 1972. OPEC, the supplier of 40% of the world’s crude, has produced above its 30-million-barrel-a-day quota for the past 15 months. Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh has vowed to increase output by 1 million barrels a day once sanctions are removed as the nation seeks to regain market share. • Shale Drillers Turn to Asset Sales as Early Swagger Wanes (Bloomberg) A renewed plunge in oil prices and the winding down of other financial lifelines is forcing shale drillers to auction off once-prized assets and settle for less in potential deals. This week, companies such as Chesapeake Energy Corp. said they are embracing the strategy as they confront the reality of a prolonged, painful crash. While executives have assured investors that it won’t be a fire sale, recent deals suggest that prices have fallen significantly from even a few months ago, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. With one-sixth of major independent oil and gas producers facing debt payments that are more than 20% of their revenue, austerity has replaced the swagger that characterized the earliest days of the oil bust. Contracts that locked in higher prices are expiring, leading banks to reduce credit lines in coming months. Drillers caught in the squeeze may be forced to auction off some of their best holdings to raise cash or accept more expensive financing to avoid bankruptcy, according to more than a dozen bankers, lawyers and company officials who specialize in energy deals. “These companies are starting to be a little more realistic about their situation and to face up to the fact that they will probably have to do something they don’t want to do,” said Omar Samji, a partner in law firm Jones Day in Houston. “There’s not going to be an easy lifeline.” The first wave of deals is already looming: sales of land holdings in prolific oil regions. Oil market gyrations since July have made valuations hard to pin down, dimming the outlook for sales of whole companies. Instead, executives are looking to shore up their balance sheets by selling land or wooing deep-pocketed private equity groups or hedge funds to invest in their operations in exchange for a share of revenue, Samji said. Cobalt sold off discoveries in Angola last month and EOG has begun an auction for acreage in Colorado and Wyoming. Anadarko said it will continue to weigh offers, and Chesapeake said Tuesday it’s still pursuing asset sales. The Oklahoma City-based producer is said to be seeking buyers for dry gas acreage in the Utica shale formation, according to people with knowledge of the matter. “Chesapeake is not desperate,” Chief Executive Officer Doug Lawler told investors Tuesday. “We are not going to have a fire sale on any asset.” • Emerging-Market Currencies: Things Look to Get Worse (WSJ) Investor bets that Brazil and South Africa will default on their debt hit their highest level since the financial crisis, underscoring the stress mounting on emerging-market economies heading into the most anticipated Federal Reserve meeting in years. The cost to buy credit-default swaps—insurance-like contracts that compensate users for debt defaults—is far from the only sign that investor anxiety is building ahead of the Fed’s two-day meeting concluding Sept. 17. Currencies in Turkey, South Africa and Malaysia have plunged to the weakest levels in many years against the dollar. The average 10-year government debt yield in emerging countries has increased significantly, even as U.S. yields have slipped this summer. Bond yields move inversely to prices. Many investors believe the Fed will raise short-term interest rates this year for the first time since 2006, intensifying the strain on developing nations that in many cases already are struggling with slowing growth, substantial debt and crumbling demand for the commodities that are at the heart of many of their domestic economies. Turkey and Brazil are considered especially vulnerable by many investors, thanks to economic imbalances that will likely be exacerbated by the declines of their currencies. Turkey’s external debt, or debt borrowed from foreigners, as a%age of its GDP is among the highest of all emerging countries, while Brazil is facing problems including weaker commodity prices, sluggish Chinese demand for its goods and the government’s struggles to cut spending without hitting revenue. • Brazil Reduced To Junk As BRICS Facade Crumbles (AEP) Brazil’s currency has plummeted to an all-time low and borrowing costs have tightened viciously after Standard & Poor’s slashed the country’s debt to junk status, warning that the budget deficit has reached danger levels. The downgrade is a painful blow to a nation that thought it had finally escaped the Latin American curse of boom-bust cycles and joined the top league of rich economies. It is the second of the big emerging market (EM) economies to be stripped of its investment grade rating this year after Russia crashed out of the club in January. Little remains of the BRICS allure that captivated the world seven years ago, and now looks like a marketing gimmick. The Brazilian real tumbled to 3.90 against the US dollar as markets braced for parallel moves by Fitch or Moody’s. The currency has lost 31pc of its value this year and more than 60pc since early 2011, when slums in the favelas of Rio were selling for the price of four-bedroom houses in the US. “The numbers are going to get much worse before they get better. We see nothing on the horizon that could be perceived as ‘good’ news,” said Win Thin from Brown Brothers Harriman. Mr Thin expects the real to reach 4.50 over the next three to six months in a cathartic overshoot, with the Bovespa index of equities likely to fall by another two-fifths, testing its post-Lehman low of 29,435 as the excesses of the credit bubble come home to roost. Investors have begun to shed holdings of Brazilian debt, afraid that some funds may be forced to eject Brazil from their indexes and liquidate holdings if a second agency joins S&P. Yields on 10-year domestic bonds spiked almost one%age point to 15.6pc in panic trading in Sao Paolo on Thursday. S&P said Brazil’s government has failed to get a grip on rampant over-spending as tensions erupt between President Dilma Rousseff’s Workers Party (PT) and her coalition partners, and the economy slides into deep recession, leaving it badly exposed as the US Federal Reserve starts to drain liquidity from the global economy. “We now expect the general government deficit to rise to an average of 8pc of GDP in 2015 and 2016,” it said. Mrs Rousseff said Brazil would “pay all its bills and meet all its obligations”. Yet it is unclear how long she can last as momentum builds for impeachment over her role in the Petrobras corruption scandal. Signatures were accumulating at 30,000 an hour on the pro-impeachment website on Thursday. “People are sick of this government, which has yet to offer any way out of the crisis. It is utterly incapable of governing,” said opposition leader Mendoca Filho. The country is now in a classic stagflation trap. S&P expects the economy to contract by 2.5pc this year and 0.5pc next year, causing the debt ratio to ratchet up quickly. Mrs Rousseff is being forced to tighten policy into the recession in a belated bid to salvage credibility, just as the commodity slump eats into export revenues from iron ore and other raw materials. The current account deficit is 4pc of GDP. Gabriel Gersztein, from BNP Paribas, said nothing short of a 400 to 500 point rise in rates would stabilize the currency, but the central bank cannot plausibly do this because it would deepen the downturn, playing havoc with debt dynamics. Bhanu Baweja, from UBS, said public debt is likely to reach 72.5pc of GDP by 2018 and could rise relentlessly after that as the country passes its demographic sweet spot and starts to age rapidly. “The clock slowly ticks on, asking ever louder questions about public debt sustainability,” he said. • China’s ‘New Normal’ Growth Model Is Starting to Get Expensive (Bloomberg) When Premier Li Keqiang took the stage Thursday at the World Economic Forum s Summer Davos meeting in Dalian, he told business leaders that although China faces challenges, growth is on track and fundamentals remain sound. The upbeat message is all part of a New Normal narrative from China s leadership as the economy transitions from relying on heavy industry and debt to one driven by consumption and services. What Li didn t mention was the spiraling bill associated with keeping the economy on course to hit the Communist Party s growth target of about 7% for this year. From building bridges and highways to shoring up the nation’s currency and stock markets, China is rolling out hundreds of billions of dollars in its biggest stimulus since the package that followed the 2008 global financial crisis. More spending is coming, with the finance ministry this week urging an acceleration of projects and promising to cut fees and taxes for companies, while provinces are taking their own steps to support growth. Beijing has turned on the taps, lifting spending on everything from infrastru cture to public services, said Frederic Neumann at HSBC in Hong Kong. The nation’s authorities cannot be accused of sitting idly by as growth decelerates, with measures announced year-to-date amounting to substantial policy support, he said. The world’s second-largest economy is growing at its slowest pace in 25 years, forcing the central bank to cut interest rates five times since November and funnel credit to local governments to finance new construction. Estimates vary on the overall size of spending given the difficulty in netting out new expenditure and money that would have been spent anyway. Shen Jianguang at Mizuho Securities expects the stimulus package to be as large as the one rolled out in 2009 and 2010, with fixed asset investment of up to 10 trillion yuan ($1.57 trillion) over the next two to three years. • Is Today’s Volatility an Echo of 1987? (A. Gary Shilling) Volatility – the rate at which prices move up or down – has leaped in many security markets recently. The St. Louis Fed’s Financial Stress Index, whose 18 components include yields on junk and corporate bonds, an index of bond market volatility, and the Standard & Poor’s 500 index, is almost at a four-year high. I believe the restrictions on bank trading imposed by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, including the ban on banks’ proprietary trading and increased capital requirements, are a key reason, at least in the U.S. Large banks and other financial institutions simply aren’t carrying the big trading positions they once did, and therefore, liquidity in many markets has atrophied. Then there’s China’s stock-market nosedive and currency devaluation. They provided a wake-up call about China’s slowing growth and the global effects on commodity prices, emerging markets and money flows. Volatility in U.S. markets may also be due in part to the delayed effects of the ending of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve late last year. Since stocks began to revive in March 2009, equities have been floating on a sea of Fed money with little connection to the slowly growing economy beneath – something I dubbed “the Grand Disconnect.” Then there’s the shaky base of corporate earnings growth. With slower economic growth, sales gains have been slight. And business pricing power has been almost nonexistent, with minimal inflation and a strong dollar. So top-line revenue growth – the foundation for profit gains – has been largely missing. Resourceful American businesses have cut costs ruthlessly to make up for the lack of revenue growth. As a result, profits’ share of national income leaped from the lows of the 2007-2009 recession. But profits’ share has stalled over the last several years, reflecting the slowing of productivity growth. Also, stocks aren’t cheap relative to earnings. The price-to-earnings ratio on the S&P 500 index over the last year is 18.2, compared with the norm of 19.4 over the last 20 years. But the better measure is the cyclically adjusted ratio, developed by Robert Shiller, which uses real earnings over the preceding 10 years to iron out cyclical fluctuations. On that basis, the current price-to-earnings ratio of 25.84 is 55% above the long-run norm of 16.6. And since the norm has been about 16.6 almost since 1992, price-to-earnings should run below trend for years to come, assuming the 16.6 remains valid. • UN Votes For New Debt Rules But UK, US Try To Block (Jubilee Debt Campaign) The United Nations General Assembly has voted to accept new rules to guide sovereign debt restructurings. At a vote in New York on Thursday evening, the set of nine principles were adopted with 136 votes in favour, just 6 against and 41 abstentions. However, implementation of the principles is in doubt as the majority of international debt is governed by US or UK law. Both the US and UK were amongst the just six countries which voted against. The other four countries which voted against were Canada, Germany, Israel and Japan. Commenting on the vote, Tim Jones, policy officer, Jubilee Debt Campaign, said: “This could prove to be a historic breakthrough. The vast majority of nations have spoken out for a change to the broken debt system. From the Greek debt debacle, to Argentina being held to ransom by vulture funds, to decades-old debt crises in Jamaica and El Salvador the need for change has never been clearer. It is outrageous that the UK has chosen to put reckless lenders ahead of people around the world by voting against these principles.” The vote adopted nine principles that should be respected when restructuring sovereign debt: sovereignty, good faith, transparency, impartiality, equitable treatment, sovereign immunity, legitimacy, sustainability and majority restructuring. The principles come from negotiations over the last year, which most EU countries refused to take part in. • The ECB Could Kick-Start The Economy With A Limited Basic Income (BI.org) QE thus does not appear to be the best way forward for Europe. This is why there are economists who propagate a more efficient alternative, the so-called “helicopter money” approach. For as long as the economy fails to recover, newly printed money is simply distributed directly to the general population, as if it were dropped from a helicopter. Research shows that the money would be spent pretty much straight after it’s received, which would restore confidence to invest among businesses. It would also restore business confidence to take on new employees, who in turn respond by consuming more. And so the result becomes a virtuous circle. But there are drawbacks. Sharing out helicopter money is a temporary measure that can only be adopted in exceptional circumstances. If at some point it transpires that the ECB has gone too far and created a threat of runaway inflation, it is very difficult to remove the newly created money from the economy. This is why there is a clear need for a structural and flexible policy measure which the central bank is able to use to kick-start the economy as and when it is necessary. A variation on the helicopter theme, a monetary basic income, provides a way forward. Under this scenario, the ECB would distribute an amount of money to each citizen on a monthly basis, calculated as a%age of average income (the amount therefore varies between countries). Let’s assume for the sake of simplicity that the amount is €400 a month throughout the Eurozone. It’s important that the individual Eurozone countries remain responsible for raising the €400 – for example by reducing benefit payments or tax allowance levels – whereupon they pay it back to the ECB. So far, this is a neutral measure that shuffles money around without creating a stimulus. This remains the case except in times of crisis when the central bank increases the monthly payment to, say, €600, until the economy recovers. Meanwhile, each national authority keeps its repayment levels fixed at €400. The ECB thereby ends up printing an additional €200 per person per month, and this money is relatively quickly spent. As the economy recovers and growth and inflation figures rise, the basic income can be returned to the neutral level of €400. In cases where the ECB had been too generous, the basic income level could even be lowered temporarily to €300 until inflation stabilizes. This would essentially remove money from the economy. • Rajoy’s Trump-Like Candidate Poses Trump-Like Risks in Catalonia (Bloomberg) Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy’s decision to pick a Donald Trump-style candidate to fire up his base in Catalonia is exposing Spain’s governing party to risks that Republican leaders in the U.S. may recognize. Xavier Garcia Albiol, a 47-year-old former basketballer who stands six foot eight inches (2 meters) tall, defied the People’s Party’s declines across most of Catalonia in 2011 to become mayor of the region’s third-biggest city with a campaign that demonized immigrants. While Rajoy may have calculated Albiol’s track record was worth the risk, he probably didn’t bank on the kind of off-message comments that have seen the would-be Republican presidential candidate rile his party’s establishment in the U.S. – in an interview last week, Albiol attacked the PP’s strategy for containing Catalonia’s efforts to break away from Spain and said the prime minister had made mistakes. Rajoy is trying to revive his party’s fortunes in Catalonia’s Sept. 27 regional election to create a firebreak against Ciudadanos, a rival for the anti-independence, pro-business vote that is set to deny the prime minister an outright majority in December’s general election. The election campaign proper kicks off on Friday when the separatist parties aim to bring hundreds of thousands of supporters onto the streets of Barcelona. Spain’s 10-year bonds fell yesterday with yields rising 2 basis points to 2.102% after a survey by the state pollster, CIS, showed separatist parties might win a majority with 68 or 69 deputies in the 135-strong chamber. The PP is set to win as few as 12 seats, with barely half the votes of Ciudadanos, the poll showed. Outflanked by Ciudadanos’s early opposition to Catalonia’s separatist president, Artur Mas, Rajoy is betting that Albiol’s ability to attract blue-collar voters by playing on their concerns about immigrants can limit the damage for his party. “It shows that the PP is fully aware of its marginal role in Catalonia,” Lluis Orriols, a political scientist at Madrid’s Carlos III University, said in a phone interview. “Like Donald Trump, the PP candidate can mobilize a group of voters you can’t reach otherwise, but you can hardly aspire to win like that.” • Bribes, Debt, $100 Billion Lost: Nigeria Can’t Keep the Power On (Bloomberg) Five minutes into Frank Edozie’s presentation on the challenges facing Nigeria’s power industry, the electricity cut out in the Jasmine Hall at the upmarket Eko Hotel in Lagos. “Very timely,” Edozie, a former power ministry adviser and a senior consultant to the U.K.-funded Nigerian Infrastructure Advisory Facility, said over the low muttering and laughter of an audience of more than 100 people. “We probably ran out of gas.” There’s no end in sight to the daily blackouts that the government says are costing Africa’s largest economy about $100 billion a year in missed potential and that President Muhammadu Buhari calls a “national shame.” Gas shortages, pipeline vandalism, inadequate funding, unprofitable prices and corruption mean fixing the electricity cuts two years after a partial sale of state power companies to private investors won’t be easy. Generated output has never risen above 5,000 megawatts, which is about a third of peak demand, and if it did the state-owned transmission system can’t deliver any more than that before it starts breaking down. South Africa, with a less than a third of Nigeria’s population of about 180 million, has nine times more installed capacity and it too is grappling with blackouts. Nigeria, Africa’s biggest oil producer, ranked the worst of 189 countries after Bangladesh and Madagascar on the ease of getting electricity connected to businesses, costing almost 7% of lost sales each month, according to a 2015 World Bank Doing Business report. The power bottleneck comes on top of slump in oil prices and currency that are threatening Nigeria’s role as a destination for investors. Economic growth slowed to 2.4% on an annual basis in the second quarter from 6.5% a year earlier. About two-thirds of Nigeria’s people have no access to electricity, and at the current plant commissioning rate, supply will barely meet 9,500 megawatts by 2020, according to a 2014 World Bank project document. Demand is expected to increase 10% each year. Buhari’s party promised before he won power in March’s election to generate 40,000 megawatts within four to eight years. • Auckland House Prices Rising $345 A Day (NZ Herald) Auckland house prices were up $125,950 on last year – or $345 a day – according to sales data out from the Real Estate Institute. The city’s median sale price rose from $614,050 last August to $740,000 last month and prices were up $5000 since July. Colleen Milne, REINZ chief executive, said the presence of Auckland buyers in other regions was becoming more noticeable with a surge in Auckland investors buying in Dunedin and continued strong demand for properties in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty from Auckland buyers. Nationally, 7766 homes were sold last month, up 41.7% annually but down 4.4% on the previous month of July. The national median price rose $45,000 annually to $465,000. The figures from REINZ come as the Reserve Bank cut official interest rates to 2.75%, and banks followed suit, cutting their floating mortgage rates. Most economists expect the Reserve to now retain an easing bias, with some tipping the rate to drop to 2% by early next year. • Sue Your Bank, Keep Your Home, Repeat (Bloomberg) Four years ago, Robert and Joan Potter were facing a crisis. The monthly payments on their two-bedroom home in the coastal suburb of Laguna Niguel, Calif., had ballooned from $2,000 to $5,000 in the decade since they bought it for about $360,000. Now the retirees were rapidly falling behind. “It was my parents’ dream home,” said their son, Derrick, 43. Derrick, who works as a mortgage consultant, said Robert and Joan got suckered into the kind of inflationary deal known as a negative amortization loan, since outlawed by state legislators. “They had some sleazy mortgage broker who said my mom, who hasn’t worked in 25 years, made $10,000 a month.” Still, there was hope. The Potters heard about a firm called Brookstone Law, which was pioneering a novel strategy for challenging allegedly predatory banks. The best part: As long as Brookstone was representing Robert and Joan, the bank would hold off on collecting mortgage payments or foreclosing. In 2011, Robert and Joan paid Brookstone $6,000 to become the lead plaintiffs in a “mass joinder” lawsuit against their lender, JPMorgan Chase Bank. Similar to class actions, mass joinders allow large numbers of people to collectively sue one defendant, except that in a mass joinder the plaintiffs do not have identical claims. Settlements, if there are any, get sorted out individually, depending on each plaintiff’s circumstances. Brookstone’s case against Chase alleged mortgage-related misconduct such as wrongful foreclosure and breach of contract. It demanded that the bank pay for lost home equity, lowered credit scores, and further damages. It claimed that when the Potters refinanced in 2006, the bank manipulated them into taking a loan they couldn’t afford and hid its true interest rate. The suit was filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court on April 15, 2011. Eventually, Brookstone signed up more than 250 clients to join it. Casting itself as defending the little guys caught up in the subprime crisis, Brookstone, founded by a 41-year old attorney named Vito Torchia Jr., has represented at least 4,000 clients in a dozen mass joinder lawsuits against big banks, including Wells Fargo and Bank of America. Court documents indicate Brookstone’s earnings during 2011 and 2012 could be in the tens of millions of dollars. Yet the firm has yet to win a single one of these cases on the merits. • The Civil War In Syria – Part 2 (Beppe Grillo) Foreign Fighters. The proliferation of Islamic militias in the region has been helping to create a jihadist “melting pot” in the last few months. In Iraq and in Syria this is channeling the ambitions of hundreds of foreign fighters who have set off to get to the front to join up with the rebel militias who are fighting against Assad’s government troops. This is a crucial element in the Syrian civil war. Today it’s estimated that the two most important jihadist groups, the al-Nusra Front, and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant have recruited to their ranks at least 9,000 non-Syrian fighters which is about 20% of the total. Including the other islamic groupings and the Free Syrian Army, this brings the overall figure to between 11,000 and 15,000. According to estimates from our intelligence services, there are more than 60 of our fellow citizens who have gone off to fight side by side with the terrorists and at least 10 of these are Italians or naturalised Italians. Anyway, it’s a tiny number compared to the more than 1,500 who have set off from France, and the 800-1000 from Britain, or the 650 Germans and the 400 from the Netherlands and from Belgium. In this process, even the women have had leading roles: the Italian woman Maria Giulia Sergio is one of the young people that has recently chosen to convert to Islam to then join up in Syria. Since al-Baghdadi’s proclamation of the Caliphate, the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence in London has estimated that at least 4,000 western citizens have joined the conflicts in Iraq and Syria. Of these, about 550 are thought to be women who have set off from Europe and are now in the territory controlled by ISIL. The controversial role of Ankara and the weapons going to the Peshmerga. In this coming and going of presumed and potential jihadists, Turkey is playing a crucial role. According to some people, even though Turkey is a member of NATO and a close ally of the West, it is in fact thought to be one of the leading supporters of ISIL. And anyway, it’s not by chance that the main strongholds of the terrorist group are situated along the border with Turkey. Meanwhile, the United States is arming and training the “moderate“ rebels and now ISIS fighters have rifles bearing the inscription: “Property of US Govt“. This was discovered by a governmental organisation: Conflict Armament Research. The international coalition and the Washington-Riyadh axis . Having understood, with a certain delay, the danger of the expansion of the jihadist militias in the region, in August 2014, Obama made an agreement with a few partners in Europe, including ltaly, to establish an international coalition to fight ISIS. To support this, our government has so far sent 2.5 million dollars-worth of weapons, including machine guns, grenades, fighter planes and more than a million rounds of ammunition, as well as humanitarian assistance. The mission has given many people to believe that all of a sudden, Washington has changed tack and has decided to support the Syrian regime. That’s just not true. For the Washington-Ankara-Riyadh axis, the objective of getting rid of ISIL implies the real objective which is to get rid of Assad. This can be seen in the words spoken by Obama who recently when he said that he was even ready to hit Syrian government positions if attacks on the ciilian population were found to be coming from such positions. However, the humanitarian factor carries very little weight on the political stage. The crucial point today is exclusively the future of Assad: Moscow and Teheran are asking for him to stay in power, the West is continuing to exert pressure to have him resign. Anyway, history teaches us that up until now, outside interference has never had the outcomes that were hoped for. In fact, it has always contributed to increasing sectarian clashes. Dividing up power into ethnic and religious quotas on the basis of one’s own interests is thought to be a deterrent for any sort of peaceful transition in preparation for national unity. Iraq, Lebanon, Afghanistan and Libya should tell us something. • Emerging Market Mayhem: Gross Sees “Debacle” As Currencies, Bonds Collapse (ZH) One particularly alarming case that we’ve been keen to document lately is that of Brazil which, you’ll recall, is “up shit creek without a paddle” both figuratively and literally. For one thing, as Goldman recently noted, there’s not a single period in over a decade “with a strictly-worse growth-inflation outcome than that of 2Q2015.” In other words, “since 1Q2004 there has not been a single quarter in which we had simultaneously higher inflation and lower growth than during 2Q2015.” And here is what that looks like on a scale of 100 to -100 with 100 being “high growth, low inflation” and -100 being “stagflation nightmare”: This helps to explain why CDS spreads have blown out to post-crisis wides. For those who favor a more qualitative approach to assessing an economy’s prospects, don’t forget that the Brazilian economy recently hit its metaphorical, and literal, bottom when AP reported that, with the Brazil Olympics of 2016 just about 1 year away, “athletes in next year’s Summer Olympics here will be swimming and boating in waters so contaminated with human feces that they risk becoming violently ill and unable to compete in the games.” So that’s Brazil, and while not every EM country is coping with the worst stagflation in 11 years while simultaneously trying to explain away rivers of raw sewage to the Olympic Committee, the combination of slumping commodity prices and the threat of an imminent Fed liftoff are wreaking havoc across the space. • China Growth Probably Half Reported Rate Or Less, Say Sceptics (Reuters) China’s economy is growing only half as fast as official data shows, or maybe even slower, according to foreign investors and analysts who increasingly challenge how the world’s second largest economy can be measured so swiftly and precisely. Beijing’s official statisticians reported last month that China’s economy grew by a steady 7.0% in the first two quarters of the year, spot on its official 2015 target. That statistical stability comes at a time when prices of global commodities, which China still hungers for despite a campaign to rebalance the economy away from investment and manufacturing toward consumer spending, have cratered. But perhaps the biggest question is how a developing country of 1.4 billion people can publish its quarterly GDP statistics weeks before first drafts from developed economies like the United States, the euro zone or Britain, and then barely revise them later. “We think the numbers are fantasy,” said Erik Britton of Fathom Consulting, a London-based independent research firm and one of the more vocal critics of official Chinese data. “There is no way those numbers are even close to the truth.” The uncanny official calm in China GDP data may well be contributing to sceptics’ exit from Chinese assets just as the authorities struggle to manage a volatile stock market. Fathom, which decided last year to stop publishing forecasts of the official GDP release and instead publish what it thinks is really happening, reckons growth will be 2.8% this year, slowing to just 1.0% next year. One issue is that so many other forecasters stick to the script. In the latest Reuters poll of mainly sell-side bank economists, based both inside and outside China, the range of opinion is 6.5-7.2%. For next year, it’s 6.3-7.5%. • The World Should Worry More About China’s Politics Than The Economy (Economist) How much indeed has changed in China, Mr Xi might reflect, since he came to power nearly three years ago? The economy is on course for its slowest year of growth in a quarter of a century. The stockmarket, having risen to its highest level since the global financial crisis seven years ago, crashed last month. Once hailed as an economic miracle, China is now a source of foreboding: witness the latest falls in global commodity prices. Mr Xi likes to describe slower growth as the “new normal”—a welcome sign that the country is becoming less dependent on credit-fuelled investment. But debates rage within the party elite over how to keep the economy growing fast enough to prevent financial strains from erupting into a fully fledged crisis. A year after he took over as China’s leader, Mr Xi promised to let market forces play a “decisive” role in shaping the economy. His government’s heavy-handed (and counterproductive) efforts to boost the price of shares have created doubts about his commitment to that aim. During discussions in Beidaihe, some officials will doubtless point to the stockmarket as evidence of what can go wrong when markets are given free rein. Others will suggest that, on the contrary, economic reform is still badly needed to help China avoid falling into the Japanese trap of long-term stagnation. Much depends on which camp Mr Xi heeds. During meetings in Beidaihe in 1988, China’s then leader, Deng Xiaoping, vacillated in the face of a backlash against his economic reforms. By pandering to conservatives, he fuelled political divisions that erupted the following year into nationwide pro-democracy protests. The unrest, centred on Tiananmen Square, came close to toppling the party. It was not until 1992 that Deng was able to set his reforms back on track. China’s leadership does not appear anything like as divided as it did in the build-up to the Tiananmen upheaval. But appearances may be more deceptive now. Mr Xi is a leader of a very different hue from his predecessors. He has rewritten the rules of Chinese politics, in effect scrapping Deng’s system of “collective leadership” by taking on almost every portfolio himself, while waging a war on corruption of unprecedented scale and intensity. The latest high-ranking official to be targeted, Guo Boxiong, was once the most senior general in the armed forces; he was expelled from the party on July 30th and now faces trial for graft. A dozen other generals, more than 50 ministerial-level officials and hundreds of thousands of lesser functionaries have met similar fates. That suggests Mr Xi is strong, but also that he has many enemies or is busy creating them. His rounding up of more than 200 civil-rights lawyers and other activists since early last month—the biggest such clampdown in years—hints at his insecurity. • Another Major Pillar of the Bull Market Is Collapsing (Bloomberg) A bull market without Apple is one thing. Removing cable television and movie stocks from the 6 1/2-year rally in U.S. equities is a little harder to imagine. Ignited by a plunge in Walt Disney, shares tracked by the 15-company S&P 500 Media Index have tumbled 8.2% in two days, the biggest slump for the group since 2008. The drop erased all of 2015’s gains for a group that has posted annualized returns of more than 33% since 2009. More than technology or even biotech, media stocks have ruled the roost during the share advance that restored $17 trillion to American equity prices since the financial crisis. Companies from CBS to Tegna and Time Warner Cable are among stocks with the 60 biggest increases during the stretch. “This sector stripped out is certainly not going to help,” Larry Peruzzi, director of international trading at Cabrera Capital Markets LLC in Boston, said by phone. “There are a lot of companies adding pressure here and there’s an argument to be made that it’s an indicator of consumer sentiment, because that’s where media revenues come from.” Disappointing results from Disney after the close of trading Tuesday sparked the two-day rout. Selling spread to other television and publishing companies as quarterly reports from CBS to 21st Century Fox Inc. and Viacom Inc. were marked by shrinking U.S. ad sales and profits propped up by stock buybacks. Until Tuesday, media shares were the best-performing shares of the bull market, rising 531% to eclipse automakers, retail stores and banks. The industry’s market capitalization was about $650 billion, compared with $135 billion in March 2009. That value is evaporating. In just five stocks – Disney, Time Warner, Fox, CBS and Comcast – almost $50 billion of value was erased in two days. Viacom slid 14% on Thursday alone, its biggest drop since October 2008. • How America Keeps The World’s Poor Downtrodden (Stiglitz) Much has changed in the 13 years since the first International Conference on Financing for Development was held in Monterrey, Mexico, in 2002. Back then, the G-7 dominated global economic policy making; today, China is the world’s largest economy (in purchasing-power-parity terms), with savings some 50% larger than that of the U.S. In 2002, Western financial institutions were thought to be wizards at managing risk and allocating capital; today, we see that they are wizards at market manipulation and other deceptive practices. Gone are the calls for the developed countries to live up to their commitment to give at least 0.7% of their gross national income in development aid. A few Northern European countries – Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden and, most surprisingly, the United Kingdom in the midst of its self-inflicted austerity – fulfilled their pledges in 2014. But the United States (which gave 0.19% of GNI in 2014) lags far, far behind. Today, developing countries and emerging markets say to the U.S. and others: If you will not live up to your promises, at least get out of the way and let us create an international architecture for a global economy that works for the poor, too. Not surprisingly, the existing hegemons, led by the U.S., are doing whatever they can to thwart such efforts. When China proposed the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to help recycle some of the surfeit of global savings to where financing is badly needed, the U.S. sought to torpedo the effort. President Barack Obama’s administration suffered a stinging (and highly embarrassing) defeat. The U.S. is also blocking the world’s path toward an international rule of law for debt and finance. If bond markets, for example, are to work well, an orderly way of resolving cases of sovereign insolvency must be found. But today, there is no such way. Ukraine, Greece, and Argentina are all examples of the failure of existing international arrangements. The vast majority of countries have called for the creation of a framework for sovereign-debt restructuring. The U.S. remains the major obstacle. • Europeans Against the European Union (Village) [..] since 2011, a rival, pro-European identity has emerged which is highly critical of the Troika and the increasingly undemocratic apparatus of the EU. Last month, in Greece, this movement was given a name: Generation No. The vote in Greece was striking in its breakdown. The average No voter rejecting the Troika’s ultimatum was young, working-class and held increasingly left-wing views. The percentage for ‘oxi’ under 25 was 85, under 35 was 78. These were a new generation, living in conditions of over 60% unemployment, often having to stretch out their studies over many years to afford to complete them, relying on cash from their parents to survive. But also, it is a generation increasingly willing to challenge the shibboleths of our societies – to experiment in unorthodox relationships to the economy, to housing, to politics. The price of building up the reputation of the EU as an arena of opportunity for Europe’s periphery has been the weight of frustrated expectations when this turned out not to be the case. As a result not just in Greece but in an increasing number of states it isn’t Generation Yes which represents the future but Generation No. This shift in orientation towards the European project is not down to a turn against Europe. In fact, the Greek No vote enjoyed enormous support from across the continent – marches, direct actions, statements from social movements, trade unions, NGOs, academics and intellectuals. Instead what has happened is that the EU has been stripped back to its essence as a neoliberal economic project. Gone are the pretences of internationalism or a social element – the Greek crisis has demonstrated that bonds of solidarity stretch only as far as is profitable. To understand why this disconnect between growing internationalism of European peoples and the European Union exists, we have to explore its economic basis. The idea of a ‘social Europe’ has never been at the heart of this market-oriented project of European integration. At the same time as Jacque Delors was seducing Europe’s social democrats into this myth in the 1980s, he was trapping them into arrangements they would never agree to without it. First in 1988 the directive mandating for extensive free movement of capital and then, in 1992, the Maastricht Treaty. These arrangements provided the foundation for the euro – a currency which was to drive the stake of neoliberalism into the heart of the European Union. The money in our pockets is the most right-wing currency ever designed, with a central bank that doesn’t care about unemployment and won’t act as a lender of last resort, modelled to work only in the free-market utopias predicted to arrive at Francis Fukuyama’s end of history. • Indebted Portugal Is Still The Problem Child Of The Eurozone (Telegraph) Portugal must carry out a bold programme of deep spending cuts and tax hikes to tackle its perilously high debt levels, the IMF has warned. A former bail-out economy often hailed as a poster child for the eurozone’s austerity medicine, Portugal continues to have the highest public and private debt ratio in the eurozone at over 360pc of GDP. The IMF has now told the government to redouble its belt-tightening efforts to reduce its debt overhang and meet a mandated budget deficit target of 2.7pc of GDP this year. Should Lisbon fail to cut spending, the deficit is expected to balloon to 3.2pc of economic output. Portugal officially exited its €78bn international bail-out programme last year. The economy is now expected to expand by 1.6pc in 2015, an upturn largely attributed to favourable external factors such as low commodity prices and a weak euro, said the IMF. Despite noting the recovery was broadly “on track”, the IMF painted a precarious picture of an economy heavily exposed to a downturn in global fortunes and fears over Greece’s future in the euro. “A sudden change in market sentiment due to concerns about the direction of economic policies or re-pricing of risk could render Portugal’s capacity to repay more vulnerable,” warned the report. Four years of Troika-imposed measures has seen government debt hit 127pc of GDP this year, leaving the country “vulnerable to any prolonged financial market turbulence”, according to the IMF’s monitoring report. Prohibitive debt levels are now expected to dampen domestic demand, “constrain the pace of recovery and weigh on medium-term growth prospects”. In further worrying signs that the recovery has already lost steam, Portugal’s unemployment rate crept back up to 13.7pc in the first quarter of the year, up from 13.1pc in late 2014. Since the IMF’s assessment, joblessless has fallen back to 11.9pc in the three months to June. Last year, the government was forced to inject €5bn to stave off a collapse of Portugal’s biggest lender – Banco Espírito Santo. But the country’s financial system continues to be plagued by rising “bad” non-performing loans which grew by 12.3pc in the first three months of the year. Political risk could also throw the country’s fragile recovery off track and precipate a fresh crisis for Brussels in the southern Mediterranean. Despite five years under a compliant centre-right government, progress on implementing structural reforms demanded by creditors has eased off, said the IMF. The country goes to the polls in October, where the anti-austerity Socialists are on course to win a parliamentary majority. Party leader Antonio Costa has vowed to roll back Troika-imposed reforms and end the country’s “obsession with austerity”. • Greece’s Tax Revenues Collapse As Debt Crisis Continues (Guardian) Fresh evidence of the dramatic impact of the Greek debt crisis on the health of the country’s finances has emerged with official figures showing tax revenues collapsing. As talks continued over a proposed €86bn third bailout of the stricken state, the Greek treasury said tax revenues were 8.5% lower in the first six months of 2015 than the same period a year earlier. The bank shutdown that brought much economic activity to a halt began on 28 June. Public spending fell even more dramatically, by 12.3%, even before the new austerity measures the prime minister Alexis Tsipras has been forced to pass to win the support of his creditors for talks on a new bailout. Greece is due to make a €3.2bn repayment to the ECB on 20 August. Talks with the quartet of creditors, which includes the ECB, the IMF, the European commission and Europe’s bailout fund, the European stability mechanism, are continuing, and Tsipras has suggested they are “in the final stretch”. However, it remains unclear whether the prime minister, who was only able to pass the latest package of austerity measures with the help of opposition MPs, will be able to win the backing of his radical Syriza party for new reforms, at a special conference due to be held next month. The IMF has made clear that it will refuse to commit any new funds until Greece has signed up to a new economic reform programme, and eurozone countries have made a concrete offer to write off part of the country’s debt burden. Sweden’s representative on the 24-member IMF board, Thomas Östros, said there was strong support for a new Greek rescue, “but it will take time”. He told Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter: “There is going to be a discussion during the summer and autumn and then the board will make a decision during the autumn.” He also noted that Greece must adopt wide-ranging reforms first. “They have an inefficient public sector, corruption is a relatively big problem and the pension system is more expensive than other countries.” Despite the grim news on the public finances, Greek stock markets bounced back yesterday, after three straight days of decline, with the main Athens index closing up 3.65%. • Hollande And Tsipras Want Greek Bailout Agreed In Late August (Reuters) A new bailout for Athens should be agreed by late August, Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and French President Francois Hollande said on Thursday. Greece is in negotiations with the European Union and International Monetary Fund for as much as €86 billion in fresh loans to stave off financial ruin and economic collapse. Tsipras said the new deal would be agreed soon after Aug. 15; Hollande said by the end of the month. The two men were speaking in Egypt on the sidelines of a ceremony to inaugurate the New Suez Canal. It will be Greece’s third bailout since its financial troubles became evident more than five years ago. Negotiations in the past have been heated, but all sides are reporting progress this time around. An accord must be settled – or a bridge loan agreed – by Aug. 20, when a €5 billion debt payment to the ECB falls due. In a statement, Tsipras’s office in Athens said he and Hollande had agreed that the deal “should and could be concluded right after Aug. 15”. That would give enough time for the Greek parliament to approve it to enable the Aug. 20 repayment to the ECB. “They also agreed that everything should be done for the Greek economy to rebound, especially after the effects of the banking crisis,” the statement said. Greece’s banks are in need of recapitalization by €10 billion to 25 billion, according to the EU. France has been generally supportive of Greek requests for aid, contrasting with a harder line taken by Germany which has demanded stringent reform and austerity measures from Athens. • German Finance Ministry Favors Bridge Loan For Greece (Reuters) Germany’s Finance Ministry favors a bridge loan for Greece to give Athens and its creditors sufficient time to negotiate a comprehensive third bailout, the Sueddeutsche Zeitung daily reported on Friday. “A program that should last three years and be worth over €80 billion needs a really solid basis,” the paper quoted a ministry source as saying. “A further bridge loan is better than just a half-finished program.” Greece is in negotiations with the EU and IMF for as much as €86 billion in fresh loans to stave off financial ruin and economic collapse. A €3.5 billion debt payment to the ECB falls due on August 20 and without a bailout deal, Athens would need bridge financing. The reported German preference for a bridge loan contrasts with the view of Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and French President Francois Hollande, who said on Thursday a new bailout should be agreed by late August. • German Industrial Output Slumps Unexpectedly (Marketwatch) Germany’s industrial output and exports both slumped unexpectedly in June, a sign that growth in Europe’s largest economy failed to gather much momentum in the second quarter. Industrial production, adjusted for inflation and seasonal swings, declined 1.4% from May, leaving output in the second quarter flat from the previous period, the economics ministry said Friday. But strong manufacturing orders in June and healthy business sentiment indicate that “the modest upward trend in industry should be continued,” the ministry said. In a separate publication, the federal statistics office said Friday that German exports, adjusted for inflation and seasonal swings, dropped 1.0% from May; imports declined 0.5%. But Germany’s adjusted trade surplus, at €22 billion in June, remained near May’s record high of €22.6 billion, an indication that foreign demand underpinned economic activity in the second quarter. • Corbyn’s “People’s QE” Could Actually Be A Decent Idea (Klein) If Jeremy Corbyn becomes leader of the UK Labour Party, one positive consequence will be the ensuing discussion of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. It all started with his presentation on “The Economy in 2020” given on July 22: The ‘rebalancing’ I have talked about here today means rebalancing away from finance towards the high-growth, sustainable sectors of the future. How do we do this? One option would be for the Bank of England to be given a new mandate to upgrade our economy to invest in new large scale housing, energy, transport and digital projects: Quantitative easing for people instead of banks. Richard Murphy has been one of many economists making that case. That passage seems to have been mostly ignored until August 3, when Chris Leslie, Labour’s shadow chancellor, attacked the policy, which in turn led to a detailed response from the aforementioned Richard Murphy (see also here and here), at which point what seems like the bulk of the British economics commentariat erupted. Just search the internet for “Corbynomics” if you don’t believe us. Much of the commentary has been negative – former Bank of England economist Tony Yates concluded, for example, that “People’s QE” would be “the first step along the road to undermining the social usefulness of money” – although Chris Dillow gave an intelligent defense. We don’t understand the negativity. Some of the specific arguments justifying the proposal may be flawed, but the core idea is sound and possesses an impressive intellectual pedigree. In fact, it could help solve one of the most troublesome questions in central banking: how policymakers can accomplish their objectives using the tools at their disposal, without producing too many unpleasant side effects. One of the oddities of “monetary policy” is that it has almost no direct impact on how much money there is to go around. Virtually all of what we commonly think of and use as money is actually short-term debt issued and retired at will by private financial firms. Monetary policymakers can affect the incentives of these profit-seeking entities but they have little control over the amount of nominal spending occurring in the economy. Nudging the unsecured overnight interbank lending rate up and down can encourage lenders to adjust their leverage, but good luck tying that to the traditional price stability mandate. • Indonesia’s Economy Has Stopped Emerging (Pesek) Indonesia has come a long way since Oct. 20, when Joko Widodo was sworn in as president. Unfortunately, the distance the country has traveled has been in the wrong direction. Expectations were that Widodo, known as Jokowi, would accelerate the reforms of predecessor Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono – upgrading infrastructure, reducing red tape, curbing corruption. Who better to do so than Indonesia’s first leader independent of dynastic families and the military? In 10 years at the helm, Yudhoyono dragged the economy from failed-state candidate to investment-grade growth star. Jokowi’s mandate was to take Indonesia to the next level, honing its global competitiveness, creating new jobs, preparing one of the world’s youngest workforces to thrive and combating the remnants of the powerful political machine built by Suharto, the dictator deposed in 1998. After 291 days, however, Jokowi seems no match for an Indonesian establishment bent on protecting the status quo. Growth was just 4.67% in the second quarter, the slowest pace in six years. What’s more, a recent MasterCard survey detected an “extreme deterioration” in consumer sentiment, which had plummeted to the worst levels in Asia. Investors are already voting with their feet. The Jakarta Composite Index has fallen 13% from its April 7 record high, one of Asia’s biggest plunges in that time. And foreign direct investment underwhelmed last quarter, coming in at $7.4 billion, little changed from a year earlier in dollar terms. Jokowi has plenty of time to turn things around; 1,535 days remain in his five-year term. But the “halo effect” Jokowi carried into office is fast fading as Indonesia’s 250 million people flirt with buyer’s remorse. First, Jokowi must step up efforts to battle weakening exports. Indonesia’s weak government spending, stifling bureaucracy and conflicting regulations would be impediment enough; slowing world growth makes matters much worse. Jokowi must greenlight infrastructure projects to boost competitiveness and increase the number and quality of jobs. Next, Jokowi must decide what kind of leader he wants to be: a craven populist or the modernizer Indonesia needs. He has too often resorted to nationalistic rhetoric that hearkens to the Indonesian backwater of old – a turnoff for the multinational executives Jakarta should be courting. Last month, Jokowi raised import tariffs, while asking visiting U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron to do the opposite by cutting U.K. duties for Indonesian goods. Jokowi isn’t helping his constituents by driving up prices for goods while their currency is weakening. • Malaysia Mess Puts Goldman Sachs In The Hot Seat (Reuters) An unfolding political scandal in Malaysia is starting to reverberate far from Kuala Lumpur to the downtown New York headquarters of Goldman Sachs. State fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) is at the centre of allegations of graft and mismanagement. The furore has prompted renewed scrutiny of hefty fees the Wall Street bank led by Lloyd Blankfein earned selling bonds for 1MDB. The affair threatens to expose a blind spot in Goldman’s processes for vetting sensitive deals. The latest uproar was triggered by reports that almost $700 million landed in the personal accounts of Najib Razak, Malaysia’s Prime Minister. Najib denies taking any money from 1MDB for personal gain. The country’s anti-corruption commission says the funds came from an unnamed donor. Even so, the investigations into the source of Najib’s mystery money have intensified questions about the management of the fund, which borrowed heavily to buy power assets and finance investments in recent years, but is now effectively being wound down. Goldman helped 1MDB raise a total of $6.5 billion from three bond issues in 2012 and 2013. Even at the time, the deals were controversial because they were so lucrative for the bank. Goldman earned roughly $590 million in fees, commissions and expenses from underwriting the bonds, according to a person familiar with the situation – a massive 9.1% of the total raised. That was almost four times the typical rate for a quasi-sovereign bond at the time. It exceeds what Wall Street firms can charge in what has traditionally been their most lucrative work: taking companies public in the United States. Goldman was able to book hefty fees because it put its balance sheet at risk for 1MDB, which did not yet have a credit rating. And it wanted to raise a large amount of money very quickly. Yet the bonanza has left the bank exposed to its client’s woes. Malaysian opposition politician Tony Pua said earlier this year that 1MDB had been “royally screwed” by the deals. • To Please Investors, Big Oil Makes Deepest Cuts in a Generation (Bloomberg) Oil companies are making the largest cost cuts in a generation to reassure investors. They’re risking their own future growth. From Chevron to Shell, producers are firing thousands of workers and canceling investments to defend their dividends. Cutbacks across the industry total $180 billion so far this year, the most since the oil crash of 1986, according to Rystad Energy. BP CEO Bob Dudley said last week his “first priority” was payouts to shareholders. Chevron CFO Patricia Yarrington said her company was committed to continuing its 27-year record of annual dividend increases. While the dividend payouts please investors, the producers risk repeating the patterns of 1986 and 1999, when prices slumped and they slashed spending. It took years for them to rebuild their pipelines of production growth. “You need to question whether it’s optimal to base the whole strategy on keeping the dividend,” said Thomas Moore, a director at U.K. fund manager Standard Life Investments. “The response to low oil prices has been savage cost-cutting.” Exxon Mobil, Shell, Chevron, BP and Total told investors last week that future growth plans aren’t imperiled and maintained their multi-year output targets. The history of previous cost-cutting is a cautionary tale. • Inside Shell’s Extreme Plan to Drill for Oil in the Arctic (Bloomberg) Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Statoil, and Total have all put Arctic plans on hold. “Given the environmental and regulatory risks in the Arctic and the cost of producing in that difficult setting, assuming they ever get to producing, Shell must anticipate an enormous find—and future oil prices much higher than they are today,” says Nick Butler, a former senior strategy executive at BP who does energy research at King’s College London. “It’s a dangerous wager.” One of the most powerful women executives in a decidedly masculine industry, Pickard, 59, meets a reporter visiting Anchorage in jeans and a blue button-down shirt. Her rise through the ranks, first at the pre-merger Mobil and since 2000 at Shell, is especially impressive as she lacks the engineering or geology pedigree normally required of senior oil industry management. She has a graduate degree in international relations and has overseen exploration and production in Africa, Australia, Latin America, and Russia. “Ann doesn’t suffer fools,” says a (male) subordinate who pleads for anonymity. In 2005, Shell put Pickard in charge of sprawling operations in Nigeria long shadowed by pipeline thievery, militant attacks, and accusations—denied by Shell—of collaboration with brutal government crackdowns. Fortune magazine in 2008 labeled her “the bravest woman in oil”—a silly accolade, perhaps, but one that accurately reflects her reputation at Shell. Most of the world’s “easy oil” has already been pumped or nationalized by resource-rich governments, Pickard says, leaving independent producers such as Shell no choice but to pursue “extreme oil” in dicey places. “I enjoy the challenge,” she says. That’s why in 2013, when she was planning to retire to spend more time with her husband, a retired Navy commander, and their two adopted children, she changed her mind and took over the troubled Arctic project. • The Shale Patch Faces Reality (Bloomberg) Not long ago the oil industry looked like it had dodged a bullet. After the worst bust in a generation cut crude prices from $100 a barrel last summer to $43 in March, the oil market rallied. By June, prices were up 40%, passing $60 for the first time since December. Oil companies that had cut costs began planning to deploy more rigs and drill more wells. “We didn’t think we’d be quite this good,” Stephen Chazen, chief executive officer of Occidental Petroleum, told analysts in May. The runup was short-lived. Fears over weak demand from China, along with rising production in the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Iraq pushed prices back below $50. In July, even as the summer driving season boosted U.S. gasoline demand close to record highs, oil posted its biggest monthly drop since October 2008. “The much feared double-dip is here,” Francisco Blanch at Bank of America wrote in a July 28 report. The largest oil companies are reporting their worst results in years. ExxonMobil’s second-quarter net income fell 52%; Chevron’s fell 90%. ConocoPhillips lost $180 million. Billions of dollars in capital spending have been cut, and more layoffs are likely. Part of the problem facing the majors is that they’re producing in some of the most expensive places on earth: deep water and the Arctic. With their healthy cash reserves the majors can hold out for higher prices, even if they’re years away. The same can’t be said for many of the smaller companies drilling in the U.S. shale patch. Shale producers had bought themselves time by cutting costs, locking in higher prices with oil derivatives, and raising billions from big banks and investors. Many cut drilling costs by as much as 30%, fired thousands of workers, and renegotiated contracts with oilfield service companies. “That postponed the day of reckoning,” says Carl Tricoli at Denham Capital Management. But it’s not clear what’s left to cut. The futures contracts and other swaps and options they bought last year as insurance against falling prices are beginning to expire. During the first quarter, U.S. producers earned $3.7 billion from these hedges, crucial revenue for companies that often outspend their cash flow. “A year ago, you could hedge at $85 to $90, and now it’s in the low $60s,” says Chris Lang at Asset Risk Management. “Next year it’s really going to come to a head.” • German TV Presenter Sparks Debate And Hatred With Support For Refugees (Guardian) A television presenter in Germany has triggered a huge online debate after calling for a public stand against the growth of racist attacks towards refugees. Anja Reschke used a regular editorial slot on the evening news programme to lambast hate-filled commentators whose language she said had helped incite arson attacks on refugee homes. She said she was shocked at how socially-acceptable it had become to publish racist rants under real names. “Until recently, such commentators were hidden behind pseudonyms, but now these things are being aired under real names,” she said. “Apparently it’s no longer embarrassing anymore – on the contrary – in reaction to phrases like ‘filthy vermin should drown in the sea’, you get excited consensus and a lot of ‘likes’. If up until then you had been a little racist nobody, of course you suddenly feel great,” she said in the two-minute commentary. The segment went viral within minutes of being broadcast, and by Thursday afternoon had been viewed more than 9m times, clocked up over 250,000 likes, 20,000 comments, and had been shared more than 83,000 times on Facebook. Reschke said the “hate-tirades” had sparked “group-dynamic processes” that had led to “a rise in extreme rightwing acts”. Calling on “decent” Germans to act, she said: “If you’re not of the opinion that all refugees are spongers, who should be hunted down, burnt or gassed, then you should make that known, oppose it, open your mouth, maintain an attitude, pillory people in public.” Her appeal came a day after the head of the intelligence service, Hans-Georg Maassen, warned that a small group of rightwing extremists was in danger of escalating a wave of anti-asylum attacks. He made specific mention of the group Der III Weg or “The Third Way”, calling them “dangerous rabble-rousers”. • Migrant Crisis Overwhelms Greek Government (Kathimerini) Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras is due to chair an emergency government meeting on Friday to address the refugee crisis facing Greece, which has been compounded by serious funding problems in Athens. The meeting was called in the wake of European Commissioner for Migration and Home Affairs Dimitris Avramopoulos informing Tsipras that Greece was missing out on more than €500 million in European Union funding because it has failed to set up a service to absorb and allocate this money for immigration and asylum projects. Kathimerini understands that Avramopoulos has told the prime minister Greece will be given as a down payment 4% of the total funding due over a six-year period. This will be followed by another 3% to cover actions this year. Tsipras is due to discuss this issue, as well as the soaring number of refugees and migrants reaching Greece, with Alternate Minister for Immigration Policy Tasia Christodoulopoulou and several other cabinet members today. Christodoulopoulou admitted Thursday that the government has so far fallen short on this matter. “At the moment, nongovernmental organizations and charities are covering the gaps left by the state,” she told Mega TV. “Without them things would be worse.” The alternate minister said efforts were continuing to prepare a plot of land in Votanikos, near central Athens, so some 400 refugees currently living in tents in Pedion tou Areos park could be housed there. Authorities are currently carrying out work aimed at making the new site livable. The refugees, including dozens of children, will be housed in prefabricated structures as well as large tents at Votanikos. Christodoulopoulou said the new site would operate as a reception, not detention, center. This means that up to 600 people who will be able to live there will be allowed to leave and enter the camp freely. The magnitude of the problem facing Greece was underlined by the United Nations on Thursday. A UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) official told Agence-France Presse that by the end of July, around 224,000 refugees and migrants had arrived in Europe by sea and that of those, some 124,000 landed in Greece. More than 2,100 people have drowned or gone missing. • It’s Not Climate Change, It’s Everything Change (Margaret Atwood) Oil! Our secret god, our secret sharer, our magic wand, fulfiller of our every desire, our co-conspirator, the sine qua non in all we do! Can’t live with it, can’t right at this moment live without it. But it’s on everyone s mind. Back in 2009, as fracking and the mining of the oil/tar sands in Alberta ramped up, when people were talking about Peak Oil and the dangers of the supply giving out, I wrote a piece for the German newspaper Die Zeit. In English it was called The Future Without Oil. It went like this: The future without oil! For optimists, a pleasant picture: let’s call it Picture One. Shall we imagine it? There we are, driving around in our cars fueled by hydrogen, or methane, or solar, or something else we have yet to dream up. Goods from afar come to us by solar-and-sail-driven ship, the sails computerized to catch every whiff of air, or else by new versions of the airship, which can lift and carry a huge amount of freight with minimal pollution and no ear-slitting noise. Trains have made a comeback. So have bicycles, when it isn t snowing; but maybe there won’t be any more winter. We ve gone back to small-scale hydropower, using fish-friendly dams. We re eating locally, and even growing organic vegetables on our erstwhile front lawns, watering them with greywater and rainwater, and with the water saved from using low-flush toilets, showers instead of baths, water-saving washing machines, and other appliances already on the market. We’re using low-draw lightbulbs; incandescents have been banned and energy-efficient heating systems, including pellet stoves, radiant panels, and long underwear. Heat yourself, not the room is no longer a slogan for nutty eccentrics: it’s the way we all live now.	i don't know
Meteorologically speaking, what is a haboob?	News - Dust up between Texans and Weather Service over haboob - The Weather Network You may be suprised with what is called a haboob. Dust up between Texans and Weather Service over haboob Don't miss Search by city or zip code Caroline Floyd Meteorologist Wednesday, June 1, 2016, 12:16 - What's in a name? Well, a lot to be angry about, apparently, for some Texans. The National Weather Service in Lubbock , Texas, found this out the hard way on Sunday as they warned of an approaching haboob - a type of intense dust storm - and were blasted by residents protesting the use of the term, which has Arabic roots. The Washington Post quoted several posts from the Lubbock office's Facebook page - seemingly since deleted - that captured the "outrage" of confused Texans: Haboob!?! I’m a Texan. Not a foreigner from Iraq or Afghanistan. They might have haboobs but around here in the Panhandle of TEXAS, we have Dust Storms. So would you mind stating it that way. I’ll find another weather service - John Fullbright In Texas, nimrod, this is called a sandstorm. We’ve had them for years! If you would like to move to the Middle East you can call this a haboob. While you reside here, call it a sandstorm. We Texans will appreciate you. - Brenda Daffern This isn't even the first time West Texas has risen up against the haboob; in 2014 a meteorologist for Lubbock channel KCBD experienced a similar outcry when he posted a warning on the channel's Facebook page. But is it true, as Facebook user Katie Smith suggests, that the term has only been in use "the last 8 years"? Well, in a word, no. Haboob approaching Spearman, Texas, in April 1935. They're not wrong about the origins, at least. As with a plethora of meteorological terms, haboob has roots in a language other than English. In this case, it stems from the Arabic word habb, which means wind. The word haboob is believed to have been coined in the 1920s in Sudan, where the northern and central portions of the country average about 24 such storms per year. An article published in a 1972 issue of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society made the definitive argument for the North American haboob in a survey of a 1971 storm in Phoenix, Arizona. If all haboobs are duststorms, are all duststorms haboobs? While the distinction may not matter to some, meteorologically-speaking there is a difference. The driving force behind a haboob is typically an atmospheric gravity or density wave, which gives the cloud its signature wall-of-dust shape. The cold burst of air that makes up a thunderstorm outflow is a frequent culprit, but haboobs can also form along other atmospheric boundaries like fronts and drylines. The dust wall can be 3280 feet high or higher, and 62 miles wide, travelling up to 62 mph. The phenomena can last for several hours, and dump significant quantities of dust and dirt over an area, though once the leading edge of the haboob passes over a location, visibility quickly improves. At 6:15pm, an outflow boundary is racing south while storms continue north of the boundary. #txwx pic.twitter.com/EFjynO1x6c — NWS Lubbock (@NWSLubbock) May 29, 2016 A traditional 'duststorm' tends to refer to an episode of reduced visibility over an extensive area as dust and dirt are whipped up by strong winds. Poor visibility and strong winds persist throughout the duration of the storm. It stands to reason that meteorology is chock-full of terms that originate in different parts of the world; weather is happening everywhere, after all. Spanish gives us hurricane, tornado, and derecho, along with El Niño and La Niña. A Chinook wind - named after the Chinookan peoples of the U.S. Pacific Northwest - is the North American name for a foehn wind; that one's German. Cloud names are a who's who of Latin words; when your cumulonimbus has mammatus, it's time to watch out.	Dust storm
The French white wine Sancerre is made from which grape?	The Invaluable Training of John Benjamin Hickey \| Backstage The Invaluable Training of John Benjamin Hickey By Mark Peikert \| Posted July 18, 2014, 10:40 a.m. Share: WGN America Photo Source: Greg Peters for WGN America John Benjamin Hickey has already learned a valuable life lesson on the set of “Manhattan,” the period drama about the men and women creating the atomic bomb in 1940s New Mexico, on which he stars as a scientist: He really did need physics in high school. “One of the great joys of being an actor is you get to go back to school,” he says while traveling back to Santa Fe, N.M., to return to set after a quick jaunt to L.A. for an appearance at TCA. “You get to learn stuff that you thought was not important when you were in high school. I was not paying attention during physics in high school; I was wondering if I was going to be cast in ‘Pippin.’ ” Hickey is more than making up for lost time as Frank Winter, who is driven by the mounting U.S. war dead to find the key to the creation of an atomic bomb. Not that he had been looking for another television show so soon after his Emmy-nominated turn on Showtime’s “The Big C.” After a year off, Hickey started looking around for another project—preferably a play, but as he says, “After you do a play like ‘The Normal Heart’ it’s hard to find something you feel so passionate about.” But when the script for “Manhattan” found its way to him, Hickey’s immediate response was, “Oh, I’m not smart enough for that science.” The cleverness of “Manhattan,” however, is that a drama about the creation of the atomic bomb isn’t as concerned with the actual fission as it is about the compelling fiction of its imagined characters. By setting stories against the backdrop of a paranoid government base in the middle of nowhere in the desert, peopled with men and women who have been plucked either from cushy university jobs or directly from Eastern Europe, “Manhattan” has set the stage for telling any number of stories with parallels to today, something that creator Sam Shaw denied at the TCA Summer Press Tour but which Hickey brings up. “This is such an unbelievably rich and complicated time in American and world history,” he says. “This was a turning point, maybe even the beginning of the world you live in now. Surveillance and weaponry and warfare: This was the birthplace of all that.” The birthplace of all that turned out to be just as complicated, meteorologically speaking. The conditions on location in a city where the weather changes so often the locals say, “If you hate the weather in Santa Fe, just wait a minute,” can be trying. But that physical discomfort only adds to Hickey’s performance. “We’re filming this where it happened so you imagine all the brilliant minds—many of whom had been working in a very comfortable academic environment in Princeton or Berkeley,” Hickey says. “In some ways I can relate, because I’m this die-hard New Yorker who’s suddenly in the middle of a dust storm. It’s an incredibly physically challenging environment, but talk about atmosphere!” But that environment is where Hickey has found support from his theatrical training, with its focus on concentration. Besieged by winds, Hickey and his fellow cast members have no choice but to power through. “That kind of training ground really does give you your armor to go out in a completely different kind of environment,” he says. “And it’s invaluable. It’s really invaluable. You know how to focus. And it’s a really terrific asset to have. I was shooting the third season of ‘The Big C’ and doing ‘The Normal Heart’ at the same time on Broadway and I thought, I’ll never do anything as difficult as this. And turns out Santa Fe was waiting for me!” Inspired by this post? Check out our audition listings ! Read Also:	i don't know

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